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APPLETON8'
CYOLOPJIDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
VOL. VL '
STJNDEKLAND-ZURITA
¥
U.APPZJ-TOW & C?
APPLETONS'
CYCLOPEDIA OF AMEEICAN
BIOOEAPHY
EDITED BY
JAMES GRANT WILSON
JOHN FISKE
As it !8 the commendation of a good huntsman to find game in a wide wood,
80 it is no imputation if he hath not caught all. Plato.
VOLUME VI.
SUNDERLAND-ZURITA
WITH SUPPLEMENT AND ANALYTICAL INDEX
NEW YORK
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1, 8 AND 5 BOND STREET
1889
COPTBIGHT, 1889,
By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.
LIST OF PORTRAITS Ol^ STEEL.
ABTISr
ENORAVZB
PAQE
Washington. Oeoroe
Stucirt
Qirsch
Frontispiece
Tayloe, Zachary
Unknoum
Hall
Face 51
Thomas, George Henry
Gutekund
Hall
79
Tyler, John
Unknoum,
Hall
193
Van Buren, Martin
Brady
Hall
230
Waite, Morrison Remick
Bell
Hall
817
Webster, Daniel
Whipple
Jackman
406
Whittier, John Greenleaf
Thompson
Qribayedoff
493
WiNTHROP, John
Vandyke
Qirsch
572
Harrison, Benjamin
Bogardua
HaU
685
SOME OF THE CHIEF CONTEIBTJTORS
TO APPLETONS' CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
Adams, Charles Kendall,
President of Cornell University.
Allibone, S. Austin,
Author " Dictionary of Authore."
Amory, Thomas C,
Author '• Life of Cieneral Sullivan."
Baird, Henry Carey,
Economist and Publisher.
Bancroft, George,
Author " History of the United States."
Bayard, Thomas F.,
Secretary of State.
Beehler, William H.,
Lieutenant U. S. Navy.
Bradley, Joseph P.,
Justice United States Supreme Coort.
Brooks, Phillips,
Author " Sermons in English Cborcbes."
Browne, Junius Henri,
Journalist and Author.
Buckley, James Monroe,
Clergyman and Author.
Butterfield, Daniel,
Late of the U. S. Army.
Carter, Franklin,
President of Williams College.
Chandler, William £.,
Ex-Secretary of the Navy.
Conway, Moncure Daniel,
Author '* Edmund Randolph."
Cooke, John Esten,
Author "Life of Gen. Robert E. Lee."
Copp^e, Henry,
P*rofes8or in Lehigh University, Pa.
Coze, Arthur Cleveland,
p. E. Bishop of Western New York.
Cullum, Gen. George W., TJ. S. A.,
Author " Register of West Point Graduates."
Curtis, G«orge Ticknor,
Author " Life of James Buchanan."
Curtis, George William,
Author and Editor.
Custer, Mrs. Elizabeth B.,
Author " Tenting on the Plains."
Davis, Jefferson,
Late Pre.sidout of Confederate States.
Dean, John Ward,
Of New England Historic-Genealogical Society.
Delafield, Maturin L.,
Miscellaneous Writer.
De Lancey, Edward F.,
E.v-President Genealogical and Biographical Society.
Didier, Eugene Lemoine,
Author " Life of Edgar Allan Foe."
Dix, MorgaJi,
Rector of Trinity Church, New York.
Doane, William C,
p. E. Bishop of Albany.
Draper, Lyman C,
Secretary of Wisconsin Historical Society.
Egle, William Henry,
Author " History of Pennsylvania."
Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert,
Late {'resident of William and Mary College.
Fiske, John,
Author and Professor.
Fowler, Joseph Smith,
Late U. S. Senator.
Fowler, Bobert Ludlow,
Member of New York Bar.
Frothingham, Octavius Brooks,
Author " Life of George Ripley."
Gayarr^, Charles E. A.,
Author " History of Louisiana."
Gerry, Elbridge T.,
Member of New York Bar.
Gilman, Daniel C,
President of Johns Hopkins University.
Gilmore, James Roberts,
Author '■ Kear-Guard of the Revolution."
Gleig, George Robert,
Ex-Chaplain-General British Army.
Greely, Gen. A. W., TJ. S. A.,
Author " Three Years' Arctic Service."
Green, William Mercer,
Late P. E. Bishop Mississippi.
Greene, Capt. Francis Vinton,
Author '• The Vickeburg Campaign." . '
Griffis, William Elliot,
Author '• Life of Com. M. C. Perry."
Guild, B«uben A.,
Librarian of Brown University.
Hale, Edward Everett,
Author " Franklin in France."
Hart, Charles Henry,
Member of Philadelphia Bar.
Hay, John,
Author " Life of Abraham Lincoln."
Hayne, Paul Hamilton,
Author and Poet.
Headley, Joel Tyler,
Author and Clergyman.
Henry, William Wirt,
Of the Virginia Historical Society.
Higginson, Col. Thomas W.,
Author " History of the United States."
Holmes, Dr. Oliver Wendell,
Author and I^>et.
Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward,
Author '• Later I^yrics."
Huntington, William B.,
Sector of Grace Church, New York,
VUl
SOME OP THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTORS.
Isaacs, Abram S.,
JdiirnaliBt.
Jay, John,
Late Alinietcr to Auntrin.
Johnson, Brsidley Tyler,
Meml)t'r of Mary laud Bar.
Johnson, Rossiter,
Author and Editor.
Johnston, William Preston,
l'n.'8i(lciit of Tulanc Uiuvcrsity.
Jones, Charles C,
Uistoriau of Guorgia.
Jonea, Horatio Gates,
Vice- President of Pennsylvania Historical Society.
Jones, William Alfred,
Author ■• Cliaracter and Criticisms."
Eendrick, James By land,
Ex-l'resident Vatsur College.
Lamb, Jttxa. Martha J.,
Historian of New York City.
Lathrop, George Parsons,
Author "A Study of Hawthorne."
Latrobe, John H. B.,
President Maryland Historical Society.
/ Leach, Josiah Qreinville,
Member of Philadelphia Bar.
Lincoln, Bobert T.,
Ex-Secretary of War.
Lodge, Henry Cabot,
Author '• Life of Hamilton."
Lowell, James Bussell,
I^te Minister to Great Britain.
McCormick, Richard C,
l^ate Governor of Arizona.
Mathews, William,
Author " Orators and Oratory."
McMaster, John Bach,
Author •• History of the People of the United States."
Mitchell, Donald G.,
Author '■ Heveries of a Bachelor."
Mombert, Jacob I., D. D,,
.\nthor "History of Charles the Great."
Norton, Charles Eliot,
Professor Harvard University.
O'Connor, Joseph,
Editor Rochester, N. Y., " Fost-Elxpress."
Parkman, Francis,
Author •' Fronteuac " and " French in Canada."
Parton, James,
Author and Essayist.
Phelan, James,
Editor Memphis, Tenn., "Avalanche."
Phelps, William Walter,
Member of Congress/rom New Jersey.
Pierrepont, Edwards,
Ex-Attorncy-Gencral United States.
Porter, David D.,
Admiral United States Navy.
Porter, Gen. Horace,
Fonnerly of Gen. Grant's Staff.
Potter, Henry Codman,
Bishop of New York.
Preston, Mrs. Margaret Junkin,
Author and Poet.
Bead, John Meredith,
Late Minister to Greece.
Bicord, Frederick W.,
Of New Jersey Historical Society.
Bobinson, Ezekiel G.,
President of Brown University.
Bodenbough, Theophilus S.,
Late of the U. S. Army.
Bomero, Mattias,
Mexican Minister to the United Siaies.
Scharf, John Thomas,
Historian of Maryland.
Schurz, Carl,
Ex-Secretary of the Interior.
Schweinitz, Edmund A. de,
Late Moravian Bishop.
Sedgwick, Arthur G.,
Member of New York Bar.
Sherman, William T.,
Late General of the United States Anny.
Smith, Charles Emory,
Editor Philadelphia " Press."
Stedman, Edmund C,
Poet and Critic.
Still6, Charles Janeway,
Author " History of the Sanitary Commission.'*
Stewart, George, Jr.,
President Quebec Historical Society.
Stoddard, Bichard Henry,
Autlwr and Poet.
Stone, William L.,
Author " Life of Red Jacket."
Strong, William,
ExnJiistice United States Supreme Court.
Stryker, William Scudder,
Adjutant-GeneraJ of New Jersey.
Symington, Andrew James,
Author -Life of William CuUen Bryant."
Tanner, Benjamin T.,
Editor '• African Methodist Episcopal Review."
Tenner, William Christian,
Graduate of the University of Paris.
Tucker, J. Bandolph,
Member of Congress from Virginia.
Vinton, Arthur Dudley,
Miscellaneous Writer.
Wadleigh, Bainbridge,
Ex-United States Senator.
Warner, Charles Dudley,
Author and Journalist.
Welling, James C,
President of Columbian University.
Whittier, John Greenleaf,
Author and Poet.
Wilson, James Grant,
President Genealogical and Biographical Society.
Wilson, James Harrison,
Author " Life of Ulysses S. Grant."
Winslo^r, William C,
Author and Clergyman.
Winter, William,
Poet and Theatrical Critic.
Winthrop, Bobert C,
Ex -United States Senator.
Wright, Marcus Joseph,
Late of the Confederate Army.
Toung, John Bussell,
Author and Journalist.
Among the Contributors to the sixth volume of this work are the following :
Samuel Austin Allibone, LL. D.
TiCKXOR, (iKORCiK.
Henry Carey Baird. ,
Walbach, John de Barth,
Washington, William.
Lieut. William H. Beehler, T7. S. N.
Articles on Officers of the U. S. Navy.
Marcus Benjamin, F. C. S.
Wyman. Jeffries,
Harrison, Benjamin. (In Supplement.)
Arthur Elmore Bostwick, Ph. D.
WiNTHRop, Theodore,
Fuller, Melville W. (In Supplement.)
James C. Brogan.
TllORFINN THE DaNE,
Warren, John Coluks.
Junius Henri Browne.
Thompson. Matrke,
Watterson, Henry.
James Monroe Buckley, D. D., LL. D.
Articles on Methodist Episcopal Bishops.
Mrs. Isa Carring^n CabeU.
The Van Rensselaer Family,
Washington, Martha.
Jefferson Davis.
Taylor, Zachary.
John Ward Dean.
Ward, Nathaniel,
Wioglesworth, Michael.
Edward Floyd De Lancey.
The Van Cortlandt Family.
Eugene Lemoine Didier.
Thompson, Robert Ellis,
Tiernam, Luke.
Capt. James W. Dixon.
Terry, Alfred Howe,
Wright, Horatio Governeub.
William Henry Egle, M. D.
Watts, Frkderick.
Wickersham, James Pyle.
CoL Benjamin Stoddert Ewell.
Stoddert, Benjamin,
Tucker, Judoe St. George.
Prof. John Fiske.
Tyler, John,
Webster, Daniel.
Octavius Brooks Frothingham.
Thoreau, Henry David.
Albert H. Gallatin, M. D.
VosE, George Leonard,
WooDUOUSE, James.
James Boberts Oilmore.
Wayne, Anthony,
Wilkinson, James.
Daniel Goodwin.
Blodoett, Henry W. (In Supplement.)
Lawrence, Charles B. (In Supplement.)
Andrew H. Green.
TiLDEN, Samuel Jones.
William EUiot Griffis, D. D.
Van Curler, Arendt,
Yung Wing.
Albert David Hager.
Trumbull, Lyman,
■ Yates, Richard.
Jacob Henry Hager.
Vallandioham, Clement Laisd,
Wigfall, Louis Trezevant.
Miss Emma Polk Harris.
ToRBERT, Alfred Thomas A.,
Wesley, John.
Charles Henry Hart.
Willis, William.
Prof. Samuel Hart.
Wheaton, Nathaniel Sheldon,
Williams, Bishop John.
B«v. Horace E. Hayden.
The Van Dyke Family,
Wood, James.
George Morg^an Hills, D. D.
Talbot, John,
Wharton, Charles Hentiy.
Prof. James Kendall Hosmer.
Vane, Sir Henry.
Cecil H. C. Howard.
The Waldron Family.
Frank Htmtington.
Taney, Roger Brooke,
Whitefield, George.
Abram S. Isaacs, Ph. D.
Articles on Jewish Clergymen.
Gen. Bradley Tyler Johnson.
Tilghman, Matthew and Iajqyd,
Trimble, Isaac Ridoeway.
Rossiter Johnson, Ph. D.
Webster, Noah,
Worcester, Joseph Emerson.
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE SIXTH VOLUME.
Col. William Preston Johnson.
TuLANE, Paul.
Col. Charles Colcock Jones.
Wark, Nicholas.
John Woolf Jordan.
Articles on Moravian Clergymen.
Gen. Thomas Jordan.
VoGDEs, Israel.
William Linn Keese.
TUCKERMAN, HeNEY ThEODOEB.
James Byland Eendrick, D. D.
The Vassar Family,
Tue Wayland Family.
Rufus King.
WooDHULL, Maxwell.
Prof. Samuel Archer King.
Wise, John.
Mrs. Martha J. Lamb.
Waite, Morrison Remick.
John H. B. Latrohe.
Wilson, Thomas.
Col. Josiah Granville Leach.
Articles on Pennsylvanians.
James Bussell Lowell, LL. D.
WniTTiER, John Greenleaf.
Bichard Cunningham McCormick.
Thurman, Allen Granbery.
William Mathews, LL. D.
Wirt, William,
Whipple, Edwin Percy.
Gen. George A. Porterfield.
Terrill, William Rufus.
Mrs. Margaret Junkin Preston.
Thompson. John Reuben,
TiMROD, Henry.
Frederick W. Ricord.
White, Anthony Walton,
Winds, William.
Herman Bitter.
Articles on South and Central Americans.
Gen. TheophUus F. Bodenbough.
Tyler, Daniel,
Upton, Emory.
Eugene Coleman Savidge.
Vaux, Roberts and Richard,
Wright, Charles Barstow.
Col. John Thomas Scharf.
Tatnall, Henry Lea,
Tucker, John Randolph.
Bishop Edmund de Schweinitz.
Articles on Moravian Clergymen.
Prof. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler.
WiNTHROp, Prof. John.
Charles W. Shields, D. D.
Welling, James Clarke.
Miss Esther Singleton.
Walters, William T..
The Wentworth Family.
Jesse Ames Spencer, D. D.
Articles on Protestant Episcopal Clergymen.
Edmxind Clarence Stedman.
Taylor, Bayard.
George Stewart, Jr.
Usher, Brandram Boileau,
Young, Sir Charles.
Col. Henry Stone.
Thomas, George Henry,
Willich, August.
WiUiam Leete Stone.
The Walworth Family,
WisNER, Henry.
Andrew James Symington, F. S. A.
Whitman, Walter,
Wilson, Alexander,
Bishop Benjamin T. Tanner.
Articles on African Clergymen.
William Christian Tenner.
The Vaudreuil Family,
VOLNEY, CoNSTANTINE FrAN^OIS.
Bayard Tuckerman.
The Tuckerman Family.
John William Weidemeyer.
Wallack, James William and Lester.
Woodford, Stewart Lyndon.
Frank Weitenkampf.
Articles on Artists and Musicians.
James Clarke Welling, LL. D.
Van Buren, Martin.
John Greenleaf Whittier.
Wilson, Henry. T
Gen. James Grant Wilson.
Warner, Susan and Anna Baetlett,
Willis, Nathaniel Parkee.
Walter Sibbald Wilsoiu
Wilson, William,
CLAftK, Emmons. (In Supplement.)
Bev. William C. Winslow, LL. D.
Weed, Stephen Hinsdale,
The Winslow Family.
Bobert Charles Winthrop, LL. D.
Winthrop, John,
Washington, George.
Bobert C. Winthrop, Jr.
The Winthrop Family.
Gten. Marcus Joseph Wright. ,
Van Dorn, Earl,
Watterson, Harvey McGee.
APPLETONS'
CYCLOMDIA OF A3IERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
SUNDERLAND
SUNDERLAND, Le Roy, author, b. in Exeter,
R. L, 18 May. 1803 ; d. in Quincv, Mass., 15 May.
1885. He was apprenticed to a shoemaker at East
Greenwich, R. I., was converted to Methodism, be-
came a preacher at Walpole, Mass., in 1823, and was
soon known as an orator of great power. He was
prominent in the temperance and anti-slaverv
movements, presided at the meeting in New York
city in October, 1834, when the first Methodist anti-
slavery society wa,s organized, and in December
wrote the *' Appeal " to Methodists against slavery,
which was signed by ministers of the church in
New England. He was appointed a delegate to the
first anti-slavery convention in the west, at Cincin-
nati, in 1841, and to the World's convention in
1843, in London. His preaching was attended by
strange phenomena. Under his first sermon the
entire audience was " struck down by the power of
God," as it was then called ; and ever afterward
when he pi-eached with reference to the awakening
of sinners such manifestations appeared to a greater
or less extent. His study of such phenomena iiad
doubtless a determinative effect in his subsequent
denial of Christianity, which he opposed during
fortv vears preceding his death. He edited " The
Watchman'^ in New York in 1836-'43; "The
Magnet " in 1842-'3 ; " The Spirit World," at Bos-
ton, in 18o0-'2; and was a large contributor to
various religious periodicals. He published " Bib-
lical Institutes" (New York, 1834); "Appeal on
the Subject of Slavery " (Boston, 1834); "History
of the United States" (New York, 1834) ; " History
of South America" (1834); "Testimony of God
against Slavery" (Boston, 1834); "Anti-Slavery
Manual " (New York, 1837) ; " Mormonism Ex-
posed " (1842) ; " Pathetism, with Practical Instruc-
tions" (1843); "Book of Health" (1847); " Pathet-
ism : Man considered in Respect to his Soul, Mind,
Snirit " (1847) ; " Pathetism : Statement of its
Pnilosophy, and its Discovery Defended" (1850);
"Book of Psychology " (1852) ; " Theory of Nutri-
tion and Philosophy of Healing without Medicine " ;
"Book of Human Nature" (1853); and "The
Trance, and how Introduced " (Boston. 1860).
SUNDERLAND, Thomas, jurist, b. in Terre
Haute, Ind., in 1821 ; d. in New York city, 9 Oct.,
1886. He studied law early in life, and went to
California during the gold excitement of 1849.
After securing a large fortune, he engaged in the
practice of his profession, and became chief justice
of the supreme court of California. He resided in
Nevada for some time, and was urged ineffectually
VOL. VI. — 1
SUTHERLAND
to become Democratic candidate for U. S. senator
from that state. He served for many years in the
California legislature, and was an active member
of the Scientific society of San Francisco.
SUPLflE, Thomas Danly (su-play), educator,
b. in Philadelphia, 17 April, 1846. He wa.s gradu-
ated at Princeton in 1870, and studied at Union
and Princeton theological seminaries and at the
Protestant Episcopal divinity-school in Philadel-
phia. He became professor of Latin in Shattuck
school. Faribault, Minn., in 1876, vice-rector of St.
Augustine college, Benicia, Cal., in 1877, head-
master of Trinity school, Tivoli-on-Hudson, N. Y.,
in 1879, head-master of Harcourt place school,
Gambler, Ohio, in 1882, and rector of Courtlandt
Elace school, Lakewood, N. J., in 1885, which post
e still holds. He has published "Frank Muller,
or Labor and its Fruits" (Philadelphia, 1869);
" Pebbles from the Fountain of Castalia," poems
(1870) ; " Riverside : a Romance " (Princeton, 1871) ;
" Plain Talks " (Trenton, 1872) ; " Life of Ephraim
Dod Saunders, D. D., Founder of the Presbyterian
Hospital in Philadelphia "(Philadelphia, 1873); and
has edited " Trench on the Study of Words " (New
York, 1878) ; " Life of Theodore Bland Pryor, First
Mathematical Fellow of Princeton College " (San
Francisco, 1879) ; and " Hand-Book of Civil Govern-
ment under the Constitution of the United States"
(Philadelphia, 1883). Mr. Supine is preparing a
life of Richard Realf (q. v.), and editing his poems.
SUTCLIFFE, Thomas, British soldier. He
rose to be a colonel in the army, and was for some
time governor of the island of Juan Fernandez.
He published "Sixteen Years in Chili and Peru,
1822-'39 " (London. 1841), and " Crusoniana, or the
History of the Island of Juan Fernandez " (1843).
SUtHERLAND, Alexander, Canatlian cler-
gyman, b. in Guelph, Ont., 17 Sept., 1833. He was
the son of a Scottish farmer, but, his father dying,
he received few educational advantages. He learned
the printing trade, but, uniting with the Methodist
church, studied for the ministry, and was licensed
as a preacher in 1859. He was afterward stationed
at Niagara, but in 1861 removed to Thorold, and
till 1874 was settled at Drummondville, Hamilton,
Yorkville, Toronto, and Montreal. He was secre-
tary of the conference in 1870-'l, delegate to the
general conference of the Methodist Episcopal
church at Brooklyn, N. Y., and in 1874, when the
union of the Methodist churches in Canada was
consummated, he was appointed secretary and
treasurer of Methodist missions. In connection
SUTHERLAND
SUTTER
with this office it has been his duty to visit the
greater part of the Dominion, and he has won
everywhere a reputation for eloquence. In 1879
he made a vigorous effort to clear the church mis-
sions department of a debt of |75,000, which re-
sulted in the collection of fl 16,000. He was sec-
retary to the conference again in 1878. and in 1879
received the degree of D. D. from Victoria college.
He has published " A Summer in Prairie Land "
(Toronto, 1882).
SUTHERLAND, Joel B., jurist, b. in PhUa-
delphia. Pa., in 1791 ; d. there, 15 Nov., 1861. He
was graduated as a physician at the University of
Pennsylvania in 1812, served in the war with Great
Britain in 1813, and subsequently was a member
of the Pennsylvania legislature. He was a mem-
ber of Congress in 1827-'37, chairman of the com-
mittee on commerce in 1835-'7, and judge of the
court of common pleas in Philadelphia. He pub-
lished " Manual of Legislative Practice and Order
of Business in Deliberative Bodies" (Philadelphia,
1830), and " A Congressional Manual " (1839).
SUTLIFFE, Albert, poet, b. in Meriden, Conn.,
about 1830. After teaching in a private school in
Kentucky, he removed in 1855 to Minnesota, where
he has since resided. He first became known as a
writer of verse for the " National Era," Washing-
ton, D. C, and in 1854 was a contributor to the
" Genius of the West," at Cincinnati. lie pub-
lished a volume of poems (Boston, 1859).
SUTRO, Adolph Heinrich Joseph, mining
engineer, b. in Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish Prussia,
29 April, 1830. He was educated in his native
place. His father was a cloth-manufacturer, and
Adolph learned the details of the business and
travelled for the factory, but the elder Sutro died
before the son was old enough to continue the
business, and the family, consisting of seven sons
and four daughters, came to New York in 1850.
During the voyage Adolph had learned of the gold
fever in California, and, soon after establishing the
family in Baltimore, he set out for the Pacific coast.
Having studied mineralogy in the best polytechnic
schools in Germany, he was much better prepared
for mining operations than the majority who at
that time were flocking to the gold-fields. He vis-
ited Nevada in 1860, and, after a careful inspection
of the mining region there, he planned the now
famous Sutro tunnel through the heart of the
mountain where lay the Comstock lode. Having
interested capitalists in the project, he obtained a
charter from the Nevada legislature on 4 Feb.,
1865, and the authorization of congress on 25 July,
1866. The mining companies agreed to pay a toll
of $2 for each ton of ore, from the time when the
tunnel should reach and benefit their mines. The
work was begun on 19 Oct., 1869. It proceeded as
rapidly as its character would permit, and before
the close of 1871 four vertical shafts were opened
along the line of the tunnel, one of which was 552
feet deep. The distance from the mouth of the
tunnel to the Savage mine, where, at a depth of
1,650 feet from the surface, it formed the first con-
nection with the Comstock lode, is 20,000 feet.
Lateral tunnels connect it with the mines on either
side of the main bore. In 1879 the great tunnel
was finished, and its projector became a millionaire
many times over. Some of the mines at the level
of the tunnel were flooded with water to the depth
of one hundred feet or more, and had long been
abandoned ; others were unworkable on account of
the heat and noxious gases. The tunnel with its
shafts effectually ventilated them, and within a
few days they were rid of the accumulated water,
which had a temperature in some mines of 160°
Fahrenheit. Mr. Sutro has devoted a part of his
fortune to the collection of a fine library and art
gallery in San Francisco. In 1887 he presented
that city with a copy of Frederic A. Bartholdi's
statue of " Liberty enlightening the World."
SUTTER, John Augustus, pioneer, b. in Kan-
dern. Baden, 15 Feb., 1803 ; d. in Washington, D. C,
17 June, 1880. He was of Swiss parentage, and
his family name was originally Suter. He was
graduated at the military college at Berne in 1823,
entered the French service as an officer of the
Swiss guard, and served in 1823-'4 through the
Spanish campaign. In 1834 he emigrated to thii
country and settled in St. Louis. Afterward he
carried on at Santa Fe a profitable trade with In-
dians and trappers, whose accounts of California
induced him ni 1838 to cross the Rocky moun-
tains. He first went to Oregon, descended Colum-
bia river to Fort Vancouver, and thence sailed to
the Sandwich islands, where he purchased a vessel
and went to Sitka, Alaska. After disposing of his
cargo to advantage there, he sailed along the Pa-
cific coast, and on 2 July, 18:39, was stranded in the
Bay of Yerba Buena (now San Francisco). Pene-
trating into the interior amid great difficulties,
he founded in the same year the earliest white set-
tlement on the site of Sacramento, received a con-
siderable grant of land from the Mexican gov-
ernment, and in 1841 built a fort, calling it New
Helvetia, which was afterward the first settlement
that was reached by overland emigrants to Cali-
fornia. The Mexican government appointed him
governor of the northern frontier country, but. as
he favored the annexation of California to the
United States, the Mexicans regarded him with
suspicion. When Capt. Charles Wilkes's explor-
ing expedition reached San Francisco, Sutter gave
him aid and information, and he extended a simi-
lar welcome to John C. Fremont and his party.
When California was ceded to the United States in
February, 1848, Sutter was the owner of a large
tract of land, many thousands of cattle, and other
property, but the iliseovery of gold on his estate
near Coloma. El Dorado co., at the same time (see
Marshall, James Wilson), proved his financial
ruin. His laborers deserted him, his lands were
overrun by gold-diggers, and the claim he had filed
for thirty-three square leagues, which had been
allowed by the commissioners, was decided against
him on appeal to the supreme court. Despoiled of
his property and reduced to want, he was granted
by the California legislature a pension of $250 a
month. In 1864 his homestead was burned, and
in 1873 he removed to Litiz, Lancaster co.. Pa.
After California had been annexed to this country
Sutter was elected first alcalde of his district, and
a delegate to the convention to form a state con-
stitution, and he was also an Indian commissioner.
The illustration shows the mill on Sutter's prop-
erty, near which gold was first discovered.
SUYDAM
SWAN
SUYDAM, James An^iistaH (si-dam), artist, b.
in Now York, 27 Miirch. 181}> ; d. in North Conway,
N. H., 15 Sept., 1865. His first instructor was Miner
K. Kell<w. with whom he travelletl throujjh (Jreece
and Turkey. Later, after his return to the Unitetl
.States, he studied also with Asher H. Durand and
John F. Kensett. He was elected an honorary
njemlwrof the National academy in 1H58, and an
academician in 1861. When the building of the
academy was projected he took an active part in
its construction. He held office in the. academy
until his death, and bequeathed to it the "Suydam
Collection " of pictures, besides a large sura of
money. He was quite successful in his coast views.
Among his works are " View on Ijong Island " and
"Hook Mountain on the Hudson" (1863).
SUYDAM, John Howard, clergyman, b. in
Brooklyn, N. Y., 1 Oct., 1832. He was graduated
at Kutgers in 1854, and at the Theological seminary
of the Reformed church in New Brunswick, N. J.,
in 1857, and was ordained by the classis of Pough-
keepsie. He was settled as pastor at Fishkill in
1857-62. and in Philadelphia, Pa., in 186^'9, and
since 1869 has been in Jersey City. He has been
president of the Iward of superintendents of the
New Brunswick theological seminary and of the
general synod of the Ileformed church. He re-
ceived the degree of D. D. from Rutgers in 1882.
In addition to sermons, he has published " The
Cniger Family " (Philadelphia, 1864) ; " Cruel Jim "
(1870); and '• The Wreckmaster" (1871).
SUZOR, Lonis T., Canadian author, b. in Low-
er Caujula in 1834 ; d. in Quebec, 18 Aug., 1866.
He was a lieutenant-colonel, and had been deputy
assistant adjutant-general of militia in Canada at
thetimeof his death. He published "Aide-memoire
du carabinier volontaire (Quebec, 1862); "Ta-
bleaux synoptique des raouvements d'une com-
pagnie " (1868); "Tableaux synoptic des evolu-
tions de bataillon " (1863) ; " Exercices et evolu-
tions d'infanterie" (1863) : "Code railitaire " (1864);
Maxiraes, conseils et instructions sur I'art de la
guerre " (1865) ; " Guide theorique et pratique des
mancBuvres de I'infanterie" (1865); and "Traite
d'art et d'histoire militaires" (1865).
SWAIM, David Oaskill, soldier, b. in Salem,
Columbiana co., Ohio, 22 Dec, 1834. He was edu-
cated at Salem ac;ademy, studied law, and after
admission to the bar in 1858 began practice in Sa-
lem. At the beginning of the civil war he left a
prosperous law-practice and entered the National
service, being commissioned 2d lieutenant in 1861,
and 1st lieutenant, 4 Nov., 1861, in the 65th Ohio
regiment. He was promoted to captain and as-
sistant adjutant-general, 16 May, 1862, and en-
gaged in the battles of Shiloh, Murfreesboro',
and Perryville. He was in Washington, D. C,
till December, 1862, was assistant adjutant-gen-
eral on the staff of Gen. William S. Rosecrans and
Gen. George Thomas till November, 1863, and was
present at Chickamauga, where he was wounded,
and at Missionary Ridge, From January till Octo-
ber, 1864, he was on mustering duty at Wilming-
ton, Del,, and afterward, till September, 1866, was
assistant adjutant-general, Department of Missouri.
He was brevctted major, lieutenant-colonel, and
colonel for faithful and meritorious services during
the war. and appointed 2d lieutenant in the 34th
U. S. infantry, 28 July, 1866, was promoted major
and judge-advocate, 9 Dec, 1869, and became
judge-advocate-general of the army with the rank
of brigadier-general, 18 Feb.. 1881. In 1884 he
was court-martialed on various charges and sus-
pended for t«n years. He was the intimate friend
and companion of President Garfield.
SWAIN, David Lowry, governor of North
Carolina, b. in Asheville. Buncombe co., N. C, 4
Jan., 1801 ; d. in Chapel Hill. N. C, 3 Sept., 1868.
After receiving his education at the University of
North Carolina he studie<l law, was admitteJ to
the bar in 1823, and practised in Raleigh. In 1824
he was elected to the legislature, and in 18^31 he
was appointed a judge of the state supreme court.
From 1832 till IWJS he was governor of North
Carolina, being the youngest man to fill that office.
He was elected president of the University of North
Carolina in 18Ji5 and filled this post untif his deaf h,
contributing effectively to the improvement of the
institution. In 1865 he was invited by President
Andrew Johnson to advise with him regarding the
reconstruction of the Union. The degree of LL. D.
was conferred on him by Princeton in 1841. and
by Yale in 1842. He wrote many valuable histori-
cal papers, and published " The British Invasion
of North Carolina in 1776" in the " North Carolina
University Magazine." for May, 1853, which was
afterward included in. a volume of lectures, en-
titled " Revolutionary History of North Carolina"
(New York, 1853).
SWAIN, James Barrett, editor, b. in New
York city, 30 July, 1820. He learned the printing
business with Horace Greeley, with whom lie was a
partner in' the publication of the " Log Cabin " in
1840, and in 1838-'9 was private secretary to Henry
Clay. In 1843-'9 he was editor of the "Hudson
River Chronicle " in Sing-Sing, serving also as clerk
of the state-prison there in 1848-'9. He was city
editor of the New York "Tribune "in 1850, of
the "Times" in 1851-2, editor of the "American
Agriculturist " in 1852, a political contributor to
the " Times " in 1853-'9, and its Washington cor-
respondent in 1860-'l. He was also editor of the
"Free State Advocate" (a campaign paper pub-
lished in New York in 1856 by the National Repub-
lican committee), of the Albany " Daily Statesman "
from 1857 till 1861, and again of the " Hudson River
Chronicle" from 1876 till 1885. He was a railroad
commissioner for New York state in 1855-'7, 1st
lieutenant in the 1st U. S. cavalry and also colo-
nel of the 1st U. S, volunteer cavalry in 1861-4,
engineer-in-chief of the National guard of New
York in 1865-'6, U. S. weigher in 1867-70, and
post-office inspector in 1881-'5. Mr. Swain is the
author of " Life and Speeches of Henry Clay " (2
vols.. New York, 1842; 3d ed., 1848); "Historical
Notes to a Collection of the Speeches of Henry
Clay" (2 vols., 1843); and "Military History of
the State of New York " (3 vols., 186i-'5).
SWAINSON, William, English naturalist, b.
in Liverpool, England, 8 Oct., 1789; d. in New
Zealand in 1855. He served in the commissary
department of the British army in 1807-'15, trav-
elled in South America in the latter year, and, re-
turning to London, devoted himself to the study
of natural history. In 1841 he emigrated to New
Zealand, where he published works on the natural
history and social and political condition of that
country and Tasmania. lie published numerous
works, including " Ornithological Drawings of
Birds from Mexico and Brazil " (1831-41). and as-
sisted Sir John Richardson in the account of North
American birds in his " Fauna Boreali Americana"
(4 vols., London, 1829-'37).
SWAN, Caleb, soldier, b. in Maine; d. in Wash-
ington, D. C, 20 Nov.. 1809. He became an ensign
in the 4th Massachusetts Continental infantry, 26
Nov., 1779, and was afterward transferred to the
8th infantry, which in 1784 Ix'came part of the 1st
American regiment of infantry. On 8 May, 1792,
'he was apjiointed paymaster-general of the U. S.
SWAN
SWANN
army, which post he held until his resignation on
30 June, 1808. He wrote " Some Account of the
Northwestern Lakes of America" (1798).
SWAN, James, soldier, b. in Fifeshire, Scotland,
in 1754; d. in Paris, France, 18 March, 1831. He
came to Boston at an early age, was a clerk there,
and, espousing the patriot cause, was one of the
" Boston tea-party." He was aide-de-camp to Gen.
Joseph Warren at Bunker Hill, where he was
■wounded, acted as treasurer and receiver-general,
became captain in Ebenezer Crafts's regiment of
artillery, and participated in the expedition that
drove the British fleet out of Boston harbor.
He was also secretary to the Massachusetts board
of war, a member of the legislature in 1778, and
afterward adjutant-general of the state. Being
involved in debt, he went to Paris in 1787, and be-
came known there by the publication of " Causes
qui sont opposees au progres du commerce entre
la France et les Etats-tJnis de I'Amerique " (1790).
After acquiring a fortune he returned to the
United States in 1795 and was noted for his charity
and munificence. In 1798 he went to Europe
again and engaged in large commercial operations
until 1815, when, upon the suit of a German with
whom he had transactions, he was arrested and
thrown into the prison of St. Pelagie in Paris,
where he remained until July, 1830, living in
luxury and maintaining an unceasing litigation
in the French courts. He published " Dissuasion
from the Slave-Trade" (Boston, 1773); "On the
Fisheries" (1784); "Fisheries of Massachusetts"
(1786) ; and " Address on Agriculture, Manu-
factures, and Commerce " (1817).
SWAN, Joseph Rockwell, jurist, b. in Western-
ville, Oneida co., N. Y., 28 Dec, 1803 ; d. in Co-
lumbus, Ohio, 18 Dec, 1884. He was educated in
Aurora, N. Y., and in 1824 removed to Columbus,
Ohio, where he studied law in the office of his
uncle, Judge Gustavus Swan, was admitted to the
bar, and practised in Franklin and the adjoining
counties. In 1830 he was made prosecuting attor-
ney, and in 1834 he was elected judge of the court
of common pleas, but he resigned this post in 1845,
and practised his profession until 1854. In that
year he was elected judge of the supreme court,
serving until 1859, when his most important de-
cision was delivered. The supreme court of the
state, under a writ of habeas corpus, sought to
override the judgment of the U. S. district court
in Ohio in attempting to discharge from jail a
prisoner that had been sentenced by that court for
violation of the fugitive-slave law. Judge Swan
decided that the state could not interfere with the
action of the U. S. courts, and the discharge of
the prisoner was refused. At the same time he
said that if he were appealed to personally he
would protect any slave from his pursuers. He
was the author of important statutes that were
passed by the legislature and a delegate to the
Constitutional convention of Ohio in 1850. In
1860 he became president of the Columbus and
Xenia railroad, and from that time till 1876 he
acted as solicitor for several railroads. He pub-
lished " Treatise on Justices of the Peace and Con-
stables in Ohio " (Columbus, 1836 ; 12th ed., 1885) ;
" Statutes of Ohio " (1841) ; " Manual for Execu-
tors and Administrators " (1843) ; " Practice in
Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law in Ohio and
Precedents in Pleading" (2 vols., 1845) : "Swan's
Pleading and Practice (2 vols., 1851) ; " Commen-
taries on Pleadings under the Ohio Code" (Cin-
cinnati, 1860); and "Supplement to the Revised
Statutes of Ohio, etc., in Force August, 1868," with
notes by Milton Sayler (1869).
SWAN, Timothy, musician, b. in Worcester,
Mass., 23 Julv, 1758; d. in Northfield, Mass., 23
July, 1842. lie began to teach music at the age of
seventeen, and in 1785 published " Federal Har-
mony." He resided for some time at Sheffield, and
while there published, in 1801, " The New England
Harmony." After this he removed to Vermont,
but finally settled at Northfield, Mass., where he
resided until his death. Some of his psalm-tunes,
among them " China," " Pownal," and " Poland,"
became very popular, and are still to be found in
collections of church music.
SWAN, William Draper, educator, b. in Dor-
chester, Mass., 17 Nov., 1809; d. there, 2 Nov.,
1864. He was principal for many years of the
Mayhew grammar-school in Boston, Mass., and
afterward a bookseller in that city. In 1862 he
served in the Massachusetts senate. He published
a series of readers for schools, and with his brother,
Robert, principal of Winthrop school in Boston,
and Daniel Leach, superintendent of schools in
Providence, R. I., he was the author of a series of
arithmetics, and also of " The Critic Criticised and
Worcester Vindicated " (Boston, 1860).
SWANK, James Moore, statistician, b. in Loyal-
hanna, Westmoreland co.. Pa., 12 July, 1832. He
was educated at Eldesridge academy and at the pre-
paratory department of Jefferson college. Pa. In
1852 he published a weekly Whig newspaper at
Johnstown, Pa., where, in 1853, he established the
"Tribune," with which he was connected until
1870. He was superintendent of public schools in
Cambria county. Pa., in 1861, and in 1871-'2 was
chief clerk of the department of agriculture in
Washington. Since 1873 he has been secretary of
the American iron and steel association, and in
1885 he was appointed its general manager, which
office he now (1888) holds. He is the editor of its
weekly " Bulletin," compiles its annual statistical
reports, is the author of its tariff tracts, and has
edited nearly all its statistical and miscellaneous
publications. In 1880 he was appointed agent of
the U. S. census, to collect the iron and steel statis-
tics, his report appearing in 1881. He has pub-
lished a " History of the Department of Agricul-
ture" (Washington, 1871); "Centennial Report of
the American Iron and Steel Association on the
American Iron Trade " (Philadelphia, 1876) ; " His-
torical Account of Iron-Making and Coal-Mining
in Pennsylvania" (1878): and " History of the
Manufacture of Iron in all Ages " (1884).
SWANN, Thomas, governor of Man^land, "b.
in Alexandria, Va., in 1805 ; d. near Leesburg,
Va., 24 July, 1883.
His father was
U. S. district at-
torney for the Dis-
trict of Columbia.
After receiving
his education at
Columbian col-
lege and at the
University of Vir-
ginia the son stud-
ied law with his fa-
ther, and was made
secretary to the
Neapolitan com-
mission. He set-
tled in Baltimore
in 1834. and be-
came a director of
the Ball imore and ►
Ohio railroad in 1836, of which he was president
from 1847 till 1853, and he was also president of
alxo: S
v/a-/>v^v^
SWARTWOUT
SWAYNK
tho Northwestern Virjjinia niilroad. After his re-
turn from Kuropo he w>is elected mayor of Halti-
nioro in 185(5, and re-elerted in 1H58. liefore the
civil war he einancipateil his slaves, and ho was
an earnest supj)orter of the Union throughout the
contest. Ho was elected governor of Maryland in
18({4, and served from 1 Jan., 1805, until 1 Jan.,
18()y, refusing to leave the executive chair when
he wasi elected U. S. senator in 18G6. Ho was
afterward chosen to congress jis a Democrat for
five successive tonus, serving from 4 March, 18G9,
till 8 March, 1879.
S>VART>VOUT, Robert (swart-out), soldier, b.
in Poughkeepsie. N. Y., in 1778 ; d. in New York
citv, 19 July, 1838. He was the son of Abraham,
a Revolutionary soldier, and became a colonel of
New York militia. After serving from August till
November, 1812, in his native state, he was ap-
pointotl quartermaster-general, with the rank of
urigjulier, 21 March, 1813, and had charge of the
4th brigade in the campaign of 1813 on St. Law-
rence river, succeeding to the command on the fall
of Gen. Leonard Covington at the battle of Chrys-
ler's Field. After the war he resided in New York
city, where he was a merchant and also agent of
the navy. As the result of a political quarrel he
fought a duel with Richard Riker, recorder of New
York, in which the latter was wounded. — His
brother, Samuel, b. in Poughkeepsie, N, Y., in
1783 ; d. in New York citv, 21 Nov., 1856, accom-
panied Aaron Burr in his expedition in 1805,
lought in the war of 1812, and afterward became a
merchant in New York. He was captain of a city
troop called the Iron Grays, celebrated by the poet
Halleck, and was appointed collector of the port
of New York by President Jackson, between whom
and himself a strong personal attachment existed.
Together with his brothers he owned all the
meadows that lie between Hoboken and Weehaw-
ken and all the tract between Hackensack river
and the approach to Newark. Fitz-Qreene Hal-
leck, in the concluding stanza of one of the
" Croakers," says :
" Sam Swart'wout ! where are now thy Graysf
Oh, bid again their banner blaze
O'er hearts and ranks unbroken !
Let drum and fife vour slumbers break,
And bid the devil freely take
Your meadows at Hoboken."
— His nephew, Hamiiel, naval officer, b. in New
York city, 10 May, 1804 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 5
Feb., 1867, entered the navy as a midshipman, 10
May, 1820, became passed midshipman, 4 June,
1831, and in 1834-5 cruised in the schooner
"Grampus," suppressing piracy in the West In-
dies, and in 1836-'7 in the " St. Louis " on the
same duty. He was promoted to lieutenant, 9
Feb., 1837, was inspector of provisions and cloth-
ing at the Now York navy-yard in 1841-5, and
cruised in the sloop " Vincennes" in the East In-
dies in 1845-'7, after which he was stationed at the
New York navy-yard until 1850. In 1851 ho served
on the coast survey. Ho was promoted to com-
mander, 14 Sept., 1855, and had the steamer " Mas-
sachusetts," of the Pacific squadron, in 1855-'7,
during which time he had several engagements
with Indians in Puget sound. In 1861-'3 he com-
manded the sloop " Portsmouth," of tho Western
Gulf blockading squadron, in which he took part
in the engagements with Forts Jackson and St.
Philip, on the lower Mississippi river, and the
consequent capture of New Orleans. Ho was then
K laced on waiting orders, his health failed, and
e was retiretl, 10 May. 1866. His sister, Frances,
married Admiral Charles H. Bell.
SWARTZ, Joel, clergyman, b. in Shenandoah
county, Va.. 18 Aug.. 1827. He received hisdm^si-
cal and theological education in ('apitf>l university,
Columbus, Ohio, Imitg graduated in the theological
department in 1854. In 1855 he wjis ordaine<l to
the ministry, and in 1868 he received the degree
of D. I), from Wittenberg college, Springfield,
Ohio. He has held various pastorates in Virginia,
Maryland, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, wa.s jjrofessor
of church history, pastoral theology, and homi-
letics in the theological department of Wittenl)erg
college, Springfield, Ohio, in 1865-'8, and has been
pastor at Gettysburg, Pa., since 1881. Dr. Swartz
has been a regular correspondent for the " Lutheran
Observer " for sixteen years, and has published two
volumes of poetry, "Dreamings of the Waking
Heart" (Philatlelphia, 1877) and " Lyra Luthorana"
(1883). He was chairman of the committee that
edited the " Book of Worship " with tunes.
SWARTZ, Olaus, Swedish botanist, b. in
Norrkjoping. Sweden, in 1760; d. in Stockholm,
18 Sept., 1817. • After rec-eiving his education at
Upsala, he travelled in Finland, Lapland, and the
West Indies, and explored the coasts of South
America in 1783, returning with a collection of
rare plants. He was appointed professor of natu-
ral history in the Meuico-chirurgical institute in
Stockholm, and became one of the most celebrated
botanists of his time. The genus Swartzia, of
the order Leguminosa', was named in his honor.
Among his works are " Icones Plantarum Incog-
nitarium," illustrating the rare plants of the West
Indies (Upsala, 1794-1800); "Flora Indian Occi-
dentalis" (3 vols., 1797-1806); and "Lichenes
Americani" (Nuremberg, 1811).
SWATANE, or SHIKELLIMY, Oneida chief,
d. in Shamokin, Pa., 17 Dec, 1748. In 1728 he was
acting representa-
tive of the Five
Nations in busi-
ness affairs with
the proprietary
fovernment of
'ennsylvania. He
was appointed its
viceroy, and in
this capacity ad-
ministered its trib-
utaries within the
province, with
Shamokin as his
seat. Scarcely a
treaty was made
between 1?28 and
1748 respecting
the purchases of
land but Shikelli-
my was present.
At his solicitation
the Moravians in
1747 began a mis-
sion, and erected a smithy in the town. He died a
few days after his baptism by the missionaries. —
His eldest son, Tachnachuoarus (spreatling oak),
or John Shikellimv, succeeded him as viceroy.
His second son, James Looan. was name<l for Sec.
James Logan, and his third son, John Petty, for
a trader. Two sons were killed in battle.
SWAYNE, Noah Haynes, jurist, b. in Culpeper
county, Va.. 7 Dec, 1804; d. in New York city, 8
June, 1884. His ancestor, Francis Swayne. came
to this country with William Penn, andthe farm
on which he settled near Philadelphia is still in
yossession of his descendants. Noah's father,
oshua, removoil to Virginia, and the son, after
6
SWAYNE
SWEENY
(^^^^^®^L^
receivine a good education in Waterford, Va.,
studied Taw in Warrenton, was admitted to the bar
in 1823, removed to Ohio, and in 1825 opened an
office in Coshocton. In 1826-'9 he was prosecuting
attorney of the county, and he then entered the
Ohio h»gislature, to which he was elected as a
Jefferson Democrat. He was appointed U. S. dis-
trict attorney for Ohio in 1831, removed to Colum-
bus, and served un-
til 1841. In 1833
he declined the of-
fice of presiding
judge of the com-
mon pleas. Subse-
quently he prac-
tised law until he
was appointed, with
Alfred Kelly and
Gustavus Swan, a
fund commissioner
to i-estore the cred-
it of the state. He
also served on the
commission that
was sent bv the
governor to Wash-
ington to effect a
settlement of the
boundary - line be-
tween Ohio and Michigan, and in 1840 was a mem-
ber of the committee to inquire into the condition
of the blind. The trial of William Rossane and
others in the U. S. circuit court at Columbus in
1853 for burning the steamboat " Martha Washing-
ton," to obtain the insurance, was one of his most
celebrated cases. He also appeared as counsel in
fugitive-slave cases, and, owing to his anti-slavery
opinions, joined the Republican party on its forma-
tion, liberating at an early date the slaves that he
received through his marriage in 1832. In 1862 he
was appointed by President Lincoln a justice of the
supreme court of the United States, and he served
until 1881, when he resigned on account of advanced
age. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him
by Dartmouth and Marietta in 18(53, and by Yale in
1865. — Ills son. Wager, lawyer, b. in Columbus,
Ohio, 10 Nov., 1834, was graduated at Yale in 1856,
and at the Cincinnati law-school in 1859. On his
admission to the bar he practised in Columbus. He
was appointed major of the 43d Ohio volunteers
on 31 Aug., 1861, became lieutenant-colonel on 14
Dec, 1861, colonel on 18 Oct., 1862, served in all the
marches and battles of the Atlanta campaign, lost a
leg at Salkahatchie, S. C, and was brevetted briga-
dier-general, U. S. volunteers, on 5 Feb., 1865, be-
coming full brigadier-general on 8 March, 1865, and
major-general on 20 June, 1865. He was made colo-
nel of the 45th regular infantry on 28 July, 1866,
and on 2 March, 1867, was brevetted brigadier-gen-
eral, U. S. army, for gallant and meritorious services
in the action of Rivers Bridges, S. C, and major-
general for services during the war. He was mus-
tered out of the volunteer service on 1 Sept., 1867.
Gen. Swayne was a commissioner of the freedmen's
bureau in Alabama, where he commanded the U. S.
forces, and was also intrusted with the administra-
tion of the reconstruction acts of congress, organ-
izing an extensive system of common schools for
colored children, who had none, and establishing
at Montgomery, Selma, and Mobile important high-
schools, which still remain, and also Talladega
college. He retired on 1 July, 1870, and practised
law in Toledo, Ohio, but in 1880 he removed to
New York city, where he is counsel for railroad
and telegraph corporations.
SWEAT, Margaret Jane Mnssey, author, b.
in Portland, Me., 28 Nov., 1823. She is the daugh-
ter of John Mussey, was educated in Portland and
Roxbury, and in 1849 married Lorenzo D. M.
Sweat, who was elected to congress as a Democrat
from Maine and served from 7 Dec., 1863, till 3
March, 1865. Since 1866 she has been vice-regent
for Maine of the Mount Vernon ladies' association.
She has contributed to the " North American Re-
view," her first paper appearing in 1856, and is the
author of " EtheFs Love-Life^' (New York, 1859),
and "Highways of Travel, or a Summer in Eu-
rope"( Boston, 1859).
SWEATMAN, Arthur, Canadian Anglican
bishop, b. in London, England, 19 Nov., 1834. He
was educated at London university, graduated at
Cambridge in 1859, and ordained priest in 1860.
In 1862 he became curate of St. Stephen's, Canon-
bury, and master of the modern department of the
Islington proprietary school ; and in 1865, on the
invitation of Dr. Hellmuth, the bishop of Huron,
he accepted the head-mastership of Hellmuth boys'
college, London, Ont. In 1872 he resigned this
post to become rector of Grace church, Brantford,
where he ministered two years, and in 1874 he
resumed the mastership of Hellmuth college, which
he held till 1876. He was chaplain to the bishop
of Huron, and secretary to the synod of the diocese
of Huron in 1872-'9, secretary to the house of
bishops of the province of Canada in 1873-9, canon
of London (Ont.) cathedral in 1875, and soon after-
ward archdeacon of Brant. He was also acting
rector of St. Paul's church, Woodstock, in 1876-'9.
In March, 1879, he was appointed bishop of Toronto
in succession to Alexander Neil Bethune. He re-
ceived the degree of D. D. from Cambridge in
1879, and in 1885 was appointed president of the
London society for the promotion of Christianity
among the Jews.
SWEENY, John, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in
Clones, Ireland; in May, 1821. When a boy he
emigrated with his father to St. John, New Bruns-
wick. He was educated at St. Dunstan's college,
Prince Edward island, and at Quebec college,
where he was graduated in 1844. and ordained a
priest the same year. He was afterward stationed
at St. John, Sussex, Chatham, and Barachois, was
appointed vicar-general, and in 1860 was conse-
crated bishop of the southern diocese of New Bruns-
wick, with the seat of his see at St. John. Bishop
Sweeny visited Rome in 1866, in 1870 (when he
attended the Vatican council), and again in 188>.
During his episcopate St. John's cathedral has
been completed, and the bishop's palace and St.
Malachi's and St. Joseph's school buildings have
been erected. He also established the charity hos-
pital and St. Patrick's industrial school, and was
one of the projectors and founders of St. Joseph's
college, St. John.
SWEENY, Thomas WilHam, soldier, b. in
Cork, Ireland, 25 Dec, 1820. He came to the
United States in 1832, and at an early age was ap-
prenticed to the printing business. When a young
man he joined the Baxter blues, a military organi-
zation in New York city, and in 1846, at the be-
f [inning of the war with Mexico, he became 2d
ieutenant in Ward B. Burnett's 1st New York vol-
unteers. He participated in the campaign under
Gen. Winfield Scott from the siege of V era Cruz
to the storming of Churubusco, where he received
wounds that necessitated the amputation of his
right arm. On his return to New York city he
was given a reception ball at Castle Garden by the
printers of the city, and he received tlie brevet of
captain from the governor of the state and a silver
SWEKNY
SWEKT
medal from the city of New York. Flo was given
th«' commission of'2tl lieutenant in the 2<1 U.S.
infantry, and serve<l in California, in charge of
Fort Yuma, an<l elsewhere in the west, being en-
gairctl in frequent actions with hostile Inaians.
VN iiilc stationed at Fort Yuma, the command under
Maj. Sanniel I*. Ileintzelman was compelletl to fall
Imck on San Diego for want of supplies, and
Sweeny was ordered to remain with ten men. The
Indians Ix'sieged his camp from !i June until 0
Dec, 1S.51, hut he was finally extricated by a gov-
eniment exploring expe<lition under Capt. Lorenzo
Sitgreaves. After other duties at various posts he
was promoted captain, 19 Jan., 1861. Soon after
the iK'ginning of the civil war he was ordered to
St. Louis and given command of the arsenal, which
contained immense quantities of munitions of war
of all kinds, sufficient fully to arm and ecjuip
60.000 men, together with over forty tons of dow-
der. Capt. Sweeny had but forty unassignea re-
cruits under him, while in St. Louis there were
nearly 3,000 hostile minute-men, fully equipped.
Advances were made to induce him to surrender
the arsenal ; but the reply, that if a serious attempt
should Iw made to capture the arsenal he would
blow it to atoms, prevented any actit)n on the part
of the Confederate sympathizers. He was second
in command of the L^nion troops at the surrender
of the state forces at Camp Jackson, and conducted
the final negotiations, in consequence of Gen. Na-
thaniel Lyon's having been disabled. Subsequently
he was instrumental in the organization of the
Missouri three-months' volunteers, and he was ap-
pointed brigadier-general on 20 May, 1861. In the
campaign that followed he took an active part
with Gen. Lyon, and was severely wounded at the
Imttle of Wilson's Creek, and later he was acting
assistant adjutant -general under Gen. John C.
Fremont. He then accepted the command of the
52d Illinois volunteers, and was attached to the
army under Gen. Grant, participating in the capture
of I^Vrt Donelson, after which he took 6,000 pris-
oners to Alton, 111. At a critical moment toward
the close of the first day of the battle of Shiloh a
gap existed between the right flank of Sweeny's
brigade and Gen. William 1. Sherman's left. The
defence of this position, which was the key of the
situation, was intrusted to him by Sherman, who
has since said : *' I attach more importance to that
event than to any of the hundred achievements
which I have since heard saved the day." His
commissiim of brigadier-general of volunteers dates
from 29 Nov., 1862, and thereafter he commanded
a division of the 16th army corps and was en-
gaged in protecting the Memphis and Charleston
railroad. He was promoted major of the 16th in-
fantry, 20 Oct., 1863, and in the Atlanta campaign
had tlie 2d division of the 16th corps in the Army
of the Tennessee. At Snake Creek gap his com-
mand took possession of the gap twenty-four hours
in advance of the cavalry, and held it in spite of
every effort of the enemy. He took part m the
battle of Resaca and forced a passage across Ooste-
naula river at Lay's Ferry, where he fought a
successful l)attle, which action resulted in Gen.
Joseph E. Johnston's retreat southward. He also
participated in the battles of Dallas and Kenesaw
Alountain, and at the battle before Atlanta on 22
Jidy, 1864, his division drove the enemy back with
great slaughter, capturing four battle-flags and
900 prisoners. Subsequently he had command of
the post of Nashville until July. 186."), and he was
mustered out of volunteer service on 24 Aug. of
that year. He participated in the Fenian invasion
of Canada in 1866, ana was present at the battle of
Limestone Ridge. During this peri<Hl he was out
of the National service, but was reinstate*! by the
president soon afterwanl and given jtosts in the
southern states. Gen. SWeeny was presented with
a sword by the city of Brooklyn for services ren-
dered in the civil war. He was retired on 11 May,
1870, with the rank of brigadier-general.
SWEET, Alexander Edwin, editor, b. in St.
John, New Brunswick, 28 March, 1841. His
father, James, reniovet! to San Antonio, Tex., in
1849, and was afterward mayor of that town. He
also served in the Confederate army as a lieutenant-
colonel. The son was sent to school in Pough-
keepsie, N. Y., and in 1859 went to Eurojje and
entered the Polytechnic institute, in Carlsruhe.
Returning to Texas in 1863, he served in the Cf)n-
leilerate army in the 33d Texas cavalry. After
the war he studied law, was admitted to the bar,
and practised in San Antonio for .several years. In
1879 he became editor of the San Antonio "Ex-
press," and, still practising law, V)ecanie city at-
torney. Afterward he was editor of the San
Antonio " Herald," and a contributor of humorous
paragraphs to the Galveston "News." In May, 1881,
tie removed to Austin, Texas, and formed there a
partnership for the publication of a weekly journal
entitled "Texas Siftings," which was removed to
New York in 1884. With J. Amory Knox he has
published "On a Mexican Mustang through Texas
from the Gulf to the Rio Grande" (Hartford, 1883).
SWEET, Benjamin Jeffrey, soldier, b. in
Kirkland, Oneida co., N. Y., 24 April, 1832 ; d. in
Washington, D, C, 1 Jan., 1874. His father was
a clergyman in poor health, and at nine years of
age the boy was set at work in a cotton-mill.
When he was sixteen his father removed to Stock-
bridge, Wis., and settled u{K>n a piece of wild
forest land, where the son spent a year in clearing
a homestead for the family. At the age of seven-
teen he entered Appleton college, but remained
only a year, and then returned home, where he
altemateljr taught and worked on his father's
farm. His spare hours he dev»ted to the study of
the law. Before he was twenty-seven he was
elected to the senate of Wisconsin, but at the oi>en-
ing of the civil war he was commissioned major
of the 6th Wisconsin regiment. So<}n afterward
he resigned and raised two fresh regiments, the
21st and 22d Wisconsin, of the first of which he
became colonel. In the battle of Perrvville, where
it formed a part of one corps thatduring all of
one day sustained an attack from the whole of
Bragg's army, it lost 300 in killed and wounded.
Col. Sweet had been for several days confined to
an ambulance by malarial fever, but when the
battle began he mounted his horse and took com-
mand of his regiment. During the battle he re-
ceived a wound that was supposed to be mortal.
His life was saved by the careful tending of his
wife, but his health was pennanently shattered.
He was given a colonelcy in the Veteran reserve
corps, and stationed at Gallatin, Tenn., building a
fort there in the winter of 1862-'3. In May, 1864,
he was ordered to take commaiul of the prison at
Camp Douglas, Chicago, where al>out 10,000 Con-
federate soldiers were confined. In June he dis-
covered that an outbreak had been planned for
the 4th of July which should liWrate and arm
the prisoners, and result in the sacking and burn-
ing of Chicago. He ouickly strengthened his de-
fences and re-enforced his garri.son, and the attempt
was thifs rendered hopeless. Early in Noveml)er,
Col. Sweet received positive information that the
post was to be attacked on election night, only
three days following ; 5,000 armed men under com-
8
SWEET
SWEETSER
petent leaders were then in Chicago, ready for the
assault on the camp, and muskets were there in
abundance to arm the }),00() [)risonersi, Chicago
was to Iw burne<l, and its flames were to be the
signal for a general uprising of 500,000 well-armed
men throughout the western country. Every avail-
able soldier had been sent to the front by the gov-
ernment, and Sweet had in the garrison but 796
men, most of whom were unfit for active duty.
Moreover, it was too late to receive re-enforcements.
His only hope of safety lay in the speedy arrest of
the Confederate leaders who were then in Chicago.
In this emergency he called to his aid one of nis
prisoners, a Texas ranger named John T. Shanks,
who was well acquainted with the Confederate
officers, and engaged him to ferret them out. To
gain him confidence with the Confederates, he al-
lowed Shanks to escape from the prison, and made
great efforts for his recapture. Col. Sweet thought
he could trust the man ; but he had him constantly
shadowed by detectives pledged to take his life in
case of his treachery. Shanks did his work so well
that within thirty-six hours the leaders of the in-
tended assault were in irons, and a large quantity
of contraband arms was in the possession of the
government. When Chicago awoke to the danger
it had escaped, its citizens collected at a mass-
meeting and publicly thanked Col. Sweet for the
service he had rendered. For it also the govern-
ment promoted him to the rank of brigadier-gen-
eral of volunteers. When he was mustered out of
service at the close of the war he resumed the
practice <>f his profession in Wisconsin, but in 1869
he was appointed U. S. pension-agent at Chicago.
He held this position till April, 1870, when he was
made supervisor of internal revenue for Illinois.
This office he held till January, 1872, when he was
called to Washington to be 1st deputy commis-
sioner of internal revenue.
SWEET, Elnatliaii, civil engineer, b. in Chesh-
ire, Mass., 20 Nov., 1887. He was graduated in
the scientific course at Union college in 1859, and
became a (livil engineer, making a specialty of con-
structing bridges and other engineering work by
contract. In 1876-"80 he was division engineer
of New York state canals, and he was elected state
engineer in 1883, which office he held for four
years from 1 Jan., 1884. Mr. Sweet's principal con-
tribution to engineering science consists in the de-
termination of the laws that govern the propulsion
of vessels in narrow channels, an account of which
he published in 1880 in the "Transactions" of the
American society of civil engineers, of which or-
ganization he was elected a member in 1878. His
writings include animal reports that he issued
from Albany during the years he held office, and
various technical papers.
SWEET, Homer l)e Lois, engineer, b. in Pom-
pey, Onondaga co., N. Y., 24 Jan., 1826. He worked
on his father's farm, attended the district schools,
and, becoming a civil engineer, built the reservoir of
the Syracuse water company at Onondaga hill in
1862- 4. and in 1865 designed and superintended
the erection of the large stone bridge in Syracuse.
For three yeai-s he was employed on " French's Map
of New York State," for which he surveyed Onon-
daga county, and he also made a map of the "great
wilderness " in northern New York in 1867. From
1864 till 1873 he was secretary of the New York
state sheep breeders' and wool growers' association,
and secretary of the Onondaga historical associa-
tion for more than twenty years. At an early age
he contributed songs, poems, and later essays on
art, agriculture, and engineering to newspapers un-
der the pen-name of " Parmenus Smartweed." lie
has also published "Twilight Hours in the Adi-
rondacks'' (Syracuse. 1870). and has now (1888)
ready for the press "The Philosophy of English
Versification." — His brother, John Edson, inven-
tor, b. in Porapey, Onondaga co., N. Y., 21 Oct.,
1832, was educated in a district school, and in
1873-'9 was professor of practical mechanics at
Cornell university. He was a founder of the Ameri-
can society of mechanical engineers, of which he
was president in 1883-'4. He is believed to be the
first to suggest the use of pipe-lines for transport-
ing oil from the oil-wells, and is the inventor of the
straight-line high-speed engine, and one of the first
to construct a composing-machine to form a matrix
for casting stereotype-plates directly without the
use of movable type.' He is a contributor to the Lon-
don " Engineering " and " American Machinist"
SWEETSER, Henry Edward, journalist, b. in
New York city, 19 Feb., 1837; d. there, 17 Feb.,
1870. After graduation at Yale in 1858 he devoted
himself to mercantile pursuits, and then became a
reporter for the New York "Times." In 1860 he
was made night editor of the " World," and in
1863 he founded, with his brother, Charles H. Sweet-
ser, the " Round Table," from which he withdrew
in 1866, and, after a short visit to Europe, returned
to New York and engaged in editorial work until
his death. — His brother, Charles Humphreys,
1'ournalist, b. in Athol, Mass., 25 Aug., 1841 ; d. in
*alatka, Fla., 1 Jan., 1871, after graduation at Am-
herst in 1862 engaged in journalistic work, aided
in founding the " Round Table," and became con-
nected with the New York " Evening Gazette."
He was an originator of the " Evening Mail " in
1867, and the " City " in 1869. After the failure
of the latter enterprise he removed to Minnesota,
and subsequently to Chicago, where he became lit-
erary editor of the " Times," but, owing to impaired
health, he went to Florida. He published " Songs
of Amherst" (Amherst, 1860); "History of Am-
herst College " (1860); and "Tourist's and Invalid's
Guide to tiie Northwest" (New York, 1867).
SWEETSER, Moses Foster, author, b. in
Newburyport, Mass., 22 Sept., 1848. His uncle.
Andrew J. Sweetser, was a pioneer of Dakota, and
another uncle, Henry, served under Gen. SVilliam
Walker in Nicaragua. He studied at Beloit and
Columbian colleges, and travelled in Europe and
the East. He is the author of " Artist Biogra-
phies " (15 vols., Boston, 1877-8) ; " Europe for
$2.00 a Day " (Boston, 1875) ; " Summer Davs Down
East " (Portland, 1883) ; several guide-books to the
White mountains, and Osgood's (now Cassell'sjr
" Pocket Guide to Europe " (Boston, 1883).
SWEETSER, William, physician, b. in Bos-
ton, Mass., 8 Sept., 1797 ; d. in New York city, 14
Oct., 1875. He was graduated at Harvard in i815,
received his medical degree there in 1818, and prac-
tised in Boston, Burlington, Vt., and New York
city. Prom 1825 till 1832 he was professor of medi-
cine in the University of Vermont, and from 1845
till 1861 he held the same chair in Bowdoin. He
also lectured in Jefferson medical college, Phila-
delphia, and in the medical schools of Castleton,
Vt., and was professor of medicine in Hobart col-
lege, Geneva, from 1848 till 1855. Dr. Sweetser
published " DissertAtion on Cynanche Trachealis
or Croup " and " Dissertation on the Functions of
the Extreme Capillary Vessels in Health and Dis-
ease," to which were awarded the Bovlston premi-
ums for 1820 and 1823 (Boston, 1823) ; " Disserta-
tion on Intemperance," to which was awarded a
premium by the Massachusetts medical society
(1829) ; " Treatise on Consumption ", (1823-6) ;
" Treatise on Digestion and its Disorders " (1837) «
8WKNKY
SWKTT
9
"Mental ITvgiene" (Now York. 1848; Ix>ndon,
1H44): uinl "lluiimn Life "(1807).
SWKNKY, John Robsoii, iiiii»<iciHn, b. in West
Cliester, l*a., Ill Dec. 1K{7. lie receivo«l a eonimon-
sciiooi education, and gave early eviderjces of rnu-
hical talent. lie was lewler of a Imiid during the
civil war, and u|K)n the ees-sation of hostilities re-
sumed instruction in music at his native place,
shortly then>after essaying his first attempt at the
com|K)sition of Sunday-school music. Ilis songs
were first brought before the public by his teach-
ing them to the Sunday-school under his leader-
ship. The local reputation that he thus acquired
cniu)ied him to find a publisher to issue them in
pamphlet-form. A demand for his music was
created almost immediatelv, and each year in-
creased his hold uj)on public favor. In 1874 the
degree of M. li. wjis conferred upon him by the
Pennsylvania military academy, where he has been
professor of vocal and instrumental music for eigh-
teen years. In 1884 he received the degree of
Mus. I). His Sunday-school songs are u«id not
t)nly everywhere in the United States, but in the
missions in China, Japan, India, and Africa, and
his name as a composer of this kind of music is
widely known. lie now (1888) has charge of the
music in Bethanv Presbyterian church, Philadel-
phia. His publications are '* Gems of Praise"
(Philadelphia, 1877); "The Garner " (1878) ; "Jov
to the World" (Cincinnati, 1878); "The Quiver*'
(Philadelphia, 1880); "The Wells of Salvation"
(1881); "Anthems and Voluntaries "(1881); "Songs
of Redeeming Love " (2 vols., 1882-'7) ; " Songs of
Triumph" (1882); "Our Sabbath Home" (1884);
"Melodious Sonnets" (1885); "Songs of Jov and
Gladness " (Boston, 1885); "Joyful Wing" (Phila-
delphia, 1886); " Infant Praises " (1887) ; "Banner
Anthem Book " (1887) ; " Glad Hallelujahs " (1887) ;
and "Showers of Blessing" (1888).
SWENSSON, Carl Aaron, clergyman, b. in
Sugar Grove, Warren co.. Pa., 25 June, 1857. His
father was one of the pioneers of the Swedish Lu-
theran church in the United States, and labored
successfully among the widely scattered Swedes,
gathering them into congregations and organizing
them. At his death in 1873 he wsis president of
the Swedish Augustana synod. The son received
his classical and theological training in the Augus-
tana institations at Rock Island, III., being gradu-
ated at the collegiate department in 1877 and at
the seminary in 1879. In the same year he was
ordained to the ministry, and at once assumed
charge of the Bethany Lutheran congregation,
Lindsborg, Kan. He was the founder of Bethany
college and normal institute in that town in 1880,
and is its president. He was English secretary of
the general council in 1886. secretary of the synodi-
cal council of Swedish Augustana synod in 188(>-'7,
and a member of the board of home missions for
Kansas in 1884-*7. He has been editor of " Ung-
doms Vaennen" in Chicago, 111., for six years; of
" Framat," Lindsborg, Kan., which he founded in
1885: " Korsbaneret, ' an annual (Itock Island, 111.,
1880-'fi) ; and " Sondagsskollxiken," a Sunday-
school book (Chicago, 1885). He has published
"Minnen fr&u Kyrkan" (Lindsborg, 1888).
SWETT, John Aupleton, phvsician, b. in Bos-
ton, Mass.. 3 Dec., 1808; d. in N*ew York city, 18
Sept., 1854. He was graduated at Harvard in
1828, received his medical degree there in 1831,
and after serving in the New York dist>ensary
studied in Paris and visited hospitals in KurofK?.
From 1842 until his death he was one of the physi-
cians to the New York hospital, and delivered
courses of lectures there on diseases of the chest
and kidneys. In 185J^ he was ap[K)inted proft?s8or
of the theory and practice of medicine in the
University of the city of New York. Several
years l)efore his death he gave particular study to
nright's disease. About 1840 he l>ecanie aswH-iated
with Dr. John Watson as e<litor of the " New York
Journal of Medicine." His lectures were publishe<l
in the New York " Ijancet." and afterward ap-
i)eared in book-form, under the title "Treatise on
Diseases of the Chest" (New York, 1852).
SWETT, Josiah, clergyman, b. in Claremont,
N. H., 4 Aug., 1814. He was graduated at Nor-
wich university, Vt., in 18J37, where he was a pro-
fessor in 1840-'5, studied theology, took orders in
the Protestant Episcopal church in 1847, and has
been rector of churches in Bethel, Jericho, Fair-
fax, and Ilighgate, Vt. He was professor of
systematic theology in the Vermont L[iiscopal in-
stitute in 1865-'7, president of Norwich univer-
sity in 1875-'6, and since 1866 has been presi-
dent of the standing committee of the diocese of
Vermont. Trinity gave him the degree of A. M.
in 1856, and Norwich that of D. D. in 1864.
Dr. Swett has published "Citizen Soldier " (Nor-
wich, 1841) ; " English Grammar " (Windsfjr, 1842 ;
revised ed., Claremont, 1844); "Thomstm's 'Sea-
sons' and Pope's 'Essav on Man.' with Grammati-
cal Notes" (1844); " iVimary Grammar" (1845):
"Pastoral Visiting" (1852); "Let us Pray, or
Prayers and Hymns for Family Devotion '" (1*861);
" The Firmament in the Midst of the Waters "
(1862) ; and various sermons.
SWETT, Leonard, lawver, b. near Turner, Me.,
11 Aug., 1825: d. in Chicago, 111., 8 June, 1889.
He was educated at Waterville (now Colby uni-
versity), but was not graduated. He read law in
Portland, enlisted as a soldier in the Mexican war,
and at its close in 1848 settled in Bloomington,
111. He travelled the circuit in fourteen counties,
and was an intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln
and David Davis. In 1865 he removed to Chicago.
In 1852-'61 he took an active part in politics, can-
vassing the state several times, and in 1858. at the
special request of Mr. Lincoln, was a candidate for
tne legislature on the Republican ticket, and was
elected by a large majority. This is the only of-
ficial place he ever held. When Mr. Lincoln lie-
came president Mr. Swett was employed in the
trial of government cases, one of the most noted of
which was that for the acquisition of the Califor-
nia quicksilver-mines in 186Ji. In the course of
his pratitice Mr. Swett defended twenty men in-
dicted for murder, securing the acquittal of nine-
teen, and a light punishment for the other one.
He was also retained in criminal caSes in nearly
every part of the country, though his professional
work was mainly devoted to civil suits. His suc-
cess was attributed to his careful |)ersonal atten-
tion to details and his elocpience as an mlvocate.
Ho rendered much gratuitous service to working-
men, servants, and other pcwr clients. He deliv-
ered the oration at the unveiling of the statue of
Abraham Lincoln in Chicago, 111., 22 Oct., 1887, and
at the Chicago Republican convention in June, 1888,
in an eloquent speech, proposed Walter Q. Gres-
ham, of Illinois, as a candiuate for the presidency.
SWETT, Samuel, author, b. in Newburvport,
Mass., 9 June, 1782: d. in Boston, Mass., 28 Oct.,
1866. He .was gratluated at Harvard in 1800,
studietl and practised law, and afterward became
a merchant. During the war of 1812 he served on
the northern frontier on the staff of Gen. George
Izard, with the rank of major. He sat for some
time in the Massachusetts legislature, and also de-
voted himself to the study of military history. His
10
SWETT
SWIFT
fiublications are " Abstract of the Baron Joseph de
iogiiiat's Considerations on the Art of War,' with
notes (Boston, 1817); " Sketch of the Bunker Hill
Battle " (1818; 3d ed., 1827) ; "Sketches of a Few
Distinguished Men of Newburj' and Newburvport "
(1846) ; '• Who was the Commander at Sunker
Hint with Ilemarks on Frothingham's ' History of
the Battle,'" with an appendix (1850); "Defence
of Col. Timothy Pickering against Bancroft's His-
tory " (1859) ; " Original Planning and Construc-
tion of Bunker Hill Monument," with engravings
(Albany, 18ft3) ; and fugitive poems.
SWfiTT, William, educator, b. in Henniker,
N. H., 13 Aug., 1825; d. in Beverly, Mass., 25
March, 1884. He was a deaf-mute, and was gradu-
ated at the institution for deaf-mutes at Hartford,
Conn., in 1842, after which he became president of
the GaUaudet association of deaf-mutes. From
1879 till his death he was superintendent of the
New England industrial school for deaf-mutes,
which he founded in Beverly. He edited the
" Deaf-Mute's Friend," and was the author of " The
Adventures of a Deaf-Mute in the White Moun-
tains" (Henniker, 1874).
SWIFT, Benjamin, senator, b. in Amenia, N.Y.,
6 April, 1781 ; d. in St. Albans, Vt., 11 Nov., 1847.
He received an academical education, studied law,
was admitted to the bar in 1806, and began to
practise at Bennington, Vt. He removed subse-
quently to Manchester, and then to St. Albans,
where he also engaged in farming. He was a mem-
ber of the state house of representatives in 1813-'14
and 1825-'C, served in congress from Vermont for
two terms in 1827-'31, and was elected a U. S. sena-
tor from the same state, serving from 2 Dec, 1833,
till 3 March. 1839.
SWIFT, Ebenezer, surgeon, b. in Wareham,
Mass., 8 Oct., 1819 ; d. in Hamilton, Bermuda, 24
Sept., 1885. He was graduated at the medical de-
partment of the University of the city of New
York in 1842, and in March, 1847, became acting
assistant surgeon in the U. S. army. His first
service was with the army of invasion and occupa-
tion of Mexico, and he was on duty at Gen. Win-
field Scott's headquartei*s until July, 1848. Sub-
sequently he served at various posts in the east, in
Texas, and on expeditions against hostile Indians
until June, 1856. Meanwhile he had been made
captain and assistant surgeon on 30 Aug., 1852.
He had command of Fort Chad bourne. Tex., was
on temporary duty at Fort Columbus in New York
harbor during the prevalence of the cholera, and
accompanied the troops under Gen. Albert S. John-
ston to Utah in May, 1859. After serving at vari-
ous stations in Missouri, Kansas, and Dakota, he
was made full surgeon on 21 May, 1861. and ap-
pointed medical director of Gen. Ormsby M. Mit-
chel's division of the Army of the Tennessee. In
December, 18(52. he became medical director of that
army, and early in 1863 he was transferred to Phila-
delphia, where he was chief medical officer and
superintendent of hospitals in and around Phila-
delphia, and from November, 1863. till June, 1864,
medical director of the Department of the South.
He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel
on 13 March, 1865, and from February till June,
1865, held the office of medical director with the
ranks of lieutenant-colonel and colonel. On 20
June, 1869, he received the additional brevet of
brigadier-general for meritorious services volun-
tarily rendered during the prevalence of cholera
at Fort Harker, Kan, In 1874 he became medical
director of the Department of the South, and there-
after, until his retirement on 8 Oct., 1883, he was
assistant medical purveyor in New York city.
SWIFT, Elislia Pope, clergyman, b. in Will-
iamstown, Mass., 12 Aug., 1792; d. in Alleghany,
Pa.. 3 April, 18($5. He was graduated at Williams
in 1813, studied two years at Princeton theological
seminary, was licensed to preach by the presbytery
of New brunswick in April, 1816, and ordained as
a Congregationalist, 3 Sent., 1817. After preach-
ing in Dover and Milfora, Del., he became pastor
of the 2d Presbyterian church at Pittsburg in
1819, and remained there thirteen years. He was
secretary of the Western foreign missionary society
in 1831-5, and ptstor of tlie 1st Presbyterian
church, Alleghany, in 1835-'65. He was a member
of the board of directors of the Western theologi-
cal seminary from its organization, and president
of the board from 1861 till his death. He estab-
lished the " Western Foreign Missionary Chronicle "
in 1833, and continued it three years. He pub-
lished " The Sacred Manual " (Pittsburg, 1821), and
sermons and addresses.
SWIFT, John White, merchant, b. in Phila-
delphia. Pa., 30 Jan., 1750 ; d. in Bucks county. Pa.,
in 1819. His father, John, was a merchant, a
common councilman in 1757-'76, and then collector
of the port of Philadelphia from 1762 till 1772.
John Wnite was graduated at the College of Phila-
delphia in 1767, and became a merchant at Quebec.
On the approach of Gen. Richard Montgomery he
joined his command, serving as captain, and was
wounded in the assault on that place. On his re-
covery. Gen. Wooster appointed him inspector of
accounts and works at Montreal, which post he re-
signed on the adoption of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence. He was purser of the ship " Empress
of China," the first vessel to enter Canton, China,
under the American flag. — His son, John, lawyer,
b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 27 June, 1790; d. there, 9
June, 1873, was admitted to the bar in 1811. He
was a leader of the Whigs of Philadelphia, and
was mayor in 1832-'8, 1839-'41, and 1845-'9, win-
ning applause by the courage with which he quelled
several riots, leading the police in person.
SWIFT, Jonathan Williams, naval officer, b.
in Taunton, Mass., 30 March, 1808 ; d. in Geneva,
N. Y., 30 July, 1877. He entered the navy as mid-
shipman, 25 Aug., 1823, and cruised in the sloop
" Cvane," of the Mediterranean station, in 1823-'5.
and the frigate " Brandywine," of the Pacific sta-
tion, in 1826-'9. He became passed midshipman.
23 March, 1829, and was then on leave for four
years. He was commissioned a lieutenant, 3 March,
1831, and the next year made a short cruise in the
sloop " John Adams "in the Mediterranean. After
this he was on leave and waiting orders until his
death, except for a short cruise in the steamer
" Fulton " on the Home station in 1840, and wjis
E laced on the reserved list by the action of the
oard of retirement, 14 Sept., 1855. He was pro-
moted to commodore on the retired list, 4 April,
1867, and resided at Geneva, N. Y., until his death.
SWIFT, Joseph Gardner, soldier, b. in Nan-
tucket, Mass., 31 Dec, 1783; d. in Geneva, N. Y.,
23 July, 18(>5. He was a descendant of Thomas
Swift, one of the first .settlers of Dorchester, Mass.,
in 1630, and his father. Dr. Foster Swift, was a
surgeon in the U. S. army. Joseph was educated
at Bristol academy, Taunton, Mass., and was the
first graduate of the U. S. military academy, 12
Oct., 1802. He entered the army as 2d lieutenant
of engineers, and was promoted captain in October,
1806, and major, 23 Feb., 1808. He was aide to
Gen. William Pinckney in 1812. became lieutenant-
colonel, 6 July, 1812, and colonel and principal en-
gineer, 31 July, 1812. He was chief ^engineer in
planning the defences of New York harbor in
SWIFT
SWIFT
11
/^7:7m^
1813-'13. and of tho army (lurinjj the campaign of
1813 on St.. Ijawrenee river, lie was brevetted
brijja<lior-geiH'ral, 19 Feb., 1814, for meritorious
services, and was superintendent of the U. S. mili-
tary academy from
November. 1^16, till
January, 1817, but re-
signed in November,
1818, with other offi-
cers, on the appoint-
ment of the French
general, Simon Ber-
nard, to the charge
of investigating and
moiiifying the coast
defences. He was
U. S. surveyor of the
{)ort of New York in
1818-'27, then a civil
engineer in the U. S.
service, and superin-
tendent of harbor im-
provements on the
lakes in 1829-'45. In
the winter of 1830-'l
he constructed the rail-
way from New Orleans to Lake Pontchartrain
over an almost impassable swamp, in 1839 he
was chief engineer of the Harlem railroad in New
York, and in 1841 he was appointed by President
Harrison on an embassy of peace to the govern-
ors of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.
In 1831-'2. with his son. McRae, he made the tour
of Europe, and recorded his observations in a
diary, in which is also a complete history of West
Point academv. He contributed valuable articles
to the scientific journals. See Charles B. Stuart's
" Lives and Works of Civil and Military Engineers
of Atnerica" (New York, 1871). — His brother,
William Henry, engineer, b. in Taunton, Mass., 6
Nov., 1800; d. in New York city, 7 April, 1879. was
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1819.
He had previously been ordered, as a cadet, in 1818,
to join Maj. Stephen H. Long's Rocky mountain
expedition, with which he served till 1821. He was
employed in the early surveys for the Chesapeake
and Ohio canal, and for various railroads, and in
constructing a map of post-offices and post-roads,
and in 1832 became brevet captain ana assistant
topographical engineer. For the next ten years he
was employed on the geodetic survey of the Atlan-
tic coast, being in charge of river and harbor im-
provements in New England in 1837-42, and resi-
dent and constructing engineer of the Massachu-
setts Western railroml (now part of the Boston and
Albanv) in 183(}-'40, and becoming full captain in
1838. ' From 1844 till 1849 he was assistant to the
chief of topographical engineers, and during this
period, witti Gov. John Davis, of Massachusetts, he
made an examination of the Illinois and Michigan
canal, of whose board of trustees he was president
from 1845 till 1871, and which he assisted to com-
plete. In 1847-'9 he was engaged in designing and
constructing the first Minot's ledge light-house,
which was swept awav in a gale in April, 1851. This
was the first iron-pile light-house in the United
States. In 1849 Capt. Swift resigned from the army,
and ho was afterward successively president of the
Philatlelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore, the
Massachusetts Western, and the Hannibal and St.
Joseph railroads. During his last fifteen years he
resided in New York city. — Another brother, John,
became brigadier-general of New York militia, and
was killed, 12 July, 1814, after cutting off a picket
of the enemy near Fort (ieorge, Canada.
SWIFT, Ij^wIr, astronomer, b. in Clarkson,
N. Y., 29 Feb., 1H20. He was educated at Clarkson
academy, where he complete<l his course in 1838,
and then turned his attention t<) farm work. His
father died in 184(J, and, thrown upon his own re-
sources, he studie<l magnetism and electricity, and
for four vears lect tired on these subjects in (.'ana-
da and the western states. He returned to farm-
ing in 1850, but soon Iwgan again to lecture on the
wonders of the microscopic world, which he illus-
trated by means of a calcium light. All of his ap-
paratus was constructed by himself and part-s of it
were of his own invention. In 1854 he established
a hardware-store in C'ortland county. N. Y., which
in 1872 he movetl to Rochester, where he has since
resided. Meanwhile, he tecame interested in a.s-
tronomy, and, building his own telescope, he l)egan
to make observations. His first work was in 185H,
on Donati's comet, and his first astronomical paper
was on this subject. For years he eagerly scanned
the heavens for new comets, and in 1862 the great
comet of that year was discovered by him. In
1869 he observed at Mattoon, III.-, a total solar
eclipse, and, inakiner particular study of the pro-
tuberances and corona, secured some valuable re-
sults. Two years later he found another comet,
but it had i)een seen earlier in Europe. Three
times since he has caught brief glimpses of comets
that no other observer has ever seen. After his
removal to Rochester he discovered comets in
1877-'9, for which he thrice received the comet
prize, a gold medal valued at sixty dollars, from
the Imperial academy of sciences in Vienna. Hul-
bert H. Warner of Rochester, knowing under what
disadvantages Dr. Swift was laltoring in pursuing
his astronomical studies, oflfered to build for his
use an observatory, provided the people of the city
would raise a sum sufficient to get him a refractor
of sixteen-inch aperture. Nearly fl2.000 were
contributed, and the telescope is doing service in
the great dome of the
observatory, which, to-
gether with the at-
tached residence for
the family of the di-
rector, cost, exclusive
of the instrument,
nearly $100,000. In
1880 Dr. Swift found
a comet with a period
of five and a half
years, and in 1881 he
discovered two others.
For the former he re-
ceived a Special prize
of $500 from Mr. War-
ner, which is the larg-
est sum ever awarded
for the discovery of
any heavenly body,
and for the latter in
1882 he received the Ijalande prize of 540 francs
from the French academy of sciences. Besides the
foregoing, he independently discovered Winnecke's
comet in 1871, Coggia's in 1874, and the Brooks-
Swift comet in 18tS, there being in the latter case
a difference of fifteen minutes in favor of William
R. Brooks. In 1878 he observed the total eclipse
of the sun at Denver, Col., and he saw at that time
what he thinks were two intra- mercurial planets.
His report of this discovery excited great interest
and much controversy on Ijoth continents. Since
he assumed in 1882 the directorship of the War-
ner observatory, he has found about 700 new
nebulffi, which entitles him to third place as dis-
12
SWIFT
SWINTON
coverer of these bodies, the two Herschels alone
exceeding him. The deeree of Ph. D. was con-
ferred on him by the University of Rochester in
1879. He has invented a horse hay-rake (iy42) ; an
oxyhydrogen microscope (1858) ; an improvement
in the construction of domes (1881) ; and an auto-
matic right-ascension circle (1887). Dr. Swift has
been elected a fellow of the Royal astronomical
society of Great Britain, and he is a member of
various societies in this country. His writings
have been confined to cyclopaedia articles and
papers that have appeared in various astronomical
journals or as popular articles in the press.
SWIFT, Robert, conchologist, b. in Philadel-
phia, Pa., in 1799; d. in St. Thomas, W. I., 6 May,
1872. He went to South America, but in 1831 es-
tablished himself as a merchant at St. Thomas,
W. I. In 1866 he retired to Philadelphia, but he
returned to St. Thomas the following year. His
collection of shells, said to be the finest in the
West Indies, was arranged in Denmark, and pre-
sented to the Smithsonian institution at Washmg-
ton, D. C. The collection was valued at f 30,000.
He was a man of fine culture and great fondness
for scientific pursuits, and was in constant corre-
spondence with the ablest conchologists in this
country in regard to his favorite study.
SWIFT, Samuel, jurist, b. in Amenia, N. Y., 3
Aug., 1783; d. in Middlebury, Vt., in 1875. He
was graduated at Dartmouth' in 1800, and was a
tutor in Middlebury college from 1800 till 1802.
He studied and practised law, was secretary of
state of Vermont, judge of probate of Addison
county from 1819 till 1841, and a judge of the
county court in 1855-'7. Middlebury gave him
the degree of LL. D. in 1860. During 1812-'13 he
edited a political paper. He published " History
of the Town of Middlebury " (Middlebury, 1859) ;
"Statistical and Historical Account of the County
of Addison, Vermont " (1859) ; and addresses.
SWIFT, Zephaniah, jurist, b. in Wareham,
Mass., in February, 1759; d. in Warren, Ohio, 27
Sept., 1823. He wtjs graduated at Yale in 1778,
studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began
practice at Windham, Conn. He was elected to
congress, serving from 2 Dec. 1793, till 3 March,
1797, and was appointed in 1800 secretary to Oliver
Ellsworth, minister to France. In 1801 he was
appointed a judge of the state supreme court, and
he was its chief justice in 1806-'19. He was a
member of the Hartford convention of New Eng-
land Federalists, sat in the state house of repre-
sentatives, and was a member of a commission to
revise the laws of Connecticut. He published
" Oration on Domestic Slavery " (Hartford, 1791) ;
" System of the Laws of Connecticut " (2 vols.,
Windham, 1795-'6); "Digest of the Laws of Evi-
dence in Civil and Criminal Cases, and a Treatise
on Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes"
(Hartford, 1810) ; and " Digest of the Laws of Con-
necticut " (2 vols., New Haven, 1822-'3). — His
daughter, Mary A., published about 1833 " First
Lessons on Natural Philosophy," which was a popu-
lar text-book for many years, and was translated
into Karen (1846) and into Burmese (1848).
SWINBURNE, John, phvsician, b. in Deer
River, Lewis co., N. Y., 30 Mav, 1820 ; d. in Albany,
N. Y., 28 March, 1889. He was graduated at Albany
medical college, and practised there. In 1861 he
was am)ointe(l chief medical officer on the staff of
Gen. John F. Rathlx)ne, and placed in charge of
the depot for recruits at Albanv. In May, 1862, he
was appointed by Gov. Edwin 1). Morgan auxiliary
volunteer surgeon at the front with the rank of
medical superintendent, and was reappointed by
Gov. Horatio Seymour on 18 June. He was sub-
sequently made a surgeon in the U. S. service, and
assigned to duty at Savage's station. "He was tak-
en prisoner, 29 June, 1862, and offered his liberty
by his captors, but preferred to remain with his
patients. He was appointed by Gov. Seymour in
18(}4 health officer of the port of New York, re-
appointed by Gov. Reuben E. Fenton in 1866, and
held the post six years. He was surgeon-in-chief
of the American ambulance corps in Paris during
the siege of that city by the German army in
1870-'l. In 1882 he was elected mayor of Albany,
and in 1884 he was chosen to congress and served
for one terra. He was surgeon-in-chief to the
Child's hosnital and Homoeopathic hospital at
Albany, ancl was a frequent contributor to the
medical journals and reviews. See "A Typical
American, or Incidents in the Life of Dr. John
Swinburne" (Albany, 1888).— His son, Louis Jud-
son, author, b. in Albany, N. Y., 24 Aug., 1855 ;
d. in Colorado Springs, Col., 9 Dec, 1887, went
abroad with his family in 1870, and resided in
Paris during the siege, his observations during
that period being embodied in his " Paris Sketch-
es " (Albany, 1875). He was graduated at Yale in
1879, and afterward resided almost entirely in
Denver and at Colorado Springs in consequence of
delicate health. He contributed to magazines, and
had in press at his death a volume of essays en-
titled " English Romanticism."
SWINO, David, clergyman, b. in Cincinnati,
Ohio, 23 Aug., 1830. His father died in 1832, and
his boyhood was mostly spent upon a farm. He
was graduated at Miami university, Oxford, Ohio,
in 1852, and soon began the study of theology, but
before a year elapsed he was made professor of
languages at Miami, where he remained twelve
years, preaching occasionally in addition to his
regular duties. In 1866 he accepted a call to Ije-
come pastor of the 4th Presbyterian church in Chi-
cago. In the great fire of 1871 his church edifice
and the homes of most of his parishioners were
swept away, but arrangements were at once made
for him to preach in Standard hall and McVicker's
theatre till a new building could be erected for his
congregation. This was done in 1874. His au-
diences were large and appreciative, and his ser-
mons and essays appeared nearly every week in the
public press ; but his doctrines were regarded by
many as heterodox, and Prof. Francis L. Patton
preferred the charge of heresy against Prof. Swing
in twenty-eight specifications before the Chicagq
presbytery, 15 April, 1874. A trial of several
weeks' duration was held, and resulted in an ac-
quittal, but Prof. Swing withdrew from the Pres-
byterian church, and his congregation has since
been independent. McVicker's theatre proving too
small. Central music hall, the largest in the city,
was built in 1878, where Prof. Swing has since
continued to preach to large audiences.
SWINTON, Jolin, journalist, b. in Salton, Had-
dingtonshire, Scotland, 12 Dec, 1830. He received
his early education from his uncle, the Rev. Robert
Currie, emigrated in 1843 to Canada, and after-
ward to the United States, with his family, learned
the printer's trade in Montreal, and practised it for
some time in New York city. He then received a
course of classical instruction at Williston semi-
nary, Mass., and afterward travelled extensively
through the United States. Feeling an abhorrence
for slavery, he left Columbia, S. C., where he re-
sided at the time, in order to take an active part
in the free-state contest in Kansas. He returned
to New York city in 1857, and began the study of
medicine. While thus engaged he contributed arti-
SWINTON
SWORDS
13
cles to the "Times," afterwanl accepted an edito-
rial plm-e on that jmiikt. ami soon became manag-
ing eiiitor. During the absences of Henry J. Ray-
mond he had the sole control, an<l wrote a large
numbt>r of the leading articles. He resigned the
{M)st of managing editor at the close of the war,
on account of impaired health, but coritinued his
conniH!tion with tlie journal jus an editorial writer
till the death of Mr. Raymond. Subsequently he
was managing etlitor of the New York "bun." He
lK)camo a leader in the movement for. labor-re-
forms, and in 1883 severed his connection with the
"Sun "in order to ex|M)und his political and social
views in a weekly journal that he called "John
.Swinton's Paper," wliich he ceased to publish in
1887. Besides other pamphlets, he has published
"New Issue: the Chinese - American Question"
(New York, 1870), and also a " Eulogy on Henry
J. Raymond" (1870); "John Swinton's Travels''
(1880); and an "Oration on John Brown" (1881).
— His brother, WilHani, author, b. in Salton, Scot-
land, 23 April, 1833. wjis educated at Knox college,
Toronto, and at Amherst, with the intention of be-
coming a Presbyterian minister, and in 1853 began
to preach, but adopte<l the profession of teaching.
He was professor of ancient and mcKlern languages
at the Edgeworth female seminary, Greensborough,
N. C, in 1853-'4, and afterward went to New York
city to take a professorship in Mt. Washington col-
legiate institute. While in the south he contrib-
uted to " Putnam's Monthly " some critical and
philosophical articles, and a series of etymological
studies that were afterward published under the
title of " Rambles among Words : their Poetry and
Wisdom " (New York, 1859; London, 1861). Hav-
ing previously contributed articles to the New York
" Times," he was taken on the staff of that journal
in 1858, and in 1862 went to the seat of war as a
correspondent. He was equipped for this work by
close study of military art, and he discussed tacti-
cal movements with such freedom that in 1864 Gen.
Ambrose E. Burnside, whom he had criticised in his
letters, procured an order for his exclusion from the
camps of the army. He also, at a later date, in-
curred the displeasure of Gen. Grant. In 1867 he
travelled through the southern states and collected
material for a history of the war from the military
and civil leaders of the Confederacy. Returning
to the office of the "Times," he resumed the work
of literary criticism, in which province he had
gained a reputation before he became a war-cor-
respondent. Before abandoning journalism, he
published in newspaper articles and in a pamphlet
an exposure of the machinations of railroad finan-
ciers to procure subsidies. In 1869 he became pro-
fessor or belles-lettres in the University of Cali-
fornia, where he remained for five years. Subse-
ouently he made Brooklyn, N. Y., his residence,
devoting himself to the composition of educational
works, most of which were widely adopted in pub-
lic and private schools. For a series of these, which
cover most of the studies pursued in schools, he re-
ceived a gold medal at the Paris exposition of 1867
" for educational works of remarkable originality
and value." His principal milita'ry works are " The
'Times's' Review of McClellan : his Military Ca-
reer Reviewe<i and Exposed" (1864); "Campaigns
of the Army of the Potomac : a Critical History
of Of)erations in Virginia, Maryland, and Peim-
svlvania" (1866; revised ed., 1886) ; "The Twelve
iWisive Battles of the War : a History of the East-
ern and Western Campaigns in Relation to the
Actions that Decided their Issue " (1867) ; and
" History of the New York Seventh Regiment dur-
ing the War of the Rebellion " (Boston, 1870).
SWISSHELM, Jane Ore/, b. near Pittsburg.
Pa., 6 Sent., 1H15; d. in Swissvale, Pa., 22 July,
1884. When she was eight years of age her father,
James Cannon, died, leaving a family in straitened
circumstances. The daughter worked at manual
labor and teaching till she wa.s twenty-one, when
she married James Swisshelm, who several years
afterward obtained a divorce on the ground of de-
sertion. Two years later she removed with her
husband to Ijouisville, Ky. In this city she be-
came an outspoken opponent of slaverj'', and her
first written attack u|»on the system appeared in
the Louisville "Journal " in 1842. She also wrote
articles favoring abolition and woman's rights in
the "Spirit of Lil)erty." of Pittsburg, for al>out
four years. In 1848 she established the Pittsburg
" Saturday Visitor," a strong alx)lition and woman's
rights paper, which, in 1856, was merged with the
weekly eaition of the Pittsburg "Journal." In
1857 she went to St. Cloud, Minn., and established
the St. Cloud " Visitor," Her l)old utterances
caused a mob to destroy her office, and its con-
tents, and to throw her printing-press into the
river. But she soon l>egan to publish the St.
Cloud " Democmt." When Abraham Lincoln was
nominated for the presidency, she spoke and wrote
in his behalf and for the principles of which he
was the representative. When the civil war began
and nurses were wanted at the front, she was one
of the first to respond. After the battle of the
Wilderness she had charge of 182 badly wounded
men at Fredericksburg for five days, without sur-
geon or assistant, and saved them all. She was a
prolific writer for newspapers and magazines, and
published " Letters to Country Girls" (New York,
18.53), and an autobiography entitled " Half of a
Century " (1881).
SWORD, James Brade, painter, b. in Phila-
delphia, Pa., 11 Oct., 1839. His early life was spent
in China, and he subsequently travelled extensive-
ly in the United States, sketching, and also in the
service of the government surveys. During 1861-'2
he studied under Christian Schusselfe at the Penn-
sylvania academy. He has been president of the
I^hiladelphia society of artists since 1878, and di-
rector of the art club since 1887. His works in-
clude " Quail Shooting," " Peep into Lake George,"
" Trenton Falls," " Silver-Thread Falls," " Mystery
of the Sea," and "Something in the Wind."
SWORDS, Robert Smith, author, b. in New
York city, 12 July, 1816; d. in Newark, N. J., 15
Jan., 1881. He was graduated at Columbia in
1834, and after studying law for three years with
Daniel Lord was admitted to the bar, S<x)n after
this he formed a partnership with Sylvester Ward
which la.sted ten years, when he retired from the
Sractice of his profession, in the mean time serving
uring several years as judge-advocate for the city
of New York, In 1849 he settled on Passaic river,
opposite Belleville, N. J., and while living there
was for twelve vears a magistrate for Union town-
ship. Although an earnest Democrat and an o|>-
ponentof the administration of President Lincoln,
ne placed his services at the disposal of the govern-
ment, in August, 1862, was commissioned lieuten-
ant-colonel of the 13th New Jersey volunteers, and
was with his regiment in the battles of Antietam
and South Moimtain, being wounded in the fonner
engagement. He resigne<l in 18fti and remove<l to
Newark, N. J., where he afterward resided. For
many years he was secretary of the Board of trade
of Newark, and he was corres|)onding secretary of
the New Jersey state agricultural society, treasurer
of the New tfersey society for the prevention of
cruelty to animals, and treasurer of the Board of
14
SWORDS
SYKES
proprietors of East Now Jersey. In 1867 he bo-
came treasurer of the New Jersey historical society,
to whose " Proceedings " he contributed a " Memoir
of the liife and Character of John llutherfonl '"
(18?2): "The Bones of Cohimbus" (1879); "The
Cathedral Church of San Domingo " (1879) ; and
other similar patK?rs.
SWORDS, Thomas, soldier, b. in New York city,
1 Nov., 1806 ; d. there, 20 March, 1886. He was a
grandson of Capt. Thomas Swords, a British offi-
cer, who died in New York in 1780, and his father
was the senior member of the publishing-house of
T. and J. Swords, of New York city. The son was
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1829,
assigned to the 4th infantry, and served in various
Earts of the southern states for four years, when
e was appointed 1st lieutenant in the 1st dragoons.
He was promoted captain, 3 March, 1837, and dur-
ing nearly the whole of the succeeding twelve years
was engaged on frontier duty, serving with Gen.
Henry Leavenworth against the Indians in the
southwest, and with Gen. Stephen Kearny in the
conquest of New Mexico and California, and raised
the first American flag over Santa Fe. When Gen.
Kearny's force reached San Diego on the Pacific
coast in January, 1847, Swords, who was the quar-
termaster, went to the Sandwich islands and ob-
tained clothing and supplies for the soldiers. He
became captain and assistant quartermaster, 7 July,
1838, major, 21 April, 184G, and lieutenant-colonel
and deputy quartermaster-general, 3 Aug., 1861. He
was chief quartermaster of the Army of the West
in 1846-'7, was engaged at San Pasqual, Cal., 6 Dec,
1846, and at Vera Cruz, and was brevetted lieuten-
ant-colonel. 30 May, 1848, for meritorious services
in the enemy's country. He was chief quarter-
master of the Departments of the Cumberland and
the Ohio in 1861-'5, was engaged in the battle of
Chickamauga, and brevetted brigadier-general and
major-general, U. S. army, 13 March, 1865. He
was retired from active service, 22 Feb., 1869.
SYDENHAM, Charles Edward Poulett
Thomson, Baron, governor-general of Canada, b.
at Waverley Abbey, Surrey, England, 13 Sept.,
1799; d. in Kingston, Canada, 19 Sept., 1841. He
was the eldest son of a wealthy merchant, who was
engaged in trading with Russia. In 1819 he be-
came a clerk in his father's St. Petersburg house,
where he was afterward a partner, and subsequent-
ly he was a partner in the London firm, and sus-
tained losses in 1825 by investing in Mexican mines.
He represented Dover in parliament from 1826 till
1830, when, being elected for that constituency
and Manchester, he decided to sit for the latter.
In parliament he was an early and resolute advo-
cate of the principles of free-trade. In 1830 he
was appointed vice-president of the board of trade
and treasurer of the navy, and he became a mem-
ber of the privy council on 23 Nov. of that year.
In July, 1834, he was made president of the board
of traae, but he resigned in the following Novem-
ber, with the rest of Lord Melbourne's ministry,
and in April, 1835, when Viscount Melbourne
formed a new cabinet, he resumed the same port-
folio, with a seat in the cabinet, which he held till
his appointment as governor-general of Canada in
August, 1839. He arrived in Canada on 19 Oct.,
and soon afterward visited Montreal and other
parts of the country, and held sessions of the legis-
latures of Upper and of Lower Canada. He took
energetic measures to suppress the insurrections of
Louis J. Papineau and William L. Mackenzie, but
sought to remedy the causes of discontent. With
diplomatic tact he obtained the acquiescence of
both provinces in the legislative union, which was
constiramated when he took the oath of office on
10 Feb., 1841, as governor of Canada under the act
of union that was passed by the British parliament
in July, 1840. He also exerted hiins«^lf to complete
public works. He was raised to the ixjerage, 10
Aug., 1840, by the title of Baron Sydenham of To-
ronto, as a mark of appreciation of the successful
manner in which he had administered the govern-
ment of Canada. While riding near Kingston, 5
Sept., 1841, he fell from his horse and sustained in-
juries that, though not in themselves fatal, re-
sulted in death. He was appointed knight grand
cross of the Order of the Bath, 19 Aug., 1841. His
" Memoirs " were published by his brother, George
Poulett Scrope (London. 1843).
SYKES, Geoi^e, soldier, b. in Dover, Del., 9
Oct., 1822; d. in Brownsville, Tex., 9 Feb., 1880.
He was appointed from Maryland to the U. S.
military academy, and on his graduation in 1842
was assigned to
the 3d infantry,
with which he
served in the latter
part of the Flori-
da war, and then
in the west and in
Texas. He was
promoted 1st lieu-
tenant, 21 Sept.,
1846. and during
the Mexican war
was engaged at
Monterey, Vera
Cruz, Cerro Gor-
do (where he was
brevetted captain
for gallantry),
Contreras, Churu-
busco, and the
capture of the city
of Mexico. He was
commissary of Gen. Twiggs's division in Mexico in
1847-'8, and was then on frontier and garrison duty
till the civil war, taking part in skirmishes with the
Apaches in 1854, and in the Navajo expedition of
1859, and reaching the rank of captain on 30 Sept.,
1855. He became major of the 14th infantry, 14
May, 1861, was at the battle of Bull Run, and
then commanded the regular infantry in Washing-
ton till March, 1862, and was commissioned briga-
dier-general of volunteers, 28 Sept., 1861. He took
part in the peninsula campaign at the head of
the division of regulars in Fitz-John Porter's
corps, receiving the brevet of colonel for gallantry
at Gaines's MiUs, and in the succeeding operations
of the Army of the Potomac, becoming major-
general of volunteers on 29 Nov., 1862, and com-
manding the 5th corps after the battle of Chancel-
lorsville. He was at the head of this corps at
Gettysburg, and so continued till 20 April, 1864,
when he was ordered to Kansas. At the close of
the war he received the brevet of brigadier-general,
U. S. army, for services at Gettysburg, and major-
general for " gallant and meritorious services in
the field " during the war. He had reached the
regular army rank of lieut«nant-coIonel on 16 Oct.,
1863, and on 12 Jan., 1868, he became colonel of
the 20th infantry. From this time till his death
he commanded various posts, and after 1877 he
was in charge of Fort Brown, Tex. On motion
of Senator Burnside, congress appropriated $1,000
for the removal of his remains to the cemetery at
West Point, where he now lies buried, and where
a fine monument has been erected to 'his memory
by his many friends.
L-e.-cr-':ZL^'-/Ci.
"lm^
SYKES
SYMINGTON
15
SYKES, JainOR, j)livsician, h, near Dover, DH.,
27 Marih. 17(11; (I. tlu-re. 18 Oca.. 1822. His
father, James, held several olTlces in the state
(Itiriiif; and after the Revolution, and was a dele-
gate to concress in 1777-'8. The son studied at
Williams college, and afterward attended medical
lectures at. Philmlelpliia. After four years' pnu--
tico at CambridpN Md., he returned to Dover,
where he Un-ame renowned as a surjifeon. From
1814 till 1820 he resided in New York, He was
often a meml)er of the state senate, over which he
presided for nearly fifteen years, and he was acting
governor of Delaware in 1801-'2.
SYLVESTER, Herbert Milton, author b. in
Lowell. Mass.. 20 Feb., 1849. He was fitted to en-
ter college at Hridgeton academv, Bridgeton, Me.,
but entered the law-office of William Pitt Fessen-
den in Portland, an<l wjis admitted to the bar in
April, 1872, and settled in Boston, Mass. He has
the reputation of l>eing a good landscape artist.
He has published " Prose Pastorals " (Boston, 1887)
and "Homestead Highways" (1888), and is now
(1888) engaged upon a novel descriptive of New
England country life. He has in press " Purpoo-
dack," dealing with the early settlement of Casco
bay, a nature-book entitled " Fallow Fields," and
a bov's iKiok of adventure.
Si'LVESTER, James Joseph, English author,
b. in liondon, England, 3 Sept., 1814. He was
gnuluated at Cambridge, became a professor of
natural philosophy at University college, London,
and was made a member of the Royal society in
1839. He came to this country and held the
chair of mathematics in the University of Virginia
in 1841-2, and was appointed to a similar profes-
st)rship at the Royal military academy, Woolwich,
in 1855. He was professor of mathematics at
Johns Hopkins university, Baltimore, in 187(>-'83,
and in December, 1883, was elected Savilian pro-
fessor of geometry at Oxford. He is a member of
many learned societies both in Europe and this
country, received the medal of the Royal socie-
ty in i860, and the Coplev medal in 1880, and
has been the recipient of honorary degrees from
various colleges. He was the founder and the
first editor of the " American Journal of Mathe-
matics," is the autiior of a large number of im-
portant scientific memoirs, 112 of which, published
previous to 1863, are in the Royal society's index
of scientific papers. He has given a theory of
versification in a volume entitled " Laws of Verse "
(London, 1870) ; has invented the plagrograph, an
instrument which, in addition to altering the mag-
nitude of an object, possesses the property of rotat-
ing its image through any desirea angle ; the geo-
metrical fan, which has been applied to the con-
struction of a cheap astronomical spectroscope;
and other geometrico-mechanical instruments. He
has developed a method of transferring circular
into rectilinear or parallel motion, based upon the
discovery of a French engineer, thereby adding
immensely to the resources of the mechanician. In
December, 1885, Prof. Sylvester made known his
theory of reciprocants, which, it is claimed, more
than doubles tne resources of algebra.
SYLVESTER, Nathaniel Bartlett, author, b.
in Denmark, I^ewis co., N. Y., 22 Feb., 1825. Both
his grandfathers were soldiers of the Revolution.
He received his early education at the Denmark
academy, studied law at Lowville, N. Y., and was
admitted to the bar at Oswego, N. Y., 5 April, 1852.
He founded in 1856 and e<lited for two years a
newsnaner at Lowville, N. Y., which is still pub-
lished tnere as- the "Lewis County Democrat, and
in 1866, having been appointed a commissioner of
the U. S. circuit court, he removed Uy Troy. N. Y.,
where he now (1888) resides. He is the author of
"Historical Sketches of Northern New York and
the Adirondack Wilderness" (Trov, 1877); "His-
tory of Saratoga County, N. Y.'*^ (PhiladelphiA,
1878); "History of Rens-selaer County. N. Y."
(1879); "History of the Connecticut Vallev in
Massachusetts" (Troy, 1879); "HLstorv of L'lster
County. N. Y." (Phila<lelphia, 1880); "'Indian le-
gends of Saratoga and the Upper Hu<lson Valley "
(1884); and "Historical Narratives of the Up|ier
Hudson, Lake George, and Lake Champlain **
(Philadelphia, 1888).
SYLVIE, £douard (sil-vee), French naturalist,
b. in Riom, Auvergne, in 1670; d. in Lyons in
1739. He studied in the College Louis le Grand
at Paris, entered the church, and vi&if appointed by
the king to a rich abl)ey in Lyons. Devoting his
leisure time to the study of mathematics and natu-
ral history, he presented several valuable memoirs
to the Academy of sciences, which induced that
body to propose him to the king for a* mission to
South America. Louis XIV. placed a man-of-war
at Sylvie's disposal in order to facilitate his work,
and from 1701 till 1703 he visitetl Santo Domingo
and several ports of the Cariblx*an sea, prepared
a chart of the Gulf of Mexico, and made valuable
observations. In the following year he visited
Guiana, Brazil, Montevideo, and Buenos Ayres,
landed on Staten island, and made the ascent of its
snowy range of mountains. Doubling Cape Horn,
he coasted Chili and Peru to Callao, and, penetrat-
ing into the interior, explored the Andes. Svlvie
afterward returned to the West Indies, and so-
journed several months in Santo Domingo, occu-
pied in drawing a map of the French part of the
island. His vessel arrived at La Rochelle, 15 Oct.,
1710, and Sylvie's valuable collections were pre-
sented to the Academy of sciences, which elected
him a corresponding member. His works include
"Explications de I'herbier et des collections rap-
portees d'Amerique par I'Abbe fjdouard Sylvie" (3
vols., Paris, 1711-'13); "Relation d'un voyage de
la mer du Sud aux cotes de la Guiane, du Bresil,
de la Terre des fitats, du Chili et du Perou, ave<;
une description de la cote septentrionale du detroit
de Le Maire " (3 vols., 1714-'16) ; " Voyage k travers
le Golfe du Mexique, suivi d'une description des
lies Antilles de rAraerioue, et en particulier de
nie de Saint Domingue*' (2 vols., 1720-'l); and
"Journal des observations d'un vovage au Perou
et au Chili " (5 vols.. 1726-'8).
SYMINGTON, Andrew James, Scottish au-
thor, b. in Paislev, Scotland. 27 July, 1825. He
was educated at the grammar-school of his native
place, began his literary career at an early age, and
in 1844 contributed translations of German poetry
and original verses to Tait's "Edinburgh Maga-
zine." In 1859 he accompanied President Paul A.
Chadbourne, of Williams college, on a visit to Ice-
land, and gave the results of his journey in " Pen
and Pencil Sketches of Fartie and Iceland " (Lon-
don, 1861). In 1874-'5 Mr. Symington spent a year
in this country, and contributed to several Ameri-
can journals. As author of Blackie and Sons' series
of "Men of Light and Ijeading" in 1880, he wrote,
among other lives. " William Cullen Bryant, with
Selections from his Poems and other Writings," and
" William Wordsworth : a Biographical Sketch, with
Selections from his Writings in Poetry and Prose "
(2 vols., Glasgow, 1881). In 1881 he prepared selec-
tions from the speeches of President Garfield for a
series of works entitled " Talks with the People by
Men of Mark." He has been an extensive traveller,
in 1863 was elected a fellow of the Royal society of
16
SYMMES
SZKOLNY
northern antiquaries, Copenhaeen. and in 1882 a
corresponding member of the New Yorit genealogi-
cal and biographical society. Among otlier works
he has published "Harebell Chimes, or Summer
Memories and Musings" (1848): "The Beautiful
in Nature, Art. and Life" (1857); "The Reason-
ableness of Faith " (1870) ; " Thomas Chalmers : the
Man, his Time and Work" (1878): and "Capital
Hints to Bovs " (1884). Several of Mr. Symington's
books have W'on republished in this country.
SYMMES, John Cleves, jurist, b. on Long
Island, N. Y., 21 July, 1742 ; d. in Cincinnati,
Ohio, 26 P'eb., 1814. tie was a delegate from Dela-
ware to the Continental congress in 1785 and
1786, a judge of the superior court of New Jersey,
and afterward chief justice of the same state. In
1787 he was appointed judge of the Northwest ter-
ritory. In 1788 he obtained from the government
a grant, of 1,000,000 acres, bounded south by the
Ohio, and west by the Miami, and was the founder
of the settlements of North Bend, and Cincinnati
thereon. His wife was a daughter of Gov. William
Livingston, and his daughter Anna became the
wife of William H. Harrison. — His nephew, John
Cleves, soldier, b. in New Jersey in 1780; d. in
Hamilton, Ohio, 28 May, 1829, entered the army as
an ensign in the 1st infantry, 26 March, 1802, was
a captain in the war of 1812, and served with
credit at the battle of Niagara and in the sortie
from Fort Erie. He subsequently resided at New-
port, Ky., and devoted himself to philosophical
pursuits. In 1818 he promulgated his theory that
the earth is a hollow sphere, habitable within, and
open at the poles for the admission of light, and
containing within it six or seven concentric hollow
spheres, also open at the poles. He wrote and
spoke on the subject of his singular hypothesis,
and petitioned congress in 1822 and 1823 to fit out
an expedition to test the truth of his theory. Dur-
ing the winters of 1826-'7 he lectured on it before
the students and faculty of Union college; but it
was received with general ridicule, and the sup-
posed aperture at the north pole was popularly
called " Symmes's hole." He published " Theory
of Concentric Spheres " (Cincinnati, 1826). An ab-
stract of Symmes's theory and arguments appeared
in the " Atlantic Monthly " for April, 1873. In 1876
Symmes's son, Americus Vespucius, revived his
theory. — Another nephew of the first John Cleves,
Peyton Short, poet, b. in Sussex county, N. J., in
1793 ; d. in Mount Aubuni, near Cincinnati, Ohio,
27 July, 1861, went to Ohio in his childhood as a
pioneer, became registrar of the land-office at Cin-
cinnati in 1827, and in 1830-'50 was a member of
the board of health of that city. He was one of the
trustees of the old Cincinnati college, and a sup-
porter of the Western college of teachers which
met annually at Cincinnati from 1833 till 1845.
He wrote a life of his uncle, not yet published.
SYMMES, Zechariah, clergyman, b. in Canter-
bury, England, 5 April, 1599 ; "d. in Charlestown,
Mass., 4 Feb., 1671. He came from England in
1634, and was ordained as teacher in the church at
Charlestown, Mass.. on 22 Dec. of that year, suc-
ceeding Thomas James as pastor when the latter
was dismissed on 11 March, 1636. During his min-
istry the Antinomian controversy culminated in
the banishment of John Wheelwright and the dis-
missal of his adherents from the church. See
" The Symmes Memorial," containing a sketch of
his life and a genealogy, by John Adams Vinton
(Boston, 1873). — His grandson, Thomas, clergy-
man, b. in Bradford, Mass., 1 Feb., 1678 ; d. 6 Oct.,
1725, was graduated at Harvard in 1698, and
was minister of Boxford from December, 17(^, till
1708, when he succeeded his father, Zechariah, as
second minister at Bradford. He possessed a strong
mind and much learning, and, besides occasions
sermons, published " Joco-Serious Dialogue on
Singing" (1723); and " Historical Memoirs of the
Fight at Piggwacket, 9 May, 1725," with a sermon
on the death of Capt. John Love well (1725 ; repub-
lished with notes by Nathaniel Bouton, Concord,
N. H., 1861). See an account of his life by Rev.
John Brown, to which is appended his advice to his
children and to the members of his church (1726).
SYMONDS, William Law, author, b. in Ray-
mond, Cumberland co.. Me., in April, 1833: d. in
New York city, 18 Jan., 1862. He was graduated
at Bowdoin in 1854, studied theology at Cambridge
divinity-school for two . years, and occupied the
{•ulpit of a Unitarian church in Chicopee, Mass.,
or several months. He then went to New York
city and engaged in literary pursuits, contributing
to magazines and newspapers, and producing many
hundred cyclopjcdic articles on philosophical, his-
torical, and biographical subjects. He also took
charge temporarily of the Astor library.
SYNGE, Millington Henry, British author,
b. in England about 1820. He was a captain of
royal engineers, and was employed on the works at
Ottawa in 1848. He published " Canada in 1848 "
(London, 1848); "Great Britain One Empire"
(1852); "The Country m The Company" (1861);
and " The Colony of Rupert's Land '^ (1863).
SYPHER, Josiah Rninehart, journalist, b. in
Liverpool, Perry co.. Pa., 12 April. 1832. He was
graduated at Union college in 1858, and, after mak-
ing a tour of the United States, studied law and
was admitted to the bar at Lancaster, Pa., in 1862.
While he was travelling he contributed to the Lan-
caster " Express," and he was its associate editor
while studying law. In 1862 he was engaged as
war-correspondent of the New York " Tribune,"
and he was afterward in charge of the correspond-
ence in the Army of the Potomac. In the winter
of 1865 he became associate editor of the " Trib-
une," and in 1870 he established the " Pennsylva-
nia State Journal " at Harrisburg, but at the end
of six months he resumed the practice of law in
Philadelphia. He has advocated public education
and temperance reform, and, in addition to articles
for the press and several school-books, has pub-
lished " History of the Pennsylvania Reserve
Corps " (Lancaster, 1865), and " School History
of Pennsylvania" (Philadelphia, 1868).
SZABAD, Emeric, author, b. in Hungary about
1822. He was secretary under the Hungarian na-
tional government in 1849, was a friend of Louis
Kossuth, and gained his first experience as a sol-
dier in his native country. He subsequently served
in Italy under Garibaldi, and at the opening of the
civil war came to this country and was appointed
on the staff of Gen. John C. Fremont. He served
through j;he war, being on the staff of Gen. Daniel
E. Sickles at Gettysburg, and afterward on that of
Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren. He wrote a series
of letters on the United States army and its man-
agement for the New York " Tribune," and has
published " Hungary, Past and Present " (London,
1854) ; " State Policy of Modem Europe from the
Beginning of the Sixteenth Century to the Present
Time " (2 vols., 1857) : and " Modern War : its The-
ory and Practice " (New York, 1863).
SZKOLNY, John, Polish navigator of the 15th
century. His name was also variously written
Scolve, Skolnus, and Kolno. He was commander
of a Danish vessel on which, according to different
accounts, he reached the northwestetn coast of
Greenland, or the coast of Labrador, in 1476.
TABARET
TACHfi
17
TABARET, JoHeph Henry, Canadian educa-
tor, h. ill Snint-Marccllin, department of L'Isere,
France. 10 April, 1H2H ; d. in Ottawa, 28 Feb.,
1886. He studied theolojjy, wa.s ordained a priest
at Marseilles, came to Canada as a missionary of
the Oblates in 18.") 1, and in 1853 established a school
at Ottawa, which, under his s»n)erintendence, has
developed into the University of Ottawa. He was
president of this institution at his death, and had
been at its head, lioth as a school and college, since
its foundation, except in 180B-'7, when, as provin-
<-ial <»f Oblates of North America, he visited the
Oblate missions in Cana'Ia and the United States.
In 1854 the governor-general nominated him a
member of the senate of Toronto university. He
was a member of the council of public instruction
of Ontario. In 1803 he was made vicar-general of
Ottawa, and in 1879 he received the degree of D. D.
from the pope. He introduced a comprehensive
system of study into Ottawa university.
TABOADA, Antonio (tah-bo'-ah-dah), Argen-
tine soldier, b. in the province of Santiago del Es-
tero, 31 Aug., 1815. lie began life as a journalist,
and, being persecuted for his liberal tendencies
by the dictator Rosas, emigrated to Montevideo.
He served later under Gen. Lavalle, took part in
the campaign in the province of Entre-Rios, was
captured after the defeat at Quebracho-Herrado,
and imprisoned in Buenos Ayres, but escaped in
disguise to Chili. Later he returned secretly to
his province, where he lived quietly till Rosas's
downfall, and in 1852 became its governor. He
put down an insurrection at Tucuman, and defeat-
ed with a few hundred men a division of 5,000
under Gen. Gutierrez. In 1856 he escorted through
the Chaco desert the U. S. exploring expedition
under Lieut. Thomas J. Page, and they explored
the Salado river as far as Santa Fe, Taboada con-
cluding also in the course of the voyage arrange-
ments with the principal caciques that assured
peiice along the borders. In 1861 he supported
Dr. Derqui and contributed to terminate the strife
between the governors of the provinces and the
central government. He was elected senator in
1865, and commanded the army in 1867 against
the insurgents in the northern provinces, defeat-
ing Felipe Varela at Pozo de Vargas. In 1868 he
was a candidate for president, but was defeated.
TABOR, Horace Austin Warner, senator, b,
in Holland, Orleans co., Vt., 30 Nov., 1830. He
received a common-school education, and learned
the trade of a stone-cutter in Massachusetts, but in
1855 he removed to Kansas and engaged in farm-
ing, and was an active member of the Free-soil
party. In 1856 he was a member of the Topeka
legislature that was dispersed at the pomt of the
bayonet by order of President Pierce. In 1859 he
removed to Colorado, and the following spring he
settled in California Gulch (now Leadville). There
he worked in the mines until 1865, when he en-
gaged in business, and combined both occupations
till May, 1878. During the latter month August
Rische and George F. Hook, to whom he had ad-
vanced money, discovered what was afterward
known as the "Little Pittsburg" mine. By the
terms of his agreement. Mr. Ta>)or was entitled to
a one-third interest, which he sold the following
year for |;l.(KM).000. This capital he invested in
mines, banking stcx^k. and other remunerative
Sroperty, which, greatly increased his wealth. In
ctober, 1878, he was elected the first lieutenant-
fovemor of Colorado, and he held the office until
anuary, 1884. He was chosen U. S. senator to
fill the' unexpire*! term of Henry M. Teller, re-
signeil, and served from 2 PVb. till 4 March. Be-
sides the investments mentioned al>ove. Senator
TalKir has {)urchased 175,000 acres of cop{»er lands
in Texas, and 4,600,000 acres of grazing lands in
southern Colorado, and is interested in irrigating
canals and other enterprises that give emj)loyment
to a large number of laborers. He has also ob-
tained from the republic of Honduras a grant of
every alternate section of land for 400 miles bor-
dering on the Patook river. On this tract are
immense groves of mahoganv, el)ony, and similar
valuable woods, orchards oi bananas and other
tropical fruits, together with deposits of gold, sil-
ver, and coal. In addition to the section-grant, he
has secured a mineral grant of 150 square miles in
the interior. Altogether Mr. Talior is probably
one of the largest owners of land in the world.
TAC, Sixtus Le, French missionary, b. in
France in 1649: d. in Canada, 6 July. 1699. He
belonged to the Recollel Franciscan order, came to
Canada on 9 July, 1676. and had charge of Charles-
bourg, near Quebec, till 1678. He then went to
Three Rivers, where he remained till 13 May, 168JJ.
During this time he kept a register of all baptisms',
marriages, etc., in Three Rivers, as well as of those
that oc'curred in settlements that extended over
a wide tract of country. This register has often
been found useful in connection with lo<'al and
general Canadian history. In 1684 he was ap-
pointed director of the third order of St. Francis
and master of novices in the Convent of Notre
Dame des Anges near Quebec. In 1689 he took
part in founding missions at Placentia and other
places in Newfoundland. He complained that the
governor of that colony threw every kind .of diffi-
culty in his way, and sailed for P>ance the same
year to obtain redress, but returned to Canada in
1()90 or 1691. He wrote a history of Canada which
long remained in manuscript, but it was edited
and published by Eugene Reveilland with notes
and appendix. The appendix consists of original
documents heretofore unpublished, some of which
are very valuable. The work is entitled "His-
toire de la Nouvelle France, ou Canada, depuis sa
decouverte (mil cinq cents quatre) iusqu'en I'an
mil six cents trente deux " (Paris, 1888).
TACH^, Sir lltienne Paschal (tah-shay), Ca-
nadian statesman, b. in St. Thomas, Lower Canada,
5 Sept, 1795; d. there, 29 July, 1865. He served
during the war of 1812, and afterward studied
medicine and practised successfully till 1841, when
he enterefl parliament. He was deputy atljutant-
general in 1847-8, commissioner of public works
in 184fl-'9, and on 21 April, 1856, was made speaker
of the legislative council, which post he resigned in
November, 1857, In November. 1858, in recog-
nition of his services he was knighted by the queen
at Windsor castle, and was appointed jointly with
Sir Allan N. MacXab to tne honorary rank of
colonel in the British army, and aide-de-camp to
the queen. He published " Du developjjement de
la force physique chez Thoinnie " (Montreal, 1829),
" Reflexions sur I'organisation des volootaires "
(Quebec, 18(>3), and " Bataille navale du Lac Cham-
plain en 1814."— His nei)hew, Josepli Cliarles,
Canadian author. V). in Kamouraska, Quelx^c, 24
Dec, 1820, studied at the Seminary of Quebec, was
graduated as a physician in 1844, and was for some
18
TACHft
tac6n
time attached to the Marine hospital at Rimouski.
He sat in the legislative assembly from 1847 till
1857, and represented Canada at the Paris ex-
hibition of 1855, and at that of London in 18(57. He
was a member of the board of prison-inspectors
and deputy minister of agriculture and statistics,
contributed largely to the Canadian press, and was
editor of the " Courrier du Canmla " from 1H57 till
1859. Mr. Taclie was British delegate from Canada
at the International sanitary conference of 1881 at
Washington, and has been on several important
commissions in Canada. Ho received the degree of
I). Ij. from Laval university in 1883, and the con-
federation medal in 188(5. He has taken an active
part in charitable and religious movements in Can-
ada. While Canadian commissioner at the Paris
exhibition in 1855, he published " Esquisse sur le
Canada," a work that deals with the past and present
condition of the country. Its object was to make
Canada better known in France, especially as a field
of emigration, and in this respect it was very suc-
cessful^ His other works are "Notice historio-
graphique sur la fete celebree h. (Quebec le 16 juin,
1859. jour du 200'"" anniversjiire de I'arrivee
de Mgr. de Tjaval en Canada" (Quebec, 1859);
" L'Canada et I'exposition universelle " (1856) ; " La
plelade rouge," a political satire (1854) ; " Le de-
fricheur de Tangue," a burlesque tragedy in verse ;
" Tenure seigneuriale en Canada, et projet de com-
mutation, suivi de tableaux relatifs aux fiefs et
seigneuries du Bas-Canatla " (1854) ; and '* Des
provinces de I'Amerique du Nord et d'une union
federale " (1858). He was one of the founders of
the " Soirees Canadiennes," in which he published
two purely literary works entitled " Trois legendes
de mon pays, ou I'evangile ignore. I'evangile preehe,
I'evangile accepte," and " Forestiers et voyageurs."
— Joseph Charles's brother, Alexander Antoiiine,
Canadian K. C. archbishop, b. in Riviere-du-Loup,
Canada, 23 July, 1823, was graduated at the Col-
lege of St. Hyacinth, and studied theology in the
Seminary of Montreal. He returned to St. Hya-
cinth SIS professor of mathematics, but, after teach-
ing a few months, went to Montreal and became a
monk of the Oblate order. He volunteered at once
for missionary service among the Indians of the
Red river, and, after a journey of sixty-two days,
during which he encountered sufferings and priva-
tions of every kind, reached St. Boniface on 25 Aug.,
1845. He was raised to the priesthood on 12 Oct.
following, being the first priest ordained on the
banks of the Red river. In July, 1846, he set out for
lle-^-la-Crosse, and, after spending a few months at
this mission, he went to labor among the Indians
that lived around the lakes, several hundred miles
to the northwest. On one of his journeys he slept
for sixty nights in the open air in winter, and he
often travelled thirty or forty leagues with the
temperature twenty-flve or thirty degrees below
zero, in the hope of converting a single Indian.
His zeal and tolents became known throughout
Canada, and, although only twenty-six years old,
he was recommended for the post of coadjutor
bishop of St. Boniface in 1850. He was summoned
to France by the superior of the Oblate Fathers,
and consecrated bishop of Arath in partibus in
the cathedral of Viviers on 23 Nov., 1851. After
a visit to Rome he returned to Canada in February,
1852, and on 10 Sept. reached fle-S,-la-Crosse, which
he had determined to make the centre of his laVjors
in the northwest. He set about founding new
missions, obtained missionaries, male and female,
to aid him, and many schools, colleges, convents,
and chapels were built. Bishop Tache's efforts
were directed also to the establishment of a French-
Canadian population in the northwest, and he has
done much to develop and strengthen the feel-
ing of French-Canadian nationality among the in-
habitants of the
Red river country.
He became bishop
of St. Boniface, 7
June, 1853. In
1869 he laid the
grievances of the
Metis before the
Canadian govern-
ment, and endeav-
ored, without suc-
cess, to persuade
the latter not to
make any changes
in the political sit-
uation of the in-
habitants of the ^
Red river without y. J>m^ t ,^>^cA - c^
consulting them.
He then sailed for
Italy in order to
take part in the
council of the Vatican at Rome. Meanwhile the
troubles came to acrisis, and the Canadian ministry,
alarmed at the attitude of the Metis, and regretting-
too late that they had not followed his advice, begged
him to come to their assistance. He at once returned
to Canada, and reached the Red river on 9 March.
1870, empowered, in the name of the imperial and
Dominion governments, to offer a full pardon for
all political offences committed during the msur-
rection. St. Boniface was erected into a metro-
politan see on 22 Sept., 1871, and Bishop Tache was
appointed archbishop. He hjis written " Vingt an-
nees de missions dans le nord-ouest de I'Amerique"
(Montreal, 1866), and " Esquisse sur le nord-ouest
de I'Amerique" (Montreal, 1869). The latter has
been translated into English by Capt. D. R. Cam-
eron, and is considered the most complete work on
the resources of the Red river, the nature of its
products, and the different races of men and ani-
mals that inhabit the country. Archbishop Tache is
a contributor to the " Annales de la propagation de
la foi," published by the Oblate Fathers in France.
TAC<5n, Miguel (tah-cone), Spanish soldier, b.
in (3artagena, Colombia, in 1777 ; d. in Madrid,.
Spain, in 1855. He first served in the navy, but
in 1806 he entered the army with the commission
of lieutenant-colonel. He was appointed in 180&
governor of Popayan. When the Spanish posses-
sions in South America began to rise against the
home government, Tacon took the field against the
patriots, and, having been defeated in Palace, 5
April, 1811, he fled to Peru, where he remained
until 1819. He wa^then made brigadier and sent
to Spain by the viceroy of Peru to inform the
Madrid government of the bad condition of the
struggle against the patriot forces. He was ap-
F)ointed governor of Malaga, and in 1834 was made
ieutenant-general and appointed governor-general
of Cuba. During his administration, from 7 June,
1834, to 23 April, 1838, he did much that was good
together with many acts of despotism. He re-
pressed the criminal classes, reformed the morals
of the island greatly, and suppressed corruption
among public officers and servants of the govern-
ment, lie caused the construction of sewers in
Havana, paved the streets of the city, built a great
prison, encouraged the construction of a theatre,
which was named for him, established several pub-
lic markets, lighted the streets, and erected many
public buildings. But during his administration
TAFEL
TAGLIABFE
19
the slave-trade increascil greatly, and more slaves
were introduced into Culm in the four vears of his
rule than in any other equal period, ife afterward
relurnetl to Spain, antl was aptK)inted senator for
Cadiz in 185'i, Ijut his failing nealth did not per-
mit him to accept office.
TAFEIa Johanii Friedrich Loonhard, educa-
tor, b. in Sulzbach. Wlirteniberj;. Uerinaiiy, G Feb.,
1800. He was graduated at Tubingen in 1820, and
was professor for nuiny years at the gymnasia of
Stuttgart, Ulm, and Sehonnlorf, intro<lu^;ing the
Hamiltonian interlinear methtni of tejiching lan-
guages, and editing several perimlicals, among
which was the " Beobafthter," a daily pai)er devoted
to the interests of the Liberal party (1849-'53). He
came to this country in 1853, was for three years
professor in Urbana university, Ohio, and Hum re-
moved to St. Louis, Mo. He is the author of sev-
eral text-books of ancient and modern languages,
translated into German the works of Xenophon
and Dion Cassius, and select novels of Charles Dick-
ens, William M. Thackeray, and James Fenimore
Cooper, and published "Staat und Christenthum "
(TObingen, 1851) ; " Der Christ und der Atheist "
(Philadelphia, 1856) ; and with his son, Ludwig H.
Tafel. a " German-English and English-German
Pocket Dictionary" (1870).— His son, Rudolph
Ij«onhard, educator, b. in Ulm, Germany, 24 Nov.,
1831, came to the United States in 1847, and in
1860-'l was teacher of French and German in
Washington university, St. Louis. Mo, He held
the chair of modern languages and comparative
philology there from 1862 till 1868, and smce the
last-named year has been a Swedenborgian minis-
ter in London, England. He has published " Latin
Pronunciation and the Latin Alphabet " with his
father (New York, 1860) ; " Investigation into the
Laws of English Pronunciation andOrthography "
(1862) ; and " Emanuel Swedenborg as a Philoso-
pher and Man of Science " (Chicago, 1867).
TAFT, Alphonso, jurist, b. in Townshend, Vt., 5
Nov., 1810. He was graduated at Yale in 1833,
was tutor there in 1835-'7, studied law, was atlmit-
ted to the bar in 1838, and after 1840 practised in
Cincinnati, Ohio,
where he won rep-
utation in his pro-
fession. He was
early a member of
the city council,
and also for many
years of the Union
board of high-
schools. He was
a delegate to the
Republican na-
tional convention
in 1856, and in the
same year a candi-
date for congress,
but was defeated
by George H.Pen-
dleton. He was
judge of the su-
perior court of Cincinnati from 1866 till 1872,
when he resigned, to associate himself in practice
with two of his sons. In 1875 he was a candidate
for the Republican nomination for the governor-
ship, but a dissenting opinion that he had delivered
on the question of the Bible in the public schools
was the cause of much opposition to him. The
opinion that defeate<i his nomination was unani-
mously affirmed by the supreme court of Ohio, and
is now the law of the state. He became secretary
of war, on 8 March, 1876, on the resignation of
o^^$^4^4er».^,<^ y^^
Oen. William W. I^lknap, and on 22 May follow-
ing was transferred to the attorney-generalship,
serving till the close of President (fraiit's admin-
istration. Judge Taft was apfM>intcd U. S. min-
ister to Austria, 26 A[>ril, 1882. and in 1884 was
transferred to Russia, where he served until 1 Aug..
1885. He has lieen a trustee of the University of
Cincinnati since its foundation, and in 1872-'82
serve«l on the corjwration of Yale, which gave him
the degree of LL. D. in 1867.
TAFT, Lorado, sculptor, b. in Elmwootl. Peo-
ria CO., III., 29 April. 1860. He was graduated at
Illinois state university. Champaign, 111., in 1879,
studied at the fecole des beaux arts, Paris, during
1880-'3, and afterward with Marius Jean Antoine
Mereie and others for two years. He has exe-
cuted several busts and medallions, a statue of
Schuyler Colfax, which was unveiled in Indian-
apolis in 1888, and reliefs for Michigan regiment-
al monuments on the Gettysburg battle-field. He
is engaged on a statue of Gen. Grant for Fort
Leavenworth. Kansas. Mr. Taft is instructor in
sculpture at the Chicago art institute.
TAtiGART, Sam nel, clergyman, b. in London-
deiTy, N. IL, 24 March, 1754 ; d. in Colerain, Mass.,
25 April, 1825. His father. James, came from Ire-
land to this country when he was eleven years old.
The son entered the junior class in Dartmouth,
where he was graduated in 1774, was licensed to
preach in the Presbyterian church in 1776, and on
19 Feb., 1777, was ordained and installed as pastor
of a church in Colerain. Mass. In 1802 he per-
formed in western New York a missionary journey
of about three months, his manuscript journal of
which is still preserved. In 1802 he was elected
to congress as a Federalist, and served, by repeated
re-election, from 1803 till 1817. His protracted ab-
sences from his charge caused dissatisfaction, and
in 1818 he resigned his pastorate, though he after-
ward preached occasionally. When he entered
congress, John Randolph of Roanoke, on learning
that Mr. Taggart was a clergyuian, instantly quoted
to him from L Samuel, xvii., 28 : " With whom hast
thou left those few sheep in the wilderness!" Mr.
Taggart was absent-minded and eccentric, but pos-
sessed a very retentive and accurate memory.
While he was in college he was reprimanded for
inattention by a professor, who had seen him catch-
ing flies during a lecture, but in his vindication the
boy immediately repeated a great part of what his
instructor had said. He published an- oration on
the death of Washington (1800); a Fourth-of-July
oration at Conway (1804): "Scriptural Vindication
of the Doctrine of the Final Perseverance of all
True Believers" (1801); a "Treatise on the Evi-
dences of Christianity" (1811); an address to his
constituents on the subject of impressments (1813) ;
and sermons and speeches.
TAOLIABUE, Oiiiseppe, instrument - maker,
b. near Conio, Italy, 10 Aug., 1812 ; d. in Mount
V'ernon, N. Y.. 7 May. 1878. He was educated at
the village school, and was sent to Coino to learn
cabinet-making. In 1826 he went to London, where
he was apprenticed to a firm of meteorological and
Shilosophical instrument-makers. He settled in
ew York in 1833. and soon acquired the reputa-
tion of l)eing one of the most competent instru-
ment-makers in this country. His hvdrometer for
the proving of whiskey was adopted by the U. S.
internal revenue department in preference to all
others, and he made instruments for the U. S. coast
survey. He made a great variety of hydrometei-s,
including original forms and new adaptations to
meet the requirements of the advancement of sci-
ence and manufacture. Several of the self- record-
20
TAILFER
TALBOT
ing instruments in use in the Central park meteor-
ological observatory are of his construction,
TAILFER, Patrick, colonist, lived in the 18th
century. He. was a physician and emigrated to the
new colony of Georgia, but became dissatisfied
with the conduct of affairs there, and in September,
1740, left the province and went to Charleston, S. C.
Here, with Iiugh Anderson, David Douglass, and
others, he printed *' A True and Historical Narra-
tive of the Colony of Georgia in America from the
first Settlement thereof until the Present Period "
(Charles-Town, 1741 ; reprinted, London, 1741). In
this he accuses Gen. James Oglethorpe of selfish-
ness, greed, and despotism. Prof. Moses Coit Ty-
ler says : "Asa polemic it is one of the most expert
pieces of writing to be met with in our early litera-
ture. It never blusters or scolds. It is always cool,
poised, polite, and merciless." But many authori-
ties call it spiteful and scurrilous, and speak of
Tailfer as " chief of a club of malcontents.'
TAIT, Arthur Fitzwilliani, painter, b. at Live-
sey Hall, near Liverpool, England, 5 Aug., 1819.
He studied at the Royal institution, Manchester,
but is mainly self-taught. In 1850 he came to the
United States, where he soon attracted attention
by his pictures of animal life. He was elected an
associate of the National academy in 1853, and an
academician in 1858. Mr. Tait has studied and
sketched much among the Adirondack mountains,
and several of his hunting scenes are laid in that re-
gion. His pieces include *'A Duck and her Young "
(1868); " Ruffled Grouse" (1869); " Woodcock Shoot-
ing," " Snowed in," and " Halt on the Carry "
(1871) ; " Racquette Lake " (1873) ; " There's a Good
Time coming^' (1876); "The Portage"; "Jack in
Office" (1885); "Thoroughbreds" and "Startled"
(1887) ; and " A Mother's Solicitude" (1888). His
" Quail and Young " (1856) is in the Corcoran gal-
lery at Washington. Many of his works have been
lithographed or engraved.
TAIT, Charles, senator, b. in Louisa county,
Va., in 1768; d. in Wilcox county, Ala., 7 Oct.,
1835. He removed at an early age to Georgia,
was associated with William H. Crawford in the
management of Richmond academy, and then, hav-
ing been a<imitted to the bar, practised law with
success. He was judge of the western circuit of
Georgia from 1803 till 1809, and in the latter year
was chosen to the U. S. senate as a Democrat in
place of John Milledge, who had resigned. He
served from 28 Dec, 1809, till 3 March, 1819, when
he removed to Wilcox county, Ala., having been
appointed a judge of the U. S. district court for
that state. He resigned this office in 1826. Judge
Tait was an able supporter of the administrations
of Madison and Monroe.
TAIT, John Robinson, artist, b. in Cincinnati,
Ohio, 14 Jan., 1834. He w.is graduated at Bethany
college, Va., in 1852, after which he went to Eu-
rope, remaining for three years. At this time he
devoted himself mainly to literature, sketching and
painting as an amateur. He published " Dolce Far
Niente" (Philadelphia, 1859), and " European Life,
Legend, and Landscape " (1860). In 1859 he went
abroad again, and studied at Diisseldorf under Au-
gust Weber and Andreas Achenbach until about
1871. He received the first-class medals at the
Cincinnati industrial exhibition in 1871 and 1872.
In 1873 he made a third visit to Europe, working
for several years in the Tyrol and in Munich, un-
der Adolf Lier and Hermann Baisch. In 1871 he
returned to the United States, and since 1876 he
has resided in Baltimore. As a member of the com-
mittee of the second Cincinnati exposition, he de-
signed the art hall. His works include " Siebenge-
birge" (1865); "Lake of Wallenstadt " and " Mey-
ringen " (1866) ; " Lake of Four Cantons " (1866), in
the Cincinnati art museum ; " Norwegian Waterfall "
(1869) ; " Solitude " (1871) ; " A Rainy Day " (1874) ;
" Under the Willows"; " V'esper Hour" and " Tyro-
lean Cottage," both exhibited at the salon (1876) ;
and "Noon" (1877), His "Crossing the Brook"
and " Landscape and Cattle " were at the Centen-
nial exhibition, Philadelphia, He has contributed
to magazines, and has written a comedy in German,
" Ein aufrichtiger Heirathsgesuch."
TALAMANTES, Melchor (tah-lah-man'-tays),
Peruvian geographer, b, in Lima about 1750; d.
in Vera Cruz, Mexico, in 1809. He studied theol-
ogy in the University of San Marcos, Lima, and,
after receiving the degree of D. D., entered the
military religious order of Merced, in which he
soon rose to the rank of superior of his province.
His favorite study was geography, in which he
soon became an acknowledged authority, and on
his way to Spain in 1806 he stopped in Mexico, to
study documents regarding the colonization of the
northern provinces. He was commissioned by the
viceroy, Iturrigaray, to determine the boundary of
the viceroyalty with the former French possession
of Louisiana, and between the latter and Florida.
While occupied in this work, he was implicated in
Iturrigaray s plans of secession, and on the latter's
deposition, 15 Sept., 1808, Talamantes was arrest-
ed and transported to Vera Cruz, where he died of
yellow fever. His manuscript, " Apuntamientos
para deslindar los justos liraites de las posesiones
Espafiales de la America septentrional con las
Francesa-s," came into the possession of his col-
laborator, Jose Pichardo, who used the notes and
completed the work.
TALAVERA Y GARCES, Mariano (tah-lah-
vay'-rah), Venezuelan R. C. bishop, b. in Coro, 22
Dec, 1777; d. in Caracas, 23 Dec, 1861. In 1791
he was sent to the University of Caracas, where he
studied theology, received tHe degree of D. D., and
was ordained in 1797. In 1806 he became secre-
tary of the bishop of Merida, who sent him as
vicar to Barinas, and in 1808 he was appointed
rector of the seminary of Merida. When the war
for independence opened in 1810, he took part in
it, and was elected a member of the supreme junta
of Merida, but in 1812, when the armies of the re-
Sublic were defeated, he was forced to emigrate to
ew Granada. In 1815 he was imprisoned by the
Spanish authorities, but pardoned and retired to
Coro, whence, after the liberation of New Granada,
he went to Bogota, and in 1822 Gen. Santander ap-
pointed him dean of the cathedral. In 1826 he
was elected to congress for Coro, and in 1828 con-
firmed by the pope as bishop of Tricala and vicar
of Guayana. From 1830 till 1832 he was exiled,
having refused to take the unconditional oath to
support the constitution. In 1842 he resigned the
bishopric and was appointed councillor of state,
which place he also resigned, after the attack on
congress of 24 Jan., 1848, and retired to private
life. He was considered the greatest pulpit orator
of Colombia, and one of the most learned men in
the church of South America.
TALBOT, Ethelbert, P. E. bishop, b. in Fay-
ette, Mo., 9 Oct., 1848. His early education was
received in the schools of his native town. He was
graduated at Dartmouth in 1870, and at the General
theological seminary. New York, in 1873. was or-
dered deacon in the Church of the Transfiguration,
New York, 29 June, 1873. and ordained priest in
St. Mary's church. Fayette, Mo., 4 Npv., 1873, both
by Bishop Robertson. He was at once made rector
of St. James's church, Macon, Mo., which post he
TALBOT
TALBOT
21
held until his election to the episco|)Htc. lie opened
a purisli sc'h«Mil in Macon in Si'ptenil»er, 1875. which
iifterwHrd iM'cunie St. James's military jwademy, a
difK-esrtM school for lx)vs. He twice represented
the diocese of Missouri in general convention, and
was rural dean and a member of the standing com-
mittee of the diocese. He was consecrated, 27 May,
1887, missionary bishop of Wyoming and Idaho.
He received the degree of LL. 1). from the Univer-
sity of .Missouri in 1887, that of S. T. I), from the
General theological seminary. New York, city, in
1887, hikI that of I). 1). from'l)artn>outh in 1888.
TALBOT, Ishaiil, seiuitor, b. in Bedford county,
Va., in 1773; d. near Frankfort, Ky,, 25 Sept.,
1837. He removed with his father to Kentucky in
his youth, and settled near Ilarrodsburg, where he
obtained his early education. He studied law with
George Nicholas, and Ix'gan to practise in Versailles.
Woodford co.. but soon removed to Frankfort,
where he mlvanced to the front rank of his profes-
sion. He was chosen to the state senate in 1812,
and served there till 1815, when he was elected to
the U. S. senate to fill the unexpired term of Jesse
Bledsoe, resigned. He retained his seat from 2
Feb., 1815, tiU 3 MaR;h. 1819, and was chosen again
on the resignation of William Logan, serving from
27 Nov., 1830, till 4 March, 1825.
TALBOT, John, colonial Anglican bishop, b.
in Wymondham, England, in 1645 ; d. in Burling-
ton, N. J., 29 Nov., 1727. He was graduated at
Cambridge in UiOS, l)ecaine a fellow of Peter house
in 1664, held the rec-
tory of Freetheme in
the diocese of Glou-
cester, and in 1702
Ix'came chaplain of
the ship " Centurion,"
which brought to this
country Keith and
Gordon, the first mis-
sionaries of the Socie-
ty for propagating the
gospel in foreign parts.
He was appointed a
missionary of that society in Septemoer of the
same year, and was associated with Keith as long
as the latter remained in this country. He con-
tinued to labor zealously for twenty years, being in
charge of St. Mary's, Burlington, N. J., from 1703,
and its rector after 1709, during all which period he
had been importunate to have a bishop appointed
for America. Despairing of this, he went to Eng-
land and was induced to receive consecration clan-
destinely from Dr. Ilalph Taylor and Robert Wel-
ton, non-juring bishops, and returned to this coun-
try in 1722. For two years he was unmolested, but
at the end of that jHjriod, being exposed, he was
discharged from the service of the society, and
ordered by the governor to "surcease officiating,"
because he refused to take the oath of allegiance
or use the prayers for the royal family. Affixed to
his widow's will in the registrar's office in Philadel-
phia was discovered, in Septeml)er, 1875, his episco-
pal seal, a mitre, with flowing ribbons, and beneath
it, in large script letters, ingeniously wrought into
a monogram, the full name — John I'allxit. An en-
larged photograph of this seal (see illustration) was
copied in brass, placed on a mural tablet with a
suitable inscription, and unveiled with religious
ceremonies by the Rev. George Morgan Hills, D. D.,
in old St. Mary's church. Burlington, N. J., on the
151st anniversary of Talbot's death.
TALBOT. John (JnnneL naval officer, b. in
Danville, Kv., 16 Aug., 1844; d. near Kilihikai,
Sandwich islands, 19 Dec, 1870. He enteR>d the
navy as a midshipman, 15 April, 1862, and was
graduated at the naval academy, 2 June, 1866. He
was promoted to ensign, 12 March, 1868. to mas-
ter, 26 March, 1869. and to lieutenant, 21 March,
1870. Lieut. Talbot was the executive officer of the
" Saginaw " when she was wrecked on Ocean island,
French Frigate shoals, on 29 Oct., 1870. There was
a heavy surf, and the vessel wa.s a total loss. All
the officers and crew, numbering ninety, escaped
without loss of life, but the surf jirevehted them
from saving sufficient provisions, so that it was
necessary to put them on quarter rations. The
strictest discipline was maintained, and fish and
the eggs of sea-birds contributed to their supplies.
The captain's gig was fitted out to send to Hono-
lulu, the nearest port, 1,200 miles distant, for relief,
since the island is in such an unfretpiented part of
the ocean that there was no hotw; of rescue by a
Sassing vessel. Lieut. Tallwt and four men — Peter
'rancis, James Muir, John Andrew, and William
Halford — vohinteered to go in the boat. They left
the island at noon on 18 Nov., and sighted Kauai,
the most northwesterly of the Sandwich islands, on
16 Dec, but, owing to unfavorable winds and bad
weather, they did not reach the shore until the
morning of the 19th. They were all so exhausted
by the prolonged privations and sufferings that
Lieut. Tallxjt and two of the crew were drowned in
the surf. James Muir became insane after he had
been assisted to the shore by the sole survivor, and
he died while the latter, William Halford, went to
get assistance from the natives. Halford met some
missionaries, and sailed to Honolulu, where he
communicated with the American minister, who
promptly sent a chartered steamer to the relief of
the shipwrecked crew. Talbot's ability in handling
and navigating his boat has l)een greatly admire(L
A tablet has l)een placed in the chajHjl of the naval
academy to commemorate his heroic service.
TALBOT, Joseph Cruikshank, P. E. bishop,
b. in Alexandria, Va., 5 Sept., 1816 ; d. in Indianapo-
lis. Ind., 15 Jan., 1883. He was of Quaker parent-
age and was educated at Pierpont academy, Alex-
andria. In 1835 he removed to Louisville, Ky.,
where he engaged in business for several years.
His religious convictions then became so changed
that he abandoned Quakerism and united with the
Protestant Episcopal church, being baptized in
1837. In 1841 he
became a candidate
for holy orders,
studying under the
direction of the
bishop. He was
made deacon in
Christ church, Lou-
isville, 5 Sept., 1846,
by Bishop Smith,
and ordained priest
inSt.John'schurch,
Louisville, 6 Sept.,
1848, by the same
bishop. During his
diaconate he or-
ganized St. John's
church, and upon
his ordination to
the priesthood he
became itjs rector. After a service of seven years
he removed, in 1853. to Indiana, and became rec-
tor of Christ church, Indianapolis, which post he
held until he was elected to the episcopate. The
honorary degree of I). D. was conferred ujx>n him
by the W^estern university of Pennsylvania at Al-
legheny City in 1854, and that of LL. D. by the
^.^^.J^y^^^:^
22
TALBOT
TALBOT
(lyVi^ Jiy^!(o/-
University of Canibridgo, England, in 1867. In
1859 he wjvs elected by the house of bishops mis-
sionary bishop of the northwest, a newly organized
jurisdiction, covering nearly 900,000 s(juare miles.
He was consecrated to that office in Christ church,
Indianapolis, 15 Feb., 1800. In 18(55 he was elected
assistant bishop of Indiana, and was translated
to that diocese in October of that year. Upon
the deatli of Bishop Upfold in 1872 he became
bishop of Indiana. His writings include sermons,
addresses to the convention, pastoral letters, and a
few articles in periodicals.
TALBOT, Silas, naval officer, b, in Dighton,
Bristol CO., Mass., in 1751 : d. in New York city,
30 June, 1818. As a boy he served in coasting
vessels, and during the excitement before the Revo-
lutionary war he raised a small company. When
the news of the battle
of Lexington reached
Rhode Island he was
commissioned by that
state as a captain, and
joined the patriot ar-
my in the siege of Bos-
ton. After the British
army had evacuated
the town, he accom-
panied the expedition
to Rhode Island, after
which he joined the
army under General
Washington in 1776.
He then planned an
at1;ack by fire-ship on
the British fleet in
New York harbor. For
this purpose he went
up Hudson river above
Port Washington, where he waited three days for
a favorable opportunity to drift down with the fire-
ship, which was filled with combustibles and be-
smeared with turpentine. Talbot and his crew suc-
ceeded in setting fire to the British ship •' Asia,"
and all escaped to the Jersey shore, though he was
severely burned. The " Asia " was saved from de-
struction by the assistance of the other vessels.
On 10 Oct.. 1777, the Continental congress gave
him a vote of thanks, and he was promoted to the
rank of major. He was wounded in the hip dur-
ing an engagement with the British vessels in
Delaware river below Philadelphia, and in the fol-
lowing vear participated in the operations against
the British at Newport. On 27 Oct., 1778, he fitted
out a small sloop and captured the British block-
ading schooner " Pigot,'" with eight guns and forty-
five men. off Newport, R. I., for which he received
the thanks of congress and was promoted to lieu-
tenant-colonel. Subsequently he planned similar
operations against British vessels on the coast, and
was associated with Gen. Lafayette in one of these
hazardous attacks. Congress passed a resolution
promoting him to the grade of captain in the navy,
17 Sept., 1779, and issued specific orders for him to
arm a naval force to protect the coast of Long
Island sound, and to keep open the communica-
tions for supplies for Gen. Horatio Gates's army.
He fitted out his former prize, the " Pigot," and
the sloop " Argo," and sailed in command, under
orders from Gen. Gates, in May, 1779, from Provi-
dence, R. I. Soon after clearing the coast he
captured the British schooner " Lively " and two
British privateers, which he took to Boston. On
5 Aug. he captured a schooner of four guns, and
on 7 Aug. he nad a desperate fight with the brig
" King George," twelve guns, which he won by
boarding. On 24 Aug. he captured the sloop
*• Adventure," and the next day the brig " Et
Hot." He subsequently captured the British ship
" Dragon " after ^ severe fight, in which his speak-
ing-trumpet was pierced by bullets and the skirts
of his coat were shot off. Congress again recognized
his brilliant services, and urged that he be placed
in command of a naval vessel; but none such was
available, and, as the owners of the " Argo " claimed
their ship, he took command of the private armed
ship '• George Washington," in which he was cap-
tured by a British fleet when he was becalmed.
He was confined in the prison-ship at New York,
and also in the "Old Sugar-house prison in New
York city. In November, 1780, he was put on
board the " Yarmouth," where he was kept in the
hold, unable to stand upright. In this vessel, sub-
jected to great cruelties, he made a winter voyage
of seven weeks to England. Here he made three
attempts to escape, and after each attempt was
confined for forty days in a dungeon on half ra-
tions. Benjamin Franklin and John Jay effected
his exchange for a British officer in France, and
he landed at Cherbourg in December, 1781. He
sailed from France in a French biig which was
captured by the British privateer "Jupiter" when
fifteen days out; but the British captain trans-
ferred him to an English brig on her way from
Lisbon to New York. Owing to litigation con-
nected with one of his prizes, he removed to
Philadelphia, and soon afterward he went to New
Yprk, where he bought an estate northwest of Al-
bany and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He
served as a representative of this district in con-
gress in 1793- 4. He was commissioned captain in
the navy, 11 May, 1798, and took command of one
of the squadrons in the West Indies during the war
with France. He commanded the " Constitution "
as his flag-ship, and from her planned the expedi-
tion of the " Sally," manned by men from the
" Constitution," under Lieut. Isaac Hull, to cut out
the French privateer " Sandwich," at Port Platte,
Santo Domingo. After the war with France he
had a dispute with Com. Truxtun in regard to sen-
iority, which he settled by resigning his commis-
sion, 21 Sept., 1801. It is said that he was wounded
thirteen times, and carried five bullets in his body.
He was buried in Trinity churchyard. New York
city. See a "Historical Sketch" of his life (New
York, 1803). and " Life of Silas Talbot," by Henry
T. Tuckerman (1850).
TALBOT, Thomas, governor of Massachusetts,
b. in Cambridge, Washington co., N. Y., 7 Sept.,
1818 ; d. in Lowell, Mass., 6 Oct., 1886. He was
a lineal descendant of John Talbot, first Earl of
Shrewsbury. His grandfather came to this coun-
try from Ireland in 1807. He was left an orphan
at the age of six, and in 1825 went to Northampton,
Mass., with his mother, where after 1830 he worked
in a woollen-factory. In 1835 he entered the broad-
cloth-factory of his brother Charles, in Williams-
burg, and in 1838 became an overseer. In that year
and 1839 he attended school during the winter
terms. In 1840 he entered into partnership with
his brother, in Billerica, Mass., where he afterward
resided. The business rapidly increased, and the
brothers accumulated a fortune. Mr. Talbot was
for many years in the Massachusetts legislature,
sat in the governor's council in 1864-'9, and in
1872 was chosen lieutenant-governor, as a Repub-
lican. On the election of Gov. William B. Wash-
bume to the U. S. senate in 1873 he became gov-
ernor. He vetoed the bill to repeal the prohibitory
law, and approved that to enact the ten-hour law,
thus arousing prejudices that deprived him of
TALCOTT
TALCOTT
23
his election in 1874, but in 1878 ho was chosen, by
ft maiority of 15,000, over ik>njuniin h\ Butler and
.losirth G. Abbott, candidates of the two wings of
the DenuKTtttic {mrty, and served till 1880. Gov.
Talbot did much to promote the interests of the
town of Hillerica, and gave liU'rally to churches
of all denomiiuitions, building a tine edifice for the
liantist s<K'ict\.
TALCOTTi Jolin,colonist. b, in B mi n tree, Es-
sex co., Kngland, iilKiut 1000; d. in Hartford,
Conn., in March. 1000. He came to this, country
with the Kev. Thomas Hooker's company in the
" Lyon," which arrived in Boston on 10 Sept.,
lft^2, was admitted a freeman by the general court
in Boston on 0 Nov., \(KV2, and in 1684 was a rt»f»-
resentative in that botly for Newtown. He owned
four houses in the " west end " of the town, which
he sold to Nicholas Danforth on 1 May, 1630. to
remove with Mr. Hooker's colony to Connecticut.
His was the first house that was erected in Hart-
ford. He wjis active in all the affairs of the town,
was one of the committee that was appointed on 1
May, 1637, to consider the propriety of a war with
the Pequot Indians, and was a chief magistrate
of the colony until his death. His name is in-
scrilx'd on the monument that has been erected by
the citizens of Hartford to perpetuate the memory
of the colonists of Connecticut. — His son, John,
soldier, b. in Braintree, England, about 1630; d.
in Hartford, Conn., 23 July, 1688, came to Boston
with his father, and removed with him to Hart-
fonl. He was made ensign of colonial troops in
1650, and became capUiin in 1660, was elected
a deputy, or assistant magistrate, of the colony
of Connecticut before it was joined to New
Haven, and was made treasurer to succeed his
father, holding this office from 1660 till 1676. He
was one of the patentees named m the charter
granted to Connecticut on 20 April, 1662, by
Charles I., and the document was intrusted to him
with Hezekiah Wyllis and John Allyn for safe-
keeping. At the opening of the Indian war of
1676 he was appointed to the command of the army
with the rank of major, and in June of that vear
went into the field at the head of the "standing
array "of Connecticut accompanied by 200 Mohi-
cans and Pequots. He scoured the country as far
Hs the falls aoove Deerfield, inflicted severe blows
upon the hostile tribes, and saved Hjvdlev from
the attack of 700 Indians. He also performed
go<»d service among the Narragansetts, and fought
a successful battle at the Houssatonnuc, killing
the sachem of Quabaug. Early in the war he was
promoted lieutenant-colonel, and he was known
as the " Indian fighter." In March, 1662, the gen-
eral court granted to him and John Allyn 600
acres of upland and 100 acres of meadow-land, to
be laid out in Hammonaset (now Killingsworth).
Many of his ofiicial papers are preserved among
the state records in Hartford, and contain inter-
esting notes regarding the war with King Philip.
—Another son, Samuel, soldier, b. in Newtown
(now Cambridge). Mass., about 1634 ; d. in Weth-
orsfiold, Conn., 10 Nov., 1691, was graduated at
Harvard in 1658, and made a fn?eman in 1662.
His father settled him upon land that he owned
in Wethcrsfield, of which town the son was com-
missioner from 1669 till 1684. From 1670 till
1684 he was deputy to the general court, of which
he was secTetary in October, 1684, dunng the ab-
sence of Col. John Allyn. On 16 May, 1676, he
was appointed "one of a standing committee to or-
der nu'jisures and dispose of such affairs as shall
be necessary to attend to in the intervals of gen-
eral court." He was made lieutenant of the VV eth-
ersfleld trained Iwind on 12 May, 1677. lieutenant of
the tr<x)p, 14 Oct., 1679, and afterward captain of
the troop of Hartford county. He was an original
proprietor of the town of Glastonbury, and the
lot that he purcha.se(I in IMH is still owned by
his descendants. — The second John's son, JoHeph',
governor of Connecticut, b. in Hartford, Conn., 16
Nov., 1669; d. there, 11 Oct., 1741, became assist-
ant in 1711, and in that year was ap[Mjinted one
of a committee to lay out the town of Coventry.
In 1724 he was made governor of Connecticut,
serving until his death, and he was the first native
of Connecticut to hold this office. — Samuel's great-
great-grandson, George, soldier, b. in Glaston-
bury, Conn., 6 Dec, 1786 ; d. in Albany, N. Y.,
25 April, 1862, entered the 25th infantry, 10
July, 1813, and became deputy commissioner of
ordnance, with rank of captain, 5 Aug., 1813.
He was made 1st lieutenant, 14 March. 1814,
transferred to the 2d artillery. 1 June, 1821, be-
came lieutenant-colonel of ordnance, 30 May, 1832,
and colonel and chief of ordnance on 25 March,
1848. He was brevetted major on 5 Aug.. 1823,
for ten years' faithful service in one gratle, and
brigadier-general on 30 May, 1848, for meritorious
conduct, particularly in performing his duties in
prosecuting the war with Mexico. On 6 Nov.,
1850, he wrote a letter, without the sanction of the
secretary of war, containing instructions to Col.
Benjamin linger, commandant of the ai'scnal at
Fort JNIonroe, regarding the purchase of amnnini-
tion. Upon this authority Col. Huger entered into
a contract with Dr. Edward Carmichael for the
purchase of a large amount of shot and shells.
For this offence Gen. Talcott was tried by court-
martial, found guilty, and dismissetl from the
army, to date from 8 July, 1851. The sentence
was pronounced illegal and unjust by many well-
known persons, who endeavored unsuccessfully to
reinstate him in the army. After the decision of
the court a " Review " to show the error of the
judgment was written by Hon. John C. Spencer
(Albany, 1851). This review contains the follow-
ing facts, elicited from the evidence given before
the court : That the letter from Gen. Talcott to
Col. Huger, of 6
Nov., 1850, referred
to above, appears to
have been the mov-
ing cause of the dif-
ficulty between the
secretary and Gen.
Talcott. That this
letter was not in-
tended by the gen-
eral to authorize
Col. Huger to make
a contract with Dr.
Carmichael, or any
other person, but to
direct Col. Huger to
procure, by " open
purchase " — a sys-
tem known to have
been in use for
many years in all the departments — such an
amount of shot and shells as he might from time
to time require for the public service. Huger. mis-
understanding the autliority given in the letter,
made a contract with Carmichael for a largo
amount of these articles, but did not immediate-
ly advise the general of what he had done. In
the mean time the secretary of war, Charles M.
ConratI, had lieen informed that a contract had
been made with Carmichael, who had tried to dis-
24
TALCOTT
TALCOTT
pose of it to the Tredegar iron-works for a large
amount, and asked the general in a casual way if
" there were any contracts out for shot and shells,''
to which the general answered in the negative.
This was before Col. Iluger's report had reached
the ordnance department. The question was re-
peated at a second interview, still before the recep-
tion of the report, and was answered in the same
manner. As soon as Gen. Talcott received the
report he called upon the secretary, and to the
question again he answered : " No, sir, none recog-
nized by the department." Before this last inter-
view the general had written to Col. Huger, disap-
proving of what he had done, that he, Iluger, had
misunderstood his instructions. He repudiated
the transaction and disallowed the contract. Gen.
Talcott's honesty was not impeached, his faithful
disbursement of many millions of government
funds during his long official life of thirty-eight
years, and his eminent services during the war with
Mexico, could not be denied, but had no weight in
the finding of the court. The question probably
arose from a misunderstanding which might have
been amicably settled without loss of honor to
either party. — George's brother, Andrew, engineer,
b. in Glastonbury, Conn., 20 April, 1797 ; d. in Rich-
mond, Va., 22 April, 1883, was graduated at the U. S.
military academy in 1818, became 2d lieutenant in
the engineer corps, and after serving a year on con-
struction duty accompanied Gen. Henry Atkinson
as engineer on an expedition to establish military
posts on upper Missouri and Yellowstone rivers.
He was appointed 1st lieutenant on 1 Oct., 1820,
and in 1821-4 engaged in constructing the de-
fences of Hampton Roads, Va. He was also su-
perintending engineer of operations preliminary to
fortifying Brenton's Point (now Fort Adams, R.
I.) and New Utrecht (now Fort Hamilton, N. Y.),
and engaged in the construction of Fort Dela-
ware in 1825-6. In 1826-'8 he was engineer of
canals through the Dismal Swamp, Va., and from
1828 till 1835 he was siiperintenuing engineer on
the forts at Hampton Roads, Va., also acting as
astronomer in determining the boundary-line be-
tween Ohio and Michigan. He became captain on
23 Dec, 1830, and in 1834-'6 was in charge of the
improvement of
Hudson river. On
21 Sept.. 1836, he
resigned his com-
mission to become
a civil engineer,
and surveyed and
constructed vari-
ous railroads, ex-
amined na vy-y ards,
and marked the
northern boundary
of Iowa. In 1857
he became engmeer
for a railroad across
Mexico, which was
organized under
the presidency of
Don Antonio Es-
caudon, and sur-
veyed the line from Vera Cruz to the city of
Mexico ; but, owing to political events, the operar
tions of this company were suspended, and Col.
Talcott returned to the United States. In 1861
he was appointed chief engineer of Virginia,
but in 1862 he returned to Mexico and resumed
his office as chief engineer of the railroad from
Mexico to the Gulf. A new company was formed
with the aid of British capital and under the im-
iyy. /^^^.^Cotr/^
perial government of Mexico, and the work of the
railroad was prosecuted in 1865-'6, but on the
change of government in 1867 his direction of the
work ceased. Needing some supplies for the work,
he came with the president to New York, where
he was seized by the government officials and
confined in Fort Lafayette as a spy, and accused
of planning and constructing the fortifications
around Richmond. He was transferred to Fort
Adams, in Boston harbor, and kept there by the
order of Gen. John E. Wool until Gen. John A.
Dix was put in command of the Eastern military
department. Gen. Dix. who knew him well and
believed in his loyalty to the U. S. government,
had him brought to New York, listened to his
statement, and released him. After a visit to Eu-
rope he spent the remainder of his life in retire-
ment in Baltimore and Richmond. He was a fine
mathematician, and in 1833 devised "Talcott's
method " for determining territorial latitudes by
the observation of stars near the zenith, contriv-
ing a suitable modification of the zenith instru-
ment for the purpose. — George's son, George
Henry, soldier, b. in New York city, 16 July,
1811; d. in Indian Springs, near Augusta, Ga., 8
June, 1854, was graduated at the U. S. military
academy in 1831, assigned to the 3d artillery, and
was brevetted 1st lieutenant, 1 Dec, 1835, for
fallant conduct in the war against the Florida
ndians. He was then transferred to the ord-
nance corps, in which he was made 1st lieutenant
on 9 July, 1838. He was appointed captain of in-
fantry and major of voltigeurs on 9 April, 1847,
and served at Vera Cruz and Molino del Rey, re-
ceiving the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for gallant
and meritorious conduct in the latter battle, where
he received severe wounds, which hastened his
death. — Another son of George, Sebastian Vis-
scher, engineer, b. in New York city, 24 Nov.,
1812, entered Yale in 1829, but left college in his
sophomore year, and, becoming a civil engineer,
was employed by the U. S. government on the sur-
vey of tlie boundary between the United States and
Canada, and on the improvement of Hudson river
at Albany, He was also engaged in the primary
surveys of the Erie railroad near its western ter-
minus at Dunkirk, and also on the survey of the
northeastern boundary, the improvement of the
mouth of the Mississippi river, and the coast sur-
vey. On the election of Horatio Seymour as gov-
ernor of New York in 1862, Talcott was appointed
by him quartermaster-general of the state, with the
rank of brigadier-general, and served through the
administration. He compiled and published " The
Talcott Pedigree" (Albany. 1876); and "Genea-
logical Notes of New York and New England
Families" (1883).
TALCOTT, Mancel, merchant, b. in Rome,
N. Y., 12 Oct., 1817; d. in Chicago, 111., 4 June,
1878. He attended the common schools till he
was seventeen years old, when he set out for the
west, travelling on foot from Detroit to Chicago
and thence to Park Ridge, 111., where he worked at
farming till 1850. The discovery of gold took him
to California, where he remained till he had ac-
cumulated enough to establish himself in business,
when he returned and formed a life-long partner-
ship with Horace M. Singer, of Chicago, in the stone
business. Mr. Talcott contributed freely toward
public charities and the relief of humanity. — His
wife, Mary H. (Otis), b. in Watertown, N. Y.,
about 1820; d. in Chicago. 111.. 17 April. 1888,
married Mr. Talcott. 25 Oct., 1841. She was in
full sympathy with her husband, and after his
decease carried on his charitable work. Neither
TALIAFKRIIO
TALLMADOE
25
of them desired to make known what they had
done in the way of charity, and were cart'ful never
to iillude to favors they liud Ijostowt'd on those in
nt'od. During; the last ten years of her life she
distributed at least $300,000 in charity and for
the support of the Universalist society, of which
she and her husband were members. During the
last two years of her life she founded and sup-
p)rted two homes or day-nurseries where jK>or
lal)oring women could leave their children in care-
ful hands while they were at work. In making
her will Mrs. Talcott, after UvjueAthinj? a lilieral
part of her estate of $450,000 to her relatives, di-
rected that the residue be equally divided into
three parts and placed in trust with her three
nieces to «listribute as vtwh might think best for
religious, educational, or charitable purposes.
TALIAFKRRO, Benlainln, soldier, b. in Vir-
ginia in 1750; d. in Wilkes county, Ga., 3 Sept.,
1821. He served in the Revolutionary army in the
rifle corps commanded by Gen. Daniel M(»rgan, and
participated in the battles of Saratoga and Mon-
mouth and in the siege of Savannah, and was taken
prisoner by the British at the surrender of Charles-
ton, 13 May, 1780. Afterward he settled in Geor-
gia, was a njember of the state senate, and a dele-
fate to the Constitutional convention of 1798.
llected to congress, he served from 2 Dec, 1799.
till his resignation in 1802. Subsequently he was
judge of the superior court.
TALIAFERRO, John, member of congress, b.
in Spottsylvania countv, Va., in 1768; d. at •' Hag-
ley, King George co., Va., 12 Aug., 1853. He was
elected to congress from Virginia as a Democrat,
serving from 1801 till 1803, and from 1811 till
1813. He was again chosen to fill a vacancy in
1824, and served from 8 April of that year till 3
March, 1831, and again from 1835 till 1843. He
was a presidential elector in 1805 on the Jefferson
ticket and in 1821 on the Monroe ticket, and
served as librarian of the treasury department in
Washington in 1850-'3.
TALIAFERRO. William Booth (tol'-li-ver),
soldier, b. in Belleville, Gloucester co., Va., 28 Dec,
1822. He was educated at Harvanl and at William
and Mary college, where he was gnuluated in 1841.
He lx?came captain in the 11th U. S. infantry, 9
April, 1847, major of the 9th infantry, 12 Aug.,
1847, and was mustere<i out, 26 Aug., 1848. At the
beginning of the civil war he was made colonel in
the provisional army of Virgina, 1 May, 1861,
and he rose to be brigadier-general in the Confed-
erate service, 4 March, 1862, and major-general, 1
Jan.. 1865. He commanded the Confederate troops
in 1881 at Gloucester point, Va., took part m
the engagements at Carrick's Ford, Va., 13 July,
and in most of the battles of the Army of Northern
Virginia to March, 186^^. when he was placed in
charge of the district of Savannah, Ga. In July
of the same year he commanded the troops and
defences on Morris island, S. C, and in August
following the forces on James island. In February,
1864,Jie led a division in Florida, consisting of
four brigades. In May. 1864. he was put in com-
mand of the 7th military district of South Carolina,
ami in De<"eml)er following he was assigned to the
command of the district of South Carolina. In
January, 1865. he led a division composed of the
brigades of Elliott, Rhett, and Anderson. Gen. Tal-
iaferro was a meml)er of the general assembly of
Virginia for ten years and Democratic presidential
elector in 18.56. He was grand-master of Masons
in Virginia in 1876-'7, and niemln'r of the boards
of visitors of Virginia militarv institute, of the
Mechanical arid agricultural college of the state, of
William and Mary college, and of the State normal
school for the education of women.
TALLM AlMiE, Benjamin, soldier, b. in Bnx>k-
haven, N. V., 25 Feb., 1754; d. in Litchfield, Conn.,
7 March, 18JJ5. His father, lienjamin. wasa clergy-
man. After graduation at Yale in 1 773 the son had
charge of a high-
school in Wethers-
field until 20 June,
1776, when he was
ap[x)inted lieuten-
ant and a<ljutant
in a Connecti-
cut regiment and
served through-
out the Revmu-
tionary war. On
15 Dec, 1776, he
was appointed by
Gen. Washington
captain in the 2d
light dragoons,
and he was pro-
moted major on 7
April. 1777. A ^ ^9^^ ^ — N
separate detach- /^ ^^ / //\ )
ment for special / f^^^^*^ ^^^-^^i^^^l
^
special ,
services was com- /
mitted to him '
several times during the war, and he then received
his orders directly from the commander-in-chief.
He participated in the battles of Short Hills and
Brandywine. and at Germantown his detachment
was at the head of Gen. John Sullivan's division.
By order of Gen. Wa.shington, Maj. Tallmadge
repeatedly threw his dragoons across the principal
thoroughfare to check tlie retreat of the infant-
ry. He was stationed with his troops at Valley
li^orge in 1777, reconnoitretl the country between
Schuylkill and Delaware rivers, and served at
Monmouth. On 5 Sept.. 1779, he became colonel,
and performed a brilliant exploit in crossing Long
Island sound to Lloyd's NecK, L. I., where he sur-
prised and captured 500 Tory marauders without
the loss of a man. In 1780 he planned and con-
ducted the expedition that resulted in the taking
of Fort Georee at Oyster Bay, L. I., and the de-
struction of the British stores on the island, for
which service he received the thanks of congress.
He was for some time a member of Washington's
military family and carried on with. him an im-
portant confidential correspondence in 1778-'83.
Col. Tallmadge had the custody of Maj. John
Andre until his execution, and walked with him
to the scaffold, where they bade an affectionate
farewell. Years afterward Tallmatlge wrote : " I
became so deeply attached to Major Andre that
I can remember no instance where my affections
were so fully absorbe«l in any man. When I saw
him swinging under the gibbet it seemed for a
time as if I could not supjwrt it." After the war
he returned to Litchfield, where he engaged suc-
cessfully in mercantile pursuits. He was elected
to congress as a Federalist «nd served from
7 Dec, 1801, till 3 March. 1817. Col. Tallmadge
was made the first treasurer and subsequently
president of the Connecticut Soc-iety of the Cin-
cinnati, and was much esteemed for his social
qualities and numerous gifts to public and pri-
vate charities. In 1782 he bought the property
in Litchfield that is still known as the Tallmadge
Place, and is now the summer residence of his
granddaughter, Mrs. William Curtis Xoyes. Yale
gave him the degree of M. A. in 1778. He pre-
pared his " Memoirs at the Request of his Cnil-
26
TALLMADGE
TALMAGE
dren," which were printed privately by his son,
Frederick Augustus Tallma<lge (New York, 1859).
Col. Talliniwlge married the daughter of Gen.
William Floyd, a signer of the Dedaration of In-
dependence.—His son, Frederick Aii^iiMtiis,
lawyer, b. in Litchfield, Conn., 25) Aug., 1792; d.
there, 17 Sept., 18(JU, was graduated at Yale in
1811, studied law at the Litchfield law-school, was
admitted to the bar. and began practice in New
York. During the closing months of the war with
Great Britain he commanded a troop of volunteer
cavalry on Long Island. He was made an alder-
man of New York in 18^4, a common councilman
in 1836. aiid was a state senator from 1837 till 1840,
serving as president of that body and at the same
time as ex-officio judge of the supreme court of
errors. In 1841-'0 he was recorder of New York,
and he held this office again from 1848 till 1851.
He was elected to congress as a Whig and served
from 6 Dec, 1847, till 3 March, 1849. From 1857
till 1802 he was general superintendent of the Met-
ropolitan board of police, and in 1862-'5 he was
clerk of the court of appeals. Afterward he
practised law in New York city. He became best
Known for the energy that he displayed while he
was recorder in suppressing the Astor place riot
of May, 1849. (See Forrest, Edwin.) — Another
son, William Smith, served as a colonel in the
war of 1812.
TALLMADGE, James, lawyer, b. in Stanford,
Dutchess CO., N. Y., 28 Jan., 1778 ; d. in New York
city, 29 Sept., 1853. His father. Col, James (1744
to 1821). k'd a company of volunteers at the cap-
ture of Gen. John Burgoyne. After graduation at
Brown in 1798 the son studied law, was admitted
to the bar, and practised several years in Pough-
keepsie and New York, and also gave attention to
agriculture, owning a farm in Dutchess county.
For some time he was private secretary to Gov.
George Clinton, and during the war of 1812-'15
he commanded a company of home-guards in the
defence of New York. He was elected a repre-
sentative to congress as a Democrat, and served
from 1 Dec, 1817, till 3 March, 1819, but declined
a re-election. In that body he defended Gen. An-
drew Jackson's course in the Seminole war. and in-
troduced, as an amendment to the bill authorizing
the people of Missouri to form a state organiza-
tion, a proposition to exclude slavery from that
state when admitted to the Union. In support of
this amendment Gen. Tallmadge delivered a pow-
erful speech, 15 Feb., 1819, in opposition to the
extension of slavery. This was widely circulated,
and was translated into German. He was a dele-
gate to the New York constitutional conventions
of 1821 and 184(), a member of the state assembly
in 1824, and delivered a speech on 5 Aug., 1824, on
the bill to provide for the choice by the people of
presidential electors. In 1825-'6 he was lieuten-
ant-governor of New York, and while holding this
office he delivered a speech at the reception of
Lafaj-ette in New York on 4 July, 1825. In 1836
he visited Russia, and aided in introducing into
that country several American mechanical inven-
tions, especially cotton-spinning machinery. From
1831 till 1850 he was president of the American
institute, of which he was a founder. He also
aided in establishing the University of the city of
New York, which gave him the degree of LL. D.
in 1838. and he was president of its council for
many years. Gen. Tallmadge was a leading expo-
nent of the Whig doctrine of protection to Ameri-
can industry, and published numerous speeches
and addresses which were directed to the encour-
agement of domestic production. He also deliv-
ered a eulogium at the memorial ceremonies of
Lafayette by the corporation and citizens of New
York, 26 tJune, 18Ji4. Gen. Tallmadge was an
eloquent orator and vigorous writer. His only
daughter was one of the most beautiful women in
the country, and after her return in>m Russia, to
which court she accompanied her father, married
Philip S. Van Rensselaer, of Albany, third son of
the patroon. Their only surviving son, James
Tallmadge Van Rensselaer, is a well-known lawyer
of New York citv.
TALLMADOte, Nathaniel Pitclier, senator,
b. in Chatham, N. Y., 8 Feb., 1795 ; d. in Battle
Creek, Mich., 2 Nov., 1864. He was graduated at
Union in 1815, studied law. was admitted to the
bar in 1818, and served in the lower house of the
legislature in 1828, and in the state senate in
1830-'3. He was then elected to the U. S. senate,
and served from 2 Dec, 1833, till 17 June. 1844,
when he resigned. In 1844 he was appointed gov-
ernor of Wisconsin territory, changing his resi-
dence from Poughkeepsie, N. Y., to Fond du Lac,
but he was removed in 1846. Mr. Tallmadge be-
came a convert to spiritualism. He published sev-
eral speeches and contributed an introduction and
appendix to Charles Linton's " Healing of the Na-
tions " (New York, 1855). — His son, Grier, soldier,
b. in Dutchess county. N. Y., in 1826 ; d. in Fort
Monroe, Va., 11 Oct., 1862, was graduated at the
U. S. military academy in 1848, assigned to the 1st
artillery, and served on garrison duty in the west.
In 1861 he was made captain in the quartermas-
ter's department at Fort Monroe, discharging also
the duties of assistant adjutant-general. The " con^
traband " idea put into practice by Gen. Benjamin
F. Butler is said to have originated with him.
TALLMAN, Peleg, merchant, b. in Tiverton,
R. I., 24 July, 1764 ; d. in Bath, Me., 12 March,
1840. He received a public-school education, and
at the age of fourteen entered the privateer service
against Great Britain. He served on the " Trum-
bull," lost an arm in the engagement between this
vessel and the " Watt " in 1780, and was captured
and imprisoned in England and Ireland in 1781-'3.
Subsequently he became master of a vessel and
afterward a merchant at Bath, where he acquired
a fortune. He was elected to congress as a Demo-
crat, served from 4 Nov., 1811. till 3 March, 1813,
but declined a re-election and refused to support
the war with England.
TALMADGE, Matthias Burnet, lawyer, b. in
Stamford, Dutchess co., N. Y., 1 March, 1774; d. in
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 7 Oct., 1819. He was gradu'
ated at Yale in 1795, studied law with Chief -Justice
Spencer at Hudson, N. Y.. and began the practice
of his profession at Herkimer. W^hile residing
there he represented his county in the legislature,
and the western district of New York in the state
senate. Having been appointed judge of the U. S.
district court for New York, he removed to New
York city, where he won distinction as a jurist. In
1811 he united with the Baptist church in Pough-
keepsie, and thenceforth became active in the en-
terprises of that denomination. He married Eliza-
beth, daughter of Gov. George Clinton.
TALMAGE, John Van Nest, missionary, b. in
Somerville, N. J., 18 Aug., 1819. He was gradu-
ated at Rutgers in 1842 and at New Brunswick
seminary in 1845, in which year he was licensed
by the classis of Philadelphia. Since 1846 he has
been a missionary of the Reformed church in
China. Rutgers gave him the degree of D. D. in
1867. He has translated several books of the
Bible into the Amoy colloquial dialec^. and is the
author of a " Chinese-English Dictionary" (1888).
TALMAGE
TALON
27
'P^'&^ ASVtr /<a.-A*i.
(^^A
— Hi« brother, Thomas Dp Witt, clercryman, b.
in Ii«)uml lir»K>k, N. J., 7 Jan., 1m;{2, wa.s educated
at the University of the city of New York in the
class of lliW. but was not prmlualetl. After jjradu-
ation at New Hrunswiek ti»eoi<»jfieal si-ininary in
lfC»0, he was or-
dained pastor of the
Reformed Dutch
church in Belle-
ville, N. J. He
had charge of the
church in Syracuse,
N. Y., from 1859
till 1M()2, and of
one in Philadelphia
in I8()2-'». During
the civil war he was
chaplain of a Penn-
sylvania regiment,
and he is now chap-
lain of the i;ith
New York regi-
ment. In 18(59 he
wa.s made pastor of the Central Presbyterian church
in Brooklyn, N. Y., which post^ he still holds. In
1870 his congregation erected a new semicircular
church of wtwd and iron capable of seating 3,400
persons. This building, known as the Brooklyn
Tabernacle, was enlarged in 1871 so as to seat 500
more, but it was destroyed by ftre on 23 Dec, 1872.
On 22 Feb., 1874, a nev^ Tabernacle was dedicated.
It is in the Gothic style, with seats for 5,000 per-
.sons, and is the largest Protestant church in this
country. In 1872 he organized in the building that
was formerly occupied by liis congregation a lay
college for religious training. He is a ^)opular lec-
turer, and appears once a week in this capacity.
He attracts large audiences and his sermons are
f)ublished weekly in nearly (500 religious and secu-
ar journals in this country and in Europe, being
translate<i into various languages. The University
of the city of New York gave him the degree of
A. M. in 1862, and he received that of D. D. from
the University of Tennessee in 1884. In addition
to numerous lectures and addresses and sketches
and light essays on moral subjects, which have
been printed in magazines and weekly najKjrs, he
has euited "The Christian at Work" (New York,
1873-6); "The Advance," of Chicago (1877-8);
and he now conducts " Frank Leslie's Sunday Maga-
zine." Dr. Talmage has published " The Almond-
Tree in Blossom" (Philadelphia, 1870); "Crumbs
swept Up " (1870) ; " Sermons " (4 vols.. New York.
1872-'5) ; " Abominations of Modern Society " (New
York. 1872; 2d ed., 1876); "One Thousand Gems,
or Brilliant Passages and Anecdotes " (1873) ; " Old
Wells dug Out " (1874) ; " Around the Tea-Table "
(Philmlelphia, 1874); "Sports that Kill" (New
York, 1875); "Everv-Day Religion "(1875); "Night
Sides of City. Life" (1878); "Masque torn Off"
(1H79); "The Brooklvn Talwrnade. a Collection of
104 Sermons" (1884)'; and "The Marriage Ring"
(1886). Two other brothers are ministers — the
Rev. Dr. James R. of the Congregational, and the
Rev. (lOVN of the Reformed Dutch church.
T.\L)[AGE, Samuel Kennedy, educator, b. in
Somerville. N. J., in 1798; d. in Midway, Ga., 2
Oct., 18(55. He* was graduated at Princeton in
1820 and was tutor there in 1822-'5. From 1838
till 1841 he was pr()fessf)r of ancient languages at
(Jglethori)e university, of which he was president
from 1841 until his death. Princeton gave him
the degree of D. D. in 1845. He contril)uted to
the "S«iutheni Presbyterian Review," and pub-
lished several sermons and addresses.
TALON, Indian chief, b. alK)ut 1075. He was
also called Jea.v le Blanc and Oi'toutaoa, the
latter JM-ing probably his real name. He was chief
of the Ottawas du Sable, and an able <»rator. His
eltHiuence gave him great influence, and he was
siMikesman for the Indian allies of the French in
tneir conference with Callieres, the French gov-
ernor of Canada in 1701. In 1706 the Ottawas
made an attack on Detroit, and having seize<l the
Recollet chaplain of the fort. Father Constantin,
were almut to slay him, when Talon saved him
from death and In-gged him to itsk the comman-
dant to stop firing on them, as they had no designs
on the fort, but only cm the Miainis, who were pro-
tected by it. He retirtnl shortly afterward with
his tribe to Mackinaw. In June, 1707, he set out
for Montreal, as the sf^kesman of the Ottawa
chiefs. He made a long harangue to Vaudreuil,
the governor, in which he stated that the trouble
at Detroit had been occasioned by the comman-
dant, Bourgmont, wjio refused him an audience no
less than seven times. Vaudreuil refused to make
jK'ace until the surrender of Le Pesant, a chief
who was supjwsed to have lieen principally instru-
mental in urging the Ottawas to attack the Miamis.
Le Pesant gave himself up, but, on the entreaty of
Talon and other chiefs, was pardoned.
TALON, fdouard (tah-long), Flemish adminis-
trator, b. in Ghent in 1759; d. in Bruges in 1819.
He early entered the Portuguese .service and held
for twenty years important olTices under the gov-
ernment of Brazil. In 1810 he was secretary of
the commission to mark the boundary bt^tween the
Portuguese and Spanish possessions in South
America, and from 1812 till 1815 he was chief of
the local administration of French Guiana, which
had been surrendered to the Portuguese. He re-
turned to Europe in 1817. and died suddenly at
Bruges during a journey. His works include "Me-
morial sobre a administrayilo das provincias de
Minas-Geraes e Rio Grande do Sul " (LislK)n, 1804) ;
" Estatistica politica e commercial do Brazil" (2
vols., 1805); "Historia de Gomez PVeirede Andra-
da eda guerra das sete Misstws" (2 vols., 1808);
"p]xpose de I'etat present de la Guiane" (1817);
and " Memoire sur I'administration du capitaine
general V^ictor Ungues" (1817).
TALON, Jean-Baptiste, French administrator,
b. in Picardy in 1625 ; d. in Versailles in 1691.
He held offices in the intendancies of Bordeaux
and Lyons, was intcndant of Hainaut in H»61-'3,
and was appointed on
23 March, 1(563, in-
tendant of justice,
police, and finance
of Canada, Acadia
(Newfonndland), and
other possessions of
the crown in North
America. He was
the second intendant
of New France, which
greatly improved and
prospered under his
administration. Af-
ter compelling the
company of New
France to abandon
its monopoly of
trade in Canada, he
endeavored to de-
velop the resources
of the country, was
the first to buihl ships in the colony, established a
trade between Canada and the West Indies, cod-
C2^^!^PZ^
28
TALON
TANEY
fisheries along the river St. Lawrence, built the first
brewery in North America, and tried to open a road
across the country to Acadia. Under his auspices
Saint-Simon and Aibanel penetrated to Hudson
bay, and Dauniont de Saint-Lusson took possession
in the king's name of the country of the upper
lakes, and he prepared the way for the remarkable
series of explorations that led to the discovery of the
whole of the great northwest. He urged upon the
king a measure from which, according to Francis
ParKinan, had it taken effect, momentous conse-
quences must have sprung. This was the purchase
or seizure of New York, involving the isolation of
New England, the subjection of the Iroquois, and
the undisputed control for Prance of half the
American continent. He also established a military
aristocracy in Canada, promoted immigration, and
took special care to provide for the increase of the
population, laying restrictions and taxes upon the
unmarried of both sexes. His health failing in
1668, he asked for his recall, which Louis XIV.
granted with strong expressions of regret ; but two
years later he resumed the intendancy till 1672,
when he returned to Prance and obtained a high
post in the king's household. In 1671 the seigniory
that he had founded at Des Islets in Canada was
erected into a barony ; in 1675 his two other seignio-
ries of Ormale and Orsainville were likewise made
baronies, and he afterward took the title of Count
d'Orsainville. In 1666 he addressed to the king a
memoir upon the Indian company, and his " Me-
moire k Sa Majeste sur I'etat present du Canada "
(1667), which is preserved in the National library
at Paris, has always been consulted by the Canadian
historians, and is greatly praised by Francis Park-
man in his " Old Regime in Canada." Talon's por-
trait is preserved in the Hotel-Dieu of Quebec.
TALON, Pierre, explorer, b. in Canada in the
second half of the 17th century; d. after 1700.
His father, Lucien, accompanied hy the entire
family, joined La Salle's expedition in 1684. He
was also, with a younger brother, a member of the
party that entered the country of the Illinois in
1687. After the assassination of La Salle, Pierre
took refuge among the Cenis Indians, by whom he
was well treated. On the arrival of a Spanish
force at the village, he was arrested, but was soon
released and asked to remain, as interpreter, with
Franciscan missionaries who accompanied the sol-
diers. He then told the Spaniards that his three
brothers and a sister were slaves among the Clam-
coets or Carancaguaces, and, at his req^uest, a de-
tachment was sent for them. Two of his brothers
and his sister were rescued, but the other brother
remained with the Indians until 1691. They all
went to Mexico after some time, and were taken
into the service of the viceroy. Talon wrote an
account of the death of La Salle, which is pre-
served in the French depot de la marine, and is
entitled " Interrogations faites a Pierre et Jean Ta-
lon, par ordre de Mr. le Comte de Pontchartrain, k
leur arrivee de la Vera Cruz, le 14 Septembre, 1698."
Charlevoix made use of this document in his ac-
count of the death of La Salle. He says that the
author, who seems strongly prejudiced against La
Salle, agrees with Joutel as to the manner of the
murder, but not as to the names of the assassins
and the attendant circumstances.
TALTON, Angustns, clergyman, b. in Ralls
county. Mo., in 1854. He is the first colored Ro-
man Catholic priest in the United States. He
was born in slavery and suffered many hardships
in his childhood, but at length escaped with his
Earents, reaching Quincy, 111., in 1861. In childhood
e showed an aptitude for learning, and in his
days of bondage it was no unusual thing for him
to sit up half the night painfully spelling his way
through such books as came within his reach. He
was employed in a tobacco-factory in Quincy, but
still continued his night studies under the aus-
pices of the professors in St. Francis's college. In
1873, when ne left the tobacco-factory, by doing
odd jobs, he was able to spend part of the day in
the college. He set out for Rome on 15 Feb., 1880,
and, entering one of the colleges of the Propagan-
da on 12 March, spent two vears in studying phi-
losophy and"<our in going through the theological
curriculum, and attracted the favorable notice of
his superiors. He was ordained priest on 24 April,
1886, and returned to Quincy, 111., where he was
appointed pastor of a white congregation.
TAMMANY, Indian chief, lived in the 17th
century. He was chief of the Delawares, and was
variously called Temane, Tamenand, Taminent,
Tamenv, and Tammany. According to one ac-
count, he was the first Indian to welcome William
Penn to this country, and was a party to Penn's
famous treaty. Another story places his wigwam
on the present site of Princeton college, and an-
other says that he lived in the hills of northeastern
Pennsylvania, and that he died at an advanced
age near a spring in Bucks county. Pa. He was a
sagamore, and belonged to the Lenni Lennape
confederacy of New York and Pennsylvania,
which warred perpetually against the Six Nations
and the Manhattan Indians. The tradition is that
the evil spirit sought to gain a share in the ad-
ministration of his kingdom, but Tammany re-
fused to hold intercourse with him. The enemy
then resorted to strategy, and attempted to enter
his country, but was foiled by the chief, and at
length determined to destroy him. A duel was
waged for many moons, during which forests were
trampled under foot, which have since remained
prairie lands. Finally Tammany tripped his ad-
versary, threw him to the ground, and would have
scalped him, but the evil spirit extricated himself
and escaped to Manhattan, where he was wel-
comed by the natives, and afterward made his
home with them. Tammany appears to have been
a brave and influential chieftain, and his nation
reverenced his memory by bestowing his name
upon those that deserved that honor. He is now
chiefly known as the patron of a Democratic po-
litical organization in New York city called the
Tammany society.
TANEY, Roger Brooke (taw'-ny), jurist, b. in
Calvert county, Md., 17 March, 1777 ; d. in Wash-
ington, D. C, 12 Oct., 1864. He was the son of a
Roman Catholic planter, of a family that came to
Maryland in the early emigration from England,
who had been educated in St. Omer, France, and
Bruges, United Netherlands, in the Jesuit college,
and was frequently elected to the house of dele-
gates. The son was graduated at Dickinson col-
lege in 1^95. He read law in Annapolis with Jere-
miah Chase, then a judge of the general court, and
was admitted to the bar in 1799. His father, who
was ambitious of political honors for his son, per-
suaded him to begin practice in his native county,
where, in the autumn of the same year, he was
elected to the house of delegates. He was the
youngest member in that body, yet was distin-
guished for the maturity of his opinions and his
dialectic powers. He was defeated at the next
election by a Republican, and in March, 1801, re-
moved to Frederick. Although he was unknown
in that part of the state, his acuteness, thorough-
ness, and eloquence brought him a lu«rative prac-
tice, and before many years passed he was retained
TANEY
TANEY
29
4.
/j. ^^^b-'Jtja^
in important and intricate cases, and confronted
the Itwlers of the Marylanrl bar. He was a amdi-
(Irttf for the house of delej;ates on the Federalist
tickft in ISOH, but was defeated. On 7 Jan., 1«06,
he niarrie«l Anne Phebo Cliarlton Key, sister of
Francis Scott Key, who ha<l l)een liis fellow law-
student. In 1811 he defended Oen. James Wilkin-
son on his trial l)e-
fore a court-mar-
tial, thereby shar-
ing the odium that
then attached to
that officer, yet re-
fusing to take a fee
for nis services.
During the war
with Great Britain
he led the wing of
the Federal party
that u{theld the
policy of the gov-
ernment, and wa.s a
candidate for con-
gress, failing of
election by a few
votes. He was sent
to the state senate
in 1816, and drew
up many of the bills
that were passed
during his term of service. lie endured the dis-
approbation of his neighbors by courageously ap-
pearing in 1819 in defence of Jacob Gruljer, a
Methodist minister from Pennsylvania, who in a
camp-meeting had* condemned slavery in bitter
language, and who was indicted as an inciter of
insurrection among the negroes. In his opening
argument Taney declared of slavery that " while
it continues, it is a blot on our national charac-
ter." In 1821 he was counsel in the important
case of Brown vs. Kennedy, which involved the
question of the original proprietary title to lands
that hat! l)een reclaimed irom the navigable waters
of Maryland, and in the following year in one
connected with the law of charitable trusts. He
reraoveii in 1823 to Baltimore, where the death
of William Pinkney, the retirement of Luther
Martin, and the decease of other eminent lawyers
left him at the head of the bar until William
Wirt came in 1829 to divide with him that distinc-
tion. With many other Federals of the south,
Taney passed over into the Democratic party, and
supported the candidacy of Andrew Jackson for
the presidenoy in 1824. In 1826 he argued the
case of Ringgold t'«. Ringgold, in which the doc-
trine of trusts was discusstd, and, with Wirt, rep-
resented the state of Maryland in the Lord Balti-
more case before the U. 8. supreme court. In 1827
he was appointed attorney-general of Maryland,
and on 27 Dec, 1831, he succeeded John ^I. Ber-
rien as attorney-general of the United States. He
became President Jackson's most trusted counsel-
lor, and encouraged and sustained him in his deter-
mination to remove the government deposits from
the LTnited States bank. There were only two mem-
bers of the cabinet that ap|)roved this action, and
when William J. Duano hesitated to carrv out the
president's decree he was removed and Taney was
appointed secretary of the treasury. He entered
upon the duties of the office on 24 Sept., 1833, and
two days afterward issued the order f6r the re-
moval of the deposits on 1 Oct. The bank there-
fore called in its loans and refused accommodation,
locking up a large part of the currency, and pro-
ducing a financial stringency that affected all
classes, for which the president was held resfjon-
sible by the op|>osition. Sec. Taney wa.s a s[>ecial
object of vitu|H'ration and scorn, ^xHrause he was
suppose<I to have l)een the "pliant instrument" of
the president in his arbitrary pur|M>se from mo-
tives of selfish ambition. His nomination to the
office was sent to the senate for confirmation on 28
June, 18JM, having been withheld till near the
close of the session, which, owing to the subject
most prominently brought up in debate, has been
known as the "panic session." ()\\ 24 June the
hostile majority rejected the appointment, it bcin^
the first time that a president's selection of a cabi-
net officer had not oeen confirmed. On the fol-
lowing day Mr. Taney sent in his resignation,
which was accepted by President Jackson in a let-
ter expressing gratitude for his patriotic and dis-
interested aid during the crisis. In January, 1835,
on the retirement of Gabriel Duval, associate jus-
tice of the IT. S. supreme court. President Jackson
named Mr. Taney for the vacant judgeship ; but the
senate refused to ratify the nomination. During
the ensuing year the j>olitical complexion of the
senate was changed, and when, after the death of
John Marshall, the president, on 26 Dec., 1835,
nominated Mr. Taney to l>e chief justice of the
United States, he was confirmed on 15 March,
1836, by 29 votes against 15, notwithstanding the
denunciations of Henry Clay and other political
opponents. He took his seat on the bench as cir-
cuit judge at Baltimore in April, beginning his
functions by abolishing the custom of giving pre-
liminary instructions to the grand jury. In Janu-
ary, 1837, he presided over the full bench.
His first decisions showed divergence between
his view of the constitution and that of his pred-
ecessor, who had been more and more drawn to
allow a wide scope to the powers of congress and
to limit the sphere of state sovereignty. In the
case of the City of New York vs. Miln, Chief-Jus-
tice Taney and the majority of the court decided
that an act of the legislature of New York requir-
ing masters of vessels to make reports of passen-
gers on arriving was a police regulation that did not
interfere with the power of congress to regulate for-
eign commerce. In the case of Briscoe vs. the Bank
of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, the court re-
versed the decision of Marshall, who held that the
act establishing the bank was a violation of the pro-
vision of the constitution that restrains states from
emitting bills of credit. In the Charles-river-bridge
suit he delivered a judgment under which state
legislatures were free to authorize bridges, railroads,
and similar improvements without wgard to im-
plied contracts in former grants and monopolies.
These decisions almost impelled Justice Joseph
Story to resign, and caused Chancellor James Kent
to say that he had lost confidence in the constitu-
tional guardianship of the supreme court. In the
case of disputed boundaries between Massachusetts
and Rhode Island, the chief justice, dissenting from
the judgment of the court, held that the Federal
tribunal had no power to decide questions of politi-
cal jurisdiction l)etween sovereign states. I n 1839 he
delivered the of)inion in the case of the Bank of Au-
gusta j'.i. Earle, in which he laid down the principle
that corporations chartered in one state may make
contract* in others by the comity of nations. The
claim of the proprietors of East Jersey to the oys-
ter-fisheries in Raritan river was disallowed on the
ground that fishery rights had passed with the
I)owers of government into the hands of the state,
n the case of Prigg vs. the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, the chief justice for the first time
I pronounced a state law unconstitutional. Prigg, as
30
TANEY
TANEY
agent for a Maryland slave-holder, had seized and
carried back to her master an escaped female slave,
for which he was indicted under a state law, which
made it a penal act to carry a negro or mulatto by
force out of the state. Justice Story delivered the
opinion, which declared the law unconstitutional
because the remedy for fugitives from labor is
vested exclusively in congress. Chief - Justice
Taney held,- however, that states could pass laws
for the rendition of escaped servants, but not to
impair the right of the master to seize his fugitive
slave, which he declared to be the law of each
state. He concurred with Justice Story and Jus-
tice John McLean, and protected the rights of the
Federal government in the Holmes habeas corpus
case, in which he denied the authority of the gov-
ernor of Vermont to extradite a fugitive from jus-
tice, because all foreign intercourse belongs to the
Federal government. In 1847 the court decided,
in the Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New
Hampshire license cases, that a state can regulate
or prohibit the retail sale of wines or spirits that
congress has authorized to be imported. In the
Massachusetts and New York passenger cases the
chief justice delivered an opinion that the state
authorities could impose a head-tax on immigrants,
on the grounds that the power of congress to regu-
late commerce is not exclusive, and that persons
are not subjects of commerce. In 1849 he declined
to pronounce judgment as to which of the con-
tending governments of Rhode Island was the
legitimate one, as it belonged to the political and
not to the judicial department of the government
to determine that question. In 1845 he upheld
the constitutionality of the law of congress that
extended admiralty jurisdiction over the lakes and
connecting navigable waters, although English
precedents limited it to tide-water.
In the midst of the excitement that attended the
passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill (30 May, 1854),
and the strife of free-soilers and slave-holders, the
Dred Scott case, to which President Buchanan
alluded in his inaugural message, came before the
supreme court for decision. It involved the ques-
tion whether congress had the power to exclude sla-
very from the territories. The case was presented
in 1854, and, after being twice argued, was final-
ly decided in 1857. The opinion of the court was
written by Chief-Justice laney, who entered into
an elaborate historical exposition of the status of
the negro, the other five judges who concurred in
the decision delivering separate opinions. He held
that the plaintiff in error, Dred Scott, was debarred
from seeliing a remedy in the U. S. circuit court
for Missouri, on the ground that he was not a citi-
zen of that state, and enunciated the general prin-
ciple that negroes could not become citizens by the
act of any state or of the United States, since, be-
fore the adoption of the constitution, the colonies
had special laws for colored people, whether slave
or free, and congress had not authorized their
naturalization or enrolled them in the militia.
" They had for more than a century before been
regarded as beings of an inferior order, and alto-
gether unfit to associate with the white race, either
in social or political relations, and so far inferior
that they had no rights which the white man was
bound to respect, and that the negro might justly
and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit.''
He held, further, that the Missouri compromise
and other laws of congress inhibiting slavery in
the territories of the United States were unconsti-
tutional, and that whatever measure of freedom
Dred Scott may have acquired by his residence in
Illinois, he lost by being subsequently removed into
the territory of Wisconsin, and by his return
thence to Missouri. This deliverance, made two
days after the inauguration of President Buchanan,
produced intense excitement throughout the coun-
try and a strong reaction in favor of the anti-sla-
very party. The chief justice replied to the strict-
ures that it provoked, and especially to a direct
attack on the supreme court made by William H.
Seward in the senate, in a supplementary opinion
explaining and justifying his legal deductions. In
the following year a case that arose under the fugi-
tivg-slave law of 1850 came before Chief-Justice
Taney. Sherman M. Booth, who had been sen-
tenced by the U. S. district court for aiding in the
escape of a negro from slavery, was released on
halieas corpus proceedings by the supreme court of
Wisconsin, which refused to take cognizance of
the subsequent mandates of the supreme court of
tlie United States in the matter. In reviewing the
case Chief-Justice Taney affirmed the constitution-
ality of the fugitive-slave law, and declared that
"so long as this constitution shall endure, this
tribunal must exist with it, deciding in the peace-
ful forms of judicial procedure the angry and irri-
tating controversies between sovereignties which in
other countries have been decided by the arbitrament
of force." The reversal of the judgment of the state
court called forth a declaration of the legislature of
Wisconsin that the government of the United States
was not the final judge of the extent of its powers,
but that the states, as parties to the compact, have
an equal right to determine infractions of their
rights and the mode of their redress, and that the
judgment of the Federal court was " void and of
no force." The chief question sCt issue in the presi-
dential election of 1860 was whether the Dred
Scott decision, throwing all the territories of the
United States open to slavery and denying to col-
ored persons any standing in courts of law, should
be maintained as the true construction of the con-
stitution. On 13 March, 1861, Chief-Justice Taney
delivered the opinion of the court in mandamus
proceedings brought by the state of Kentucky
against the governor of Ohio to compel him to
cause the arrest and delivery of Willis Lago, a free
man of color who, while under indictment for as-
sisting a slave to escape, had fled from Kentucky.
He affirmed the right of Kentucky to demand the
person of the fugitive, and the obligation of Ohio
ta render him up, yet denied the jurisdiction of
the U. S. court in the case.
When, after the secession of the southern states,
martial law was proclaimed in Maryland, Chief-
Justice Taney, on application of John Merryman,
arrested by order of Gen. George Cadwalader, or-
dered the release of the prisoner, issued an at-
tachment against the officer, and filed an opinion,
to be laid before President Lincoln, in which he
denied the right of the president to suspend the
writ of habeas corpus, affirming that such power is
vested in congress alone. When congress passed
an act to withhold three per cent, of the salaries of
government officers, Chief-Justice Taney, on 16
F'eb., 1863, sent a letter to the secretary of the
treasury, Salmon P. Chase, pointing out the un-
constitutionality of this law so far as it affected
the judges of the U. S. courts. In the matter of a
seizure of contraband goods, he delivered on 3
Jime, 1868, an opinion at nisi prius, in which he
censured the duplicity of the government detectives,
ordered tile price of the goods to be restored to the
smugglers, and mulcted the provost-marshal and
his assistants in damages and costs. Chief-Justice
Taney died on the same day on whictt the state of
Maryland abolished slavery. His judicial opinions
I
TANGUAY
and decisions arecontaitu'd in the "Supreme Court
Reports" of Benjamin 11. Curtis, Benjamin C.
Uoward, and Jeremiah 8. Black. His opinions as
a circuit jud^e from 1836 till 1801 were reported
by his son-in-law, James Mason Camptell. lie
wrote Andrew Jackson's farewell address on retir-
injj from the presidency. At the afje of seventv-
sevi'u he hf^jan an aut<)l)lography, which he brougfit
down to 18(*l,and which forms the introduction to
a " Memoir " by Samuel Tyler (Baltimore, 1872).
TAN(»UAY,' Ciprian, Canadian clergyman, b.
in Ouebec, Canada, 15 Sept., 1819. He was gradu-
ated at the Seminary of Quebec on 15 Aug., 1839,
ordained priest in the Roman Catholic church on
14 May, 1843, and appointed vicar of Rimouski
the same year. He was made cure of St. Rjvy-
mond in 1840 and of Rimouski in 1850, in 1859
was transferred to St. Michel, and in 1802 ap-
pointed cure of St. Henedine. Since 1864 he has
been attached to the department of agriculture at
Ottawa. He was raised to the rank of domestic
prelate of the papal household by Leo XIII. in
1888. He has published "Journal d'un voyage de
Boston k rOregon " (Quebec, 1842); "Repertoire
du f'lerg^ C'anadien depuis la fondation du Canada "
(1808); "A travers les registres" (Montreal,
1880) ; " Monseigneur Pourroy de 1' Auberiviere,
5i*«n« oveque de QucIkjc " (1880) ; and " Dictionnaire
genealogique des families Canadiennes" (Mon-
treal). When it is completed this last work will
form seven volumes: four have already appeared,
and the fifth is now in press. It is consiuered a
work of national importance in Canada, and the
author not only has examined the registers of
every parish in the country, family records, etc.,
but went to Europe in order to make himself ac-
quainted with the archives of the ministry of
marine at Paris and those of other institutions.
TANNEHILL, Adamsoii, soldier, b. in Freder-
ick county, Md., in 1752; d. in Pittsburg, Pa., 7
July, 1817. He received a public-school education,
served in the Revolutionary war as captain of
riflemen, removed to Pennsylvania, and cultivated
a small farm near Pittsburg, where he served as
justice of the peace. He opposed the whiskey in-
surrection. From 25 Sept. till 31 Dec, 1812, he
was brigadier-general of Pennsylvania volunteers.
He was then elected to congress as a Democrat,
and served from 24 May. 1813, till 3 March. 1815.
TANNEHILL, Wilkins, journalist, b. in Pitts-
burg, Pa., 4 March, 1787; d. in Nashville, Tenn.,
2 June, 1858. His father. Gen. John, served in
the Continental army during the Ilevolution.
The son removed to Lexington, Ky., at^an early
age, and soon afterward to Nashville. Tenn.. where
he became an editor of the " Whig," and also of
the " Herald," the first Henry Clay organ in Ten-
nessee. Subsequently he edited "The Orthopoli-
tan," a new literary and independent paper, and
in 1848-*9 the " Portfolio," a journal of Free-
masonry. He was forced to discontinue this, owing
to the failure of his eyesight, and in later years be-
came blind. ^le was the author of a " Freemason's
Manual." containing a history of the progress of
the order; " Sketches of the History of Literature "
(Nashville, 1827) ; and " Sketches of the History of
Roman Literature" (1840).
TANNER, Benjamin, engraver, b. in New
York city, 27 March, 1775 : d. in Baltimore, Md.,
14 Nov., 1848. At an early age he manifested a
talent for drawing and designing, and after re-
ceiving his education he began to learn the art of
engraving. In Decendn-r, 1799, he went to Phila-
delphia, where . he established his business, and
aided his brother Henry in publishing maps. In
TANNER
81
1810 he formoil a bank-note engraving establish-
ment, under the name of Tanner, Vallance, Kear-
ny and Co., which he afterward discontinued, and
in 1835 established a blank check note and draft
publishing office, which he abandoned in 1845.
His engravings include portraits of Washington,
after Savage; Benjamin Franklin, after Charles N.
Cochin (1822); "Apotheosis of Washington," after J.
J. iJarralet (1802); " Perry's Victory on I^ake Erie,
10 Sept., 1813," and " The Launch of the Steam
Frigate Fulton," after the same artist (1815);
" Macdonough's Victory on liake Champlain, and
Defeat of the British Army at Plattsburg by Gen.
McComb, 11 Sept., 1814, after Hugh Reinagle
(1816); "The Surrender of Cornwallis at York-
town," after J. F. Renaulty; and "America
Guided bv Wisdom," after J. J. Barralet. — His
brother, lleury S., geographer, b. in New York in
1786; d. in New York city in 1858. In early life
he removed to Phrladelphia, where he resided un-
til 1850, when lie returned to New York city. He
engraved and published many atlases and separate
maps, contributed geographical and statistical arti-
cles to various periodicals, and was a member of
the geographical societies of London and Paris.
He collected a fine cabinet of shells. His maps in-
clude the "New American Atlas," with letter-
press descriptions (Philadelphia, 1817-'23) ; "The
World," on a globular projection (4 sheets, 1825) ;
"Map of the United States of Mexico" (1825);
" Map of Philadelphia " (1826) ; and " Map of the
L^nited States of America" (1829). He also pub-
lished " Memoir on the Recent Surveys in the
United States" (2d ed., 1830); "View of the Val-
ley of the Mississippi" (1832); " American Travel-
ler " (1836) ; " Central Traveller " (New York, 1840) ;
"New Picture of Philadelphia" (Philadelphia,
1840) ; and " Description of the Canals and Rail-
roads of the United States" (New York, 1840).
TANNER, Benjamin Tucker, A. M. E. bishop,
b. in Pittsburg, Pa., 25 Dec, 1835. He is of Afri-
can descent. After studying. at Avery institute
and Western theological seminary, Alleghany City,
Pa., he officiated at the 15th street Presbyterian
church in W^ashington, D. C, also organizing the
first school for freedmen in the U. S. navy-yard,
by permission of Admiral Dahlgren. At the end
of eighteen months he returned to his own church,
the African Methodist Episcopal, entering the
Baltimore conference in April, 1862. He labored
as a missionary in Alexandria, where hte organized
the first society of his church on Virginia soil.
He was stationed in 1863 in Georgetown, D. C, in
1864 in Frederick, Md., and in 1866 in Baltimore,
but resigned to organize a proposed conference
school in Frederick, Md., as well as to take charge
of the schools of the Freedmen 's bureau in Fred-
erick county. He was elected secretary of the
general conference of 1868, and by this body was
chosen editor of the "Christian Recorder," being
continued in this post by three subsequent general
conferences of 1872, 1876, and 1880. In 1884 he
was elected managing editor of a new church pub-
lication, the "A. M. E. Church Review." He re-
ceived the degree of A.M. from Avery college in
1870, and that of D. D. from Wilberforee univer-
sity in 1878, and on 19 May, 1888, was elected a
bishop. Dr. Tanner has written prose and poetry
for periodicals, and is the author of "Paul I'ersus
Pius Ninth" (Baltimore, 1865); "Apology for
African Methodism" (1867); "The Negro's Origin,
and Is the Negro Cursed?" (Philatlelphia, 1809);
and "Outline of the Historv and. Government of
the A. M. E. Church " (1883). He has ready for
publication " The Negro, African and American."
32
TANNER
TAPPAN
TANNER, Henry S., physician, b. about 1830.
Early in 1880 much interest was manifested in the
fasting: power of MoUie Kancher, of Brooklyn, N. Y.,
who claimed to have lived fourteen years with-
out food. Dr. William A. Hammond ofiFered her
$1,000 if she would allow herself to be watched for
one month by relays of members of the New York
neurological society, provided she did not take any
food voluntarily during that period. Dr. Tanner, at
that time a practising physician in Minneapolis,
Minn., saw the challenge in print and offered to per-
form the experiment under the conditions. To this
Dr. Hammond agreed, saying : '* If he succeeds he
will get fl.OOO, and if he dies I will give him a decent
burial." Dr. Tanner then came to New York city,
and after some difficulty secured the co-operation
of the Neurological society in conducting the fast.
It began at noon on 28 June, 1880, and continued
until its successful termination on 7 Aug. Dur-
ing the fast his eyes became slightly dimmed, the
top of his head, which was thinly covered with gray
hair, became as white as milk, and he lost ten and
a half pounds in weight. The outline of his feat-
ures stood out more clearly, and his lips closed more
tightly. Dr. Tanner drank eighty ounces of water
during the first two days, in doses ranging from
six to eight ounces each, after which, in lieu of
drinking, he simply gargled his mouth about once
an hour. He spent the time reclining on his cot
or sitting in a cnair. At l)edtime he took a sponge-
bath and was rubbed down with coarse towels,
after which he retired. Before he dressed in the
morning his clothes were examined to ascertain
that no food was concealed in them. His pulse and
temperature were frequently taken, and his weight
every day. Subsequently he lectured on fasting.
Several persons have since fasted for long periods,
and exhibitions of fasting have taken place both
in this country and abroad. In 1888 John Zachar,
residing near Racine, Wis., went without food for
fifty-three days, which is the longest fast known.
His weight was reduced from 160 to 90 pounds.
TANNER, John, captive, b. in Kentucky about
1780 ; d. in 1847. His father removed from Ken-
tucky to the mouth of Big Miami river, Ohio, and
settled there as a farmer. At the age of six years
the son was captured in the fields by an Indian,
who wished to adopt a son in place of his own,
who had recently died. Tanner was compelled to
labor for the Indians, and thought to be "good
for nothing" by his captor, who tomahawked him
and left him to die in the woods, but he was found
by his adopted mother, who treated him with
kindness and affection, and he recovered. After
two yeare he was sold to Net-no-kwa, an Ottawa
Indian, and he remained in captivity for thirty
years. He became thoroughly accustomed to In-
dian life, participated in many hunting warlike
excursions in the region of the great lakes, and
married Mis-kwa-bun-o-kwa, " the red sky of the
morning." He afterward fell in with the Hud-
son bay company, and went to Detroit, where he
was interviewed by Gov. Lewis Cass, and met his
brother, with whom he was unable to speak except
through an interpreter. After visiting his family
he returned to the Indian settlement for his chil-
dren, and was then employed as interpreter for
the Indian agent at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. He
wrote a " Narrative of the Captivity and Adven-
tures of John Tanner during Thirty Years' Resi-
dence among the Indians," edited by Edwin James,
M. D. (New York, 1830). His son, James, became
a Unitarian missionary.
TAPIN, Richard (tah-pang), Flemish physi-
cian, b. in the duchy of Luxembourg about 1515 ; d.
there in 1590. He received his education in Flan-
ders, and early entered the Portuguese service,
being employed as surgeon on board ships that
sailed to the Indies. At the time of the invasion
of Admiral Villegaignon. he was in Brazil as sur-
geon of the king, and he practised his profession
afterward with great success, holding several im-
Eortant offices in the colony. After his return to
lurope he published a curious work, " Colloquios
dos simples e drogas do Brazil " (Coimbra, 1566),
which enjoyed a great reputation for about a cen-
tury in a revised and completed French version,
*' Histoire des drogues, espiceries, et de certains
medicaments et simples qui croissent es Brfeil,
province de I'Amerique" (Paris, 1590).
TAPPAN, David, clergyman, b. in Manchester,
Mass., 21 April, 1752; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 27
April, 1803. The name was originally Topham.
His ancestor, Abraham, came to this country
from Yarmouth, England, in 1637, and his father,
Benjamin, was pastor of a church in Manchester
in 1720-'90. After graduation at Harvard in
1771, David studied divinity, and was pastor of
a Congregational church in Newbury, Mass., from
1774 till 1792, when he was chosen Hollis professor
of divinity at Harvard, serving there until his
death. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him
by Harvard in 1794. Dr. Tappan published many
sermons and addresses. After his death appeared
" Sermons on Important Subjects, with a Bio-
graphical Sketch of the Author," by Rev. Abiel
Holmes (Boston, 1807), and "Lectures on Jewish
Antiquities delivered at Harvard in 1802-'3"
(1807). — His son, Benjamin, clergyman, b. in
Newbury, Mass., 7 Nov., 1788; d. in Augusta,
Me., 23 Dec, 1863, was graduated at Harvard in
1805, and was pastor of a Congregational church in
Augusta, Me., from 16 Oct., 1811, until his death.
Bowdoin gave him the degree of D. D. in 1845. —
David's nephew, Benjamin, jurist, b. in North-
ampton, Miiss., 25 May, 1773 ; d. in Steubenville,
Ohio, 12 April, 1857, was the son of Benjamin
Tappan, who, sacrificing his opportunity of study
at Harvard for his
younger brother,
David, went to
Boston, became a
gold- and silver-
smith, and in 1770
married Sarah
Homes, the great-
niece of Benjamin
Franklin. After
receiving a public-
school education,
the son was ap-
prenticed to learn
copper -plate en-
graving and print-
ing, and devoted
some attention to
portrait- painting.
Subsequently he
studied law, was
admitted to the bar, and began practice in Steu-
benville, Ohio, in 1799. In 1803 he was elected
to the legislature, and after the war of 1812, in
which he served as aide to Gen. William Wads-
worth, he was appointed judge in one of the county
courts, and for seven years was president judge
of the 5th Ohio circuit. In 1833 he was appoint-
ed by President Jackson U. S. judge for tne dis-
trict of Ohio. Being elected to the U. S. senate
as a Democrat, he served from 2 Dey., 18:39, till 3
March, 1845. He was an active leader of his party.
^»y^^i£^t/^:*5^C/ic*,<-»:?
TAPPAN
TAPPAN
33
but afterwani joined in the free-soil movement at
its inccntion. \\v was widely known for his droll-
ery and wit and for his anti-slavory sentiments,
.ludjre Tiippan pul>lishod " ('ajses decided in the
Court of Common Pleas," with an a|)peiidix (Steu-
iKMiville, IKJl). — The st'cond Benjamin's brother,
Juliii, philanthropist, b. in Northampton, Mass.,
in December, 1781; d. in Boston, Mass., 25 March,
1871, entered mercantile life in Boston in 1799, be-
came a partner in his employer's firm in 1803, and
in 1807 was sole manager of the large house that
was known bv his name, but withdrew -in 1825.
He was president and treasurer of the American
tract society, and was actively interested in mis-
sions and in many l)enevolent associations of Boston.
— Another brother, Arthur, b. in Northampton,
Mass., 22 May, 1786; d. in New Haven, Conn., 23
Julv, 18(>5, was locked up while an infant in a
folding bedstead. When he was discovered life
was almost extinct, and headaches, to which he
was subject daily through life, were ascribed to
this accident. He received a common-scliool edu-
cation, and served a seven years' apprenticeship in
the hardware business in Boston, after which he
establisiied himself in Portland, Me., and subse-
quently in Montreal, Canada, where he remained
until the beginning of the war of 1812. In 1814
he engaged with his brother Lewis in importing
British dry-goods into New York city, and after
the partnei-ship was dissolved he successfully con-
tinued the business alone. Mr. Tappan was known
for his public spirit and philanthropy. He was a
founder of the American tract society, the largest
donor for the erection of its first building, and
was identified with many charitable and religious
bodies. He was a founder of OI)erlin college, also
erecting Tappan hall there, and endowed Lane
seminary in Cincinnati, and a professorship at
Auburn theological seminary. W ith his brother
Lewis he founded the New York "Journal of
Commerce" in 1828, and established "The Eman-
cipator" in 1833, paying the salary of the editor
and all the expenses of its publication. He was
an ardent Abolitionist, and as the interest in the
anti-slavery cause deepened he formed, at his own
rooms, the nucleus of the New York city anti-
slavery society, which was publicly organized un-
der his presidency at Clinton hall on 2 Oct., 1833.
Mr. Tappan was also president of the American
anti-slavery society, to which he contributed $1,000
a month for several years, but he withdrew in
1840 on account of the aggressive spirit that many
members manifested toward the churches and the
Union. During the crisis of 1837 he was forced
to suspend payments, and ho became bankrupt in
1842. During his late years he was connected with
the mercantile agency that his brother Lewis es-
tablished. He incurred the hatred of the southern
slave-holders by his frequent aid to fugitives, and
by his rescuing William Lloyd Garrison fron» im-
prisonment at Baltimore. See his " Life," by Lewis
Tappan (New York, 1871). — Another brother,
Lewis, merchant, b. in Northampton, Mass., 23
May, 1788; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 21 June, 1873,
received a good education, and at the age of six-
teen became clerk in a dry-goods house in Boston.
His employers subsequently aided him in establish-
ing himself in business, and he became interested
in calico-print works and in the manufacture of
cotton. In 1827 he removed to New York and be-
came a memljer of the firm of Arthur Tanpan and
Co., and his subsequent career was closely identi-
fied with that of his brother Arthur. With the
latter he established in 1828 the" Journal of Com-
merce," of whieli he became sole owner in 1829.
VOL. VI. — 3
In 183.'} he entere<l with vigor into the anti-slavery
movement, in consequence of which his house was
sacked and his furniture was destroyc<l by a mob
in July. 1834, and at other times he and his brother
suffered |)ersonal violence. He was also involved
in the crisis of 1837. and afterward withdrew from
the firm and established the first mercantile agency
in the country, which he conducted with success.
He was chief founder of the American missionary
association, of which he was treasurer and after-
ward president, and was an early memlxjr of
Plymouth church, Brooklyn. He published the
life of his brother mentioned above.
TAPPAN, Henry Philip, clergyman, b. in
Rhinebeck, N. Y., 23 April. 1805 ; d. in Vevay,
Switzerland, 15 Nov., 1881. He was graduated at
Union college in 1825, and at Auburn theological
seminary in 1827, and after serving for a year as
associate pastor of a Dutch Reformed church in
Schenectady. N. Y., became pastor of a Congrega-
tional church in Pittsfield, Mass., but resigned,
owing to impaired health, and visited the West'
Indies. In 1832 he became [)rofessor of moral phi-
losophy in the University of the city of New York,
which post he resigned in 1838, and opened a pri-
vate school. In 1852 he was elected first chancel-
lor of the University of Michigan, and secured
valuable additions to the literary and scientific re-
sources of the university, among which were sev-
eral fine instruments for the observatory. He re-
tired in 1863, and spent the rest of his life'in Europe.
In 1859 he was elected corresponding memlx^r of
the French imperial institute, and presiilent of the
American association for the advancement of edu-
cation. He devoted much attention to the subject
of university education, and studied the systems of
England and Germany. Union ^ave him the de-
gree of D. D. in 1845, and Columbia that of LL. D.
m 1853. Dr. Tappan published a " Review of Ed-
wards's ' Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will * "
(New York, 1839); "The Doctrine of the Will de-
termined by an Appeal to Consciousness" (1840);
" The Doctrine of the Will applied to Moral Agency
and Responsibility" (1841; with additions, Glas-
fow, 1857) ; " Elements of Logic, together with an
ntroductory View of Philosophy in General and a
Preliminary View of the Reason" (1844); "Trea-
tise on University Education" (1851); "A Step
from the New World to the Old, and Back Again ^'
(1852); and an " Introduction to Illustrious Per-
sonages of the Nineteenth Century " (1853).
TAPPAN, Mason Weare, lawyer, b. in New-
port. N. H., 20 Oct., 1817; d. in Bradford, N. H.,
24 Oct., 1886. His father, a well-known lawyer,
settled in Bradford in 1818, and was a pioneer in
the anti-slavery movement. The son was educated
at Kimball union academy, studied law, was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1841, and acquired a large
practice. He was early identified with the Whig
party, and afterward was a Free-soiler and served
in the legislature in 1853-'5. He was elected to
congress as a Free-soiler, by a combination of the
Whigs, Free-soilers, Independent Democrats, and
Americans, at the time of the breaking up of the
two great parties, Whigs and Democrats. He
served from 3 Dec, 1855, till 3 March, 1861, and
was a member of the special committee of thirty-
three on the rebellious states. On 5 Feb., 1861,
when a report was submitted recommending that
the provisions of the constitution should Iw (n)eyed
rather than amended, he made a patriotic sjwech in
support of the government. Mr. Tappmn was one
of the earliest to enlist in the volunteer army and
was colonel of the 1st New Hampshire regiment
from May till August, 1861. Afterward he re-
34
TAPPAN
TARLETON
sumed the practice of law, and held the office of
attorney-general of the state for ten years preceding
his death. lie was a delegate to the Philadelphia
Loyalists' convention of 186(5, and presided over
the New Hampshire Republican convention on 14
Sept., 1886. In the presidential election of 1872
he supported his life-long friend, Horace Greeley.
TAPPAN, Williaiii Bingham, noet, b. in Bev-
erly, Mass., 29 Oct., 1794; d. in West Needham,
Mass., 18 June, 1849. His early advantages were
limited, but he acquired a good education and for
six years taught in Philadelphia. In 1826 he re-
moved to Hoston, where he became general agent
of the American Sundav-school union, and was en-
faged in the same work in Cinciimati and Phila-
elphia. He was licensed to preach in 1840. His
publications are " New England, and other Poems"
(Philadelphia, 1819) ; " Songs of Judah, and other
Melodies^' (1820); "Lyrics" (1822); "Poems"
(1834); "Memoir of Capt. James Wilson " (1842) ;
"Poetry of the Heart (Boston, 1845); "Sacred
and Miscellaneous Poems " (1846) ; " Poetry of
Jjife " (1847) ; " The Sunday-School, and other
Poems " (1848) : and " Late and Early Poems "
(Worcester. Mass., 1849).
TARAVAL, Sigisinond, clergyman, b. in Lodi,
Italy, 26 Oct., 1700 ; d. probably in Italy. He en-
tered the Jesuit novitiate on 'SI Oct., 1718, went to
Mexico, and thence to California, where he founded
the mission of Santa Rosa, lie discovered the
islands of Afagua and Amalgua on the Pacific
coast, afterward known as Los Dolores, and col-
lected a large number of documents for a history
of California. His manuscript work, entitled " lle-
lacion del Martirio de los PP. Tomas Tello y En-
rique Ruhcn, muertos por los Indios Seris," is in
the Library of Mexico.
TARBELL, John Adams, physician, b. in Bos-
ton, Mass., 81 March, 1810; d. there, 21 Jan., 1864.
He was graduated at Harvard in 1882, and studied
medicine in Paris for three years, receiving his de-
gree from Bowdoin in 1836. He began practice in
Boston, and in 1843 became a homoeopathist. He
was associate editor of tlie " Quarterly Homoeopath-
ic Review" (Boston, 1853-'4), edited John Epos's
" Domestic Ilomceopathy " and " The Pocket Ho-
moeopathist" (Boston, 1849); and was the author
of " Sources of Health " (1850) and " Honreeopathy
Simplified "(1856-'62).
TARBELL, Joseph, naval officer, b. about 1780 ;
d. in Norfolk, Va., 24 Nov., 1815. He entered the
navy as a midshipman, 5 Dec, 1798. was promoted
to lieutenant, 25 Aug., 1800, and served in Preble's
squadron during the Tripolitan war. He was in-
cluded in the vote of thanks to Preble and his
officers by act of congress, 3 March, 1805, was pro-
moted to master-commandant, 25 April, 1808, and
commanded the frigate " John Adams " in 1811-'14.
He was commissioned a captain, 24 July, 1813, and
rendered good service in the defence of Craney
island and James river in June, 1813, capturing
three barges and forty prisoners when the British
were repelled in this attack. He was then stationed
at Norfolk, Va., where he died.
TARBOX, Increase Niles, author, b. in East
Windsor, Conn., 11 Feb., 1815; d. in West New-
ton, Mass., 3 May, 1888. He was graduated at
Yale in 1839, studied theology while acting as
tutor there in 1842-'4, and from 1844 till 1851 was
pastor of a Congregational church in Framingham,
Mass., which he left to become secretary of the
American education society, later the American
college and education society, in Boston, Mass.
This office he filled till 1884. He received the de-
gree of D.D. from Yale and from Iowa college in
1869. He wrote extensively on historical and re-
ligious subjects for the "New Englander," "Bib-
liothcca Sacra," " Historic-Genealogical Register,"
and other periodicals, was in 1849-'51 associate
editor of the " Congregationalist," contributed
many poems and hymns to that and other journals,
and from 1881 till his death was historiographer
for the New England historic-genealogical society.
Dr. Tarbox published juvenile books entitled the
" Winnie and Walter Stories " (4 vols., Boston,
1860) and " When I was a Boy " (1862) ; " Nineveh,
or the Buried City" (1864); "The Curse, or the
Position occupied in History by the Race of Hara "
(1865) ; " Tyre and Alexandria the Chief Commer-
cial Cities of Scripture Times " (1865) ; " Missionary
Patriots: James H. and Edward M. Schneider
(1867); " Uncle George's Stories" (1868); " Life of
Israel Putnam (Old Put), Major-General in the Con-
tinental Army" (1876); "Sir Walter Raleigh and
his Colony in America " (1884) ; " Songs and Hymns
for Common Life" (1885); and "Diary of Thomas
Robbins, D. D." (2 vols., 1886-'7).
TARDIVAL, JuHiis Paul, Canadian journal-
ist, b. in Covington, Ky., 2 Sept., 1851. He re-
moved to 'Canada in 1868, was educated at St.
Hyacinth college, in the province of Quebec, was
assistant editor of " Le Canadien " in 1874. and is
editor of " La verite." in Quebec, which he founded
in 1881. He was assistant government translator
at Ottawa from 1879 till 1881. Mr. Tardival has
published "Vie du Pape Pie IX.. ses oeuvres et ses
douleurs" (Quebec, 1878); "Borrowed and Stolen
Feathers, or a Glance through Mr. James M.
Lemoine's Latest Work, ' The Chronicles of the St.
Lawrence ' " (1878) ; " L'Anglicisme, voila I'en-
nemie" (1879); and "Melanges" (1887).
TARIEU DE LANAUUltlRE, Charles (tah-
ree-uh), Canadian statesman, b. in Canada in 1744;
d. there in 1841. At the age of sixteen he tooli
part in the battle of Saint Foye, as an officer in the
regiment de la Sarre, and was severely wounded.
He went to France with his regiment after the sur-
render of Montreal, visited the principal courts of
J]urope, and married shortly after his return to
Canada. In 1775 he held a command in the Cana-
dian militia, and was taken prisoner by the Ameri-
cans in a skirmish on the frontier. He was instru-
mental in saving Gen. Carleton from capture when
Benedict Arnold reached Montreal, escorting the
English leader to Quebec at the head of three hun-
dred Canadians. He was made aide-de-camp on
Carleton's staff, and several years later master
of the waters and forests. Tarieu made frequent
journeys to Europe, the expenses of which impaired
his fortune. When he returned to Canada in 1787
he endeavored to turn his influence with the Cana-
dian government to account, in order to obtain a
change in the system of seignorial tenures, and
presented a petition to this effect in January, 1788.
The result of the changes he asked for would
enable the Canadian seigneurs to draw larger
revenues from their fiefs by throwing them open
to American and English settlers. The measure
was opposed by most of the other great proprie-
tors, and the agitation that then began was not
settled until 1854, when the question of land-ten-
ure in Canada received a definitive solution. In
1792 he was created a member of the legislative
council, which post he held till his death, and in
which his talents, combined with his influence over
successive governors, gave him great power.
TARLETON, Sir Banastre, bart.. British sol-
dier, b. in Liverpool, 21 Aug., 1754 ; d. in England,
23 Jan., 1833. He came to AmerioR with Lord
Cornwallis in Sir Peter Parker's squadron in May,
TARLETON
TASCHER DE LA PAGERIE
36
1776. He was major in Col. Ilurcourt's regiment
of dragoons, and iicconipaniod iiarcourt in the
raid upon Hiuskingridgc, N. J., which resulted in
the capture of Ueu. Charles Lee, \'A Dec. Little is
heard of him dur-
ing the next three
years. In Decem-
Der, 1779, he accom-
panied the expedi-
tion of Sir Henry
Clinton to South
Carolina with the
rank of lieutenant-
colonel, lie raised
and organized a
troop known as the
" British legion,"
or sometimes as
" Tarleton's le-
gion." It com-
prised both light
infantry and cav-
alry, with a few
field - pieces, and
was thus a minia-
ture army in itself.
It was nuide up
partly of British
regulars, partly of
New York loyalists, and was further recruited by
loyalists of South Carolina, At the head of this
legion Tarleton soon made himself formidable in
partisan warfare. In the difficult country of the
Carolinas, with poor roads, frequent swamps or
pine-barrons, and scant forage, he could move far
more rapidly than the regular army, and his blows
were deliveretl with sudden and crushing effect.
After Clinton's capture of Charleston, 12 May, 1780,
Col. Buford's regiment, which had been march-
ing toward Charleston, began its retreat to Vir-
ginia, but Tarleton. giving chase, overtook and
overwhelmed it at Waxhaw Creek, near the border
between the two Carolinas. Nearly all Buford's
men were slaughtered, and thenceforth the phrase
" Tarleton's quarter " was employed to denote
wholesale butchery. At Camden, 15 Aug., Tarle-
ton completed the ruin of Gen. Gates's left wing.
At Fishing Creek, 18 Aug., he surprised Gen.
Thomas Sumter, and utterly routed and dispersed
his force; but at Blackstock's II ill, 20 Nov., Sum-
ter returned the compliment, and severely defeated
Tarleton. Early in January, 1781, Lord Corn-
wallis sent Tarleton, with 1,100 men, westward to
the mountain country to look after Gen. Daniel
Morgan, who was threatening the British inland
posts. At the Cowpens, 17 Jan., Morgan, with 900
men, awaited his attack and almost annihilated his
force of 1,100 men in one of the most brilliant
battles of the war. Tarleton accompanied Corn-
wallis during his campaigns in North Carolina and
Virginia. In June, 1781, he made a raid upon
Gov. Jefferson's house at Monticello: but the gov-
ernor, forewarned, had escaped to the mountains a
few minutes before Tarleton s arrival. He remained
with t'ornwallis until the surrender at Yorktown.
On returning to England he wa.s promoted colonel.
In 1790 he was elected to parliament from Liver-
|)ool, and was so popular that all the expenses of
the election were Ixirne by his friends. He was
meml)er of parliament in 1790-1806, and again in
1807-12. In 1817 he reached the grade of lieu-
tenant-general, and was made a baronet, G Nov.,
1818. Ross, the editor of Cornwallis's "Corre-
spondence," 8ays.(p. 44) that, in the house of com-
mons, Tarleton " was notorious for his criticisms
on military affairs, the value of which may be esti-
mated fnmi the fact that he almost uniformly con-
demtietl the Duke of Wellington." He pul)lished
a "History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in
the Southern Provinces of North America " (Ix)n-
don, 1787). This l>ook has value in so far as it
contains many documents that cannot elsewhere
be obtained except with great labor. As a narra-
tive it is spoiled by the vanity of the author, who
distorts events for his self-glorification to a degree
that is seldom paralleled in lx>oks of this charac-
ter. The work was severely criticised by Col. Rod-
erick Mjickenzie, "Strictures on Lieutenant-Colonel
Tarleton's History " (London, 1787). Mackenzie in
turn was answered bv Tarleton's second in com-
mand. Major George Hanger, afterward Ijord Cole-
rain, " Address to the Army in lieply to Colonel
Mackenzie's Strictures" \London, 1787). The best-
known portrait of Tarleton is the one by Sir Joshua
Reynolds (1782), representing him in full uniform,
with his foot on a cannon, from which tlie accom-
panying vignette is copied. Among the English
colonel's American friends was Israel Halleck, a
loyalist, father of Fitz-Greene, who was for a time a
member of his military family, and between whom
and Tarleton there was an enduring friendship.
TASCHER DE LA PAGERIE, Joseph
(tash-air). Chevalier, French soldier, b. in tlie
castle of La Pagerie, near Blois. in 1701; d. in
Trois Islets, Martinique, in 1702. He was descended
from a family of German origin that settled in
Blaisois about the 12th century, and whose mem-
bers served with credit in the army and in the
magistracy. In 172G he settled in Martinique,
where he married a wealthy Creole, Avmer de la
Chevalerie, and held for several years tl»e office of
lieutenant of the king in Saint Pierre. During the
English invasion in 1756 he armed his slaves, led
them to the front, and was dangerously wounded
at the attack on Grande Sa vane. — His son, Joseph
(jaspard, Chevalier, and afterward Baron, b. in
Carbet, Martinique, 5 July, 1735 ; d. in Trois
Islets, 6 Nov., 1790, became, when seventeen years
old, a page to the Dauphine Marie Josephe, served
afterward as lieutenant in the marines, and fought
against the English when they invaded Martinique
in J756. After the conclusion of peace in 1763 he
was retired with the brevet of captain, nmde a
knight of Saint Louis, and devoted himself to
agricultural pursuits on his large estate at Trois
Islets. He published several treatises on colonial
methods of culture. — By his wife. Rose Claire
DES Vergers de Sannois (b. in Saint Pierre,
Martinique, 27 Aug., 1736; d. in Trois Islets, 2
Jane, 1807). he had three daughters, the eldest of
whom was Marie Josephine Rose, who became the
Empress Josephine.
TASCHER DE LA PAGERIE, Louis Robert
Pierre Claude, Count and afterwanl Duke,
West Indian soldier, b. in Fort de France, Mar-
tinique, 1 April, 1787 ; d. in Paris, France, 3
March, 1861. He was a first cousin to Empress
Josephine, and received his early education in
Martinique. Napoletin Bonaparte summoned him
to France in 1802, and placed him at the military
school of Fontainebleau. He was promoted lieu-
tenant in 1806, assisted in the battle of Eylau.
was aide-de-camp to Napoleon at the battle of
Friedland, served under Junot in Portugal in
1808, was afterward aide-de-camp to Prince Eu-
gene de Beauharnais, son of Empress Josephine,
and, accompanying him to Bavaria in 1815, be-
came a major-general in the Bavarian army. He
was created a senator of the empire on 31 Dec.,
1852, and made on 27 Jan., 1853, grand-master of
36
TASCHEREAU
TASSE
the Empress Eugenie's household, which post he
retained till his death. By his marriajje with
Princess Marie de Leyen, he had several sons, one
of whom wjis for some years French consul-gen-
eral in New Orleans, Porto Rico, and Havana.
TASCHEREAU, Elzear Alexandre (tash-
er-o), Canadian cardinal, b. in Sainte Marie de la
Beauce, province of Quel)ec, 17 Feb., 1820. His
g^eat - grandfather, Thomas Jacques Taschereau,
emigrated from Touraine, France, and in 1746
was granted the seigniory of Sainte Marie de la
Beauce. When he
was eight years of
age Elzear was en-
tered as a pupil at
the Seminary of
Quebec, Jind wherf
he was seventeen
he went to Rome,
where a year later
he received the
tonsure. The same
year he returned
to Quebec, resum-
ing his theological
studies, and on 13
Sept., 1842, was
ordained a priest.
Soon afterward .he
was appointed to
the chair of moral
philosophy in the
Seminary of Quebec, which he filled for twelve years,
and during this period displayed liberal tendencies,
opposing the ultramontane element in the church
to which he Itelonged. In 1847, during the prev-
alence of a fatal fever among the emigrants at
Grosse island, he volunteered to assist the chaplain
at that place in ministering to the sick and dying,
and labored untiringly among them until he was
stricken by the pestilence. In 1854 he was sent to
Rome by the second provincial council of Quebec
to present its decrees for ratification to Pius IX.,
and he remained two years in the city, studying
canon law. In July, 1856, the degree of doctor
of canon law was conferred on him by the Roman
seminary. Soon afterward he returned to Quebec,
and became director of the Petit seminaire, which
post he held till 1859, when he was appointed
director of the Grande seminaire, and a member
of the council of public instruction for Lower
Canada. In 1860 he became superior of the semi-
nary and rector of Laval university, and in 1863
he accompanied Archbishop Baillargeon on a visit
to Rome, and, returning toward the end of the same
year, was appointed vicar-general of the diocese
of CJuebec. In 1865 he again went to Rome on
business connected with the university, in 1866 (his
term of oflRce as superior having expired) he was
again made director of the Grande seminaire, and
three years later he was re-elected superior. He
attended the ecumenical council at Rome in 1870.
and on the death of the archbishoj) of Quebec in
October of the .same year he became an adminis-
trator of the archdiocese conjointly with Vicar-
General Cazeau. In February, 1871, he was ap-
pointed archbishop of Quebec, and he was conse-
crated on 19 March by Archbishop Lynch, of
Toronto. Subsequently he visited Rome several
times on business of importance, and in 1886 he
became the first Canadian cardinal, the beretta
being conferred upon him with great ceremony on
21 July at Quebec. Immediately after his eleva-
tion Cardinal Taschereau issued a circular letter
forbidding the use of spirituous and fermented
liquors at bazaars, and also prohibiting the holding
of such sales on Sundav.
TASCHEREAU, Jean Thomas, Canadian ju-
rist, b. in Quebec. 12 Dec, 1814. He studied law,
was admitted as an advocate in 1836, appointed
professor of commercial law in Laval university in
1855, and was assistant judge of the superior court
of Quebec i*n 1850, 1855, and 1858. He became
queen's counsel in 1860, pnisne judge of the supe-
rior court of Quel>ec in 1865, and judge of the court
of queen's bench in 1873, and he was puisne judge of
the supreme court of Canatla in 1875-'8. — His son,
Henri Thomas, Canadian jurist, b. in Quebec, 6
Oct., 1841. was graduated in law in 1861, admitted
as an advocate in 1863, entered parliament in 1872,
and was appointed puisne judge of the supreme
court of Lower Canada in 1878. He edited " Les
debats" in 1862 and "La tribune" in 1863.—
Jean Thomas's cousin, Henri Elzear, Canadian
jurist, b. in St. Mary's, Beauce, Canada East, 7
Oct., 1836. He was educated at the Seminary of
Quebec, studied law, was admitted to the bar in
1867, and practised in the city of Quebec. He
represented Beauce in the Canadian assembly from
1861 till 1867, when he was defeated as a candi-
date for the Dominion parliament. He was ap-
pointed clerk of the peace for the district of Que-
bec in 1868, but soon resigned and became puisne
judge of the superior court of the province of Que-
oec, 12 Jan., 1871, and of the supreme court of the
Dominion in October, 1878, in succession to Jean
Thomas Taschereau. He is a cousin of Cardinal
Taschereau. He has published " The Criminal Law
for the Dominion of Canada, with Notes, Commen-
taries, Precedents of Indictments, etc." (2 vols.,
Montreal and Toronto, 1874-'8 ; 2d ed., enlarged,
Toronto, 1888) ; and " Code de procedure civile du
Bas Canada." with annotations (Quebec, 1876).
TASISTRO, Louis Fitzgerald, author, b. in
Ireland about 1808 ; d. about 1868. He received a
liberal education, travelled in various countries, and
while yet a young man came to the United States.
He edited a paper in New York city, and afterward
one in Boston, wrote for periodicals, and essayed
the dramatic profession, making his appearance as
Zanga, in " The Slave," at the Park theatre, New
York city, and afterward as Hamlet, at the Chest-
nut street theatre, Philadelphia, 31 Aug., 1831.
Subsequently he settled in Washington, D. C,
where ne was for several years translator for the
department of state. Afterward he engaged in
lecturing and literary work. He was the author of
" Travels in the Southern States : Random Shots
and Southern Breezes " (New York, 1842).
TASSE, Josentl, Canadian author, b. in Mon-
treal, 23 Oct., 1848. He was educated at Bourget's
college, and afterward connected himself with the
press. In 1867 he became editor of " Le Canada "
at Ottawa, and from 1869 till 1872 he was associate
editor of " La Minerve " in Montreal, and at the
same time a director of " Le revue Canadienne,"
to which he contributed essays on history. literature,
and political economy. He was afterward employed
as assistant French translator of the house of com-
mons, and in 1873 visited Europe, publishing a de-
tailed account of his travels. lie was elected presi-
dent of the French Canadian institute of Ottawa
in 1872 and 1873, was a delegate to the French
national convention at Montreal in 1874, and took
an active part in its deliberations regarding the
return of expatriated Canadians from the United
States. He declined to become a candidate for the
Canadian parliament in 1874, was elected to that
body for Ottawa in 1878, and was re-eiected in 1882.
He was chosen president of the Quebec press asso-
TASSEMACnER
TATNALL
37
ciation in 1883, and has b««en a frctjuent lecturer
befort^ national and literary societies in Canada and
the L'nite(i States. Amonjj other works he has
publishe<i the pamphlets " Philemon Wriffht, on
colonisation et commerce de lK)i8 " (Montreal. 1871);
"Ijo chemin do fer C'anadien Pacifi(jiie" (1872);
and "Ije vallee de rOiitAWuis" (1872); and, in
bfMik-form, " Les Canadiens de I'ouest " (2 vols.,
1878). The nur^KDrt of the last work is to demon-
strate that French Canadians have been chiefly
the pioneers and discoverers of the United States
and also the Canadian northwest. It has l)een
partly translatetl in the collections of the Histori-
cal society of Wisconsin.
TASS<^.MACHER, or TESSCHENMAEKER,
Peter, clergyman, b. in Holland about 1G50; d.
in Si'henectadv, N. Y., 8 Feb., 1(590. He wju» edu-
cated at the University of Utrecht, came to King-
ston, N. Y., in 1675, where he preached in both Eng-
lish and Dutch, and then spent two years in Dutch
Guiana. Ctov. Edmund Andros, on 30 Sept., 1G79,
authorized the Dutch clergymen to examine and
ortiain him for the church at New Amstel, Del.
The assembling of this body constituted the first
American classis or ecclesiastical gathering of the
Reformed church that wjis held on this continent,
as well as the first ordination of a domine. He
preached on Staten island in l()79-'82, and then lived
at Schenectady, N. Y., until 1(390, when he was slitin
in the massacre. Orders had been given to spare his
life and obtain his papers, but these the Indians dis-
regarded. His farm of eighty acres on Staten island
was claimed, 2 Nov., 1G92. for the poor fund.
T.\SS1N, Charles Stanislas (tas-sang), South
American artist, b. in Berbice, Guiana, in 1751 ;
d. in Paris in October, 1812. He studied with
Watteau, and became one of his best pupils. In
17T3 he exhibited a "Christ in the Craule," which
attracted much attention, and procured for the
artist a prize of $600 from Louis XV. Later he
prfwlucea " Venus and Cupid " (1777) ; several pas-
toral pictures ; " A Runaway Match " (1784) ; " Over
the Wall" (1786); "Peasants Dancing" (1788);
"Marchioness as Shepherdess" (1790), and other
pictures; and obtained the title of royal painter.
He also decorated several panels in the castles of
Trianon, Sceaux, and Luciennes, painted [)ortraits
of Madame du Barry, Duke de la Vauguyon, Ad-
miral d'Estaing, Bailly de Suffren, and Duchess
.lules and Countess Diane de Polignac. In 1791
he went to England and executed portraits of Will-
iam Pitt, Charles James Fox, and Edmund Burke,
and, having inherited a large estate in Guiana, re-
turned to his native land in 1795, remaining there
till the peace of Amiens, when he returned to Paris
in 1802. His later works include "Sunset in
Guiana " (1799) ; " Fish- Vender at Berbice " (1802) ;
" A Creole" (1803); and " Love Victorious" (1805).
TASTER A, Jacques de (tah-stav-rah), French
missionary, b. in Bayonne in 1480; d. in Mexico, 8
Aug., 1544. He served a few years in the army, but,
despite fair prospects of advancement, became a
Franciscan friar at Seville in 1508, and soon atUiined
to the highest ranks in the order. After preaching
with success at Seville he was appointed court chaj)-
lain of Ferdinand of Aragon, and later he became a
favorite with Charles V., who offered him a bishop-
ric ; but he declined, and in 1529 went to New Spain.
From Mexiqp he went to Champoton in Yucatan,
where he founded a convent, and for yejirs he
travelled alone in the country, acconumnied only
by one interpreter, evangelizing the Indians anil
preaching the gosjMjl with success. In 1533 he was
appointed prior of the Convent of Santo Evangelio
at Mexico, and; continuing to interest liimself in
the welfare of the Indians, summoned and presided
over councils of Franciscan missionaries at Michoa-
can and (iuatemala in 1535 and 1537, where nu>ans
for the protection of the con<jueretl nation were
devise<l, an emlm-ssy l)eing sent to the holy see to
obtain its ratification of the measures. In 1541 he
went to Milan and t(K>k part in the general cr>un-
cil of the Franciscian order in that city, an«l In'fore
returning to Mexico obtained from the ponlifTan
encyclical letter to the Spatiish officials, advising
them to show leniency toward the Indians. In
1542 he was appointed commissary-general of the
Franciscan friars in the New World, which post he
held until his death. He is the author of " Arte
de la lengua Mexicana" (Seville, 1555), and " Lit-
tera> annuae Mexicana'" (1571). The recent pub-
lication, " Cartas de India-s," prepared by the Span-
ish government from manusc-ripts in the stat«
archives, contains several letters of Tastera.
TATHAM, >Villiaiii, engineer, b. in Hutton,
England, in 1752; d. in Richmond. Va., 22 Feb.,
1819. He emigrated to this country in 1769, entered
a mercantile establishment on James river, Va.,
and served as adjutant of militia against the In-
dians. He studied the character and customs of
the retl men, and wrote biographical accounts of
AtakullakuUa, Oeonistoto, Cornstalk, and other
warriors. During the Revolutionary war he served
as a colonel in the Virginia cavalry under Gen.
Thomas Nelson, and was a volunteer in the party
that stormed the redoubt at Yorktown. In 1780,
with Col. John Todd, he compiled the first exact
and comprehensive account of the western country.
After the Revolution he studied law, was admitted
to the bar in 1784. removed to North Carolina, and
in 1786 founded the settlement of Luml>erton. He
was a meml>er of the North Carolina legislature in
1787. Tatham went back to England in 1796, and
in 1801 became superintendent of the London
docks, but returned to the United States in 1805,
and became poor in his old age. He was given the
office of military store-keeper in the Richmond
arsenal in 1817, and while there committed suicide
by throwing himself before a cannon at the moment
of discharge. His publications include " Memorial
on thp Civil and Military Government of the Ten-
nessee Colony " ; " An Analysis of the State of
Virginia" (Philatlclphia, 1790-'l): "Two Tracts
relating to the Canal l>etween Norfolk and North
Carolina"; "Plan for Insulating the Metropolis
by Means of a Navigable Canal" (London. 1797);
"Remarks on Inland Canals" (1798); "Polit-
ical .Economy of Inland Navigation. Irrigation,
and Drainage" (1799); "Communications on the
Agriculture and Commerce of the United States "
(1800); "Historical and Practical Essay on the
Culture and Commerce of Tobacco" (1800); "Na-
tional Irrigation" (1801); "Oxen for Tillage"
(1801) ; and two reports " On the Navigation of the
Thames" (1803).
TATNALL, Henry Lea, artist, b. in Brandy-
wine Village, Del.. 31 Dec., 1829; d. in Wilmington,
Del., 26 Sept.. 1885. After lieing educated at the
Friends' Westtown boarding-school, Chester co..
Pa., he entered the flour-mills of Tatnall and Lea
as a clerk, but afterward turned his attention to
agriculture. In 1856 he removed to Wilmington
and began the lumber business, and at the same
time cultivated his musical and artistic talent,
which showed itself in early life. He could play
on almost every instrument, and composed and
set to music many popular songs. His friends
induced him to fit up a studio over his count-
ing-house, where the intervals of business were
devoted to the study and practice of marine and
88
TATTNALL
TATTNALL
landscape painting. His success was rapid and
extmordinary, una in a few years his orders were
so numerous that he turned the lumber business
over to his sons, opened a larger studio, and de-
voted the remainder of his life to his adopted pro-
fession. He was called the father of Wilmington
art. and on the formation of the Delaware artists'
association he was elected its president.
TATTNALL, Josiah, statesman, b. in Bonaven-
ture, near Savannah, Ga., in 1762; d. in Njissau,
New Providence, 0 June, 1803. Upon the revolt of
the American colonies he and his brother were
obliged to go to England with their father and
grandfather, who remained loyal to the British
crown but refused service in the army to coerce the
colonies. The family estates in Georgia were con-
fiscated by the Americans because of their absence
in England. In 1780 Josiah ran away from his
parents in England and returned to this country,
where he joined Gen. Nathanael Greene's army and
served against the British imlil the close of the
war. In recognition of this service the state of
Georgia restored a part of the confiscated estates
to him. He was the third captain of the Chatham
artillery, colonel of the 1st Georgia regiment, and
brigadier-general commanding the 1st division of
the Georgia state militia. He was a member of
the Georgia legislature, a U. S. senator in 1796-'9,
and governor of Georgia in 1800. He served in
the general assembly at Louisville in 1796, when
the Yazoo act of 1795 was rescinded. His remains
were brought from Nassau and are buried at Bona-
venture, which estate has been converted into a
cemetery. — His son, Josiah, naval officer, b. in
Bonaveriture, near Savannah, Ga., 9 Nov., 1795 ; d.
in Savannah, Ga., 14 June, 1871, was educated in
England under
the supervision
of his grandfa-
ther in 1805-
'11. He returned
to the United
States in 1811
and entered the
navy as a mid-
shipman, 1 Jan..
1812. He served
in the war of
1812 in the sea-
men's battery on
Craney island,
and with a force
of navy - yard
workmen in the
ing the Algerine
war he participated in the engagements of De-
catur's squadron. He returned to the United
States in September, 1817, was promoted to lieu-
tenant, 1 April, 1818, and served in the frigate
" Macedonian,*' on the Pacific station, in 1818-'21.
In 1823-'4 he served in the schooner "Jackal," one
of Porter's " Moscjuito fleet," in the suppression of
piracy in the West Indies. In October, 1828, he
was appointed 1st lieutenant of the sloop " Erie,"
in the West Indies, where he cut out the Spanish
cruiser '* Federal," which had confiscated American
property at sea during the wars of the Spanish-
American republics for independence. In August,
1829, he took charge of the surveys of the Tortugas
reefs off the coast of Florida, which surveys proved
to be of great value for the location of fortifications
at Dry Tortugas. In March, 1831, he took com-
mand of the schooner "Grampus" in the West
\'^^''3i^'f^
Indies, and in August, 1832, he -captured the Mexi-
can war-schooner " Montezuma " for illegal acts
against an American vessel. His services with the
" Grampus " in protecting American commerce
elicited letters of thanks from the merchants and
insurance companies at Vera Cruz and New Orleans,
from whom he also received a service of silver. In
December, 1832, he was relieved of his command
at his own request, and he subsequently served on
duty in making experiments in ordnance and in
the conduct of the coast tidal survey. In Novem-
ber, 1835, in command of the bark " Pioneer," he
took Gen. Santa- Anna to Mexico after he had been
captured in a battle with the Texans and surren-
dered to the United States. Upon their arrival at
Vera Cruz, Tattnall personally prevented an attack
on Santa-Anna by an excited mob of his opponents.
He was promoted to commander, 25 Feb., 1838. and
placed in charge of the Boston navy-yard. While
on his way to the African station in the " Saratoga "
in 1843 he encountered a hurricane off Cape Ann,
Mass., and won a brilliant professional reputation
by the skill he displayed in cutting away the masts
and anchoring when almost on tne rocks off the
cape. When war was declared with Mexico he
was assigned to command the steamer " Spitfire,"
joined the squadron at Vera Cruz, and was given
command of the Mosquito division. With this he
covered the landing of Gen. Winfield Scott's army,
and assisted in the bombardment of the city. After
the fall of Vera Cruz he led in the attack on the
forts at Tuspan and was severely wounded in the
arm by grape-shot. The legislature of Georgia
gave him a vote of thanks and a sword. He was
promoted to captain, 5 Feb., 1850, and in command
of the steamer " Saranac " contributed much to
preserve peace between the United States and Spain
during the Cuban insurrection. On 15 Oct., 1857,
he was appointed flag-officer of the Asiatic station.
He found China at war with the allied English and
French fleets, and went to the scene of operations
at Pei-ho. Shortly before an engagement his flag-
ship grounded and was towed off by the English
boats. This service was taken as an excuse for
subseouent active participation in the attack on
the Cninese. In explanation of his violation of
neutrality, Tattnall exclaimed that "blood was
thicker than water." He was sustained in his course
by public opinion at the time and also by the gov-
ernment. On 20 Feb., 1861, he resigned his com-
mission as captain in the navy, and offered his
services to the governor of Georgia. He was com-
missioned senior flag-officer of the Georgia navy, 38
Feb., 1861, and in March, 1861, he became a captain
in the Confederate navy, and was ordered to com-
mand the naval defences of Georgia and South
Carolina. On 7 Nov., 1861, he led an improvised
naval force against the attack on Port Royal. He
conducted attacks on the blockading fleet at the
mouth of the Savannah, constructed batteries for
the defence of that river, and materially delayed
the operations of the National forces. In March,
1862, ne was ordered to relieve Franklin Buchanan,
who was wounded in the engagement with the
" Monitor," and took command of the " Merrimac "
and the naval defences of the waters of Virginia.
He set out for Hampton Roads on 11 April, 1862,
accompanied by the gun-boats, which cut out three
merchant vessels, but the "iSIerrimac" did not
venture to lose communication with Norfolk.
When the Confederates were forced to abandon the
peninsula, Norfolk and the navy-yard were also
surrendered, and on 11 May, 1862, Tattnall de-
stroyed the " Merrimac " off Craney island in order
to prevent her capture. He was then ordered to
TAUSTE
TAYLOR
rosTiine comrnaiul of the iiavHl defences of (Georgia.
At his recjuest a court of in(|uiry was onlered to
invest iffate the ilest ruction of the *' Merriruac," and
he wjis censured for destroying the vessel without
attacking the enemy's fleet, and for not taking her
to I log island to defend the James river, lie then
demanded a regular court-martial, which met at
Kiciimond, 5 July, 1802, and. after a thorough in-
vestigation, honorably accjuitted him. He was
indefatigahlo in his efforts to defend Savannah
river, but in January, 18(»5, he wa.s obliged to de-
stroy all the vessels he had collected. He then went
to Augusta, where he was included in the parole of
the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army.
He remained there until 12 June. 180(5, when he
took his family to NovaScotia, after first obtaining
permission from the war department to leave the
country. He resided near Halifax, but his pecun-
iary resourc^es became nearly exhausted, and in
1870 he returned to his home in quest of employ-
ment. On 5 Jan., 1870, the mayor and city council
ap|)ointed him ins|>ector of the port of Savannah.
He held this office, which had been created for
him, for seventeen months, when it was abolished
by his death. See "The Life of Commodore Tatt-
nall," by Charles C. Jones, assisted by J. R. F.
Tattnall, the commodore's son (Savannah, 1878).
TAl'STE, Francisco (tah-oo -stay), Spanish
missionary, b. in Tauste, Aragon, about 1030 ; d.
in Venezuela toward the end of the 17th century.
He entered the Capuciiin ordef in Spain, and was
sent as a missionary to the coast of Cumana, where
he soon became proficient in the Indian languages
of that province, and evangelized numerous tribes.
He wrote "Arte y Diccionario de la Lengua de
Cumand" (Madrid, 1680), and, according to Juan
de San Antonio, in his " Biblioteca Franciscana,"
left in manuscript " Doctrina Cristiana para in-
struccion de los Indios Chaimas, Cumanagotas,
Cores V Parias, en sus respectivos Idiomas."
TAVARES-BASTOS, Aiireliano Candido
(tah-vah'-rays), Brazilian lawyer, b. in Fernambuco
in 1840 ; d. in Nice, France, 3 Dec, 1875. After
finishing his studies he was admitted to the baf of
his native city, and soon attained prominence as
an able and eloquent orator. He was counsel for
several political prisoners, advocated religious free-
dom with great vehemence, and participated in the
movement that led to the abolition of slavery
throughout the empire. He was a member of the
Brazilian parliament in 1872, but his health failing
he went to Nice, where he died. His works in-
clude " Cartas de um solitario " (Rio Janeiro, 1865) ;
" O valle do rio Amazonas " (1869) ; " Estudos sobre
algumas reforma9<Tes legislativas " (1870): and sev-
eral political pamphlets.
TA VERNIER, Jacques (tah-vair-ne-ay), called
Le Lvonxais, French buccaneer, b. in Lyons,
France, about 1625; d. in Havana, Cuba, in 1073.
He early followed the sea, served on privateers in
the (Julf of Mexico, and later joined the buccaneers
in Tortugas. He to<ik nart m most of the expe-
ditions under the leadersnip of Ijaurent van Graaf,
Grandmount, Jacques Nau, Pierre le Picard, Henry
Morgan, and other famous chiefs, but never com-
manded a strong following, as he was unable to
read and write. After 1664, however, he was the
owner of the shin " Ija Perle," carrying twelve can-
nons, and he mme some daring inroads on the coasts
of Venezuela, Panama, Cuba, and even Mexico. He
assisted at the capture of Maracail)o in 1660, and
of Porto Cabello in 1()67, was with Morgan at
Panama in 1671. and later ravaged with Bradley
the Bay of Honduras. On returning from the last
expedition he fell in with two Spanish men-of-war;
j a des|)erate battle ensued, and one of the S|ianish
ships t<K)k fire and was obliged to hend for the
coast. Tavernier and his buccaneers ijourded tlie
other ve.ss<!l anil had nearly canture«l it, when a
I sudden storm {Mirted the cab'les tnat lashe<i the two
I vessels together. The buccaneers retn-ate<l in great
I haste to their ship, but a few, including the chief,
were unable to regain it, as the two vessels parted.
The fight continued, nevertheless, for some time on
board the .Spanish vessel, but Tavernier Ix'ing
severely wounded, the buccaneers, deprivtnl of their
chief, lost courage and were finally overcome.
Tavernier was brought nearly dying to Havana,
where he was immediately executed before the
palace of the audiencia.
TAYLOR, Alexander Smith, ethnologist, b. in
Charleston, S. (;., 10 April, 1817 ; d. near Santa Bar-
bara, Cal., 27 July, 1876. He received a limited
education, left Charleston in 18JJ7, travelled for
several years in the West Indies and in India and
China, went to California from Hong Kong in 1848,
and lived at Monterey till 1860, where he was clerk
of the U. S. district court in 1853, and afterward
on a ranch near Santa Barbara. He has written for
magazines and newspapers articles on the Indian
races, the history of California, and natural history.
He published a translation of the diarv of Juan
Rodriguez Cabrillo. under the title of " 'I'he First
Voyage to the Coast of California "(San Francisco,
1853) ; a " History of Grasshoppers and Locusts of
America" in the "Report" of the Smithsonian
institution for 1858; "The Indianology of Cali-
fornia" in the "California Farmer'^ (1800-'4);
and " Bibliographia Californica " in the Sacramento
" Union " (l§63-'6).
TAYLOR, Alfred, naval oflicer, b. in Fairfax
county, Va., 23 May, 1810. He entered the navy
as a niidshipman, 1 Nov., 1826, became a passed
midshipman, 4 June. 1831, and was commissioned a
lieutenant, 9 Feb., 1837. During the Mexican war
he was attached to the frigate " Cumberland " in
the blockade of Vera Cruz and in some of the
operations on the coast. He served at the Wash-
ington navy-vard in 1848-'51, and in the steamer
" Mississippi '' with Perry's expedition to Japan in
1853-'5/ was commissioned commander. 14 Sept.,
1855, and commanded the sloop " Saratoga "on the
coast of Africa when the civil war o{)ened in 1861.
He was commissioned captain. 16 July, 1802, and
was attached to the navy-yard at Boston in 1802-'5.
He commanded the flag-ship "Susquelianna" on
the Brazil station in 1866, and was promoted to
commotlore, 27 Sent., 1866. He was then on wait-
ing orders until February, 1809, when he was ap-
pointed light-house inspector. He was promoted
to rear-admiral, 29 Jan., 1872, and was retired by
operation of law, 23 May, 1872. He has been a resi-
dent of New York citv since his retirement.
TAYLOR, Alfred', clergyman, b. in Philadel-
phia, Pa., in 1831. He was pastor of Presbyterian
churches at Bristol and Wilhamsport, Pa. He has
exerted himself for the improvenient of Sunday-
school teaching, and in 1870-'l conducted a weekly
calle<i the "Sunday-School Workman." His pub-
lications include "Union Praver-Meeting Hvmn-
Book " (Philatlelphia, 1858) ; " Sunday-School 'Pho-
tographs" (Boston and Edinburgh, 1804); "Extra
Hymn-Book" (Philatlelphia, 1864); and "Hints
al>out Sunday-School Work " (1869).
TAYLOR, Archibald Alexander Edward,
educator, b. in Springfield. Ohio. 27 Aug., 1834.
He was graduated at Princeton in 1854, and at the
theological seminary there in 1857. He was pastor
of a Presbyterian church at Portland, Kv., in
1857-9, then at Dubuque, Iowa, till 1865, for the
40
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
next four years at Georgetown, D, C, and at Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, from 1869 till 1873. In 1870-'2 he
was co-editor of " Our Monthly," published in Cin-
cinnati. From 1873 till 1883 he was president of
Wooster university, Ohio. He continued to be con-
nected with the institution as professor of loeic
and political economy and dean of the post-gradu-
ate uepartment for Ave years longer, editing in
1886-'8 " The Post-Graduate," a quarterly journal
of philosophy. He then became editor of " The
Mi(i-Contin«Mit," the organ of the Presbyterian
church in the southwest, published in St. Louis,
Mo. He received the degree of D. D. from Wooster
in 1872. and that of LL. D. when he retired from
the presidency in 1883.
TAYLOR, Bayard, author, b, in Kennett
Square, Chester co.. Pa., 11 Jan.. 1825; d. in Ber-
lin, Germany. 19 Dec, 1878. He was the son of
Joseph and Rebecca (Way) Taylor, and was of
Quaker and South German descent. His first
American ancestor, Robert Tavlor, was a rich
(Quaker, who came
over with Penn in
1681, and whose
eldest son inherit-
ed land that now
includes " Cedar-
croft," the poet's
recent estate. His
grandfather mar-
ried a Lutheran
of pure German
blood, and was ex-
communicated by
the Quakers. The
poet's mother, al-
though a Luther-
an, was attached
. ^ to the Quaker doc-
manners prevailed
Ml her household. Bayard was named after James
A. Bayard, of Delaware, and his first book bore on
its title-page, through a mistake of Griswold, its
editor, the name of "James Bayard Taylor." After
reaching his majority he always signed his name
Bayard Taylor. His boyhood was passed near Ken-
nett on a farm. He learned to read at four, began
to write early, and from his twelfth year wrote
"poems, novels, historical essays, but chiefly po-
ems." At the age of fourteen he studied Latin and
French, and Spanish not long afterward. In 1837
the family removed to West Chester. There, and at
Union ville, the youth had five years of high-school
training. His fii-st printed poem was contributed in
1841 to the " Saturday Evening Post," Philadelphia.
In 1842 he was apprenticed to a printer of West
Chester. His contributions to the "Post" led to
a friendship with Rufus W. Griswold, who was
then connected with that paper and was also edi-
tor'of "Graham's Magazine." Griswold advised
him concerning the publication of " Ximena, and
other Poems " (Philadelphia. 1844), which was dedi-
cated to his adviser and sold by subscription. By
this time he found a trade distasteful, a^id, to
gratify his desire for travel and study in Europe,
he bought his time of his employer. The " Post "
and the " United States Gazette " each agreed to
[)ay him fifty dollars in advance for twelve foreign
otters. Graham bought some of his poems, and
with one hundred and forty dollars thus collected
he sailed for Liverpool, 1 July, 1844. Horace Gree-
ley ^ve him a conditional order for letters to the
" Tribune," of which he afterward wrote eighteen
from Germany. His experiences abroad are well
condensed in his own language: "After landing
in Liverpool, I spent three weeks in a walk through
Scotland and the north of England, and then trav-
elled through Belgium and up the Rhine to Heidel-
berg, where I arrived in September, 1844. The
winter of 1844-'5 1 spent in Frankfort-on-the-Main,
and by May I was so good a German that I was
often not suspected of being a foreigner. I started
off again on foot, a knapsack on my back, and vis-
ited the Brocken. Leipsic, Dresden, Prague. Vien-
na, Salzburg, and Munich, returning to Frankfort
in July. A further walk over the Alps and through
northern Italy took me to Florence, where I spent
four months learning Italian. Thence I wandered,
still on foot, to Rome and Civita Vecchia, where I
bought a ticket as deck-passenger to Marseilles, and
then tramped on to Paris through the cold winter
rains. I arrived there in February, 1846, and re-
turned to America after a stay of three months in
Paris and London. 1 had been abroad for two
years, and hatl supported myself entirely during
the whole time by my literary correspondence.
The remuneration which I received was in all five
hundred dollars, and only by continual economy
and occasional self-denial was I able to carry out
my plan." H is letters were widely read, and shortly
after his return were collected in "Views Afoot, or
Europe seen with Knapsack and Staff" (New York,
1846), Six editions were sold within the year. In
December, 1846, Taylor bought, with a friend as
Kartner, a printing-office in his native county, and
egan to publish the Phoenixville " Pioneer.' But
after a year he sold his newspaper and obtained a
place on the New York " Tribune " in the literary
department and as man-of-all-work. In Decem-
ber, 1848, he published " Rhymes of Travel, Bal-
latls, and Poems," which gave him repute as a
poet. In 1849-50 he was sent by the " Tribune "
to California to report on the gold discoveries,
and his letters were collected in " Eldorado, or
Adventures in the Path of Empire" (1850). The
same year he delivered the ♦ B K poem at Har-
vard. ' On 24 Oct., 1850, Taylor married, at Ken-
nett, Mary Agnew, a Quaker girl of exquisite char-
acter, to whom he had long been betrothed, but
who was now in an incurable decline, and she died
within two months. He obtained an interest in
the " Tribune," and also issued " A Book of Ro-
mances, Lyrics, and Songs " (1851). In the autumn
he again visited Europe as a correspondent, went
to Egypt, and thence to Syria, Palestine, and Asia
Minor, and reached London in October, 1852. His
instructions next led him to join Com. Perry's ex-
pedition to Japan. Travelling through Spain, he
proceeded to Bombay via Cairo and Suez, jour-
neyed through India to Delhi and Calcutta, thence
to the Himalayas and back, and finally voyaged to
Hong Kong, China, which he reached in March,
1853, joining Perry's flag-ship in May, and obtain-
ing the nominal appointment of master's mate.
He remained with the expedition until September,
sharing its visit to Japan, and transmitting graphic
accounts thereof to the " Tribune," besides furnish-
ing valuable notes to Perry for the latter's report
to the U. S. government. After his return home
he was in demand as a lecturer, and made lecturing
a vocation throughout much of his after career. In
1854 he published "A Journey to Central Africa"
and " The Land of the Saracen." " A Visit to In-
dia, China, and Japan" appeared in 1855. In 1864
he also brought out his " Poems of the Orient,"
perhaps his freshest, most glowing and character-
istic book of verse. The next year oi* two were oc-
cupied with lecturing, travelling in this country.
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
41
and authorship. " Poems of Home and Travel," a
collwtive edition of his verse, and a revised edition
of "Views Af(K)t," came out in IHT),*). Ilis income
jjrew Inr^e from copvrijfhts, let-t are- fees, and the
"Trit»une" stock. Ue edite<l a •' CyclopaHiia of
Mo«l.«rn Travel " (New York, ISTM). In July, 1855,
he revisite<l Germany, and then made a journey to
Norway and Lapland. His letters to the "Irib-
une" coni|K)se(l the volume "Northern Travel"
(la'iH). lie nuirried in Octol)er, 1H57, Marie Itan-
hen. «)f Gotha, and spent the winter of 1857-'8 in
Greece. In Octolwr, 1858, they returne<l to Ken-
net t Siuare, bringing with them a daughter, Lilian
Hayanl, who now resides at Halle with her hus-
\miu\. Dr. Kiliani. Taylor laid the corner-stone
of his country- home, " Cedarcrof t," upon a gener-
ous tract of
land which he
hml purchased
near Kennett
S(|unre. In
1801 the house
was completed
and became
his residence.
It is represent-
ed in the ac-
companyingil-
lustration. At
the beginning
of thecivil war
he spoke and
wrote for the
National cause, and in May, 1802, he was appoint-
ed secretary of legation. Gen. Simon Cameron be-
ing minister, at St. Petersburg. When left for
a time in sole charge, he was influential, as the
flies of the state department show, in determining
Russia to extend her sympathy and active friend-
ship to the U. S. government. Resigning his
office in 1863, he visited Gotha. where he obtained
unusual facilities for his study of the life and
writings of Goethe. After the loss of a brother,
Col. Frederic Taylor, at Gettysburg, he went home
in the autumn of 1863 and resumed his professional
lalx)r8. In 1867 the Taylors revisited Switzerland
and Italy, and the poet was brought near to death
by an attack of Roman fever. He made a trip to
Corsica in 1808. Two yeai-s were now devot«d to
his translation of "Faust," which was published
in the United States, England, and Germany. In
1870 he delivered a course of lectures, as professor
of German literature, at Cornell university. He
went again to Weimar in search of materials for
biographies of Goethe and Schiller, and in Febru-
ary, 1874, revisited Italy and Kgypt. Midsummer
found him at the Millennial celebration of Iceland,
which he described for the "Tribune," and reached
home in the autumn. In 1870 he once more occu-
pied a desk in the "Tribune" office. On 4 July,
1876, he delivered the stately National ode at tHe
Centennial celebration in Philadelphia. In 1877
his health failed, and after a partial recuperation
he was nominated by President Hayes as minister
to Berlin. His confirmation was followed by a
notal)le series of [wpular testimonials, culminating
with a banquet in New York, at which the poet
Bryant presided, 4 April, 1878. He entered upon
ilis official duties in May. His books of travel, sul>
sequent to those heretofore named, were " Trav-
els in Greece and Rome" (New York, 1859); "At
Home and Abroad "(2 vols., 1859-'62); "Colorado:
a Summer Trip" (1867) ; " Byways of Europe"
(1869); "TravelE in Arabia" (1872); and "Egypt
and Iceland" (1874). Among his miscellaneous
works are a " Masque," for the golden wedding of
his parents (printwl privately, 1868); a "School
Historv of Germany to 1871 '' (1874); "The Boys
of other Countries "" (1876) ; and " The Echo Club "
(1876). The last-named is a \xx>k of talk unon
modern poets, with burlesque imitations of tneir
verse, for which siiarkling by-play Taylor had a
native readiness. He also editeu, with George Ki|>-
ley, a "Handbook of Literature and -Fine Arts"
(1JS52), and, alone, the " Illustrated Library of Trav-
el" (8 vols., 1871-'4), l)e8ides various translations.
He began with much zest, in 1863, his (career as a
novelist, laying his plots and sceni>s in his own coun-
try. " Hannah Thurston " (1863), whose heroine is
a l*ennsylvania (Quakeress, was followed by "John
Qodfrey^'s Fortunes" (1864): "The Story 'of Ken-
nett " (1866) ; " Joseph and his J'riend " (1870) ; and
" Beauty and the Beast, and Tales of Home " (1872).
" The Story of Kennett " is the most complete as a
work of art. But it was as a poet that Taylor
exerted all his powers and hoi>ed to be remem-
bered, and some of his verse reflects his highest
creative mood. His later bcxjks of poetry comprise
"The Poet's Journal" (Boston, 1862);'" Poems"
(1865); "The Picture of St. John," a romantic art-
poem (1869) ; " Ballad of Abraham Lincoln " (1869);
" The Mastjue of the Gods " (1872) ; " Lars : a Pas-
toral of Norway " (1873) ; " The Prophet : a Trage-
dy "(1874); "l'lome-Pastorals"(1875); "The Na-
tional Ode" (1876); and "Prince Deukalion: a
Lyrical Drama" (1878). His poetry is striking for
qualities that appeal to the ear and eye, finished,
sonorous in diction and rhythm, at times' too rhetori-
cal, but rich in sound, color, and metrical eflfeets.
His early mo<lels were Byron and Shelley, and
his more ambitious lyrics and dramas exhibit the
latter's peculiar, often vague, spirituality. " Lars,"
somewhat after the manner of Tennyson^ is his long-
est and most attractive narrative poem. " Prince
Deukalion" was designed for a masterpiece; its
blank verse and choric interludes are noble in spirit
and mould. Some of Taylor's songs, oriental idyls,
and the true and tender Pennsylvanian ballads,
have passed into lasting favor, and show the native
quality of his poetic gift. His fame rests securely
upon his unequalled rendering of " Faust " in the
original metres, of which the first and second parts
appeared in 1870 and 1871. His commentary ujion
Part II. for the first time interpreted the motive
and allegory of that unique structure. During his
one summer in Germany he was able only to revise
the proofs of " Prince Deukalion " and to write an
" Epicedium " on the death of Bryant. Tributes
were paid to his memory at Berlin, Berthold Auer-
bach pronouncing an eloquent address. His re-
mains, on arriving at New York, were honored
with a solemn reception by the German societies
and an oration by Algernon S. Sullivan. The body
lay in state at the city-hall, was then removed to
Kennett, and there interred, 15 March, 1879. Post-
humous collections of Taylor's miscellanies, " Stud-
ies in German Literature" (1879), and " ?]ssays and
Notes " (1880), were edited by George H. Boker and
Mrs. Taylor. In person he was of a handsome
and commanding figure, with an oriental yet frank
countenance, a rich voice, and engaging smile and
manner. — His wife. Marie Hansen, b. in (iotha,
Germany, 2 June, 1829, is the daughter of the late
Prof. Peter A. Hansen, founder of the Erfurt ol)-
servatory. She zealously promoted her husband's
literary career, and translated into German his
"Greece" (Leipsic, 1858); "Hannah Thurston"
(Hamburg, 1863); "Story of Kennett" (Gotha,
1868); "Tales of Home "'(Berlin. 1879); "Studies
in German Literature" (Ijeipsic, 1880): and notes
42
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
to " Faust," both parts (Leipsic, 1881). After her
husband's death she edited, with notes, his " Dra-
matic Works" (1880), and in the same year his
'• Poems " in a " Household Edition," and brought
together his " Critical Essays and Literary Notes."
In 1885 she prepared a school edition of " Lars,"
with notes and a sketch of its author's life. After
six years' labor in collecting and arranging the
poet s extensive private correspondence, she com-
Eleted, with Horace E. Scudder, the "Life and
letters of Bayard Taylor " (3 vols., Boston, 1884).
TAYLOR, Beiijaiuin Cook, clergyman, b. in
Philadelphia. Pa., 24 Feb., 1801 ; d. in Bergen, N. J.,
2 Feb., 1881. He was graduated at Princeton in 1819
and at the New Brunswick theological seminary
in 1822, held various pastorates between 1825 and
1828, and from the latter year till the time of his
death was [)astor of the Reformed church at Ber-
gen, the 200th anniversary of which he commemo-
rated in a sermon in 1861. Besides this and other
discourses, he published " Annals of the Classis
and Township of Bergen " (1856). He received the
degree of D. D. from Hobart in 1843. — His brother,
Isaac Ebenezer, phvsician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa.,
25 April. 1812, was educated at Rutgers, and gradu-
ated at the medical department of the University
of Pennsylvania in 1834. He was engaged in mer-
cantile business in New York city from 1835 till
1839, then began practice, travelled and studied in
Europe in 1840-'l, and after his return had charge
for seven years, as attending physician, of cases of
diseases of women in the Eastern, City. Northern,
and Demilt dispensaries, in which he introduced a
system of clinical instruction in his department.
In 1851 he was elected physician to Bellevue hos-
pital. In 1860 he suggested the establishment of
a medical college in connection with the hospital,
and in the following year Bellevue hospital medical
college was incorporated and went into operation,
with Dr. Taylor as its president and treasurer. In
1863, at his suggestion, an out-door department
was organized in connection with the hospital. He
resigned his professorship of obstetrics in 1867,
but was elected emeritus professor, and continued
in the presidency of the faculty. He was presi-
dent of the medical board of Bellevue hospital
from 1868 till 1876, when he ceased his labors as
attending obstetrical physician. From 1860 till
1874 he was attending physician to Charity hospi-
tal, and for the first two years was president of its
medical board. As consulting physician, he is still
connected with both hospitals, bince 1876 he has
been obstetrical physician to the Maternity hospi-
tal. He is vice-president of the American gyne-
cological society. He was one of the originators
of the " New York Medical Journal " and president
of its association in 1869-'70. As early as 1839
Dr. Taylor suggested the hypodermic method of
treatment by morphia and strychnia. He was the
earliest American physician to use the speculum
in diseases of women, publishing a paper on the
subject in 1841. He was also the first to intro-
duce the subject of uterine auscultation, and in
1843 edited Dr. Evory Kennedy's work on that
diagnostic method. He has published original
monographs on the symptoms and treatment of
Addison's disease, the inhalation of chloroform
as a remedy for regurgitation of the stomach,
the non-shortening of the cervix uteri during
gestation, the nature of placenta previa, the seat
of disease in procidentia uteri, the mechanism of
spontaneous inversion of the uterus, and on con-
tracted and faulty pelves, and various other sub-
jects connected witn midwifery. — A son of Ben-
jamin C, William James Romeyn, clergyman.
b. in Schodack, Rensselaer co., N. Y., 31 July, 1828,
was graduated at Rutgers in 1841, and at the
theological seminary at New Brunswick in 1844,
and licensed by the classis of Bergen in the latter
year. He was pastor of the Reformed church at
New Durham, N. J., in 1844-'6, then in Jersey City
for three years, in Schenectady, N. Y., for about
the same length of time, then of another church
in Jersey City in 1852-4, and after that of the 3d
Reformed church of Philadelphia till 1862, when
he became corresponding secretary of the American
Bible society. He resumed the active work of the
ministry in 1869, and from thatyear has had charge
of a church in Newark, N. J. He presided over the
general synod in 1871. From 1872 till 1876 he
edited the " Christian Intelligencer," and attended
the Presbyterian councils held in Philadelphia,
Belfast, and London. The degree of D. D. was con-
ferred on him by Rutgers in 1860. Dr. Taylor has
written much for the religious press and publislied
hymns, addresses, sermons, and tracts. He is the
author of " Louisa, a Pastor's Memorial " (Phila-
delphia, 1860) ; " The Bible in the Last Hundred
Years " (1876) : " Church Extension in Large
Cities " (1880) ; and " On Co-operation in Foreign
Missions " (1884).
TAYLOR, Bushrod Bust, naval officer, b. in
Madison, Ind., 31 March, 1832 ; d. in Washington,
D. C, 22 April, 1883. He entered the navy as an
acting midshipman, 3 April, 1849, and was gradu-
ated at the naval academy. 12 June, 1855. He was
promoted to master on 16 Sept., lieutenant, 31 July,
1856, and served in the Paraguay expedition of
1859. He went to the naval academy as an in-
structor in October, 1860, and assisted in the re-
moval of the academy from Annapolis to Newport.
From May to August, 1861, he served in the flag-
ship "Colorado," in the Gulf squadron, on the
blockade. He was in the supply and despatch
steamer " Connecticut " in 1861-'2, and was execu-
tive of the steamer " Ciramerone " in James river and
the South Atlantic blockade in 1862-'3. He was
promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862,
served in the steamer " Ticonderoga," flag-ship of
the W^est India squadron, in 1863, and commanded
the steamer " Kanawha," in the Western Gulf squad-
ron, until 28 Sept.. 1865. He next served at the
Philadelphia navy-yard in 1865-'6, and at the naval
academy as an instructor in 1866-'9. He was com-
missioned commander, 14 March, 1868, and had the
steamer " Idaho," of the Asiatic squadron, in 1869.
In this vessel he encountered the centre of a terrible
typhoon, in which she was completely dismantled
and became almost a total wreck. This was one of
the worst storms, that was ever survived by any
ship. He next commanded the " Ashuelot " on the
same station, until January, 1872, served at the
Philadelphia navy-yard in 1872, and in the bureau
of yards and docks at Washington in 1872-'4. He
commanded the steamer " Wachusett " during the
threatened war with Spain in 1874, was a member
of the board of inspection in 1876, and at the Bos-
ton navy-yard in 1876-'9. He was commissioned
captain, 27 Oct., 1869, and had special duty at Wash-
ington in 1880.
TAYLOR, Christopher, Quaker preacher, b.
near Skipton, Yorkshire, England, about 1620; d.
in Philadelphia, Pa., in April. 1686. He was a
Puritan minister until he was converted to Quaker
doctrines by the teachings of George Fox. He was
a man of learning, and expounded his belief in dif-
ferent parts of England while pursuing the voca-
tion of a teacher of the classics. After suffering
f)ersecution and imprisonment for hte convictions
le left his school at Edmonton, Middlesex, and
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
48
einijfratwl to Pennsylvania. He settletl in Bucks
cxjunty, which he represented in the first asstMnbly
of the province, ana after the arrival of William
Penn he became a member of the council, and con-
tinuetl a councillor till the time of his death. He
also held the offlce of registrar-general, removing
to Phila<lel|)hia from Chester county, where ho had
for 9<jme time resided and held a commission as
justice of the peace. Ho published " Compendium
trium liiijjuiirum " (1679).
TAYLOR, Edward, clergyman, b. in England
in 1(M2; d. in Westfield, Mass., 29 June, 1729.
He began his education in England with the in-
tention of following the ministry, left that country
on account of measures that were taken against
non-conformists, and on his arrival in Massachu-
setts in 10«J8 entered Harvard, where he was
graduated in 1071. He was invited to become
minister to the people of Westfield, and arrived
there on >i Dec., 1671, but, owing to the insecu-
rity of that frontier >settlement and the small
numlier of its inhabitants, the church was not or-
ganized till 27 Aug., 1679. He performed the
duties of minister there, and for much of the time
those of physician also, until his death. He left
several manuscript volumes, including a "Com-
mentary on the Four Gospels," " Christographia,
or a Discourse on the Virtues and Character of
Christ." and {merns in English and in Latin.
TAYLOR, Edward Thompson, missionarry, b.
in Richmond, V'a., 25 Dec, 1793; d. in Boston,
Mass., 6 April, 1871. He was left an orphan in
infancy, talcen away by a sea-captain when seven
years old, and trained as a sailor, in which call-
ing he passed his early life. In 1819 he became
a minister of the Metho<list Episcopal church.
About 1830 he Iwcame a Bethel missionary in Bos-
ton. He served as chaplain on the frigate " Mace-
donian," which took supplies to the famishing
Irish in 1827, and delivered addresses in Cork and
Glasgow. " Father Taylor," as he was called,
mingled nautical terms and figures in his dis-
courses, and by his wit, pathos, and imagination
controlled the moods and wrought upon the feel-
ings of his hearers in a remarkable degree.
TAYLOR, George, signer of the Declaration of
Independence, b. in Ireland in 1716; d. in Easton,
Pa., 33 Feb.. 1781. He is said to have been the son
of a clergyman and to have received a liberal edu-
cation and begun the
study of medicine,
which he abandoned
in order to emigrate
to this country in
1736. Leaving his
home clandestinely
and without money,
he took passage as a
redemptioner, and on
his arrival at Phila-
delphia was bound to
an iron-manufacturer
at Durham, Pa., for a
term of yeiirs. He
worked as a clerk, in-
steatl of at common
labor, and when his
employer died, several
years later, he married
the widow, and be-
came proprietor of the works, which prospered un-
der his direction. R<>movingto Northampton coun-
ty, where he astablished a large iron-mill, he was
soon called to take part in public affairs as a mem-
ber of the provincial assembly that met at Philadel-
phiaon 150ct., 1764. Hewasappointe<lonthecom<
mittec on grievances, and engaged effectively in the
debate on the revision of the charter. He was re-
eUvted for each year till 1770, taking an active i<art
in the discussions, and after that aiiplied himself to
his business, which proveil untjrontable in the new
situation, holding only the offices of county judge
and colonel of militia. Returning to Durham, ne
was again sent to the f)rovincial assembly in 1775,
and was plm-ed on the committee of safety. He
was a member also of committees on grants of the
crown and military preparations and of the one
that was apfiointed to draw up instructions for the
delegates to the Continental congress. These in-
structions, forbidding them to vote for separation,
were revoked in June, 1776, and because five of the
delegates from Pennsylvania hesitated to agree to
the Declaration of Indef)endence. others were chosen
in their phice on 20 Julv. George Taylor was one
of the new delegates. He took his seat in congress
on the day of his election, and signed his name to
the declaration with the other memlx^rs when the
engrossed copy of the instrument was ready, 2
Aug. He made a treaty in behalf of congress with
several Indian tribes of the Susquehanna border at
Easton, where he had resided in tlie neighl>orhood of
his estates in Northampton county, and in March,
1777, he retired from congress.
TAYLOR, George H., physician, b. in Willis-
ton, Vt., in 1821. He was graduated at the New
York medical college in 1852, studied the Swedish
treatment, developed the massage-cure for nervous,
gynecological, and other classes of diseases, and
invented mechanical massage, with apparatus for
expanding the chest, lifting the contents of the pel-
vis, kneading the alxlomen, and transmitting mo-
tor energy. Dr. Taylor is the author of " Exposi-
tion of the Swedish Movement-Cure " (New York,
1860) ; " Paralysis and Disea-^es of the Nerves, and
the Remedial llse of Transmitted Motor Energy"
(1872); "Health for Women " (1880); "Massage"
(1884) : " Pelvic and Hernial Therapeutic* " (1884) :
and " Massage ; Mechanical Processes " (1887). — His
brother, Charles Fayette, surgeon, b. in Williston,
Vt., 25 April, 1827, was graduated at the medical
department of the University of Vermont in 1856,
and settled in New York city, devoting himself to
the specialty of oiihopedy. He founded the New
York orthopedic dis|K>nsary and hospital in 1866,
and was surgeon there till 1876. In 1867 he was
appointed consulting orthopedic surgeon to St.
Luke's hospital. Dr. Taylor is the inventor of an
antero-posterior spinal apparatus, and other con-
trivances for the correction of spinal deviations
consequent upon Pott's disease and angular and
lateral curvature of the spine ; a long counter-ex-
tension hip-splint for disease of the hip-joint ; a
jointed supporting splint for the recovering stage
of hip-disease and for other purposes; and various
apparatus for the correction of club-foot and other
deformities of the feet and legs, and others for
promoting the development of certain muscles or
groups of muscles by means of local exercise; also
of an osteoclast and a genuclast. He received
medals for his inventions at the international ex-
hibitions of 1873 and 1876 at Vienna and Philadel-
phia, and was elected a corresjxmding meinljer of
the Royal society of physicians at Vienna. Besides
monographs on the Swedish treatment in the New
York medical journals, he published a volume on
the "Theory and Practice of the Movement-C'ure"
(Philadelphia, 1861). He is the author of many
medical papers, the chief of which are those on
"Synovitis of the Knee-Joint," "Emotional Prodi-
gality," and " Bodily Conditions as related to Men-
44
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
tal States," and of volumes on " Spinal Irritation,
or Causes of Backache in American Women" (New
York, 1804) ; " Mechanical Treatment of Angular
Curvature of the Spine " (New York, 1864 ; German
translation, Berlin, 1873) ; " Infantile Paralysis and
its Attendant Deformities" (Philadelphia, 1867);
" Mechanical Treatment of Disease of the Ilip-
Joint " (New York, 1873 ; German ed., Berlin, 1873) ;
and "Sensation and Pain " (New York, 1881).
TAYLOR, George Lansing, clergyman, b. in
Skaneateles, N. Y., 13 Feb., 1835. He removed to
Ohio in 1847, studied for two years at Ohio Wes-
leyan university, Delaware, Ohio, and for two years
more at Columbia, where he was graduated in 1861,
was assistant editor of the " Christian Advocate "
in New York city in 1861-'3, entered the itinerant
ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church in
April, 1862, and has since helu pastorates in the
New York east conference. He married, in 1861,
Eliza M., a daughter of the Rev. Mansfield French.
During the civil war he served in the Christian
commission in Virginia and Marvland. He has
been actively connected with the National temper-
ance society, and has frequently preached at camp-
meetings. He received the degree of D. D. from
Syracuse university in 1876, and that of L. H. D.
from Columbia in 1887. Besides numerous ser-
mons, pamphlets, addresses, fugitive poems, and
magazine articles. Dr. Taylor is the author of
" Elijah, the Reformer, a Ballad-Epic, and other
Sacred and Religious Poems " (New York, 1885) ;
" Ulysses S. Grant, Conqueror, Patriot, Hero ; an
Elegv.and other Poems '^1885) ; "What Shall We
Do with the Sunday-School ?" (New York, 1886);
" The Progress of Learning, a Poem delivered at
the Celebration of the Centennial of Columbia
College " (1887) ; and " The New Africa: its Dis-
covery and Destiny," with maps (1888).
TAYLOR, George William, soldier, b. in Hun-
terdon county, N, J., 22 Nov., 1808; d. in Alexan-
dria, Va., 1 Sept., 1862. He was graduated at the
military academy of Alden Partridge, Middletown,
Conn., and received a midshipman's warrant in the
navy in 1827, but resigned at the end of four years
and engaged in mercantile pursuits. In the be-
ginning of the Mexican war he assisted in raising
a company in New Jersey, being commissioned as
lieutenant on 8 March, 1847, and as captain in the
following September, and served through Gen.
Zachary Taylor's campaigns. After the war he
went to C^alifornia, remaining there three years.
Returning then to New Jersey, he occupied him-
self in mining and iron-manufacturing. When the
civil war began he was made colonel of the 3d New
Jersey infantry, which left for the field on 28 June,
1861, assisted in guarding Long Bridge, formed
part of the reserve division at Bull Run, and par-
ticipated in the occupation of Manassas in March,
1862, being the first to perceive the enemy retreat-
ing. When Gen. Philip Kearny was promoted.
Col. Taylor succeeded to the command of the bri-
gade, which he led in the advance on Richmond
and the seven days' battles, receiving his commis-
sion as brigadier-general of volunteers on 9 May,
1862. At (jaines's Mills his command was subject-
ed to the hottest fire. At the second battle of Bull
Run he fought with distinguished courage, and
received wounds from which he soon after died.
TAYLOR, Jacob, mathematician, d. in Phila-
delphia after 1736. He was a school-master in
Philadelphia, holding the appointment of surveyor-
general of the commonwealth, and published alma-
nacs, for which he composed poetical pieces. He
also practised medicine. One of his poems is en-
titled " Pennsylvania" (1728).
TAYLOR, James, pioneer, b. in Midway, Va., 19
April, 1769 ; d. in Newport, Ky., 8 Nov., 1848. His
father was a first cousin of Gen. Zachary Taylor.
The son emigrated to Kentucky in 1792. During
the second war with Great Britain he used his
money and credit to pay the troops, took the field
as brigadier-general of Kentucky militia, served as
quartermaster-general of the northwestern army
under Gen. William Hull, and was active in con-
certing a plan to displace Hull and confide the
command of the fortress at Detroit to Gen. Dun-
can McArthur. When Gen. Hull ordered him to
act with Col. James Miller and the British officers
in drawing up articles of capitulation, he refused
to have any participation in the surrender. He
became one of the largest land-owners in the west.
TAYLOR, James Barnett, clergyman, b. in
Barton-on-Humber, England, 19 March, 1819 ; d.
in Richmond, Va., 22 Dec, 1871. He was brought
in his infancy to the United States, and received
his early education in New York city, whence his
parents removed about 1818 to Mecklenburg county,
Va. After passing through an academical course, lie
became a Baptist home missionary, and in 1826
was chosen pastor of a church in Richmond, Va.,
where he soon acquired a high reputation as a
preacher. In 1839- 40 he officiated as chaplain of
the University of Virginia. Returning to Rich-
mond, he served as a pastor there for five years
longer. He labored also as a missionary, and in
1845, soon after the organization of the Southern
Baptist convention, became its corresponding sec-
retary. This office he filled till within a few
weeks of his death, travelling constantly, preach-
ing throughout the south, and editing the "Re-
ligious Herald" for a short time, and subsequently
the "Southern Baptist Missionary Journal" and
the " Home and Foreign Journal," both of which
he founded, and the " Foreign Mission Journal."
He was pastor also of the Baptist church at Tay-
lorsville, Hanover co., Va., till the civil war began.
During the war he labored as a colporteur in camps
and hospitals, and for three years as Confederate
post-chaplain. After its close he exerted himself
to revive the missions of the Southern Baptist con-
vention, and took much interest in the education
of the freedmen, preaching often to colored con-
gregations, and conferring with the secretary of
the Freedmen's bureau with regard to the best
plans for assisting the emancipated slaves. He was
one of the originators of the Virginia Baptist edu-
cation society, and a founder of Richmond college.
His chief published works were " Life of Lot Cary"
(Baltimore, 1837) ; " Lives of Virginia Baptist Mm-
isters " (Richmond, 1837); and "Memoir of Luther
Rice, one of the J'irst Missionaries in the East"
(1841). He had nearly completed before his death
a " History of Virginia Baptists." See "Life and
Times of ."lames B. Taylor, by his son, George B.
Taylor^ (Philadelphia, 1872). " His wife was a
daughter of Elisha Scott Williams. — Their son,
George Boardman, clergyman, b. in Richmond,
Va., 27 Dec., 1832, was graduated at Richmond
college, taught for a short time, and then studied
thre^ years at the University of Virginia, at the
same time serving as pastor of two Baptist churches
in the vicinity. He was graduated in most of the
schools in the university, was pastor for two years
in Baltimore, Md., then for twelve years at Staun-
ton, Va., leaving his church during the campaign
of 1862 to act as chaplain to Stonewall Jackson's
corps. Subsequently, till the close of hostilities,
he officiated as post-chaplain in conjunction with
his pastorate. In 1869 he was chosen chaplain of
the University of Virginia for the usual period of
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
46
two years, after which he returned to his former
church at Staunton, of which he npain t<»ok leave
in 1873, on i)oinj; upixiintinl by tliu mission l)oanl
of the Southern Haplist convention missionary to
Rome, Italy. He was co-e<litor of the "Christian
Review " for two years, and since 1870 he has U'en
one of the eiUtors' of " 11 Seminatore," a monthly
Baotist niagazine published in Rome. The degree
of U. I), was given him by Richmond college and
the University of Chicago in 1873. His publica-
tions include "Oakland Stories" (4 vols., New
York, lH.Ti)-'(W); "Costar Grew" (Philadelphia,
18«9) : '• Roger liernard, the Pastor's Son " (1870);
and " Walter Ennis," a tale of the early Virginia
Baptists (1870).
TAYLOR, JameH Brainerd, clergyman, b. in
Middle IIa<ldam, Conn., 15 April, 1801 ; d. in
Hampden Sidney, Vju, 29 March, 1829. He be-
came a merchant's clerk in New York city after
receiving a common-school education, but at the
age of eighteen determined to Iwcome a minister,
and entered the prcjmratory academy at Lawrence-
ville, N. J. He engaged in missionary work while
in school and college, and gained many converts.
Aft«r his c^raduation at Princeton in 1826 he
studied at Yale divinity-school, taking an active
part in the revivals in the neighborhood and in the
south, whither he removed on account of failing
health. His faith and ardor are commemorated
in a " Memoir" by John H. and Benjamin H. Rice,
who were near him in his last days at the Theo-
logical seminarv of Virginia (New York, 1833). —
His brother, l^itch Waterman, author, b. in
Middle Huddam, Conn., 4 Aug., 1803 ; d. in Brook-
lyn, N. Y., 23 July, 1865, went to New York citv
at tiie age of fifteen with the intention of fof-
lowing a mercantile career, but afterward decided
to enter upon the Christian ministry. He was
Graduated at Yale in 1828, received orders in the
rotestant Episcopal church, and was minister of
a parish in Maryland till 1841, when he was ap-
pointed to a chaplaincy in the navy. At the time
of his death he was the senior chaplain in the
service. He published, under the title of "The
Flag-Ship " (New York, 1840), a narrative of a
voyage around the world in the frigate " Colum-
bia," and under that of " The Broad Pennant "
(1848) an account of a cruise in the " Cumberland "
and of naval o[)erations in the Mexican war.
TAYLOR. JameH Wickes, author, b. in Starkey,
Yates CO., N. Y., 6 Nov., 1819. He was educated
there and in Ohio, and in 1838 was graduated at
Hamilton college. He was admitted to the bar of
New York and Ohio, practised in l)oth those states,
and resided in the latter from 1842 till 1850, when
he removed to St. Paul, Minn. He was a memlx^r
of the Ohio constitutional convention of 1849-'50.
secretary of the commission to revise the judicial
code of that state in 1851-'2, and was librarian of
Ohio in 1852-'0. During the civil war, and for
several years afterward, Mr. Taylor was special
agent of the U. S. treasury, \mng charged with
making inquiries into the reciprocal relaticms of
tratle and transiwrtation between the United States
and Canada. He was appointed U. S. consul at
Winniix'g, Manitolta, 14 Sept., 1870, which post he
has held ever since. He has engaged largely in
journalism, published the Cincinnati "Signal "in
1847, and is the author of " Historv of the State of
Ohio : First Period, 1020-1787 " (Cincinnati, 1854) ;
" Manual of the Ohio School System " (1857) ;
" Railroad System of Minnesota and Northwestern
Connections" (St. Paul, 1859); " Reports to Treas-
ury Department on Commercial Relations with
Canada^' (Washington, 1800, 1802, and 1808); " Al-
leghania, or the Strength of the Union and the
Weakness of Slavery in the Highlands of the
South "(St, Paul, 1802); "Forest and Fruit Cul-
ture in Manitoba" (Winnipeg, 1882); pamjihiets
relating to the Indian question in relation to the
Sioux war of 1802-3 (St. Paul); and. with John R
Browne, " Mineral Resources of the United States"
(Washington, 1807).
TAYLOR, John, senator, b. in Orange county,
V^a., in 1750; d. in Caroline countv, Va., 20 Aug.,
1824. He was graduated at William and Mary
ccdlege in 1770, ix.'came a planter, and did much to
improve methotls of cultivation and extend the
knowledge of agriculture. When Richard Henry
Lee resignetl from the U. S. senate, Taylor was ap-
pointed to the vacant seat. He entered the .senate
on 12 Dec., 1792, and was elected for the term that
began in the following March, but resigned in 17J»4.
He was a presidential elector in 1797, and in 1808
again served in the senate for the two months that
elapsed between the death of Stevens T. Masr^n and
the election of his successor. He was elected a
senator two years before his death, taking his seat
on 30 Dec, 1824. He shared the political opinions
of Thomas Jeflferson, and wa.s tne mover in the
Virginia hou.se of delegates of the resolutions of
1798. He published " An Inquiry into the Princi-
ples and Policy of the Government of the Unite<l
States " (Fredericksburg. 1814); "Arator; l)eing a
Series of Agricultural Essays, Practical and Politi-
cal" (0th ed., Petersburg, 1818); "Construction
Construed and the Constitution Vindicated "
(Richmond, 1820) ; "Tyranny Unmasked " (Wash-
ington, 1822); and "New Views of the Constitu-
tion of the United States" (Washington, 1828).
TAYLOR, John, Baptist preacher, b. in Fau-
quier county, Va., in 1752 ; d. in Forks of Elkhom.
Franklin co., Ky., in 1833. He Iwcame an itiner-
ant missionary of the Bafitist church in western
Virginia at the age of twenty, and in 1783 removed
to Kentucky. He resided at Clear Creek, where
for three years, he was pastor of the church, till
1795, when he settled in Boone county. He
preached frequently and took part in revivals of
religion while devoting hiinseli to clearing and
cultivating land, and in his last years, though he
declined the pastoraf relation, he officiated in a
church that he had Jissistcd in organizing at Forks
of Elkhom. He published an account of his re-
ligious labors and of the churches that he had
aided in founding, under the title of" A History of
Ten Baptist Missions" (Bloomfield, 1826).
TAYLOR. John, senator, b. near the present
site of Columbia, S. C. 4 Mav, 1770; d. in Colum-
bia, S. C., 10 April, 1832. \\e was graduated at
Princeton in 1790, studied law, was admitted to the
bar in 1793, and practised for a few years in Co-
lumbia, but made planting his chief business. He
was a representative and senator in the legislature
of South Carolina for many years, was elected to
congress in 1800, and re-elected in 1808. On 3
Dec, 1810, he took his place in the U. S. senate,
having been chosen to supply the vacancy that was
caused by the resignation of Thomas Sumter. In
1816 he r€>signed his seat and was returned to the
National house of rcftresentatives. He was again
elected to the state senate in 1822. and in Decem-
ber. 1820, after lieing defeated as a candidate for
re-election by Wade Hampton, was elected gov-
ernor bv the legislature, serving till 1828.
TAYlOR, John, president of the Mormon
church, b. in Winthrop, England, 1 Nov., 1808;
d. 25 July. 1887. He united with the Methodist
church in England, and in 18.32 emigrated to To-
ronto, Canada. In 1830 Parley P. Pratt, a Mor-
46
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
raon elder, preached in Toronto, and John Taylor
was converted and baptized. The next year he
went to reside in Kirtland, Ohio, and in 1838 he
was made one of the twelve apostles, and removed
to Missouri. For twenty years he did mission-
ary work for the Mormons in Great Britain and
Prance, and while there published the " Book of
Mormon " in French, and also a German transla-
tion in Hamburg. In 1852 he returned to this
country, and in April, 1853, assisted in laving tho
corner-stone of the Temple in Salt Lake Oity. In
1854 he went to New York city, where he issued a
paper called " The Mormon," and was editor of
numerous other church publications. He was by
the side of Joseph Smith when the latter was as-
sassinated in Carthage jail, and received four shots
in his body ; a fifth lodged in his watch, which
probably saved his life. He was a delegate to con-
gress to ask for the admission of Utah into the
Union. On the death of Brigham Young, in 1877,
he succeeded to the presidency of the church, and
in 1880 was made president and prophet of the
portion of the Mormon church that indorsed and
practised polygamy He was an early advocate
and adherent of polygamy, and in March, 1885,
was indicted for that crime. His last appear-
ance in public was on 1 Feb.. 1885, after which,
to avoid arrest, he went into exile and remained
hidden until his death.
TAYLOR, John GlanvHle, author, b. in Eng-
land in 1823 ; d. in Batticaloa. Ceylon, about Janu-
ary, 1851. He came to the United States in 1841,
and after engaging in a mining enterprise, becom-
ing a planter in 1843, and afterward serving as an
overseer in Cuba, he returned to England in the
latter part of 1845. A narrative of his adventures
was published under the title of " Eight Years of
Change and Travel" (London, 1851).
TAYLOR, John Louis, jurist, b. in London,
England, 1 March, 17(59; d. in Raleigh, N. C, 29
Jan., 1829 He was brought to the United States
at the age of twelve by a brother, his father having
died. He was for two years at William and Mary
college, then removed to North Carolina, studied
law, and, after being admitted to the bar, settled
in Fayetteville, which he represented in the legis-
lature in 1792-'4. He removed to New Berne in
179G, and in 1798 was elected a judge of the supe-
rior court. In 1808 he was chosen by his colleagues
to preside over the supreme court, which was then
composed of judges of the superior court who met
at Raleigh to review questions that arose on the
circuits. When a new tribunal was instituted in
1818 he was appointed one of the judges, and con-
tinued as chief justice till his death. In 1817 he
was appointed a commissioner to revise the statute
laws of North Carolina. The work was completed
and published in 1821, and a continuation by Judge
Taylor appeared in 1825. He began to take notes
of cases that came before him soon after he was
elevated to the bench. His publications include
"Cases in the Superior Courts of Law and Equity
of the State of North Carolina " (New Berne, 1802) ;
" The North Carolina Law Repository " (2 vols.,
1814-'16); "Charge to the Grand Jury of Edge-
combe, exhil)iting a View of the Criminal Law"
(1817); "Term Reports" (Raleigh, 1818): and a
treatise " On the Duties of Executors and Admin-
istrators " (1825).
TAYLOR, John Neilson, lawyer, b. in New
Brunswick, N. J., 24 July, 1805 ; tl. tiiere, 6 Feb.,
1878. He was graduateii at Princeton in 1824,
studied law, was admitted to the bar in New York
city in 1825, and practised there and in Brooklyn,
N. Y. He was the author of a " Treatise on the
American Law of Landlord and Tenant" (New
York, 1844), and " The Law of Executors and Ad-
ministrators in New York" (1851).
TAYLOR, John W., speaker of the house of
representatives, b. in Charlton, Saratoga co., N. Y.,
26 March, 1784; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 8 Sept.,
1854. . He was graduated at Union in 1803, or-
ganized the Ballston Centre academy in that year,
studied law in Albany, was admitted to the bar
in 1807, and practised in Ballston, becoming a
justice of the peace in 1808, then state commis-
sioner of loans, and in 1811-'12 a memlier of the
legislature. He was elected to congress as a Demo-
crat and a supporter of the war with Great Britain,
and was re-elected nine times in succession, serving
altogether from 24 May, 1813, till 2 March, 1833.
On 20 Nov., 1820, owing to the absence of Henry
Clay, Taylor was chosen in his place as speaker,
and served till the end of the second session, dur-
ing which the Missouri compromise was passed.
On the question of the admission of Missouri to
the Union he delivered the first speech in congress
that plainly opposed the extension of slavery. He
was again elected speaker on the organization of
the 19th congress, serving from 5 Dec, 1825, till 3
March, 1827. He was one of the organizers of the
National Republican, and afterward of the Whig,
[)arty. After retiring from congress he practise
aw at Ballston, and was a member of the stat«
senate in 1840-'!, but resigned in consequence of a
paralytic stroke, and from 1843 till his death lived
with a daughter in Cleveland. He was the orator
of the Phi Beta Kappa society at Harvard in 1827,
and frequently spoke in public. — His nephew, John
Orville, educator, b. in Charlton, N. Y., 14 May,'
1807 ; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., 18 Jan., 1890,
was graduated at Union college in 1830, and entered
Princeton seminary, but soon left to become a
teacher in Philadelphia, where he remained two
years. Thenceforth for many years he engaged in
the work of educational reform. He published a
book pointing out the deficiencies of tne common
schools, entitled " The District School, or Popular
Education " (New York, 1835), which was publicly
commended by statesmen and thinkers both in the
United States and in Great Britain. In January,
1836, he began the publication at Albany, N. Y., of
a monthly educational magazine called the " Com-
mon-School Assistant," which was also successful.
Public-spirited citizens sent large subscriptions for
gratuitous circulation of the periodical, and after
four years the New York state legislature estab-
lished a paper of the same character and intent.
Mr. Taylor published, with a long introduction, a
translation of Victor Cousin's " Report of the Prus-
sian School System "(New York, 1836),.and for the
succeeding fifteen years lectured on the improve-
ment of common-school education in the principal
cities of the country. In 1837, in connection with
James Wadsworth, he induced the New York legis-
lature to pass a law establishing school libraries.
In that year he was elected professor of popular
education in the University of the city of New
York, and lectured during one season to a class of
seventy prospective teachers of both sexes. On 13
Dec, 1838, he gave a lecture, at the invitation of
congress, in the hall of the house of representa-
tives. After fifteen years of fruitful exertions for
educational progress, he engaged in mercantile
business in New York city, but, having met with
reverses, retired to New Brunswick, N. J., in 1879,
and for many years contributed to various journals.
—Another nephew, Elisha Gphruim Leech, cler-
Srman, b. in Pompey, N. Y., 25 Sept., 1815 ; d. in
arlborough, N. Y., 18 Aug., 1874, was graduated
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
47
at Madison tmivorsity in 1837 and at the theo-
lojfical seminary at llaniilton. N. Y.. in 18:^9. He
organize*! a Baptist churfh in Brooklyn, N. Y.,and
after a nine-years' |)astorato resignetl and founded
in the southern part of the city a mission church
which becanie a flourishing society. In 1864 he
retired from the pulpit on account of failing
health, and two years later he Iwcame secretary of
the Baptist churcli-etliflce fund, obtainiuf,' 1250,000
for the construction of church huildiutrs in the
west.— A son of Elisha E. L., James Monroe,
educator, b. in Brooklyn. N. Y., 5 Aug., 1848, was
graduated iil mi- i mvcrsity of Rochester in 1868,
and at Kochoster theological seminary in 1871. He
travelled and studied in Europe in 1871-'2, and
was pastor of a Baptist church at South Norwalk,
Ctinn., in 1873-'81, and of one at Providence, R. L,
in i883-'6. He received the degree of D. D. from
Ro(!hester in 1886. Dr. Tatylor has contributed to
religious reviews, and was an active member of
school - boards in lx)th Connecticut and Rho<le
Island. Since June. 1886, he has been president
of Vjissar college. (See illustration.)
TAYLOR, Lachlan, Canadian clergyman, b. in
Killean, Argyllshire, Scotland, 18 June, 1815 ; d. in
Brackley Point, Prince Edward island, 4 Sept.,
1881. He ivceived his early education in Glas-
gow, and in 1832 came with his father's family to
Canada, where he engaged in teaching. In 1843
he was ordained a minister of the Wesfeyan Meth-
odist church, miiiistere<l successively at Bytown
(now Ottawa), Kingston, Hamilton, Toronto, and
Montreal, and, after visiting Great Britain, was ap-
pointed in 1851 agent of the Upper Canada Bible
society. In 1857 he was a delegate to the meeting
of the Evangelical alliance at Berlin, and he sub-
sequently represented Canada at the annual meet-
ing of the British and foreign Bible society. In
1863-'4, in connection with the work of the society,
he traversed British Columbia, California, New
Mexico, and Central America, and on his return
was appointed secretary and treasurer of the mis-
sionary society. From 1874 till 1877 Dr. Taylor
was employed by the Dominion government to
stimulate emigration from (treat Britain to Cana-
da. He visited at one time Egypt. Palestine, Asia
Minor. Tiirkey. Greece, and Italy, and lectui-ed on
those countries. He received the degree of D. D.
TAYLOR, Marshall ^Villiam. clergyman, b.
in Lexington, Kv., 1 July, 1846 ; d. in Louisville,
Kv., 11 Sept., 1887. He was the child of free
colored parents, was instructed in a school for ne-
groes at Louisville, Ky., followed the occupation
of a steamboat-cook for three years before the be-
ginning of the civil war, and served as a soldier
with the Army of the Cuml)erland from 1862 till
1865. He l)ecame a teacher at Hanlinsburg. Kv.,
in 1866, preached at Litchfield, Ky., in 1871, en-
tere<l the Lexington Methodist conference in 1872,
and was stationed at Louisville, Ky., Indianapolis,
Ind., and Cincinnati, Ohio. He was presiding
elder in Ohio in 1878-'88, preached in Ix)ui8ville
again during the following year, and then went to
New Orleans, La., to assume the editorship of the
"S«iuthwestern Christian Advocate," The degree
of I). D. was given to him by (Central Tennessee
college. He published "Handbook for Schools**
(Louisville, 1871); •* Life of Rev. George W. Down-
ing" (1878); several editions of " Plantation Melo-
dies and Revival Songs of the Negroes"; "Life
and Travels of Amanda Smith" (18§6): and " The
Negro in Metho<lism " (1887).
TAYLOR, Mary Ceeilia, actress, b, in New
York city, 13 March, 1827: d. there, 10 Nov., 1866.
She began her career as chorus-singer at the New
York National and Park theatres, and gradually
won her way to the rejiresentation of small {>arts
and soubrette and burles(iue performances, until
she attained a respectable rank as a comedian
and opera-singer. On a few occasions she a{)peared
in Bnx>klyn, Albany, and lioston, but during most
of her career was connected with the Olymj)ic,
Brougham's, and Burton's theatres, of New Y ork
city. Several years l)efore her death Miss Taylor
married William O. Ewen. a mert-hant, and re-
tired from the stage. She was personally attract-
ive and her voice, though small, was agreeable, but
her style suffered from want of refinement. She
had winning ways, which charmed the public and
for years rendered *' Our Mary," as she was called,
a very general favorite.
TAYLOR, Moses, merchant, b. in New York
city, 11 Jan., 1806. lie received a common-school
education, became a merchant's clerk at the age of
fifteen, and when ten years older embarked in
business on his own account. He acquired a large
trade with Cuba, and was an extensive ship-owner.
In 1855 he Irecame president of the City bank.
During the civil war he was one of the original
members of the Union defence committee, and, as
chairman of the loan committee of the associated
banks, he was instrumental in obtaining sub-
scribers for more than $200,000,000 of govern-
ment securities. He was one of the originators
of submarine telegraphy, and has been an active
promoter of important railway lines. An>ong his
charitable gifts was one pf $2.50,000 in 1882 for
■a hospital for employes of the Delaware, Lacka-
wanna and Western railroad, and coal and iron
companies at Scranton, Pa.
TAYLOR, Nathaniel William, theologian, b.
in New Milford. Conn., 23 June, 1786; d. in New
Haven. Conn., 10 March, 1858. He was graduated
at Yale in 1807, studied theology, and on 8 April,
1812, was installed as pastor of the 1st Congrega-
tional church in New Haven. In November. 1822,
he resigned this office on being appointed profei^sor
of didactic theology at Yale. Iiis theological sys-
tem was in some respects a development of that of
Timothy Dwight, whose pupil ana amanuensis he
was for two years after leaving college. His views
on total depravity and other dogmas, which he first
enunciated in the annual discourse to the clergy in
1828, and afterward defended in the " Christian
Spectator," were earnestly controverted by Bennett
Tyler, Leonard Woods, and other clergymen. His
other essays and doctrinal sermons that were pub-
lished during the Unitarian controversy excited
attention and discussion. He was the leader of the
New Haven school of theology, and exerci.sed a
powerful influence on the religious thought of his
time. He received the degree of D. D. from Union
college in 1823. After his death his son-in-law,
Noah Porter, published his " Practical Sermons"
(New Y'ork, 1858) ; " Lectures on the Moral Gov-
ernment of God" (2 vols., 1859); and "Essajrs
48
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
and Lectures upon Select Topics in Revealed The-
ology " (1859). See " Memorial of Nathaniel W.
Tavlor" (New Haven, 1858).
TAYLOR, Nelson, soldier, b. in South Norwalk,
Conn., 8 June, 1821. He received a common-school
education. At the beginning of the war with Mexi-
co he joined the army as captain of the 1st New
York volunteers on 1 Aug., 1846, served through
the war, and at its close settled in Stockton, San
Joaquin co., Cal.. where he was elected a state
senator in 1849 and sherifif in 1855. He was also
president of the board of trustees of the State in-
sane asylum from 1850 till 1856. Returning to
New York city, he studied law, taking his degree
at the Harvard law-school in 1800. He was an
unsuccessful Democratic candidate for congress in
18G0. At the beginning of the civil war he en-
tered the volunteer service as colonel of the 72d
New York infantry. He commanded this regiment,
which formed a part of Gen. Daniel E. Sickles's
brigade, during the Chickahominv campaign. He
had command of the brigade at Williamsburg and
in Gen. John Pope's Virginia campaign, and was
appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, in recog-
nition of his services, on 7 Sept., 1862. He resigned
on 19 Jan., 1863, resumed practice in New York
city, and was elected as a Democrat to congress,
serving from 4 Dec, 1865, till 3 March, 1867. He
was a member of the select committees on freed-
men and invalid pensions.
TAYLOR, OHver Alden, clergyman, b. in Yar-
mouth, Mass., 18 Aug., 1801 ; d. in Manchester,
Mass.. 18 Dec, 1851. He was graduated at Union
in 1825, and at Andover theological seminary in
1829, made German translations, and assisted Prof.
Moses Stuart in teaching Hebrew at Andover for
several years, and on 18 Sept., 1839, was installed
as pastor of the Congregational church in Man-
chester. He published many articles in the " Bib-
lical Repository " and other periodicals, and was a
frequent contributor of poetry to magazines be-
tween 1820 and 1828. He translated Franz V.
Reinhard's " Plan of the Founder of Christianity "
(New York, 1831), and his "Memoirs and Confes-
sions " (Boston, 1832), wrote two books for the young,
entitled " Brief Views of the Saviour " (Andover,
1835) and " Life of Jesus " (1840), made a catalogue
of the library of Andover seminary (1838), and pub-
lished a memoir of Andrew Lee under the title of
'• Piety in Humble Life " (Boston, 1844) and a ser-
mon on " The Ministerial Office " (Andover, 1848).
See a " Memoir " of him by his brother. Rev. Timo-
thy Alden Taylor (Boston, 1853).— His brother,
Rtifus, clergyman, b. in Hawley, Mass., 24 March.
1811, was graduated at Amherst in 1837, and at
Princeton theological seminary in 1840. He was
Sastor of the Presbyterian church at Shrewsbury,
[. J., till 1852, when he went to Manchester, Mass.,
as his brother's successor, remaining six years. Af-
ter a pastorate of four years more at Hightstown,
N. J., he became district secretary of the American
and foreign Christian union. This office he held
for a period of ten years, after which he preached
in New Jersey and Massachusetts till 1878, and
afterward confined himself to literary work, resid-
ing at Beverly, N. J. He received the degree of
D. D. from Lafayette college in 1863. Dr. Taylor is
the author of " Union to Christ " (New York, 1846) ;
" Love to God " (New York, 1848) : " Thoughts on
Prayer " (Boston, 1854) ; and " Cottage Piety Ex-
emplified" (Philadelphia, 1869); also of a series
of interesting letters from northern Europe, and
numerous pamphlets.
TAYLOR, Oliver Swaine, educator, b. near
New Ipswich, N. H., 17 Dec, 1784; d. in Auburn,
N. Y., 19 April, 1885. He prepared himself for
college in the intervals of farm-work, was gradu-
ated at Dartmouth in 1809, taught for some time,
then studied medicine, received the degree of M. D.
from Dartmouth in 1813, and practised till 1817,
when he resumed teaching. For a brief period he
was associated with Jeremiah Evarts in editing the
" Panoplist." In 1826 he took charge of the
academy at Homer, N. Y., and in 1830 removed
to Auburn, which has since been his home. lie
taught there and elsewhere, numbering among his
pupils many who attained eminence, lie engaged
earnestly in Sunday-school work, teaching the
prisoners in Auburn penitentiary for seventeen
years, and at the age of ninety still conducting
three classes each Sunday. He also preached fre-
quently, being licensed on 17 June, 1840, and
ordained as an evangelist on 8 Dec, 1848. His
hundredth birthday was publicly celebrated at
Auburn. — His son, Charles, missionarj% b. in
Boston, Mass., 15 Sept., 1819, was educated at the
academy of his father and at the University of
the city of New York, where he was graduated in
1840. He taught ancient languages in the high-
school of the South Carolina conference, and,
after joining the conference in 1844. studied medi-
cine in Philadelphia, preparatory to engaging in
missionary work in China, obtaining his degree in
1848. He departed for his field of labor the same
year, being the first missionary to China that was
appointed by the Methodist Episcopal church,
south. He returned to the United States in 1854
on account of the failure of his wife's health, be-
came a professor in Spartanburg female college, and
in 1857 was its presiuent. In 1858 he was elected
feneral Sunday-school secretary of the Methodist
ipiscopal church, south, for four years. In 1866
he was elected president of Kentucky Wesleyan
college at Millersburg, which post he resigned in
1870, in order to resume the active work of the
ministry. The degree of D. D. was conferred on
him by the University of the city of New York in
1869. Dr. Taylor, while in China, with the assist-
ance of a native teacher, prepared several tracts,
a catechism, and a " Harmony of the Gospels " in
the Shanghai dialect. He has publishea " Five
Years in China " (New York, 1860) and '* Baptism
in a Nutshell " (Nashville, 1874).
TAYLOR, Richard Cowling, geologist, b. in
Hinton, Suffolk, England, 18 Jan., 1789; d. in
Philadelphia, Pa.. 26 Nov., 1851. He was educated
as a mining engineer and geologist, partly under
the direction of William Smith, the " father of Brit-
ish geology," and in the early part of his career
was engaged in the ordnance survey of England.
Subsequently he devoted his attention to investi-
gating and reporting on mining property in various
parts of England, including tiiat of the British
iron company in Wales, his plaster model of which
received the Isis medal of the Society of arts. In
1830 he removed to the United States, and, after
surveying the Blossburg coal region in Pennsyl-
vania, gave three years to the exploration of the
coal- and iron-veins of Dauphin county in the same
state, concerning which he published an elaborate
report with maps. He continued occupied with
similar work in the United States, and also made
surveys of mining lands in Cuba and the British
provinces. Mr. Taylor's knowledge of theoretical
geology led him to refer the old red sandstone that
underlies the Pennsylvania coal-fields to its true
place, corresponding with its location in the series
of European rocks. He was the first to point out
this fact. Prior to his arrival in this country be
devoted much attention to archaeology, and pub-
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
49
Hshed " Index Monai«f icus. or the Abbovs, Mona«-
t45rie8, eU'.. formerly established in the City of Nor-
wich nnd the Ancient Kingdom of hiastAnplia"
(Ijondon, 1H21); "The Geolojfy of Ktust AiiKlia"
(1827); nnd » very complete " (ieneml Index to
bupdale's * Monasticon Anjjlicaniim '" (18110), He
was a meml)er of scientific societies, and cf)ntributed
to their transm-lions. Amonc his publications are
" The (jeolopy and Natural History of the North-
east Extremity of the Alleghany Mountains"; " A
Supplement to the Natural History of the Birds of
the Alleghany Range"; " History and Description
of Fossil Fuel" (Ix)ndon, 1841); and "Statistics of
Coal " (Philadelphia, 1848).
TAYLOR, Robert Barrand, lawyer, b. in Nor-
folk, Va., 24 March, 1774; d. there, IS April, 1834.
He wju« grmluated at William and Mary in 1793,
studied law, was admitted to the bar, and became
an eminent advocate. He was a member of the
Virginia assembly in 1798-'9. As brigadier-gen-
eral of Virginia militia he served in the defence of
Norfolk in 1813-'14, and he was appointed to the
same rank in the U. S. army on 19 July, 1813, but
declined. He was a member of the State constitu-
tional convention of 1829-'30, and judge of the
general court of Virginia from 18JJ1 till his death.
TAYLOR, Robert William, physician, b. in
Ix>ndon, England, 11 Aug., 1843. He was gradu-
ated at the College of physicians and surgeons.
New York, in 1868, and has made a specialty of the
treatment of syphilis, skin diseases, and genito-
urinary diseases. For three years he was professor
of diseases of the skin in the\Vomen*s medical col-
lege in New York city, and then he was called to a
similar chair in the medical department of the
University of Vermont. He is one of the surgeons
of the venereal department of the Charity hospital,
and physician to the department of skin diseases in
Bellevuo hospital dispensary, and for six years he
was surgeon to the department of venereal and
skin diseases of the New York dispensary. Dr.
Taylor is a member of medical societies at home
and abroad, was. president of the Dermatological
society of New York, and has lieen vice-j)resident
of the American dermatological association. His
contributions to medical journals, chiefly in the
line of his s{)ecialty, include alK)ut twenty papers.
TAYLOR, Samuel Harvey, educator, b. in
Derry, N. H., 3 Oct., 1807; d. in Andover, Mass..
29 Jan., 1871. He was graduated at Dartmouth
in 1832, and at Andover theological seminary in
1837, when he took charge of Phillips Andover
ao^demy, having lx»en a tutor in Dartmouth col-
lege during the last two years of his theological
course. He was principal of the academy till his
death, holding a high position among the classical
scholars and instructors of the country. In 1852 he
became associate editor of the " Bibliotheca Sacra,"
succeeding Bela B. Edwards. The degree of LL. D.
was conferred on him in 1854 by Brown. He was
the translator and editor of text-books of Greek
and Latin philology from the German, the author
of "Method of Classical Study" (Boston, 1861),
and the compiler of "Classical Study: its Value
Illustrated by Extracts from the Writings of Emi-
nent Scholars" (Andover, 1870).
TAYLOR, Samuel Priestly, musician, b. in
London. England, in 1779; d. in New York city
in 1874. He was the eldest son of Rev. James Tay-
lor. In early childhoo<l he was regarded as a mu-
sical prodigy, and was placed under the instruction
of Dr. William Russell, of Oxford. When twenty-
one years old he became organist of Silver street
cha()el, and afterward of Islington church. He
came to this country in 1806, and soon after bis
arrival in New York was appointed organist of
St, Ann's church, where he introduced the custom
of chanting. He was afterward organist of Grace
church. New York, then of St. Ann's church,
Br(K)klyn, and later at St. George's, New York, and
conductwl the music at the funeral services of
Gen. Richard Montg<»mery at St. Paul's, New York.
In 1818 he removed to Boston, where he was organ-
ist of the Old South church, but in 1826 he re-
turned to Brooklyn and resumed his former post
at St. Ann's, in 1834 he was appointed organist
of St. Paul's, New York. His last performance on
the organ was in 1871.
TAYLOR, Stephen William, educator, b. in
Adams, Mass., 23 Oct., 1791; d. in Hamilton, N.
Y., 7 Jan., 1856. He was graduated at Hamilton
college, Clinton, N. Y., in 1817, and became prin-
cipal of Black River academy at Lowville, N. Y.,
wnich place he filled until 1831. In 1834 he as-
sumed charge of the [)reparatory department of
what is now Madison university at Hamilton, N. Y.,
and from 1838 till 1845 was professor of mathe-
matics and natural philosophy. He then became
one of the founders of a Baptist university at
Lewisburg, Pa., of which he was president for
five vears. From 1851 till his death he was
president of Madison university. He was some-
what eccentric, but a man of great executive abil-
ity, and during his pi-esidency the last-nameil
institution was brought from a very depressed to a
highly prosperous condition. He was the author
of a history of the university, and a series of essays
on the theory of education, published posthu-
mously.— His son. Benjamin Franklin, author,
b. in Lowville, Lewis co.. N. Y., 19 July. 1819; d.
in Cleveland, Ohio, 24 Vi'h., 1887, was graduated
at Madison uni-
versity in 1839.
A year later he
became literary
editor of the Chi-
cago " Evening
Journal."anddur-
ing the civil war,
1861-'5, he wasits
correspondent in
the field, follow-
ing the western
armies. His war
letters were very
picturesque, and
many of them
were translated
and republished
in Europe. The
London "Times"
called him " the
Oliver Goldsmith of America." Mr. Taylor trav-
elled in Mexico and the islands of the Pacific, and
was for many years a public lecturer. The Uni-
versity of California gave him the degree of LL. D.
His publications in book-form are "Attractions
of Language" (New York, 1845); "January and
June" (Chicago, 1853); "Pictures in Camp and
Field" (1871): "The World on Wheels" (1873);
" Old-Time Pictun-s and Sheaves of Rhyme " (1874) ;
"Songs of Yesterday" (1877); "Summer Savory,
gleaned from Rund Kooks" (1879); " Between the
Gates," pictures of California life (1881); " Dulce
Domuui. the Burden of Song" (1884); a complete
edition of his ymems in a single volume (1887):
and "Theophilus Trent, or Old Times in the Oak
Openings," a novel (1887). His most successful
poems are "The Isle of the Long Ago," "The Old
Village Choir," and "Rhymes of the River."
\^ A/vOy^"^^J^A>^>irv-,
60
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
TAYLOR, Thomas House, b. in Georp:etown,
S. C, 18 Oct., 1795); d. in West Park. N. Y.. 9
Sept., 1867. lie was graduated at South Carolina
college in 1818, received deacon's orders in the
Protestant Episcopal church in 1831. had a charge
at North Santee, S. C, was ordained priest at St.
John's. Colleton. John's island, S. C, on 16 March,
1826. and was rector of the church in that place
tintil he was called to succeed Dr. Jonathan M.
Wainwright in Grace church. New York city, in
April, 1834, of which he was rector from that time
until his death. He was distinguished as a writer
and debater, and in the controversy over the ritual
and liturgy which divided his church he was a
representative of the Low-church party. A volume
of his "Sermons preached in Grace Church" was
published after his death (New York, 1869).
TAYLOR, Virgil Corydon, musician, b. in
Barkhamstead, Conn., in 1817. He was long an
organist at Hartford, Conn., where he wrote arti-
cles on political subjects for the newspapers. He
endeavored to introduce in musical notation an in-
dex-staff in which the key-note occupies a heavier
line or a wider space. He published collections of
sacred and secular songs, containing many compo-
sitions by himself. Their titles are "Sacred Min-
strel" (1846); "The Lute, or Musical Instructor "
(1847): "Choral Anthems" (1850); "The Golden
Lvre " (1850) ; " Concordia " (1851) ; " The Chime "
(1854); "The Celestina" (1856); "The Song Fes-
tivar'(1858); "The Enchanter" (1861): "The Con-
certina " (1864) ; and " The Praise Offering " (1868).
TAYLOR, Waller, senator, b. in Lunenburg
county, Va., before 1786 ; d. in Lunenburg, Va., 26
Aug., 1826. He received a common-school educa-
tion, studied law, served one or two terms in the
Virginia legislature as the representative of Lunen-
burg county, and settled in Vincennes, Ind., in
1805, having been appointed a territorial judge.
He served as aide-de-camp to Gen. William H.
Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe, and in the
war of 1812-'15. On the admission of Indiana as
a state he was elected U. S. senator, and at the
close of his term was re-elected, serving from 12
Dec, 1816, till 3 March, 1825.
TAYLOR, Walter Herron, soldier, b. in Nor-
folk, Va., 13 June, 1838. He was educated at the
Virginia military institute, and became a mer-
chant and banker. He joined the Confederate
army on the secession of Virginia, and was on the
staff of Gen. Robert E. Lee during the entire period
of the civil war, and from the time that Gen. Lee
assumed command of the Army of Northern Vir-
ginia, served as adjutant-general of that army,
with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. After the
war he resumed the banking business at Norfolk,
Va., where he has held municipal offices, and was
elected to the state senate, of which he was a mem-
ber from 1869 till 1873. He is the author of " Four
Years with Gen. Lee " (New York, 1878).
TAYLOR, William, M. E. bishop, b. in Rock-
bridge county, Va.. 2 May, 1821. He was brought
up as a farmer and tanner, l)ecame a Methodist
preacher in 1842, was admitted on trial to the Bal-
timore conference in March, 1843, and was an itin-
erant till 1849, when he was sent to California as a
missionary by the missionary society of the Meth-
odist Episcopal church. After laboring there for
seven years and for five years in Canada and the
eastern states, he went to fiurope in 1862, spending
seven months in evangelistic work in the British
islands, and then travelling over the continent and
in Egypt and the Holy Land. For the next three
years he conducted missionary services throughout
Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. He after-
//t_-<^^^^^t**i. C>'i:^,<^;lf^^O-
ward visited So*ith Africa, and converted many of
the Kaffirs to Christianity, going thence to Great
Britain, where he conducted special services for
about a year. He next made the tour of the Meth-
odist missions in the West Indies, visited Austra-
lia a second time, and then spent some time in
Ceylon, crossing
over in 1872 to In-
dia, where within
four years he suc-
ceeded in estab-
lishing self-sup-
porting churches
m Bombay, Poo-
nah, Jubbulpore,
Agra, Calcutta,
Madras. Banga-
lore, Secundera-
bad, and else-
where. As a re-
sult of his labors
the South India
conference and
the Madras con-
ference have been
organized. He
devoted himself
afterward to educational and evangelistic work in
Central America and in Brazil, Chili, and Peru,
and there also he founded independent mission
churches. These self-supporting missions, which
he began to establish in 1878, now occupy as cen-
tres Aspinwall, Callao, Iquique, Coquimbo, San-
tiago, Concepcion, Pernambuco, and Pari. On 22
May, 1884, he was elevated to tlie episcopal office
under the title of missionary bishop in Africa. Go-
ing to Central Africa, he established a chain of
thirty-six mission stations on the Congo, extending
1,200 miles and 390 miles along the west coast, and
employing seventy missionaries, who are supported
by voluntary contributions of American Methodists
until self-support can be developed from school-
farms. In 1888 Bishop Taylor revisited the United
States on the occasion of the general conference held
in New York in May. He has published "Seven
Years' Street Preaching in San Francisco " (New
York, 1856; London, 1863); "^ Address to Young
America, and a Word to the Old Folks" (1857):
"California Life Illustrated" (New York, 1858;
London, 1863) ; " The Model Preacher " (Cincinnati,
1860: London, 1865) ; " Reconciliation, or How to be
Saved " (1867) : " Infancy and Manhood of Christian
Life " (1867) : " The Election of Grace " (Cincinnati,
1868); "Christian Adventures in South Africa"
(1867); " Four Years' Campaign in India" (1875);
" Our South American Cousins " (1878) ; " Letters
to a Quaker Friend on Baptism " (1880) ; " Ten
Years of Self-Supporting Missions in India ''(1882);
and " Pauline Methods of Missionary Work " (1889).
TAYLOR, William Bower, physicist, b. in
Philadelphia. Pa., 23 May, 1821. He was gradu-
ated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1840,
and after studying law was admitted to the Phila-
delphia bar in 1844. Subsequently he studied
civil engineering, but he has always been more
attracted to literary pursuits or scientific investi-
gations. In 1854 he was made an examiner in the
U. S. patent-office in Washington, where he re-
mained until 1877. He was appointed editor of
the publications of the Smithsonian institution in
1878, which place he has since held. Mr. Taylor
is a member of the Philosophical societies of Phila-
delphia and Washington, and, in addition to re-
views and magazine articles, has published, through
the medium of the Smithsonian reports, memoirs
St. *m^ fflSi
■■^\\if. i-.- HBHon IJw -iW-K
'2^^:^^^^<^h^t^^^(^^'^y^
3.APPLETOTI &C?
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
61
on " Thoujrhts on the Nature and Orijfin of Force "
(1870); "On the IMraction of Sound" (1875);
" Kitictic Thoorics of Onivitution " (1870); " Ue-
(Ttit K«'sc'arc'hcs in Sound " (187(5); " lliMitry of the
KltHtro-Mafrni'tic Tele^'raph " (1878); " The Scien-
tifif Work of Joseph Henry "(1878) ; " Physics and
Occult Oualities" (1882) ; and " On the Crumpling
of the Earth's Crust" (1882); also a discussion
with the Itev. J. Newton Brown ''On the Obliga-
tion of the Sabhath" (Philadelphia, 1853). •
TAYLOR, nilliam Markergro, clergyman, b.
in Kilmarnock. Scotland. 2:5 Oct., 182». He was
graduated at the I'niversity of Glasgow in 1849,
and at the theological seminary of the United Pres-
byterian church in Edinburgh in 1852, and after
officiating for two years as pa-stor of the small nar-
ish of Kilmaurs. Ayrshire, removed in 1855 to Liv-
erpool. England, to form a new Presbyterian con-
gregation. There he gathered a large congrega-
tion of merchants, mechanics, and trades()eot)le.
He visited the United States in 1871. and preac-lied
in Bmoklyn, N. Y., with such effectiveness that in
the following year he was called to occupy the pul-
pit of the Broadway Tabernacle in New York city,
as the successor of the Rev. Joseph P. Thompson.
He received the degree of D. I), from both Yale and
Amherst in 1872, and that of LL. D. from Prince-
ton in 1883. He was lecturer at Yale seminary in
1870 and 1880. and at Princeton seminary in 1880.
In 1870-80 Dr. Taylor edited the "C^hristian at
Work." He is the author of " Life Truths." a vol-
ume of sermons (Liverfxxjl, 1802); "The Miracles:
Helps to Faith, not Hindrances "(Edinburgh, 1805):
" The Ijost Found and the Wanderer Welcomed "
(1870); "Memoir of the Rev. Matthew Dickie"
(Bristol, 1872) ; " Praver and Business " (New York,
1873); "David, King of Israel" (1875): "Elijah,
the Prophet " (1870) ; " The Ministry of the Wonl,"
containmg lectures delivered at Yale (1870):
"Songs in the Night " (1877); " Peter, the Apos-
tle " (1877) ; " Daniel, the Beloved " (1878) : " Moses,
the Lawgiver" (1879); "The Gospel Miracles in
their Relation to Christ and Christianity," consist-
ing of his Princeton lectures (1880) ; " The Limita-
tions of Life, and other Sermons " (1880) ; " Paul,
the Missionary" (1882); "Contrary Winds, and
other Sermons" (1883); "Jesus at the Well"
(1884); "John Knox: a Biography " (1885); "Jo-
seph, the Prime Minister" (1880);'" The Parables
of Our Saviour E.\p*)unded and Illustrated "(1880);
and "The Scottish Pulpit" (1887).
TAYLOR, WiUiam Vl^neron, naval officer,
b. in Newport, R. I., in 1781; d. there, 11 Feb.,
1858. He went to sea before the mast, became a
captain in the merchant marine, and entered the
navy as a sailing-master, 28 April, 1813. He was
attached to ("om. Oliver H. Perry's flag-ship, the
" Ijawrence," in the battle of Lake Erie, where he
was severely wounded, afterward ret-eiving a vote
of thanks and a sword for his services. He was
commissioned a lieutenant, 9 Dec, 1814, cruised in
the "Java" on the Mediterranean station in
1815-'10, and was on leave at Newj)oi-t on account
of his wound in 18I(;-'23, after which he serve<l in
the ship " Ontario," of the Mediterranean stpuulron,
in 1824-'0, at the Ii<iston navy-yard in 1827-*8, and
in the frigate " Hudson," on the Brazil station, in
1829-'30. He was promoted to master-comman-
dant, 3 March, 1831, was in charge of the receiving-
ship at Boston in 183Ji-'4.and the slo<n) " Warren "
in ia3.5. In 18:^9-*41 he had the store-ship " Erie."
He was promoted to captain, 8 Sent., 1841, and
commanded the Pacific s<iuadron in the "Ohio" in
I 1847-'8. After this he wjis on leave at Newport
until his death.— ilia son, William Rogers, naval
ofTlcer. b. in Newport, R. I„ 7 Nov., 1811; d. in
Washington. I). ('., 14 April, 1889. He became a
paased midshipman, 14 June, 18:M, and cruised in
the "I*eaco(!k" in the East Indies in lW{.5-'«.
When the " Peacock " was strandeil on the islnnd
of Mas.sera in 1830. he was sent to take the U. S.
diplomatic agent, E<lmun<l R«>lierts. to Muscat to
arrange treaties. This voyage lasted five days in
an o|>en l>oat. and upon arrival at Muscat the sid-
tan offered him the sloop "Sultan<5 " to go to the
relief of the " Peacock " ; but the latter had got off,
and ho rejoined her at sea. He .served as ncting
lieutenant on the same station and in the Pwific
in the schooner " Enternrise " and ship "North
Carolina" in 18:i(^'8. He was commissioned a
lieutenant, 10 Feb.. 1840, and was engaged in the
survey of Tampa bay. Fla., in 1842-'3, during
which he at times had command of the steamer
" Poinsett " and the brig " Oregon." He served on
the Brazil station in the brig "Perry " and the ship
"Columbus" in 1843-'4. During the Mexican war
he was on the sloop "St. Mary's" in the engage-
ment with batteries at Tampico. where he com-
manded the launch in the expedition that captured
that port and five Mexican schooners, 14 Nov.,
1840. During the siege and bombardment of Vera
Cruz he commanded the eight-inch gun in the
naval battery on shore for thir\y-six hours. He
wjis pronjoted to commander, 14 Sept., 1855. and
was on ordnance duty at Washington in 1857-'9.
In 1801 he was ordered to command the steamer
" Ilousatonic," and he was promoted to captain, 10
July, 1802. While senior officer in the blockade
off Charleston he engaged the Confederate rams
" Chicora " and " Palmetto " in the " Ilousatonic "
when they attacked the squadron in January. 18(J3.
When Dahlgren took command he was api>ointed
fleet-captain, and ttarticipated in the actions against
Morris island in .July. 18(>3. On 10 July he was in
the battle on board the monitor "Catskill," and on
18 July in the monitor " Montauk." He command-
ed the steamer "Juniata" in IxJth attacks on* Fort
Fisher. He was president of the board to revise
the navy regulations, was in charge of the ordnance-
yard at Washington in 1800-'7, and was promoted
to commodore, 25 July, 1800. He was a member
of the examining board in 1808, commanded the
northern squadron of the Pacific fleet in 1809-'71,
was promoted to rear-admiral, 19 Jan., 1871. and
was president of the examining board in 1871-'2.
and commanded the South Atlantic squadron from
22 Mav, 1872, till 7 Nov., 1873, when he was retired.
TAYLOR, Zachary, twelfth president of the
United States, b. in Orange county, Va., 24 Sept.,
1784: d. in the executive mansion, Washington,
D. C, 9 July, ia50. His father. Col. Richartl Tay-
lor, an officer in the war of the Revolution, was
conspicuous for zeal and daring among men in
whom personal gallantry was the rule. After the
war he retired to private life, and in 1785 removed
to Kentucky, then a sparsely occupied county of
Virginia, and made his home near tne present city
of Louisville, where he died. Zachary was the
third son. Brought up on a farm in a new settle-
ment, he had few sc-holastic opportunities; but in
the thrift, industry, self-denial, and forethought
refpiired by the circumstances, he learne<l such les-
sons as were well adapted to form the character
illustrated by his eventful career. Yet he had also
another form of education. The liberal grants of
land that Virginia made to her soldiers caused
many of them, after the j)eace of 178JJ, to remove
to the west; thus Col. Taylor's neighbors included
majjy who had \>een his fellow-.soldiers. and these
often met around his wide hearth. Their conver-
52
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
sation wonld naturally be reminiscences of their
military life, and all the sons of Col. Taylor, save
one, Hancock, entered the U. S. army. The rapid
extension of settlements on the border was pro-
ductive of frequent collision with the Indians, and
required the protection of a military force.
In 1808, on the recommendation of President
Jefferson, congress authorized the raising of five
regiments of infantry, one of riflemen, one of light
artillery, and one of light dragoons. From the
terms of the act it was understood that this was
not to be a permanent increase of the U. S. army,
and many of the officers of the " old army " de-
clined to seek promotion in the new regiments. At
this period questions had arisen between the United
States and Great Britain which caused serious an-
ticipations of a war with that power, and led many
to regard the additional force authorized as a pre-
liminary step in preparation for such a war. Zach-
ary Taylor, then m his twenty-fourth year, applied
for a commission and was appointed a 1st lieu-
tenant in the 7th infantry, one of the new regi-
ments, and in 1810 was promoted to the grade of
captain in the same regiment, according to the
regulations of the service. He was happily mar-
ried in 1810 to Miss Margaret Smith, of Calvert
county, Md., who shared with him the privations
and dangers of his many years of frontier service,
and survived him but a short time. The troubles
on the frontier continued to increase until 1811,
when Gen. William H. Harrison, afterward presi-
dent of the United States, marched against the
stronghold of the Shawnees and fought the battle
of Tippecanoe.
In June, 1813, war was declared against Eng-
land, and this increased the widespread and not
unfounded fears of Indian invasion in the valley
of the Wabash. To protect Vincennes from sudden
assault, Capt. Taylor was ordered to Fort Harri-
son, a stockade on the river above Vincennes. and
with his company of infantry, about fifty strong,
made preparations to defend the place. He had
not long to wait. A large body of Indians, know-
ing the smallness of thegarrison, came, confidently
counting on its capture ; but as it is a rule in their
warfare to seek by stratagem to avoid equal risk and
probable loss, they tried various expedients, which
were foiled by the judgment, vigilance, and courage
of the commander, and when the final attack was
made, the lirave little garrison repelled it with such
loss to the assailants that when, in the following Oc-
tober. Gen. Hopkins came to support Fort Harrison,
no Indians woie to be found thereabout. For the
defence of Fort Harrison, Capt. Taylor received
the brevet of major, an honor that had seldom, if
ever before, been conferred for service in Indian
war. In the following November, Maj. Taylor,
with a battalion of regulars, formed a part of the
command of Gen. Hopkins in the expedition
against the hostile Indians ftt the head-waters of
the Wabash. In 1814, with his separate command,
he being then a major by commission, he made a
campaign against the hostile Indians and their
British allies on Rock river, which was so suc-
cessful as to give subsequent security to that im-
mediate frontier. In such service, not the less
hazardous or indicative of merit because on a small
scale, he passed the period of his employment on
that frontier until the treaty of peace with Great
Britain disposed the Indians to be quiet.
After the war, 3 March, 1815. a law was enacted
to fix the military peace establishment of the
United States. By this act the whole force was
to be reduced to 10.000 men, with such proportions
of artillery, infantry, and riflemen as the presi-
dent should judge proper. The president was to
cause the officers and men of the existing army to
be arranged, by unrestricted transfers, so as to
form the corps authorized by the recent act, and
the supernumeraries were to be discharged. Maj.
Taylor had borne the responsibilities and per-
formed the duties of a battalion commander so
long and successfully that when the arranging
board reduced him to .the rank of captain in the
new organization he felt the injustice, but resigned
from the army without complaint, returned home,
and proceeded, as he said in after-years, "to make
a crop of corn." Influences that were certainly
not employed by him, and are unknown to the
writer of this sketch, caused his restoration to the
grade of major, and he resumed his place in the
army, there to continue until the voice of the peo-
ple called him to the highest office within their
gift. Under the rules that governed promotion in
the army, Maj. Taylor became lieutenant - colonel
of the 1st infantry, and commanded at Fort
Snelling, then the advanced post in the northwest.
In 1882 he became colonel of the 1st infantry,
with headquarters at Fort Crawford, Prairie du
Chien. The barracks were imfinished, and his
Practical mind and conscientious attention to every
uty were manifest in the progress and completion
of the work. The second Black Hawk campaign
occurred this year, and Col. Taylor, with the
greater part of his regiment, joined the army com-
manded by Gen. Henry Atkinson, and with it
moved from Rock Island up the valley of Rock
river, following Black Hawk, who hafl gone to
make a junction with the Pottawattamie band of
the Prophet, a nephew of Black Hawk. This was
in violation of the treaty he had made with Gen.
Edmund P. Gaines in 1831, by which he was re-
quired to remove to the west of the Mississippi,
relinquishing all claim to the Rock river villages.
It was assumed that his purpose in returning to
the east side of the river was hostile, and, from
the defenceless condition of the settlers and the
horror of savage atrocity, great excitement was
created, due rather to his fame as a warrior than
to the number of his followers. If, as he subse-
quently declared, his design was to go and live
peaceably with his nei)hew. the Prophet, rather
than with the Foxes, of whom Keokuk was the
chief, that design may have been frustrated by the
lamentable mistake of some mounted volunteers
in hastening forward in pursuit of Black Hawk,
who, with his band — men. women, and children —
was going up on the south side of the Rock river.
The pursuers fell into an ambuscade, and were
routed with some loss and in great confusion. The
event will be remembered by the men of that day
as "Stillman's run."
The vanity of the young Indians was inflated
by their success, as was shown by some exultant
messages; and the sagacious old chief, whatever he
may have previously calculated upon, now saw that
war was inevitable and immediate. With his band
recruited by warriors from the Prophet's band, he
crossed to the north side of Rock river, and, pass-
ing through the swamp Koshkenong, fled over the
prairies west of the Pour Lakes, towai*d Wiscon-
sin river. Gen. Henry Dodge, with a battalion of
mounted miners, overtook the Indians while they
were crossing the Wisconsin and attacked their
rear-guard, which, when the main body had crossed,
swam the river and joined the retreat over the
Kickapoo hills toward the Mississippi. Gen. At-
kinson, with his whole army, continued the pur-
suit, and, after a toilsome marcif, overtook t*- /
Indians north of Prairie du Chien, on the ba*
TAYLOR
TAYI/)R
63
the Mississippi, to the west side of which they
were prt»paring to cross in bark canoes msulo on the
spot. Tnat purpose was foile<l by the accidental
arrival of a steamboat with a small gun on lx)ard.
The Indians took cover in a willow marsh, and there
was fought the battle of the IWl Axe. The Indians
were defeate<l, and dis|»ersed, and the campaign
ende<l. In the mean time, Gen. Winfield Scott,
with troops from the east, took chief command and
established his headquarters at Kock Island, and
thither (len. Atkinson went with the regular troops,
except that part of the 1st infantry which consti-
tutea the garrison of Fort Crawford. With these
(.'ol. Taylor returned to Prairie du Chien. When
it was reported that the Indians were on an island
alw)ve the prairie, he sent a lieutenant with an
appropriate command to explore the island, where
unmistakable evidence was found of the recent
fresence of the Indians and of their departure,
mmcdiately thereafter a group of Indians ap-
peared on the east bank of tne river under a
white flag, who proved to be Black Hawk, with a
remnant of his band and a few friendly Winne-
bagoes. The lieutenant went with them to the
fort, where Col. Taylor received them, except the
Winnebagoes, as prisoners. A lieutenant and a
guard were sent with them, sixty in number — men,
women, and children — by steamboat, to Rock Isl-
and, there to report to Gen. Scott for orders in
regard to the prisoners. Col. Taylor actively par-
ticipated in tne campaign up to its close, and to
him was surrendered the chief who had most illus-
trated the warlike instincts of the Indian race, to
whom history must fairly accord the credit of
having done much under the most disadvantageous
circumstancas. In 1836 Col. Taylor was ordered
to Florida for service in the Seminole war, and the
next year he defeated the Indians in the decisive
battle of Okcchobee, for which he received the
brevet of brigadier-general, and in 1838 was ap-
pointed to the chief command in Florida, In
1840 ho was assigned to command the southern
division of the western department of the army.
Though Gen. Tavlor had for many years been a
cotton-planter, his family had lived with him at
his military station, but. when ordered for an in-
definite time on field service, he made his family
home at Baton Rouge, La
Texas having been annexed to the United States
in 1845, Mexico threatened to invade Texas with
the avowed purpose to recover the territory, and
Gen. Taylor was ordered to defend it as a part of
the United States. He proceeded with all his
available force, about 1.500 men. to Corpus Christi,
where he was joined by re-enforcements of regu-
lars and volunteers. Discussion had arisen as to
whether the Nueces or the Rio Grande was the
proper boundary of Texas. His political opinions,
whatever they might be, were subordinate to the
duty of a soldier to execute the orders of his gov-
ernment, and, without uttering it, he acted on the
ajHiphthogm of Decatur: "My country, right or
wrong, my country." Texas claimed protection
for her frontier, the president recognized the fact
that Texas had been admitted to the Union with
the Rio Grande as her boundary, and Gen. Taylor
was instructed to advance to' that river. His
force hail l)een increased to about 4.000, when,
on 8 March, 1846, he marched from Corpus
Christi. He was of course conscious of the inade-
quacy of his division to resist such an army as
Mexico might send against it. but when onlered
by superior authority it was not his to remon-
strate. Gen. Gaines, commanding the western
department, had made requisitions for a sufficient
number of volunteers to join Taylor, but the sec-
retary of war countermanded them, except &n to
such as had already joined. Gen. Taylor, with a
main depot at Point Isabel. advance<l to the bank
of the Rio Grande, opposite to Matamoras, and
there made provision for defence of the place
called Fort Brown. Soon after his arrival, Am-
pudia, the Mexican general at Matamoms, made
a threatening demand that Gen. Taylor should
withdraw his tnnjps beyond the Nueces, to which
he replied that his [>osilion had l)een taken by order
of his government, and would be maintained.
Having completed the intrenchment, and being
short of supplies, he left a garrison to hold it, and
marched with an aggregate force of 2,288 men to
obtain additional supplies from Point Isabel. al>out
thirty miles distant. Gen. Arista, the new Mexican
commander, availing himself of the opportunity to
interpose, crossed the river below Fort Brown with
a force estimated at 6.000 regular troops, 10 pieces
of artillery.and a considerable amount of auxiliaries.
In the afternoon of the second day's march from
Point Isabel these were reported bv Gen. Taylor's
cavalry to be in his front, and he halted to allow
the command to rest and for the needful disposi-
tions for battle. In the evening a request was made
that a council of war should be held, to which Gen.
Taylor assented. The prevalent opinion was in
favor of falling back to Point Isabel, there to in-
trench and wait for re-enforcements. After listen-
ing to a full expression of views, the general an-
nounced : " I shall go to Fort Brown or stay in my
shoes," a western expression equivalent to "or die
in the attempt." He then notified the officers to
prepare to attack the enemy at dawn of day. In
the morning of 8 May the advance was made by
columns until the enemy's batteries opened, when
line of battle was formed and Taylor's artillery,
inferior in number but otherwise superior, was
brought fully into action and soon dis|jersed the
mass of the enemy's cavalry. The chaparral, dense
copses of thorn-bushes, served both to conceal the
position of the enemy and to imjiede the move-
ments of the attacking force. The action closed at
night, when the enemy retired, and Gen. Taylor
bivouacketl on the field. Early in the morning of
9 May he resumed his march, and in the afternoon
encountered Gen. Arista in a strong position with
artillery advantageously postetl. Taylor's infantry
pushed through the chaparral lining lK>th sides of
the road, and drove the enemy's infantry before
them ; but the batteries held their position, and
were so fatally used that it was an absolute neces-
sity to capture them. For this purpose the general
ordered a squadron of dragoons to charge them.
The enemy's gunners were cut down at their pieces,
the commanding officer was captured, and the
infantry soon made the victory complete. The
Mexican loss in the two battles was estimated at
a thousand ; the American, killed, forty-nine. The
enemy precipitately recrossed the Rio Grande,
leaving the usual evidence of a routed army. Gen.
Taylor then pn)ceeded tx) Fort Brown. During
his absence it had been heavily bombanled, and
the commander, Maj. Brown, had Ikm^u killed. The
Mexicans evacuated Matamoras, and Gen- Taylor
took peaceable possession, 18 May.
The Rio Grande, except at time of flood, offered
little obstacle to predatory incursions, and it was
obviously sound policy to press the enemy back
from the bt)rder. Gen. Taylor, therefore, moved
forward to Camargo, on the San Juan, a tributary
of the Rio Grande. This last-name<l river rose so
as to enable steamboats to transport troops and
supplies, and by September a sufficiently large
54
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
force of volunteers had reported at Gen, Taylor's
headquarters to justify a further march into the
interior, but the move must be by land, and for
that there was far from adequate transportation.
Hiring Mexican packers to supplement the little
transportjition on hand, he was able to add one
division of volunteers to the repfulars of his com-
mand, and with a force of 6,G25 men of all arms
he marched against Monterey, a fortified town of
great natural strength, garrisoned by 10.000 men
under Gen. Ampudia. On 19 Sept. he encamped
before the town, and on the 21st began the attack.
On the third day Gen. Ampudia proposed to sur-
render, commissioners were appointed, and terms
of capitulation agreed upon, by which the enemy
were to retire beyond a specified line, and the
United States forces were not to advance beyond
that line during the next eight weeks or until the
pleasure of the respective governments should be
Known. By some strange misconception, the U. S.
government disapproved the arrangement, and
ordered that the armistice should be terminated,
by which we lost whatever had been gained in the
interests of peace by the generous terms of the
capitulation, and got nothing, for, during the short
time that remained unexpired, no provision had
been or could be made to enable Gen. Taylor to
advance into the heart of Mexico. Presuming that
such must be the purpose of the government, he
assiduously strove to collect the means for that
object. When his preparations were well-nigh per-
fected. Gen. Scott was sent to Mexico with orders
that enabled him at discretion to strip Gen. Taylor
of both troops and material of war, to be used on
another line of operations. The projected campaign
against the capital of Mexico was to be from Vera
Cruz, up the steppes, and against the fortifications
that had been built to resist any probable invasion,
instead of from Saltillo, across the plains to the
comparatively undefended capital. The difficulty
on this route was the waterless space to be crossed,
and against that Gen. Taylor had ingeniously pro-
vided. According to instructions, he went to Vic-
toria, Mexico, turned over his troops, except a
proper escort to return through a country of hos-
tiles to Monterey, and then went to Agua Nueva,
beyond Saltillo. where he was joined by Gen. John
E. Wool with his command from Chihuahua.
Gen. Santa-Anna saw the invitation offered by
the withdrawal of Gen. Taylor's troops, and with a
well-appointed army, 20,000 strong, marched with
the assurance of easily recovering their lost terri-
tory. Gen. Taylor fell back to the narrow pass in
front of the hacienda of Bucna Vista, and here
stood on the defensive. His force was 5,400 of all
arras ; but of these, only three batteries of artillery,
one squadron of dragoons, one mounted company
of Texans, and one regiment of Mississippi riflemen,
had ever been under fire. Some skirmishing oc-
curred on 22 Feb., and a general assault along the
whole line was made on the morning of the 23d.
The battle, with varying fortune,continued through-
out the day; at evening the enemy retired, and
during the night retreated by the route on which
he had advanced, having suffered much by the
casualties of battle, but still more by desertions.
So Santa-Anna returned with but a remnant of the
regular army of Mexico, on which reliance had
been placed to repel invasion, and thenceforward
peace was undisturbed in the valley of the Rio
Grande. At that time Gen. Taylor's capacity was
not justly estimated, his golden silence being often
misunderstood. His reply to Sec. Marcy's strict-
ures in regard to the capitulation of Monterey
exhibited such vigor of thought and grace of ex-
Kression that many attributed it to a member of
is staff who had a literjiry reputation. It was
written by (Jen. Taylor's own hand, in the ofien air,
by his camp-fire at Victoria. Mexico.
Many ye^rs of militarv routine had not dulled
his desire for knowledge; he had extensively studied
both ancient and modern history, especially the
English. Unpretending, meditative, observant,
and conclusive, he was best understood and most
appreciated by those who had known him long and
intimately. In a campaign he gathered information
from all who approached him, however sinister
their motive might be. By comparison and elimi-
nation he gained a knowledge that was often sur-
f rising as to the position and designs of the enemy,
n battle he was vigilantly active, though quiet m
bearing; calm and considerate, though stern and
inflexible : but when the excitement of danger and
strife had subsided, he had a father's tenderness
and care for the wounded, and none more sincerely
mourned for those who had bravely fallen in the
line of their duty.
Before his nomination for the presidency Gen.
Taylor had no political aspirations and looked for-
ward to the time when he should retire from the
army as the beginning of a farmer's life. He had
Jlanned for his retreat a stock-farm in the hills of
efferson county, behind his cotton-plantation on
the Mississippi river. In his case, as in some other
notable instances, the fact of not desiring office
rather increased than diminished popular confi-
dence, so that unseeking he was sought. From
early manhood he had served continually in the
U. S. army. His duties had led him to consider
the welfare of the country as one and indivisible,
and his opinions were free from party or sectional
intensity. Conscious of his want of knowledge of
the machinery of the civil service, he formed his
cabinet to supplement his own information. They
were men well known to the public by the eminent
civil stations they had occupied, and were only
thus known to Gen. Taylor, who as president haS
literally no friends to reward and no enemies to
Junish. The cabinet was constituted as follows:
ohn M. Clayton, of Delaware, secretary of state ;
William M. Meredith, of Pennsylvania, secretary
of the treasury ; George W. Crawford, of Georgia,
secretary of war; W. Ballard Preston, of Virginia,
secretary of the navy : Reverdy Johnson, of Mary-
land, attorney-general ; Alexander H. H. Stuart,
of Virginia, secretary of the interior. All these
had served in the U. S. senate or the house of rep-
resentatives, and all were lawyers. Taylor was the
popular hero of a foreign war which had been vic-
toriously ended, bringing to the United States a
large acquisition of territory with an alluring har-
vest of gold, but, all unheeded, bringing also a
large addition to the elements of sectional conten-
tion. These were soon developed, and while the
upper^ir was calm and the sun of prosperity shone
brightly on the land, the attentive listener could
hear the rumbling sound of approaching convul-
sion. President Taylor, with the keen watchful-
ness and intuitive perception that had character-
ized him as a commander in the field, easily saw
and appreciated the danger; but befoi-e it had
reached the stage for official action he died. His
party and local relations, being a Whig and a
southern planter, gave him the vantage-ground for
the exercise of a restraining influence in the threat-
ened contest. His views, matured under former
responsibilities, were tersely given to confidential
friends, and as none of his cabinet (except Attor-
ney-General Stuart) survive, their* consultations
cannot be learned unless from preserved manu-
TAYLOR
TAYLOR
55
script. Diirinj; the brief jioricvl of his a<lrninistrA-
tion the rules that wniihl povorn it were mwle
manifest, and no law for eivil-serviee reform was
needful for his puidanc^e. With him the lH«stowal
of oftiee was a trust held for the jM>ople: it was
not to Iks gained by pro<if of party zeal and lalwr.
The fart ot holding; l)em<KTaticr opinions was not a
disquaiificatitm for the otlice. Nepi>tism had with
him no (juarter. (Jen, Wintleld S<'ott related to
the writer an anet'dote that may appropriately eloso
this sketch. He said he had remarked to his wife
that (fen, Taylor was an uprij;ht man. to which she
replied : " He is not " ; that he insistetl his Ion? ac-
(luaintance shouUI enable him to judjje better than
she. But she jH'rsisted in her denial, and he asked :
"Then what manner of man is het" When she
responded : " He is a downrij;ht num."
As president he had purity, patriotism, and dis-
cretion to guide him in his^new field of duty, and
had he livwi long enough 'to stamp his character
on his administration, it would have l>e€n found
that the great soldier was equally fitted to be the
hea«l of a government. He was buried in the fam-
ily tiemetery. five miles from Ijouisville. Kv, Gen,
Taylors life was written by .)ose|)h R. Vrv and
Ro'lHTt T. Connid (I'hiladelnhia, 1848) and by John
Frost (New York, 1848).— Ilis wife, Margaret, b,
in Calvert county, Md.. about 171K); d. near Pas-
cagoula. La.. 18 Aug., 1852, was the daughter of
Walter Smith, a Maryland planter. She received
a home education, married early in life, and, until
her husband's election to the presidency, resided
with him chiefly in garrisons or on the frontier.
During the Florida war she established herself at
Tampa bay, and did good service among the sick
and wounded in the hospitals there. Mrs. Taylor
was without social aml)ition, and when Gen. Tay-
lor became presiiient she reluctantly accepted her
responsibilities, regarding the olflce as a "plot to
deprive her of her husband's society and to shorten
his life by unnecessary care," She surrendered to
her youngest daughter the superintendence of the
household, and took no part in social duties. — Her
eldest daughter, Sarah, Iwcame the wife of Jeffer-
son Davis. — Another daughter, Elizabeth, b. in
Jefferson county, Kv,, in 1826, was educated in
Philadelphia, married Maj. William W. S. Bliss in
her nineteenth year, and, on her father's inaugura-
tion, became mistress of the White House. Mrs.
Bliss, or Miss Betty, as she was popularly called,
was a graceful and accomplishecl hostess, and, it
is said, "did the honors of the establishment with
the artlessness of a rustic l>ello and the grace of a
duchess," After the death of her father in 1850,
and her husband in 1853. she spent several years
in retirement, subsequently marrying Philip t)an-
dridge, of Winchester. Va., whom she survives. —
His only son. Richard, soldier, b, in New Orleans,
27 Jan., 1826; d. in New York city, 12 April, 1879,
was sent to Edinburgh, Scotland, when thirteen
years old. where he spent three years in studying
the classics, and then a year in France. He entered
the junior class at Y^ale in 1843, and was graduated
there in 1845. He was a wide and voracious
thotigh a desultory readier. From college he went
to his father's camp <m the Rio Grande, and he
was nresent at Palo Alto, aiul Resaca de la Palma.
His health then became imfwired. and he returned
home. He resiiled on a cotton-plantation in Jeffer-
son county. Miss., until 1849, when he removed to
a sugar-estat« in St. Charles parish, Louisiana,
about twenty miles above New Orleans, where '
was residing when the civil war l>egan. "
the state senate from 1856 to 1860, was
to the Charleston Democratic conventio
and afterward to that at Baltimore, and was a
niemljer of the .SKjessifm convention of I^ouisiana.
As a memlKT of the military committee, he aide<I
the governor in organizing troops, and in June.
1861. went to Virginia as colonel of the 9th Louisi-
atui volunttH»rs. The day he reached Richmond
he left for Mana.ssas, arriving then> at dusk on the
<lay of the battle. In the autumn he was made a
briga<lier-general. and in the spring of 1862 he led
his brigade in the valley campaign under "Stone-
wall " Jackson. He distinguished himself at Front
Royal. Middletown, Wincnester. Strasburg. (.'rosn
Keys, and Port Republic,and Jackson recommended
him for promotion. Taylor was also with Jackson
in the seven days' battles l)efore Richmond. He
was promoted to major-general, and assigneil t«
the command of Louisiana, The fatig'ues and ex-
posures of his camiMiigns there brought on a partial
and temporary paralysis of the lower limbs; but in
August he assume<l command. The only com-
munication across the Mississippi retained by the
Confederates was between Viclcsburg and Port
Hudson ; but Taylor showed great ability in raising,
organizing, supplying, and handling an army, aticl
he gnulually won back the state west of the Missis-
sippi from the National forces. He had reclaimed
the whole of this when Vicksburg fell, 4 July,
186J3, and was then comi)elled to fall back we,st of
Berwick's bay. Gen, Taylor's principal achieve-
ment during the war wjis his defeat of Gen.
Nathaniel P. Banks at Sabine Cros.s-Roads, near
Mansfield, De S<jto parish, La., 8 April, 1864. With
8.(X)0 men he attjicked the advance of the northern
army and routed it, capturing twenty-two guns and
a large number of prisoners. He followed Banks,
who fell back to Pleasant hill, and on the next
day again attacked him, when Tavlor was defeated,
losing the fruits of the first day's victory. These
two days' fighting have been frequently compared
to that of Shiloh — a surprise and defeat on the first
day, followed by a substantial victoryof theNational
forces on the second. In the summer of 1864 Tay-
lor was promoted to be a lieutenant-general, and
ordered to the command of the Department of
Alabama, Mississippi, etc. Here he was able merely
to protract the contest, while the great armies de-
cided it. Aft«r Lee and Johnston capitulated there
was nothing for him, and he surrendered to Gen.
Edward R. S. Canby, at Citronelle. 8 Mav. 1865.
The war left Taylor ruined in fortune, and he soon
went abroad. Returning home, he totik part in
politico as an luiviser, and his counsel was neld in
special esteem by Samuel J. Tilden in his presi-
dential canvass. During this |)eriod he wrote his
memoir of the war, entitled " Destruction and Re-
construction " (New York, 1879),— His brother,
Joseph Pannel, soldier, b. near Louisville, Kv.,
4 May, 1796 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 29 June, 1864,
serve<l in the ranks on the Canadian frontier dur-
ing the war of 1812, was appointed a lieutenant of
U. S. infantry on 20 May, 1813, served through the
war with Great Britain, and was retained on the
[Hjace establishment as lieutenant of artillery, be-
coming a captain in July. 1825. He was appointed
commissary of subsistence in 1829. and thenceforth
serveti in that department, becoming assistant com-
missary-general, with the rank of lieutenant-colo-
nel, in' 1841, On 30 May. 1848. he was brevette*!
colonel for his services in prosecuting the war
with Mexico, during which he was chief commis-
sary of the army on the upper line of oiwrations.
In Septemlx>r, 1861, he was made colonel and
J yOqjmissary-general, and on 9 Feb., 1863. was,pro-
_ 1 brigadier-general. His wife was a daugh-
^^tiX Justice John Mcljean. — Their son. John
56
TAZEWELL
TAZEWELL
McLean, soldier, b. in Washington, D, C, 21 Nov.,
1838; d. in Baltimore, Md., 21 Nov., 1875, entered
the U. S. array as 2d lieutenant in the 3d artillery
on 3 March, 1848, and was promoted 1st lieutenant
on 30 June, 1851, and captain and commissary of
subsistence on 11 May, 1851. He served faithfully
in his department during the civil war, becoming
major on 9 Feb., 1863, and receiving the brevets
of lieutenant-colonel and colonel to date from 13
March. 1865. — Another son, Joseph Hancock, sol-
dier, b. in Kentucky, 26 Jan., 1836 ; d. in Omaha,
Neb., 13 March, 1885, was graduated at the U. S.
military academy in 1856, and commissioned 2d
lieutenant of cavalry on 16 Jan., 1857. He served
in Kansas, in the Utah expedition, and in a cam-
paign in 1860 against the Kiowa and Comanche
Indians of Colorado. He was promoted 1st lieu-
tenant on 22. April, 1861, and captain on 14 May,
and was appointed acting adjutant-general of Gen.
Edwin V. Sumner's division on 27 Nov., 1861.
During the peninsula campaign, and subsequently
in the Maryland campaign, he served as acting as-
sistant adjutant-general of the 2d corps, winning
the brevet of major at Fair Oaks, and that of lieu-
tenant-colonel at the Antietam. He was assistant
adjutant-general at Fredericksburg, and assistant
inspector-general of cavalry in Stoneman's raid.
On 1 June, 1863, he was assigned to duty as assist-
ant adjutant-general of the department at Wash-
ington. He was appointed a major on the staff on
80 March, 1866, and on 13 Aug. was brevetted
colonel for faithful services during the war. He
was on duty in different military departments till
his death, which was due to disease that he had
contracted in the line of duty.
TAZEWELL, Ifenry, senator, b. in Brunswick
county, Va., in 1753 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 24
Jan., 1799. He was educated at William and
Mary, studied law with his uncle, John, was ad-
mitted to practice, and in 1775 was elected to the
house of burgesses. In the convention of 1776 he
was placed on the committee that reported the
declaration of rights and the constitution. He
continued a member of the legislature, taking an
active part in its deliberations till 1785, when he
was appointed to a seat on the supreme bench of
Virginia. He served as a member of the court of
appeals, and in 1793, when a separate appellate
court was constituted, he was chosen one of the
judges. In the following year he resigned in order
to take his seat in the U. S. senate, of which he
was a member till his death. In 1795 he was
elected president, jtwo tempore. During the discus-
sion of John Jay's English treaty he was the leader
of the Republican opposition. — His son, Littleton
Waller, statesman, b. in Williamsburg, Va., 17
Dec, 1774 ; d. in Norfolk, Va., 6 March, 1860, was
graduated at William and Mary in 1792, studied
law, was admitted to the Richmond bar in 1796,
and entered on the practice of his profession in
James City county. He was elected in 1796 a
member of the Virginia house of delegates and
served in that body, by re-election, for four years.
As an adherent of the Jefferson party he support-
ed the famous resolutions of 1798, and James Madi-
son's report of 1799. In 1800 he was elected to
succeed John Marshall as a member of the U. S.
house of representatives, and participating in the
presidential election that devolved on that body he
supported Thomas Jefferson against Aaron Burr.
Declining a re-election to congress he removed
in 1802 to Norfolk, where he soon took rank among
the foremost lawyers of that commercial port, then
noted for its able bar. He gained special distinc-
tion in criminal and in admiralty law. Though
sharing, in politics, the general views and consti-
tutional opinions of Jefferson, he frankly dissent-
ed from the chief measures of the administration —
its gun-boat system of defence, its non-intercourse
act, and the em-
bargo. He was
equally opposed
to the wrongs that
were committed
by England and
by France against
our commerce
during the Napo-
leonic wars, and,
favoring at an
early stage a dec-
laration of war
against both alike,
he avowed his
readiness to make ' fcn^^^t^^ ^
the attack of the ml) Jc^jU^^^^M
" Leopard on the ^
cruiser " Chesa-
peake " in 1807 a cause of immediate war against
Great Britain, and offered his military services at
the head of a cavalry troop. But he finally
broke with the administration at all points on the
ground of its incapacity for either war or peace,
and in 1808 opposed the election of Madison as
president for a like reason. In 1809 he supported
the Federalist candidate for congress in the Nor-
folk district, and, on grounds of public policy, con-
tinued in steadfast opposition to war with Eng-
land ; but when war was declared in 1812 he gave
to it his hearty support. The close of the war left
Norfolk to deal with a new set of economical
and fiscal questions, and, as Mr. Tazewell was
known to be specially versed in such matters, he
was elected a member of the Virginia legislature
in 1816, and took an active part in its deliberations.
He was appointed by President Monroe as one of
the commissioners of the United States imder the
treaty with Spain for the purchase of Florida in
1819. In 1824 he was elected to the U. S. senate,
and he was re-elected in 1830. As a member of the
committee on foreign relations, of which for sev-
eral years he was chairman, he wrote the celebrated
report on the Panama mission, while his speeches
on the piracy act, the bankrupt act, the preroga-
tives of the president in the appointment of for-
eign ministers, and the tariff, were greatly admired.
Though antagonizing the general policy of the ad-
ministration of John Quincy Adams, he soon ar-
rayed himself, with equal independence, against
the financial measures of President Jackson. In
1832 he favored a reduction of the tariff of 1828.
While showing himself no zealot of the Bank of
the United States, when the question of its rechar-
ter arose in 1832, he publicly denounced the act of
the president in removing the deposits. He op-
Cosed the nullification measures of South Carolina,
ut at the same time dissented from the high Fed-
eral doctrines of Jackson's proclamation. When
he was elected president of the senate in 1831, he
refused to accept the honor, and in 1833 resigned
his seat" in that bodv from pure disgust of Federal
politics. In the following year he was chosen gov-
ernor of the state, and after his term of office had
expired he withdrew entirely from all connection
with politics. While serving in the U. S. senate,
he was elected a member of the convention that
was called in 1829 to revise the constitution of Vir-
ginia, and distinguished himself ifi that body
among men like Madison, Monroe, and Marshall
by the solidity of his counsels, and the weight of
TEALL
TECUMSEH
67
his influence. In sUndard English literature
Tazewell was deeply rewl ; in familiarity with Eng-
lish and American history he hiu\ few equals; \n
knowle<Ige of law he hud no su|H!rior; in polities
he exhibited the traits of a Cato as much by the
impracticability of his principles as by the severity
of his virtues. The chanu'tor of "Sidney," in
William Wirt's "Old Huchelor," is a sketch of
Tazewell drawn from life by his friend and com-
peer at the Iwir. He was the author of " lieview
of the Nejjotiations between the United States and
Great Britain res|K>cting the Commerce of the Two
Countries'' (London, 1829), and contributed under
the pen-name of Senex to the Norfolk "Herald"
in 1827. See a discourse on his life by Hugh Blair
Grigsby, LL. I). (Norfolk. 18G0).
TEALIj, Francis Augustus, etlitor, b. in Fort
Anne, Washington co., N. V'., 10 Aug., 1822. He
entered a prinling-ofllce in 1836, afterward sup-
plemented his common-school education by the
study of languages, and in 1841 went to New York
city. Here he worked at the case, with Walt Whit-
man as a fellow-compositor, and was soon advanced
to the place of proof-reader. In this capacity he
has reiildered much critical service of an editorial
character on a large variety of works. Among other
interesting things that received his attention were
the original proofs of Edgar A. Poe's " Raven " and
" Bells.*' He assisted Ephraim G. Squier in pre-
paring his " Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi
Valley" (Washington, 1848), and John R. Bartlett
in the first edition of his " Dictionary of Ameri-
canisms," and made the analytical index to the
American edition of Napier's " Peninsular War."
F'or some time he was on the editorial staff of the
" American Whig Review," and in 1853 succeeded
Mr. Whitman as editor of a newspaper at Hunt-
ington, L. I. He acted as proof-reailer, contribu-
tor, and a»Jsociate editor on the different editions
of the " American Cyclopaedia," and noted the
pronunciation of the titles in the volume of index
to the second edition and in the text of the con-
densed edition. Since 1882 he has been employed
in the compilation of the "Century Dictionary."
The Universitv of Rochester gave him the degree
of A. M. in 1875.
TECHOTLALATZIN (tetch-ot-lab-lah-tseen),
king of Texcoco, d. in 1409. He was tha youngest
son of King Quinatzin, whom he succeeded on the
throne in 1357, During his reign one of his de-
pendent chiefs, Tzomnan, cacique of Xaltocan, re-
volted against his rule ; but he asked assistance
from King Iluitzilihuitl of Mexico, and with his
aid routed the rebel. From that date a mutual
alliance began l)etween the monarchies of Texcoco,
Tlaltelolco, an<l Chapultepec. He was succeeded
by his son Ixtliixochitl I.
TECTO, Juan de, Flemish missionary, b. in
Ghent in 1408; d. in Hon<lurH.s in 1520. He was
graduated as D. I), in Paris, and was for several
years professor of theology in the Sorbonne »mi-
versity, and afterwanl chaplain of Emperor
Charles V.. and guanlinn of a convent of Francis-
cans at Ghent. In 1522 he obtained from Charles
v., who was much attached to him, permission to
fj to the New World, and fixed his residence at
excoco, where he founded missions for the Indi-
ans and learned their language. He accompanieil
Cortes in his expedition to Hibueras in 1525. and
as, owing to the rel»eliion of Cristobal de Olid, no
provisions were obtainable, Tecto, exhausted, fell
behind the army, and was found later by a patrol
leaning against a tree, where he had died of hun-
ger. According to Bernal Diaz del Ca.stillo, he was
f<ent by Corte» to report to the emperor about the
conouest of Hibueras, and died at sea, off the coast
of Spain. Tecto is the author of two valuable
works: " Primeros rudimentos de la doctrina Cris-
tiana en lengua Mexicana," a manuscript which
was utilized by Vra\ Pedro de Gante for his
"Catecismo Mexicano^'; and "Apologia del Iwu-
tismo administrado & los gentiles Mexicanos con
sola el agua y la forma Sacramental," which is
cited bv Torquemada in his " Monaniuia Indiana."
TECl'MSEH, or TECl'MTHA, Shawnee chief,
b. near the site of Sjjringfidd, Ohio, al>out 1708;
killed in the battle of the Thames, Canada, 5 Oct.,
1813. His father, Puckeshinwa, or Pukeesheno,
a Shawnee brave, fell in battle when the son was
a child. The latter first appears in a fight with
Kentucky troops on Mat! river when he was al>out
twenty years old, and is said to have run at the
first fire, yet in the campaign that ended in the
treaty of Greenville in 1795 he was a bold and
active warrior. About 1805, with his brother,
Ellskwatawa. the " prophet," he projected the
union of all the western tribes of Indians against
the whites. He claimed that the treaties bv which
large tracts of Indian land had been ceded to set-
tlers were illegal, as the land was the common
property of all the tribes, and therefore could be
alienated only by common consent. The general
discontent was increased by the action of specu-
lators in ejecting Indians from lands, and by
British emissaries; and the brothers soon had a
large following. They visited the tribes from the
Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, and, in spite of the
warnings of Gen. William Henry Harrison, who
was then governor of the Northwest territory, they
continued to follow out their scheme. In August,
1810, in response to an invitation to a " quiet talk "
with the governor, Tecumseh, with 400 fully
armed warriors, encamped in a grove near Vin-
cennes, Ind. He was invited to the portico of the
governor's house, but replied : " Houses were built
lor you to hold councils in ; Indians hold theirs in
the open air." He opened the conference in a speech
of great elocjuence, and at its close, lieing invited
to sit near his "father," Gen. Harrison, said, boast-
inglv : " The sun is my father, and the earth is my
mother; on 'her bosom I will repose," suiting the
action to the word. In the discussion that followed
he boldly demanded the return of treaty lands,
and his violent and threatening manner put an
end to the coun-
cil. On the next
day Tecumseh ex-
1)ressed regret for
lis violence, and
the conference was
resumed, but was
productive of no
results. William
Clark, of Clarks-
ville. Pa., was
{)robably the last
survivor of those
that were present
at this interview
between Harrison
and Tecumseh. In
the following year
Indian depre«Ia-
tions increased,
and another con-
ference was held, at which Tecumseh. awed by a
militia forc-e, professed peaceful intentions, while
insisting on the vacation of cedetl lands ; yet a few
days later he set out on a journey to secure the
Creeks, Choctaws, and Cherokees for his proposed
58
TECUM-UMAN
TEFPT
league. He was not in the battle of Tippecanoe.
(See Harrison, William Henry.) That defeat
ruined his plans, yet he continued his efforts among
the southern tribes, and in the autumn of 1812 at-
tended a great council at Toockabatcha, Ala., which
had been called by the U. S. Indian agent, Col.
Hawkins. Here he made a passionate speech,
telling the Creeks that they would know when to
begin war on the whites by the appearance of the
arm of Tecumseh stretching ac;ross the heavens
like pale fire. He had been told by the British
that a comet would soon appear. To the chief
Tustinugee-Thlucco, who opposed him, he said :
" You do not believe that the Great Spirit has
sent me. You shall believe it. I will go straight
to Detroit, and when I get there I will stamp inV
foot upon the ground and shake down every house
in Toockabatcha." In the following December
there was an earth(juake shock, and the affrighted
Creeks ran from their dwellings shouting : " Tecum-
seh is at Detroit!" This, and the appearance of
the promised sign in the heavens, caused the Creek
nation to rise in arms, and brought about their
speedy ruin. Tecumseh now joined the English,
and commanded the Indian allies in the cam-
paigns of 1813-'13. He refused to meet the Amer-
ican commanders in council, was in the action on
Raisin river, and, after being wounded at Magua-
ga, was made a brigadier -general in the royal
army. He led 2,000 warriors in the siege of Fort
Meigs, where he saved American prisoners from
massacre. After the battle of Lake Erie he urged
Gen. Henry Proctor to engage Gen. William Henry
Harrison when he landed, but took part in the
British retreat, and was wounded while holding
the passage of a stream. He aided Proctor in
selecting the battle-ground at the Thames, and
commanded the right wing, laying aside his sword
and uniform and putting on his hunting-dress, in
the conviction that he must fall. His Indians
were driven back, and he fought desperately till
he was killed. His death was unknown to the
Americans for several days. Afterward it was
claimed for Col. Richard Malcolm Johnston, who
had killed a powerful Indian in hand-to-hand
combat, that his antagonist was Tecumseh, and
the claim occasioned a long controversy, but the
fact has not been established satisfactorily. Tecum-
seh possessed great executive ability, and with prop-
er training would have been distinguished as a gen-
eral. Says a Canadian historian : *' No one can
fully calculate the inestimable value of those de-
voted red men, led on by the brave Tecumseh
during the struggle of 1812. But for them it is
probable that we should not now have a Canada;
and if we had we would not enjoy the liberty and
privileges which we possess in so eminent a de-
gree." See '• Life of Tecumseh, and his Broth-
er, the Prophet, with an Historical Sketch of
the Shawnee Indians," based on the accounts of
various persons that knew the chief personally
(Cincinnati, 1841), and "Tecumseh and the Shawnee
Prophet," by Edward Eggleston (New York, 1878).
TECUM-UMAN (tay-coom), last king of Quiche,
d. near Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, in 1524. He
was the son of King Kicab-Tanub, who died dur-
ing a war with his neighbors the Zutuhiles and
Mames, and Tecum-Uman, hearing of the approach
of the Spaniards, tried to form an alliance with his
former enemies against the invaders. Only the
Mames accepted his offer, and with their auxiliary
troops Tecum-Uman is said, by the Spanish chron-
iclers, to have gathered an army of 230,000 war-
riors; but they could not resist the superior arms
and discipline of Alvarado's army of 450 Spaniards
and about 5,000 auxiliary Mexican Indians. The
first battle, in the ford of the river Tilapa, 24 Feb.,
1524, was sharp and not decisive, but a few days
afterward Tecum-Uman was totally defeated on
Olintepeque river, and it was afterward called
Xequigel, or river of blood. Tecum-Uman retired
with the rest of his army, but was overtaken in a
valley between Quezaltenango and Totonicapan,
where he made the last desperate stand, and was
killed by the lance of Alvarado.
TEEDYUSCUNG, Delaware chief, b. near Tren-
ton, N. J., about 1700 ; d. in Wyoming valley. Pa.,
16 April, 1763. He was also known as Honest
John and War Trumpet. His father, " Old Cap-
tain Harris," and his brothers and half-brothers,
"Captain John," "Young Captain Harris," "Tom,"
"Joe," and "Sara Evans" (names given them by
the English), were all high-spirited men. In 1730 he
settled in the forks of the Delaware, and he united
in 1749 with the Moravian Indian mission at Gna-
denhuetten. Carbon co.. Pa,, where, on 12 March,
1750, he was baptized by Bishop Cammerhoff, re-
ceiving the name of Gideon. Aware of how his
countrymen were being injured by the whites and
oppressed by the Six Nations, in 1754, when the
Delawares and their allies appealed to him to lead
them and be their king, he deserted the Moravian
mission. Henceforward his name is conspicuous
in the provincial history of Pennsylvania. After
the repulse of Braddock in July, 1755, he assem-
bled the Delawares, Mohicans, and Shawnees in the
Wyoming valley, and in the winter began to wage
war among the whites that resided within the
"Walking Purchase." In 1756 the government
sought the pacification of the Delaware king, which,
through treaties at Easton in July and November,
1756, and Noyember, 1757, was accomplished. In
the following spring, agreeably to his request and
the conditions of the treaty, a town was built for
him and his followers in the Wyoming valley.
One of the objects of his life was to recover for
the Lenni Lenape that dignity which the Iroquois
had treacherously wrested from them in 1742. He
was burned to death with his house while asleep
under the influence of liquor, the incendiary being
instigated by his enemies. Teedyuscung was a fine-
looking man, endowed with good sense, quick of
comprehension, ambitious, and a patriot.
TEFFT, Benjamin Franklin, clergyman, b.
in Floyd, Oneida co., N. Y., 20 Aug,, 1813; d, in
Brewer, Penobscot co.. Me, 16 Sept., 1885. He
was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1835,
taught four years in Maine Wesleyan seminary,
and then, entering the ministry of the Methodist
Episcopal church, was pastor at Bangor, Me,, in
1839-41. He then taught in East Greenwich, R.
I., and in 1842 accepted a charge in Boston, but
his health failed in 1843, and after travelling in
the south and west he was for three years profes-
sor of Greek and Hebrew in Indiana Asbury (now
De Pauw) university. In 1846 he became editor of
the books and magazines of the Methodist book
concern in Cincinnati, where he conducted the
" Ladies' Repository " in 1846-'52, and in 1851-'4
he was president of Genesee college, Lima, N. Y.,
also editing in 1852-'4 the " Northern New Yorker,"
published at Canandaigua. He was pastor of dif-
ferent churches in Bangor, Me,, from 1858 till
1861, when he was made U, S. consul at Stockholm
and acting minister to Sweden, and in 1864 he was
commissioner of immigration from the north of
Europe for the state of Maine. In 1866 he became
pastor of a church in Portland, and from 1873 till
1878 he edited " The Northern Border," published
at Bangor, Me. During the last two years of his
TKFFT
TEQANISSORKNS
59
life he was in fwble health. Ohio Wesleyan uni-
versity ^ttve him the dejjree of I). I), in 1840, and
Madison university that of LL. 1) in 1H52. Besides
pamphlets, lec;tures, mldresses, and t'ontributions
to current literature. Dr. Tefft was the author of
" Prison Life," based on data furnished by Rev.
.Iame,s B, Finley (Cincinnati, 1847) ; " The Shoul-
der-Knot, a Story of the Seventeenth Century"
(New York, 1850) ; " Hungary and Kossuth " (Phila-
delphia, 1852); "Webster and his Masterpieces"
(2 vols.. Auburn, N. Y., 1854) ; " Methodism Suc-
cessful, and the Internal Causes of its Success,"
with an introductory letter by Bishop Janes (New
York, 1860): "Our Political Parties" (Boston,
1880); and "Evolution and Christianity" (1885).
lie (Klited Erwin House's "Sketches, Literary and
Religious" (Cincinnati, 1847), and Dr. Charles
Elliott's "Sinfulness of American Slavery" (1850).
TEFFT, Thomas Alexander, architect, b. in
Richmond, R. I., 3 Aug., 182(5: d. in Florence.
Italy. 12 Dec., 1859. He wjis grailuated in the
scientific course at Brown in 1851. and after study-
ing architecture in Providence furnished designs
for many private and public buildings. In 1856
he went to Europe in order to study art and to
announce his ideas of a uniform currency for all
nations, on which subject he read a paper before
the British institute of social science. After his
death the principal features of his scheme were
incorporated in tne plan that was agreed upon by
an international conference at Paris in 1867, at
which nineteen nations were represented. He con-
tributed papers on architecture to the " New York
Crayon," and " Letters from Europe " to the " New
York Times" in ia57-'8, and published "Our De-
ficiency in Art Education" (Providence, 1852),
and "Universal Currency: a Plan for obtaining a
Common Currency in France, England, and Ameri-
ca, based on the beciraal System " (London, 1858).
See " Memoir " by the Rev. Edwin Martin Stone
(Boston, 1869).
TEGAKOUITA, Catharine, Indian convert, b.
in (Jandahouague, or Gandawague, in northern
New York, in 1656; d. in Caughnawaga, Canada,
17 April, 1680. The name Tegakouita means "who
puts things in order," and is still in use at Caugh-
nawaga. Her father was a heathen Iroquois, and
her mother a Christian Algonquin. Her parents
die<l when she was a child, and she was brought up
by her uncle, who was a chief. Her first knowl-
edge of Christianity appears to have been obtained
from Jacques Fremin and two other missionaries,
whom she entertained in her cabin. She embraced
the new creed with fervor, resolved to remain single,
and suffered much ill treatment from her relatives
because of her refusal to marry ; but she was not
baptized until 1676. Her refusal to work on Sun-
days increased the hostility of her tribe toward
her, and she had on one occasion a narrow escape
from death. Calumnies were spread about her
character, and she finally resolved to escape to the
Christian village of La I^rairie, which she reached
in October, 1677, after many dangers. The rest of
her life was spent in prayer, labor, and mortifica-
tions of the severest kind. She enrolled herself in
the Confraternity of the Holy Family, and liegan
to be regarded both by the French and Indians as
a great saint. After death her grave became a
place of pilgrimage, and, although an effort was
made by the i»riests of the neighlK)ring parishes to
check devotion to her, she was invoked as a saint
throughout Canada. Numerous miracles are said
to have been wrought at her tomb, or by her relics.
The third plenary council of Baltimore petitioned
the holy see to take steps toward her canoniza-
tion in 1884. See " Life of Catharine Tegakouita,"
by Father Claude Chauchetiere (New York, 188«{) ;
her life by Cholonek, in vol. xii. of " Lettres ^di-
fiantes" (Paris, 1727); and Kipp's "Jesuit Mis-
sions" (New York, 1847).
TEGANAKOA, Stephen. Indian convert, d. in
Onondaga, N. Y., in 1690. While still a pagan he
was noted for the innocence of his life and manners
and his attachment to his wife and children. He
went with his family to the mission of Caughna-
waga, or Sault Ste. Louis, when he was alwut thirty-
five years old, applied for baptism, and after the
usual probation was receive<l with his wife and six
children. He was afterward considered a model of
every virtue. In August, 1790. he went on a himt-
ing expedition with his wife and another Indian.
In the following Septeml)er the party was attacked
by a band of seventeen Cayugas and brought to
Onondaga. One of his captors said to Stephen that
he might attribute his death to his having left his
tribe to live among " the dogs of Christians at the
Sault." Stephen replied : " Do what you will with
me. 1 fear neither your outrages nor your fires. I
willingly give my life for a God who shed his blood
for me.'' The savages then put him to death with
slow tortures. He bore his sufl"erings calmly, and
died praving for his murderers.
TEGANISSORENS, Indian chief, b. in Onon-
daga, N. Y. ; d. in Sault St. Louis, or Caughna-
waga. on Lake Champlain, after 1711. He was
strongly attached to the French, and in 1082 was
placed at the head of a deputation of Iroquois
chiefs that was sent to Montreal to make terms
with Frontenac and his Indian allies. It was soon
discovered that the Iroquois had sent Tegnnis-
sorens as a blind, and were taking the field against
the Illinois, while pretending to wish for peace.
But the French ^fovernor dismissed him with honor,
knowing that his influence did not extend to all
the Iroquois tribes. He set out on a similar mis-
sion in 1688, and the preliminaries for a treaty
were arranged between Denonville, the Canadian
governor, and the Iroquois deputies. The Hurons
were dissatisfied with the proposed treaty, and. on
the return of Teganissorens and his party, they
were attacked by Kondiaronk, a Huron chief.
Some were killed and others taken prisoners,
among the latter Teganissorens, who, on complain-
ing of this attack on an ambassador and a friend
of the French, was told by Kondiaronk that the
latter themselves had sent him. To show that he
spoke sincerely, he at once released the Iroquois
ambassador. Teganissorens, however, remained
loyal, and continued to render such sendees that
he ranked with Oureouhare and Garaconthie as
one of the three Indians to whom the French col-
ony in Canada was most indebted. He became a
Christian in 1693, and in May, 1694, arrived in
Quebec with eight deputies. He was received with
kindness by Frontenac, the governor, who gave
him many presents. He proposed the restoration
of Fort Catarocouy (Kingston), and that it should
be strengthened and made the bulwark of the
colony. The suggestion was eagerly adopted by
Frontenac. who prepared a large escort which was
to conduct to that port a garrison, mechanics, and
all necessary stores, but he was obliged to counter-
mand the expedition, owing to an order from the
French court. He excited the displeasure of the
governor afterward by not returning to Montreal
at a fixed date with the submission of some of the
Iroquois tribes who were holding back. But the
raison of his delay was that he found his efforts to
bring alx)ut a general reconciliation between the
Iro<iuois and the French abortive. He remuined
60
TEJEDA
TELLO DE PORTUGAL
at Onondaga, where he received three French am-
bassadors that had been sent to make a treaty with
the Iroquois on 10 Aug., 1700. He afterward re-
ceived bt)th French and English agents and de-
clared his intention of remaining neutral. Hear-
ing in 1703 that some of the Iroquois were concert-
ing with Vaudreuil (who had then succeeded Cal-
lieres in the government of the colony) an attack
on the English settlements, Teganissorens went
to Montreal and protested angrily against this
breach of neutrality and declared that his tribe
would take part for neither side. As the neutrali-
ty of the Iroquois was what the French governor
wanted, he assured the chief that he would not
send any parties against the English in New York.
Teganissorens, on his part, pledged himself to re-
tain the missionaries that were in his country. In
1711 he informed Vaudreuil that preparations were
made at New York, Albany, and Boston for an in-
vasion of Canada.
TEJEDA, Juan de (teh-hay'-dah). Spanish sol-
dier, lived in the second half of the IGth century.
In 1589 he held the rank of major-general, and
was sent to govern the island of Cuba, being the
first ruler that had the title of captain-general.
Under his government the three fortresses that
protect Havana were built under the direction of
the engineer Juan Antonelli, the aqueduct, convey-
ing water from Chorrera to Havana, was finished,
and in 1592 Havana received the title of city and
a coat of arms. In 1595 he returned to Spain, be-
ing sm)erseded by Maldonado Barnuevo.
TELFAIR, Edward, statesman, b. in Scotland
in 1735 ; d. in Savannah, Ga., 17 Sept., 1807. He
was educated at Kirkcudbright grammar-school,
came to this country in 1758 as agent of a com-
mercial house, and resided for some time in Vir-
ginia, but removed to Halifax, N. C, and in 1766
to Savannah, where he engaged in business. He
actively espoused the patriot cause at the opening
of the Revolution, served on many committees, and
was one of the party that broke open the magazine
at Savannah and removed the powder. He was a
delegate to the Continental congress in 1778 and
1780-'3, and in the latter year was a commissioner
to treat with the Cherokees. In 1786, and again in
1790-'3, he was governor of Georgia. — His son,
Thomas, was graduated at Princeton in 1805,
served in the National house of representatives in
1813-'17, and died in 1818.
TELLER, Henry Moore, senator, b. in Granger,
Allegany co., N. Y., 23 May, 1830. He was educated
at Alfred university, N. Y., studied law, was admit-
ted to the bar in Binghamton, N. Y., in 1858, and
removed to Illinois in the same year, and to Colo-
rado in 1861. He was major-general of Colorado
militia in 1862-'4, but held no political office till,
on the admission of Colorado as a state in 1876, he
was chosen U. S. senator as a Republican, and took
his seat, 4 Dec, 1876. He was re-elected for the
term that ended in 1883. and in 1877-'8 served as
chair?nan of a special committee on election frauds,
that was known as the Teller committee. On 17
April, 1882, lie resigned, on his appointment by
President Arthur to the portfolio of the interior,
which he held till the close of the latter's adrninis^
tration. He was then re-elected to the senate for
the term that will end in 1891. Alfred university
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1886.
TELLIER, Reniigins Joseph, Canadian cler-
gyman, b. in Soissons, France, in 1796; d. in Mon-
treal, Canada, 7 Jan., 1866. He entered the Society
of Jesus on 11 Oct., 1818, and became rector of the
College of Chambery, and in 1842 was sent with
five colleagues to Canada, where the Roman Catho-
lic bishop of Montreal had requested the pope to
send members of the order. From the death of
the last of the native Canadian Jesuits, Father
Cazot, in 1800, there had been no establishment of
the order in that country until the arrival of these
six priests. For eight years after their arrival they
had charge of the parish of La Prairie, where
Father Tellier officiated for two years. Afterward
he was employed among the Irish emigrants at St.
Charles Point during the prevalence of ship-fever.
He founded the Church of St. Patrick in Montreal,
for three years was stationed in Upper Canada, and
subsequently was sent to the United States, where
he was at first prefect of studies and president of
St. Francis Xavier college, and afterward at St.
John's college, Fordham, N. Y. He was made
superior of his order in 1859, and returned to Mon-
treal, where he passed the remainder of his life.
TELLKAMPF, Johann Ludwig, German
scholar, b. in Germany, 28 Jan., 1808; d. there, 10
Feb., 1876. He came to the United States in 1838,
engaged in teaching, and in 1843-'7 was professor
of the German language and litemture in Colum-
bia. He then returned to Germany as professor in
Breslau. In 1848 he was elected to the Frankfort
parliament, in 1849 to the Prussian chamber of
deputies, in 1855 to the herrenhaus, and in 1871
to the first German reichstag. He wrote " Politi-
cal Economy" with Alonzo Potter (New York,
1840); " Ueber die Besserungsgeffingnisse in Nord-
Amerika und England " (1844) ; with his brother,
Theodore, "Essays on Law Reform and Commercial
Policy " (London, 1859) ; " Ueber Arbeiterverhalt-
nisse und Erwerbsgenossenschaften in England
und Nord-Amerika" (1870); and " Selbstverwal-
tung und Reforme der Gemeinde.und Kreisord-
nungen in Preussen, und Self-Government in Eng-
land und Nord-Amerika" (1872).
TELLO DE PORTUGAL, Jos6 de Espinosa,
Spanish geographer, b. in Seville in March, 1763;
d. in Madrid, 6 Sept., 1815. He was a younger son
of Count del Aguila, entered the navy as a cadet
in 1778, served m the West Indies, and assisted in
the capture of Yorktown in October, 1781, and in
the expedition to Tobago under Bouille. After
the conclusion of peace in 1783 he was employed
in the naval observatory at Cadiz, and made charts
of the Spanish coast from Fuenterrabia to Ferrol.
In 1790 he joined the expedition of Alejandro
Malaspina, determined the geographical position
of Acapulco and other points, and with Malaspina
explored the Straits of Nootka on the northwest
coast of California. He afterward made astronom-
ical observations in the Chilian Andes, and trav-
elled through Peru and the La Plata pi-ovinces in
1792-'4. On his return to Spain he was promoted
adjutant of Gen. Mazarredo, and in 1796 was made
secretary of the board of hydrography, in which
capacity he was charged in 1797 with the correc-
tion of tfie plates of the great naval atlas of Spain
that had been prepared under the direction of
Vicente Tofifio. He was promoted commodore
and president of the board of hydrography in 1800,
and secretary to the admiralty, with the rank of
minister, in 1807. At the accession of Joseph
Bonaparte he retired to London, where he lived
till the restoration of Ferdinand VII. in 1814,
when he returned to Spain. His works include
" Carta esferica que comprende las Costas del Seno
Mejicano" (Madrid, 1799; revised ed., 1805); " Me-
morias sobre las observaciones astronclmicas, hechas
por los navegantes Espafioles en distintos lugares
del Globo" (2 vols., 1809); "Carta de i&s Antillas
y de Tierra Firme" (London, 1811); and "Carta
del Oceano Atlantic©" (1812).
TEMBLEQUE
TEN EYCK
61
TEMBLEQUE. Francisco (tetn-blay'-keh),
Spuiiistt iiri'liitoct, li. in Tembleqiu*, province of
Toledo, in tho llrst half of the 10th century; d.
in I'tiebla, Mexifo, near tho end of that century.
Ho entored the Franciscan ord^r, came to New
Spain alx)ul 1550. and si)on learned the Aztec
lanf^ua^e. beini; venerated by the natives as their
best friend. iTavinj^ studied architect un' anil hy-
draulics in Spain, ho made use of his knowledge to
remedy the want of jwtuble water in the towns of
Otuml)a and Cemi)oala, and constructed an atjue-
duct that carried the water of a mountain-stream
for tho distance of fifty miles to Otumlm. Not-
withstanding; tho opi»osition of experts, who de-
clared the work imj)ossible, Tembletjue |)ersisted in
his course, and at the end of sixteen years ftnishini
the work, which contains more than thirty miles
of solid masonry and crosses three valleys on
bridjfes, of which the longest has sixty-seven arches,
the middle one being 128 feet in height and 70 feet
span. This work, called the .\rches of Cempoala,
is still the admiration of engineers.
TEMPLE, Daniel, missionary, b. in Heading,
Mass., 23 Dec, 17f<9; d. there, 9 Aug., 1851. He
learned the shoemaker's tra<le, and lalx)red at it in
his native place till he had attained his majority,
but afterward entered Dartmouth, was graduated
there in 1817, and at Andover theological seminary
in 1820. He was ordained as an evangelist in 1821,
and went to Malta as a missionary in 1822 where
he labored till his return, to this country in Septem-
ber, 1828. He saile«l again for Malta in 1830, and
from 1833 till 1844 was stationed at Smyrna. After
this he was an agent for the American board in
this countrv, and in 1847 assumed a pastoral charge
at Phelps, S'. Y., which failing health obliged him
to relin(juish in 1849. Ho published many works
in modern Greek, Italian, and Armenian, including
several biograi)hies of Bible characters, and edited
a monthly magazine in Greek. See his " Life and
Letters " by his son, the Uc-v. Daniel H. Tem[>le,
with an introduction by the Itcv. Richard S. Storrs,
D. D. (Boston, 1855).
TEMPLE, Jackson, jurist, b. in Heath. Frank-
lin CO., Ma.ss., 11 Aug.. 1827. He was gnuluated
at Williams in 1851. studied law, and, removing to
(California, practisetl there with success. He was
appt)inted to the Ixjnch of the state supreme court
to fill a vacancy in 1887, and then continued in his
seat by re-election. He has also served as district
judge and imlge of the superior court of Sonoma
county. While occupying the last-named post.
Judge Temple was selected to try the '• debris suits,"
and by his decision of the fiirst case prevented
hydraulic mining from injuring farming lands.
TEMPLE. Wnnam (irenviUe, naval olBcer.
b. in Rutland, Vt.. 23 .March, 1824. He entered
the navy as a midshipman, 18 April, 1840, was
graduated at the naval academy in 1846, and was
attached to the " Boston " when she wa. wrecked at
RIeuthera, Bahama islands. 15 March, 184U, taking
charge of the sick men from the wreck in the
schooner " Volant." In February, 1847, he was
ordered to the steamer "Scourge,'' in which he
participated in the bombardment and capture of
Vera (-ruz and in the engagements at Alvanulo,
Tuspan, and Taluisco, sometimes having command
of batteries and landing parties in operations on
shore against the Mexicans. He assisted in the
survey of the interoceanic canal and railroad across
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in lS,'iO-'2. was pro-
moted to master, 21 July, 1854, and to lieutenant,
18 April, 1855. After cruising in the frigate
'• Ijancaster " on the Pacific station in 1859-'(}1, he
commanded the steamer " Flambeau " at New
(/^-^^fykA^
York for one month, and was on duty as ordnance-
officer there for seven months. He was promote<l
to lieutenant-commander. 10 July. 1802, and com-
manded the gun-l>oat "I'embina," in the Western
Gulf blockading
squadron. From
NovemU'r. 1802, ho
was fleet-captain of
the Eastern Gulf
bl<x;kading squad-
ron until 19 Sept.,
1804. While he was
fleet-captain he at
times commanded
the "S»in Jacinto"
on sfKH-'ial service,
and in July, 1804,
he led a force of
sailors in defence
of the approaches
to Washington. He
commanded the
steamer " Pontoo-
suc " from Novem-
ber, 1804, till May, 1865, participating in lK)th at-
tacks on Fort Fisher, in the capture of Wilming-
ton, N. C, in the lx>mbardinent of forts on James
river, at Dutch gap, and at the capture of Peters-
burg and Richmond. He was promoted to com-
mander, 3 March, 18()5, had the steamer "Tacony "
in the North Atlantic s(juadron in 18G5-'0, and
was on ordnance duty in 1860-'70. He was made
captain, 28 Aug., 1870, and in Decenil>er. 1884. was
delegated to escort King Kalakaua. of the .Sandwich
islands, in his visit to ihis country, for which ser-
vice congress allowed him to accept the decoration
of knight commander of the royal order of Kame-
hameha \. He was promotetC to commodore, 5
June, 1878, was a member of the examining and
retiring board in 1879-'8l, and became its presi-
dent in June, 1881. He wjis promoted to rear-
admiral, 22 Feb., 1884. and voluntarily retired from
active service on 29 P'cb.. 1884.
TEN BROECK, Abraham, soldier, b. in Al-
bany. N. Y., 13 .May, 1734; d. there, 19 Jan.. 1810.
His father, Dirck, was for many years recorder of
Albany, and its mayor in 1740-'8. The son be-
came a merchant in 1753, and nuirrie<l Klizal>eth,
daughter of Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer. From
1700 till 1705 he was in the colonial assembly,
where he was an active upholder of popular rights.
In 1775 he sat in the Provincial congress, and in
1770 he presided over the convention that organ-
ized a state government. He was made a colonel
of militia early in the Revolution, and on 25 June,
1778, became brigadier -general of militia, com-
manding the forces in Dutcness and Ulster coun-
ties, and to the north and west. He did go<xl
service during B'lrgoyne's invasion, and led a bri-
gade at the battle of Bemis Heights in October,
1777. He was mayor of AU)any in 1779-'83. a
member of the state senate in 1780-'3, and judge
of the court of common pleas in 1781-'4. Gen-
Ten Broeck was also for several years a director
and president of the Albany bank.
TEN EYCK, Abraham S., naval officer, b. in
New Jersey in 1785 ; d. in New Brunswick, N. J.,
28 March, 1844. He entered the navy as a mid-
shipman. 1 Sept.. 1811. and serve<l in the "Wasp"
when she capturcil the British sloop "p'n)lic," 18
Oct.. 1812. The British ship "Poictiers" recap-
tured the prize the .same day. and he was taken to
Bermuda where he was paroled. He was included
in the vote of thanks and r«>ceived a silver medal
from congress by act of 29 Jan., 1813, for the vie-
62
TEN EYCK
TEXNENT
tory over the " Frolic." After the war he served
in the frigate " United States" in 1815-'17 in the
Mediterranean. He was promoted to lieutenant,
27 April, 181(5, served at the New York navy-
yard in 1818, in the "Ontario." in the Mediterra-
nean and West Indies, in 1819-'24, in the receiving-
ship at New York in 1825, and in the " Delaware "
in 1827-'30 in the Mediterranean. He was pro-
moted master-commandant. 9 Feb., 1837. command-
ed the store-ship " Erie " in the West Indies in 1838,
and was commissioned captain, 10 Dec, 1843.
TEN EYCK, Henry James, journalist, b. in
Albany, N. Y., 25 July, 1850 ; d. there. 29 Nov.,
1887. He was graduated at Yale in 1879. third in
a class of 131, and entered the office of the Albany
" Evening Journal," where he remained until his
deatli. In October, 1883, he became its managing
editor, and in 1885 city editor. He was an occa-
sional contributor to the magazines, more particu-
larly tlie " Century " and the " Popular Science
Monthly," an article from his {)en in the latter
magazine in 1886 on " Some Tendencies in Taxa-
tion " having attracted much attention.
TEN EYCK, John Conover,senator,b, in Free-
hold, N. J., 12 March, 1814; d. in Mount Holly,
N. J., 24 Aug., 1879. He received his education from
private tutors, studied law, was admitted to the
bar in 1835, and practised in Mount Holly, N. J.
He served as prosecuting attorney for Burlington
county in 1839-'49, and was a delegate to the State
constitutional convention in 1844. Mr. Ten Eyck
was a Whig till 1856, when he joined the Republi-
can party, and he was afterward chosen to the U. S.
senate, where he held his seat from 5 Dec, 1859, till
3 March, 1865. In the senate Mr. Ten Eyck took
part in various debates, including that on the elect-
oral vote of Louisiana in 1865. but his principal
services were performed on the judiciary and other
committees. On 24 April, 1875, he was ai)pointed
a member of a commission to revise the New
Jersey constitution and on the death of Abram O.
Zabriskie he became its president.
TENNENT, William, educator, b. in Ireland
in 1673; d. in Neshaminy, Pa., 6 May, 1746. He
received a liberal education in his native country,
being graduated probably at Trinity college, Dub-
lin, entered the ministry of the Episcopal church
of Ireland in 1704, and became chaplain to an Irish
nobleman. Wishing for more liberty of conscience,
he came to this country with his family in 1718,
and on application was received as a minister of
the Presbyterian church by the synod of Philadel-
phia. After brief pastorates in Westchester coun-
ty, N. Y., and in Bucks county. Pa., he was called
in 1726 to Neshaminy, Pa., where he remained till
the close of his life. Here, on land that was given
him by -his kinsman, James Logan, in 1728, he
erected a small building, and opened a school for
the instruction of candidates for the ministry. In
this academy, which became known as the Log col-
lege, were trained many that became eminent in
the Presbyterian church. The name was probably
bestowed at first in contempt by its opponents.
It was the first literary institution higher than a
common school within the bounds of the Presby-
terian church in this country, and is regarded as
the germ from which sprang Princeton college and
several lesser institutions of learning. Tennent
had a rare gift of attracting youths of genius and
imbuing them with his own zealous spirit. About
1742 he withdrew from active labor. The "Log
college " has long since disappeared. It is de-
scribed by George Whitefield, who visited it in
1739, as "a log-house about twenty feet long, and
near as many broad, and to me it seemed to re-
semble the school of the old prophets, for their
habitations were mean." About 1840 part of one
of the logs that fornied the building was discov-
ered, and from it a cane was made, which was pre-
sented to Rev. Dr. Samuel Miller, then one of the
oldest professors in Princeton seminary. See Rev.
Dr. Archibald Alexander's "Historv'of the Log
College" (1846).— William's eldest son, Ollbert,
clergvman, b. in Countv Armagh, Ireland, 5 Feb.,
1703; d. in Philadelphia. Pa., 23 July, 1764, came
to this country with his father, was educated by
him, and taught for some time in the Log college.
After studying medicine for a year, he abandoned
it for divinity, and in May, 1725, was licensed to
preach by the Philadelphia presbytery. In the
same vear he received the honorarv degree of A. M.
from Yale. After preaching at New Castle, Del.,
and receiving a call there, he left so abruptly that
he was rebuked by the synod, and in 1726 was or-
dained as pastor at New Brunswick, N. J. He was
much admired as a preacher, and in 1740-'l made
a tour with George Whitefield at the latter's re-
quest. He had much to do with the division in
the Presbyterian church in 1741 by his indiscretion
in denouncing those that were opposed to revivals,
but seventeen years later he was no less active in
healing the breach. In 1744 he became pastor of
a new church in Philadelphia that had been formed
by admirers of Whitefield. Shortly afterward he
asked Benjamin Franklin's advice as to whom he
should call upon for funds to erect a new church
edifice. Franklin told him to "call on everj'body,"
and, taking the sage at his word, Tennent soon ob-
tained money for an expensive building. In 1753,
at the request of the trustees of Princeton, he
went abroad, with Rev. Samuel Davies, to secure
funds for that institution. Mr. Tennent was one
of the most conspicuous ministers of his day. He
affected eccentricity in his pulpit, but his sermons
were marked both by forcible reasoning and by pas-
sionate appeal. The controversies in which he en-
gaged made him many enemies, and he was even
accused of immorality. His published volumes
are " XXIII. Sermons " (Philadelphia, 1744) ; " Dis-
courses on Several Subjects" (1745); and "Ser-
mons on Important Subjects adapted to the Peril-
ous State of the British Nation (1758). Among
his many separate published discourses are " The
Necessity of studying to be Quiet and doing our
own Business" (1744); several on the lawfulness of
defensive war (1747 et seq.); and "A Persuasive to
the Right Use of the Passions in Religion" (1760).
Mr. Tennent also wrote an "Account of a Revival
of Religion" in Prince's "Christian History"
(1744). See also a volume of " Sermons and Essays
by the Tennents and their Contemporaries" (1855).
President Samuel Finley, of Princeton, delivered
his funeral serm(m, which was published with an
appendi:^ and a " Funeral Eulogy " by a young
gentleman in Philadelphia (1764).' — Another son,
William, clergvman, b. in Countv Antrim, Ire-
land, 3 Jan., 1705; d. in Freehold, N. J., 8 March.
1777, also came to this country with his father,
with whom he followed a preparatory course, and
then studied theology under his brother Gilbert
in New Brunswick. He had nearly finished his
course there when he fell into a remarkable trance
or cataleptic fit, continuing for several days as if
dead. His physician refused to permit his burial,
and efforts to resuscitate him were finally success-
ful, though his life was despaired of for weeks.
He was obliged to learn anew \o read and write,
and had no recollection of his former life till on
one occasion he felt a " shock in his head," after
which his former knowledge began slowly to re-
TENNEY
TENOCH
03
turn. lU* siil»s«'(|iH«ntly nssorfi'fl tlint durin;; his
tranc«» ht< liml th(>uj,'ht himself to Ix* in hi-uven.
and that ufU'rwjinl I lie rt>o«>llefti(>n of the Rlories
that ho had wit nessiMl and heard wa.s so intentio us
to blot out for a long time all interest in earthly
thinifs. Mr. Tennent was ordained at Freehold.
N. .}., 25 Oct., 17:W. as successor to his hrotlier
John, and wius pastor there forty- four years. lie
nulilished s»'veral sermons. See a memoir of him
l)y Klias Itoudinot. with a detailed aeeouut of his
trance (Now York, 1847). — Another son, John,
clerjjvnmn. b. in County Antrim. Ireland, 12 Nov.,
1700; d. in Freehold. N. J., 2:^ April. 1732, also
came to this country with his father, was educated
at fhe Log collefje, and licensed to preach. IH Sept..
172S), and from 1730 till his death was pastor at
Freehold. A memoir of him was [)ublished by
his brother (lillx'rt. with a distjourse on " Regen-
enition " (17:}.")), which warrants the belief that,
had he lived, he would have l)econie as eminent as
his brother. — The second William's son, William
(1740-'77). was graduated at Princeton in 1758 with
Jeremias Van Rensselaer, and from 1772 till his
death was pastor of a church in Charleston, S. C,
where he was elected to the Provincial congress.
TENNKY, Samuel, physician, b. in Byfield,
Mass., 27 Nov., 1748; d. in Exeter, N. H., 6 Feb.,
181 G. He was graduated at Harvard in 1772,
taught one year at Andover, Mass.. and then, after
studyinrf me<^licine, went to practise at Exeter,
N. Ii.. but on the day of the battle of Bunker
Hill joined the patriot army as a surgeon. After
serving one year with Massachusetts troops, he
entere<l the Rhode Island forces. At the battle of
Red Bank he dressed the wounds of Count von
Donop, the Hessian comnumder. Dr. Tenney
serveti through the war. and at its close returned
to Exeter, where he married, but did not resume
practice. He was a delegate to the State constitu-
tional convention in 1788, and judge of probate
from 1793 till 1800, when he was elected to con-
gress U> fill the vacancy caused by the resignation
of William Gonlon. and taking his seat on 8 Dec,
served till 1807. Dr. Tenney wrote much for the
press on political subjects, especially in 1788, in
favor of the adoption of the constitution of the
United States. 'lo the "Memoirs"of the Ameri-
can acatlemy, of which he was a member, he con-
tributed an account of the mineral waters of Sara-
U)gii and a "Theory of Prismatic Colors"; to the
Massachusetts historical society a notice of the
so-cnlled "dark day," 19 May, 1780. and an account
of Exeter; and to the State agricultural society a
treatise on orcharding, which was highly esteeine<l.
He also wrote for the " New York Mediwil Rencisi-
tory " *' An Explanation of Certain Curious Phe-
nomena in the Heating of Water" (1811). — His
wife, Tabitlio, author, b. in Exeter, N. H., in
1702; d. there, 2 May, 1837, was the daughter of
Samuel Uilinan. who died in her infancy. She
was educated by her mother, early began to take
pleasure in reading, and l)ecame known for her
facility and gracn; in conversation. She married
Mr. Tenny in 1788. Mrs. Tenney was the author
of " Female Quixotism : exhibited in the Ronumtic
Opinions and Extravagant Adventures of Dor-
casiua Sheldon" (2d ed., Newburyi>ort, 1807; 2
vols., Boston. 1829; manv other editions). She
also compiled " The new {^leasing Instructor," a
selection from the poi'^ts an<l other classical writ-
ers, for the use of vouiig ladies.
TENNEY, Sanborn, naturalist, b. in Stoddard.
N. H.. 13 Jan.. 1827; d. in Buchanan. Mich.. 9
July. 1877. He was graduated at Amherst in
185:i. and then taught natural history in the New
H^ngland normal institute in Lancaster. Ma«s., for
two years. In 1K.55 he l>ecame l«'<'turer before the
Massachusetts state teachers' institute, meanwhile
studying natuml history under I^ouis Ag>i.ssiz, in
Cambridge, and delivering courses of lectures in
various parts of the couniry. He was nptxiinted
professor of natural history in Vassar college in
1805, and continued there until 1808, when he ac-
cepttnl a similar chair in Williams. In IHTA he
delivered a course of lectures on " Physical Struc-
ture and Natural Resources of the United States"
Iwfore the liowell institute in Boston, and two yean*
later a course on " Geology " Ijefore the same insti-
tute. At the time of his death. Prof. Tenney was
on his way west to act as leader of the Williams
Rocky mountain expedition. Besides contributions
to " 'fhe Popular Science Monthly " and other simi-
lar periodicals, he |)ublished "Geology for Teach-
ers. Classes, and Private Students" (Philadelphia,
1859) ; ♦• A Manual of Zo«')logy " (New York. 1805) ;
"Elements of Zmilo^y" (1875); and. with Mrs.
Tenney. "Natural History of Animals" (1800). —
His wife, Abby Amy (iove, was the author of
"Pictures and Stories of Animals for the Little
Ones at Home"(0 vols.. New York, 1808), and
a "New Game of Natural History" (Philadelphia,
1870). She also contributed to scientific journals.
TENNEY, William Jewett, author, b. in New-
port, R. I., in 1814; d. in Newark. N. J., 20 Sept..
1883. He was graduated at Yale in 1832. and
studied medicine in Boston, but abandoned it for
law, which he studied in New Haven, Conn. After
his admission to the bar he opened an office in New
York city, but was eonnectecl with the "Journal of
Commerce" in 1841 and with the "Evening Post"
in 1842-'3 and 1847-8. In 1853 he edited the
'• Mining Magazine," and in the same year entered
the employ of the firm of I). Appleton and Co.,
whose "Annual Cyclopjpdia" he editetl from its
inception tjll his death (1801-82). He resided for
a long time in Elizabeth, N. J., where he was sev-
eral times chosen a freeholder, and was for fourteen
years in the city council. He prepared the plan
for organizing the public-school system there, was
president of the school board, and during Bu-
chanan's administration collector of the port. For
two years he was presiding judge of one of the
criminal courts in Brooklyn, N. Y., and he was
usually known as Judge Tenney. He l)ecanie a
convert to Roman Catholicism. He added a six-
teenth volume to Thomas H. Benton's "Abridg-
ment of the Debates of Congres.s," and indexed
the work (16 vols.. New York. 1857-00), edited
"The Queens of England" (1852), and was the
author of a "Military and Naval History of the
Rel)ellion in the United States" (18(55) and a
work on "Grammatical Analysis" (1800). — His
wife, Sarah Brownson, author, b. in" Chelsea,
Mass., 7 June, 1839; d. in Elizabeth, N. J.. 80 Oct.,
1876, was the only daughter of Dr. Orestes A.
Brownson, and inherited much of her father's
IMiwer of analysis. She was the author of " Marian
Clwood. or liow Girls Live" (New York, 1859);
"At Anchor" (1805); a.id "Life of Demetrius
Augustine Gallitzin. Prince and Priest" (1873).
TENOCH, or TENOX (ten-oss). Artec priest,
livetl in the 14th century. When the Aztecs set-
tled in Chapultepec and were sub<lued bjr the king
of Culhuacan, "Tenoch was the high-priest of his
nation. I^ter the Culhuas were defeated in a war
with their ncighl)ors of Xcx'himiico and stjlicitetl
the aid of their slaves, the Mexicans. By the ad-
vice of Tenoch the Mexicans consented, and under
the former's lea<lership showetl themselves so brave
that the Culhuas, partly from gratitude, partly
64
TEPANCALTZIN
TERNAUX
from fear, pave them freedom. Lookinjr for a safe
place of retreat until the nation should become
stronger, Tenoch led them to a small island in the
lake of Texcoco, where, according to his prediction,
they found an eagle on a nopal-tree devouring a
snake. There they laid in 1327, or, according to
others, in 1325, the foundation of a city called
Tenoch-titlan, and Tenoch built a hut as a temple
for their god Huitzilopochtli, dedicating it by the
sacrifice of some C'ulhua prisoners.
TEPANCALTZIN (tay-pan-cal-tseen'), Mexican
king, d. in 1103. He was the ninth monarch of
Tollan, becoming the successor on the throne of
Queen Xiutlatzin in 1042. During his reign the
national beverage of " pulque," prepared from the
fermented sap of the maguey-plant, was discovered
by the Princess Xochitl, whom he afterward mar-
ried. His son and successor wjis Topiltzin, to
whom he ceded the crown in 1092, as, according to
a Toltec superstition, a reign of more tha;i fifty
years would bring misfortune to the nation. Not-
withstanding this .change of ruler, continued
drought caused famine and pestilence, followed by
internal commotions. Both rulers died in a battle
against the insurgents, and the kingdom remained
in a state of anarchy till it was conquered by
Xolotl the Great, king of the Chichimecs.
TERHUNE, Edward Payson, clergyman, b. in
New Brunswick. N. J., about 1825. He was gradu-
ated at Rutgers in 1850, and, after the completion of
his theological studies at New Brunswick seminary
in 1854, was ordained to the ministry of the Pres-
byterian church in Virginia, becoming pastor of
the congregation at Charlotte Court-IIouse (now
Smithville). In 1859 he removed to Newark, N. J.,
and took charge of the 1st Reformed church. He
was the American chaplain at Rome, Italy, in
1876-'7, returned to the United States in 1878,
and was pastor of a Congregational church in
Springfield, Mass., from 1879 till 1884, when he
took charge of a Reformed church in Brooklyn,
N. Y. Rutgers gave him the degree of D. D. in
18G9. — His wife. Mary Virginia, author, b. in
Amelia county, Va., about 1830, is a daughter of
Samuel P. Ilawes, a native of Massachusetts, who
became a merchant in Virginia. She began to con-
tribute to a weekly paper in Richmond at the age
oX fourteen, and two years later sent to a magazine
a sketch entitled " Marrying through Prudential
Motives," which was reprinted in England, trans-
lated for a French journal, retranslated into Eng-
lish for a London magazine, and then reproduced
in its altered form in this country. In 1856 she
married Mr. Ter-
hune. She has
been a large con-
tributor of tales,
sketches, and es-
says to magazines,
edited a month-
ly called "Baby-
hood " for two
years, besides con-
ducting special
departments in
" Wide Awake "
and "St. Nicho-
las," and in 1888
established a mag-
azine called the
" Home - Maker."
Her first novel was
"Alone: a Tale of Southern Life and Manners"
(Richmond, 1853), which was issued under the pen-
name of "Marian Ilarland," and attained great
ZtUlv rin^i/ruUf,
C/^4-^^d-<-f-tjC^
popularity. Her other works of fiction, some of
which were also very successful, bear the titles of
"The Hidden Path" (New York. 1855); "Moss
Side " (1857) ; " Miriam " (1860) ; " Nemesis " (1860) ;
" Husks " (1863) ; " Husbands and Homes," a series
of stories (1865); " Sunnybank " (1866); "Helen
Gardner's Wedding-Day " (1867) ; " The Christmas
Holly " (1868) ; " Ruby's Husband " (1868) ; " Phe-
mie's Temptation " (1869) ; " At Last " (1870) ; " The
Empty Heart " (1871) ; " Eve's Daughters " (1881) ;
"Judith "(1883); and "A Gallant Fight" (1888).
She is the author also of a popular manual of do-
mestic economy entitled " Common Sense in the
Household" (1871'>: "Breakfast, Luncheon, and
Tea" (1875); "The Dinner Year-Book" (1878);
" Our Daughters, and What Shall We Do with
Them: a Talk with Mothers" (1880): and"Loit-
erings in Pleasant Paths," containing sketches ot
travel in Europe (1880). — Their daughter, Chris-
tine, b. in Newark, N. J., 13 June, 1859, was edu-
cated abroad and at Smith college, and married
James F. Herriok in 1884. She has published
"Housekeeping Made Easv" (New York, 1888).
TERNANT, Jean Baptiste, Chevalier de (tair-
nong), French soldier, b. in Sez, Normandy, in
1750; d. in Couches in 1816. He was a lieuten-
ant in the French army, but, resigning his com-
mission, came to the United States with Baron
Steuben, and offered his sword to congress. In
April, 1778, he was commissioned major, and ap-
pointed sub-inspector in Steuben's division, serving
under that general till 25 Sept., 1778, when he was
made lieutenant-colonel and inspector of the ar-
mies in Georgia and South Carolina. He was
taken prisoner at Charleston in 1780, but was
soon exchanged, and assumed command of Col.
Armand de la Rouarie's regiment when the latter
went to France in search of supplies. After the
return of Col. La Rouarie, he was again sent to the
south, where he served to the end of the campaign.
Before returning to France after the conclusion
of peace, he travelled for two years through the
United States. Re-entering the French army in
1786 he rose to the rank of colonel, was in the bat-
tle of Valmy, and served in Germany under the*
Marquis de Custines. He was minister to the
United States in 1790-"3, and showed ability in the
difficult negotiations that almost culminated in a
war with France in 1798. After the coup d'efat
of 18 Brumaire, 1799, he settled at Conches, and
refused Napoleon's offer of another commission.
TERNAUX, Henry (tair-no), better known as
Ternaux-Compans, French historian, b. in Paris
in 1807 ; d. there in December, 1864. After fin-
ishing his ."tudies in Paris, he entered the diplo-
matic service and was secretary of the embassies at
Madrid and Lisbon, and charge d'affaires in Brazil,
but resigned, and devoted several years to travel
through Spain and South America, making re-
searches in the state libraries. Toward the close of
Louis Philippe's reign he was elected deputy, but
he soon returned to his studies. Ternaux-Com-
pans collected and published a valuable series of
works concerning the discovery and early history
of South America. They include " Bibliotheque
Araericaine, ou catalogue des ouvrages relatifs h,
rAm^rique depuis sa decouverte en 1493, jusqu'en
I'an 1700" (Paris, 1836); "Voyages, relations et
memoires originaux pour servir A I'histoire de la
decouverte de I'Amerique" (10 vols., 1836-'8; 2d
series, 10 vols., 1839-40); "Archives des voyages,
ou collection d'anciennes relations inedites" (2 vols.,
1840-'l); "Recueil de documents jt memoires
originaux sur I'histoire des possessions Espagnoles
dans I'Amerique k diverses epoques de la conquete "
TERN AY
TERRY
65
(1H40) : " Kssiii sur la tht'opoiiie Mcxicnino "(1840) ;
" Kssjii sur ranciiMi C'undinumarcft" (1802); "No-
tice hist«ri(jUO sur la Gifyane Franvaise" (180J{);
ami " Ilistoire du Mcxiqu^ par Don Alvaro Tezozo-
inac " (2 vols., 1H4»).
TEKNAY, Charles Louis d'Arsae, Chevalier
de, FroiK'h naval oflieer: 1». in the cjistle of Ternay,
near Laudun, in 1722; diwl in New[)ort, R. I., 10
July. ITMO. He was descended from an ancient
family of Brittany, many of whose meml^-rs had
served with credit in the French navy. He entered
the naval school in 1738, was in the siege of Ix)uis-
burg in 1757, and com mantled afterward a division
of gun-boats on St. Ijawrence. After his promo-
tion to captain, he was sent with two frigates to
Newfoundland in 17(>2, and. landing at St. John on
2 June, reduced the nlace, captured several British
merchant- vessels, and ruined the cod-flsheriesaUmg
the cojist. He was attached after the conclusion
of peace to the station of the Leeward islands, and
later wjis promoted brigadier-general of the naval
forces, retiring in 1772 with the brevet of chef
d'escadre. He was appointed governor - general
of the island of Bourlxin, which post he held till
1779. when he re-entered active service. Early in
1780 he armeil a division in Brest, and was charged
with conveying Rochambeau's army to the United
States. After defeating a Britisli force in the
West Indies he arrived safely at Newport on 10
Julv, and died there a few days later.
tERR AZAS, Francisco de (ter-rah'-thas), Mex-
ican poet, b. in Mexico about 1520 ; d. there in 1575.
He was the son of a comj)anion of Cortes, and
served for several years in the army. Afterward
he secured a post in the household' of the arch-
bishop of Mexico, and later retired to his estate,
devoting himself to poetry. He composed elegies
and cantattts. derivmg inspiration from ancient
Indian recitatives, and gained great popularity not
only in the New World, but also in Europe. His
poems were never published, but the Spanish poet,
Migliel Cervantes, has inserted with words of liigh
prai>e some of Terrazas's verses in his " Galatea. '
TERRELIi, WilUaiu, congressman, b. in Fair-
fax county, Va., alwut 1778; d. in Sparta, Ga., 4
July, 1855. During his infancy his parents re-
moved to Wilkes county. Ga. He received a good
English education, studied medicine in Philadel-
phia, Pa., and practised in Sparta, Ga. He served
in the legislature for several terms, and in 1816
and 1818 was elected to congress, but de<'lined re-
election in 1820. About 1819 he abandoned the
prac-tice of his profession, and henceforth was much
interested in cotton-culture. He took much inter-
est in the promotion of agricultural science, and
in 1853 gave $20,000 for the establishment of the
agricultural professorship that bears his name in
the Univer*iity of Georgia.
TERRILL, WilUam Riifns, soldier, b. in Cov-
ington, Va.. 21 April, 18Ji4; d. near Perrvville,
Ky., 8 Oct., 1802. He was graduated at the' U. S.
military academy in 1853, assigned to the 3d artil-
lery, was assistant professor of mathematics there
in 1853-'4, on duty in Kansas in 1854-'5, and as-
sistant in the U. S. coast survey from 1855 till
1861. He was appointed captain in the 5th artil-
lery, 14 Aug., 1861, and took part with great credit
in the battle of Shiloh. He was appointed briga-
dier-general of volunteers, 9 Sept., 1862, and was
killed in the Iwttle of Perryville in the following
month. — His brother. Janies Barbour, soldier,
b. in Warm Springs, Bath co., Va.. 20 Feb., 1838;
<1. near Beihes<la Church, Va., 31 May. 18(»4. was
graduatc<l at Vii-ginia military institute. Lexing-
ton, in 1858, and after attending the law-school
VOL. TI. — 5
of Judge Brofkenborough began practice in the
courts of his native county in 18WJ. In May, 1861, he
was ap{x)inte<l major of the 13th Virginia' infantry.
He was pn>moted to the colonelcy, and was witli
his regiment at the first and second Iwttles of Bull
Run, Fredericksl)urg, Cross Keys, Port Republic,
Cedar Run, the Wilderness, and SrK>ttsylvania, and
was killed at Bethesda Church. His comnuinding
general said his regiment, "the 13lh, was never
required to take a |M>sition that they did not take
it, nor to hold one that they did not hold it." His
nomination as brigadier-general wa.s confirmed by
the Confederate senate on the day of his death.
TERRY, Adrian Ru.ssell, physician, b. in Hart-
ford. Conn., 29 Sept., 1808; d. in Chicago, 111,, 3
Dec, 1864. He was graduated at the medical de-
partment of Yale in 18^il,and subsequently settled
m Hartford. For several years he held the chair
of chemistry and natural philosophy in Bristol
college^ Pa. The degree of A. M. was conferred on
him by Trinity in 1836. Dr. Terry published
" Travels in the Equatorial Regions of South
America in 1832" (Hartford, 1834).
TERRY. Alfred Howe, soldier, b. in Hartford.
Conn., h) Nov.. 1827; il. in New Haven. Conn., 16
Dec, 18i>0. He studied at the Vale law-school,
but, having been alremly admitted to the bar, he
was not graduated.
He began the prac-
tice of his profes-
sion in 1849, and
was clerk of the
superior and su-
Ereme courts of
onnecticut from
1854 till 1860. He
had been an active
member of the
Connecticut mili-
tia, and was in
command of the
2d regiment of
state troops when
the civil war be-
gan,
to
coir
months' troops, he
wasappoin tea colo-
nel of the 2d Connecticut volunteers, and with that
regiment was present at the first battle of Bull Run.
At the expiration of the term of service he returned
to Connecticut, organized the 7th Connecticut vol-
unteers, of which he was af)pointed colonel, and on
17 Sept. was again mustered into the National ser-
vice. He was present in command of his regiment
at the capture of Port Royal, S. C, and also at the
siege of Fort Pulaski, of which he was placed in
charge after its capitulation. On 25 April, 1862, lie
was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, and
he served as such at the battle of Pocotaligo and in
the (operations against Charleston. He command-
ed the successful demonstration up Stono river
during the des<:;ent on Morris island, and at the
action on James island. His force was then with-
drawn, and he was assigned by Gen, Quincv A.
Gillinore to the command of the troops on Mor-
ris island, which post he held <luring the siege of
Forts Wapner an<l Sumter. After the reduction
of Fort ^^ agner he was assigned to the command
of the northern district of the Department of the
South, including the islands fnmi which o[)era-
tions against Charleston had Wen carried on.
Gen. Terry commanded the 1st division of the
10th anny corps. Army of the James, during the
gan. In response y(7/tn a r
to President Lin- >^/^ .^^e./* ^
coin's call for three C/ iA^PU^U^. C^-^
66
TERRY
TERRY
Virginia campaign of 1864, and at times tlie corps
itself. He was brevetted major-geiierul of volun-
teers on 20 Aug., 18(J4, l)ecume permanent com-
mander of the 10th corps in October, and held
that place until the corps was merged in the 24th
in the following December, when he was assigned
to lead the 1st division of the new corps. He com-
manded at the action of Chester Station, and was
engaged at the battle of Drewry's Bluff, the various
combats in front of the Bermuda Hundred lines,
the battle of Pussell's Mills, the action at Deep
IJottom, the siege of Petersburg, the actions at
Newmarket heights on the Newmarket road, the
Darbytowii road, and the Williamsburg road. On
2 Jan., 18(55. after the failure of the first attempt
to take Fort Fisher, which commanded the sea-
approaches to Wilmington, N. C, Gen. Terry was
ordered to renew the attack with a force number-
ing a little over 8,000 men. On the 18th he de-
barked his troops about five miles above the fort,
and, finding himself confronted by Gen. Robert F.
Hoke's Confederate division, proceeded to throw a
line of strong intrenchments across the peninsula
between the sea and Cape Fear river, facing toward
Wilmington, and about two miles north of the fort.
After the landing of the troops, the co-operating
fleet, under Admiral David I). Porter, numbering
44 vessels and mounting upward of 500 guns,
opened fire upon the work, and from 4.30 to 6 p. m.
four shots a second, or 20,000 in all, were fired.
This was the heaviest bombardment of the war.
On the 14th the line of intrenchment was com-
pleted, and Gen. Charles J. Paine's division of in-
fantry was placed upon it. While this was in
progress. Gen. Terry made a reconnoissance of the
fort, and, in view of the difficulty of landing sup-
plies for iiis troops and the materials for a siege
upon an open, unprotected beach in midwinter, he
determined to carry the work by assault the next
day, and the plan of attack was arranged with Ad-
miral Porter. At 11 a.m. on the 15th the entire
fleet opened fire, silencing nearly every gun in the
fort. Gen. Newton M. Curtis's brigade of Gen.
Adelbert Ames's division was then pushed forward
by regiments to a point 200 yards from the fort,
where it sheltered itself in shallow trenches, and
the remainder of the division was brought up with-
in supporting distance. Admiral Porter had landed
2,000 sailors and marines, and their commander
pushed a line of skirmishers up within 200 yards
of the eastern extremity of the northern face of
the work, the attack of the troops being upon the
western extremity of that face. At 3.80 p. M., on
a signal from Gen. Terry to Admiral Porter, the
fire of the fleet was diverted from the points of
attack, and the leading brigade rushed upon the
work and gained a foothold upon the parapet. The
column of sailors and marines followed the exam-
ple of the troops, but. having to advance for a dis-
tance of about 600 yards along the open beach, they
were unable to stem the fire of the work. Some of
them reached the foot of the parapet, but the mass
of them, after a display of great gallantry, was
forced to fall back. After Gen. Curtis had gained
the parapet. Gen. Ames ordered forward in succes-
sion the second and third brigades of his division,
and they entered the fort. This was constructed
with a series of traverses, each of which was stub-
bornly held. Hand-to-hand fighting of the most
obstinate chanicter ensued, the traverses being used
successively as breastworks, over the tops of which
the opposing parties fired into one another's faces.
By five o'clock nine of these traverses had been car-
ried. Gen. Terry then ordered up re-enforcements,
consisting of a brigade and an additional regiment
from the intrenched line, the sailors and marines
taking their places there ; by nine o'clock two more
traverses were carried, and an hour later the occu-
pation of the work was complete. The Confeder-
ate force fell back disorganized to a small work
near the point of the peninsula, where, being im-
mediately pursued, it surrendered unconditionally.
The garrison originally immbered 2,500 men, of
whom 1,971 men, with 112 officers, were captured;
the others were killed or wounded. The fall of
the fort was followed by the abandonment of Fort
Caswell and the other defences of the Cape Fear
river. In these works were captured 169 pieces of
artillery, 2,000 small arms, and a considerable quan-
tity of ammunition and commissary stores. The
National loss was 681 men, of whom 88 were killed.
For this Gen. Terry was promoted to be brigadier-
general in the regular army and major-general of
volunteers, and congress passed a vote of thanks
" to Brevpt Maj.-Gen. A. H. Terry and the officers
and soldiers under his command for the unsur-
passed gallantry and skill exhibited by them in the
attack upon Fort Fisher, and the brilliant and de-
cisive victory by which that important work has
been captured from the rebel forces and placed
in the possession and under the authority of the
United States, and for their long and faithful ser-
vice and unwavering devotion to the cause of the
country in the midst of the greatest difficulties and
dangers." Gen. Terry was engaged in the capture
of Wilmington, N. C, and commanded at the com-
bat at Northeast creek, which followed. In April,
1805, the 10th army corps was reconstituted, and
Gen. Terry was assigned to its command, and with
it took part in the subsequent operations under
Gen. William T. Sherman in North Carolina. He
was brevetted major-general in the regular army
on 13 March, 1865, for his services at* the capture
of Wilmington. Since the close of the war he com-
manded in succession the Departments of Virginia,
Dakota, and the South, and again the Department
of Dakota. He was promoted to the i"ank of major-
general, 8 March, 1886. and was in cliarge of the
division of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi-
cago, until his voluntary retirement from the army
in April, 1888.
TERRY, EH, clock-maker, b. in East Windsor,
Conn., 13 April, 1772; d. in Terry ville. Conn., 24
Feb., 1852. He was apprenticed to Thomas Har-
land. a maker of brass clocks in Norwich, Conn.,
and there acquired the rudiments of his trade. Jn
1792 he made his first wooden clock, which is still
preserved in the family, and is one of the firet that
was made in this country. A year later he settled
in Plymouth, Conn., and there began the manufac-
ture of wooden and brass clocks, but soon ceased
to make the latter, as the former, being much
cheaper than the metal ones and quite as good
time - keepers, proved far more salable. About
1797 Mr. Terry invented a clock that registered the
difference between mean and apparent time, but
its cost prevented it from becoming popular. Mr.
Terry worked alone until 1800, when he hired two
men to assist him, and then for several years fre-
quently travelled on horseback through the coun-
try seiling his clocks. The business increased,
and in 1807 he contracted to deliver 4,000 move-
ments to a Waterbury firm, which order took him
three years to complete. The success of this under-
taking marks the beginning of the making of
wooden clocks as an industry. Mr. Terry had in
his employ at this time Silas Hoadlcy and Seth
Thomas, who in 1810 purchased his* business, then
the largest of its kind in the United States. In
1814 he produced the Terry shelf-clock, also of
TEKRY
TE.''.SIF.R
67
\
wood, features of which are retained in clocks that
are now made, and in IHIU he >>egan the manufac-
ture of this clocli, in which he was ^<uc<•es.sful, lie
continued active as an inventor, and made many
new desi^s, including a peculiar form of gravity*
escapement (IHJiO).
TERHY, Henry Dwlght, soldier, h. in Hart-
fonl, ('onn., 10 March. 1812; d. in Wushin^ton,
I). C, in June, 18(W. He early settled in Michigan,
where he entered tlie legal profession, and settled
in Detroit. Although he was in active pnictice. he
ha<l for many years devote<l considerable attention
to milit^iry matters, and when the first C4ill was
made for troops in June, 18H1, at the beginning of
the civil war, no niised the 5th Michigan infantry,
of which he was appointed colonel. The regiment
was mustered into service on 28 Aug., 1801, and
onlered to the Army of the Potomac. Me mon
gained the command of a brigade, and on 17 July,
1802, was commissioned brigadier-general of vol-
unteers. He served through the war in the Army
of the Potomac, and when he was mustered out of
service, in 1805, resumed the practice of his profes-
sion in Washington, I). C.
TERRY. John Orvllle, poet. b. in Orient. N. Y.,
13 Aug., 17»0 ; d. in Greenport, N. Y., 7 April, 1869.
He was educated in Orient, and then studied medi-
cine, but never practised. In early manhood he
made several voyaces to South America and taught
for c time after his return. His life was passed
chiefly in farming, and his rural experiences were
put into verse as " The Poems of J. O. T., consisting
of Song, Satire, and Pastoral Descriptions, chiefly
depicting the Scenery and illustrating the Manners
and Customs of the Ancient and Present Inhabi-
tants of Long Island" (New York, 1850).
TERRY, Luther, painter, b. in Enfield, Conn.,
18 July. 1813. He studied for a short time under
a portrait-j)ainter in Hartford, and in 1838 went
to Italy. He spent a year at the Academia delle
belle Arti in Florence, and in 1839 went to Home,
where he has since resided. At first he devoted
much time to making copies from the works of
Raphael. The first important work from his easel
was one that had for its subject ('hrist disputing
with the doctors in the temple, which is now in
the Watlsworth athenanim. Hartford, Conn. Other
paintings bv Mr. Terry are "The Loves of the An-
gels," from byron's " Heaven and Earth " (184ii-'4);
"Columbus before Ferdinand and Isabella"; "Ja-
cob's Dream," several times re|x;ated ; " Angel an-
nouncing the Birth of Christ to the Shepherds"
(1853); several subje(.'ts from Shakespeare ; " Toby
and the Angel"; and "Solomon's Choice." In
1846 he was made an honorary memlwr of the Na-
tional academy, and like honors were conferred
upon him by the academies of Philadelphia, and
Providence, R. I. He married in 1801 Louisa,
widow of Thomas Crawford, the sculptor.
TERRY, MHton Spenser, clergyman, b. in
Coevmans, N. Y., 22 Feb., 1840. He was gmdu-
ated at the Charlotteville, N. Y., seminary in 1859,
and at Yale divinity-sch»x)l in 1862. After being
ordained a clergyman in the Methodist p]pisc<>pal
church he held various pastorates from 1803 till
1884. when he wjus electwl to the chair of Hebrew
and Old Testament exegesis in Garrett biblical
institution. Evanston, 111. The decree of S. T. D.
was conferred on him in 1879 by VVesleyan univer-
sity, and he was electe<l to the American Oriental
society in 1871. and in 1883 to the Society of bibli-
cal literatun* an<l exegesis. Dr. Terry has written
articles for the " Meth(Hlist Quarterly Review." and
has published tracts on " Swedenborgianism " (New
Y'orK. 1872); and " Man's Antiquity and Language"
(1881): "Commentaries on the IILMorical Books of
the Old Testament " (2 vols., 1878-'0) ; and " Bibli-
ail Hcrmiiieulics" (1883).
TERRY, William, soldier, b. in Amherst coun-
ty, Va., 14 Aug., 1824: d. near Wylheville. Va.. 5
Sept., 1888. He was gra<lual«><l at the University
of Virginia in 1848, studieil law, and in 1851 was
admitted to the bar. Settling in Wylheville, he
practised his profes.sion and was one of the editors
and owners of "The Teh-graph," published in that
place. In April, 1801. he be<^me a lieutenant in
the 4th Virguiia infantry, in Gen. Thomas J. Jack-
son's briL^ade. In 1802 he wa.s promoted major,
and in hebruary, 18(W, Ijecame colonel. He was
commissioned brigadier-general on 20 May, 1804.
At the close of the civil war he returned to prac-
tice in Wylheville, and in 1808 was nominated for
congress, but, being under political durabilities,
withdrew. He was afterward elected to congress
from Virginia as a Conservative, and served from
4 March, 1871, till 3 March, 1873, and again from
0 Dec, 1875, till 3 March, 1877. Subsequently he
resumed his legal business. He was drowned while
trying to ford Reed creek, near his home.
TERRY, William Richard, soldier, b. in Lib-
erty, Va., 12 March, 1827. He was graduated at
the Virginia military institute in 1850, and then
turned his attention to commercial pursuits. At
the Ijeginning of the civil war he entered the Con-
federate service as captain of Virginia cavalry,
and was soon promoted and given command of the
24th Vir^nia regiment. On 20 May, 1804, he was
made brigadier-general, and given a command in
Gen. George E. Pickett's division in the Army of
Northern Virginia, which was known as Kem{>er's
brigade. After the war he served as a meinlMT of
the Virginia senate for eight years, and for some
time was superintendent of the penitentiary in Rich-
mond. At present he is superintendent of the Lee
camp soldiers' home in Kicmnond.
TESCHEMACHER, James Englebert, scien-
tist, b. in Nottingham. England, 11 June, 1790; d.
near Boston, Mass.. 9 Nov.. 1853. He began a com-
mercial career in 1804 by entering a foreign mer-
cantile house in London, where he showed business
talents of a high order. In 1830 he accented a lu-
crative oflFer to go to Cuba, but it proved unsatis-
factory when he reached Havana, and he returnwi
to England. He then determined to come to the
United States, and reacheil New York in February.
1832, after which he settled in Boston, where he
engaged in commercial pursuits until his death.
Mr. Teschemacher devoted his leisure to science,
and during his residence in this country published
alx)ut thirty papers on various subjects in chemis-
try, mineralogy, geology, and botany. These ap-
peared chiefly in the trans^iictions of scientific so-
cieties of which he was a member. Besides several
a«ldresses, he published " Concise Application of
the Principles of Structural Botany to Horticul-
ture " (Boston, 1840); "Essay on Guano" (1845);
and a translation of Julius A. !>tockhardt's " (.'hemi-
cal Field Lec-tures" (('aml)ridge, 1852).
TESSIER. riric Joseidi, Canatlian jurist, b.
in Quebec, 4 May, 1817. He wjis atlmitted to the
bar as an a<Ivocate in 18;W. was mayor of Quebei-
in 1851, entered the parliament of Canada the
same year, became a meml>er of the legislative
council in 1858, and was its si^caker in 181k^. Ho
wjks ap|K)inted a memi)er of the executive council
in 1802. was senator in 1867. puisne judge of the
supreme court of the province of Quelnt' in 1873.
and in 1875 of the court of queen's luMich. He
founded "La banque nationalo" in 18.59, and is
dean of the faculty of law in Laval university. —
TESTE
THACHER
His son. Jiilos, b. in Quebec, 16 April, 1852, was
educated at the Quebec seminary and at the Jesuit
college, Montreal. He was admitted to the bar in
1874, is one of the editors of the '• Quebec Law
Reports," was secret«rv of the National conven-
tion in 1880, is president of the Quebec liberal
club, and in 1887 was elected to the legislative
assembly of the province.
TESTE, Lncien Angiiste (test), Swiss geologist,
b. in the canton of Valois in 1765: d. in Rome,
Italy, in 1817. He was attached to the expeditions
around the world under command of Capt. Malas-
pina in 1789-95, during which time he studied
everywhere the geological formations and formed
valuable collections. After his return to Vienna
he became an assistant professor of geology in the
university, and sul)sequent!y a corresponding mem-
ber of the Academy of sciences. He was appointed
in 1805 professor in the University of Milan, and
in 1815 was sent to Brazil, where great geological
discoveries had been made. He explored the en-
virons of Rio Janeiro and visited Bahia: but his
health failed, and he returned to Europe. His
works include " Observations goologiques faites en
Asie et en Amerique par un des membres de I'ex-
pedition autour du monde du Capitaine Malaspina,
1789-1795" (2 vols., Geneva. 1798); " Geologischer
Atlas der ganzen Erde" (Vienna, 1800); " Dialoge
und kleine Aufsatze iiber die Geologic und Geog-
nostie" (1802); " Hemerkungen liber die Geologic
von Sildamerika" (2 vols.. 1805); and "Entwurf
eines Systems der geognostischen und geologischen
Beschreibung der Erde" (1815).
TETINCHOUA, Miami chief, lived in the 17th
century. He is described by Nicolas Perrot, who
met him in 1671 at Chicago, as being the most
t)owerful of Indian chiefs. According to the
'^rench traveller, he could control four or five
thousand warriors, never marched without a guard
of forty men, who patrolled night and day around
his tent when he camped, and seldom held any
direct communication with his subjects, but con-
veyed his orders to them by subordinates. Perrot
was received with great honor as an envoy from
the French governor. Tetinchoua sent out a de-
tachment to meet him, which, after performing
some remarkable military evolutions, escorted Per-
rot and his Pottawattamie guard into the principal
town of the Miamis. Tetinchoua then assigned
him a guard of fifty men, regaled him splendidly
after the manner of the country, and ordered a
game of ball to be played for his diversion. He
was unable, owing to his age and infirmities, to
accompany Perrot to Sault Ste. Marie, at the
mouth of Lake Superior, where the French took
formal possession of all the country on the lakes.
He did not even send deputies to the assembly
that was held on the occasion, but he gave the
Pottawattamies power to act in his name. In 1672
Father Claude Dablon is said to have met him with
his army of 8,000 Miamis. But. although the mis-
sionary was received with marks of friendship, he
did not succeed in making any conversions.
TETLEPANQUETZAL (tet-lay-pan -ket-sal'),
Mexican king, d. in 1525. He was the fourth Tec-
panec king of Tlacopan, and reigned after 1503 as
a tributary of the Mexican emperor Montezuma II.,
whom he assisted in the first defence of Mexico.
Afterward he was one of the principal auxiliaries
of Cuauhtemotzin (q. v.), and when the city was
finally taken, 13 Aug., 1521, he was made prisoner
and tortured, together with the emperor, by the
Spaniards that he might reveal the hiding-place of
the imperial treasure. When Cortes marched in
1525 to Honduras to subdue the revolt of Cristobal
de Olid, he carried the emperor and three kings
with him, and, under the pretext that he had dis-
cover^ed a conspiriujy. all four were strangled.
TETU, LouLs David Henri (tay-tew), Canmlian
clergyman, b. in Riviere Ouelle. province of Quebec,
24 Oct., 1849. He was educated at the College of
Sainte Anne de la Pocatiere and at the Seminary
of Quebec, was assistant secretary to the arch-
bishop of Quebec from 1870 till 1878, and in the
latter year became almoner. He was named cham-
berlain and domestic prelate to the pope in 1887.
He has published "Notice biograpliique ; Mon-
seigneur de Laval, preniier eveque de Quebec "
(Quebec, 1887), and " Mandaments, lettres, pas-
torels et circulaires des eveques de Quebec" (3
vols., 1888. to be completed in seven volumes).
TETZOTZOMOC (tet-so-tso-mok'). king of Atz-
capotzalco, d. in 1427. He ascended the throne in
1353 and exercised suzerainty over the monarchs
of Mexico, but approved the choice of King Huit-
zilihuitl II. in 1403 and gave him his daughter
Miahuaxochitl in marriage, notwithstanding the op-
position of his son Maxtla. He declared war against
the king of Texcoco, Techotlalatzin, and being de-
feated sued for peace ; but after the latter's death
he continued the war against his successor, Ixtlil-
xochitl I., whom he defeated and assassinated in
1419. usurping the crown of Texcoco.
THACHER, CSeorge, jurist, b. in Yarmouth,
Me., 12 April, 1754; d. in Biddeford, Me., 6 April,
1824. Ho was graduated at Harvard in 1776, and
afterward studied law, being admitted to the bar
in 1778. He was a delegate from Massachusetts
to the Continental congress in 1787-'8, and from
4 March, 1789. to 3 March. 1801, he represented the
Maine district of Massachusetts in congress. He
served as judge of the supreme court of Massa-
chusetts, and afterward of that of Maine, from
1800 till 1824. and was a delegate to the Maine
constitutional convention in 1819.
THACHER, James, phvsician, b. in Barnsta-
ble, Mass., 14 Feb., 1754; d. iri Plymouth. Mass.. 26
May, 1844. He tegan the study of medicine under
Dr. Abner Hersey, in his native town, about 1771,
applied for a place in
the medical depart-
ment of the Continen-
tal army in 1775, and
was appointed sur-
geon's mate in the hos-
pital at Cambridge,
of which Dr. John
Warren was the seni-
or at tending surgeon.
In February, 1776, he
was made surgeon's
mate in one of the
regiments that oceu-
gied Prospect Hill.
[e maVched with his
regiment to Ticon-
deroga, and was sur-
geon s mate in the
general hospital of
that fort as long as it was held by the Continental
arniy. He then retired with the sick and wounded
to Fort Edward, and subsequently to Albany. He
wfis transferred from the hospital to the field ser-
vice by his own desire, was appointed chief sur-
geon to the 1st Virginia regiment in 1778, and
to a New England regiment in 1779. Dr. Thacher
was present at nearly all the important movements
of the Continental army until tha surrender of
Cornwallis, and became known for his patriotism
and sell - sacrificing devotion to his patients, as
l-ClTnl/i
^^xocJLe/r
THACHER
THACHER
much lis for his skill in his profession. After his
retirt'HHMit from the army ne jiractised in Plym-
outh, at the same time engaging in literary and
scientific pui*suits. lie was a meml)er of the Pil-
grim society of Plymouth, and of the Massachu-
setts medical society, liesides fiublishing works
of a purely professional or scientific character, ho
wrote extensively on general literature, esjiecially
on that of his pmfession. lie published "Anjer-
ican New I)is|)ensatory " (IJoston, 1810); "Observa-
tions on Hydrophobia" (Plymouth, 1813) ; "Amer-
ican Modern Practice" (Boston, 1817); "Military
Journal during the American Revolutionary War, '
which is one of the most reliable authorities on
the Revolution, and completely vindicates the
conduct of Washington toward Andre, from the
aspersions of contemiwrary Knglish writers (1828);
"Practical Treatise on the Management of Bees"
(1829); "American Medical Biography" (2 vols.,
1828); "Essay on Demonology, Gnosis, Appari-
tions, and Popular Superstitions" (1831); " History
of the Town of Plymouth "(1832); and "Obser-
vations relative to the Exectition of Major John
Andre as a Spy in 1780" (1834).
THACHER, John Marshall, commissioner of
patents, b. in Barre. Vt., 1 July, 183(5. He was
graduated at the University of Vermont in 1859,
and studied law. At the beginning of the civil
war he entered the National forces and served as
captain in the 13th Vermont regiment. He was
appointed assistant examiner in the patent-office in
1804, and was promoted through the uifferent grades
until 1 Nov., 1874, when he i)ecame commissioner,
which office he held until 1 Oct., 1875. Meanwhile,
in 1870, he had been admitted to the bar in Vir-
ginia, ami on his resignation he removed to Chicago,
where he has since jjraetised his profession.
THACHER, ThoniaM, clergyman, b. in Salis-
bury, England, 1 May, 1G20 ; d. in Boston. Mass..
15 Oct., 1C78. He Was carefully educated by his
father, a minister at Salisbury, who prepared him
for entrance to one of the English universities, but
the son declined to subscribe to the religious tests
that were then a condition of matriculation, and
resolved on settling in New England. He reached
Boston on 4 June, 1G35, and soon afterward entered
the family of Rev. Charles iChauney at Scituate,
under whose guidance he studied mental philoso-
1)hy and theology, and attained a remarkable
knowledge of the oriental languages. He was es-
pecially noted for the great beauty of his transcrip-
tions of .Syriae and other oriental characters, and
also acquired a knowledge of medicine, practising j
occasionally with success. He was ordained at
Weymouth on 2 Jan., 1G44, and shortly afterward
took charge of the congregation of that village.
Here he remained till 1(>(J4, when he removed to
Boston, possibly because the relatives of his second
wife resided there, although he is said to have been
dismissed by his c-ongregation in Weymouth a little
before that time. He practised as a |)hysician in
Boston for the next two years, but preached occa-
sionally. On 16 Veb., 1099, he was installed pastor
of the Old South church, fie is mentioned in
terms of high praise by Cotton Mather in the
" Magnalia," who quotes an elegv, written partly
in Latin and partly in (ireek by Eleazar, an Indian
.student at Harvard, in which the virtues of Mr,
Tliacher are celebrated. He wrote "A Brief Rule
to Guide the Common People of New England how
to order Themselves and Theirs in the Small Pocks
or Measels," which is supposed to have been the
first work on medicine that was published in Ma.ssa-
chusettJ* (Boston, 1677; 2d ed., 1702), and "A Fast
of God's Chusing ; Fast Sermon " (1074). — His son.
Peter, clergyman, b. in Salem, Mass., in 1651 ; d.
in Milton, Mass., 17 Dec, 1727, was gnuiuatiHl at
Harvard in 1071, and was tutor there for several
years afterward, having ('otton Mather as one of
his pupils. He spi-nt some time in England, where
ineffectual efforts were mmie to induce him to con-
form tt) the established (rhurch. After his return
ho was ordained pastor of the church in Milton in
1081, and laboretl there for the remainder of his
life. He attained note as a preacher and was called
on to speak on many important public (K-c«siuns.
His "Convention Senmm (1711) is preserved in
manuscript in the library of the Massachusetts
historical society. He published " Unlxdief De-
tected and Condemned, to which is added the
Treasures of the Fathers Inheritable by their
Posterity" (1708); "Election Sermon" (1711);
" Christ's Forgiveness a Pattern : A Sermon "
(1712) ; " A Sermon on the Death of Samuel Man "
(1719); "A Divine Riddle: He that is Weak is
Strong" (1723); and "The Perpetual Covenant."
— Peter's grandson, Oxenbridge, lawyer, b. in
Milton, Mass., in 1720; d. in Boston, Mass., 8 July,
1705, was graduated at Harvard in 1738, and after-
ward studied divinity, but abandoned it for law on
account of his health. He was successful at the
bar, and took an active part in opposition to the
English government during the early stages of the
Revolution, being at that time one of the four re|>-
resentatives of Boston in the general court. He
published " Considerations upon reducing the Value
of the Gold Coins within the Province" (1700)
and "Sentiments of a British-American, occasioned
iiy an Act to lay Certain Duties in the British
Colonies and Plantations" (Boston, 1704). In the
latter pamphlet he assailed the navigation act with
great vigor. — Peter, eldest son of Oxenbridge,
clergyman, b. in Milton, Mass., 21 March, 1752 ; d.
in Savannah, Ga., 10 Dec, 1802, was graduated at
Harvard in 1709, and, after serving as principal of
a grammar-school for a few month.s, was ordained
pastor of Maiden on 19 Sept., 1770. His gifts as
an orator at once made him popular, and his active
!)atriotism during the Revolution was of great
)enefit to the cause of American liberty. He pub-
lished a " Narrative of the Battle of Bunker llill,"
at the request of the Massachu.«etts committee of
safety, and delivered at Watertown an oration
against standing armies, which has been frequently
republished. He was a delegate in 17iW to the
convention that met at Cambridge and Boston to
frame a constitution for Massachusetts, supported
a motion for abolishing the oflice of governor, and
took an active part in all the deliberations of the as-
sembly. He was called to the Brattle street church
on 12 Jan., 1785. and continued in this pastorate
for the rest of his life. In 1791 he received the
degree of D. D. from the University of Edinburgh.
Dr. Thacher was for some time secretary of the
Society for propagating the gospel among the In-
dians of North America. He was one of the earli-
est members of the Massachusetts historical soci-
ety, a member of the American acatlemy of arts
and sciences, and actively engaged in humanitarian
and religious movements. He was chaplain to one
or both branches of the general court for fifteen
years. He published al)out twenty-two of his
sermons between 1770 and 1800. Dr. Thacher
preached funeral sermons for three governors of
the state of Massachusetts — Bowdoin, Hancock,
and Sumner, all of whom belonged to his congre-
fation during the seventeen years of his {>astorato.
le published a work entitled " Observations on the
State of the Clergy in New England, with Strict-
ures on the Power of dismissing them, Usurped by
ro
THACHER
THATCHER
some Churches" (Boston. 1783), and *' Memoirs of
Dr. Boylston" (178})).— Thomas, another son of
Oxenbridge, b. in Boston, Mass., 24 Oct., 1756; d.
in Dedham, Mass., 19 Oct., 1812, was graduated at
Harvard in 1775, and ordained minister of the 8d
church in Dedham, 7 June, 1780. In 1788 lie was
elected a member of the convention that ratified
the Federal constitution, of which he was an ear-
nest supporter. He was a member of the Academy
of arts and sciences, and published several dis-
courses between 1804 and 1811. — The second Peter's
son, Samuel Cooper, clergyman, b. in Boston,
Mass., 14 Dec, 1785 ; d. in Moulins, France, 2 Jan.,
1818, was graduated at Harvard in 1804, and began
his preparation for the ministry under William
EUery Channing. In 1805 he acted for a time as
head-master of the Boston Latin-school, and he
subsequently conducted a private school of his
own. In 1807 he was appointed librarian of Har-
vard, entering on the duties of the office in the
following year. He was ordained and installed
minister of the New South church (Unitarian),
at Boston, on 15 May, 1811, but his health failed
rapidly, and in 1815 he went to England, where he
was advised to winter in the Cape of Good Hope.
He resided for some time at Cape Town, but his
health improved very slowly, and he returned to
England and subsequently went to the south of
France, where he died. Dr. Thacher was a mem-
ber of the Anthology club, and he published arti-
cles in nearly all the volumes of its magazine, the
'• Monthly Anthology." Many of his lectures and
sermons were devoted to the exposition of the Uni-
tarian system, and were considered to embody a
more vigorous and formal defence of Unitarianism
than any that had appeared previously. His works
are " Apology for Rational and Evangelican Chris-
tianity (Boston, 1815) ; " Unity of God " (Liver-
pool, 1816; Worcester, Mass., 1817); "Sermons,
with a Memoir by Rev. Francis W. P. Greenwood "
(Boston, 1824): and " Evidences necessary to estab-
lish the Doctrine of the Trinity " (1828). He also
published a volume of sermons of Rev. Joseph
S. Buckminster, to which he prefixed a memoir
(1814). — Samuel Cooper's brother, Thomas Gushing
(1771-1837), was graduated from Harvard in 1790,
and was pastor at Lynn in 1794-1813. He pub-
Jished " Eulogy on Washington " (Boston, 1800),
and sermons (1794-1801). — The first Thomas's
grandson, Peter, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass.,
i 1 1677; d. there, 26 Feb., 1738, was graduated at
Harvard in 1(596, and for some time afterward
taught at Hatfield, Mass. He was ordained pastor
o:' the church at Weymouth on 26 'Nov., 1707,
where he remained until 1720, when he was called
t ) the pastorate of the New North church, Boston.
He was a noted preacher, and published several
SJrmons. etc., between 1711 and 1730.
THACHER, Thomas Antony, educator, b. in
Hartford, Conn., 11 Jan., 1815; d. in New Haven,
Conn., 7 April, 1886. He was graduated at Yale
in 1835, and after teaching for three years in Con-
necticut and Georgia was appointed tutor there in
1838, and professor of Latin in 1842, which post he
retained to the end of his life. He went to Germany
in the following year, and for some time taught
English to the crown prince of Prussia and his
cousin. Prince Frederick Charles. He returned in
1845, and, although often in feeble health, was
actively interested in the management of Yale
until his death, at which time he was the member
of the faculty that had been longest in continuous
service. He was a fine classical scholar, and con-
tributed many articles to periodicals on classical
subjects, especially to the " New Englander." He
also assisted in the compilation of Webster's Dic-
tionary. He edited many classical works, among
others Cicero's " De Officiis," with notes (New York,
1850), and an English translation and adaptation
of Madvig's *' Latin Grammar," which was long in
use at Yale. In his introduction to this work he
earnestly upholds the English system of pronounc-
ing Latin. He also wrote "Sketch of tne Life of
Edward C. Herrick " (New Haven, 1862).
THARIN, Robert Seymour Symmes (tha-
rin), lawyer, b. at Magnolia, near Charleston. S. C,
10 Jan., 1830. The family-seat at Magnolia was
also the birthplace of Robert's father, William Cun-
nington Tharin. grandson of its founder, Col. Will-
iam Cunnington, an officer on Gen. Francis Mar-
ion's staff. Robert was graduated at the College
of Charleston in 1857 and at the law-school of tne
University of New York in 1863. He began prac-
tice in Wetumpka, Ala., in 1859. During the po-
litical excitement of this time, he became known
for his Union sentiments and his sympathy with
non-slaveholders. He advocated the establishment
of small farms and factories, the emigration of
the blacks to Africa, the representation of non-
slaveholders, who were in the majority, in legisla-
tures, conventions, and congress, and the repeal of
the ordinance of secession. His Union sentiments
led to an attack on him by a mob in 1861, and he
fled to Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Tharin then settled
in Richmond, Ind., and enlisted as a private in the
Indiana volunteers, but was mustered out in 1862.
While he was in the service he wrote a letter to
the London " Daily News," denouncing his former
law-partner, William L. Yancey, who was then
commissioner from the southern Confederacy to
England. This letter, Mr. Yancey afterward con-
fessed, was worth an armv corps to the Union, as it
defeated recognition. He returned to the south
after the war, and in 1884 was corporation counsel
of Charleston, S. C. In February, 1888, he was tend-
ered, by the Industrial conference at Washington,
a nomination for president of the United States,
but declined on the ground that the body was not
a convention, and that presidential conventions
are dangerous to the people who are not repre-
sented therein. He is now employed in the au-
ditor's office in Washington. He is the author
of "Arbitrary Arrests in the South " (New York,
1863). and " Letters on the Political Situation "
(Charleston. S. C, 1871).
THATCHER, Benjamin Bnssey, author, b. in
Warren, Me., 8 Oct., 1809 ; d. in Boston, 14 Jlily,
1840. His father, Samuel, a graduate of Harvard
in 1793 and a lawyer, represented Massachusetts
in congress in 1802-'5, serving afterward eleven
years in the legislature. He was a trustee of Har-
vard and a founder of Warren academy. The son,
upon his graduation at Bowdoin in 1826, studied
law and was admitted to the bar in Boston, but
devofed himself to literature. In 18;^6-'8 he trav-
elled in Europe for his health, contributing during
the time to British and American periodicals. He
wrote for the " North American Review " in 1831,
and contributed to the *' Essayist " several critiques
on American poets which attracted notice. He
edited the " Boston Book " in 1837, the " Coloniza-
tionist," a periodical in the interests of the Liberian
cause, which he furtlier aided by eloquent speeches,
and a volume of Mrs. Hcmans's poems, to which he
contributed a preface. He left in manuscript an
account of his residence in Europe. His poems,
some of which are in Griswold's " Poetsand Poetry
of America" (1842). and his reviews and essays,
have never been collected. He published "Biog-
raphy of North American Indians" (2 vols., New
THATCHER
THAYKR
71
York. 1832: now e«l.. 1842): "Memoir of Phillis
Whmtlev " (Iloston, 1884): " Memoir of S. Osjjofxl
Wriirht " (18:U) : " Traits of the lioston Tea-1'arty "
(1S:W): "Traits of Indian Manners, etc." (1H35):
ami "Tules of tin- American Uevoliition " (1846).
THATCH KK. H«'nry Knox, naval omeer. 1). in
Thomaston. Me.. 2(! May, IHOO : d. in Hoston, Mass..
T) April, 1M8(). He was a pran<lson of (ten. Henry
Knox. He received his early education in the
schools of lioston,
and in 1822 wa.«<
admitted as a cadet
at the U. S. mili-
tary academy. The
records of the acad-
emy show that he
was absent on sick-
leave from 28 Nov.,
1822, till April,
1823, when his res-
ignation is record-
ed. He hml ex-
chanjjed hiscadet-
shif) for the ap-
pointment in the
y, navv, which he en-
Tie^^o^ /C. y/?a^cM^ tereJ as a mid-
/ shipman, 4 March,
1823. He became
a passed midshipman, 23 March, 1829, and was
commissioned lieutenant, 28 Feb.. 1833. After
serving in various parts of the world, he was pro-
moted to commander by action of the naval re-
tiring board, 14 Sept., 1855. He commanded the
sloop " Decatur," Faciflc station. Early in 1862
he was ordered to command the sailing-sloop " Con-
stellation" on the Mediterranean station, and he
was thereby prevented from engaging in active
operations (luring the first years of the civil war.
He was promoted to the grade of commodore, 16
July, 1862, without having had any commission as
acapUiin. In July,1863. he returned from the Medi-
terranean and took charge of the steam frigate
" Colorado " on the North Atlantic blockade, and
in her commanded the first division of Com. David
D. Porter's fleet in both attacks on Fort Fisher.
He was then appointed acting rear-admiral in ad-
vance of his regular promotion to that grade, and
was ordered to succeed Vice-Admiral Farragtit in
command of the Western Gulf squadron at Mobile.
There he conducted combined operations with Gen.
Edward R. S. Canby which resulted in the sur-
render of the city arid the Confederate fleet after
its flight and pursuit up TombiglK'e river. The
navy department sent him congratulations on the
successful resultij at Mobile. Other points on tlie
Gulf were quietly surrendered, and on 2 June,
1865, Galveston, Tex., was occupied by Thatcher's
squadron without opposition, an<l the entire coast
wjis restored to the Union. He was placed in
command of the consolidated Gulf squa«lrons until
May. 1866, after which he commantied the North
Pacific squadron until August, 1868. He was
commissioned rear-admiral. 25 July. 1866, and was
placed on the retired list, 26 May, 1868. After his
return home he was port-admiral at Portsmouth,
N. H., in 1869-'71, after which he was unemployed
until his death. Upon his death the secretary of
the navy published an obituary order and directed
sjilutes of thirteen minute-guns to be flretl in his
honor, and flags to be displaved at half-mast, lie
was a member of the Massachusetts Society of the
Cincinnati and the militArv order of the Ix)val le-
gion. While ifl command of the North IPacific
squadron he was presented with a medal and made
' a knight of the order of Kamehamoha I by the
I king of the Hawaiian islands which honors he wax
I allowed to ncccpt bv a<*t of congress.
THAXTER. Adam WnHnco, journalist, b. in
I Roston. Mass., 16 Jnn.. 18:^2 : d. there. 8 Jime, 18'Jl.
' He was graduated at Harvard in 1852. and at the
I law-school in 1854. Devoting himself to literature,
I he was for seven years dramatic and literary critic
of the " Bost<m Evening (lazette," fn>m which his
health finally compelled him to withdraw, and he
contributed to many perifnlicals. He was the au-
thor of a poem that he rem! Iwfore a Harvard
society (Cambridge, 1850) and " The Grr»tto
Nymph" (IJoston, 1859). and produced some suc-
cessful plays, among which are " Olympia," " The
Sculptor." " The Painter of Nanles," "The Regi-
cide. " Marv Tudor." and " Birds of a Feather."
THAXTER, CeHn, poet, b. in Portsmouth,
N. H.. 29 June, 18JJ6. Her father, Thomas B.
Laighton, took her when she was a child to the
Isles of Shoals, where she has spent most of her
life at A{)pledore. She married there Levi Lincoln
Thaxter, of Watertown, Mass.. in 1851. She has pub-
lished " Among the Isles of Shoals " (Boston, 1873);
" Poems" (1871): " Driftweed " (1878): " Poems for
Children "(1884) ; and " The Cruise of the Mystery,
and other Poems" (1886). Among the finest of
her single poems are " Courage," " Kitterv Church-
Yard." "The Spaniards' Graves," "The Watch of
Boon Island," and "The Sandpiper."
THAYER, Abbott Henderson, artist^ b. in
Boston, Mass.. 12 Aug., 1849. He studied in the
Brooklyn academy of design and the National
academy, under Lemuel E. Wilmarth. In 1875 he
went, to Paris, where for a year he was a student at
the Ecole des beaux arts under Charles E. R. H.
Lehmann, and three years with Jean L. G^romc.
He painted chiefly animals until he had been two
years abroad. Since that time he has devoted him-
self principally to figure-painting. He has also
essayed landscapes with success. At the Pai'is
salon of 1877 he exhibited " Le sommeil," and in
the following year he sent a portrait. He is a
member of the Society of American artists, to whose
exhibitions he has contributed, besides several por-
traits, "Child and Cats" (1884); "Woman and
Swan " (1886) ; and " An Angel " (1888).
THAYER, Alexander Wheelock, author, b.
in South Natick, Mass., 22 Oct., 1817. He was
graduated at Harvard in 1843. and at the law-
school in 1848. He contributed musicril and other
letters to the Boston " Courier " in 1 85 7-"8 under
the pen-name of " A Quiet Man." and to " Dwight's
Journal of Music " under the name of " A Diarist,"
wrote many articles for Grove's " Dictionary of
Music and Musicians," and was musical critic of
the New York "Tribune." In 1859-'82 he was
U. S. consul at Trieste, where he still resides. He
has published " Signor Mjusoni, and other Papers
of the Late J. Brown," a collection of his own con-
tributions (Berlin. 1862): "The IIebn«ws and the
Red Sea" (Andover. 188:3): and " Life of Beetho-
ven," which is valued for its accuracy and extent
of research (3 vols., Berlin, 1866-'87).
THAYER. EH. educator, b. in Mendon, Mass.,
11 June, 1819. He was graduated at Brown in
1845, was subsequently principal of the Worcester
academy, and in 1848 founded the Oread institute,
a collegiate school for young ladies, in Worcester,
Mass., of which he is treasurer. He was for .several
years a member of the school Ixwird of Worcester,
and in 1853 an alderman of the city. In 1853-'4
ho was a representative in the legi^lnture, and
while there originate<l and organizeil the Emig^nt
aid company, laboring till 1857 to combine the
72
THAYER
THAYER
northern states in support of his plan to send anti-
slavery settlers into Kansas. Lawrence, Topeka,
Manhattan, and Ossawatouiie were settled under
the auspices of his company. Gov. Charles Robin-
son, at the quarter-centennial celebration of Kan-
sas, at Topeka, said : '* Without these settlements
Kansas would have been a slave state without a
struggle; without the Aid society these towns
would never have existed; and that society was
born of the brain of Eli Thayer." Charles Sum-
ner also said that he would rather have the credit
that is due to Eli Thayer for his Kansas work
than be the hero of the battle of New Orleans. In
1857-'01 Mr. Thayer sat in congress as a Republi-
can, serving on the committee on militia, and as
chairman of the committee on public lands. In
1860 he was a delegate for Oregon to the National
Republican convention at Chicago and labored for
the nomination of Lincoln. He has patented many
inventions, which cover a wide field. Among these
are a hydraulic elevator in use in this country and
in Europe, a sectional safety steam boiler, and an
automatic boiler-cleaner, or sediment-extractor.
He has published a volume of congressional
sj>eeches (Boston, 1860) ; several lectures (Worces-
ter, 1886); and is now writing a history of the
Emigrant aid company that he organized and its
influence on our national history.
THAYER, EHliii, clergyman, b. in Braintree,
Mass., 29 March, 1747; d. in Kingston, N. H., 3
April, 1812. He was graduated at Princeton in
1769, and after a private theological course was
settled in 1776 over a Congregational church in
Kingston, N. H., where he continued until his
death. At the organization of the New Hampshire
missionary society he was elected its president,
holding oiricc till 1811. The degree of D. D. was
conferred upon him in 1807 by Dartmouth. He
published a sermon at the funeral of Gov. Josiah
Bartlett (1795), and a '-Summary of Christian
Doctrines and Duties," by request of the New
Hampshire missioiuiry society. A volume of his
sermons was published in 1813.
THAYER, Eugene, musician, b. in Mendon,
Mass., 1 1 Dec, 1838. He began the study of the
organ at the age of fourteen, and, settling in Bos-
ton, soon gained a reputation as an excellent
organist. In 1865-6 he studied in Europe under
Carl Haupt and others. While in Boston he edited
the " Organist's Journal " and the •' Choir Journal,"
and was director of the Boston choral union, the
New England church-music association, and other
societies. He has given organ recitals in the United
States and Europe. Since 1881 he has resided in
New York, following his profession as an organist
and teacher. The degree of Mus. Doc. was con-
ferred on him by Woostcr university, Ohio, in 1883.
THAYER, John, clergyman, "b. in Boston,
Mass., about 1755; d. in Limerick, Ireland, 5 Feb.,
1815. He was the minister of a Protestant church
in Boston, when, in 1781, he went to Europe, where,
after visiting Prance, England, and Italy, he
united with the Roman Catholic church in 1783.
He studied for the priesthood in Paris, was or-
dained in 1784, and returned to Boston, where he
held weekly conferences on the doctrines of the
Roman Catholic church, attracting crowds by his
learning and eloquence. He was sent to Kentucky
in 1799, and remained there till 1803, when he went
to England and engaged in missionary work for
about a year. He spent the last years of his life in
Limerick. Ireland, and devoted his time and fortune
to the welfare of the poor. His works are "Con-
troversy between the Rev, John Thayer, Catholic
Missionary of Boston, and the Rev. George Leslie,
Pastor of a Church in Washington, N. H." (Bos-
ton. 1793), and "An Account of the Conversion
of the Rev. Mr. John Thayer, lately a Protestant
Minister at Boston in North America, who em-
braced the Roman Catholic Religion at Rome, on
the 25th of May, 1783, written by Himself " (5th
ed., reprinted from the London edition, Baltimore,
1788; French translation, Paris 1788; Spanish
translation, from the French, Valencia. 1788). It
was also translated into Italian. The work pro-
voked several replies and rejoinders.
THAYER, John Milton, govemoi; of Nebraska,
b. in Bellingham, Mass., 24 Jan., 1820. After his
graduation at Brown in 1841 he studied and prac-
tised law, and in 1854 removed to Nebraska, where
he was a member in 1860 of the territorial legisla-
ture, and in 1866 of the Constitutional convention.
Previous to his civil appointments he had been
made brigadier-general of militia, and organized
and commanded several expeditions against the
Indians. In the civil war. as colonel of the 1st
regiment of Nebraska infantry, he led a brigade at
Donelson and Shiloh, and was made brigadier-gen-
eral of volunteers, 4 Oct., 1862. His appointment
expired on 4 March, 1863, but he was reappointed
on 13 March. He commanded a briga<le and divis-
ion at Vicksburg and Jackson, and led a storm-
ing column at Chickasaw bayou, for which and
for his services at Vicksburg he was brevetted ma-
jor-general of volunteers, 13 March. 1865. He re-
signed, 19 July, 1865, and, returning to Nebraska,
he served as U. S. senator in 1867-'71, having been
chosen as a Republican, and was then appointed
by Gen. Grant governor of Wyoming territory.
In 1886 he was elected governor of Nebraska by a
majority of about 25,000, which office he still holds
(1888). He was department commander of the
Grand army of the republic in the state of Nebras-
ka m 1886.'
THAYER, Joseph Henry, biblical scholar, b.
in Boston, Mass., 7 Nov., 1828. He was gradu-
ated at Harvard in 1850, and at Andover theologi-
cal seminary in 1857, and was pastor of a church
in Salem, Mass., from 1859 till 1864. when he was
appointed professor of sacred literature in Ando-
ver theological seminary. He resigned in 1882,
and since 1884 has been professor of criticism and
interpretation of the New Testament in the divin-
ity-school of Harvard. In the mean time he was
chaplain to the 40th Massachusetts regiment in
1802-'3, secretary of the New Testament corapa^^y
of the American revision committee, and a meirt-
ber of the corporation of Hjirvard in 1877-84.
The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Yale
in 1873 and by Harvard in 1884. He has pub-
lished occasional sermons and reviews, and con-
tributed to the American edition of Smith's " Bible
Dictionary." His works include "A Grammar of
the Idiom of the New Testament," a translation of
Liinemann's enlarged and improved edition of
Winer's well-known work (Andover, 1869); a trans-
lation, with additions, of Alexander Buttmann's
" Grammar of the New Testament Greek" (1873;;
and "A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testa-
ment, being Grimm's Wilke's ' Clavis Novi Testa-
menti,' translated, revised, and enlarged" (New
York and Edinburgh, 1886). He has edited "Notes
on Scrivener's Plain Introduction to the Criticism
of the New Testament," by Prof. Ezra Abbot (Bos-
ton, 1885). and has carried through the press a new
edition of Prof. Evangelinus A. Sophocles's "Greek
Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods"
(New Y'ork, 1887) and a volume of *• Critical Es-
says," selected from the published writings of Pi-of.
Ezra Abbot (Boston, 1888).
THAYER
THAYER
73
THAYER. Nathnnlel, clcrpvinan, b. in Ilftmn-
ton. N. II.. 11 July, 170U; d. in U.R-lu'ster, N. Y..
23 June. 1840. Hi's father, Uev. Kbt-iifzer Thayer,
was pastor in Haniplon for many ymrs. The son
was grailuate<i at llarvanl in ITHW, studied the-
ology, and bocanio a pastor at Wilkesbarre, Pa. In
1795" he was installed over the Unitarian soeiety at
Laneaster, Miuss.. where he remained for nearly
fifty yeai-s. He received the de;?ree of I). D. from
Ilarv'artl in 1817. On account of Dr. Thayej's tmrt
and sa;;acity he was. perhaps more than any other
man of his day, selected tor the settlement of eccle-
siastieal di Acuities, and he frequently drew up the
decisions of church councils. He die<I while on a
journey foi the benefit of his health. He pub-
lished twenty-three (K-casional sermons in 1795-
1831.— His son, Nathnnlel. capitalist, b. in Lan-
caster, Mass.. 11 Sept.. 1808; d. in Boston. iMass,,
7 March. 1883, for many years constituted, with
his deceased brother, the firm of John K. Thayer
and Brother, in Boston, which was atttive in the
development of railroads in the west, of several of
which he was a director. He was a fellow of
Harvard in 18(58-'75, and one of its largest bene-
factors. He contributed to a Commons hall, erected
Thayer hall in 1870 as a memorial of his father and
brother, bore the expenses of Prof. Louis Agiissiz's
expedition to South America, which wjis known as
the Thaver expedition, built a fire-proof herbarium
at the iiotanic garden, and gave much in aid of
poor students of the college, and was one of the
most generous citizens of Boston.
THAYER, Simeon, soldier, b. in Mendon, Mass.,
30 April. 1737; d. in Cumberland, R. I., 14 Oct.,
1800. He removed to Rhode IsLind in his youth,
l)ecame an apprentice, served in the French war in
1750 with the Rhode Isltind troops and with Maj.
Robert Rogers's rangers, and in 1757 wjis taken
prisoner at Fort William Henry. In May, 1775, he
was appointed captain by the Rhotle Island assem-
bly, and accompanied Benedict Arnold's expedi-
tion against Quebec, where he was matle prisoner.
He was promoted major, 1 Jan., 1777, and served
with great credit in the defence of Red Bank and
at Fort Mifflin, receiving for the latter a sword
from the Rhode Island assembly in July. He was
wounded in the battle of Monmouth, and retired
from the service, 1 Jan., 1781. His "Journal of
the Invasion of Canada in 1775" has Ixien e<lited
by Edwin .M. Stone (Providence. 1807).
THAYER, Sylvanus, soldier, b. in Braintree,
Mass., 9 June, 1785; d. in South Braintree. Mass.,
7 Sept.. 1872. He was graduated at Dartmouth in
1807, at the U. S. military academy in 1808, and
assigned to the cori)s of engineers. During the
next four years he was employed cm engineer ser-
vice on the eastern coast, and as instructor of
mathematics at the academy, receiving promotion
as 1st lieutenant, 1 July, 1812. Being called to the
field in the latter year, he served as chief engineer
under Gen. Henry Dearborn, on the Niagara fron-
tier; in 1813 under Gen. Wade Hampton's division
on Lake Champlain, receiving promotion to cap-
tain of engineers, 13 Oct., 1813, and in 1814 under
Gen. Moses Porter's forces in defence of Norfolk,
Va, being brevetted major, 20 Feb., 1815, for dis-
tinguished services. In 1815 he was sent to Europe
to examine military works and schools, and study
the operations of the allied armies l)efore Paris, but
he was recalled in 1817 to the suix-rintendencv of
the academy at West Point, whicn he assume<l on
28 July of that year, and held till his resignation,
1 July, imm. During the sixteen years of his ad-
ministration he organized the school on its present
basis, and raised it from an elementary condition
to the same grmle with the best military schools in
the world. l)uring his term of office he was bre-
vetted lieutenant-colonel, 8 March, 1823, made
major, 24 May, 1828, and brevetted colonel, 3
March, 1833. Vive years after his resignation he
was again offered the
charge of the aca<lemy,
with almost al)soluto
control, but he did not
accept. On leaving West
Point he was made a
memlier of the board of
engineers, of which he
was president from 7
Dec, 1838. and for thirty
years following he was
engaged in the construc-
tion of defences in and
about Boston harbor,
which are mcxiels of his
engineering skill and
standards of economy
and stability of construc-
tion. On 7 July, 1838,
he was made lieutenant-
colonel of engineers, and
he became colonel, 3
March, 1863. On 1 June,
1803, he was retired from
active service, after receiving the brevet of briga-
dier-general the day before. The degree of A. M.
was conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1810, and
by Harvard in 1825, and that of LL, D. by St.
John's college, Md.. in 18J30, by Kenyon and I)art-
mouth in 1840, and by Harvard in 1857. He was
also a member of various scientific associations.
Gen. Thayer gave alx)ut $3(K).(K)() for the endow-
ment of an academy, and $32,000 for a free li-
bmry. at Braintree. and $70,000 for a school of
architecture and civil engineering at Dartmouth.
His body was reinterred at West Point, 8 Nov.,
1877, anil his statue was nnveile<l there, 11 June,
1883, Gen. George W. Cullum making the presen-
tation. It bears the inscription, " Colonel Thayer,
Father of the United States Military Acatlemy."
and is represented in the accompanying illustra-
tion. A fine full-length portrait by Robert W. Weir
is in the library at West Point. He was the au-
thor of " Papers on Practical Engineering" (1844).
— His cousin, Mnrtin RnssoH, jurist, b.- ni Peters-
burg, Va.. 27 Jan., IKIJ), was graduated at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1840. admitted to the
Philadelphia bar in 1842. and l)egan to practise in
that city. In 1802-'7 he sjit in congress, having
been elected as a Republican, .serving in the com-
mittee on the bankrupt law and as chairman of the
committee on private land claims. In 1802 he was
appointed a commissioner to revise the revenue
laws of Pennsylvania, and in 1807, declining re-
election to congress, he was appointed one oi the
judges of the district court of the county of Phila-
delphia, and he has recently been re-elected. In
1873 he was apmiinted on the boanl of visitors to
West Point, ana wrote the n'jM)rt. In the succeed-
ing year he became president -judge of the c<iurt of
common pleas of Philadelphia. Tie is the author
of "The Duties of Citizenship" (Philadelphia. 1802);
"The Great Victory: its Cost and Value" (1805):
"The Law considered as a Progressive Science"
(1870); "On Libraries" (1871): "The Life and
Works of Francis Lieber" (1873); and "The Bat-
tle of (lermantown " (1878).
THAYER, Thomas Baldwin, clergyman, b. in
Boston, Mass., 10 .Sept., 1812 ; d. in Roxburv, Mass.,
12 Feb., 1880. He entered Harvanl at an early
74
THAYER
THEONDECHOREN
age, but left after the first year and began to teacli,
at the same time studying divinity He was or-
dained in 1833, and in 1833-45 was pastor of the
1st Universalist society in Lowell, where his min-
istry was imjx)rtant in the history of Universalism
in N^ew England. During the crusade against
Universalism, in 1840-'2, he established and edit-
ed in its defence the "Star of Bethlehem," and
with his co-worker. Rev. Abel C. Thomas, wrote
the "Lowell Tracts" in the same interest. Mr.
Thayer was called to a pastorate in Brooklyn.
N. Y., in 1845, where he edited the " Golden Rule "
in the interest of the fraternity of Odd-Fellows.
After six years he returned to his old parish in
Lowell. In 1859 he became pastor of the Shaw-
mut avenue church, Boston, which charge he re-
signed in 1867. In 1862 Dr. Thayer assumed the
editorship of the " Universalist Quarterly," which
contains some of his most important literary
work. He continued these labors, with an inter-
val of travel in Europe and the East, until his
last illness. He received the degree of D. D. from
Tufts college in 1865, and he was for many years
on the board of overseers of Harvard. Dr. Thayer
W!vs a biblical scholar of rare breadth, and a pioneer
in Universalist literature. He wrote much verse
that has never been collected, and published
"Christianity against Infidelity " (Boston, 1833;
enlarged, Cincinnati, 1849); "Bible Class Assist-
ant" (Boston. 1840); "History of the Origin of
Endless Punishment " (1855) ; "Theology of Uni-
versalism" (1862); and "Over the River" (1864).
THAYER, WilUain Makepeace, author, b. in
Franklin, Mass., 23 Feb., 1820. He was gradu-
ated at Brown in 1843, studied theology, and was
settled over the orthodox Congregational church
at Ashland, Mass., in 1849-57. In consequence of
a throat trouble he relinquished his pastorate, and
on his return to Franklin m 1858 devoted himself to
literary work. In 1857 and 1863 he was a member
of the legislature, and in 1860-'76 he was secretary
of the Massachusetts temperance alliance. He has
written many religious and juvenile books, the first
of which was published in 1852. In " The Bobbin
Boy" (Boston, 1859) he originated the conversa-
tional style, and its success was so great that he
wrote his succeeding biographies in dialogue.
After "The Pioneer Boy" (1863) was published,
the same style was adopted by other writers. His
most popular works are a series of biographies (10
vols., Boston, 1859-'63); "Youth's History of the
Rebellion " (4 vols., 1863-5) ; " White House Se-
ries" (1880-'5); and "Marvels of the New West"
(xXorwich, 1887). Nearly 1,000,000 copies of his
works have been sold, " From Log-Cabin to the
White House" exceeding 300,000 copies, two thirds
of them being sold in Europe. " The Poor Boy
and Merchant Prince" (Boston, 1858), "The Good
Girl and True Woman" (1859), "The Pioneer
Boy," " Tact, Push, and Principle " (Boston. 1880),
" Prom Pioneer Home to the White House " (Nor-
wich, 1882), and " From Tannery to the White
House " (Boston. 1885), have each reached 50,000
copies. Many have been republished in England,
and some have been translaten into German, French,
Italian, Greek, Swedish, and Hawaiian. Mr.Thayer
has also edited the " Home Monthly " and " Moth-
er's Assistant" (Boston).
THEAKER, Thomas Clarke, commissioner of
patents, b. in York county, Pa.. 1 Feb., 1812; d.
in Oakland, Md.. 16 July, 1883. He received a
good English education, removed to Bridgeport,
Ohio, in 1830. and was principally occupied as a
machinist and millwright. Ho served in congress
as a Republican in 185i)-'61, and was an unsuccess-
ful candidate for the ensuing congress. He was
made a member of a board of commissioners who
were appointed to investigate the workings of the
patent-office, and was afterward made by Presi-
dent Johnson commissioner of patents, serving
from 17 Aug., 1865. till 6 June, 1868.
THEBAID, Augustine J. (tay-l)o), clergy-
man, b. in Brittany m 1807; d. in Fordham, N. Y.,
17 Dec, 1885. He studied for the priesthood, and
after his ordination was for several years engaged
in missionary work in Brittany. He afterward
went to Rome and entered the Society of Jesus.
In 1838 he came to the United States and was ap-
pointed professor in St, Mary's college, Ky., where
ne remained until that institution passed from the
control of the Jesuits in 1845. He then taught
pliysics and mathematics in St. John's college,
Fordham, of which he was president in 1846-'52.
He was then made pastor of St. Joseph's church,
Troy, where he began his investigations in Irish
history. He was afterward transferred to New
York, where he continued the same line of research,
the result of which was the publication of " The
Irish Race," a work that placed him in the first
rank as a philosophic historian, and of which Dr.
Orestes A. Brownson wrote that it had caused hira
to change life-long opinions on questions of para-
mount importance in the philosophy of history.
Father Thebaud went to Canada, where he re-
mained a year, and then returned to New York.
The rest of his life was spent in missionary labors
and literary pursuits. He was a frequent con-
tributor to Rioman Catholic periodicals. Besides
the work already mentioned he published "Gen-
tilism " ; " The Church and the Moral World " ;
and " Twit-Twatso."
THEKAKISQUI, Irofjuois chief, b. in central
New York in 1756; d. in 1802. Owing to his
bravery and skill in the use of arms and in hunt-
ing, he became a chief at the age of twenty. He
made several raids on the Spanish colonies, and
rendered considerable assistance to the English in
the wars of the Revolution. He led a body of In-
dians into the Carolinas, devastated the country
with fire and sword, and brought back numerous
slaves into the Iroquois territory. He gave up part
of the lands of his tribe to the government of the
United States in 1794. Under his sway his people
turned their attention to agriculture, and made
some advances in civilization.
THELLER, Edward Alexander, journalist, b.
in Canada East about 1810; d. in Honitas, Cal.,
in 1859. He was graduated as a physician, an<l,
having actively participated in the Canadian re-
bellion of 1837, was arrested, tried, convicted, and
sentenced to death. Escaping from prison, he
came to this country, and, after residing in New
York in 1841-'2, went to California in 1853, and
was editor of several newspapers. He was at one
time superintendent of public schools in San Fran-
cisco. ^He published "Canada in 1837-'8: Show-
ing the Causes of the Late Attempted Revolution
and its Failure" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1841).
THEONDtCHOREN, Joseph, Indian convert,
d. near Tadoussac, Canada, 26 June, 1652. Pre-
vious to his conversion it is related that he could
take live coals and red-hot pebbles in his hands and
mouth without sustaining any injury, and plunge
his arm into boiling water, and he attributed this
power to Satanic influence. He became a Christian
in 1641, and endeavored to imitate the missionaries
in everything and conform to their mode of life.
The Jesuit relations contain extracts from sermons
that he preached, which are remark^ihle for fervor
and rude eloquence. He went with Father Jogues
THfeVENARD
TIIIBATDIN
75
In 1643. aooompnnied hy his two brothers jind his
son. ()tH< of his brothers and his son werci killed,
but he es<.>H|>od, during >i hunting ex[>cdition of the
Ir<M|Uois. and reached Thrw Rivers, where he
preached sonje remarkable dis(?ourses to his coun-
trymen, who ha«l come to congratulate him on
his esc-aiHJ. After his return to his own coun-
try he formed one of a convoy of 100 warriors
wfio went down to Quebec. He was wounded in
an attack that was made on the town by the Iro-
quois, but succt»eded in escaping to the woods. He
was discovered by a b»ind of hostile Indians, who
were so toucheil by his discourse that they saved
his life and niirse<! him. When the Hurons were
driven from their country in 1649 he went to live
in St. Joseph's island, and afterward took a large
part of his tribe to Quebec. They formed a settle-
ment close to the city, where Theondechoren edifie<l
lx)th the Indians and French by the sanctity of his
life, and astonished the latter by his eloquence.
TH^VENARI). Antoine Jean Marie (tay-
veh-nar). Count. French naval officer, b. in Saint
Malo, 7 l)«K'., 17:W; d. in Paris, \) Feb., 1815. He
entered the service of the East India company as
a cabin-boy in 1747, assisted in three combats with
the English, and rose rapidly in rank. In 1754
he was sent with a sloop-of-war to Newfoundland,
and destroyed all the establishments and fisheries
along the northern coast of that colony. After the
conclusion of peace, he became a naval engineer. He
was a commodore in the East India fleet in 1767, but
in 1769 joined the royal navy, was made captain of
a frigate in 1770. and promoted first captain and
knight of Saint Louis in 1773. When France sent
aid to the United States in 1778, he was given
command of a squadron, and carried troops and
supnlies to the Antilles and to this country. He
maae successful cruises along the coast of New
England, and for his services was promoted briga-
dier-general of the naval forces in 1782, and chef
d'escadre in 1784. Assuming command of the
station of South America in 1785, he was made
vice-admiral in 1792, and he was successively mari-
time prefect at Brest, Toulon, and Rochefort in
1792-3, and again at Toulon in 1801. He was
created a senator and a count in 1810, and made a
peer of France. 4 June, 1814. He was a member
of several learned societies of Europe and America,
of the Royal academy of marine in 1773, and of
the Paris academy of sciences after 1785. He pub-
lished " iMt'moires relatifs k la marine" (4 vols.,
Paris. 18(K)), which is still a standard work.
THfiVENAU, Charles £tienne (tay-vay-no).
West Indian natumlist, b. in St. Lucia in 1758; d.
in Paris in 1820. He took part as an ensign in the
war of 1778-'83 in the West Indies, and after the
conclusion of peace held an office in the magistracy
of St. Lucia. At the beginning of the French
revolution he went to Paris, where he became noted
as a iournalist; but he strongly opposed the en-
franchisement of the slaves, and lor his attacks
against the clrtb called " Les amis des noirs " was
imprisoned during the reign of terror. Being re-
leased after the reaction of 1794, he returned to St.
Lucia and devoted himself to agriculture and sci-
ence. After the restoration of Louis XV' 1 1 1, he
settled in Paris. His works include "Observations
sur do5 poissons rw-Mieillis dans un voyage h la Baie
de Samana, et description des esp«*ees nouvelles et
peu connues" (St. Lucia, 1788); " Monographic des
ignames" (Paris. 17fK)): " Ilistoria naturalis plan-
tarum quas in insiil^ Santa Lucia crescent " (3 vols.,
1802 -'9); " FiUunieratio plnntarum cellularium
quas in insula Santa Lucia aThevenaucollectasde-
scribit" (3 vols., 1807-12); " Fasciculus plantarum
rnrianim et exoticarum " (18i;j){ "Essni sur les
sim(>les veneneux des Antille.0 " (1814) : and " Traite
des arbrt»s fruitiers des Antilles" (2 vols., 1816).
THUVET. Andr6 (tay-vav), Fn-nch historian,
b. in Angouleme in 1502; d. in Paris, 23 Nov.,
i 1590. He united with the (iray Friars, and in 1555
accompanied Admiml V'illegaignon to Brazil, but
returned to P'rance in the following year and was
appointed in 1558 chaplain to Queen Catherine de
Me<licis and historian and cosmographer to the
king. He enjoyed roval favor under Charli-s IX.
and his successors, and composed for their amuse-
ment several works which have since been held in
high esteem. They include " Les singularitez de
la France antarctique, autrement nomme Ame-
rique, et de plusicurs terrcs et isles decouvertes de
notre temps" (Paris, 1558); "Cosmographie uni-
verselle, illustree dediverses figures des choses plus
remarquables vues par I'auteur" (2 vols., 1771);
and "Vrais portraits et vies des hommes illus-
tres, Grecs, Latins et Paiens " (2 vols., 1584). The
last is a curious work, containing the biography
and portraits of several Indian caciques, emperors
of Mexico, and incas of Peru, and. although some
doubts have been expressed as to their authenticity,
they have never been proved spurious. Thevet's
work had many editions and has been translated
into several languages. He wrote also " Histoire
naturelle et generale des Indes Occidentales " and
•'Voyage dans les Indes australes." which are pre-
served among the manuscripts in the National li-
brary at Paris.
THIBAl'l), Pierre (tee-bo), French scientist,
b. in Pithiviers in 1739; d. there in 1804. He was
for many years a professor in Paris, and was also
employeid by the French auademy of literature in
making linguistic researches. In 1788 he was
elected secretary of the Academy of Caen, but re-
tired to his nativecity during the revolution. Thi-
baud devoted himself principally to the study of
the migrations of men, to the descent of nations,
and their travels through the world ; he was also
the first to advance the theory that the Indians of
America migrated from Asia in remote antiquity,
and through patient research was enabled to give
a nearly complete history of the Aztec nation since
their first appearance in the basin of Mexico about
500 B. c. Thibaud's works contain some errors, but
he was a pioneer in the field of Indian history. He
Sublishcd " Origine des Indiens de TAmcrique du
ord. contenant une description de leurs manieres,
avec une etude .sur leur religion, leur langage, et
leur maniere de se vetir" (Caen, 1787); "Histoire
et migrations de la nation Aztec ou Mexicaine
depuis le cinquieme siecle de notre ere jusqu' h la
chute de la dynast ie de Montezuma" (1796); and
" Origine des Indiens de TAmerique du Sud "
(Pithiviers, 1801).
THIBAUDIN, Gaston Louis (tee-bo-dang),
French explorer, b. in Dunkirk in 1727; d. in Lima,
Peru, in 1796. He studied botany in Paris under
Buflfon, was employed afterward by the Academy
of sciences, and at the request of that body was
given by Louis XVI. in 1776 a mission to t»outh
America. His instructions were to collect in Chili,
Peru, and Cuba specimens of medicinal plants
that could be naturalized in France. He landed in
Concepcion early in February, 1777, journeyed for
months through the pampas and the mountains, and
formed a rich herV>arium. After visiting Santiago
and the large cities, he went to Callao. making also
a voyage to the island of Juan Fernandez. Toward
the end of 1780 his herbarium numljered about
1,500 specimens, including many new ones, when
he left for the West Indies, but, owing to the war
76
THIENPONT
THOM
that then raged in the Gulf of Mexico between
France and England, he remained at Carthagena
occupied in arranging his collections till the truce
of 1783. Then he resumed his voyage and went to
Havana, where he formed a nearly complete collec-
tion of the flora of the island. On his return to
Prance in 1785 he was elected a corresponding
member of the Academy of sciences, and that body
undertook also the publication of his works. He
had made many friends in Peru, and, feeling inse-
cure in Paris during the revolution, he returned in
1792 to Lima, where he taught mathematics till his
death. Thibaudin's works include " Description
des plantes recueillir dans un voyage au Perou et
au Chili" (2 vols., Paris, 1786); " Memoire sur la
fiore de I'ile de Cuba" (1786); " Prodome de la
flore du ('hili avec herbier explicatif" (4 vols,
178S): and "Prodome de la fiore du Porou avec
herbier explicatif ",(4 vols., 171)0).
THIENPONT, Emanuel, clergyman, b. in Bel-
gium in 180!}; d. in Logan, Hocking co., Ohio, 19
Oct., 1873. He came tc the United States at an
early age, studied for the priesthood, and was
ordained in Cincinnati on 20 Jan., 1833. He
spent the following year in preparing candidates
for the priesthood, was then sent to take charge of
the missions along the Miami canal, and for some
time had entire charge of iill tlie Roman Catholics
in the state of Ohio. He was appointed pastor of
St. Mary's, Tiilin, in 1835, and afterward of the
German Catholics of Dayton, and then had charge
of congregations at Portsmouth, Steubenviile, and
other places. He was afterward sent to Logan, and
formed a new congregation in the neighborhood
at Straitville. Father Thienpont was the pioneer
secular priest of Ohio, and was the first to build
Roman Catholic churches in Dayton, Portsmouth,
Steubenviile, and other places in the state.
THIERY DE MENONVILLE, Nicolas Jo-
seph, French botanist, b. in Saint-Mihiel. France,
18 June, 1739 ; d. in Port au Prince, Santo Domingo,
in 1780. He studied law, and for some time prac-
tised his profession in his native city, but he soon
abandoned the bar for botany, of which he was
passionately fond. He formed a plan to naturalize
the cochineal insect in the Franco-American colo-
nies, and after landing in Santo Domingo in 1776,
in order to learn how to cultivate it, he penetrated
to Mexico in the disguise of a Catalonian physician,
at great personal risk, as the Spaniards kept the
knowledge of this branch of commerce jealously
from strangers. With great difficulty he readied
Oaxaca, which, he had learned, produced a finer
specimen of cochineal than could be found else-
where, learned the art. of planting and raising the
nopal on which the insect feeds, bought a large
quantity of branches and insects, filling eight
chests with them, and succeeded in forwarding
them by different routes to Santo Domingo, He
sent a part of his cochineals to France, and wjis
successful in rearing and multiplying those that
he retained, in the Jardin du roi. which he founded
at Port au Prince. He received the title of botan-
ist of the king soon after his return to Mexico.
Shortly after his death the cochineal insect disap-
peared from Santo Domingo. The club of " The
Philadelphes" at Cape Fran9ais published a m&nu-
script that he left, entitled " Traite de la culture
du nopal et de Teducation de la cochenille dans les
colonies frauQaises de I'Amerique, precede d'un
vovage k Oaxaca" (Cape Frangais. 1786).
THOBURN, James Mills, M. E. bishop, b. in
St. Clairsville, Ohio, 7 March, 1836. He was
graduated at Alleghany college. Pa., in 1857. and
began preaching in Ohio as a Methodist minister
in the same year. In 1850 he went to India as a
missionary, where he was stationed successively at
Nynee Tal, Moradabad, Lucknow, and Calcutta.
He preached in
both the native
and European lan-
guages, and built
the largest church
in India. He was
presiding elder of
the Indian confer-
ence, preached for
some time at Simla,
the summer capi-
tal of India, and
was for five years
editor of the " In-
dian Witness." In
consequence of an
injury that result-
ed from an acci-
dent, he returned
to this country in
1886. At the gen-
eral conference of
the Methodist Episcopal church in New York city
in 1888 he was elected missionary bishop of India
and Malaysia. He has published " My Missionary
Apprenticeship," being a history of twenty-five
years' experience in India (New York, 1884), and
" Missionary Sermons " (1888).
THOM, George (torn), soldier, b. in Derrv, N. H.,
21 Feb., 1819. He was graduated at the U. S.
military academy in 1839, assigned to the topo-
graphical engineers, and became 2d lieutenant in
1840. He served in connection with the survey of
the boundary between the United States and the
British provinces under the treaty of Washington,
in 1842-7 and on the staff of Gen. Franklin
Pierce in the war with Mexico. He became 1st
lieutenant in 1849, and ca|)tain for fourteen years'
service in July. 1853. In 1853-'6 he served in con-
nection with the survev of the boundary between
the United States and Mexico. At the opening of
the civil war he was a major, but was appointed
colonel and additional aide-de-camp in November,
18G1. Col. Thorn was continuously employed on
engineer and other duty on the staff of Gen. Henry
W. Halleck till April, 1865, being present during
the siege of Corinth. He was also present at the
battle of Cedar Creek, Va. He was promoted lieu-
tenant-colonel of engineers in 1866, and was there'r
after in charge of river and harbor improvements
in the New England states till 20 Feb., 1883, when,
having been forty years in service, he was, at his
own request, retired from active service. He be-
came colonel of engineers in 1880, and was bre-
vetted brigadier-general U. S. army, " for faithful
and meritorious services during the rebellion."
THOM, James Crawford, artist, b. in New
York, 22 March. 1885. He studied at the National
academy, andjn 1859 went abroad, where he
studied with Edouard Frere. and then with Henri
Pierre Picou and Jean Baptiste Camille Corot.
His works were frequently exhibited in London,
where he gained several medals and other honors
at various times. Since his return to the United
States in 1872 many of his pictures have found
their way into private galleries in this country.
Among the paintings that he executed while abroad
are "By the River-Side." "Returning from the
W^ood." " Tired of Waiting." " Going to School."
and " The Monk's Walk." The last tliree were ex-
hibited at the Royal academy, London. He has
shown more recently at the Academy of design,
THOMAS
THOMAS
77
New York, " Forgotten Cares " (1877) : " JSong of
theSea" (1«81); " The Old Farm- House " (18«4):
'•The Pets" (1885); and seveml landscaijcs at the
Mechanics' fair, Hostoii, in 1878.
THOMAS, Abel t'liaries, cKrj,'vinan. b. in Exe-
ter, Fa., 11 June, 1807: d. in Fhiladeiphia, Fa., 28
Se[if.. 1881K His grandfather, Abel Thomas, was a
(Quaker preacher. The grandson was educated at
Ijancjister, Fa., and at an early age entered the
ministry of the Universalist church. Uh \vas first
established for ten years over the Lombard street
church in Fhilatlelphia, to which, after a few years
in Lowell, Mass., Brooklyn, N. Y., and Cincinnati,
Ohio, he returned, remaining for seventeen yeai-s.
With the Hev. Thomas B. Thayer he wrote the
*' Lowell Tracts," in 1840-'42, during the crusade
against Universalism in Lowell, and organized
" The Lowell Offering," whose sole contribuUjrs
and editors were the mill-operatives. He was the
author of "Allegories and Divers Day'Dreams"
(Ijowell, 1841); an ''Autobiography" (Boston, 1852) ;
and " A Centenary of Universjilism " (Fhiladeiphia,
1872). He prepared " Hymns of Zion," witii music
(Fhilmlelphia. 1839): "The Gospel Liturgy "(1857);
and "The Christian Helper, or Gospel Sermons"
(1857). He published also many tracts, sermons,
and discussions, among the last, " Discussions on
Universalism," with Rev. Dr. Ezra S. Ely (New
York, 1835), and he was connected editorially with
many papers of his denomination. — His wife, M.
Louise rainier, b. in Mount Holly, N. J., aliout
1830, is a daughter of Judge Strange N. Palmer,
of Pennsylvania. She received a classical educa-
tion and read Blackstone with her brother. Robert
M. Palmer, who was U. S. minister to the Argen-
tine Republic in 18Gl-'2. For many yeai-s. owing
to the failing health of her husband. Mrs. Thomas
managed a large estate near Philadelphia. This
gave her an opportunity to educate eighteen chil-
dren, eleven being taken from the colored orphan
asylum of New York city. She has been president
of the Woman's centenary association of the Uni-
versali.st church since 1880, and in 1886 was elected
president of Sorosis, a woman's club in New York.
She is also treasurer of the national council of
women. Since 1873 she has been editor and pub-
lisher of the tract department of the Universalist
church, in Philadelphia, Pa.
THOMAS, Amos Russell, phvsician, b. in
Watertown, N. Y., 3 Oct., 1826. He acquired his
education while working on a fr.rm, taught school,
and was graduated at Syracuse medical college in
1854. He removed to t*hiladelphia, was appoint-
ed to the chair of anatomy in the Fenn medi-
cal university, and also was lecturer on artistic
anatomy in the Pennsylvania academy of fine arts
for fifteen years. In 1863 he received a similar
appointment in the School of design for women.
During the civil war he volunteered and served jvs
army surgeon. In 1867 he connected himself with
the Hahnemann medical college of Philadelphia, of
which he is now the dean. He has contributed
numerous papers to me<lical literature, is the author
of " Post-mortem Examinations and Morbid Anat-
omy" (Philadelphia, 1870), and general editor of
the " Homoeopathic Materia MedicA."
THOMAS, Charles, soldier, b. in Pennsylvania
al)out 1800 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 1 Feb., 1878.
He entered the army and became a lieutenant of
ordnance, 13 Aug., 1^19, assistant quartermaster in
May, 18*26, captain in April.%833, quartermaster
with the rank of major m July, 1838, and brevet
lieutenant-colonel for meritorious services in Mexi-
co, 30 May, 1848. He was promoted lieutenant-
colonel and deputy quartermaster-general, U. S.
army, in May, 1850, colonel and assistant quarter-
master-general in August, 1856, and brevet major-
general, 13 March, 1865, for meritori<jus services
(luring the civil war. He was retired from active
service in July, 1866, after having been in the army
for more than forty-live years.
THOMAS, Cyrus, ethnologist, b. in Kingsport,
Tenn., 27 July, 18*25. He studied law, and fol-
lowed that profession until 1865, holding in 1850-'3
the office of county clerk of Jackson county. III.
In 1865 he entered the ministry of the Evangelical
Lutheran church, but in 1869 he joined the scien-
tific cor[)s of the geological and geographical sur-
veys of the territories under Ferdinand V. Ilayden.
He was elected professor of natural sciences in the
Southern Illinois normal univei-sity in 1873, and
in 1876 was appointed state entomologist of Illi-
nois. A year later he became a member of the
U. S. entomological commission, and since 1882 he
has been archa;ologist to the U. S. bureau of eth-
nology. He is a member of scientific societies, and
has contributed to the " Evangelical Quarterly Re-
view," "American Antiquarian," and other jour-
nals. His work for the government has appeared
in the rei)orts of the survey, the entomological
commission, and the ethnological bureau, and in-
cludes *' Synopsis of the Acrididic of North Ameri-
ca" (Washington, 1873); "Reports of the State
Entomologist on the Noxious and Beneficial In-
sects of Illinois'' (5 vols., 1876-80); in part "Re-
ports on the Rocky Mountain Locust (2 vols.,
1878-'80); "Study of the Manuscript Troano"
(1882); "Notes on Certain Maya and Mexican
Manuscripts "(1884); and " Burial Mounds of the
Northern Sections of the United States" (1888).
THOMAS, David, engineer, b. in Montgomery
county. Pa., in 1776; d. in Cayuga county, N. \.,
in 1859. He was of Quaker parentage. Removing
to the vicinity of Aurora, Cayuga co., in 1805, he
was appointed chief engineer of the Eric canal
west of Rochester, and subsequently he became
principal engineer of the Welland canal, Canada.
He was distinguished as a florist and pomologist,
and by his writings rendered great services to sci-
entific agriculture. He contributed extensively to
the "Genesee Farmer" and published "Travels in
the West" (Auburn, 1819).— His son, John J.,
agriculturist, b. near Aurora, Cayuga co., N. Y.. 8
Jan., 1810, was almost entirely self-taught. He
studied the botany of the neighborhood in boy-
hood, making an herbarium of 1.300 species, in 1834
l)ecame associate editor of the "Genesee Farmer"
at Rochester, and when that journal was merged
in 1853 in the " Country Gentleman." at Albany,
he became connected with the latter, where he still
continues (1888). He was horticultural editor of
the "Albany Cultivator" in 1841-'53, contributed
to the "Transactions" of the New York state
agricultural society in 1841-'7, and to " The Farm "
(New York, 1858), and edited the " Illustrated
Annual Register of Rural Affairs " (9 vols.. Albany,
1855-'81). He has published " The American Fruit
Culturist" (Albany, 1845); "Farm Implements,
and the Principles of their Constructifm and Use"
(New York. 1854); and '*Farm Implements and
Farm Machinery" (1869). He receivetl the de-
gree of A. M. from Haverford college. Pa., in 1876.
— Another son, Joseph, b. in Cayuga county, N. Y.,
23 Sept., 1811, was educated at Yale and at Rens-
selaer polytechnic institute, Troy. N. Y., and was
l^raduat^d as a fihysician in Philadelphia, ejigaging
in practice in that city. He was for some time
Professor of Latin and (ireek in Haverford college,
a., and also taught privately. In 1857 Dr.
Thomas visited India, and spent fourteen months
78
THOMAS
THOMAS
in the study of Sanscrit. Persian, and other orien-
tal languages, and in 1858 he passed four months
in Egypt in the study of Arabic. He has con-
tributed to journals, and is the author of the sys-
tem of pronouncing geographical names in " Bald-
win's Pronouncing Gazetteer " (Philadelphia, 1845) ;
the geographical and biographical vocabularies
in several editions of Webster s Dictionary ; and
'• Travels in Egypt and Palestine " (Philadelphia,
1853). With Thomas Baldwin he edited " A New
and Complete Gazetteer of the United States"
(1854) ana " Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer
of the World " (1855), and he edited alone a " Com-
prehensive Medical Dictionary " (18f)4) and a
" Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography
and Mythology " (3 vols., 1870-'l).
THOMAS, David, manufacturer, b. near Neath,
Glamorganshire, Wales, 3 Nov., 1794 : d. in Cata-
sauqua, Lehigh co.. Pa.. 20 June, 1883. He was
employed in the business of manufacturing iron
after 1812, and in 1839 came to this country and
built the first of the furnaces of the Lehigh Crane
iron company. He remained with this company
till 1854, when, with his sons and others, he or-
ganized the Thomas iron company, and built two
blast-furnaces at Hokendauqua. They were at
the time the largest and most productive anthra-
cite blast-furnaces in the country. Afterward
other furnaces were built by the company, and
successfully operated. He was one of the proprie-
tors of the Catasauqua manufacturing company
which was organized to roll plate- and bar-iron,
for many years served as its president, and was
an owner of the Lehigh fire-brick works at Cata-
sauqua. Mr. Thomas was the first in this country
to make the manufacture of anthracite pig-iron
commercially successful, and was the first person
in the world fully to realize the value of powerful
blowing engines in the working of blast-furnaces.
He supported the cause of the Union during the
civil war. In 18(56 he was an unsuccessful Repub-
lican candidate for congress.
THOMAS, Edith Matilda, author, b. in Chat-
ham, Medina co., Ohio, 12 Aug.. 1854. She was
educated at Geneva (Ohio) normal institute, has
contributed largely to periodicals, and has pub-
lished in book-form "A New Year's Masque, and
other Poems" (Boston, 1885); "The Round Year"
(1886) ; and " Lyrics and Sonnets" (1887).
THOMAS, Edward Harper, clergyman, b. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 11 April, 1811 : d. in Lancaster,
Pa., 18 Sept., 1869. He was apprenticed at the age
of nine years, but succeeded by self-application un-
der great difficulties in his early life in securing a
good education. In 1830, having become a mem-
ber of the Church of God, a religious denomina-
tion organized by Rev. John Winebrenner, he
was ordained to the work of the ministry, and for
more than twenty years served as an itinerant.
In 1854 he took editorial charge of the " Church
Advocate," the official paper of his church, and
removed to Lancaster, Pa., where he resided until
his death.— His son, Robert Harper, journal-
ist, b. in Philadelphia, 28 Jan., 1834, received a
good English education, served as aide with the
rank of colonel on the staff of Gov. Andrew G.
Curtin, and was commissioner of internal revenue
from 1863 till 1866. In 1870 he purchased the
"Valley Democrat," of Mechanicsburg, changing
the name to the " Independent Journal," and sub-
sequently to the " Farmer's Friend and Grange
Advocat*!." He was commissioner from Pennsyl-
vania, to the World's industrial and cotton centen-
nial exhibition at New Orleans in 1884-'o, and also
to the American exposition at London in 1887.
THOMAS, Elisha Smith, P. E. Bishop, b. in
Wickham, Mass., 3 March, 1834. He was gradu-
ated at Yale in 1858, and at Berkeley divinity-
school, Middletown, Conn., in 1861, was ordered
deacon in June, 1861, and priest soon afterward.
He was at once put in charge of St. Paul's church,
New Haven, where he remained three years. In
1864 he was elected rector of Seabury Hall, Fari-
bault, Minn., and professor of Old and New Tes-
tament exegesis there. On the resignation and
removal of Dr. James L. Breck, he succeeded hiin
in the secretaryship of the Seabury mission. He
spent the year 1869 abroad, studying the Se-
mitic languages and attending lectures on New
Testament exegesis. On his return he was elected
rector of St. Mark's church, Minneapolis, Minn.,
where he remained five years. On 1 July, 1876, hr,
became rector of St. Paul's church, St. Paul, Minn.
He was deputy from the diocese to three succes-
sive general conventions, and also a member, and
for several years president, of the diocesan stand-
ing committee, trustee of the Bishop Seabury
mission, and of St Mary's Hall and the Breck
mission and farm. He was instrumental in found-
ing two missions in connection with his own parish,
and built mission churches at Warsaw and Morris-
town. He was consecrated assistant bishop of
Kansas, in St. Paul's church. St. Paul, Minn., 4
May, 1887, and received the degree of D. D. from
Yale the same year.
THOMAS, Francis, governor of Maryland, b.
in Frederick county, Md., 3 Feb., 1799 ; d. near
Frankville. Md., 22 Jan., 1876. He was graduated
at St. John's college, Annapolis, studied law, was
admitted to the bar in 1820, and began practice in
Frankville. He was a member of the state house
of representatives in 1832. 1827, and 1829, being
speaker the last year, was elected to five consecu-
tive congresses, serving from 5 Dec, 1831, till 3
March, 1841, was president of the Chesapeake and
Ohio canal company in 1839-'40, and governor
of Maryland in 1841-'4. During his canvass for
the governorship he fought a duel with William
Price. He was a member of the State constitutional
convention in 1850, and was instrumental in hav-
ing a measure adopted that weakened the power of
the slave-holding counties. He was again in con-
gress from 1861 till 1869. During the civil war
Mr. Thomas supported the Union cause, raised a
volunteer brigade of 3,000 men, but he refused a
command. He was a delegate to the Loyalist con-
vention of 1866, and subsequently opposed Presi-
dent Johnson. He was appointed collector of in-
ternal revenue for the Cumberland district, and
served from April, 1870, till he was appointed min-
ister to Peru, 25 March, 1872. He held this post
till 9 July, 1875. and afterward retired to his farm
near Frankland, where he was killed by a locomo-
tive while walking on the railroad-track.
THOMAS, Gabriel, author, lived in the 17th
century. He was a member of the Society of
Friends, and resided in Pennsvlvania and western
New Jersey from 1682 till 1697. He wrote "An
Historical and Geographical Account of the Prov-
ince and County of Pennsylvania and of West New
Jersey" (London, 1698). A lithographed fac-simile
of the book was printed privately by James Austin
Brady (New York, 1848).
THOMAS, Sir George, bart., royal governor of
Pennsylvania, b. in England about 1705; d. in
London, England, 11 Jan., 1775. He was a wealthy
planter of Antigua and a member of the council
of that island, and in 1737 was appointed governor
of Pennsylvania. He was detained in England in
defending the proprietary rights against the claims
r-APK-KTOS*.;
THOMAS
THOMAS
79
that were raised by Lord Baltimore to the juris-
diction over the lower ct)unties of the province,
and did not assume the jjovernorshii) till ll'-iH.
The territorial disoute with Maryland was pro-
visionally arranged by each gf)vernor'8 assuming
jurisdiction over the peoole from his own province
who were settletl in the uelwtable district until the
boundary-line should be drawn. At first he was
Mn|H)pular in conseijuence of his arbitrary admin-
istration, esjKJcially when he attempted to nse his
aiithoritv to organize the militia at the beginning
of the J;>panish war. although the legislature hmi
refused to vote supplies for the purpose. He
rousetl the intense opposition of the Quakers by
refusing to sign bills, but afterward he adopted a
conciliatory p<)licy, and in the end became very
popular, and his resignation of the ofllce in 1*747 was
received with general regret. From 1752 till 1706
he was captain-general and governor-in-chief of
the Leeward and Caribbee islands. He was cre-
ated a l)!ironet. 0 Se[)t.. 1760,
THOMAS, George Henry, soldier, b. in South-
ampton county, Va., 31 Julv, 1816; d. in San Fran-
cisco, Cal.. 2S March, 1870. He was descended,
on his father's side, from Welsh ancestry, and, on
his mother's, from a French Huguenot familv.
Not much is known of his youth. He was early
distinguished for the thoroughness with which
he mastered everything he undertook. His home
life was pleasant and genial, and he was carefully
educated in the best schools and academies of the
region. At the age of nineteen he l)egan the study
of law, but the next year he received an appoint-
ment as cadet at the U. S. military academy. At
the academy he rose steadily in rank, from 26th
at the end of the first year to 12th at graduation.
He was nicknamed, after the fashion of the place,
" George Washington," from a fancied resemblance
in appearance and character to the great patriot.
He was graduated and commissioned 2a lieu-
tenant in the 3d artillery. 1 July, 1840, and en-
teral upon duty at New York, but was soon sent
to Florida to take part in the Indian war, where,
in 1841, he gained a brevet for gallantry. After a
short stay at various posts on the south Atlantic
coast, he was, in the autumn of 1845, sent to
Texas. When the Mexican war began, he accom-
panied the column under Gen. 5iachary Taylor,
distinguishing himself at Monterey, where he was
brevetted captain, and at Bucna Vista. 22 and 23
Feb.. 1847. l>ore a more decisive part. The success
of that battle was largely due to the artillery.
" Without it," gays Gen. John E. Wool in his re-
port, " we would not have maintained our position
a single hour." Capt. Thomas W. Sherman said :
" Lieut. Thomas more than sustained the reputation
he has long enjoyed as an accurate and scientific
artillerist." He was again brevetted for gallantry,
thus earning three brevets in a little more than six
vears after entering the service. The citizens of
his native county in the following Julv presented
him with a superb sword. He remained on duty in
Mexico and Texas till 18^19, and was again ^nt to
Florida. In ItiSl he was detailed as instriretor of
artillery and cavalry at the military academy, where
he remained until 1 May, 1854. Soon afterward
two cavalry regiments were added to the army,
and of one of them, the 2d, brevet Maj. Thomas
was, on 12 May, 1853, appointed junior major. In
the composition of this new regiment unusual
care was taken in the selection of officers. Jeffer-
son Davis was secretary of war, and the choice was
dicttAted not merely by ability but also by locality.
Of the fifty-one officers that served in it prior to
the beginning of the civil war, thirty-one were
from the south, and of these twenty-four entered
the Confederate service, twelve of whom Viecame
general officers. Among these were Alliert Sid-
ney Johnston, Robert E. Lee, William J. Hardee,
Earl Van Horn, E. Kirby Smith, John B. Hood,
and Fitzhugh Ijce.
In the seclusion of garrison life in Texas during
the exciting period from 1805 to 1861, Major
Thomas watched with increasing ai)f>rehension the
gradual approach of the inevitable conflict. In
affection for and pride in his native state he was a
Virginian of the Virginians ; but he never for a
moment doubted where his duly lay. Early in
November, 1800, he left Texas on a long leave of al)-
sence. Before its expiration he was orderetl. 11
April, 1861, to take charge of his regiment, which
had been treacherously surrendered in Texas, and
was now arriving in New York. He obeyed the or-
der with alacrity and conducted the regiment to
Carlisle, Pa., barracks. On his wav there, he heard
of the assault on Fort Sumter, and on reucliingthe
place he renewed his oath of allegiance to the
United Slates. On the 17th the Virginia conven-
tion adopted the ordinance of secession, and Robert
E. Lee, colonel of his regiment, tendered his resig-
nation on the 20th. Hardee, Van Dorn. Kirby
Smith, and Hood had already resigned. Thomas,
unmoved, continued with ardor the preparations
necessary to sustain the cause of his country. At
the head of a brigade he soon crossed the Potomac
into Virginia, where, on 2 July, he met and put to
flight an insurgent militia force of his own state,
under command of Col. Thomas J. Jackson, drawn
up to resist his movements. From that day till
the end of the war he did not have or seek a single
hour's respite from exacting labors in the field.
He led the advance of Patterson's column to-
ward Winchester prior to the battle of Bull Run,
and at the close of that campaign he was appointed,
17 Aug., 1801. brigadier-general of volunteers, and
assigned to duty in the Department of the Cum-
berland, which included Kentucky and Tennessee.
He found the whole of Kentucky in a turmoil,
when, on 10 Sept., he entered upon his work at
Camp Dick Robinson, 100 miles south of Cincin-
nati. The Confederate army had occupied Colum-
bus in spite of the formal protest oi legislature
and governor, and Thomas was menaced with per-
sonal violence. The camp was swarming with un-
organized Kentucky regiments and crowds of
refugees from east Tennessee, eager to be armed
and led back to drive the enemy from their houies.
For the first few months Gen. Thomas was fully
occupied in instructing the raw recniits. It re-
quired infinite patience to work over these inde-
pendent backwoodsmen into any semblance to
soldiers. Little by little the task was accomplished,
and the troops so organized became the first bri-
ga<le of the Arnij of ihe Cumberland.
Gen. Roliert Anderson was «)on relieved from
duty on account of failing health, and, after a
short interregnum. Gen. Don Carlos Buell was
C laced in command of the department. Under
is orders. Gen. Thomas continued his preparations
for a movement in east Tennessee. Early in
January, 1862. he placed the head of his column
at Somerset, fifty miles south of Camp Dick Rob-
inson, and on the night of the 18th encHtnped at
Logan's Cross- Roads, ten miles from the enemy's
position, with seven regiments of infantry, one
.squadron of cavalry, and two batteries. At early
dawn the next morning he was attacked by a force
consisting of nine regiments of infantry, t wo squad-
rons and two comiwnies of cavalry, and two bat-
teries. After a stout resistance Gen, Thomas sue-
80
THOMAS
THOMAS
ceeded in placing one of his regiments on the flank
of the enemy's line, when a charge was ordered,
and the whole Confederate force was driven in con-
fusion from
the field, with
Ihe loss of its
leader. Gen.
P^elix K. Zol-
lieofTer. Pur-
suit was con-
tinued till
dark, when
the enemy's
works were
reached. Dur-
ing the night
that follow-
ed, most of
the Confed-
erate army escaped across the river, leaving guns,
small-iinns, and other spoils. This contest, which
is known as the battle of Mill Springs, was the first
real victory for the National cause since the dis-
aster at liull Run. six months before. The loss
was 39 killed and 207 wounded on the National
side, against 125 Confederates killed and 809
wounded. Immediately afterward the whole army
entered upon the movements that culminated in
the battle of Shiloh and the expulsion of the Con-
federate armies from the entire region between the
Cumberland mountains and the Mississippi, Gen.
Thomiis shared in all these operations. On 25
April, 18G2, he was made major-general, and was
assigned to the command of Gen. Grant's army, the
latter being made second in general command un-
der Halleck. and thus virtually retired from active
command for the time being. Soon after the oc-
cupation of Corinth, Gen. Thomas returned to his
old comnumd, and with it went through the ex-
hausting campaign by which, at the end of Sep-
tember, Gen. BuelFs whole army, save the isolated
garrison at Nashville, was concentrated at Louis-
ville, prepared to give battle to Gen. Bragg, who
had audaciously led his army from Chattanooga to
the Ohio river. At Louisville, on 29 Sept.. the
command of the National army was offered to Gen.
Thomas, but he declined it. On 30 Oct. Gen.
Buell was superseded by Gen. William S. Rose-
crans, and Gen. Thomas wa<5 placed in command
of five divisions, forming the centre of the army.
On 31 Dec, 1862, the contending forces, under
Rosecrans and Bragg, met in bloody conflict on
the banks of Stone river, near Murfreesboro, Tenn.
By an impetuous and overwhelming charge of the
enemy at dawn, the whole right wing of the Na-
tional army was swept back three miles, and its
very existence was imperilled. But the centre,
under Thomas, firmly held its ground and repelled
every assault till nightfall, 'fhe contest was re-
newed on 2 Jan., 1803, when, by a bold and fiery
attack of a part of Thomas's force on the enemy's
right, the Confederate position was endangered,
and Bragg, in the night of the 3d, retreated. The
National .irmy lay nearly motionless until June,
when it entered on that series of brilliant flanking
.movements which, without any serious conflict,
drove the enemy from Tennessee and compelled
the abandonment of Chattanooga on 8 Sept. The
terrible battle of Chickamauga followed, when, on
19 and 20 Sept., the Confederate army, re-enforced
by Longstreet's corps from Virginia and some
troops from Mississippi, put forth almost super-
human efforts to overwhelm the National forces in
detail, and thus secure, once more, the prize of
Chattanooga, the gateway to the heart of the Con-
federacy. Again, as at Stone river, the right was
swept away, carrying with it the commander of
the army and two corps commanders. Gen. Thomas
was thus left with but little more than six out of
thirteen divisions to maintain his ground against
five corps flushed with seeming victory and eager
with the hope of making him an easy prey. From
noon till night the battle raged. Every assault of
the enemy had been repelled, the National troops
were full of confidence and ardor, and the final
assault of the day was made by a National brigade
following up with the bayonet a retreating Con-
federate division. In the night, by orders of the
army commander. Gen. Thomas fell back to Ross-
ville, five miles, and there awaited all the next day
the expected attack; but the enemy was in no
condition to make it. For the only time in its his-
tory, the Army of the Cumljerland left the enemy
to bury its deiui. Gen. Daniel PL Hill, command-
ing a Confederate corps in that battle, who had
served in both eastern and western armies, said:
" It seems to me the elan of the southern soldier
was never seen after Chickamauga. That barren
victory sealed the fate of the southern Confederacy."
Foliovvrng this great battle, Gen. Thomas on 19
Oct. was plfWjod in command of the Army of the
Cumberland. Its affairs were in a most critical con-
dition. All communication with its base of supplies
was cut off. an almost impassable river was in its
rear, from the heights of Lookout mountain and
Mission ridge the enemy looked down on the be-
leaguered force, slowly starving in its stronghold.
Immediate measures were taken for its relief, and
from every quarter troops were hurried toward
Chattanooga, both to open communications and to
re-enforce the army for active operations. Two
corps from the Potomac and two from Mississippi
were speedily forwarded, and all were placed imder
command of Gen. Grant. To his almost despair-
ing message to Gen. Thomas to hold the place,
came the cheering reply, " We will hold the town
till we starve." Thomas had then in store six days'
supply for 50,000 men. Preparations were at last
completed, and on 23 Nov. the forces from Missis-
sippi, aided by a division from Thomas, attacited
the northern end of Mission ridge, and gained
some ground. On the 24th Lookout mountain was
captured by the forces from the Potomac, strength-
ened by two of Thomas's brigades. On the 25th,
under Thomas's leadership, the Army of the Cum-
berland, released from its long imprisonment,
stormed and carried the three lines of rifle-pits
at the base, midway, and on the summit of Mis-
sion ridge, and drove the Confederate army, in
utter rout, from the fortified position it had held
so confidently for two months. As the jubilant
National troops reached the summit of the ridge,
the whistle of the first steamboat, loaded with sup-
plies, told that the siege was indeed ended.
In the spring of 1864 Gen. Thomas entered upon
the Atlanta campaign, at the head of 65.000 veter-
ans, being two thirds of the grand army coni-
manded by Gen. Sherman. He occupied the centre
of the line. From Chattanooga to Atlanta it was
an almost continuous battle of a hundred days.
The relative amount of work done by each of the
three armies is indicated by the losses. The Army
of the Cumberland lost, in killed and wounded, 32
per cent., the Army of the Tennessee 26 per cent.,
the Army of the Ohio 16 per cent. On 1 Sept., at
Jonesboro', the 14th army corps of Thomas's army
made a successful assault, completely driving from
the field the enemy's right, and on th% 2d the 20th
corps, also of Thomas's command, entered Atlanta,
and the campaign was ended.
THOMAS
THOMAS
81
When Gen. Hood placed his whole force across
the railroad north of Atlanta, and, turninjf his
cavalry loose in Tennessee, throatonod to cut off
supplies from Sherniairs aruiy, (ten. Thomas was
sent to Nashville, while Gen. Sherman prepared
for his march to the sea. At the end of October
the 4th and 2;Jd corps were sent to Tennessee, with
instructions to Cion. Thoujas to use them in jjuard-
ing the line of the river during Sherman's ab-
sence. It was supposed that HimkI would follow
Sherman's army tn rough Georgia, but it was soon
found that the entire force that had confronted
Sherman on his way to Atlanta was now threaten-
ing Thomas. All the available troops were concen-
trated, and Hootl's advance was resisted to the ut-
most. After a series of escapes from desperate
hazards, a part of the two National corps under
Gen. John M. Schofield, on the afternoon of 30
Nov., 1864, at Franklin, Tenn., signally defeated
the repeated assaults of Hood's army, inflicting
ujion it irreparable losses, including six generals
kdleti and a large number wounded. That night
the National force retired to Nashville, where it
was re-enforced by a corps from Missouri and a
division from Chattanooga. Hood l)oldly advanced
to the vicinity and fortified himself. Nearly all
Thomas's mounted force had accompanied l^her-
man, leaving all the remaining cavalry to be re-
mounted. The troops from Missouri and Chatta-
nooga were destitute of transportation. Thus in
midwinter, at 200 miles from the »nain base of
supplies, and in the presence of a bold and active
enemy, he had thrust upon him a task that at any
time was almost overwhelming. Some called him
"slow," yet, within two weeks from the day when
his unsupplied and dismounted army reached
Nashville, it was ready to take the field. But
Gen. Grant at City Point grew so impatient over
what he considered needless delay, that he issued
an order dismissing Gen. Thomas from command,
and directing him to report to one of the corps
commanders. After a fuller explanation of the
causes of the delay, this unexampled order was sus-
pended, but Gen. Grant himself set out for the scene
of operations. A terrible storm of sleet and rain,
freezing as it fell, came up on 9 Dec, rendering all
movement impossible. On the 14th a thaw began.
On the 15th and 16th, in exact accordance with
the detailed order of battle, the confident troops
of Gen. Thomjis. who had never lost faith in their
leader, by skilful and energetic movements, com-
pletely overthrew the last organized Confederate
army in the southwest. A feeble remnant, de-
spoiled of guns and transportation, came together
some weeks later at Tupelo, Miss., nearly 250 miles
distant. As an army it never again took the field.
What Gen. Thomas accomplished in this cam-
paign, and with what means, cannot be better told
than in the words of his despatch to Gen. Halleck
on 21 Dec. : " I fought the battles of the I5th and
16th with the troops but partially equipped; and
notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather
and the partial equipment, have been enabled to
drive the enemy beyond Duck river, crossing two
streams with my troops without the aid of pon-
toons, and with but little transportation to bring
up supplies of provisions and ammunition. . . .
Too much must not l>e exf)ected of troops that
have to bo reorganized, esnecially when they have
the task of destroying a lorce, in a winter cam-
paign, which was enabled to make an obstinate
resistance to twice its numbers in spring and sura-
nrier." Following this great victory came the opera-
tions of the cavalry as organized by Gen. Thomas
in Alabama and Georgia, resulting in the taking of
TOL. VI. — 6
Selma and the capture of JeflFerson Davis. But
the battle of Nashville was substantially the end
of the rel)ellion in that quarter. For it he receivetl
the appointment of major-general in the U. S.
army, Jiccompaiiied l)y the assurance of the secre-
tary of war that " no comnmnder has more justly
earne<l promotion by devoted, disinterested, an^
valuable services io his country." He also received
the thanks of congress and of the legislature of
Tennessee, together with a gold medal presented
to him by the latter body on the first anniversary
of the battle.
With the close of the war. Gen. Thomas bent all
his energies to the restoration of peace and order
throughout his command. In May. Ib69, he was
placed in command of the military division of the
Pacific, and held it until his death. Though he
hjui seen more continuous, varie<l, and active ser-
vice than any officer of his age an<l rank in the
army, Gen. Thomas was emphatically a lover of
peace. His whole nature and disj)osition were
orderly, gentle, and kindly. lie abhorred war, not
merely because of its cruelty, but also lM?cause of
the turmoil and disorder it occasioned. Though a
lover of home life, he never was allowed to remain
long in one place, the. average length of time that
he was stationed at any one jtost being less than
five months. He enjoyed the calm and peaceful
life of nature,
loving treesand
flowers and the
open air. His
range of read-
ing was not
very wide, but
he was well ac-
quainted with
natural science,
was a good ge-
ologist, expert
in woodcraft,
and well versed
in botany. The
museums of the
Smithsonian in-
stitution con-
tain rare and
curious specimens contributed by him. In his own
profession he was thoroughly trained in all depart-
ments, so that, when he was placed in command of
a corps, he had had personal experience of every
arm of the service. When the war ended he was
the only general officer of high rank and distinc-
tion (except Sheridan and Hancock) who had
served uninterruptedly in the army. He had care-
fully studied military and international law, and
especially the constitution of the United States,
and was a thorough believer in the ideas on which
the government was based. No man was ever
more scrupulous to subordinate the military to the
civil power. The general of the army, his class-
mate and life-Ion^ friend, in announcing his death,
said: "The very impersonation of honesty, integ-
rity, and honor,' he will stand to posterity as the
beau-ideal of the soldier and gentleman. Though
he leaves no child to bear his name, the old Army
of the Cumberland, numlwred by tens of thousands,
calle<l him father, and will weep for him in tears of
manly grief." He was buried with all the honors
of his rank at Troy, N. Y., on 8 April, 1870. A
fine equestrian statue, in bronze, by J. (^. A. Ward,
erected by the soldiers of his old army, perpetuates
his appearance and features in the capital of the
country. (See illustration.) His biography has been
written by Thomas B. Van Ilorne (New York, 1882).
82
THOMAS
THOMAS
See also John W. De Peyster's " Sketch of G. H.
Thomas" (1870) and James A. Garfield's "Oration
before the Society of the Army of the Cumber-
land," 25 Nov., 1870 (Cincinnati, 1871).
THOMAS, Henry Goddard, soldier, b. in Port-
land, Me., 5 April, 1837. He was graduated at
Amherst in 1858, studied law, and was admitted to
the bar. He enlisted as a private in the 5th Maine
volunteers in April, 1861, and was captain in that
regiment from June till August, when lie was given
that rank in the 11th regular infantry. He was
present at the first battle of Bull Run and the ac-
tion at Snicker's Gap, Va., was appointed colonel
of the 2d U. S. colored regiment in February, 1863,
and engaged in the actions of Bristol Station, Rap-
pahannock Station, and Mine Run, Va. He then
organized the 19th U. S. colored regiment, and be-
came its colonel in December, 1863, In February,
1864, he was in command at Camp Birney, Md.,
and he led a brigade in the 9th corps, Army of the
Potomac, from May. 1864, till November, being
engaged at the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsyl-
vania, Petersburg, and Hatcher's Run. lie was
made brigadier-general of volunteers, 30 Nov.,
1864, transferred to the Army of the James, led a
brigade and division in the 25th corps of that
army, and temporarily commanded the corps.
During the war he received the brevets of major,
12 May, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services
in the battle of Spwttsylvania ; lieutenant-colonel,
30 July, 1864, for services at Petersburg; and colo-
nel, brigadier-general, and major-general of vol-
unteers, 13 March, 1865, for services during the
war. He was honorably mustered out of the vol-
unteer service in 1866, but remained in the Unit-
ed States army, and is now paymaster, with the
rank of major. Gen. Thomas was the first regu-
lar officer to accept a colonelcy of colored troops.
— His brother. William Widgery, diplomatist, b.
in Portland, Me., 26 Aug., 1839, was graduated at
Bowdoin in 1860. He studied law, was admitted
to the bar. appointed in 1862 U. S. vice-consul at
Galatz, Moldavia, and the same year U. S. consul
at Gothenburg, Sweden, where he remained in
charge till 1865. He was one of the board of com-
missioners for the settlement of the public lands of
Maine in 1869, and in 1870, as commissioner of
emigration for Elaine, went to Sweden to recruit a
colony. Or his return he founded New Sweden in
the forests of northern Maine, which is now one
of the most flourishing agricultural settlements of
New England. He was a member of the house of
representatives of the Maine legislature in 1873-'5,
and its speaker in 1874-'5. became a member of
the sUite senate in 1879, and was U. S. minister to
Sweden and Norway in 1883-5. On the occasion
of his presentation he addressed the king in a
speech in the Swedish language. He has published
•' The Last Athenian," translated from the Swedish
of Victor Rydborg (Philadelphia, 1869), and has
now almost completed " Sweden and the Swedes,"
which is to be issued simultaneously in New York
and Stockholm, Sweden.
THOMAS, Isaac, scout, b. in Virginia about
1735; d. in Sevierville, Tenn., in 1819. He early
engaged in trading with the Indians, and about
1755 located among the Cherokees, in the vicinity
of Fort Loudon. He was a man of immense
strength and courage, and these qualities secured
him great respecit among the Indians. It is related
that he once interfered in a feud between two
Cherokee braves who had drawn their tomahawks
to hew each other in pieces. He wrenched the
weapons from their hands, when both set upon him
at once, and he cooled their heated valor by lifting
one after the other into the air and tossing them
into Tellico river. One of these braves subse-
quently saved his life at the Fort Ijoudon massa-
cre, of which it is said that he and two others
were the sole survivors. When peace returned he
again settled among the Cherokees, having his
home at their capital, Echota, where, in a log-
cabin, he kept the trader's usual st<x;k of powder
and lead, guns, traps, and other articles of value
to the Indians. He was in high favor with Nancy
Ward, the Cherokee prophetess, who was very
friendly to the white settlers. She informed him
early in 1776 of the hostile designs of the Indians,
and on the 30th of May said to him : " Send my
white brothers word to be ready, for the bolt will
fall very soon, and at midnight." He sent oflf at
once a trusty messenger to John Sevier and James
Robertson at Watauga, but remained behind till
the actual outbreak of hostilities. At midnight
on 7 July, 1776, Nancy Ward came again to his
cabin to urge his immediate departure for the set-
tlements. At the imminent risk of his life he made
the journey, and a few days later was with the lit-
tle garrison of forty that repelled the attack of
Oconostota on the fort at Watauga. It is ques-
tionable if Sevier could have resisted the overpow-
ering force that was brought agains-t him if he
had not received timely warning through Isaac
Thomas. Soon afterward he piloted the expedi-
tion that laid waste the Indian country, and sub-
sequently, for twenty years, he acted as guide to
Gen. Sevier in nearly all of his many campaigns
against the Creeks and Cherokees. Soon after the
Revolution he relinquished trade with the Indians,
and settled upon an extensive farm in Sevier coun-
ty. He called the settlement which grew up about
his station Sevierville, in honor of his general, and
the place is now one of the most beautiful locali-
ties in the state of Tennessee.
THOMAS, Isaiah, printer, b. in Boston, Mass.,
19 Jan., 1749 ; d. in Worcester, Mass., 4 April. 1831.
At the age of six years he was apprenticed to Zach-
ariah Fowles, a ballad-printer, and was employed
setting type. Af-
ter eleven years'
apprenticeship he
travelled from the
West Indies to
Nova Scotia, and,
returning to Bos-
ton, entered in
1770 into part-
nership with his
former master in
the publication of
the '* Massa(!hu-
setts Spy." In
three months this
relationship was
dissolved, and he
continued the pa-
per alone, choos-
ing for his motto
"Open to all par-
ties, but influ-
•enced by none." As he was a WTiig, the policy of
the paper gradually changed, and it became the
organ of that party, publishing many spirited at-
tacks on the British government. In 1771 Gov.
Thomas Hutchinson ordered the attorney-general
to prosecute Thomas ; but the grand jury failed to
find cause for indictment. As the Tories became
more incensed against the independence of the
" Spy," a few days before the battle of Lexington,
in which he participated, he packed his press and
THOMAS
THOMAS
88
I
tjrpes and took them by night to Worcester. His
otner property was destroytnl. On 18 April he en-
ea>feii with Paul Revere and his asso<-iates in giv-
mjj information of the march of the British, and he
afterward resumed the publication of the " Spy " in
Worcester, where it is still (1888) published. In the
year 177tt-'7 it was issued in Boston. Mr. Thomas
was connwted with the pa|)er until 1801. In 1786
he procure<l from Europe the first font of music-
tv{w that was brought to this country, axu\ he was
the first printer here to use such tyj)e. He was en-
gage<l at Walpole, N. II., in book-publishing and
printing the '• Farmer's Museum,' and in 1788
opened a book-store in Boston under the firm-name
of Thomas and Andrews, also establishing branches
of his publishing business in several parts of the
United States. The " Massachusetts Magazine "
was published by the firm in eight volumes, from
1789 till 1796. He printed at Worcester a folio
e<lition of the Bible (1791). Watts's "Psalms and
Hymns." and most of the Bibles and school-books
that were used in this country at that date. In 1812
he founded the Antiquarian society of Worcester,
of which he was president and a liberal patron. He
gave from his important collection nearly 8,000 vol-
umes to its library, besides tracts, and one of the
most valuable files of newspapers in the country,
and he presented land and a hall, with a provision
equal to $24,000 for its maintenance. The library
now contains about 90.000 volumes, including the
Mather collection. William Lincoln, in his "His-
ton' of Worcester " (1837), says of him : " His repu-
tation in future time will rest, as a patriot, on the
manly independence which gave — through the in-
itiatory stage and progress of the Revolution — the
strong infiuence of the press he directed toward the
cause of freedom, when royal flattery would have
seduced and the power of government subdued its
action." Thomas also published the " New Eng-
land Almanac," which had something of the flavor
of Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard." It ap-
peared in 1775, and was continued under several
titles until 1817. Alleghany college. Pa., gave him
the degree of- LL. D. in 1818. He w&s the author of
a valuable " History of Printing" (2 vols., Worces-
ter, Mass.). See a memoir of him by his grandson,
Benjamin F. Thomas (Boston, 1874).— rHis nenhew,
Ebenezor Smith, journalist, b. in Lancaster. Mass.,
in June, 1780; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, in August,
1844, learned printing with his uncle in Worcester,
and in 1795 established himself as a bookseller in
Charleston, S. C, where, from 1810 till 1816, he
edited the " City Gazette." He removetl to Balti-
more in 1816, served in the Maryland legislature in
1818-'19, and went in 1829 to Cincinnati, where he
edited the " Daily Advertiser" from that year till
18:^5. and then the " Evening Post " till 1839. He
was the author of " Reminiscences of the Last Sixty-
five Years, commencing with the Battle of Lexing-
ton, etc., and Sketches of his own Life and Times "
<2 vols., Hartford, 1840), and " Reminiscences of
South Carolina" (2 vols., 1840). — Isaiah's grandson,
BenJaniin Franklin, jurist, b. in Boston, Mass.,
12 Feb., 1813 : d. in Sjilem, Mass., 27 Sept., 1878,
w^as graduated at Brown in 1830, studied law in
Cambridge, and wa.s admitted to the bar in 18Ji3.
He served in the legislature in 1842, and was pro-
bate judge for Worcester countv from 1844 till
1848, in which year he was a presidential elector on
the Whig ticket. He was a judge of the supreme
court of Massachusetts from 1858 till 1859, when
he resigned and resumed his practice. He was in
congress from 4 July, 1861. till 3 March, 1863, serv-
ing on the judiciary committee and the special
committee on the bankrupt law. In 1868 he
was nominated by the governor for chief justice
of Ma.ssachusetts, but tne nomination was not
confirmed by the council. He was president of
the American antiquarian society, and received
the degree of LL. 1). from Brown in 1853 and
from Harvard in 1854. Judge Thomas pub-
lished a " Digest of the Laws of Ma.ssachusetts
in Relation to the Powers, Duties, and Liabilities
of Towns and of Town Officers " (Worcester,
1845), and several pamphlets, including, Ix-sides
the memoir of his grandfather mentione<l above,
" A Few Suggestions upon the Personal Liberty
Law and 'Secession,' in a Letter to a Friend
(1861).— Ebenezer Smith's son, Frederick Will-
iam, journalist, b. in Charleston, S. C, in 1811;
d. in Washington, D. C, 30 Sept., 1866, became a
cripple at the age of four years. He was educated
in Baltimore, ^ld., where he studied law, and was
admitted to the bar in 1828. In 1830 he removed
to Cincinnati and assisted his father in etliting the
"Advertiser," in which appeared his song, "'Tis
said that absence conquers love." He became an
associate editor of the " Democratic Intelligencer"
in 18;M, and of the " Evening Post " in 1835. From
1841 till 1850 he was a clerk in the treasury de-
{)artment in Washington, D. C, for which he se-
ected a library. In 1850 he returned to Cincin-
nati, entered the ministry^of the Methodist Episco-
pal church and preached in that city. Subsequently
he was professor of rhetoric and English literature
in the University of Alabama, and in 1858 re-
sumed the practice of law in Cambridge, Md. In
1860 he took charge of the literary department of
the Richmond " Enouirer," and afterward became
editorially connected with the " South Carolinian "
of Columbia. He travelled extensively through
the southern states, w^as a successful lecturer, and
occjisionally took part in politics. In addition to
contributions to magazines, in prose and verse, he
was the author of " The Emigrant, or Refiections
when descending the Ohio, a Poem " (Cincinnati,
18:33); "Clinton Bradshaw. a Tale " (Philadelphia,
1835) ; " East and West, a Novel " (1836) ; " Howard
Pinckney, a Novel " (1840) ; " The Beechen Tree, a
Tale told in Rhyme, and other Poems " (New York,
1844) ; "Sketches of Character, and Tales founded
on Fact " (Louisville, 1849) ; and " John Randolph
of Roanoke, and other Sketches of Character, in-
cluding William Wirt; together with Tales of Real
Life" (Philadelphia, 1853). — Another son of Elie-
nezer Smith, Lewis Foulke.poet, b. in Baltimore
county, Md., in 1815; d. in Washington, D. C, 26
May, 1868, assisted his brother in conducting the
" Commercial Advertiser," and the " Evening Post,"
in Cincinnati, and, after the latter was discontinued
in 1838, studied law. He then edite<l the " Daily
Herald " in Louisville, Ky., removed in 1841 to St.
Louis, Mo., and subsequently to Washington, D. C,
where he practised law until his death. He was
the author of " Inda, and other Poems," the first
book of poetry that was published west of the Mis-
sissipM (St. Louis, 1842) and two tragedies — " Os-
ceola, which was successfully oerformed in Cin-
cinnati, St. Ix)uis. and New Orleans (1838), and
" Cortez, the Conoueror" (Washington, 1857). —
Ebenezer Smith's daughter, Martha MoCannon,
author, b. in Baltimore. Md., 15 Nov., 1823, is the
author of "Life's Ijesson" (New York, 1846), and
"Capt. Phil, a Story of the Civil War" (1882).—
Another daughter, Mary von Erden, author, b.
in Charleston, S. C, 8 Dec., 1825, has been a com-
puter in the office of the U. S. coast and geodetic
survey in Washington. D. C, since 1854. She is
the author of a novel entitled " Winning the Bat-
tle " (Philadelphia, 1882).
84
THOMAS
THOMAS
THOMAS, James, governor of Maryland, b. in
St. Mary's county, Md., 11 March, 1785; d, there,
25 Dec., 1845. His father, William, served as a
private in the " Maryland line," and was for many
years president of the state senate. The son was
educated at Charlotte Hall academy, and was
graduated at the Philadelphia medical college in
1807. In April, 1813, he was commissioned major
of the 4th volunteer cavalry, and he afterward
became major-general of Maryland militia. Sub-
sequently he served in the state senate, and in
18;w-'6 was governor of Maryland.
THOMAS, Jane, heroine, b. in Chester county.
Pa., in the 18th century. She was the wife of
John Thomas, colonel of the Spartan regiment of
South Carolina. On hearing that a large party
was approaching to seize the ammunition that
Gov. John Rutledge had intrusted to his keeping,
Col. Thomas fled with his band of twenty-five men,
taking with him a part of the powder. Two men
and two women were left in charge of the house,
which was attacked by the Tories. Mrs. Thomas
and her companion loaded the guns for the men,
and a continual firing was kept up until the assail-
ants withdrew. It is said tnat the ammunition
that she saved through her courage was the niaiu
supply for Sumter's command in the skirmishes at
Rocky Mount and Hanging Rock.
THOMAS, Jesse Burgess, senator, b. in Hagers-
town. Md., in 1777; d. in Mount Vernon, Ohio, 4
May, 1858. He was a descendant of Lord Balti-
more. He removed to tiie west in 1779, studied
law with his brother, Richard Symmes Thomas,
in Bracken county, Ky., went to Lawrenceburg, Ind.,
in March, 1803, and practised his profession. In
January, 1805, he was elected delegate to the legis-
lature of Indiana territory at Vincennes, and he
was speaker of the house in 1805-'8. He was ter-
ritorial delegate to congress in 1808-'9, then moved
to Kaskaskia, and, upon the organization of the
territory of Illinois, 7 March, 1809, was appointed
by President Madison one of the judges of the
U. S. court. In July, 1818, he was a delegate from
St. Clair county to the convention that framed
the state constitution, and was its president. At
the first session of the legislature he was elected
U. S. senator, and held that post from 4 Dec,
1818, till 3 March, 1829. In 1820 he introduced
the "Missouri Compromise" and secured its adop-
tion. In 1834 he strongly advocated the nomina-
tion of William II. Crawford for president, and
was delegate to the convention at Columbus in
1840 that nominated his friend, William Henry
Harrison. He afterward removed to Mount Ver-
non. Ohio, where he committed suicide. — His great-
nephew, Jesse Burgess, clergyman, b. in Edwards-
ville. 111., 29 July, 1832, is the son of Jesse Burgess
Thomas (1806-1850), who was for many years a
judge of the circuit and supreme courts of Illinois.
After graduation at Kenyon college, Garabier,
Ohio, in 1850, the son studied law, and was admitted
to the bar of Illinois in 1852. In 1853-'4he studied
in Rochester theological seminary, but was forced
to leave, owing to impaired health, and engaged in
mercantile pursuits in Chicago. He entered the
Baptist ministry in 1862, and was pastor of a church
in Waukegan, 111., in 1862-'4, of the Pierrepont
street church in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1864-'8, of the
1st church in San Francisco, Cal., in 1868-9, and
of the Michigan avenue church in Chicago from
1869 till 1874, when he became pastor of the 1st
Baptist church in Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1887 he ac-
cepted a professorship in the theological seminary
at Newton Centre, Mass. The University of Chi-
cago gave him the degree of D. D. in 1866. lie is
the author of " The Old Bible and the New Sci-
ence " (New York, 1877), and *' The Mould of Doc-
trine" (Philadelphia, 1883).
THOMAS, John, soldier, b. in Marshfleld, Mass.,
in 1725; d. in Chambly, near Montreal, Canada, 3
June, 1776. He was educated in his native town,
studied medicine under Dr. Cotton Tufts, of Med-
ford, and practised in his native town and after-
ward at Kingston, Mass., where he attained note
in his profession. In 1746 he was appointed surgeon
to a regiment that was sent to Annaiwlis Royals
Nova Scotia, and in 1747 he served on the medical
staff of Gen. William Shirley's regiment, but
changed this post for that of lieutenant. In 175^
he became a colonel of provincials, and was era-
ployed with his corps in Nova Scotia. In 1760 he
commanded a regiment under Gen. Jeffrey Amherst
at Crown Point, headed the left wing of the detach-
ment that Amherst sent under Col. William Havi-
land from Lake Charaplain in August, 1760, to co-
operate with the other division of the army moving-
against Montreal, and was present at the capture
of that city. He then returned to his practice in
Kingston, where he remained until the beginning-
of the Revolution. He joined the Sons of liberty,
raised a regiment of volunteers, and on 9 Feb.,
1775, was appointed a brigadier-general by the
Provincial congress. Being overlooked in promo-
tion, he withdrew, but, on the receipt of letters
from Gen. Charles Lee and Gen. Washington and
a resolution from congress that he should have
precedence of all brigadiere in the army. Gen.
Thomas returned to his command. Gen. W ashing-
ton in his letter to congress, under date of 10 July,
1775, said: "Gen. Thomas is much esteemed, and
most earnestly desired to continue in the service ;
and, as far as my opportunities have enabled me to
judge, I must join in the general opinion that he
is an able, good officer, and his resignation would
be a public loss." During the siege of Boston he
commanded a brigade on the Roxbury side, nearest
the British lines. On the evening of 4 March,
1776, with 3.000 men and a supply of intrenching
tools, he took possession of Dorchester heights,
and before dawn formidable works had been thrown
up, which movement caused the British to evacuate
the town on 17 March, 1776. On 6 March, 1776, he
was appointed major-general. After the death of
Gen. James Montgomery he was intrusted with
the command in Canada, and joined the army be-
fore Quebec on 1 May ; but as he found the force
less than 1,000 men, 300 of whom, being entitled
to discharge, refused to serve, and as the small-pox
was raging among the troops, and the enemy had
been re-enforced, he determined that they were not
in a condition to risk an assault. The disabled
soldiers were removed to Three Rivers, and the
American troops retreated from one post to another
until by 18 June they had evacuated Canada. Be-
fore reaching Chambly, on the river Sorel, Gen.
Thomas was fatally attacked by small-pox.
THOMAS, John, founder of a sect, b. in Lon-
don, England, 12 April, 1805 ; d. in Jersey City, .
N. J., 5 Slarch, 1871. He was educated in Lon-
don, and became demonstrator of anatomy at St.
Thomas's hospital in that city. In 1850 he came
to this country and joined the Campbellite Bap-
tists, but left this sect to found another, whose
members he called Christadelphians. In 1860 he
returned to England, where he delivered lectures,
gaining many converts to his theories there as
well as in this country. He edited the " Apostolic
Advocate" from 1832 till 1837, in. 1845-7 the
" Herald of the Future A^e," and from 1851 till
1861 the " Herald of the Kingdom." In addition
THOMAS
THOMAS
80
\
to numerous pamphlets, he published "Elpis
Israel" (London, 1848), and "Eureka," an exposi-
tion of the A|K)calvpse (3 vols., IHW)). HolK»rt
liolHTts, of Hirniin>;)iam, England, whom ho a|»-
jK>iiited to \)e his siift'es«)r, visited this country in
1888, and delivered lectures in various towns.
THOMAS, John AddiHon, soldier, b. in Ten-
nessee in 1811 ; il. in Paris. France. 20 March, 18r)8.
He was graduated at the L'. S. niiliUiry academy
in 18i}3, assigned to the 3d artillery, s«rved in
garrison and as assistant instructor of infantry
tactics, and l)ecame 2d lieutenant on 1 Dec, 18Ji.5,
and 1st lieutenant, 30 June. 1837. In 1840-'l he
was assistant professor of geographv, history, and
ethics at West Point, and in 1842-^5 he was com-
mandant of cadets and instructor of infantry
tactics. He was ma<le captain on 19 Nov., 1843,
and resigned on 28 May, 1840, to practise law in
New York city. On 23 July, 1840, he became
colonel of the 4th New York regiment, which had
been raised for the war with Alexico, but was not
mustered into service. He was chief engineer of
New York state in 18.5;}-'4, and from 19 April,
1858, to 15 Jan., 1854, was advocate of the United
States in London, England, under the convention
of 8 Feb., 1853, with Great Britain for the adjust-
ment of American claims. From 1 Nov., 1855, till
4 April, 1857, he was assistant U. S. secretary of
state in Washington, 1). C. He gained reputation
by his report of the convention with Great Britain,
ami by other state papers.
THOM.\S. John R., song-writer, b. in Newport,
Wales, in 1830. He came to this country at an
early age, and for several years taught music in
Brooklyn and New York city and frequently sang
in oratorios. Alx)ut 1852 he appeared with the
Seguin opera company, and afterward he joined a
troupe of negro minstrels. He has composed many
songs that have Ijecome popular, including " The
Cottage by the Sea," " Happy be thy Dreams,"
"Some One to Love," "Tis but a Little Faded
Flower," " Mother Kissed me in my Dreams,"
*' Beautif id Isle of the Sea," " Angel Voices," " Land
of Dreams," "Flag of the Free," "The Mother's
Prayer," "The Voice of EfTie Moore," "Eileen
Alanna," "Seek, and Ye shall Find," "No Crown
without the Cross."
THOMAS, Lorenzo, soldier, b. in New Castle,
Del., 20 Oct., 1804 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 2
March, 1875. His father, Evan, was of Welsh ex-
traction, and served in the militia during the war of
1812, and one of his
uncles was a favor-
ite officer of Gen.
Washington. He
was at first des-
tined for mercan-
tile pursuits, but
received an ap-
pointment to the
U.S. military acad-
emy, and was grad-
uated therein 1823.
He served in the
4th infant rv in
Florida till '18:H,
and again in the
Florida war of
1836 -'7, and as
chief of staff of the
army in that state
in 1839-'40, becom-
ing captain, 28. Sept., 1836, and major on the staff
and assistant adjutant-general, 7 July, \Si\S. He
there did duty in the last-named office at Washing-
ton till the Mexican war, in which he was chief of
staff of Gen. William O. Butler in 1846-'8, and of
the Army of Mexico till June, 1848, and received
the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at
Monterey. He was then adjutant-general at army
headquarters, Washington, till 185iJ, and chief of
staff to Gen. Winfleld Scott till 1861, when he was
brevetted brigadier-general on 7 May, and made
adjutant-general of the army on 3 Aug., with the
full rank of brigadier-general. Here he served till
1803, when he was intrust(.>d for two years with
the organization of colore<l troops in the southern
states. When President Johnson removed Edwin
M. Stanton from his jK)st as secretary of war he
appointed Gen. Thomas secretary ad interim, 21
t^D., 1868, but, owing to Stanton's refusal to va-
cate, Thomas did not enter on the office. He was
brevetted major-general. United States army, on
13 March, 1865, for services during the civil war,
and on 22 Feb., 1809, he was retired.
THOMAS, PhHemon, soldier, b. in North
Carolina in 1704; d. in Baton Itouge, La., 18 Nov.,
1847. He received a public -school education,
served in the war of the Revolution, and removed
to Kentucky, where he was sent to the legislature.
Afterward he settled in Louisiana, and headed the
insurrection in West Florida against the Spanish
fovernment in 1810-'ll. He was major-general of
louisiana militia in 1814-'15. and was afterward
elected to congress, serving from 5 Dec, 1831, till
3 March. 1835.
THOMAS, Philip Evan, merchant, b. in
Mount Badnor, Montgomery co., Md., 11 Nov.,
1770; d. in Yonkers, N. Y.. 1 Sept., 1861. His
ancestor, Philip, came to this country from Wales
in 1651, and was a memlxsr of the Society ol
Friends. The son settled in Baltimore, Md., and
in 1800 established himself in the hardware busi-
ness. He was president of the Mechanics' bank
for many years, and president of the Maryland
Bible s^Kjiety. He was a member of the Indian
committee from the Baltimore yearly meeting of
Quakers to the Indians at Fort Wayne, Ind., in
1804, and through his efforts the intrigues of the
Ogden land company with the chiefs to dispossess
the remnant of the Six Nations of their reserva-
tions in western New York were defeated, the chiefs
were dejxised, and a republican form of govern-
ment was established. Mr. Thomas was an origi-
nator of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, resigning
his post as director of the Chesapeake and Ohio
canal to give his attention to this enterprise. He
was the first president of the company, which office
he resigned in 183(5.
THOMAS, Philip Francis*, governor of Mary-
land, b. in Easton. Tall)ot co.. Md., 12 Sept.. 1810;
d. in Baltimore, Md.. 2 Oct.. 1890. lie was a connec-
tion of Sir Philip Francis, the suprx)se<l author of
the "Junius Letters." for whom he was named.
After receiv^kg his education at Dickinson college,
Carlisle, Pa., he studied law. was admitted to the bar
in 1831, and practised in his native town. He was
a member of the State constitutional convention
in 1830. and served in the legislature in 1838. and
again in 1843-'5. Being elected to congress as a
Democrat, he served from 2 Dec. 18:39, till 3 March,
1841, and declined a renomination to the 28th
congress, and resumed the practice of law. He
was governor of the state from 1848 till 1851. He
was judge of the land-office of the eastern shore
of Maryland, and in 1851 was ma<le comptroller of
the treasurv. an office that was created by the con-
stitution adopted in that year, but resigned in 1858
and accepteu the place of collector of the port of
Baltimore. During the Mormon war he was of-
86
THOMAS
THOMAS
(/ /t^.^t^ ^c;^^''X-S'-vv-»_c-r
fered the governorship of the territory, which he
declined, and he also declined the post of treasurer
of the United States which was tendered him by
President Buchanan. On 16 Feb., 1860. he was
appointed commis-
sioner of patents,
and in December,
1860, he succeeded
Howell Cobb as
secretary of the
treasury in Bu-
chanan's cabinet,
serving until 11
Jan., 1861. He was
elected a member
of the house of
delegates of Mary-
land in 1866, and
during the session
was elected to the
U. S. senate, but
was refused a seat
on 19 Feb., 1868,
on the ground of
" having given aid
and comfort to the rebellion," but in 1874 he was
chosen to the house of representatives as a Demo-
crat, and served from 6 Dec, 1875, till 3 March, 1877.
In 1878 he was again elected to the legislature, and
after serving one term resumed the practice of his
profession in Easton.
THOMAS, Robert Baily, editor, b. in West
Boylston, Mass., 24 April, 1766; d. there, 19 May,
1846. Annually he prepared for the press the
" Farmer's Almanac " (Boston. 1793-1846), which
was exceedingly popular and has been continued
since his death, attaining a circulation of 235,000.
THOMAS, Seth, manufacturer, b. in Plymouth
Hollow (now Thomaston), Conn.. 1 Dec. 1816; d.
in Thomaston, Conn., 28 April, 1888. His father,
Seth (1786-1859), for whom Thomaston was named,
was employed as a joiner in the clock-factory of
Eli Terry {q. v.) in Plymouth, and afterward began
the manufacture of metal-movement clocks. The
son enlarged the factory at Thomaston and intro-
duced his clocks into all parts of the world, includ-
ing China and Japan. His boast was that he had
manufactured every kind of time-piece, from a
delicate watch to a tower-clock.
THOMAS, Stephen, soldier, b. in Bethel, Wind-
sor CO., Vt., 6 Dec. 1809. He received a common-
school education, and was apprenticed to the trade
of woollen manufacturing. He served in the legis-
lature in 1838-'9, 1845-6, and 1860-1, was a dele-
gate to the State constitutional conventions of
1844 and 1851, state senator in 1848-'9, register of
the probate court of Orange countvin 1842-'6, and
judge of the same in 1847-9. On 12 Nov., 1861,
he was appointed colonel of volunteers, and en-
listed a regiment of infantry and two batteries.
He was mustered into the U. S. service on 21 Jan.,
1862, commanding the 8th Vermont regiment, and
was mustered out on 21 Jan., 1865. On 1 Feb.,
1865, he was appointed brigadier-general of volun-
teers and served until 24 Aug., 1865. In 1867-8
he was lieutenant-governor of Vermont. From
1870 till 1877 he was U. S. pension-agent, and since
then has engaged in farming in Vermont.
THOMAS, Theodore, musician, b. in Esens,
Hanover, Germany, 11 Oct., 1835. Pie received
his musical education principally from his fa-
ther, who was a violinist of ability, and at the
age of six years he played the violin in public
concerts. In 1845 he came to this country with
his parents, and for two years played violin solos
at concerts in New York city. Subsequently he
joined the orchestra of an Italian opera company,
and visited most of the large cities of the country.
He then became first violin in the orchestra that
accompanied Jenny Lind in 1850. Henrietta Son-
tag in 1852. and GiuliettaGrisi and Giuseppi Mario
in 1854, and finally became conductor of both Ger-
man and Italian operas. Mr. Thomas also led the
orchestras that accompanied La Grange, Piccolo-
mini, and Thalberg through the country. Mean-
while, in 1855. with himself as first violin, Jo.seph
Mosenthal, second violin, George Matzka, viola,
Carl Bergmann. violoncello, and William Mason as
pianist, he began a series of chamber music soirees
which were given at Dodworth's academv, and
continued for several years. After 1861 he de-
voted himself to the organization of his own or-
chestra, and began at Irving hall in 1864 a series
of symphony concerts that came to be regarded as
among the musical institutions of New York city,
and were continued until 1878. In 1866 he began
his summer -night concerts in Terrace garden,
which were continued at the Central park garden.
»In order to keep his orchestra together, he trav-
elled with it during the winter season. At these
concerts he introduced Wagner's music to the
American people, and to him, more than to any one
else in this countrj', is due the present appreciation
of the modem school of German music. In 1872
he was the leading spirit in founding the New York
Wagner union, which was established for the pur-
pose of aiding in the festival performance of the
" Nibelungen Ring" at Baireutn in 1875, and he or-
ganized the chorus society which gave the Wagner
memorial concert after the death of the composer.
Mr. Thomas accepted in 1878 the directorship of
the newly established College of music in Cincin-
nati, Ohio, but he resigned that post in 1881. He
joined the Philharmonic society in 1853, but in
1858 resigned his membership. Soon after the
death of Carl Bergmann in 1876 he was chosen con-
ductor of the society, which office he has since
held, except during his absence in Cincinnati.
Under his leadership the Philharmonic has had an
unbroken record
of prosperity and
has steadily pro-
gressed in furnish-
ing a higher class
of music to its pa-
trons. The Brook-
lyn Philharmonic
society has also
been under his di-
rection almost con-
tinuously since
1862. Mr. Thomas
has conducted all
of the ^Cincinnati
May festivals since
1873, also that of
Chicago in 1882, C// n
and the great fes- ^~P/tto-i/0
tival of New York
that was held in the 7th regiment armory in 1882.
He was conductor of the American opera company
in 1885-'7, and in the same years organized a series
of popular concerts in New York city, which are
still continued. During the summer of 1888 he
gave a series of concerts in Chicago, at the close
of which he disbanded his orchestra, saying that,
as New York city failed to provide a suitable hall,
a permanent orchestra was impossible*
THOMAS, Theodore GaUlard, physician, b.
on Edisto island, S. C, 21 Nov., 1831. He was
THOMAS
THOMPSON
87
(Mlupatotl at Charlf««ton collojjo. received hw metli-
cal (lei^ree there in lH^i'2, and reinovwl t<» New York
city in that year and wrved at IHIeviio hoHiiital.
He ha-H also been profes-nor of olwtetrics ana dix-
r w«»men in the College of physicians and
!is in New York city, surgeon to the Woni-
.1. - i.osnital in New York, and consulting physi-
cian to tne Nurst»ry and child's hospital an«l St.
Man''s hospital, Bnwklvn, N. Y. In 1H70 he was
president of the American gynecological s<K!iety,
and he is an honorary nieinl)er of the obstetrical
society of I^mdon and a corres|x»nding secretary
of that of Herlin. Dr. Thoina.s has contributed
largely to medical literature, and is the author of
a " Practical Treatise on Diseases of Women,"
which has Iwen translated into several foreign lan-
guages (PliilH<lei[)hia. IWW).
THOMAS, Thomas, soldier, b. in 1755; d. in
Harrison, Westchester co.. N. Y., 29 May, 1824.
He commanded a regiment in 1770. and partici-
fated in the battles of Harlem and White Plain.s.
n the autumn of 1776 the enemy burned his house,
ttxik his aged father a prisoner to New York, and
confined him in the provost jail, where he died
through their inhuman treatment. Col. Thomas
was an active partisan officer till the j)eat;e, except
during a brief term of captivity ; and was after-
ward frequentiv a member of the legislature.
THOMES, Wniiam Henry, author, b. in Port-
land, Me., 5 May, 1824. He was etlucated in the
public schools of Boston, worked in a printing-
office, and was afterward connected with various
journals as reporter and editor. He went to Cali-
fornia in 1843, and again in 1849, subseijuently
visiting Honolulu, the East Indies, and Australijv,
and contributing articles upon his travels to vari-
ous magazines. Mr. Thomes was the first presi-
dent of the New England societv of California pio-
neers. He is the author of "The Gold-Hunters
of Australia" (Boston, 1869); "Life in the East
Indies" (1870); "A Whaleman's Adventures"
(1871); "The Gold-Hunters in Euro|)e" (1872);
"A Slaver's Adventures" (187.'}); "Running the
Blockade" (1874); "The Belle of Australia"
(188.")): "On Land and Sea" (1886); and " Lewey
and I " (1887).
THOMPSON, Albert, artist, b. in Wobum,
Mass.. 18 March, 1853. He became a pupil of
William E. Norton in 1873, and in 1872 ami 1875
travelled in Europe. During 1880-'l he studied
in Paris under Jules J. Lefel)vre and Gustave It. C.
Boulanger, at Julien's academy, and also anatomy
at the Ecole des beaux arts. Among his works,
mainly landsc«()es and cattle-pieces, are " After the
Shower " (1870) ; " Clearing up " (1877) ; " More
Wind than Rain," in Woburn public library (1885);
and " Changing Pasture" and " An Octolwr After-
noon" (1886). He is the author' of "Principles of
IVrsiM'ctive" (Rost<m. 1878).
THOMPSON, Alexander Ramsar, soldier, b.
in 1794; d. in Manatee county, Fla., 25 Dec, 1837.
His father was Alexander Tliomjison, who served
in the artillery during the Revolutionary war, was
retained as captain in the peace establishment, and
attached in 1794 to the artillery and engineer
cor|)s, and after his discharge in 18()2 till his death,
28 Sept., 1809. was military store-ke««|>er at West
Point. The son was graduate*! at the U. S. mili-
tary a(>ademy in 1812, and during the war with
Great Britain took part in Gen. James Wilkinson's
expedition down the St. Imwrence and in the de-
fence of Plattsburg and other o(>erat ions on I^ke
Champlain, being promoted ca[)tain of infantry on
1 May, 1814. He was retained on the re<luction of
the army, promoted major on 4 April, 1832, served
in the Black Hawk cx|)c<lition. I>ecame lieutenant-
colonel on 0 S'pt., IKil, aixl in the war with the
Seminole Indians was kille<l at the Ijattle of Okee-
chol)ee while leading his regiment in a desfierate
charge.— His nephew, Alexander RaniHav, cler-
gyman, b. in New York city, 16 Oct.. 1822. was
gnuluated at the University of the city of New
York in 1842. and at Princeton theological s«'mi-
nary in 1845. and was ordained, an<l after holding
various charges l)ecaine pastor of the Presbyterian
church in Stapleton, Staten island, in 1851-9. the
Reformed Dutch church, 21st street. New York
city, in 18(52-'73, first as colleague of the Rev.
Georee W. Bethune, then as his su<'ces8<ir. and the
North lieformed Dutch church in Brooklyn. N. Y..
from the latter date to 1884. In 1885 he Utrame
acting pastor of Bethany chattel in Brooklyn. He
was chaplain of the New England hospital in
1863-'5 and of the Roosevelt hospital in New York
from 1873 till 1884. The degree of I). D. was con-
ferred on him by the University of the city of New
York in 1865, which made him a member of its
council in 1872. Among various sermons he pub-
lishwl "Tribute to the Memory of the Rev. George
W. Bethune"; "Casting down Imaginations." a
sermon (1874); "Christian Patriotism: the Points
of Similarity between the Struggle for Independ-
ence in America and that of our Holland Ances-
tors," in "Centennial Discourses" (1876). He also
assisted in compiling "Hvmns of the Chureh"
(New York, 1869), and " llymns of Praver and
Praist>"(1874).
THOMPSON. Alfred Wordsworth, artist, b.
in Baltimore, Md.. 27 May, 1840. During 1862-'4
he studied in Paris, first under Charles Gleyre, and
later with Albert Pasini and in the ficole des
beaux arts. He first exhibited at the salon in 1865,
and in 1868 returned to the United States, settling
in New^ York. He was elected an associate mem-
Ijer of the National academy in 1873, and an
academician two years later, and in 1877 Itecame a
mcmljer of the Society of American artists. He
has travelle<l at various times in all parts of Eu-
rope, Asia Minor, and northern Africa, and his
pictures cover a wide range of subjects. Oriental
and American, including landscapes, genre pieces
and military scenes. They include " Desolation "
and "Lost in the Forest'' (1872); "Annaj>olis in
1776," owned by the Buffalo fine arts academy,
and " A Twilight in Corsica" (1875) : " Review at
Philatlelphia, 1777" (1878); "The Market-Place in
Biskra" (1884); "The Hour of Prayer": "Re-
turning- from a Boar Hunt. Tangier""; "The Ad-
vance of the Enemy" (1885); "The Departure for
the War, 1776 " ; and "A Sabbath-Day in Troublous
Times." To the Paris ex|K)sition of 1878 he sent
"The School-House on the Hill."
THOMPSON. Augnstiis Charles, clergyman,
b. in Goshen, Conn., 30 April, 1812. He entered
Yale with the class of 1835, but feeble health com-
pelled him to leave Iwfore gnuluation. The col-
lege gave him the honorary degree of A. M. in
1841. He was grailuated at the Hartford theo-
logical seminary in 1838. studied in the University
of Berlin in 183H-'9, and on 27 July. 1842. was or-
dained pastor of a Congregational church at Rox-
bury. Mass., where he still remains. He was as-
s<x'iateil with Rev. Dr. Rufus Anderson in a
deputation to the missions of the American board
in India in 1854-'5. and was a delegate to the
London missionary conference of 1878. Am-
herst gave him the' degree of D. D. in 1860. Dr.
Thompson has lectureil on foreign missions at An-
dover seminary in 1877-'80, at Boston university
in 1882, and at Hartford theological seminary in
88
THOMPSON
THOMPSON
1885-'6, and has published "Songs in the Night"
(Boston, 1845); "Young Martyrs "(2d ed., 1848);
" Ijambs Fed " (1849 ; translation into Mahrathi,
Bombay, 1853) ; " Last Hours " (1851) ; " The Poor
Widow, a Memorial of Mrs. Anna J. Waters"
(1854 ; translation into Tamil, Jaffua, Cevlon,
1855) ; " The Better Land " (1854) ; " The Yolce in
Youth: a Memorial of IL M. Hill" (1856); "Gath-
ered Lilies" (1858); "Eliot Sabbath-School Me-
morial" (1859); "Morning Hours in Patraos "
(1860) ; "Lvra Coelestis " (1863) ; " The Mercy-Seat "
(1863) ; " 0"ur Little Ones " (1867) ; " Christus Con-
solator" (1867); "Seeds and Sheaves" (1868);
" Discourse Commemorative of Rev. Rufus Ander-
son, D. D. " (1880) ; " Moravian Missions " (New
York, 1883); "Happy New Year" (1883); and
" Future Probation and Foreign Missions."
THOMPSON, Cephas artist, b. in Middlebor-
ough, Mass., 1 July, 1775; d. there, 6 Nov., 1856. His
profession was that of a portrait-painter, and he
made yearly toui-s in the south, painting in all the
cities from Philadelphia to New Orleans. When
about fifty years of age, he settled in his home in
Middleborough. Among his portraits were those
of John Marshall, Stephen Decatur, David Ramsay
of South Carolina, John Howard Payne, and George
Washington Parke ('ustis, who was his pupil. —
His son, Cephas Giovanni, artist, b. in Middle-
borough, Mass., 3 Aug., 1809; d. in New York
city, 5 Jan., 1888, had some instruction from his
fatlicr. but was comparatively self-taught. At the
age of nineteen he began to paint portraits in Plym-
outh, Mass., and two years later he was working
in Boston. During 1837-'47 he was in New York,
and in 1852 he went to Europe, where he spent
seven years in Rome. During this period he painted
numerous Italian subjects, and executed some ad-
mirable copies of the old masters, notably one of
" Beatrice Cenci." While in Italy he was intimate
with Nathaniel Hawthorne, who complimented him
in the " Marble Faun." In 1860 he settled in New
York, and he was elected an associate of the Na-
tional academy the following year. Before going
abroad he painted the portraits of Henry W. Long-
fellow, Charles Fenno Hoffman (owned by the New
York historical society), William CuUen Bryant,
and other well-known authors. His portrait of
Hawthorne has been engraved. Other works by
him are " The Guardian Angels." " Prospero and
Miranda," " St. Peter delivered from Prison," and
" Spring and Autumn." — His two sons, who died
before him, were Hubert Oqden, commissioner
of public works, New York city, and Edmund
Francis, captain in the U. S. army. — Another son
of Cephas, JeroDie, b. in Middleborough, Mass., 30
Jan., 1814 ; d. in Glen Gardner, N. J., 1 May, 1886,
had also little or no regular instruction in art. He
displayed artistic tastes at an early age, painted
portraits for several years at Cape (Jod, and at the
age of seventeen went to New York, where he after-
ward lived and always had his studio. In 1852 he
went to Europe, where he remained two years. He
Eainted both landscapes and figures with success,
is best - known works being " Reminiscences of
Mount Mansfield," "The Old Oaken Bucket,"
" Home, Sweet Home," " Woodman, spare that
Tree," " Hiawatha's Homeward Journey with
Minnehaha," "The Home of My Childhood," " Com-
in' thro' the Rye," "The Land of Beulah," and
"The Voice of the Great Spirit." Most of his
works were never exhibited by him, but several
of them have become well known to the public
through engravings and chromos. Some of the
finest of his latest works are in Paris, and others
are in England.
THOMPSOxN, Charles C. B., naval officer, b.
in Virginia in 1786 ; d. in Hot Springs, Va., 2 Sept.,
1832. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 22
Dec, 1802, and was promoted to lieutenant, 15 Feb.,
1809. Durinp; the war of 1812 he rendered distin-
guished service in the defence of New Orleans,
where he commanded the ship " Louisiana," 8 Jan.,
1815. He was promoted to master-commandant, 27
April, 1816, served at Philadelphia navy-yard in
1816-'17, commanded the frigate " Guerriere" in the
Mediterranean sc^juadron in 1818-'20, and was on
shore duty at Philadelphia and Boston in 1821-6.
He was promoted captain, 3 March, 1825, and com-
manded the Pacific squadron in 1828-'31.
THOMPSON, Charles Lemnel, clergyman, b.
in Cooperstown, Lehigh co.. Pa., 18 Aug., 1839.
He was graduated at Carroll college. Wis., in 1858,
and at McCormick theological seminary, Chicago,
in 1861, after spending two years (1859-60) in
Princeton seminary. He then entered the Pres-
byterian ministry, and after holding pastorates in
Juneau and Janesville, Wis., Cincinnati, Ohio,
Chicago, 111., Pittsburg, Pa., and Kansas City. Mo.,
was called in 1888 to the Madison avenue church
in New York city. He received the degree of D. D.
from Monmouth college, 111., in 1876, and in May,
1888, was moderator of the general assembly of his
church in Philadelphia. Dr. Thompson was editor
of " Our Monthlv " in Cincinnati in 1870-'l, and
in 1879-'82 of " The Interior " at Chicago, with
which he is still connected as an editorial writer.
Besides contributions in prose and verse to current
literature, he has published " Times of Refreshing:
a History of American Revivals" (Chicago, 1877).
THOMPSON, Charles Oliver, educator, b. in
East Windsor Hill, Conn., 25 Sept., 1836; d. in
Terre Haute. Ind., 17 March, 1885. He was gradu-
ated at Dartmouth in 1858, and then taught in the
Peacham academy for six years except during a
part of 1860-'l, when he devoted himself to prac-
tical work as a surveyor and civil engineer in
Piermont, N. Y. In 1864 he became principal of
the Cotting public high-school in Arlington, Mass.
He was chosen principal of the Worcester free in-
stitute of industrial science in 1868. and, besides
holding the chair of chemistry, was charged with
the development of a scientific and practical course
of instruction which had no recognized type in
this country. After spending eight months in
Europe in visiting similar institutions he returned
to Worcester and established the course that lijis
since prevailed in that institution. In founding
the Rose polytechnic institute, the different tech-
nical schools of the country were carefully studied
by its founder, Chauncey Rose, and the plan of the
Worcester institute was given the preference. Ac-
cordingly, in 1883 Mr. Thompson was called to the
presidency of the new institute, and continued to
hold that place until his death. The degree of
Ph. D. was conferred on him in 1870 by Dartmouth,
and he was a member of scientific societies, includ-
ing the American association for the advancement
of science and the American institute of raining
engineers. He was the author of numerous papers
on technical instruction.
THOMPSON, Daniel Pierce, author, b. in
Charlestown (now a part of Boston), Mass., 1 Oct.,
1795 ; d. in Montpelier, Vt., 6 June, 1868. He was
the grandson of Daniel, who was a cousin of Ben-
jamin Thompson, Count Rumford, and was killed
at the battle of Lexington. He was brought up
on a farm, prepared himself for college under
difficulties, taught for one winter, itnd then en-
tered Middlebury college, where he was graduated
in 1820. Going to Virginia as a family tutor, he
THOMPSON
THOMPSON
studied law there, and was admitted to the bar in
182^1, afttT wliit'h ho n-turned tti V'crmf>nt and
8cttU><l in Mont|H'lifr. He wa« rt')jisU«r of jtrobate
in 1M24. aiulclfrk of the legislature in 183()-'3, and
was then ap|M)intiHl to compile the " l^aws of
Vermont fnnn 1H24 down to and including the
Year 1834 " (Monttjclier, 1835). He was judge of
prolMite from I*}? till 1840. from 1843 till 1845
clerk of the supreme antl courity courts, and from
1853 till 1855 secretary of state. From lH4ii till
185G he e^liti^l a weekly political jmfx'r called the
"Gri'en Mountain Kri'einan." He was a j>opular
Kx'turer In-fore lyceums and orator on public occa-
sions. Mr. Thompson U-gan to contribute jhrmus
and sketches to peritMlicals while he was in college,
and continue<l to write fre<|uentlv for the news-
papers and magazines, besides publishing nolitical
pamphlets. Ho took imrt in the anti - Masonic
controversy, and published a satirical novel on the
subject, entitled "The Adventures of Timothy
Peacock, Esti.. or Freemasonry Practically Illus-
tratwl." whicn anpeare*! under the pen-name of " A
Meml)er of the Vermont Bar" (Middlebury, 1835).
In 18;{5 he wrote for the " New Kngland (ralaxy,"
of IJoston, a prize tale called " May Martin, or the
Money- Diggers," which was issued in book-form
(Monti>elier. 18135), and reprinted in London. Next
apiH'«re<l "The Green Mountain Boys," a romance,
in which the principal men connected with the his-
tory of Vermont in the Revolutionary period are
brought into the plot (Montjtelicr. 1840; repul>
lished in Ik)st<m and London); " Ijocke Amsden, or
the .Sc0io<3lmaster" (Boston. 1845); "Lucy Hosmer,
or the Guardian and the Ghost "(1848); and "The
Rangers, or the Torv's Daughter " (1851). His later
romances are "Tales of the Green Mountains"
(1852); "Gaut Gurley, or the Trapfwrs of Ijake
Umbjigog" (1857); "The Doomed Chief, or Two
Hundre<l Years Ago." based on the story of King
Philip (Philadelphia, 1800); and " Centeola, and
other Tales" (New York, 18(M). He was also the
author of a "History of Montpelier, 1781-1860,
with Biographical Sketches" (Montpelier, 1800).
In later life he published monographs on topics
of American history and on biograpnical subjects
in various magazines. A novel, with the title of
"The Hr)iiest l^awyer, or the Fair Castaway," was
left uiifiiiisiicd.
THOMPSON, David, Canadian exnlorer. b. in
the parish of St. John. Westminster. Kngland. 30
April, 1770; d. in Longueil. near Montreal. 16 Feb.,
1857. He was educated at Christ's hospittil school,
London, and at Oxford, and when he was nineteen
years old entered the service of the Hudson bay
company. He was afterward employed in explora-
tion, and on 27 April, 1798, disco veri'd Turtle lake,
which he claimed to \)e the source of the Missis-
sippi, as it is from this sp<it that the river takes its
most direct course to the sea. His course in reach-
ing the head-waters of this river is well delineated
on his " Map of the Northwest Territory of the
Province of Cana<la, ma<le for the Northwest Com-
pany in 1818-'14." He also surveyed the south
shore of I^ake Superior in 1798. in June, 1807.
crossed the Rocky mountains by what is now known
as the Howse pass, and in the spring of 1811 a.s-
cende<l Columbia river from the junction of Canoe
river to its source, and then descen<liHl it to its
mouth, where he arrive<l on 16 Julv the same vear.
On 27 May. 1812. he reachc<l Retl l")eer lake, of I^ac
la Biche, which Schoolcraft, who visited it in 1832.
claimed to Imj the tnie source of the Mississippi,
ami the sanje year resurveye<l the north shore of
Lake Superior to Sault Ste. Marie. He left the
aenrice oi the Hudson bay company, 23 May, 1797,
and entered that of the Northwest company, in
which he was for manv 8ul>8e<|uent years a partner.
From 1816 till 1826 he was engaged in surveying
and defining the boundary-line on the part of CJreat
iiritain U'tween Cana<ia and the I'nite^l States,
l>ein^ employed in 1817 on the .St. I>jiwrence. Pro-
ceeding westward around the shores of the great
lakes, he reachetl the Ijake of the Woods in 1825.
In 1834 he surveyed I>ake Francis, in 1837 he mmle
a survey of the canoe route from Ijake Huron to
Ottawa river, and a few years later a survey of
Lake St. Peter. His last years were spent either
in Glengarry county. Ont., or in I^)ngueil. Of the
early explorers, few rendered more valuable services
or estimateil their achievements more m<Hlestly.
THOMPSON, David, Canadian member of par-
liament, b. in Wainfleet, Welland co., Ont., 7 Dec.,
18JJ6. His father, the son of a Scotchman, repre-
sented Haldiniand from 1841 till 1851. The son
was educated at L'pj)er Canada col lege, and became
a flour and grain merchant. He represented Hal-
diniand in the Canada assembly from 186J3 till the
union, was elected to the Dominion parliament in
1867, re-elected by acclamation in 1872 and 1874,
and chosen again in 1878 and 1882. He is actively
connectetl with various flnancial and industrial or-
ganizations, is major of volunteers, a Lilteral in
politics, and favors a prohibitory liquor law.
THOMPSON. EdM-ard R., naval officer, b. in
Pennsylvania al)out 1808: d. in Philadelphia. Pa.,
12 Feb., 1879. He entered the navy as a midshi})-
man on 1 Dec, 1826. became a lieutenant on 8
March, 1837, served during the Mexican war on
the brig " Porpoise " and the frigate "Potomac"
in the Gulf of Mexico, cruised on the coast of
Africa in the "Porpoise" in 1851-'2, and in com-
mand of the " Dolphin " in 1856-'7. having lxH*n
promoted commander on 14 Sept.. 1855. He had
charge of the steamer "Seminole" in the early
jMirt of the civil war. but. U-ing unfit for further
active service, was placed on tlie retired list on 3
Dec.. 1861. On 4 April, 1867, his rank was raised
to that of commodore.
THOMPSON. Ednin. reformer, b. in Lynn,
Mass.. in July. 1809; d. in East Walpole, Mass., 22
May, 1888. lie was of (Quaker descent, and early
interested himself in the anti-slavery movement.
At the suggestion of Wendell Phillips, he Ix'came
a public speaker in its furtherance, travelling
through the state, often on foot, le<!!turing in
churches and school-houses, and winning a reputa-
tion as an orator by his fluency and great fund of
anecdotes. While speaking in New Bedford, he
roused Frederick Douglass to take up active work
in behalf of his race. He was also interested from
an early perio<l in the temperance reform, which he
did much to promote. Mr. Tliom[)son wa>ionlaine<l
as a Universidist clergyman in 1840, and afterward
resided at ICiist Walpole.
THOMPSON,- Egbert, naval officer, b. in New
York city, 6 June, 1820; d. in Washington, D. C,
5 Jan., 1^1. He entered the navy as a midship-
man, 13 March. 1837, serveil in Com. Charles
Wilkes's exploring expedition in 1838-'42. and be-
came a pa-ised midshipman. 29 June. 184J1 As ex-
ecutive officer of the scho«iner " li<niita," in the
(rulf sfjuadron <luring the Mexican war, he {lartici-
pated in the exfH'dition against Frontera. and the
capture of ToImisco. Tam{>ico. Vera Cniz. and Tus-
})an. His vessel covere<l the landing of (Jen. Win-
leld Scott's army at Vera Cruz, and captured sev-
eral prizes during the war. He served in the
steamer " Michigan " on the lakes in 1847- '50, and
at Philadelphia navy-yanl in 1850-'l. He was
commissioned a lieutenant. 27 Sept., 1850, and was
90
THOMPSON
THOMPSON
in the steamer " Fulton " in 1859 when she was
wrec'ived. When the civil war began he was at-
tached to the steamer " Powhatan," which went to
Pensacola navy-yard, and contributed to the relief
of Fort Pickens. He commanded the river iron-
clad steamer " Pittsburjr," in the Mississippi flotilla,
in which he participated in the battle of Port
Donelson, when he was obliged to run her ashore
to keep from sinking. He was commended for
gallantry in running the batteries of Island No. 10,
for which he received the thanks of the navy de-
partment, and he took part in the attacks on Fort
Madrid and Fort Pillow, and the battle with the
Confederate rams. He was commissioned a com-
mander, 16 July, 1862, served at the rendezvous
at Philadelphia in 1863-'4, and commanded the
steamer " McDonough " in the South Atlantic
blockade in 1864-'5, and the steamer '• Dacotah,"
of the South Pacific squadron, in 1866-'7. He was
commissioned captain, 26 July, 1867, and was com-
mandant of the naval station at Mound City, HI.,
in 1869-71. He commanded the steam sloop
" Canandaigua," of the North Atlantic squadron,
in 1871-'2. and was retired on 6 Jan., 1874.
THOMPSON, EHzabeth, philanthropist, b. in
Lyndon, Vt., 21 Feb., 1821. She is the daughter
of Samuel Kowell, a poor farmer, and at the age
of nine went to aid in the household duties of
a neighbor's family as a maid of all work, receiv-
ing as wages twenty-flve cents a week. Her edu-
cation was chiefly self-acquired, but she was re-
markably handsome, mid, while on a visit to Bos-
ton in 184i}, so impressed Thomas Thompson, a
well-known millionaire of that city, that he sought
her acquaintance. Early in 1844 they were mar-
ried, and until his death in 1869 spent much of
their income for charitable purposes. The use of
the entire income of his immense estate was then
left to Mrs. Thompson. She has given large sums
to the cause of temperance, and " Figures of Hell,"
a tract written by her and filled with much sta-
tistical information, has been widely circulated.
Mi-s. Thompson
has given more
than 1 100.000 to-
ward providing
with business pur-
suits the heads of
families, hundreds
of whom have
been enabled to
establish them-
selves by her boun-
ty. Among her
many charities is
the gift of $10,000
which was expend-
ed by a commis-
,*--«,-;< ^^^" authorized by
-€^ ,^L^-^^-^y^LL...^ congress to inyes-
tigate the yellow
fever. She found-
ed the town of Long Mont, at the foot of the
Rocky mountains, and gave 640 acres of land with
$300 to each colonist in Saline county, Kan. Mrs.
Thompson contributed largely to the purchase of
the Vassar college telescope, and gave to the Con-
cord school of philosophy the building in which its
summer assemblies are held. She suggested the
idea of a song-service for the poor, and incurred
large expense in putting it into practical operation
in many of the large cities of this country. Fran-
cis B. Carpenter's painting of the " Signing of the
Emancipation Proclamation by Lincoln in the Pres-
ence of his Cabinet " was purchased by her and
presented to congress. In consequence of this she
was granted the freedom of the floor of the house,
a right which no other woman, not even the presi-
dent's wife, possesses. She gave $1,000 to the
American association for the advancement of sci-
ence in 1883, and was made its first patron. In
1885 she placed in the hands of a board of trustees,
chosen for that purpose, $25,000, to be devoted to
the advancement and prosecution of scientific re-
search in its broadest sense. This trust, known as
the " Elizabeth Thompson science fund," is to be
controlled by the International scientific congress.
Mrs. Thompson has agitated the question of the
possibility of an international republic, or a world
governed by laws emanating from an intelligent
community. The value of this idea has been rec-
ognized by statesmen at home and abroail. The
publication of a journal in England advocating her
views has l)een announced by George J. Holvoake,
THOMPSON, Oeorgre, English reformer, b. in
Liverpool, England, 18 June, 1804; d. in Leeds,
England, 7 Oct., 1878. He entered actively into the
agitation against slavery in the British colonies,
and contributed largely to its downfall, and subse-
quently to that of the apprentice system. After-
ward he joined the Anti-com-law league, and also
took an active part in forming the India associ-
ation. In 1834, at the request of William Lloyd
Garrison and others, he came to the United States
to speak in behalf of the abolition of slavery. He
addressed meetings in various parts of the north-
ern states, and his efforts led to the formation of
more than 150 anti-slavery societies ; but he was
often threatened by mobs, and finally in Boston,
Mass., escaped death only by fleeing in a small
row-boat to an English vessel and going to St.
John, New Brunswick, whence he sailed for Eng-
land in November, 1835. Mr. Thompson's visit
created such excitement that President Jackson
denounced him in a message to congress. He made
a second visit to this country in 1851, and another
during the civil war, when a public reception was
given to him in the house of representatives, at
which President Lincoln and his cabinet were pres-
ent. He aided greatly in preventing the recogni-
tion of the southern Confederacy by the British
government. Mr. Thompson was also concerned
in the work of the National parliamentary reform
association. In 1847 he was chosen a member of
parliament for the Tower Hamlets. About 1870 a
testimonial fund was raised for him by his ad-
mirers in this country and England.
THOMPSON, George Washington, lawyer,
b. in St. Clairsville, Ohio, 14 Mav, 1806 ; d. near
Wheeling, W. Va., 24 Feb., 1888. ' He was gradu-
ated at Jefferson college. Pa., in 1824, studied law
in Richmond, Va.. was admitted to the bar, and
began practice in his native town, but afterward re-
moved to western Virginia. He was U. S. district
attorney in 1849, and was elected to congress as a
Democrat in the following year, serving from 1
Dec, 1851, till 30 July, 1852, when he resigned to
accept a seat on the bench of the circuit court of
his state. He was re-elected in 1860, but, declining
to take the test oaths that were required by the
reorganized government of Virginia, retired from
public life. He had previously served on the com-
mission that was appointed to determine the boun-
dary between Virginia and Ohio. He was a fre-
quent contributor to the Boston "Quarterly Re-
view" in 1839-'42, and, l)esides numerous legal,
political, and educational addresses, has published
"Dissertation on the Historical Riaht of Virginia
to the Territory Northwest of the Ohio " : " Life of
Linn Boyd " ; " The Living Forces of the Universe "
TUOMI»SON
THOMI»SON
91
A^JhiM. i/iiRK/l-.
■pti\
/Philadelphia, 1886); and " Deus St-mper." When
he wa«i (Mf^hty years ol<l he wmto " The Son^ of
Eighty." II iMM'in (|.riiit<-<l iirivatelv. 1K8(J).
THOMl'SON, Hiigrh Miller/P. K. bishop, h.
in County Ixmilonderrv. Ireland. 5 June, IKH).
While he was yet a child his pan>nt.s removed to
the United States and settled in Ohio. lie re-
ceived his aca-
dcmieal ed neat ion
in the s<'hools of
I'levelaiid, and his
thiH)loj;ii!al coursi»
was taken at Ntish-
otah Hous«>. Wis.
He was ordered
deacon at Nasho-
tah. U June, 1852,
by Bishop Kem-
ger, and priest, in
t. John's church.
Portage, Wis., 31
Aug., 1856. Dur-.
ing his diacon-
ate he had charge
of Grace church,
Madison, Wis. He
removed in 1853
to Maysville. Kv.,
but remained only one year. In August, 1854, lie
took charge of mission work in Portage and Bara-
boo, Wis., and immediately on his ordination to
the priesthood he became rector of St. John's
church, Porta^. At Easter, 1857, he engaged in
mission work in the city of Milwaukee, and organ-
ised the Church of the Atonement. In 1858 he
was elected rector of St. Matthew's church, Keno-
sha, and after one year removed to Galena, 111., and
became rector of Grace church. In 1860 he was
made professor of ecclesiastical history at Nasho-
tah, and founded Kem|M?r hall. In the same year he
became editor-in-chief of "The American Church-
man " at Chicago, and he continued in this office
until the paper was merged into "The Church-
man '' at llartford. Conn. In 1871 he became
rector of St. James's church, Chicago, which was
burned in the great fire. In January, 1872, he re-
moved to New York and took the. rectorship of
Christ church and the editorship of "The Church
Journal and Gospel Messenger. In 1875 he be-
came rector of Trinity church, New Orleans, Ija.,
where he remained until he was consecrated assist-
ant bishop of M ississi npi, 24 F'eb., 1883. Four years
later, on the death of Bishop Green, he succeeded
to his office. Bishop Thompson attended the third
Pan-Anglican conference in London in 1888, and
in August of that year delivered in Westminster
Ablx'v the funeral sermon of Bishop Harris of
Michigan. Hobart conferred upon him the degree
of S. T. D. in 18fti. He is the author of " Unity and
its Restoration" (New York, 1860); "Sin and its
Penalty "(1862); "First Principles" (18(J8); "Ab-
solution" (1872); "Copy "(1872); "Is Romanism
the Best Religion for the Republic t" (1873):
"The Kingdom of Go<l" (1873); "The World and
the Jjogos," a volume of lectures (1885); and "The
World and the Kingdom" (1888).
THOMPSON, Jacob, cabinet officer, b. in Cas-
well county, N. C. 15 Mav, 1810; d. in Memphis,
Tenn., 24 March, 1885. He was gra<luated at the
University of North Caroliim in IKll, admitted
to the Ixir in 1834, and settled in the Chickasaw
count rv. .Miss,, where he practised law with success.
In 18:i6 he was chosen to congress as a Denuxrat,
and he served by continued re-election from IKW
till 1857, advocating the repudiation by Missis-
sippi of fiart of the state Itonds and opposing the
compromise mea.««ures of 1H50. on the ground that
they wen' not favorable enough to the south.
While he was in congress he held for some time
the chairmanship of the (^mmittee on Indian
afTairs, and in 1845 he refused an ap[K)intment
that was ten<lere«l him by the govenior of Missis*
sip|ii to a vacancy in the U. S. senate. President
Buchanan made him secn'tarv of the interior in
1H57, and he held that office till 8 Jan., 1H61. when
he resigned, giving as his rea.son that tnK)ps hwl
Ix'eii ordered to re-enforce Fort .Sumter contrary
to an agreement that this should not Ix* done
without the consent of the cabinet. In acknowl-
edging his letter the president reminde<l him that
the matter had been decided in a cabinet meeting
six days before. In December, 18(}0, while still in
office, he had lx>en appjinted by the legislature of
Mississippi a commissioner to urgecfn Ni^rth Caro-
lina the adoption of an ordinance of set^'ssion.
In 1862-'4 he was governor of Mississippi, and
afterward he serve<l a.s aide-de-camp to Gen. Beau-
regard. In the summer of 1864 he wa8 sent as a
Confederate commissioner to Canada, where he
promoted the plan to release the prisoners of war
at Camp Douglas, near Chicago, and to seize that
city. He has also Ixnai charginl with instigating
plots to burn northern cities and commit other
outrages. After the war he returned to the United
States. At his death an order of See. Lucius Cj. C.
Lamar to fly the National flag at half-mast over
the buildings of the interior department caused
much excitement at the north.
THOMPSON, James, jurist, b. in Middlesex,
Butler CO., Pa., 1 Oct., 1806; d. in Philadelphia,
28 Jan., 1874. After receiving a gcxxl education,
he lx>gan life as a printer, sulmecjuently studied
law, and in 1829 was adinitte<l to the bar. He
was chosen to the legislature in 1832, 1833, and
1834, during the latter year serving as s|)eaker of
the hou.se, although he was the youngest member.
He was a presidential elector in 18;i6, voting for
Martin Van Buren, in 1838 a delegate to the Con-
stitutional convt'ntion of Pennsylvania, and in
18J^9 was apjx)inted president- judge of the 6th
judicial district of the state, in which oflice he
served until 1844. when he was elwted by the
Democrats to congress, being re-elected in 1846
and 1848. In 1855. against his desire, he was*
again elected to the legislature, where he remained
one term, and after that declined nominations for
both the legislature and congress. In 1857 he
wjis electetl to the supreme court of the state, and
served nine years as justice and six years as chief
justice. On the expiration of his term he wjis re-
nominated by the DenuK-rats. but failed of an elec-
ti(m, though running ahead of his ticket. He
mingled with his judicial qualities warm affections
and genial manners. His judicial opinions are
found in the supreme court reports, from vol. xxx.
to vol. Ixxii. inclusive. After nis n'tirement he re-
sumed the practice of law in Philadelphia, and his
death occurred suddenly while he was engagwl in
arguing a cause Ix'fore the same court over which
he had so recently preside<l, his op|M)nent in the
cause being his predecessor in the office of chief
justice, (ie<irge W , Wotxlward.
THOMPSON. John. iH)litical writer, b. in
1777; d. in Petersburg, Va., in 1790. He was the
author of articles signed " Ciusca " and " Gracchus"
in the Petersburg "(lazette." in which he attacked
John .\dams's lulministraticm, and also of letters
signeil "Curtius," addn>sstHl to Cliief-.Iustice John
Marshall in 1798, which were issuixl in lMX)k-form
(1804). Uis life was written by George Hay.
92
THOMPSON
THOMPSON
THOMPSON, John Burton, senator, b. near
Harrodsburg, Ky., 14 Doc, 1810; d. in Harrods-
burg, 7 Jan., 1874. His ancestor came to Virginia
from England as a captain in the royal navy,
John was edncated at private schools, studied law
under his father, and succeeded to his extensive
practice at Harrodsburg. He served as common-
wealth's attorney, was chosen to the legislature in
1835 and 1836, and in 1840 was elected to congress
as a Whig to fill a vacancy, serving from 7 Dec,
1840, till 3 March, 1843. He raised a company of
cavalry for the Mexican war, but more than the
necessary number of volunteers from his state
offered themselves, and it was not accepted. He
served again in congress in 1847-'51, and in the
latter year, when Archibald Dixon was nominated
by the Whigs for governor, Thompson, who had
been a candidate for the office, was given second
place on the ticket. Dixon was defeated, but
Thompson was elected by a large majority, and in
1853 was sent to the U. S. senate, where he served
a full term. In that body he was a member of
the committees on private land-claims and pen-
sions. Mr. Thompson was especially eminent as a
jury lawyer, and was also a successful orator. His
most noted political speech was that on the Cuban
question. lie was a man of broad culture, quiet
and even reserved in manner. In politics he was
a Clay Whig till the disruption of the party just
before the civil war, when he became a Unionist.
THOMPSON, John Reuben, author, b. in
Richmond, Va., 23 Oct., 1823; d. in New York
city, 30 April, 1873. He was graduated at the Uni-
versity of Virginia in 1844, afterward studied law
there, and settled in Richmond, with every pros-
pect of success in his profession, liut he had al-
ways been a lover of literature and a keen student
of it, and these proclivities became more domi-
nating after he had completed his education. Ac-
cordingly, in 1847, he accepted the editorship of
the " Southern Literary Messenger." This maga-
zine was a power in its day, and did no little to
foster a literary siiirit among the younger race of
southern men. Mr. Thompson brought a great
deal of zeal and
energy into the ed-
itorial chair, and
during the twelve
years in which he
successfully car-
ried forward his
literary work in
connection with
this monthly he
imparted to it such
a character as no
southern maga-
zine has ever had
before or since.
He did much to
bring southern tal-
ent to light, and
in the pages of the
" Soutnern Mes-
senger" Donald 0. Mitchell first published his
" Reveries of a Bachelor " and " Dream Life."
Here too appeared the ejirly writings of John
Esten Cooke, Philip Pendleton Cooke, Paul H.
Hayne, and Henry Timrod. In 1854 Mr. Thomp-
son went to Europe in search of health. During
this absence he wrote papers for the " Southern
Messenger," which long afterward he collected in
book-form. One copy had been sent to the author,
and the edition, except this, was burned in the pub-
lishing-house. His health continued so delicate
/h?/L:J/..
eyt^'\^/*-
that in 1859 he resigned his editorship in Rich-
mond and went to Augusta, Ga., where he edit«d
the "Southern P^ield and Fireside." In 1863 he
went abroad again in such delicate health that his
friends did not expect him to reach the farther
shore alive ; but the sea-voyage revived him, and he
rapidly improved. He chose London as his resi-
dence, where he was regularly engaged on the
staff of the " London Index," and contributed to
" Blackwood's Magazine." Some time after the
civil war he returned home in broken health and
dispirited. Finding it impossible to do anything
in the way of literature in the south, he became
literary editor of the " New York Evening Post,"
continuing as such for several years, until his health
failed again. He made a last effort to restore it by
going to Colorado in 1872, where he spent the
winter, returning in the spring, only to die. Mr.
Thompson was a polished and graceful writer, both
of prose and verse, but he did his most effective
work as a literary editor. Many of his lyrics are
household words in the south, especially in his
native state, and his influence in fostering the tal-
ents of (Writers that have since distinguished them-
selves was decided. Pie was greatly beloved for
his genial and refined nature. Among his most
admired poems are " The Burial of Latane," " The
Death of Stxiart," and " The Battle Rainbow."
THOMPSON, Sir John Sparrow David, Cana-
dian jurist, b. in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 10 Nov.,
1844. His father was a native of Waterford, Ireland,
for some time queen's printer, and subsequently
superintendent of the money-order system of Nova
Scotia. The son was educated at the common
school and at Free-church academy, Halifax, stud-
ied law, was called to the bar in July, 1865, and
appointed a queen's counsel in May, 1879. He
was counsel on behalf of the U. S. government,
acting with the American lawyers before the fish-
ery commission at Halifax under the Washington
treaty. He was made a member of the executive
council and attorney-general of Nova Scotia on
22 Oct., 1878, and was premier and attorney-gen-
eral of the same province from 25 May until 25
July, 1882, when he was appointed a judge of the
supreme court. He resigned on 25 Sept., 1885,
and was made minister of justice and attorney-gen-
eral of Canada. He was a member of the house of
assembly of Nova Scotia from December, 1877, un-
til July,' 1882. Mr. Thompson was elected to the
Dominion parliament on 16 Oct., 1885, and. re-
elected in February, 1887. He was attached to the
British commission, which arranged the fishery
treaty at Washington, D. C, in 1888, and was
knighted for his services on that occasion.
THOMPSON, Jonathan, merchant, b. in Sag-
tikos Manor, Long Island, N. Y., 7 Dec, 1773; d
in New York city, 30 Dec, 1846. He was the
eldest^ son of Judge Isaac Thompson and Mary,
daughter of Col. Abraham Gardmer. He was a
merchant in the city of New York in 1795, of the
firm of Gardiner, Thompson and Co., in partnership
with his cousin, Nathaniel Gardiner, an officer in
the Revolutionary army. They were engaged in
the West India business, and had extensive ware-
houses in Brooklyn. Mr. Thompson had great in-
fluence in the councils of the Democratic party,
being the chairman of its general committee for
ten years. He was collector of direct taxes and
internal revenue for the state of New York during
the war of 1812-'15, and afterward, when that
office was abolished, was appointed collector of cus-
toms of the port of New York, aifd served from
1820 to 1829. At the time of his death he was
president of the Bank of the Manhattan company.
THOMPSON
TIIOMI'SON
98
He was widely known srx-iallv, and niirabored
among his friends nejirly all tbe statesmen and
ix)iiticians of the countrv.
THOMPSON. Jo»e»h
loKopn Parrish, scholar, l>. in
IMiiliKhlphiH, I'a.. 7 Aug.. IHIU ; d. in Berlin,
Uernirtiiy. 20 Sept., 1875*. He was gradmited at
Yale in 1838. studied theology for a few months in
An<U)ver senunury, and then at Yale from 1839 till
1840, when he was ortlained as a Congregational
minister. He was jMistor of the Chaiiel .stre».'t
church in New Haven from that time till 1845,
and during this ix?rio<l was one of the founders of
the " New Englander." From 1845 till his resig-
nation in 1871 ho had charge of the Bromlwuy
Uibcrnju-le in New York city. Dr. Thompson de-
v()te<l much time to the study of Kgyntology, in
which he attained high rank. In 1852-3 he visitinl
Palestine, Kgypt, and other eastern countries, and
from that time he publish(Hl continual contribu-
tions to this branch of learning in iwriodiculs, the
transactions of societies, and cyclopaxlias. He
lectured on Kgyntology in Andover seminary in
1871. and in 187a-'9 resided in Berlin, Germany,
occupied in oriental studies, took an active part in
the social, political, and scientific discussions, and
was a memlx'r of various foreign societies, before
which he delivered addresses, and contributed es-
says to their publications. These have been issued
under the title of "American Comments on Euro-
pean Questions" (New York, 1884). In 1875 Dr.
Thompson went to England to explain at public
meetings "the attitude of Germany in regard to
Ultraraontanism," for which service he was re-
warded by the thanks of the German government,
expressetl in {lerson by Prince Bismarck, and Dr.
Thom[>son originate<l the plan of the Albany Con-
gregational ist convention m 1852, and was a mana-
ger of the American Congregational union and the
American home missionary society. He also aidtnl
in establishing the New York " Indcix'ndont."
Harvard gave him the degree of I). D. in 1856,
and the I niversity of New York that of LL. D.
in 1808. He published " Memoir of Timothy
Dwight " (New Haven, 1844) : " Lectures to Young
Men "(New York, 1846): "Hints to Employers^
(1847) ; " Memoir of David Hale " (ia50) ; " iJ'oster
on Missions, with a Preliminary Essay" (1850);
"Stray Meditations" (1852; revised ed., entitled
"The Believer's Refuge," 1857); "The Invaluable
Possession" (1856); "Egvpt, Past and Present"
(Boston. ia56): "The Earlv Witnesses" (1857);
♦* Memoir of Rev. David T. Stotldanl " (New York,
1858); "The Christian Gi-aces" (1859); "The Col-
lege as a Religious Institution" (1859); "Love
and Penalty" (1860); "Bryant Gray" (186:^);
"Christianity and Emancipation" (1863); "The
Holy Comforter" (1866); "Man in Genesis and
Geology" (1869); "Theology of Christ, from His
Own Words" (1870); "Home Worship" (1871);
"Church and State in the United States" (1874);
"Jesus of Nazareth: His Life, for the Young"
(1875); "The Unite<l States as a Nation," lectures
(1877); and "The Workman: his False Friends
and his True Friends" (1879).
THOMPSON, Joseph Peter. A. M. E. Zion
bishop, b. in Winchester, Va., 20 Dec, 1818. He
acquired a common-school education, and at the
age of twenty was licensed as a local preacher. In
1843 he joined the New York annual conference of
the African Methodist Episcopal Zion church, and
he was ordained deacon in 1845 and elder in 1847.
After serving a.s a missionary in Nova Scotia and
holding pastorates in and near New York city, he
was electe<l and orilained a bishop on 4 July, 1876,
in the general conference in Louisville, Ky! Bish-
op Thompson organized a conference in the Baha-
ma islan<is in 1878, and in 1882 was a delegate to
the MethtMlist ecumenical council in Ixmdon. Ho
has studied aiul j)nictis<>d me4licine successfully,
having received his medical degree from Jefferson
university in I*liila<lelphia in 1858.
THOMPSON. Laiint. sculptor, b. in Abl>eyleix.
(Queen's co., Ireland, 8 Feb., 1833. At the age of
fourteen he went to Albany, N. Y.. and there
entered the office of a proft^s-sor of anatomy.
While there he occupied nis leisure hours with
drawing, but later entered a
medical college. When Eras-
tus I). Palmer, the .sculptor,
offered to receive him as his
pupil, he gladly availed him-
self of the op{)ortunity, and
almndoiied medicine for art.
He worked in Palmer's studio
for nine years, producing sev-
eral portrait-busts and ideal
heads of some merit, and in
1858 removeil to New York
city. Here, having shown a
remarkable talent for medal-
lion portraits, he found ample
employment. He became an
associate of the Aciulemy of
design in 1859, and thi*ee years
later his bust, " The Trapper,"
secured his election as an acade-
mician. In 186»-'9 he was in
Rome, and in 1875 he went again to Italy, remain-
ing until 1881, in which year he returned to New
York. In 1874 he was vice-president of the Nation-
al academy. Among his works are " Elaine," a
bust ; " Morning Glory," a medallion ; statues of
Abraham Pierstm, at Yale college (1874), repre-
sented in the accompanying illustration ; Napoleon
I., at Milford, Piu; Gen. John Se<lgwick, at West
Point (186'J) ; Wiiifleld Scott, at the Soldiers' home,
Washington, D. C. ; Charles Morgan, in Clinton,
Conn, (about 1871); and Ambrose E. Burnside. an
equestrian statue, at Providence, R. 1.(1887) ; "The
Color- Bearer," at Pitt^jficld, Mass. ; a me<lallion por-
trait of John A. Dix, made for the sanitary fair;
and portrait-busts of William C. Bryant, in the
MetrofK)litan museum. New York ; James Gordon
Bennett, the elder; Robert B. Minturn ; Capt.
Charles H. Marshall ; Edwin Booth as " Hamlet";
Stephen II. Tyng (1870); and Charles L. Elliott
and Samuel F. B. Morse (1871). Yale conferred on
•him the honorary degree of M. A. in 1874.
THOMPSON; Lewis 0, clergyman, b. in
Bergon. Norway. 13 March, ISHd; d. in Henry,
111., 16 July, 1887. He came with his jmrents in
boyhood to Chicago. 111., was graduated at lieloit
in 1863, and at Union theological seminary. New
York city, in 1866. and after l)eing licensed to
5 reach, and becoming, in 1866, a professor at
orthwestern university, Watertown, vVis., he was
ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian
church, 28 Jan.. 1869. In the spring of that year
he l)ecame presi«lent of Northwestern university,
and in 1875 he became pastor of a church in Pe-
oria, 111., but in July. 1882, failing health forced
him to resign. After 1886 he was in charge of a
church at Henry, 111., till his death by drowning.
He published "The Presidents and their Admin-
istrations" (Indianapolis, Ind., 1873); "Nothing
Lost" (New York, 1876); "The Prayer-Meeting
and its Improvement" (Chicago, 1878); "How to
conduct Prayer-Meetings " (Boston, 1879) ; and
" Nineteen Christian Centuries in Outline" (Chica-
go, 1882) ; and left several uncompleted works.
94
THOMPSON
THOMPSON
THOMPSON, Maurice, author, b. in Fairfield,
Ind., 9 Sept., 1844. His parents, who were south-
erners, removed to Kentucky, and thence to the
hill-region of northern Georgia. The son was edu-
cated by private tutors, and early became interested
in the study of out-door life. He served through
the civil war in the Confederate army, and at its
close wjent to Indiana, became a civil engineer on
a railway survey, and in due season rose to be chief
engineer. He then studied law, and opened an
office at Crawfordsville. He was elected in 1879 to
the legislature, and appointed in 1885 state geolo-
gist of Indiana and chief of the department of natu-
ral history. He has written much for periodicals,
and has published in book-form " Hoosier Mosaics "
(New York, 1875); " The Witchery of Archery"
(1878) ; " A Tallahassee Girl " (Boston, 1882) ; " His
Second Campaign " (1882) ; " Songs of Fair Weath-
er" (1883); "At Love's Extremes" (1885); "By-
ways and Bird Notes" (1885); "The Boys' Book
of Sports" (1886); "A Banker of Bankersville"
(1886); "Sylvan Secrets" (1887); "The Story of
Louisiana," in the " Commonwealth Series " (1888) ;
and " A Fortnight of Folly" (New York, 1888).
THOMPSON, Merrlwether Jeff, soldier, b. in
Harper's Ferry, Va., 22 Jan., 1826 ; d. in St. Joseph,
Mo., in July, 1876. He was educated in the com-
mon schools, was mayor of the city of St. Joseph,
Mo., in 1859, and was appointed brigadier-general
in the Missouri state guards early in 1861, and in
the Confederate array in October of that year. He
was a most successful scout and partisan officer,
and achieved frequent successes by strategy and
daring against greatly superior forces. He was
held in high regard by Gen. Sterling Price and
Gen. Leonidas Polk, under both of whom he served.
He recruited his command personally, and, as a
rule, clothed, armed, and subsisted them without
expense to the Confederate government. He was
the inventor of a hemp-break, which is now in gen-
eral use, and an improved pistol-lock. He sur-
veyed, as civil engineer, the greater part of the
Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad and parts of the
Kansas and Nebraska road.
THOMPSON, Richard Wiggintoii, secretary
of the navy, b. in Culpeper county, Va., 9 June,
1809. He received a good education, and removed
in 1831 to Kentucky, whence, after serving as a
store-keeper's clerk
in Louisville, he
went to Lawrence
county, Ind. There
he taught for a few
months, and then
returned to mer-
cantile business, at
the same time stud-
ying law at night.
He was admitted
to the bar in 1834,
began to practise
in Bedford, Ind.,
and served in the
lower house of the
legislature in 1834-
'6, and in the upper
house in 1836-'a
He was for a short
time president, pro
tempore.pf the state
senate, and acting
lieutenant-governor. He was a presidential elector
on the Harrison ticket in 1840, zealously supporting
Gen. Harrison in public speeches and by his pen,
served in congress in 1841-'3, having been chosen
CylXOjAMry^JU/yty
as a Whig, and was a defeated candidate for elec-
tor on the Clay ticket in 1844. He served again in
congress in 1847-9, declining a renomination, and
also refused the Austrian mission, which was of-
fered him by President Taylor, the recordership of
the land-office, which FiUmore tendered him, and
a seat on the bench of the court of claims, which
President Lincoln urged him to accept. He was
again a presidential elector, on the Republican
ticket, in 1864, and delegate to. the National con-
ventions of that party m 1868 and 1876. In the
latter he nominated Oliver P. Morton for the presi-
dency. In 1867-9 he was judge of the 18th circuit
of the state. On 12 March, 1877. Mr. Thompson
entered President Hayes's cabinet as secretary of
the navy, and he served nearly through the admin-
istration, resigning in 1881 to become chairman of
the American committee of the Panama canal com-
pany. He is also a director of the Panama rail-
road. He has written many political platforms,
and obtained a reputation for his ability in formu-
lating party-principles. He has published " The
Papacy and the Civil Power" (New York, 1876),
and a " History of the Tariff" (Chicago, 1888).
THOMPSON, Robert ElHs, educator, b. in
Lurgan, Ireland, in the spring of 1844. Coming to
this country in his thirteenth year, he settled with
his parents in Philadelphia, and. entering the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, was graduated in 1865,
and in 1868 received the degree of A. M. In 1867
he was licensed to preach by the Reformed presby-
tery of Philadelphia, and in 1868 was chosen pro-
fessor of Latin and mathematics in the University
of Pennsylvania. He became professor of social
science in 1871, and in 1881 professor of history
and English literature, which chair he still holds.
Since 1870 he has given instruction in political
economy, and he is well known as an advocate of
protection to home industry. In 1884-'5 he lec-
tured at Harvard on protection and the tariff, and
in 1886-'7 he delivered a similar course at Yale.
In 1870 he became editor of the " Penn Monthly,"
then newly established, and continued such for ten
years. In 1880 a weekly supplement of notes on
current events was begun, which in October of that
year was expanded into " The American," a weekly
journal of literature, science, the arts, and public
affairs, which is still published in Philadelphia un-
der his editorship. In lH83-'5 he edited the first
two volumes of tne " Encyclopaedia Americana," a
supplement to the ninth edition of the " Encyclo-
pajuia Britannica," but, his health failing, he was
obliged to resign the remaining two volumes to
other hands. In 1870 Hamilton college conferred
on him the degree of Ph.D., and in 1887 he re-
ceived that of S. T. D. from the University of Penn-
sylvania. Prof. Thompson is the author of " Social
Science and National Economy " (Philadelphia,
1875 ; revised ed., 1876 ; partly rewritten, under the
title of "Elements of Political Economy," 1882),
and " Protection to Home Industry," his Harvard
lectures (New York, 1886).
THOMPSON, Smith, jurist, b. in Stanford,
Dutchess CO., N. Y., 17 Jan., 1768; d. in Pough-
keepsie, N. Y., 18 Dec., 1843. He was graduated at
Princeton in 1788, studied law with Chancellor
James Kent in Poughkeepsie, teaching part of the
time, and was admitted to the bar in 1792. He
practised for some time in Troy, but, on the re-
moval of Chancellor Kent from Poughkeepsie to
New York, Mr. Thompson returned to the former
place. In 1800 he was chosen to the legislature,
and in 1801 he was a delegate to the State consti-
tutional convention. In the latter year he was
appointed attorney for the middle district of New
THOMPSON
TIIOMI^SON
96
York, but declined. From 1802 till 1814 he was
•Mocinte justice of the state supreme court, mean-
while declining the mayoralty of New York city,
and in the latter year
he became chief jus-
tice, which iKwt he
held till he was called
in 1818 to the port-
folio of the navy in
President Monroe's
cabinet. In 1828 he
was raisetl to the
bench of the U. ^
supreme court, to
succeed Judpe Brock-
hoist Livingston,
where he remained
till his death. Judge
Thompson was inter-
estetl in many l)enev-
^ .jo ^^ olent enterprises, and
y ■// ^^ at the time of his
y^f/l/fA />7^yy^/fCOX death was the oldest
vice-president of the
American Hible society. He made a reputation for
sound legal learning on the bench oi his native
state, which he sustained in the U. S. supreme
court. His funeral sermon, which was delivered by
Rev. A. M. Mann, in the Reformed Dutch church,
Poughkeepsie, was published in pamphlet-form
(PoTighkeepsie, 1844). The vignette of Judge
Thomj)sou is copied from the original painting by
Aslier R. Durand. Yale and Princeton gave him
the (k'gr.'(' of liL, D. in 1824 and Harvard in 1835.
THOMPSON, Thomas, philanthropist, b, in
lioston, Mass., 27 Aug., 1798 ; d. in New York city,
28 March, 1869. He was graduated at Harvard m
1817, and studied divinity under William Ellery
Channing, but abandone<l it to devote himself to
the fine arts. His first collection of pictures, which
wjfcs said to lx> the finest in Boston at that time and
valued at $92,00(), was destroyed in the burning of
Tremont Temple in 1852. lie gathered another
collection worth $500,000, and, besides this, pos-
sessed property valued at nearly $1,000,000. He
had bequeathed this to form a fund the income of
which sliould be used to aid poor needle-women of
Boston, but because his property was taxed in that
city at what he thought an exorbitant rate, he re-
moved to New York about 1860. cancelled his will,
and made another in favor of the needle-women
of Brattleboro', Vt., and Rhinebeck, N. Y. Mr.
Thomps<in's mode of life was eccentric, and it is
said tnat liefore his removal from Boston he had
never travelled on a steamboat or a railroad.
THOMPSON, Thomas W, senator, b. in Bos-
ton, Mass., 15 March, 17<56; d. in Conconl, N. H.,
1 Oct., 1821. He was graduated at Harvard in
1786, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and
{)ractised in Salisbury from 17JK) till 1810, when
»e removed to Concord. He was a member of the
state house of representatives, and it« speaker in
1813-'14, served m congress in 1805-'7, and was
treasurer of his state in 1809. He was anpointe<I
U. .S. senator to fill the unexpired'term of Nicholas
Oilman, d»x'ease<l, and served from 19 Sept., 1814,
till 3 March, 1817. — Hiserandson. John Leverett,
soldier, b. in Plymouth, N. H., 2 Feb., 1835; d. in
Chicago. 111., 31 Jan., 1888, was the son of William
C. Thompson. He studied at Dartmouth and
Williams, and read law in Worcester, Mass.. and
poughkeepsie, N. Y., and then at Harvard law-
school, where he was gra<luate<l in 1858. He was
a<lmitted to the bar at Worcester, and continutnl
his studies in Berlin, Munich, and Paris. In 1860
he settled in Chicago, and at the opening of the
civil war enlisted a.s a private of artillery. He nwe
to l)e cor[K)ral, and was made lieutenant in the Ittt
Rhode Island cavalry, in which he was (commis-
sioned captain, 3 Dec, 1861 ; major. 3 July, 1862:
lieutenant-colonel <m 11 July; and colonel on 4
Jan., 186:1 In March, 1864, he took command of
the 1st New Hampshire cavalry. He served first
with the Army of the Potomac, and in 18(M with
Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley, taking {mrt in
many engagements, and at the close of the war re-
ceived the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers.
In 18<MJ he fonned a law-partnership with Norman
Williams. Gen. Thomps4)n was connectiKl with
the work of the Citizens' a.ssociation, and was presi-
dent <»f the Union leagtie club of Chicago.
THOMPSON, Waddy, lawver, b. in Pickens-
ville, S. C, 8 Sept.. 1798; d. in Tallahassee, Fla.,
23 Nov., 1868. lie was graduated at South Caro-
lina college in 1814 and admitted to the bar in
1819. He was a member of the legislature from
1826 till 1830, when he became solicitor of the west-
em circuit. During the nullification excitement
in 18^35 he was elected by the legislature brigadier-
general of militia. From 1835 till 1841 he was a
member of congres.s, and was active in deljate as a
leader of the Whig party, and serving in 1840 as
chairman of the committee on military affairs. In
1842 he was appointed mmister to Mexico. Dur-
ing his mission, he made two important treaties,
and procured the literation of more than 200
Texan prisoners, many of whom were sent home
at his own charge. On his return he published
*' Recollections of Mexico," which is valuable as a
calm estimate of that country written on the eve
of the war with the Unitetl States (New York, 1846).
He was a cotton-planter in Florida, but spent most
of his time after his return from Mexico on his
estate near Greenville, S. C.
THOMPSON, WlUiam, .soldier, b. in Ireland
about 1725; d. near Carlisle. Pa.. 4 Sept.. 1781.
He emigratetl to Pennsylvania, and in the French
and Indian war was captain of a troop of mounted
militia. When a battalion of eight companies was
recruited in Pennsylvania, after the fi^ht at Lex-
ington, he was placed in command, with the rank
of colonel. They were the first troops that were
raised on the demand of the Continental congress,
and they arrive<l at the camp in Cambridge, Mas.s.,
before i4 Aug.. 1775. On 10 Nov. this regiment
drove back a British landing- party at Lechmere
point. Thompson was made a brigadier-general
on 1 March, 1776, and on 19 March he relieved
Gen. Charles Ijee of the command of the forces at
New York. In April he was onlered to Canada to
re-enforce Gen. Jonn Thomas with four regiments,
w^hich were afterward increased to ten. He met
the remnant of the Northern army on its retreat
from C^uelxK-, and assumed the chief command
while Gen. Thomas w^as sick, yielding it up on 4
June to Gen. John Sullivan, by whose orders, two
days later, he made a disastrous attack on the
enemy at Trois Rivieres. He was there taken pris-
oner, and in August returne<l to Phila<lelphia on
parole, but was not exchanged for two vears.
THOMPSON, WnUam Tappan, humorist, b.
in Ravenna, Ohio. 31 Aug., 1M12; d. in Savannah,
Ga., 24 March, 1882. His father was a Virginian
and his mother a native of Dublin, Ireland, and
the son w.as the first white child that was born in
the Western Reserve. He lost his mother at the
age of eleven, and remove<l to Philadelphia with
his father, who died soon afterward, and the Iwi
entered the oflice of the Philadelphia "Chronicle."
This he left to become secretarv to James I). Wes-
96
THOMPSON
THOMSON
cott, territorial governor of Florida, with whom he
also studied law, but in 1835 he went to Augusta,
Ga.. and became associated with Judge Augustus
B. Longstreet in editing the " States Rights Senti-
nel." He served as a volunteer against the Semi-
noles in 1835-6, and in the autumn of the latter
year established at August* the " Mirror," the first
purely literary paper in the state. It was not a
financial success, and was merged in the " Family
Companion " at Macon, whither Mr. Thompson
removed. Afterward he conducted the " Miscel-
lany" in Madison, Qa., to which he contributed his
" Afajor Jones Letters," which first won him a repu-
tation, and which were afterward collected in book-
form as " Major Jones's Courtship " (Philadelphia,
1840 ; unauthorized ed., entitled " Rancy Cottem's
Courtship, by Major Joseph Jones"). In 1845 he
became associated with Park Benjamin in the pub-
lication at Baltimore of the " Western Continent,"
a weekly, of which he was afterward sole editor and
proprietor, but he sold it in 1850, and, removing to
Savannah, founded the " Morning News," with
which he remained connected till his death. Dur-
ing the civil war he was aide to Gov. Joseph E.
Brown, and in 1864 he served in the ranks as a vol-
unteer He was at one time one of the wardens of
the port of Savannah, sat in the State constitu-
tional convention of 1877, and was a delegate to the
National Democratic convention of 1868. His po-
litical editorials were forcible and often bitter, but
in private life he was simple and genial. His hu-
morous works at one time were widely popular.
Besides the one mentioned above, they include
"Major Jones's Chronicles of Pineville" (1843;
new and unauthorized ed., entitled " Major Jones's
Georgia Scenes ") ; " Major Jones's Sketches of
Travel " (1848); " The Live Indian," a farce ; and a
dramatization of " The Vicar of Wakefield," which
was produced with success in this country and
abroad. He also edited " Hotchkiss's Codification
of the Statute Laws of Georgia" (1845). After his
death another collection of his sketches was pub-
lished by his daughter, Mrs. May A. Wade, with
the title "John's Alive, or the Bride of a Ghost,
and other Sketches" (Philadelphia, 1883).
THOMPSON, Zadoc, naturalist, b. in Bridge-
water, Vt., 23 May, 1796 ; d. in Buriington, Vt, 19
Jan., 1850. He was graduated at the University
of Vermont in 1823, and became a tutor there in
1825. In addition to his teaching, he edited in
1828 the "Iris and Burlington Literary Gazette,"
and in 1832 " The Green Mountain Repository."
He issued an almanac as early as 1819, and subse-
quently made the astronomical calculations for the
" Vermont Registers," also for thirty-four years
those of " Walton's Registers." He removed in
1833 to Hatlev, Canada, and then to Sherbrooke,
where he taugKt, and, after studying theology, was
in 1835 made a deacon in the Protestant Episcopal
church. He returned to Burlington, Vt., in 1837,
and was given a chair in the Vermont Episcopal
seminary. Subsequently in 1845-'8 he hela the of-
fice of state geologist of Vermont and gathered in
Burlington a collection of more than 3.000 speci-
mens of the productions of the state, which on his
death became the property of the university. In
1851 he was called to the professorship of chemis-
try and natural history in the University of Ver-
mont, and in 1853 he was directed to make a survey
of the state, including its physical geography,
geology, mineralogy, botany, and general zoology,
upon which he was engaged at the time of his
death. He was sent as a commissioner from Ver-
mont to the World's fair in London in 1851, and
exhibited a collection of American woods, classified
according to their useful properties, for which he
received a bronze medal. In June, 1850, he deliv-
ered the annual address before the Boston society
of natural history on the " Geologv of Vermont.^'
Besides several text-books, Prof. Thompson pub-
lished •' Gazetteer of the State of Vermont " (>lont-
pelier, 1824) ; " History of the State of Vermont to
1832 " (Burlington, 1833); "History of Vermont,
Natural, Civil, and Statistical " (1841-53) ; " Guide
to Lake George, Lake Champlain, Montreal, and
Quebec " (1845) ; and the " Geography and Geology
of Vermont "(1848).
THOMSON, Alexander, jurist, b. in Frank-
lin county. Pa., 12 Jan., 1788; d. in Chambersburg,
Pa., 2 Aug., 1848. He was the son of Archibald
Thomson, a soldier in the war of the Revolution.
His parents having died when he was a child, he
was apprenticed at the age of fifteen to his uncle,
Andrew Thomson, a sickle-maker. Meanwhile he
found time for private study, and at the end of his
apprenticeship had a fair knowledge of Latin and
Greek, and English literature. His attainments
came under the notice of the Rev. Mr. Grier, father
of Justice Robert C. Grier of the U. S. supreme
court, whose family he entered as tutor, at the same
time pursuing his own studies. At the end of three
vears he left Northumberland for Bedford, where
he taught, and studied law. After his admission
to the bar he rose rapidly in his profession, was
elected to the Pennsylvania house of representa-
tives, and afterward chosen to congress to fill a va-
cancy, serving from December, 1824, till his resig-
nation in May, 1826. During his term he gave
much attention to the interests of the District of
Columbia, in recognition of which his portrait was
placed in the Washington city-hall. After his res-
ignation he was appointed city judge of Lancas-
ter, and soon afterward president-judge of the
16th judicial district, which post he occupied un-
til 1838. Judge Thomson was also professor in
the law-school of Marshall college, Lancaster, Pa.
— His son, William, surgeon, b. in Chambersburg,
Pa., 28 Jan., 1833, was educated in the Academy
of (Jhambersburg and under private tutors, and
was graduated at Jefferson medical college in 1855.
Soon afterward he had a lucrative practice at Lower
Merion, near Philadelphia, which he relinquished
in 1861 in order to enter the regular army as assist-
ant surgeon. He was with the Army of the Poto-
mac throughout the civil war, either in the field or
at Washington. For his services after the battle.of
South Mountain he received the thanks of Presi-
dent Lincoln. He originated two reforms for im-
proving the medical field service: the system of
brigade supplies, and the division hospital system.
Both these reforms were extended to all the armies
by the war department. He was raised to the post
of medical inspector of the Department of Wash-
ingtonjn 1864, received two brevets, and after the
war was sent to Louisiana, but he resigned from the
army, 25 Feb., 1866. Dr. Thomson introduced the
local use of carbolic acid as a disinfectant in the
treatment of wounds, published an article on the
treatment of hospital gangrene by bromine, and
was the first, in conjunction with Dr. William F.
Norris, successfully to apply the negative process
of photography by wet collodion in clinical micros-
copy. The Army medical museum has been large-
ly indebted to Dr. Thomson for its success, and in
its catalogue he is nientioned as the largest con-
tributor both of papers and specimens. Since his re-
tirement from the army Dr. Thomson has practised
his profession in Philadelphia. He w»»s elected vice-
f resident of the ophthalmological section of the
nternational medical congress that met in Philadel-
THOMSON
THOMSON
97
I
phiA in 1870, has lectured at Wills hospital on dis-
eases of the eye for many years, and was elected
its emeritus 8ur{^M)n in 1H77. lit* has bt'oii clinical
lecturer on diseaaeM of the eye and ear in Jefferson
medical college since 1873, and ophthalmic sur-
feon to the college hospital since 1877. Among
is im|M)rtant contributions to medical literature
are a series of |)a()er8 published in the " American
Journal of the Me<lical Sciences," in conjunction
with Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, on the use of the ophthal-
moscope in the diagnosis of intracranial tumors,
And clinical reixirts of cases of severe and pn)-
lonped hwwlacne, dejwndent upon astigmatism,
which have Ixhsii relieve<l by the correction of opti-
cal defiK'ls. He revise<l the section on disea-ses and
injuries of the eve in Dr. Samuel D. Gross's "Sys-
tem of Surgery,'' and has invented a new metho<l
of diagnosinij and correcting ametropia by means
of a simple instrument, which is now in general
use among ophthalmological surgeons in this coun-
try and Kuroj)e. — Alexander's youngest son. Frank,
railway su|M>rintendent, b. in Chaml)ersburg, Pa.,
5 July, 1841. was educated at Chamlwrsburg acad-
emy, and in ISTiS began to learn the railway busi-
ness in the Pennsylvania railroad company's shops
«t Alto<ina. Col. Thomas A. Scott appointed him
to a responsible position in the U. S. military rail-
way system early in 1861, and he was sent to Alex-
anaria, Va., whore he assisted in rebuilding bridges
and restoring shops, machinery, and rolling st(K'k.
On 1 July, 18(52, he was transferretl to Gen. Don
Carlos Huell's army, but, after accompanying it
during its march through Kentucky, he returned
to the Army of the Potomac. He was then en-
gaged in directing the lines of railroad that played
an important imrt in the Antietam campaign, and
was subseijuently made assistant superintendent of
the lines south of Acquia creek. He co-operated
with Col. Scott in removing the 11th and 12th
corps, with their full equipment of artillery and
wagons, to Chattanooga, and was afterward given
control of the lines south of Nashville, which he
rendered ca{>able of transmitting sufficient re-en-
forcements and supplies to relieve the National
army from its embarrassments, and enable it to
assume the offensive. He resigned from the mili-
tary serWce in 1864, and on 1 June of that year
became superintendent of the eastern division of
the Philmlelphia and Erie railroad. While hold-
ing this otTice he organized a system of track-in-
spection which was adopted by the entire road,
and made improvements in the construction of the
roatlway. In 1873 he was made suj)erintendent of
motive power on the Pennsylvania railroad, and in
1874 l)e(.'aine its general manager.
THOMSON, Charles, natriot, b. in Maghcra,
County Derry, Ireland, 29 Nov., 1729; d. in Lower
Merion, Montgomery co., Pa., 16 Aug., 1824. He
was brought to this country with three other
brothers by his father in 1740. The father die<l
just in siglit of land, and the young Thomsons
were thrown on their own resources when' they
landed at New Castle, Del. An elder brother, who
had emigratetl before them, gave them such aid as
he could, and jH-rsuaded a countryman. Dr. Francis
Allis<m, to take Charles into his seminary in New
London, Pa. Here he miwle rapid pmgress, and while
yet little more than a lx)y ne was chosen to con-
duct a Friends' acatlemy at New Castle. He often
visited Philadelphia, met Benjamin Franklin there,
and was brought to the notice of many other emi-
nent men. His reputation for veracity was spread
even among the Imlian trills, and when the Dela-
waros adopted him into their nation in 1756 they
called him in their tongue "man of truth." Kev.
TOL. VI. — 7
XpAy»/Zn4ryyv4
<7>t^
Ashbel Green, in his autobiography, sajrK that it
was common to say that a statement was "as true
as if Charles Thomson's name was to it." He wis
one of the first to take his stand with the colonists,
an<l he exercised iminense influence, owing to the
confidence of the j)eo-
ple in his ability and
integrity. He travel-
led through the coun-
try ascertaining the
wishes of the farmers,
and trying to learn
whether they would
be e<iual to the ap-
proaching crisis. "He
was the Sam Adams
of Philadelphia," said
John Adams, " the life
of the cause of lil)er-
ty." He had iust come
to Philadel|)liia in
September, 1774, with
his bride.a daughterof
Richard Harrison, of
Pennsylvania, when
he learned that he
had been unanimously
chosen secretary of the 1st Continental congress.
" He was the soul of that political l>ody," says
AbW Robin, the chaplain of RochamlH'au. He
would receive no jmy for his first year's services,
and congress presented his wife with a silver urn.
which is still preserved in the family. He remaine<l
in this post under every congress up to 1789, not
only keeping the records but taking copious notes
of its proceedings and of the progress of the Revo-
lution. When he retired into i)rivate life he made
these notes the basis of a history of the Revolution,
but he destroye<l the manuscript some time before
his death, as he feared that a description of the
unpatriotic conduct of some of the colonists at that
period would give pain to their descendants. Mr.
Thomson wrote "An Enquiry into the Causes of
the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawaneese
Indians, etc.. with Notes by the E<litor on Indian
Customs" (Ijondon, 1759), and "The Holy Bible,
containing the Old and New Covenant, commonly
called the Old and New Testament; translated
from the Greek [the Old Covenant from the Septu-
agint]" (4 vols., Philadelphia, 1808). This work is
now \-ery rare. It contained the first English ver-
sion of the Septuagint that ha<l been published at
the time, and was considered by biblical scholars
in Great Britain to have reflected high honor on
American scholarship His own copy of this trans-
lation, with his last manuscript corrections, is in
the Philiwlelphia library. He also publishe<l " A
.Synopsis of the Four Evangelists, or a Repilar
History of the Conception, Birth, Doctrine, Mira-
cles, Death, Resurrection, and Ascension of Jesus
Christ, in the Wonls of the Evangelists" (Phila-
delphia, 1815), and left in manuscript "Critical
Annotations on Gilbert Wakefield's Works," which
were presentnl in 18!52 by John F. Watstvn to the
Massachusett-s historical society. — His relative,
WiHiam, soldier, b. in Pennsylvania in 1?27: d.
in Sweet Springs, Va,, 22 Nov., 1796, is said in
some Irish biographies to Ik? the brother of Charles,
to have lieen hewn in Maghera, Ireland, al)out 1726,
and alx>ut fourteen years old when he arrived in
this country. He was taken to South Carolina bv
some friends of his family, was brought up as a
frontiersman, and iKtrame famous in the district
for his skill with the rifle. He fought against the
Regulators in 1771, at the head of a regiment under
98
THOMSON
THOMSON
Gov, William Tryon. He wjis sherifif of Orange-
burg in 1772, and was elected a member of the first
provincial legislature, and the first state conven-
tion. He was appointed colonel in 1775 of the 3d
South Carolina regiment, which was known as the
llangers. His soldiers were all skilful marksmen,
and he dispersed the guerillas of Gen. Robert
('unningham, the Tory leader. He fought at its
head at Charleston in 1776, driving the English
back from the eastern side of Sullivan's island, and
w)is formally thanked for this service by Gov. John
Itutledge and congress. He also servccl with Gen.
Robert Howe in Georgia, was engaged with his
command in the attack on Savannah under Count
d'Estain^ and Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, and was
taken prisoner after the capture of Charleston. He
served afterward under tne command of Gen.
Nathanael Greene. He displayed the greatest
bravery during the war, and at the end of it was
broken both in health and fortunes. He was elected
sheriff of Orangeburg a second time, and was a
member of the State constitutional convention.
Thomson was engaged in the occupation of an
indigo-planter until 1786, when, seeking to benefit
his declining health, he visited the mineral springs
in Virginia, where he died.
THOMSON, Charles West, poet, b. in Philadel-
phia, Pa., in 1798; d. in York, Pa., 17 April, 1879.
lie wiis of Quaker parentage, but became a minis-
ter of the Protestant Episcopal church, and in
1849 he was appointed rector of the church in
York, Pa., which post he resigned in 1866. His
principal works are " The Limner," prose sketches
(Philadelphia, 1822); "The Phantom Barge, and
other Poems " (1822) ; " Ellinor, and other Poems "
(1826); "The Sylph, and other Poems "(1828); and
" The Love of Home, and other Poems " (1845).
He was also a contributor to periodicals.
THOMSON, Edward, M. E. bishop, b. in Portsea,
part of Portsmouth, England, 12 Oct., 1810; d. in
Wheeling, W. Va., 21 March, 1870. When he was
seven years old his parents emigrated to the United
States and settled in Wooster, Ohio. His father
was a druggist, and this directed Edward's atten-
tion to the study of medicine, which he pursued at
the University of Pennsylvania. He united with
the Methodist church, 29 April, 1832, the next
year was licensed to exhort, and in tiie following
July was recommended for admission into the an-
nual conference. He was received in September
and united with his former pastor upon the Nor-
walk circuit. From the fii"st his great abilities
were apparent. In 1836 he was stationed at De-
troit, where Lewis Cass, governor of the state,
though a Presbyterian, was among his hearers.
While there he married a daughter of Mordecai
Bartley, member of congress, and afterward gov-
ernor of the state. In 1837 he became principal
of a seminary at Norwalk, where his success was
so great that in 1843 he was offered the chancellor-
ship of Michigan university, and the presidency
of Transylvania college. In 1844 he was elected
editor of the " Ladies' Repository " by the general
conference. He was re-elected to this post in 1848,
but was immediately called to the presidency of
Ohio university, where he remained until 1860,
when he was elected editor of the " Christian Advo-
cate." Here he remained for four years, success-
ful in spite of much opposition. In 1864 he was
elected bishop, which ofiice he filled until his death.
He attained high rank as a lecturer and editor,
and wrote much for periodicals and papers. He
was a profound student, very absent-minded, and
preferred the seclusion of a college to the episcopal
office; but, notwithstanding this, he was among
the most eminent of those that have filled it
Indiana Asbury (now De Pauw) university gave
him the degree of D. D. in 1846, and Wesleyan
that of LL. I), in 1855. Bishop Thomson pub-
lished " Educational Essays " (new ed., Cincinnati,
1856); "Moral and Religious Essays" (1856);
"Biographical and Incidental Sketches" (1856);
" Letters from Europe " (1856) ; and " Letters from
India, China, and Turkey " (2 vols., 1870).
THOMSON, Elihu, electrician, b. in Manches-
ter, England, 29 March, 1853. He came to this
country in 1858, and was graduated at the Central
high-school in Philadelphia in 1870. He studied
chemistry in an analytical laboratory, but was
soon called to assist in the chemical department of
the high-school, which place he held until 1876,
when he was made full professor of chemistry and
physics in that institution. Meanwhile, in 18*75, he
had been chosen professor of chemistry in the Ar-
tisan's night-school in Philadelphia, and during
the winter of 1876-7 he began a series of lectures
on electricity at the Franklin institute. For sev-
eral years he studied very closely the subject of
electricity, with its special application to artificial
illumination, and in 1880 he was appointed elec-
trician to the American electric company of New
Britain, Conn. He at once devoted himself to in-
venting, and nearly 200 patents relating to arc
lighting, incandescent lighting, motor work, induc-
tion systems, and similar applications have resulted.
For the development of these inventions the Thom-
son-Houston electric company was organized, and
located its plant in Lynn, Mass. Prof. Thomson
has also invented the system of electric welding,
which he placed in the hands of a corporation, and
it has now become an established industry. He is
a member of the American philosophical society
and the American academy of arts and sciences,
and vice-president of the American institute of
electrical engineers, and has contributed technical
papers to the societies of which he is a member.
THOMSON, Frederick Bordine, missionary,
b. in New Brunswick, N. J., 5 Nov., 1809 ; d. in
Berne. Switzerland, 3 March, 1847. He was gradu-
ated at Rutgers in 1831, and at New Brunswick
theological seminary in 1834, and in 1837 sailed
for Singapore as a missionary of the Dutch Re-
formed church. He remained there till 1839, was
then in Batavia, Java, till 1841, and afterward in
Karangan, Borneo, till 1846, when feeble health
forced him to leave his post. He published a
" Dyak Hymn- Book," the first printed book in that
language (1844), and "Brown's Catechism " in Dyak
(1845), and translated into the same tongue the
gospel of St. Matthew and the first twenty chap-
ters of Genesis. He left an unfinished work on
" The Economy of Missions."
THOMSON, James Bates, educator, b. in
Springfield, Vt., 21 May, 1808; d. in Brooklyn,
N. Y.,-22 June, 1883. He worked on his father's
farm in summer, attending a district school in
winter, till 1824, when he began to teach. He was
graduated at Yale in 1834, and was principal of an
academy at Nantucket, Mass., from 1835 to 1842.
He then went to Auburn, N. Y., and at the request
of President Day, of Yale, published an abridg-
ment of Day's algebra for the use of schools. He
began in 1843 to organize and extend teachers'
institutes and similar gatherings, and was actively
engaged in this work for the next four or five
years. In 1845 he assisted in the organization of
the New York state teachers' association, and was
elected its president. He removed ^to the city of
New York in 1846, and resided there and in Brook-
lyn till 1868, when he took up his permanent resi-
THOMSON
THOMSON
99
denfe in llu- latter city. Uo rocoivwl the (lpjrn*e
(if lAi. I>. fmru Hamilton college in IK*):), nntl fmni
t lie I'ni versily of Tenncs.st»e in 1H82. M r. Thomson
HtUiimxl conHidt'rablp rt^putation ai< a concliolo^ist.
He |)ublitihe<l a very successful series of nmthomati-
cal works, his arithmetical works alone having a
Bale of about 100,000 copies annually. His books
include "St^hool Alffehra" (New Haven, 1843); a
series of arithmetics (New York, 184.V52); and
" Aritliiiu'tical Analysis" (18.'>4).
THCKMSON, John Edfrar, civil engineer, b. in
Si.rin^'fi.'ld, Delaware co., Pa., 10 Feb., 180«; d. in
l*hiladel|>hia, I'a., 27 May, 1874. He was the son
of John Thomson, the engineer who planned the
first ex()erimental railnwd in the Unite<l States, and
was thoroughly trained and t>ducate<l in the pro-
fession by his father. In 1827 he bt^gan his own
career in the engineering corps that was employed
up<m the original surveys of the Philadelphia and
Columbia railroa<l, having received his ai>i)oint-
ment from the secretary of the board of canal com-
missioners of Pennsylvania, and three years later
he entered the service of the Camden and Amboy
railroad as principal assistant engineer of the east-
ern divfsion. In 1832 he was appointed chief en-
gineer of the Georgia railroad, which then con-
trolled the longest line under a single company in
this country, and later he was its general manager.
In 1847 he became chief engineer of the Pennsyl-
vania railroml, and in 18.52 Tie was made its presi-
dent, which ofTice he held until his death. Mr.
Thomson took chief charge of the road before it
was finished, and during the twenty-eight years of
his administration dividends were regularly paid
on the stock with the exception of a single semi-
annual dividend in 1857. When his jiresidency
l)egan, the Peimsvlvania company owiuhI 240 miles
of road and had'a capital of $13,000,000; and it
has since become a corporation controlling 2,346
miles of railroad and 66 miles of canal, with a capi-
tal of $150,000,000. Mr. Thomson possessed re-
markable engineering ability and executive skill.
He was connected with other railroad enterprises in
various parts of the country, and was a director in
many companies.
THO.HSOX, John Renshaw, senator, b. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 25 Sept., 1800; d. in Princeton,
N. J., 13 Sept., 1862. He studied for some time at
Princeton, but left without taking his degree, in
order to pursue a commercial career. He went to
China in 1817, and in 1820 had regularly estab-
lishe<l himself in the Chinese tratle, and opene<l a
house in Canton, where President Monroe appoint-
ed him U. S. consul in 182Ji. He returned to the
Unitwl States in 1825, married a sister of Com.
Robert F. Stockton, and resided at Princeton. He
was appointed a director of the Camden and Am-
boy railroad in 1835. which office he held during
his lifetime. He canva.ssed the state in 1842 in
support of the Constitutional convention that met
in 1844, and was nominated the same year for gov-
ernor by the Demcwratic party, but .was defeated.
On the resignation of Com. Stockton as U. S. sena-
tor in 185Ji, Mr. Thomson was elected for the re-
mainder of the term, and he was re-elected in 1857
for six years. His second wife was a daughter of
Gen. Aaron Ward, and after Mr. Thomson's death
she marrii'd Gov. Thonias Swann of Maryland.
THOMSON, Mortimer, humorist, b.' in Riga,
Monroe co., N. Y.. 2 Sept., I»i2 ; d. in New York
city, 25 June, 1875. He was taken to Ann Arlxir,
Mich., by his narents in childhood, and entered the
University of Michigan, but was ex|K*lled, with
about forty others, for Ijelonging to college secret
societies. After going on the stage, and then travel-
ling asasaleMman for a New York firm, he adopted
journalism lis a profession. He wai« first brought
into notice by his letters from Niagara Falls, in the
New York "Tribune," and he also wrote rhymed
i>olice-court repfirts, and a series of sketches of New
York fortune-tellers, which was aft«-rward nul>-
lished in book-form as "The Witches of New
Y<»rk " (New York, 1859). His rejKtrt of the Pierre-
Butler sale of slaves at Savannah, (Ja., alK>ut 18.'i9,
(X-cupiwl several pages of the " Tribune," and was
re|)rinte<l in the other daily fwipers, translated into
several foreign languages, and circulated by the
Anti-slavery s«K'iety as a tract. During alxmt eight
years he delivered many |>oi>ular lectures, includ-
ing one in rhyme on " Pluck " and one on " Cheek "
in prose. His wife was a daughter of Mrs. Parton,
" Panny Fern." Thomson's IxKjks, as well as most
of his fugitive writings, an|>eared under the rien-
nameof "Q. K. Philaiuler Hocsticks. P. B.," which
had been given him by the editor of a university
magazine to which his earliest contributions were
made. Thomson afterward a*serte<l that it signi-
fied "Queer Kritter, Philander I)oe.sticks, Perfect
Brick.' His works include " Doesticks — What he
Says "(New York, 1855); "Plu-ri-bus-tah: a Song
that's by No Author," a travesty of Longfellow's
" Hiawatha " (1856) : " History and Records of the
Elephant Club," with " Knight Russ Ockside,
M. I)." (Edward F. Underbill); "Nothing to Say,
being a Satire on Snobbery " (1857) ; and several
smaller humorous collections.
THOMSON, Samuel, physician, b. in Alstead,
N. H., 9 Feb., 1769; d. in Boston, Mass.. in 1843.
He was the originator of the so-called Thomso-
nian system of medicine. He published " Materia
Medica and Family Physician (AUianv); "New
(luide to Health, and Family Physician'' (new e<l.,
London, 1849); and his " fiife and Metlical Dis-
coveries" (Boston. 1825; enlarged ed., 185^2).
THOMSON, WHllam MoUriire, clergyman, b.
in Springfield (now .Sjiring Dale) near Cincinnati,
Ohio, 31 Dec, 1806. He was graduated at Miami
university, Ohio, in 1826, studied at Princeton theo-
logical seminary in 182()-'7. and was ordained as
an evangelist by the presbytery of Cincinnati on
12 Oct., 1831. He was sent as a missionary to
Syria and Palestine in 1833, remained there until
1§49, and was afterward again in the Holv Land
from J850 till 1857 and from 1859 till 1876. He
is at present a resident of New York city. Dr.
Thomson is accepted as an authority in the de-
partment of archavlogical research, to which he has
devoted himself. His works, besides being great
aids to the verification of facts that are related in
the Scriptures, and giving evidence of profound
learning and critical acumen, have a decidetl liter-
ary value from his skill in reproducing the local
color and types and working them into artistic
f»ictures of the past and present life of the Holy
jand. He has written "The Ijand and the Book,
or Biblical Illustrations drawn from the Manners
and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery of the Holy
Land" (2 vols.. New York, 1859; L'ondon. 1860;
new ed., with the results of recent explorations, 3
vols., 1880-'6),and " The I^and of Promise: Travels
in Modem Palestine, illustrative of Biblical His-
tory, Manners, and Customs" (New York. 1866),
and has contributed articles to the " Bibliothecs
Sacra "and the "American Biblical Refjository."
—His cousin, Samnel Harrison, clergyman, b.
in Nicholas county, Ky., 26 Aug., 1813 ; d. in
Pasedena, Cal., 2 Sept.', 1882, was graduated at
Hanover college, Ind., in 18JJ7, an<l was elected
Erofessor of mathematics there in 1844. In 1857
e was ordained a minister in the Presbyterian
100
THORBURN
THOREAU
church, and the rest of his life was devoted to
teaching in the colleges of his denomination or to
literary pursuits. He published " The Mosaic Ac-
count of the Creation (1852) ; •' Geology an Inter-
Breter of Scripture "; and pamphlets on " Human
iiniravitv " (1874) and " Our Fall in Adam " (1876).
THORBURN, Grant, merchant, b. in Dalkeith,
near Edinburgh, Scotland, 18 Feb., 1773; d. in
New Haven. Conn., 21 Jan., 1863. He early en-
tered his father's business of nail-making, and be-
came so expert that he is said to have made with
his own hands in a single day. between 6 a. m.
and 9 p. m., 3.221 nails. In 1792 he Ixjcame in-
volved in a political movement concerning parlia-
mentary reforms, and was charged with trejison,
but he was released on bail and soon afterward
emigrated to New York, where he arrived on 16
June, 1794. At first he continued his old trade of
nail-making, but in 1801 he engaged in the grocery
trade, and he finally established himself in the seed
business in Newark, N. J. This proved unsuccess-
ful, but, on removing his business to New York
city, he acquired a handsome fortune. In 1854 he
retired from active trade and settled at first in
Astoria, N. Y., and then in Winsted, Conn. The
house he founded is continued imdcr the style of
James M. Thorburn and Co. He was noted for
his charity, and during the epidemic of yellow
fever in 1798 he and his wife remained in the city,
devoting themselves to the care of the victims. Un-
der the pen-name of Lawrie Todd he contributed
to the " Knickerl)ocker Magazine," the " New York
Mirror," and more than twenty other papers, prin-
cipally concerning his reminiscences of New York
citv at the beginning of the present century. His
Sublications in book- form included " Forty Years'
Residence in America " (Boston, 1834) ; " Men and
Manuel's in Great Britain" (New York, 1834);
" F'ifty Years' Reminiscences of New York " (1845) ;
" Lawrie Todd's Hints to Merchants, Married Men,
and Bachelors " (1847) ; " Lawrie Todd's Notes on
Virginia, with a Chapter on Puritans, Witches, and
Friends" (1848); "Life and Writings of Grant
Thorburn " (1852) ; and " Supplement to the Life
of Grant Thorburn " (1853). His experiences fur-
nished the novelist John Gait with the incidents
described in his " Lawrie Todd, or Settlers in the
New World" (London, 1830). See "A Bone to
Gnaw for Grant Thorburn," by William Carver
<New York, 1836).
THORBURN, James, Canadian phvsician, b.
in Queenston, Ont., 21 Nov., 1830. His father
was for many years a member of the Dominion
parliament. The son was educated at Toronto
university and at Edinburgh university, where he
was graduated as a physician in 1855. He has
practised in Toronto, where he is surgeon-major
of the Queen's own rifles, and nrofessor of phar-
macology and therapeutics in Toronto university.
He is also consulting surgeon of Toronto general
hospital, physician of the boys' hospital, and con-
nected with other institutions, both charitable and
financial, in his capacity as a physician. He has
contributed articles on medical and other subjects
to journals, and published "Manual of Life In-
surance Examination " (Toronto, 1887).
THORBURN, John, educator, b. near Biggar,
Lanarkshire, Scotland, 10 Oct., 1830. He was edu-
cated at Edinburgh university in 1855, became
classical master in the Western institution in that
city, and came to Canada in 1856. In 1860 he was
appointed principal of St. Francis college, Rich-
mond, and its professor of classics, and in 1862 he
became heml master of the grammar-school (now
the collegiate institution) at Ottawa, which post he
x^<^ t:^.^}^7j5ay^
held for about twenty years. In 1882 he was ap-
Eointed librarian to the geological and natural
istory survev of Canada, and the same year he
was appointed by the government a member of the
board of civil-service examiners. He was president
of the Ottawa literary and scientific society, pre-
pared for the department of militia a scheme for
entrance examination into the military college at
Kingston, and has been active in other respects as
an educator. He received the degree of M. A. from
McGill university in 1860. and that of LL. D. from
Queen's university, Kingston, in 1880.
THOREAU, Henry David, author, b. in Con-
cord, Mass.. 12 July, 1817: d. there, 6 May, 1862.
His grandfather, John Thoreau, came from St.
Helier. a parish in the island of Jersey, about 1773,
and moved from
Boston to Concord
in 1800. Henry,
the third of four
children, went to
school in Boston
for a little more
than a year, then at-
tended the schools
in Concord, fitted
for college at a
private school, en-
tered Harvard in
1833. and was grad-
uated in 1837, a
fair scholar but
not eminent. The
family being in
humble circum-
stances, the father
was assisted in paying his small expenses by the
boy's aunts, his elder sister, who was then teaching,
the beneficiary fund of the college, and Henry's
own exertions at school-keeping. Thoreau after-
ward led a literary life, writing, lecturing, reading,
and meeting his modest physical needs by surveying,
pencil-making, engineering, and carpentering. He
was never married, and never left Concord except
for a leeturing-tour, or a pedestrian excursion.
Cities he disliked ; civilization he did not believe in.
Nature was his passion, and the wilder it was the
more he loved it. He was a fine scholar, especially
in Greek, translated two of the tragedies of ^schy-
lus, was intimate with the Greek anthology, and
knew Pindar, Simonides, and all the great lyric
poets. In English poetry he preferred Milton 'to
Shakespeare, and was more familiar with the writers
of the 17th century than with modem men. He
was no mean poet himself ; in fact, he possessed
the essential quality of the jX)et — a soaring imagi-
nation. He possessed an eye and an ear for
beauty, and had he been gifted with the power of
musical expression, would nave been distinguished.
No corhplete collection of his pieces has ever been
made or could be, but fragments are exquisite.
Emerson said that his poem on " Smoke " sur-
passed any by Simonides. That Thoreau was a
man of aspiration, a pure idealist, reverent, spirit-
ual, is plain from his intimacy with Bronson Al-
cot and Emerson, the latter of whom spoke these
words at his funeral : " His soul was made for the
noblest society ; he had in a short life exhausted
the capabilities of this world ; wherever there is
knowledge, wherever there is virtue, wherever there
is beauty, he will find a home." His religion was
that of the transcendentalists. The element of
negation in it was large, and in his «ase conspicu-
ous and acrid. Horace Greeley found fault with his
" defiant pantheism," and an editor struck out the
THOREAU
TlIOllFINN
101
I
following ptwM^ from a contribution: "It [the
pine-tree] is as immortal as I am, and, |)cn.-hanc-e.
will go U> as high a heaven, there to tower alK)ve
me still." His (hx-trinu was that of individualism.
Therein iRMlifferwl from Emerson, who was sympa-
thetic and bepan at the divine end. Thoreau began
with the ground and reasoned up. He saw beauty in
ashes, and "never chanced to nu»et with any man
so cheering and elevating and encouraging, so In-
flnitelv suggestive, as the stillness and solitude of
the Well-meadow field." He aimed at becoming
elemental and s]M)ntaneous. He wrote hvmns to
the night ({uite in the pagan fashion, flis very
aptitudes brought him in contact with the earth.
His aspect suggesteil a faun, one who was in the
secret of the wilderness. Mr. Sanborn, his friend
and biographer, thus describes him : " He is a little
under size, with a huge Emersonian nose, bluish-
gray eyes, brown hair, and a ruddy weather-l)eaten
lace, which reminds one of some shrewd and hon-
est animal's — some retired philosophical woodchuck
or magnanimous fox." Another friend mentions
bis slo[)ing shoulders, his long arms, his large hands
and feet. " I fancy,"' he wrote, " the saving that
man was created a little lower than the angels
should have been a little lower than the animals."
Ho built a hut on the shore of Walden pond in 1845,
and lived there, with occasional absences, about two
years and a half. He built on Emerson's land,
though he hml wished to build elsewhere. The house
hml no lock to the door, no curtain to the window.
It belonged to nature as much as t<j man, and to
all men as much as to any one. When Thoreau
left it, it was bought by a Scotch gardener, who
carried it off a little way and used it as a cottage.
Then a farmer bought it, moved it still farther
away, and converted it into a tool-house. A pile of
stones marks the site of Thoreau's hut. He went
into the woods, not because he wished to avoid his
fellow-men, as a misanthrope, but because ho want-
ed to confront Nature, to deal with her at first
hand, to leatl his own life, to meet primitive con-
ditions ; and having done this, he abandoned the
enterprise, recommending no one to try it who had
not " a pretty good supply of internal sunshine.
... To live alone comfortably, he ipust have that
self-comfort which rays out of Nature — a portion
of it at least." At Walden he labore<l, studied,
meditated, edited his first book, the " Week," and
gauged his genius. He redeemed and consecrated
the spot. The refusal to pay taxes, and his conse-
quent imprisonment, were due to a more sj>ecific
cause — namely, his dissent from the theory of
human government and from the practice of the
American state, which supported slavery. He stood
simply and plainly on the rights and duty of the
indiviilual. The act was heroic as ho perform^
it, and, when read by the light of his philosophy,
was consistent. Thoreau was anything but sour,
surly, or morose. He could sing, and even dance,
on occasion. He was sweet with children ; fond of
kittens ; a sunbeam at home : the best of brothers,
gentle, patient, helpful. Those he loved he gave
his heart to, and if they were few it was perhaps
because his affections were not as expansive as they
were deep. But ho showed little emotion, having
leanied, like the Indian, to control his feelings.
He cultivated stoicism. He had the pride as well
as the conceit of egotism, and while the latter gave
most offence to those who did not know him well,
the former was the real cause of his conduct Tho-
ri'au ha<l no zeal of authorship, yet he wrote a great
deal, and left a .mass of manuscripts, mostly in
prose, for he produciHl very few verses after he was
thirty years old. The " Dial," the " Democratic Re-
view," " Uraham's Magazine," " The Union Maga-
zine,"" Putnam's Magazine," the " Atlantic Month-
ly," the "Tribune," all contained contributions
from him. Every volume of the " Dial " had s<*me-
thing : the third volume many articles. The estay
on " Resistance to Civil Uovernmeiit " was printed
in "-Esthetic l'a|)ers." Only two of the seven vol-
umes of his printed works ap()eared in his lifetime —
"A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers"
(Boston, 1849) and " Walden, or Life in the Woods"
il854). The others are " Excursions in Field and
i'orest," with a memoir by Ralph Waldo Emerson
(1863); "The Maine WooUs" (1804); "Ca(>eCfxi"
(1865); "Letters to Various Persons," with nine
poems (1865) ; and " A Yankee in Canada," with
anti-slavery and reform papers (1866). His life
has been written by William Ellery Channing un-
der the title " The Poet- Naturalist " (1873), and by
Franklin B. Sanlxjm in the " American Men of
Letters " series ^1882). The former is a rhapsody
rather than a biography, and is largely coin|>osed
of extracts from Thoreau's journals, which had
never seen the light before. It also contains a full
list of his publications.
THORFINN, Scandinavian navigator, b. in
Norway ; d. in Gloemboeland, Iceland, after 1016.
He was surnamed Karlsefn, which signifies one
that is destined to become a great man. He was
one of the wealthiest and most iK)werful nobles of
the three northern kingdoms, and several of his
ancestors had been kings. He went to Greenland
from Norway in 100($, bringing with him two ves-
sels. Hero he marrieil Gudrida, the widow of
Thorstein, who persuaded him to organize an ex-
pedition to Vinland. With three ships and 160
men and women, besides a supplv of cattle. Thor-
finn and his companions set sail from Ericsfiord
in the spring of 1007, and finally were driven by
the polar current and a north wind toward Hel-
luland (prolmbly Newfoundland). They next came
in sight of Markland (Nova Scotia), and then of
an island (probably Antic«isti), on which some
of them landed and kilktl a bear. Therefore they
called it Bjarnar, or Bearsland. The sagas are
somewhat vague as to the route that they fol-
lowed afterward, but it is probable that in their
search after the grave of Thorvald they sailed
along the New England coast. They touched at
CajK) Kjalarnes, for mention is made of the keel
which was set up there three years l)efore ; but
they did not discover the tomb of the son of Eric,
although some of his companions must have been
among the crew of Thorfinn. After leaving
Kialarnes they saiUnl past Cape C(k1, which they
called Funlustrandir, or Wonderst rands, l>ecau'-">
they saw there sand-hills and long and narr.-w
shores, and it was " long to sail by." Thorfinn
soon put two scouts on shore, who were orderwl to
explore the country to the southwest. They re-
turned after three days, bringing some bunches of
graties and ears of wheat. Next the Northmen
ancnored in a deep bay, which they called Straumf-
jord, on account of its currents, and they then
reached an island frequentwi by eider-ducks in
^reat numl)ers. They named it Straumev, and it *
IS supposed to be either Martha's Vineyanf or Nan-
tucket. They wintered at Straumfjt)rd. and, re-
stilving to plant their settlement on its shores,
landed their flix-ks, built l)ooths, and spent the
spring in cultivating the land, fishing, and explor-
ing tne country. But when the next winter came
their resources were nearly exhausted, and Thor-
finn was deserted by some of his companions.
With his two remaining vessels he sailed for Ijeifs-
budir, probably in Mount Hope bay, and estab-
102
THORFINN
TIIORNDIKE
lished there the settlement of Thorflnnsbudir. One
morning, about a fortnight afterward, he saw the
bay crowded with little boats, containing men of a
blackish color, with flat faces and big eyes. They
were the Skraelings (Esquimaux), say the sagas.
They raised aloft long poles with which they made
a hissing sound by moving them rapidly in the
air. " What do you think of this f " said Thorflnn
to Snorre. " I think it means peace, and the
white shield should be held up.' So the white
shield of peace was raised. The Es(|uimaux ap-
proached, gazed curiously a moment on the North-
men, and then disappeared behind the promon-
tory. But they returned in the spring of 1009
in such numbers that the bay looked to their
eyes as if covered with lumps of coal. The whites
traded with the natives, bartering red cloth for
skins and furs, and, when the cloth was gone,
Thorflnn directed the women to offer the savages
milk porridge, which pleased them so well that
they no longer wished for any other food, "and
so, says the saga of Thorflnn, "they carried in
their bellies the results of a barter that the Scan-
dinavians put carefully aside to load their ships
with." Meanwhile, to be ready for a surprise, he
surrounded the little colony with a palisade. In
the autumn there was born to Thorflnn a son, who
was named Snorre, and was in all probability the
first child of European parentage born within the
limits of the present United States. The Skrae-
lings did not return until the beginning of winter,
but they came then in larger numbers than usual,
and laid down their merchandise before receiving
the price of it, contrary to their custom. As soon
as the milk porridge was brought to them they
took up their
bundles and
flung them
over the pali-
sade. Proflt-
ing by the con-
fusion that
ensued, they
rushed in and
attempted to
seize the arms
of the Scandi-
navians ; but
as soon as they
saw one of
their number slain they took to flight, abandon-
ing both merchandise and porridge. They re-
turned in still larger numbers soon afterward, and
the Northmen raised the red shield of war in reply
to their flerce cries. There was trouble with the
natives in the ensuing winter, hostilities began, and
the Northmen, after flghting bravelj^ for a time,
fled, believing that they saw a host m their rear.
They soon recognized that they had been the vic-
tims of mirage, which, according to Prof. Edward
Hitchcock, in his " Report on the Geology of Mas-
sachusetts" (Amherst, 1833), still occurs on that
coast ; but Thorflnn resolved to leave the country.
First he explored the coast in the neighborhood of
Mount Hope bay, visiting several harbors and
making inquiries as to the productions of the soil.
He is believed by some to have ascended the Poto-
mac. He then passed the winter in Straumfjord,
when the turbulence of his followers forced him to
sail homeward. One ship was lost, so that of the
three vessels that left Encsfjord in 1007 only that
of Thorflnn returned in 1011. He carried his mer-
chandise to Norway, where he was received with
great distinction, but in 1016 he sailed for Glcera-
bceland, in Iceland, where he spent the rest of his
days. The illustration represents a ship of that
period. The remains of such a ship were discov-
ered in 1880 in a mound at Gogstad, Norway, and
are now to be seen in a good state of preservation
at Christiania. The erection of the tumulus is
ascribed by antiquarians to the most ancient iron
age, or the 10th century of our era — most proba-
bly to the age of Harold' the haired, founder of the
Norwegian state.
THORN, Frank Manly, superintendent of the
coast survey, b. in Collins (now North Collins),
N. Y., 7 Dec, 1836. He was educated at common
schools in Erie county and at the Fredonia acade-
my. After studjring law he held the office of clerk
of the surrogate's court in Erie county, N. Y., in
1857-'60. Subsequently he was occupied with pro-
fessional work and as a journalist until 1871, wnen
he was chosen a member of the county board of
supervisors, continuing as such until 1880, except
during 1876. In July, 1885, he was appointed chief
clerk in the bureau of internal revenue in Wash-
ington, and a few weeks later was made superin-
tendent of the U. S. coast and geodetic survey,
which office he still fills.
THORNBOROUGH, Sir Edward, English na-
val officer, b. in England in 1758; d. 3 April, 1834.
He held the rank of 1st lieutenant on board " The
Falcon," one of the vessels that took part in the
attack on Bunker Hill in 1775. He afterward en-
deavored to take a schooner out of Cape Ann har-
bor, but was woimded in the attempt. He was on the
" Flora " frigate, which captured " La Nymphe " in
1780, was promoted to the rank of commander for
his gallantry on the occasion, and became post-cap-
tain in the following year. He was wrecked m
1782 in the " Blonde" while bringing a captured
vessel into Halifax. He distinguished himself in
subsequeat campaigns, was thanked by the British
parliament, and became admiral of the white.
THORNBURGH, Thomas T., soldier, b. in
Tennessee about 1843 ; d. near White river agency,
Wyoming, 29 Sept., 1879. He was graduated at
the U. S. military academy, and promoted 2d lieu-
tenant in the 2d artillery in 1867. At the open-
ing of the civil war and prior to his admission to
West Point he enlisted in the 6th east Tennes-
see volunteers in 1861, and passed rapidly through
the grades of private, sergeant-major, lieutenant,
and adjutant. He took part in the battle of Mill
Spring, Morgan's retreat to the Ohio, and of Stone
River. As an officer of artillery he served in gar-
rison in California (excepting a tour of duty at the
artillery-school) until 1870. and as professor of
military science at East Tennessee university till
1873, having been promoted 1st lieutenant in April,
1870. In April, 1875, he was appointed paymaster
with rank of major, serving in that department
until May, 1878, when he exchanged into the 4th
U. S. infantry, with the same rank. He command-
ed the post of Fort Fred Steele, Wyoming, until
1879, when he was killed while in command of an
exnedition against the Ute Indians.
THORNDIKE, George Quincy, artist, b. in
Boston, Mass., about 1825 : d. there in December,
1886. He was graduated at Harvard in 1847, and
then went abroad, studying for some time in Paris.
After his return to the United States he settled in
Newport, R. I. He was made an associate of the
National academy in 1861. His landscapes showed
many of the characteristics of the French school,
and iJames J. Jarves wrote of him : " Thomdike is
so thoroughly French in style and motive that his
()ictures require naturalization befoi^ being popu-
arly welcomed at home." His better-known works
include " The Wayside Inn," " Swans in Central
TIIORNDIKE
TnORNTOX
108
Park." " The Lily Pond." " The Duniiilinffs, New-
port," Btnl " Vi«'w ni'ttr Stockbritlge, >l»is». '
THOKNDIKE, Israel, merfimnt, b. in licvor-
ly. MiLss., in 1757; d. in lioslon. Mas.s.. 10 May,
1832. lie was eiiuoated in the c-oiunion schooU,
on 30 Oct.. 1770, was aj)|)ointe«l captain of the
privateer " Warren " by the jfoverninent of Massa-
ehusetts. and made wveral capUires during; the
Kevohitionary war. When jR-ace was coneliide<l
he eiijjageii extensively in commerce with. China
and the h^ast Indies, and also in manufm-turin^.
His enterprises were all skilfully planned, and he
soon iHK-ame wealthy. He was elected to the
Massachusetts convention that ratified the consti-
tution of the United States, and for many years
sat in the Massachusetts legislature. He settled
in Boston in 1810, and in 1818 nurchased for the
use of Ilarvanl the library of Prof. Christoph
Daniel Elx^ling, of Hamburg, which consists of
4,000 volumes, and is remarkably rich in works on
American liistorv and antiquities.
THOKNE, diaries R., actor, b. in New York
city, 11 June, 1840; d. there, 10 Feb., 1883. When
a child he made journeys with his father and
mother, who were popular actors, and managed
travelling theatrical companies. The son made
his first apj)earance on the st-age in San Francisco
at the age of twelve. He was afterward sent to
learn a trade, but soon returned to the stage, and
in 1802 began to accjuire jx)pularity. He was
in China subsequently, and erected a theatre at
Shanghai, which was mmlerately successful. Af-
ter a visit to Egypt and a tour thence round the
world, he returned to New York in 1873 and be-
came a member of the Union square company.
One of his l)est characters was Daniel Rochat, in
Sardou's plnv of that nan>e.
THORNfON, Anthony, soldier, b. in the fam-
ily homestead, Ormsbv, Caroline co., Va., 1 Feb.,
1748; d. in Paris, Hourlx>n co., Ky., 21 Dec.,
1828. He was a thorough patriot during the
Revolutionary war, and commanfled a regiment
of minute-men in the contest, l)eing present at
the head of his regiment at the siege of Yorktown.
His brother Preslky commanded a comf)any of
horsemen, and another brother was an aide to
Gen. Washington. Col. Anthony raised a large
familv, whose descendants are scatteretl through-
out the Unitetl States. Hisswonl whi(;h he used
during the Hevolutionarv war is still preserved
by his gran<lchildren at Varis, Bourbon co., Ky.,
to which jilace he moved with his family in 1808
and engaged in agriculture. — His grandson, Janien
Bankliead, b. in Mount Zephvr, Caroline co., Va.,
28 Aug.. 1806; d. in Memnhis, Tenn., 12 Oct.,
18<)7. was the son of James n. Thornton. He rep-
resented his district in the Virginia senate m
183H-'40, and was one of the prime movers in the
estublishment of the Military institute at Ix'xing-
ton, Va. He was educated at William and Mary
college, and sul)sequently studied law, hx-ated at
Warrenton, Fauquier co., afterwanl at Bowling
Green, Caroline co., and in 1847 in Memphis, Tenn..
where he continued to practise his profession. He
was the author of a " Digest of the Conveyancing.
Testamentarv. and Registry Laws of the States of
the Union " (Philadelphia, 1847). and a work on "As-
signments," the manuscript of which was burned
accidentally before its publication. While engaged
in active practice he contribute<l to current litera-
ture. In |)olitics he was a DemcK-rat. and in the
civil war he was identified with the southern cause.
— .lames Bankhead's son, Onstarus Brown, «»ni-
tarian. b. in Bowling (ireen, Va., 22 Feb.. 1835,
was graduated at the Memphis medical college in
18S8, and at the nuHlitHl <le|iartment of the Uni-
versity of New York in 18«J0. At the beginning
of the civil war he serve<l as a surgj'on in tlie Con-
feilerate armv, and in 1862- '5 was chief surgeon of
a division, fn 18U8 he was a|>|)ointiHl physician in
chargi'of the Memohiscity hospital, and continued
so until in 1879, wfien he IxHrame president of the
Memphis board of health ; also since 1880 he has
Ihh'u a mendK'r <if the Tennes.see state lN>ard of
health, both of which appf>intments he still holds.
Dr. Thornton accjuired reputation by his heroism
and skill during the three great yellow-fever epi-
demics in Memphis in 1873-'8 and 1879. He is a
memtK>r of various sanitary and me<lical s<x'ieties,
and was in 1882 president of the 'I'ennessee state
medical society. In addition to his ofHcial reports
as president of the Men>i>his l)oard of healtn. he
has contributed numerous memoirs on sanitary
subjects to the " Prcx"ee<lings of the American
Public Health Association " and to the transactions
of other societies of which he is a meml)er. These
include "Yellow Fever, Pathology and Treatment"
(1880); "Memphis Sanitation and (Quarantine in
1879 and 1880'' (1880); "The Negro Mortality of
Memphis " (1882) ; " .Sanitation of the Mississippi
Valley "(1884); "Gulf Coast (Quarantine " (1884);
and " Six Years' Sanitarv Work in Memphis "(1886).
THORNTON, Sir Edward, British diolomatist,
b. in London, England, 17 July, 1817. He is the
son of Sir Edward Thornton, minister to Portugal,
who was created (!ount de Cassilhas by the Portu-
guese monarch, John VL The son was graduated
at Cambridge in 1840, and became an honorary
fellow of Pembroke college, Ix^came a member of
the diplomatic service in 1842 at Turin, was paid
attache in Mexico in 1845, succeeded to the Portu-
guese title in 1850, and in 1851 was apjx)inte<l sec-
retary of legation to the republic of Mexico. He
was secretary to the special mission to the river
Plate, under the late Sir Charles Hotham, from
April. ia52. till (>tober, 18.53, and in May, 18.54,
bwame charge d'affaires and consul-general in
New Grenada, but was transferred to Uruguay in
Septemlier following. He became minister to the
Argentine Confederation in 1859. and was engaged
on a special mission to the court of Jirazil in July,
IHGH, where he was apjHiinted minister in the Au-
gust ensuing. In Septeml>er, 1867, he was selected
to represent England at the court of Portugal, but
before he could take ix)ssession of the office he was
transferre<l in December to Washington. He was
mtule a companion of the Bath (civil division) on
9 Feb.. 18(53, knight commander on 9 Aug.. 1870,
and a privy councillor, 19 Aug.. 1871. He was a
memlx'r of the joint high commission on the " Ala-
bama" claims in 1871. and an arbitrator of the
American and Mexican claims commission in 1873,
also of the boundaries of Ontario in 1878. He was
transferred as ambassatlor to St. Petersburg in
May, 1881, and to Turkey in December. 1884. and
was' made a G. C. B. on 21 Aug., 1883. The degn-e
of D. C. L. was conferred up<in him bv Oxford in
1877, and that of LL. D. bv Harvanl iii 1879. On
1 Jan.. 1HM7, he was retirinl with a i>ension.
THORNTON, Eliza B, ix.et. b. in North
Hampton, N. H., 23 July. 1795; d. in Saco, Me.,
27 July, 1854. She was a direct descendant of (Jen.
Daniel Gookin, and married James B. Thornton, of
Sc-arlx>ro, Me., on 20 Jan., 1817. Mrs. Thornton
was for many years a contributor of jxx'trv to the
"Southern IJiterary Messenger," the "Christian
Mirror," and other periiMlicals. Her best-known
piece is "The Mayflower." — Her .'«on, John Win-
gate, historian, b. in Sac<i, Me., 12 Aug., 1818; d.
there, 6 June, 1878, was graduated at the Harvard
k
104
THORNTON
THORNTON
law-school in 1840, and practised in Boston, Mass.
He was a founder of the New England historic-
genealogical society, and has been vice-president of
the American statistic association and of the Prince
f)ublication society. He is the author of " Genea-
ogical Memoir of the Gilbert Family in both Old
and New England " (printed privately, Boston,
1850) ; " Lives of Isaac Heath and John Bowles,
and of Rev. John Eliot, Jr." (printed privately,
Roxbury, 1850) ; " Mementoes of the Swett Family "
(printed privately, 1851) ; " The Landing at Cape
Anne, or the Charter of the First Permanent Colony
on the Territory of the Massachusetts Company,
now Discovered arid first Published from the Origi-
nal Manuscript, with an Inquiry into its Authority,
and a History of the Colony, 1624-1628 " (Boston.
1854) ; " Ancient Pemaquid : an Historical Review "
(printed privately, Portland, 1857) ; " Peter Oliver's
' Puritan Commonwealth ' Reviewed " (Boston,
1857) ; " The First Records of Anglo-American
Colonization : their History " (printed privately,
Boston, 1859) ; " The Pulpit of the American Revo-
lution, or the Political Sermons of the Period of
1776, with an Historical Introduction, Notes, and
Illustrations " (Boston, 1860) ; " Colonial Schemes
of Popham and Gorges," being a speech at the
Popham celebration (Boston, 1863) ; and "The His-
torical Relation of New England to the English
Commonwealth " (printed privatelv, Boston, 1874).
THORNTON, James Shepard,' naval officer, b.
in Merrimack, N. H., 25 Feb., 1826; d. in German-
town, Pa., 14 May, 1875. He entered the navy as
a midshipman, 15 Jan., 1841, served in the sloop
" John Adams " in the Gulf squadron during the
Mexican war, and became a passed midshipman, 10
Aug., 1846. He resigned from the navy, 9 May,
1850, but was reinstated in 1854, promoted to
master, 14 Sept., 1855, and to lieutenant the next
day. During the civil war he served in the brig
" IJainbridge " on the Atlantic coast in 1861, was
executive officer of the flag-ship " Hartford " at the
passjige of the forts and batteries below New Or-
leans, and in the engagement with the Confederate
fleet, with the ram " Arkansas " and the batteries
at Vicksburg, during which he served with great
credit. He was promoted to lieutenant-commander,
16 Julv, 1802, and had charge of the steam gun-
boat " Winona " in engagements at Mobile, where
he made a reconnaissance of Fort Gaines in sound-
ing approaches under fire, and destroyed several
Confederate steamers. He was the executive
officer of the " Kearsarge " in the fight with the
" Alabama," off Cherbourg, and was given a vote
of thanks, and advanced thirty numbers in his
grade for his gallantry in this victory. He served
at the navy-yard at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1866-'7,
was promoted to commander, 25 July, 1866, and
commissioned captain, 24 Mav, 1872.
THORNTON, Matthew, signer of the Declara-
tion of Independence, b. in Ireland about 1714 ; d.
in Newburyport, Mass., 24 June, 1803. When he
was two or three years old his father, James, emi-
grated to New England, residing for a few years
at Wiscasset, Me., and afterward at Worcester,
Mass., where the son received a classical education.
He studied medicine in Leicester, practised in
Londonderry, N. H., and soon became wealthy. He
accompanied the New Hampshire troops in the ex-
pedition against Louisburg in the capacity of sur-
geon. He was appointed a justice of the peace,
and before the Revolution was a colonel. Taking
an active part in the overthrow of the royal govern-
ment in New Hampshire, Dr. Thornton was chosen
president of the Provincial convention when it as-
sembled in 1775. He was chief justice of the court
t-^^eu/lfA-eM/^./viffT'^T^^n
of common pleas, and from 1776 till 1782 a judge
of the superior court of New Hampshire. He was
elected speaker of the assembly on 5 Jan., 1776,
and on 12 Sept. the legislature chose him as a
delegate to the
Continental con-
gress. As in the
case of the dele-
gates from Penn-
sylvania, he was
allowed to affix
his name to the
engrossed copy
of the Declara-
tion of Indepen-
dence, although
he was elected
after its passage,
and did not take
his seat till 4
Nov., 1776. In
December he was
again chosen to
represent New
Hampshire in congress for another year. He re-
moved to Exeter in 1779, and shortly afterward
settled on a farm at Merrimack, relinquishing
medical practice. He was elected a member of
the general court, then a state senator, and in 1785
was appointed a member of the council. From
the adoption of the state constitution till his death
he was a justice of the peace. He wrote political
articles for the newspapers, even after the age of
eighty, and in his last days composed a meta-
physical work on the origin of sin, which was
never published. In 1887 the legislature of New
Hampshire voted $1,(X)0 for a monument to be
placed over his grave in Merrimack.
THORNTON, Seth Barton, soldier, b. near
Fredericksburg, Va., in 1814 ; d. in San Augustin,
Mexico, 18 June, 1847. He was educated at the
common schools, was of an active and adventurous
nature, and after a narrow escape from death by
shipwreck was appointed in June, 1836, 2d lieu-
tenant in the 2d U. S. dragoons, serving with credit
in Florida against the Seminoles, becoming 1st lieu-
tenant in 1837 and captain in 1841. In command
of his squadron he exchanged the first shots with
the enemy in the Mexican war at La Rosia, 25
April, 1846, and was severely wounded and cap-
tured with the greater part of his force after a gal-
lant resistance by 40 dragoons against 500 lancers.
At the close of Gen. Winfield Scott's campaign,
while at the head of his squadron in advance of
Worth's division at the village of San Augustin,
near the city of Mexico, Thornton was struck in
the breast by a round shot and instantly killed.
THORNTON, Thomas C, clergyman, b. in
Dumfries, Va., 12 Oct., 1794; d. in Mississippi. 23
March, 1860. He was educated in his native place,
became an exhorter in the Methodist Episcopal
church at the age of sixteen, and was received into
the Baltimore conference three years later. In
1841 he was appointed president of a college in
Mississippi. He left the Methodist church in 1845,
and attached himself to the Protestant Episcopal
church, but returned to his former connection in
1850, and in 1853 was readmitted to the Mississippi
conference. He was the author of "Inquiry into
the History of Slavery in the United States"
(Washington, 1841), in which he replied to the anti-
slavery arguments of William E. Channing, and of
"Theological Colloquies." «
THORNTON, WHliam, superintendent of the
patent-office, b. in Tortola, W. I. ; d. in Washing-
THORNTON
THORPE
105
ton. D. C. in 1827. He was educated as a nhysi-
cian, and live<l for many years in Philadelphia,
where he was well known in the circle of scientific
men. beinjf chosen a niemljer of the American
philosophical soc-iety on 19 Jan., 1787. He was a
skilled architect, and designed the Philadelphia
library building, which was completed in 1790.
He remove<l to Washington, I). C. when the seat
of government was transferreil to that place, and
drew the plans and superintended the erection of
the first capitol building in its early stages. He
was one of the first to act as commissioner of pub-
lic buildings, and was the first head of the patent-
office, being appointed superintendent in 1802, and
serving till the time of his death. He published
" Cadmus, or the Klements of Written Language "
(Philmlelphia, 179:}).
THORNTON, Sir WiHiam, English soldier, b.
in England about 1775; d. near llanwell, Eng-
land, 6 April, 1840. He was commissioned as
ensign in the British army on 21 March, 1796,
and ha<l risen to the rank of major in August,
1807, when he was appointed military secretary to
Sir James H. Craig, lieutenant-governor of Lower
Canada. He returned to England in 1811, and in
1813 was as>igned to the command of the 85th
regiment. He served in Spain and southern France,
took part in the battle of the Xive, was afterward
sent to this country, in May, 1814, commanded the
brigade of light infantry that formed the ativance-
guard of Gen. Robert Ross's expedition up the
Chesapeake, and was seriously wounded and made
prisoner at Bladensburg. feeing exchanged for
Com. Joshua liarnev, he went with the army that
was sent against Jfew Orleans in the following
October, commanded the advance on the landing
of the troops, took part in the chief operations, and
in the general attack on the American lines com-
manded a detached force on the west bank of the
Mississippi, and was severely wounded. He at-
tained tne rank of lieutenant-general in 1838.
THOKNTON, WiHiam A., soldier, b. in New
York state in 1803 ; d. on Governor's island. New
York harbor, 6 April, 1866. He was graduated at
the U. S. military academy in 1825, and assigned
to the artillery. He was made captain of ordnance
on 7 July, 1838, commanded the ordnance depot in
New York and the Watervliet and St. Louis ar-
senals, served on boards for the trial of small arms
and cannon, and was inspector of contract arms in
1858-'61. He was promoted major on 28 Mar, 1861,
and was commander of Watervliet arsenal till 1863,
and subso<^uently inspector of contract arms and
ordnance till his death, being promoted lieutenant-
colonel of ordnance on 3 March, 1863, colonel on
15 Sept., 18613, and brigadier-general by brevet on
13 March. 1865. During the last year of his life
he was commandant of the New Vork arsenal on
Governor's island.
THORNWELL, James Henley, clergyman, b.
in Marlborough district, S. C. in 1812; d.in Char-
lotte, N. C, 1 Aug., 1862. He was graduated at
South Carolina college in 1829, and entered upon
the study of the law. which he soon abandonea to
devote himself to the ministry in the Presbyterian
church. He was chosen, in 1836, professor of logic
and belles-lettres in Stjuth Carolina college, in
1H42 professor of the evidences of Christianity and
chaplain, and in 1852 its president. In 18^6 he
became a professor in the Presbyterian theological
seminary at Columbia. For a short time he was
pastor of the Glelw street Presbyterian church in
Charleston. Dr.Thornwell was one of the ablest
men that the south has ever produced. To logical
and metaphysical faculties of a high order he
added a fine literarj' style, and an easy and effect-
ive address. He was an uncompromising cham-
pion of the old-school I^resbyterian theology, and
m politics advocated extreme southern views. He
was the author of several published sermons and
addresses, " Arguments of Romanists Discussed
and Refuted " (New York. 1845): •* Di.scourses on
Truth "(ia54); "Rights and Duties of Masters"
(1861); "The State of the Country " (1861); and
numerous articles in defence of slavery and seces-
.sion in the "Southern Presbyterian Review." His
collected works were edited by Rev. John B. Adger
(2 vols., Richmond, 1874).
THORPE, RoHe Hartwiok. poet. b. in Misha-
waka, Ind., 18 July, 18.")(). When she was ten
years old her parents settled in Litchfield, Mich.,
where she receive<l a common-school education.
Her most popular poem, the ballad entitled "Cur-
few Must not Ring To-Night," was written while
she was a school-^irl. When it was published in
a Detroit pai)er m 1870 it obtained a wide cir-
culation. An illustrated edition has lieen issued
(lioston, 1882). She married Edmund C. Thorpe
in September, 1871. In 1881 she edited three Sun-
day-school papers in Chicago, 111. Subsequently
she settled with her family in Pacific lieach, San
Diego CO., Cal. Mrs. Thorpe has Ijeen a contribu-
tor to journals and magazines since 1880. She has
written " The Station-Agent's Story," " Remember
the Alamo," and other popular poems. Her pub-
lications include " Fred's Dark Days," a story for
children (Chicago, 1881) ; " The Yule Log." a book
of poems (1881) ; " The Fenton Family " (Philatlel-
phia, 1884); "Nina Bruce" (1886); "The Chester
Girls " (1887) ; " Temperance Poems " (Pent Water,
Mich., 1887) ; and " Ringing Ballads " (Boston, 1887).
THORPE, Thomas Banp, author, b. in West-
field, Mass., 1 March, 1815 ; d. in New York city in
Octol)er, 1878. He was for three years at Wesley-
an university, and
while at college
f:ave evidence of
iterary and artis-
tic talent. One of
his early paint-
ings, "The Bold
Dragoon."adapted
from Washington
Irving*s story, was
highly commend-
ed. After leaving
college on account
of his health, Mr.
Thorpe made a
tour of the south-
west, and finally
settled in Louisi-
ana in 1836. His
first literary production of note, "Tom Owen, the
Bee-Hunter," was widely quoted, and his next
contribution to periiMlical literature — the mirth-
provoking sketch entitled "The Big Bear of Ar-
kansas"— place<l him in the foremost rank of
early American humorists. He was for a time
editor of a Whig newspaper in New Orleans. In
1844 he edite<l tlie " Concordia Intelligencer." and
in 1846 established "The ConserN-ator " at liaton
Rouge, but sold the paper a few years later, and
in 1859 became the editor and publisher of the
New York " Spirit of the Times." Mr. Thorpe
served in the Mexican war, and attaine<l the rank
of colonel. His contributions to periotlical litera-
ture, particularly " Black wochI's,' the " Knicker-
bocker," and " Harper's Magazine," show versa-
tile talent of a high order, and several of his
c5vCo^ y<^- c^'^t/t/lt^
106
TIIORVALD
THROCKMORTON
paintings, notably " Niagara as it Is," display
ability. His published works include " Our Army
of the Rio Grande" (Philadelphia, 1846); "Mys-
teries of the Backwoods " (1846) ; " Our Arm^'
at Monterey" (1847); "Lynde Weiss, an Autobi-
ography" (1854) ; "The Hive of the Bee-Hunter"
(New York, 1854) ; " A Voice to America " (1855) ;
"Scenes in Arkansaw" (1858); and "Reminis-
cences of Charles L. Elliott."
THORVALl). Ericsson, Scandinavian navi-
gator, d. in Massachusetts in 1(X)4. He was the
brother of Leif, the son of Eric the Red, who per-
suaded him to visit Vinland, giving him the ship
that he had bought from Biarn Heriulfson, and
many wise directions as to his course. Thorvald
selected thirtv men, and sailed westward in 1002.
He reached vfhnt has been thought to be the coast
of Rhode Island, and passed the winter in Leifs-
budir (Leif's house), some wooden huts which Leif
is supposed to have built at the mouth of Pocasset
river, near the present site of Providence. In the
spring of 1(X)3 he went on a voyage of discovery
along the southern coast. His men saw a lovely
country covered with forests, which were separated
from the shore only by a thin border of white sand.
The sea was enamelled with little islands, in one of
which they discovered a wooden barn. The others
appeared without any trace of men or animals.
After obtaining a glimpse of an island that lay
toward the west, supposed to be Long Island, they
returned in the autumn to Leifsbudir. In the fol-
lowing summer Thorvald determined to explore
the northern coast, but a violent storm damaged
the keel of his ship. He stopped for some time,
refitting in the neighborhood, and when about to
put to sea he said to his companions : " Let us
raise on this point of land the keel of a ship, and
let us call it Kialarnes " (Keel cape). Rafn, Kohl,
and other scholars that are interested in the ante-
Columbian discovery of the American continent,
think that the Kialarnes of Thorvald is Cape Cod.
Then Thorvald sailed westward and anchored near
a promontory, which has been supposed to be
Gurnet point or Cape A-lderton. The country ap-
peared so beautiful that after landing he said :
" This country is very fine ; I would like to build
my house here." After returning to the vessel, the
Northmen saw three dark points on the beach that
looked like hillocks. They were three " carabos "
(canoes of wickerwork, covered with skins), each
containing three men. The Northmen seized and
killed eight of the savages, but the ninth escaped.
Thorvald then landed, explored the promontory,
and discovered elevations, which he took for hu-
man habitations. The Northmen returned to their
vessel at nightfall, but they were soon awakened
from their sleep by cries of vengeance. The vessel
was surrounded by a crowd of canoes that came
to exact reparation for the assassinations of the
morning. They were manned by the Skraellings,
or Esquimaux, who appear to have dwelt at that
time farther south than they did in the 16th cen-
tury. These savages discharged a shower of ar-
rows on the Northmen, and fled. Thorvald asked
his companions if they were wounded, and all re-
plied in the negative. " But I am," he said ; " this
arrow, after rebounding from my buckler, entered
under the armpit. I advise you to depart quickly
from this land and leave me on the promontory
where I wished to build my house. I have pro-
phesied my destiny, for there shall I dwell. You
shall bury me in this place, and put two crosses
on my tomb, one at my head and the other at mv
feet, so that henceforward this promontory shall
be called Krossarnes " (Promontory of the Crosses).
A skeleton was discovered late in the 18th cen-
tury on Rainsford island, and with it the hilt of
an iron sword. Some antiquarians have conclud-
ed that the skeleton was that of an ancient Scan-
dinavian, and that the workmanship of the hilt
proved it to be not later than the 15th century.
After the burial of Thorvald, the Northmen re-
turned to Leifsbudir, and in 1()05 sailed for Green-
land. See " Decouverte de I'Amerique par les Nor-
mands au X* siecle," by Gabriel Gravier (Paris,
1874) ; " Antiquitates Americans," by Carl Chris-
tian Rafn (Copenhagen, 1837) ; " Denlcmfiler Gr6n-
lands," by the same (3 vols., 1838-'45) ; " fitude sur
les rapports de I'Amerique et de I'ancien continent
avant Christophe Colomb," by M. GafFarel (Paris,
1869); "Historia Vinlandia; Antiquse," by Th.
Torfaeus (Copenhagen. 1711); "The Heimskringla
of Snorre Sturlesons, or Chronicles of the Kings of
Norway," translated into English by Samuel ming
(London, 1844) ; and " Discovery of America by
Northmen," by Eben N. Horsford (Boston, 1888).
THRASHER, John S., journalist, b. in Port-
land, Me., in 1817; d. in Galveston, Tex., 10 Nov..
1879. While he was a youth his parents removed
to Havana, Cuba, where he followed for some time
a successful mercantile career, but abandoned it
for journalism, purchasing, in 1849, the " Faro In-
dustrial," which was then the only Liberal news-
paper. In September, 1851, his paper was sup-
pressed, and he was condemned by court-martial to
ten years' imprisonment with hard labor at Ceuta
and perpetual banishment from Cuba. After sev-
eral months the U. S. minister at Madrid secured
his release. He afterward established in New Or-
leans a Sunday journal called the " Beacon of Cuba,"
and in 1853-'5 was an active member of the junta
that organized a filibustering expedition to be led
by Gen. John A. Quitman. When the U. S. au-
thorities prevented the departure of this expedi-
tion. Thrasher went to New York city. For sev-
eral years he travelled in Central and South Ameri-
ca as a newspaper correspondent, and edited the
" Noticioso de Nuevo YorK," a journal devoted to
the interests of Spanish-American countries. Mar-
rying a lady whose property was in Texas, he re-
moved to the south, and remained there during
the civil war, acting as agent for the associated
press at Atlanta. After the war he edited for
several years Frank Leslie's " Ilustracion Ameri-
cana " in New York city, and afterward resided in
Galveston. He published a translation of Alexan-
der von Humboldt's " Personal Narrative of Trav-
els," with notes and an introductory essay (New
York, 1856), also many essays on the social, com-
mercial, and political conditions of Cuba.
THROCKMORTON, James Webb, governor
of Texas, b. in Sparta, Tenn., 1 Feb., 1825. He
accompanied his father to Texas in 1841, became
a lawyer, and entered the legislature in 1851, serv-
ing continuously in one branch or the other till
the beginning of the civil war. He was a member
of the convention that passed the ordinance of se-
cession, against which he voted, with six others,
but he joined the Confederate army in the spring
of 1861, and served as a captain, and afterward as
a major till November, 18(fe, when he resigned in
order to take his seat again in the state senate. In
1864 he was appointed a brigadier-general of state
troops, and in May, 1864, was placed by the state
military authorities in command on the north-
western border of Texas, where he made treaties
with the Comanches, Cheyennes, and other tribes,
returning from the plains in June, 1885, after Lee's
surrender at Appomattox. He was a member of
the Constitutional convention that was called in
TIIUOOP
THRUSTON
107
k
aooordance with Pre«i«lenl Johnson's proclamation
in 1865, and was elocttHl its pro.si«lt'nt. In IHWt he
was chosen governor for four yt-urs. hut in 1807
be was reinoviHl from ortUt* by (ien. Philip H.
Sheridan's orders, lie was elected to wnjfress,
taking his seat on « Dec, 1H7.V and servetl through
two terms. On 3 I>ec., 1883, he re-enterod the
hoiis«>. ami in 188.") he was re-i«leoted.
THROOP, EnoH Thompson (troop), jjovemor
of New York, h. in .lohiistown, iMcmtjjomery oo.,
N. Y., 21 Au)j.. 1784; <1. on his estate of Willow-
brook, near Auburn. N. ¥.. 1 Nov., 1874. He re-
ceivwl a classical olucation, studied law at Al-
bany, and was admittc<l to the Ijar in 1806. Dur-
ing his residence at
A I nan y, he Ixjcame
ac(iuainted with Mar-
tin Van Hurcn. then
als4> a law-student,
and this acquaint-
ance ri|)ened int^)
friendship. After ad-
mission to the Imr. Mr.
Throop began prac-
tice at Auburn, soon
became active in poli-
tics as a ineml)er of
the Itepublican par-
ty, and was ap|)oint-
ed j)ost master of the
village, and in 1811
^^ ._ — . county clerk of Ca-
j^S" ^^ ^T^CZ^kILmJi yugacounty. In 1814
C-^ y ' / ^<^'2rt/VjrC' hewaselet!t(Hlamem-
\viv of congress, as a
supporter of the war measures of the administra-
tion. He took part in the debates upon the im{)or-
tant measures to which the close of the war and the
Frostration of public aiul private creilit gave rise.
le also supported and voted for the act changing
the wimpensation of congressmen from six dollars a
day to $1,800 per annum, a course which temporari-
ly cloude<I his political fortunes. Popular dissatis-
faction with his act ion was such that he was defeated
at the election of 181(5. which was held in April of
that year, and thereupon n>signe<l his seat for the
n-mainder of his unexpired term. In April. 1823.
he was appointed one of the eight circuit judges
for which the constitution of 1821 providetl. In
1828, induce<l chiefly by the solicitation of Martin
Van Buren, Judge 'rhroop consented to be placwi
upon the state ticket, as the Democratic candidate
for lieutenant-governor, with Mr. Van Buren as
the candidate for governor, a step which rendered
it necessary for him to resign his judicial ofTice. It
was expected that Andrew Jackson would l)e elect-
ed president at the same election, in which event
Van Buren would be maile secretary of sta^e ; and
the latter desired to leave the office of governor and
the leadership of the party in the hands of a friend.
These exnectations were fulfllle<l. and Mr. Throop
8uccee<lea to the office of governor on 12 March,
1829. He was re-elected governor in 1830. Dur-
ing his first term thecoiistniction of the Chenango
canal became <me of the chief questions of state
E)licy. He de<'lared himself, in his message to the
gislature, unalterably opposed to the plan. This
step raised such a vehement opjiosition to him in
the localities through which the proposed canal
would pass, that in 18232 he declinetl to be present-
ed as a candidate for a third term. In 18%^ he
was apjiointetl by President Jackson naval officer
at the port of New York, which office he held un-
til 1838, when President Van Buren appointed him
charge d'affaires of the United States to the king-
I dom of the Two Sicilies (Na[iles), where he remained
i until he was sufHTseded in 1842. After siiend-
' iiig two years in Paris, he r»>turne<l to the I nited
States, and resided uiwn an estate on the Iwnks of
Owasco lake near Auburn, N. V. In 1847 he
I removed to Michigan, where he purchased a farm
of 8(K) acres, and Ixicame note<l among agricul-
turists. Advancing years com|telle<l him to give
up farming, and in 1807 he n-tunnnl to his fonner
home, removing in 18»W to New York city, but a
few years later again ndurning to his n-sidence
near Auburn.— His nephew. Hontroniery Hunt,
lawyer, b. in Auburn, N. Y.. 26 Jan.. 1«27, was
etlucatwl in Geneva, Switzerland. an<l Najiles. Italy,
and at Hobart college ; studied law. and was ad-
mitted to the l)ar in 1848. He practised in Utica,
N. Y.. from 1851 till 1864, first in partnership with
his uncle. Ward Hunt, and after 1856 with Roscoe
( onkling, then in New York city till 1870, when
he was aptiointed a commissioner to revise the
statutes oi the state. He acted as chairman of
the commission, which prefmred the New York
c«)de of civil proctedure that was enacted partly in
1877 and partly in 1880. Since 1878, when the
co<lification was ende<l, Mr. Throop has devote<l
himself to legal authorship, changing his residence
in 1880 from New York city to Allwiny. He has
published "The Future: a t*olitical Kssav"(New
V'ork, 1864) ; " Treatise on the Validity of Verbal
Agreements "(An>anv, 1870); "Annotated Cwie of
Civil Procedure " (1880) ; '* The New York Justice's
Manual " (1880); " Digest of the Decisions of the
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts" (1887);
and " Revised Statutes of the State of New York "
(8th «!.. 1888).
THRUSTON, Charles Mynn (throo'-ston), sol-
dier, b. in Gloucester county, Va., in 1738; d. near
New Orleans. La., in 1812. He was educateil at
William and Mary college, and after prosecuting
his theological studies in Kngland was ordained to
the ministry of the EpiscoiMiI church in Gloucester
county. Subsequently he removed to Clarke coun-
ty, and officiated in a church, near Shenandoah
river, that is still standing. At the beginning of
the Revolution he raised a company, was commis-
sioned as captain, and badly wounded at Trenton.
On his recovery he w»i,« appointe<l colonel. iK'ing
known as the " warrior jMirson." After the war he
was a judge and a meml)er of the legislature, and
in 1808 removed to Louisiana. — His son. Buokner,
jurist, b. near Winchester. Va.. in 176Ji : d. in Wash-
ington. D. C, 30 Aug.. 1845. received a classical
etlucation, emigrated in early life to Kentucky,
and there studied law an<l was admitted to the b»ir.
He practised in Frankfort, taking an active part
in public affairs, and was elected V. S. senator in
1805. declining the post of U. S. judge of the terri-
tory of Orleans, to which he had l>een appointe<l
immediately l)efore. On 1 July. 1809. he resigned
his seat in the senate to accept the apiH>intment
of U. S. judge for the District of Columoia. which
office he held until his death. — Buckner's s<m.
Charles Mynn, soldier, b. in Lexington. Kv.. 22
Feb.. 1789; d. in Cumlx-rland. Md.. 18 Fcb.,'l873,
entered the U. S. military academy in 1813. and in
July, 1814, was c<immissioneil as lieutenant of ar-
tillery, and a.ssigne<l to duty on Governor's island.
New York harlxir, where he was engage<l in erect-
ing fortifications till the close of the war with
Great Britain. He became wljutant of his regi-
ment in 1821. and during the Florida war in 1835-'6
was acting adjutant-general of the Florida army.
Resigning on 31 Aug.. lKi6, he settled on a farm
at Cumberland. .Md. lie l)ecame president of a bank
in 1838, and mayor in 1861. At the beginning of
108
THURMAN
THURSBY
the civil war he entered the volunteer service as
brigadier-general, and served in guarding the Bal-
timore and Ohio railroad till April, 1862, when he
resigned. — Buckner's grandson, Gates Phillips,
soldier, b. in Dayton, Ohio, 11 June, 1835, was
graduated at Miami university in 1855, studied
law, and began practice in Dayton, where he en-
tered the volunteer service at the beginning of the
civil war as a captain in the 1st Ohio infantry. He
was promoted major and assistant adjutant-general
on 4 Sept., 1863, and subsequently lieutenant-colo-
nel, for special acts of gallantry at Shiloh and
Stone River, and was brevetted colonel and briga-
dier-general of volunteers for gallantry at Chicka-
mauga. Since the war he has followed his profes-
sion at Nashville, Tenn. He is corresponding sec-
retary of the Tennessee historical society, has con-
tributed articles on military history and other
subjects to northern and southern magazines, and
has in preparation an illustrated work on the
mound-builders, describing recent discoveries in
the vicinitv of Nashville and elsewhere.
THURMAN, Allen Granbery, statesman, b.
in Lynchburg, Va., 13 Nov., 1813. His father was
the Rev. Pleasant Thurraan, a minister of the
Methodist church, and his mother the only daugh-
ter of Col. Nathan-
iel Allen, nephew
and adopted son of
Joseph Hewes. one
of the signers of the
Declaration of In-
dependence. His
parents removed to
Chillicothe in 1819,
and he made that
Elace his home until
e settled in Colum-
bus, in 1853, where
he has since resided.
His education was
in the Chillicothe
academy, and at the
hands of his mother.
At the age of eight-
een he assisted in
land-surveying and
at twenty-one he was private secretary to Gov.
Lucas, studied law with his uncle, Gov. William
Allen, afterward was admitted to the bar in 1835,
and in a few years was employed in almost every
litigated case in Ross county. In 1844 he was
elected by the Democrats to congress, and he en-
tered that body, 1 Dec, 1845, as its youngest mem-
ber. Preferring the practice of the law, he de-
clined a renomination to congress, and remained
at the bar until 1851, when he was elected to the
supreme bench in Ohio. From December, 1854,
till February, 1856, he served as chief justice, and
on the expiration of his term he refused a re-
nomination. His opinions, contained in the first
five volumes of the state reports, are remarkable
for the clear and forcible expression of his views
and the accuracy of his statements of the law.
In 1867 he was the choice of his party for gov-
ernor of Ohio. Rutherford B. Hayes, his oppo-
nent, was elected by a majority of fewer than
3,000 votes, though the Republican majority in
1866 was more than 43,000. Mr. Thurman was
then elected to the senate to succeed Benjamin F.
Wa<ie. lie took his seat, 4 March, 1869, and from
the first was recognized as the leader of the Demo-
cratic minority. lie was a member of the commit-
tee on the judiciary and on the accession of his
party to power, in the 46th congress, he was made
^^^Jl.
v^i^T'^^/^^^V
its chairman, and also chosen president, pro tem-
pore, of the senate, owing to the illness of Vice-
President Wheeler. In 1874 he was elected to the
senate for a second term, and in his twelve years
of service, ending 4 March, 1881, he won a reputa-
tion for judicial fairness and readiness, dignity and
power in debate, especially upon questions of con-
stitutional law. Besides his labor in the judi-
ciary committee he rendered valuable service in
the committee on private land claims. He was
the author of the act to compel the Pacific rail-
road corporations to fulfil their obligations to the
government, since known as the " Thurman act,"
the passage of which he forced in spite of the
combined influence of those companies. His ar-
guments against the constitutionality of the civil-
rights bills have since been sustained by the U. S.
supreme court in language that is almost identical
with that of his speeches. Efforts to secure for
the rebellious states the most favorable recon-
struction legislation, in which he vigorously per-
sisted while in the senate, led to a charge that he
had disapproved the war for the integrity of the
Union. His true position he thus defined in a
letter to a friend : " I did all I could to help to
preserve the Union without a war, but after it be-
gan I thought there was but one thing to do, and
that was to fight it out. I therefore sustained all
constitutional measures that tended, in my judg-
ment, to put down the rebellion. I never believed
in the doctrine of secession." Mr. Thurman re-
tired from the senate not alone with the high re-
spect of his partisan associates, but also with that
of senators of opposite political views, one of
whom, James G. Blaine, with whom he often con-
tended in debate, says, in his " Twenty Years of
Congress": "Mr. Thurman's rank in the senate
was established from the day he took his seat, and
was never lowered during the period of his service.
He was an admirably disciplined debater, was fair
in his method of statement, logical in his argument,
honest in his conclusions. He had no tricks in
discussion, no catch-phrases to secure attention, but
was always direct and manly. . . . His retire-
ment from the senate was a serious loss to his par-
ty— a loss, indeed, to the body." Gen. Garfield,
before his election to the presidency, had been
chosen to succeed Mr. Thurman in the senate;
but the contest had not interrupted friendly rela-
tions of many years' standing, and, as a mark of
his regard, the new president, soon after his inau-
guration, associated Mr. Thurman with William
M. Evarts, of New York, and Timothy 0. Howe,
of Wisconsin, on the commission to the Interna-
tional monetary conference to be held in Paris. In
the Democratic national convention of 1876 Mr.
Thurman received some votes as a presidential
candidate. In 1880 the first ballot gave him the
entire vote of the Ohio delegation, with consider-
able support from other states. In 1884 he was a
delegate-at-large to the National convention, was
again put in nomination for the presidency, and
stood next to Cleveland and Bayard upon the first
ballot. In the convention of 1888 he was nominat-
ed for vice-president by acclamation. See " Lives
and Public Services of Grover Cleveland and Allen
G. Thurman," by W. U. Hensel and George F.
Parker (New York, 1888).
THURSBY, Emma Cecilia, singer, b. in Brook-
lyn, N. Y.. 21 Feb., 1857. She had her first in-
struction of Julius Meyer, and subsequently studied
with Achille Errani and Erminia Rudersdorff.
In 1873 she went to Italy, where she 'studied for a
short time under Francesco Laraperti and San
Giovanni. On her return she sang in the Broad-
THURSTON
THUKSTON
109
way tabernacle. New York. In 1876 »ho made her
first concert-tour with Patrick S. Ciilmore'sonrhes-
tra, and in 1877 she travelled with Theo<lore
Thomas. In the same year Maurice Strakosch
signed a six-years' onfrafjement with her. and un-
der his mnnaKi'Mient she n>a<le several tours in the
Uniteil States and in Kur«)|K% meclin>r with great
success. Miss Thurshy has apiwured only in con-
cert and oratorio, an<l has rejt'cte<l the most flat-
tering offers that were ma<le her while a>>roa<l to
apjicar in o|)era. Her forte, is sacred music, and
in rendering the soprano parts oi Ilanders and
Havdn's oratorios she is unexcelled.
Thurston, Ahb, missionary, b. in Fitchburg,
Mass., 12 Oct., 1787; d. in Honolulu, Hawaii, 11
>iarcli, 1868. He worke<l at the tnwle of scythe-
making till he was twenty-two years old, then ftt-
te<l himself for college, was gra<luated at Yale in
1816, and |Misse<l through the course of theological
instruction at Andover seminary. On his gradua-
tion in 1819 he was onlained as a missionary, and
on 28 Oct. sailed with his wife for the Sand-
wich islands. He established himself at Kailua,
Hawaii, where he resided for more than forty years,
retiring to Honolulu when incapacitated by paraly-
sis for continued active work. He was a pioneer
among the missionaries to the Sandwich islands, and
instructe<l two of the kings while they still resided
at Kailua. He alst> translated a large part of the
Bible into the Hawaiian language. — His wife, Lncy
Goodale, b. in Marlborough, Mass., 29 Oct., 1795;
d. in Honolulu, Hawaii, 13 Oct., 1876, was edu-
cated at the academy in Bradford, Mass., and
taught until she marrie<l and went to the Sand-
wich islands. She left an autobiography which
was completed by Persis G. Taylor, her daughter,
and Rev. Walter Freer, and published under the
title of " Life and Times of Mrs. Lucy G. Thurston "
(Ann Arbor, 1876). — Their son, Thomas Gaird.ver,
was graduated at Yale in 1862, studied theology,
and returneti to Hawaii, where he preached until
the time of his death in 1884.
THURSTON, John Mellen, lawyer, b. in
Mont|>elier, Vt., 21 Aug., 1847. In 1854' his family
removed to Madison, and two years later to Beaver
Dam, Wis. He was gnuluated at Wayland uni-
versity in 1867, studied law, was admitted to the
bar in 1869, and in the same year removed to
Omaha, Nebraska. He was appointed city attor-
ney in 1874, and, while holding that office, was
elected in 1875 to the legislature, in which he acted
as chairman of the judiciary committee. He re-
signetl the attornevsnip in 1877 to Income assist-
ant attoniey of the Union Pacific railroad companv,
of which he became general attorney in 1888. \n
1875 he was defeated as a candidate for the district
judgeship. He was a presidential elector in 1880,
and in 1884 chairman of the delegation to the Na-
tional Republican convention. He was again at
the head of the delegation in 1888, and was select-
ed by the convention at Chicago for temporary
chairman. His a<l(lress in calling that bo<ly to or-
der won him a national reputation as an orator.
THURSTON. Laura M., p<wt,. b. in Norfolk,
Litchfield CO., Conn., in December, 1812; d. in
New AUmnv, Ind., 21 July, 1842. Her maiden
name was itawley. She was educated for the pro-
fession of teaching at the Hartfonl female .semi-
nary, and taught in Phila<lelphia, Pa., and New
Milford and Ilartford, Conn., remove<l to New Al-
bany in onler to take charge of an aca4lemy. and
in 5>entembi'r, 1839, marrie<r Franklin Thurston, a
merchant of that place. She contributed to news-
papers and maga/.mes over the signature of " Vio-
la. ' Her poems, some of which were descriptive
of nature and some didactic, were highly esteemed,
and many of them are prcwrvwl in Kufus W. Gris-
wold's and other collections of .American poetrv.
THURSTON, Robert Lawton, mMhanicAlen-
jrintH'r, b. in Portsmouth, K. I., 18 Dec., 1800; d.
in Providence, H. I., 13 Jan., 1874. He early de-
velo|M'd talent as a mc<>hanic, atid on attaining his
majority iM'gan to leani the trade of a machmisU
His skifl attrtu-tcil the attention of John Balx-ock,
who invited his assistance in the manufacture of
an exfjerimental steam-engine which was i)lac«d
in a small ferry-lx)at for use near Fall River. Its
success le<l to the construction of engines for the
" Rushlight " and the " Babcock." which ran be-
tween Providence and New York. He then en-
tered the iron business in Fall River, but in 1830
returned to Providence, where, with the son of
John BalKTK'k, he founde<l in 18^14 the first steam-
engine buildiuLT establishment in New England,
known as the Providence steam-engine com|jany.
They purchased the Sickles patent for the "drop
cut-on" for steam-engines, and were the first either
in America or in Europe to manufacture a stand-
ard fonn of expansion steam-engine. For a series
of years they were engaged in litigation with George
H. Corliss, against whom they brought suit for in-
fringement of the Sickles patent. This case, which
was one of the most noted patent suits that was
ever tried, called for the services of several of the
most eminent lawyers and mechanical experts of
the time. The Greene engine, which they intro-
duced, is now claimed by many engineers to be
one of the l)est of motlern steam-engines. In 1863
the unsettled condition of affairs resulting from
the civil war, with incidental lack of business, led
to Mr. Thurston's withdrawal. — His son, Robert
Henry, mechanical engineer, b. in Providence,
R. I., 25 Oct., 1839, received his early training in
the workshops of his father and was graduated in
the scientific course at Brown in 1859. After two
years' experience with his father's company, he en-
tered the U. S. navy as thinl assistant engineer,
and served on various vessels during the civil war.
He was present at the battle of Port Royal and at
the siege of Charleston, and was attached to the
North and SfHith Atlantic squadrons until 1865,
when he wius detailed as assistant pn)fessor of natu-
ral and experimental philosophy at the U. S. na-
val academy in Annapolis, where he also lectured
on chemistry. In 1870 he visited Europe for the
purpose of studying the British iron manufactur-
mg districts, and on 1 April, 1872, he resigned
from the navy, after attainmg the rank of 1st as-
sistant engineer. Meanwhile, in 1871, he had been
called to the chair of mechanical engineering at
the Stevens institute of technology, where he re-
mained until 1885, when he was appointed director
of the Sibley college of Cornell university with the
professorship of mechanical engineering. In 1871,
on behalf of a committee of the American insti-
tute, he made a series of ex|H>riments on steam-
boilers, in which for the first time all losses of heat
were note<l, and. by condensing all the steam that
was generated, the quantity of water "entrained "
by the steam was mea.sured. Prof. Thurston was
appointed a member of the U. .S. commission to
the World's fair in Vienna in 1878. and. besides
serving on the international jury, editetl the " Re-
ports of the United States Commissioners to the In-
ternational Exhibitifm. Vienna. 1873^" (4 vols.,
Washington, 1875-'tt), which includes his own s|)e-
cial " Iteport on Machinery and Manufactures."
He was a memU'r of the U. S. commis-sion on the
causes of boiler-explosions, and of the U. S. b<«rd
to test iron, steel, and other metals. His exten-
110
THURY
TICIIENOR
sive knowletige of matters connected with mechan-
ical engineering has led to his being called upon
frequently to testify in court on disputed points as
an expert. The degree of doctor of engineering
was conferred on him by Stevens institute of tech-
nology in 1885, and he is a regular, honorary, or
corresponding member of various seientifie and
technical societies at home and abroatl. He was
vice-president of the American association for the
advancement of science in 1877-8 and 1884, vice-
president of the American institute of mining en-
gineers in 1878-'9, and president of the American
society of mechanical engineers in 1880-'3. Prof.
Thurston has invented a magnesium burning-lamp,
an autographic-recording testing-machine, a new
form of steam-engine governor, an apparatus for
determining the value of lubricants, and various
other devices. He is the author of about 250 pa-
pers, including contributions to *' The Popular [sci-
ence Monthly, " Journal of the Franklin Institute,"
"Van Nostrand's Magazine," "Science," "The
Forum," and like periodicals, and addresses before
scientific and other societies. His books are " His-
tory of the Growth of the Steam-Engine " (New
York, 1878) ; " Friction and Lubrication " (1879) ;
" Materials of Engineering " (3 vols., 1884-'6) ;
" Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill
Work" (1884); "Text-Book of the Materials of
Construction " (1885) : " Stationary Steam-Engines
for Electric Lighting Purposes" (1884); "Steam-
Boiler Explosions in Theory and in Practice"
(1887) ; and " A Manual of Steam Boilers : their
Design, Construction, and Management " (1888).
THURY, Pierre (tu-ry), French missionary, b.
in Bayeux, France, about 1650; d. in the Penob-
scot mission. Me., or in Nova Scotia, 3 June, 1699.
He studied for the priesthood in France, and, hav-
ing volunteered for the American missions, went
to Quebec, where he was ordained on 21 Dec, 1677.
In 1684 he was sent by Bishop Laval to labor
among the Indians of Acadia. After devoting a
year to the exploration of the country, he founded
the mission of St. Croix in 1685. In 1688 he was
transferred to the Penobscot, where he gathered
together an Indian colony at Panawaniske. His
converts became noted for the fervor of their piety
and devotion to the French, and in 1689 did the
latter good service at the attack on Fort Pemaquid.
He prepared prayers and hymns for their use in
the Abnaki language. He was afterward sent to
instruct the Indians of Nova Scotia. He returned
to Maine and died there, according to some ac-
counts, but others assert that he spent the rest
of his life in Nova Scotia. See John G. Shea's
" American Catholic Missions " (New York, 1854) ;
Shea's " The Church in the Colonies " (1887) ; and
Diereville's " Voyage" (Paris, 1708).
THWAITES, Reuben Gold, antiquary, b. in
Boston, Mass., 15 May, 1853. In 1866 he removed
to Oshkosh, Wis., where he studied in the intervals
of farm-work, and, after teaching for a year, be-
came editor of a newspaper in 1872. Subsequently
he took a post-graduate course at Yale. From
1877 till 1886 he was connected with the " Wiscon-
sin State Journal " as associate and afterward as
managing editor, and conducted a news bureau at
Madison. Having given much attention to the
study of western history, especially that of Wis-
consin, he was elected in 1887 corresponding secre-
tary of the Wisconsin historical society, and editor
of its publications. He is the author oif " Historic
Waterways : Six Hundred Miles of Canoeing down
Rock, Fox, and Wisconsin Rivers" (Chicago, 1888).
THWINO, Charles Franklin (twing), clergy-
man, b. in New Sharon, Me., 9 Nov., 1853. He was
graduated at Harvard in 1876 and at Andover theo-
logical seminary in 1879, and was pastor of a Congi*e-
gational church in Cambridge, Mass., till 1886, when
he took charge of the Plymouth church in Minneap-
olis, Minn. lie received the degree of D. D. from
Chicago theological seminary in 1888. Dr. Thwing,
who is associate editor of the " Bibliotheca Sacra,"
has been a contributor to magazines, and has pub-
lished many sermons, and, in book-form, " Ameri-
can Colleges : their Students and Work " (New
York, 1878); "Reading of Books: its Pleasures,
Profits, and Perils" (Boston, 1883); in collaboration
with Mrs. Carrie F. Butler-Thwing, " The Family :
an Historical and Social Study" (1886); and "The
Workiiig Church" (New York, 1888).
TIBBITS, George, merchant, b. in Warwick,
R. I., 14 Jan., 1763 ; d. in Troy, N. Y., 19 July,
1849. He established himself in business at Lan-
singburg, N. Y., at the age of twenty-one. and in
1797 removed to Troy. He was a member of the
legislature in 1800, and two years later was
elected to congress, serving from 17 Oct., 1803, till
3 March, 1805. From 1815 till 1818 he sat in the
state senate, and he was the author of the financial
plan that was adopted for raising means to build
the Erie canal. In 1816 he was defeated as the
Federalist candidate for lieutenant-governor. In
1824 he was a member of a commission on state
prisons which reported in favor of the Auburn sys-
tem, and during the next five years he acted on the
commission that had charge of the construction
of Sing Sing prison, and remedied abuses in the
management of penitentiaries. From 1830 till 1836
he was mayor of Troy. He delivered addresses on
agricultural subjects, and wa.s one of the earliest
American advocates of the economical policy of
protection in essays that appeared in the Philadel-
Ehia "Inquirer" over the signature of "Cato."
[e published also "Memoir on Home Markets"
(Philadelphia, 1827) and "Finances of the Canal
Fund of the State of New York Examined" (Al-
bany, 1829). — His grandson, William Badger,
soldier, b. in Hoosick, N. Y., 31 March, 1837; a. in -'
Troy, N. Y., 10 Feb., 1880, was graduated at Union
in 1859, began the study of law, and engaged in
manufacturing. At President Lincoln's first call
for troops he recruited a company, and was mus-
tered into the service as captain on 14 May, 1861.
He was engaged at Big Bethel. Fair Oaks, Malvern
Hill, Bristow Station, and the second battle of Bull
Run, was promoted major of the 2d New York vol-
unteer iniantry on 13 Oct., 1862, participated' in
the battles of Fredericksburg and Cnancellorsville,
and, when his term of service expired, raised a regi-
ment that was called the Griswold light cavalry, of
which he was made colonel, his commission dating
from 20 Nov., 1863. He served under Gen. Julius
Stahel, first encountering the enemy at New Mar-
ket on 15 May, 1864. He was present at Piedmont
on 5 "June, was constantly engaged during the
following three months, taking part in numerous
actions, and was brevetted brigadier-general of
volunteers on 17 Nov. At the close of the war he
was ordered to the west with his command. He
was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 13
March, 1865, commissioned as brigadier-general on
18 Oct., 1865, and mustered out on 15 Jan., 1866,
returning to Troy with health impaired by injuries
received in the service.
TICHENOR, Isaac, jurist, b. in Newark, N. J.,
8 Feb., 1754; d. in Bennington, Vt, 11 Dec, 1838.
He was graduated at Princeton in 1775, be^an the
study of law in Schenectady, N. Y« and m 1777
was appointed assistant commissary-general and
stationed at Bennington. He remained there, was
TICKNOH
TICK NOR
111
admitted to thu Imf. i|nictisod law, and took an
active i>art in public annirs, serviiifj as* a ineinlHT
of the v'ermont house of representatives in 17yi-'4,
afirent of the state to conj^n-ss in 17H2, a slate coun-
cillor in 17H7-'92. a commissioner for the arran|;c-
ment of the territorial dispute with New York in
1791, anil a mendx^r of the sl^ite Ixmrd of censors
from 1792 till 1H13. In 1791 he was aptK>inte<l a
judjje of the supreme court of Vennont. becoming
chief justice in 179.'). In the following year he re-
8igne<l to take his seat in the Uniletl States senate
on 6 I)ec., 1796. Ho was elocte<I governor of Ver-
mont, retiring from the senate on 10 Nov., 1797.
and was continued in that office by re-election till
1807. In IHOH he was again elected governor and
8erve«l one more term, in 1815 he wjus sent to the
llnite<l States senate a second time, taking his scat
on 4 Dec. of that year and serving till 3 March,
1821. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him
by Dartmouth in 1789.
TICKNOR, Caleb B., physician, b. in Salisbury,
Conn., in ISO.") ; d. in New York city, 19 Scot., 1840,
He was educated for his profession in the Herk-
shire medical institution, and adopted the homu?o-
pathic system of medicine. In addition to many
medical papers, he published "The Philosophy of
Living, or tno Way to Enjoy Life and its Comforts "
(New York, 1836); "Popular Treatise on Medical
Philosophy" (Andover, 1838); and "Guide to
Mothers and Nurses" (1839). — Ilis brother, Bena-
JAH, also studied medicine, and was a surgeon in
the V. S. navy from 10 July, 1824, till his death,
which occurn^d 20 S«'pt., 1857.
TICKNOR, Elisha, educator, b. in Tjebanon,
Conn.. 25 March, 1757; d. in Hanover, N. H., 22
June, 1821. He was graduated at Dartmouth in
1783, and was connected w^ith various schools, l)e-
coming in 1788 hea<l master of Franklin grammar-
scho<jl, Iktston. After filling this post for several
years, he resigned on account of his health. He
made one of the earliest efforts to improve female
education in Massachusetts, and originated the
scheme for primary schools in Boston, proposing
them at a town-meeting in 1818. He oecame a
successful merchant in Boston, and founded the
first insurance comi>any and the first savings-bank
in the city. In 1818 he presented a plan to pre-
vent the causes and perfect the cure of paur)erism
in Boston. — His son, Cjeorge, author, b. in Boston,
Mass.. 1 Aug.. 1791 ; d. there, 26 Jan., 1871. From
a very early age he
showed a passion for
reading, which, under
the judicious nurture
that he received at
home, became still
stronger as he grew in
years. While yet a
boy he passe<I his ex-
amination for admis-
sion into Dartmouth,
where he took his de-
gree in 1807. On re-
turning home he gave
three years more to
his favorite studies.
rv When he was nineteen
VA . \ ,^ ^,-v years old, Mr. Ticknor
^M^ . O vCmA^tf>r) entered the office of a
lawyer in Boston, and
after the usual term of preparation wa* a<Imitted
to the liar in 1813. But he was satisfied that his
vocation, or at least his taste, lay in the direction
of letters rather than of law. His father's circum-
stances were, fortunately, such as to enable the
young student to consult his ta.ste in the selection
of his profession. In 1815 he went t« Kuro|)«« for
study. Two years he {tassed at (i/ittingen, attend-
ing the lectures of the university and devoting
himsi'lf to philological studies, es[)ecially to the
ancient classics. Two years longer he remained
in KurojM.', chiefly on the continent, (tassing most
of his time in the capitals, as affording obvious
advantages for a critical study of the national
literatures. During his absence he was, in 1817,
ap(M)inted to fill the chair of mo<lern languageH
and literature in Harvard. In 1819 he returned
to the United States, bringing with him a valu-
able library. This in time grew to l)e one of the
largest [)rivate collections in the country, and, for
the rarity and im|Mjrtance of the IxKiks, was unsur-
fwissed, in some of its departments. This is es[>e-
cially true of the collecti<m of Spanish literature,
which rivalknl the Ijest private ones in Europe.
Mr. Ticknor, during his connection with the univer-
sity, gave long and elalx)rate courses of lectures on
French and Spanish literature. He also entered
into a critical analysis of such writers as Dante,
Goethe, Milton, and Shakesfieare. The audience of
the lectures, instead of being confined to students,
was increased by persons without the walls of the
college, who were attracted not merely by the in-
terest of the subject, but by the skill of the critic,
his luminous and often eloquent diction, and his
impressive delivery. After nolding his office for
fifteen years, Mr. Ticknor resigned it in 1835, pre-
paratory to another visit to Europe, where he pro-
posed to spend several years with his family. His
labors hau l)een attended with signal benefit to
the university. He was the first professor on the
Smith foundation, and the duty devolved on him
of giving a complete organization to the dejiart-
ment, which includes several teachers. Moreover,
during his connection with Harvard, he suggested
valuable improvements in the system of discipline,
for which he had deriveti the hints from the Ger-
man universities. Finally, he had greatly extend-
ed the range of intellectual culture among the
students at the university, where literary instruc-
tion had hitherto been confined to the classics.
Mr. Ticknor was a founder of the BosU^n public
library, and president of its board of trustees in
1864- 6, and gave to it his Spanish library. Mr.
Ticknor spent three years in his second visit to
Europe, and after his return set about the prepa-
ration of his great work. At the close of 1849 the
"History of Spanish Literature " made its appear-
ance in England and the United States. Hum-
boldt, in a letter dated 19 June, 1850, shortly after
its publication, pronounce<i iti> panegyric in a sin-
gle sentence, declaring it "a masterly work." The
judgment of the illustrious German was spee<lily
confirmed both in Eurofie and in this country.
The nature of the subject, it might he thought,
would have restricted the demand for the book to
a comparatively small number of readers. But
the extent of tlie sales prove<l the contrary, con-
firming the remark of tne "Edinburgh Review"
(Octoter, 1850). that, perhaps of all compositions of
the kind, Mr. Ticknor's work has the most success-
fully combined popularity of style with sound
criticism and extensive research within it« own
department. The edition that was published in
England met with the most cordial reception from
the scholars of that country, while in Germany
and in Spain translations so«jh apjieared, under the
auspices of eminent men of letters, who have added
to tne value of their labors by their own annota-
tions. Although purporting to be simply a history
of literature, the work exhibits vividly the social
112
TICKNOR
TIDBALL
civilization of the peninsula; and, independently
of its stores of bibliographical information for the
use of the scholar, it will be no less serviceable
to the student of history who would acquaint
himself with the character and condition of the
Spaniard, and see in what manner they have been
affected by the peculiar institutions of the country.
The first eidition of the " History of Spanish Litera-
ture " (3 vols., New York and London, 1849) was
followed by a second (3 vols., 1854) and by a third
American edition, corrected and enlarged (3 vols.,
Boston, 1863). A fourth edition, containing Mr.
Ticknor's last revisions, has appeared since his
death. To these are to be added the following
translations : " Historia de la Literatura Espa-
fiola, por M. G. Ticknor; traducida al Castellano,
con Adiciones y Notas eriticas, por Don Pascual de
Gayangos y Don Enricjue de Vedia" (4 vols., Mad-
rid, 18ol-'7); " Geschichte der sehonen Literatur
in Spanien, von Georg Ticknor ; Deutsch rait
ZusHtzen, herausgegeben von Nicholaus Heinrich
Julius" (2 vols., Leipsic, 1852). Mr. Ticknor's
great work was preceded by several minor publica-
tions, including "Syllabus of a Course of Lectures
on the History and Criticism of Spanish Litera-
ture " (Cambridge, 1823) ; " Outline of the Principal
Events in the Life of General Lafayette" (Boston,
1825 ; London, 1826 ; in French, Paris, 1825) ; " Re-
marks on Changes lately proposed or adopted
in Harvard University " (Cambridge, 1825) ; " Re-
port of the Board of Visitors on the United States
Military Academy at West Point for 1826 " ; " The
Remains of Nathan Appleton Haven, with a Me-
moir of his Life " (1827) ; and other publications.
He also published a " Life of William Hickling
Prescott (Boston, 1864). See his '' Life, Letters,
and Journals" (2 vols., Boston, 1876).
TICKNOR, (Jeorge, journalist, b. in Boston,
Mass., 14 April, 1822 : d. in Keene, N. H.. 25 Dec,
1866. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1847,
studied law in Franklin, N. H., was admitted to
the bar in 1850, and began practice in Hanover,
but in the following year removed to Claremont.
He was solicitor for Sullivan county from 1855 till
1859, and about 1860 settled in Keene and pur-
chased a large interest in the " New Hampshire
Sentinel," which he edited during the remainder
of his days. He published " Gazetteer and Bio-
graphical Sketches of New Hampshire."
TICKNOR, William Davis, publisher, b. in
Lebanon, N. H., 6 Aug., 1810 : d. in Philadelphia,
Pa., 10 April, 1864. In youth he was employed in
the office of his uncle, Benjamin, a money-broker,
and he afterward became teller in the old Colum-
bian bank of Boston. He began the business of a
Jublisher in Boston in 1832, in connection with
ohn Allen, under the firm-name of Allen and
Ticknor, successors of the old publishing-house of
Carter, Hendee, and Co. In the following year Mr.
Allen retired, leaving Mr. Ticknor to carry on the
business for twelve years. This he did under his
own name, which will be found on the title-pages
of the early American editions of Tennyson and
many New En^^land authors. In 1845 John Reed
and tlames T. Fields became his partners, and the
imprint was changed to Ticknor, Reed, and Fields,
but the legal flrm-name remained William D.
Ticknor and Co. during Mr. Ticknor's lifetime.
On the retirement of Mr. Reed, in 1854, the style
became Ticknor and Fields, continuing as such for
about ten years. During this period the last-named
firm purchased and continued to publish the "At-
lantic Monthly" and the "North American Re-
view." On the death of Mr. Ticknor his interest
was continued in behalf of bis son, Howard M., and
James R. Osgood. Among the important events
of this epoch were the establishment of "Our
Young Folks" (1864), edited by Howard M. Tick-
nor, and of "Every Saturday'^' (1866), edited by
Thomas Bailey Al'drich. In 1868 the younger
Ticknor retired, and a new copartnership was
formed among the other members, under the flrm-
name of Fields, Osgood, and Co. In 1870 Benja-
min H. Tick-
nor was ad-
mitted, and
in 1871 Mr.
Fields with-
drew, when
the firm be-
came James
R.Osgood and
Co. In 1885
it became
Ticknor- and
Co., consist-
ing of Benja-
min H. and
Thoma-s B.
Ticknor and George F. Godfrey. From the be-
ginning the publications of the house were char-
acterized by intrinsic merit and by the neatness
and correctness of their typography. The interests
of American writers met with unusual considera-
tion, and it became a mark of distinction for young
writers to have secured them as publishers. Will-
iam D. Ticknor was one of the first of American
publishers to make payment for the works of for-
eign authors, beginning with £100 to Tennyson in
1842. The house always continued this custom,
and it is probably not too much to say that its ex-
ample did more than any other one thing to estab-
lish a principle that is now so generally recognized
and acted upon. For three decades the curtained
office of their establishment in the quaint old build-
ing at the corner of Washington and School streets,
seen in the illustration, was the resort of Dickens,
Emerson, Hawthorne, Holmes, Longfellow, Lowell,
Sumner, Thackeray, Whipple, and Whittier. This
building (the oldest but one now standing in Bos-
ton), one of the landmarks of the city, was built
immediately after the great fire of 1711, and was
occupied for various domestic and mercantile pur-
goses, at one time being an apothecary-shop kept
y the father of James Freeman C^larke, until in
1828 it became the book-store of Carter, Hendee,
and Co., from whom it passed to Allen and Ti6k-
nor. It remained in the hands of William D.
Ticknor and his immediate successors until 1866,
when increasing business required their removal to
Tremont street ; but it is still a book-store.
TIDBALL, John Caldwell, soldier, b. in Ohio
county, Va. (now W. Va.), 25 Jan., 1825. He was
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1848,
being Assigned to the 3d artillery. He served at
the various stations of his regiment until 1861,
when, having attained the rank of captain, he was
placed in command of a battery, and engaged in
the principal actions of the Army of the Potomac
from the battle of Bull Run until and including
the battle of Gettysburg in 1863. During the lat-
ter part of the campaign in Pennsylvania Capt.
Tidball commanded a brigade of horse artillery.
He was appointed colonel of the 4th New York
volunteer artillery, 28 Aug., 1863, and commanded
the artillery of the 2d corps of the Army of the
Potomac during the Richmond campaign, includ-
ing the battles of the Wilderness anp the siege of
Petersburg. He was commandant of cadets at
West Point from 10 July till 22 Sept., 1864, and
TIEBOUT
TIFFANY
113
Ie<l the artillery of the 9th corps from 9 Oct.. 1864.
till 2 April. 1H(W, in the operations that terniinatwl
in the surrtM»«l<T of Lee at Api>omatt<)X. After he
wan mustertnl out of the voluntei'r ^»l'rvi(•e he eora-
manded his battery at the presidio of San Fran-
cisco until his promotion in February, IWH, to
major of the 2<1 artillery, thence serviiifr in com-
mand of the district of Astoria and Alaska, and
the post of l{«leigh. N. C. and as superint«'ndent
of artillery instruction at the IT. S. artilIcry-H<'h<H)|
at Fort Monn)e, Va., till January. 1S«0. He was
then appointtMl aide-de-camp to the general of the
army, with rank of colonel, serving until 8 Feb.,
1884. He In-came lieutenant-colonel of the 3d ar-
tillery, 30 June, 18«2, and colonel of the 1st artil-
lery. '22 March, 188.5, and has commanded the ar-
tillery-school and post of Fort Monroe since 1 Nov.,
1883. In 1889 he will be n>tired from active service.
He has receive*! the brevets of brigadier-general of
volunteers for gallant and distinguished services
at Spottsylvania, major-general of volunteers for
services at Fort Sedgwick, major in the regular
army for Gaines's Mills, lieutenant-colonel for An-
tietam, colonel for gallantry at Fort Ste<lman, and
brigadier-general. 13 March, 1865, for gallant and
meritorious services during the relx»llion. Gen.
Tidball is the author of a " Manual of Heavy Ar-
tillery Service " which has been adopted by the
war department (Washington. 1880).
TIKHOl'T, Cornelius, engraver, b. in New
York ill 1777; d. in Kentucky about 18iJ0. At an
earlv age he exhibited a taste for drawing, and
while an apprentice with a silver-smith matle some
attempts at engniving on copper. In 1794 he en-
gravea several heads for William Dunlap's "Ger-
man Theatre." The next year he went to London
to receive instruction in the art from James Heath,
being the first American to go abroad to study
engraving, and retunied at the end of two years
very much improvetl. He chose Philadelphia for
his residence, and there he publishetl his chief
works. He worked in the stipple or chalk man-
ner, and was an artist of no mean merit. Among
his folio plates are portraits of Washington, Gen.
Horatio Gates, John Jay. and Bishop White, after
Gillwrt Stuart ; and Thomas Jefferson, after Rem-
brandt Peale. After accumulating some property,
Tiebout engaged in business ventures for which
he was not fitted by exi)erience or education, and
lost all. He then removed to Kentucky.
TIERN.VN, Lnke, merchant, b. in County
Meath. Ireland, in 1757; d. in Baltimore, Md., 10
Nov., 1839. He came in 1787 to the United States,
and settle<l first at Ihigerstown, Md., but soon re-
moved to Baltimore, where he engaged in the
shipping business, being the first in that city to
engage in the direct trmle l)etween Baltimore and
LiveriKKil, He took a dei'p interest in the pros-
perity of his adopte<l city and in politics. He was
a whig, and a warm [personal friend of Henry
Clay, who frequently visited his house, and spoke
of him as the jtatriarch of the Whig party in Mary-
land. He was a presidential elector, voting for
John Quincy Adams in 1M24. and one of the found-
ers of the Hilx>rnian s<^)ciety of Maryland, and for
many years its president. In 182G-'7 he was one
of a committee to urge upon the legislature of
Maryland the incor[H>ration of the Baltimon> and
Ohio railroad company, the first railroad comiMiny
incorporated in this country, and he was also a
member of the committee of the Washington
monument of Baltimore.
TIFFANY. Alexander Ralston, jurist, b. in
Niagara. Up|>er C'anatla 16 Oct.. 179<>; d. in Pal-
myra, Mich.. 14 Jan.. 1868. He learned the print-
voL. VI. — 8
er's trade in the office of the " Canadian Constella-
tion." publishe<l by his father, Sylvester, and re-
moved with him to Cunatidnigua. N. Y.. |)revious
to the war of 1812. Ho stu<lic<l law. was admitted
to the bar. and practistnl at Palmyra. Wayne co.,
N. Y.. and became aswK-iate judge of the county.
He removed to Palmyra, Mich., in 1K32. liecame
pmsecuting attorney of licnawee county in 1834,
was elected ju<lge of probate in 1836 and in 1840.
county judge of Ij(>nawe<> county in 1844. re-elected
in 1848, and served until this court was alK>lished
by the constitution of 1850. He was a memUT of
the Constitutional convention of IK.'iO, and of the
legislature, where he was chairman of the judiciary
committee in 1855. He published "The Justices
Guide" (Detroit. 1855); "Criminal I^aw" (1860);
and " Form-B(K)k for Attorneys in Michigan" (1860).
TIFFANY, Charles Louis, jeweler, b. in Kil-
lingly. Conn., 15 Feb., 1812. He received an aca-
demic education, and then entered the cotton-mill
of his father. In 1837 he came to New York city
without means, and established with John B. Young
a fancy-goods and stationery store at 259 Broad-
way. The capital for the enterprise, $1,000, was
lent to the
young men by
Mr. Tiffany's
father. They
invested their
money in va-
rious novel
g(X)ds, in-
cluding Chi-
nese curiosi-
ties. Success
favored the
new house,
and in 1841
the firm Ije-
came Tiffany,
Young, and
Ellis, by thQ
admission of the latter as a partner. During the
same year Mr. Young was sent abroad to select
novelties and establish closer relations with Euro-
pean houses. The firm moveti to 271 Broadway
in 1847, and then l)egan the manufacture of gold
jewelry. During the disturbances in Europe in
1848, diamonds det^lincd fifty per cent in Paris,
and, taking advantage of this, they made large
purchases. In 1851 they l>egan the manufacture
of sterling silver ware. Various changes in the
firm resulted in the establishment of a Paris
branch, and the firm-name in New York l)ecame
Tiffany and Co. The salesrooms were moved to
550 Broadway in 1851, and during the civil war a
large business was carried on in the manufacture
of swords and similar articles. At the World's
fair in Paris in 1867 their exhibit rec-eived the
first award. The building which they now occupy
on Union square was erected for their accommo-
dation in 1867, and the firm was incorporated as
a stock com|>any in 18(58. The products of their
manufacture receivetl the highest honors at the
World's fairs in Philadelphia in 1876, and again
in Paris in 1878. Mr. Tiffany has been honore<l
with testimonials by foreign |X)wers, and he has
been decorated by the French and Russian gov-
ernments. He is active in the affairs of New
York city, and is a liberal patron of art. His resi-
dence, among the finest in the country, is situ-
ated on Madison avenue near Central nark, and
is represente«l in the accompanying illustration.
— His son. Louis Comfort, artist, b. in New
York, 18 Feb., 1848, studied under Qeorge Inness
114
TIFFANY
TILDEN
and Samuel Colman, subsequently under Ldon
Bailly in Paris, and during five years travelled and
sketched in Europe and Africa. In 1870 he be-
came a member of the Water-color society ; the
following year he was elected an associate of the
National academy, and he l>ecame an academician
in 1880. He is also a member of the Society of
American artists. Among his works in oil are
" Fruit- Vender, under the Sea-Wall at Nassau "
(1870); " Market -Dav, Morlaix," and " Duane
Street, New York" (1878); and " Bow-Zarea, Al-
giers." His water -colors include "Meditation"
(1872): "Shop in Switzerland," "Old and New
Mosques at Cairo," and '• Lazy Life in the East "
(187G) ; " Algiers " (1877) ; and " Cobblers at Bori-
farik" (1878). He devotes much time to decora-
tive work, and has furnished many cartoons and
designs for windows for the Tiffany glass company,
of which he is the founder. The interior work of
his father's house in New York was executed under
his supervision.
TIFFANY, Osmond, author, b. in Baltimore,
Md., 16 Julv, 1823. He was educated at Baltimore
and studied at Harvard in 1840-'2, but was not
graduated. He afterward engaged in mercantile
and literary work, was ordnance clerk at the U. S.
armory in Springfield, Mass., in 1862-'3, and pay-
master's clerk in the U. S. army in 1863-'4, and
has been custom-liouse liquidating clerk at Balti-
more since 18()9. He has contributed to periodi-
cals and published " The Canton Chinese, or the
Americans' Sojourn in the Celestial Empire " (Bos-
ton, 1849) ; " Brandon, a Tale of the American
Colonies " (New York, 1851); and "Sketch of the
Life of Gen. Otho H. Williams" (Baltimore, 1851).
He has edited " Patriarchs and Prophets of Bibli-
cal Story " (Springfield, Mass., 1860).
TIFFIN. Edward, statesman, b. in Carlisle,
England, 19 June, 1766; d. in Chillicothe, Ohio,
9 Aug., 1839. After receiving an ordinary Eng-
lish education, he began the study of medicine,
and continued it after his removal to Charlestown,
Va., in 1784, receiving his degree at the University
of Pennsylvania in 1789. In the same year he
married Mary, sister of Gov. Thomas Worthington.
In 1790 he united with the Methodist church, and
soon afterward he became a local preacher, being
ordained deacon, by Bishop Asbury, 19 Nov., 1792.
In 1796 he removed to Chillicothe, Ohio, where he
continued both to preach and to practise medicine.
At Deer Creek, twelve miles distant, he organized
a fiourishing congregation, long before that part
of the country was visited by travelling preachers.
In 1799 he was chosen to the legislature of the
Northwest territory, of which he was elected
speaker, and in 1802 he was president of the con-
vention that formed the constitution of the state
of Ohio. He was elected the first governor of the
state in 1803, and re-elected two years later. Dur-
ing his second term he arrested the expedition of
Aaron Burr, near Marietta, Ohio. After the ex-
piration of his service he was chosen U. S. senator,
to succeed his brother-in-law, Thomas Worthing-
ton, and took his seat in December, 1807, but early
in the following year his wife died, and on 3 March,
1809, he resigned from the senate and retired to
private life. Shortly afterward he married again,
and was elected to the legislature, serving two
terms as speaker. In the autumn of 1810 he re-
sumed the practice of medicine at Chillicothe, and
in 1812, on the creation by act of congress of a cora-
missionership of the general land-office, he was
appointed by President Madison as its first incum-
bent. He removed to Washington, organized the
system that has continued in the land-office till the
present time, and in 1814 was actire in the removal
of his papers to Virg^inia, whereby the entire con-
tents of his office were saved from destruction by
the British. Wishing to return to the west, he
f)roposed to Josiah Meigs, surveyor-general of pub-
ic lands northwest of Ohio river, that they should
exchange oflHces, which was done, after the con-
sent of the president and senate had been obtained.
This post he held till 1 July, 1829, when he re-
ceived, on his death-bed, an order from President
Jackson to deliver the office to a successor. Dr.
Tiffin continued to preach occasionally in his later
yeSrs. Three of his sermons were published in the
"Ohio Conference Offering" in 1851. In a letter
of introduction to Gen. Arthur St. Clair, Gen.
Washington speaks of Dr. Tiffin as being " very
familiar with law."
TILDEN, , poet, b. in 1686; d. about
1766. He was the author of " Tilden's Miscellane-
ous Poems on Divers Occasions, chiefly to animate
and rouse the Soldiers" (1756). This'little volume
of thirty pages was one of the first of the produc-
tions that were written with a view to stimulate
the soldiers in the French war. A copy of this
rare book was in the library of George Ticknor, of
Boston, and the whole of it appeared in the New
York "Historical Magazine" for November and
December, 1859, and January, 1860.
TILDEN, Samuel Jones, statesman, b. in New
Lebanon, N. Y., 9 Feb., 1814; d. at his coimtry-
house, Graystone, Westchester co., N. Y., 4 Aug.,
1886. The name of an ancestor, Nathaniel Tilden
of Tenterden, yeoman, and that of Lydia, his wife,
with seven chil-
dren and seven
servants, head the
list of " such per-
sons as embarked
themselves in the
good ship called
the ' Hercules,'
... to be therein
transported to the
Slantation called
ew England in ^^^^^ _^^
America,' from ^PJHF^' HI* ^iA
the port of Sand- mm n' y
wich, England, in
March, 1634. This _
of Tenterden, as
had been his uncle John before him, and as was his
cousin John after him. He settled with his family
at Scituate, whence the second generation of Til-
dens migrated to Lebanon, Conn. To Isaac Til-
den, the great-grandfather of Sanmel J., was born
at this place, in 1729, a son named John, who set-
tled in what was afterward called New Lebanon,
Columbia co., N. Y. Samuel J.'s father, Elam, the
youngest of John Tilden's seven children, was bom
in 1781, and in 1802 married Polly Y. Jones, a de-
scendant of William Jones, lieutenant-governor of
the colony of New Haven. Eight children were
born of this union, of whom Samuel J. was the fifth.
The boy early developed great activity of mind and
a remarkable command of language. His father,
a farmer, who also carried on a mercantile business,
was an intimate friend of Martin Van Buren. and
the political controversy of the time was part of the
very atmosphere of the Tilden household. In his
eighteenth year Samuel prepared an address, which
was adopted as a party manifesto uy the Demo-
crats, in regard to the issues of the pending state
election. In the same year he entered Yale col-
TILDEN
TILDEN
115
lege, but almost at the outset his studies were
interriiptcil by feeble health. Ho reHUined them
in 1K34, when he entered the University of New
York. Here he (•omj)U'ted his acjideniic educa-
tion, «in«l di'votinl )iinis(>lf to the study of law.
Whde in collejje ho wrot« a series of }>a|)ers in
defence of I'resident Van Buren's p)liey in re-
gard to tlie Unite<i Statics lianlc. He made a more
elabonkte pK'u for the indej>endent treasury sys-
tem, as o|)|H>sed to the union of t>ank and state, in
a s^KHH-h delivered to his neighbors at New Leban-
on in OctolxT, 1H40.
On his a<lMiission to the J)ar, Mr. Tilden began
practice in New York city, but continued to take
an a«"tive j^mrt in politics. He was elected to the
assembly ui 184.5, and while there was chairman
of a committee appointed to inquire into the causes
of the anti-rent disorders, and the masterly report
on the whole subject of the great lejisehold estates
and their tenants was almost entirely his work.
He was a member of the Constitutional convention
of 1840. The three most memorable cases in which
he was employed as a lawyer were the trial of the
contest^l election of his friend, Azariah ('. Flagg,
as comptroller of New York city, the opposition
on the part of the heirs of the murdered Dr. Bur-
dell to Mrs. Cunningham's application for letters
of administration on his estate, and the defence of
the Pennsylvania coal company to the claim of the
Delaware and Hudson canal company for payment
of extra tolls. The hearing of the last-named con-
sumed seventy days, and Mr. Tilden's argument in
the case was a marvel of analytic^il ingenuity and
construct ive ability. From 1855, more than half of
the great railway corporations north of the Ohio and
between the Hudson and Missouri rivers were at
some time clients of Mr. Tilden's. He was the
author of many of the plans of reorganization
that were rendered necessary by the early financial
necessities of these companies. He took part in
the Free-soil revolt within the Democratic party
in 1848. In 1851 he made a strong plea for respect
to the constitution in dealing with the question
of improvements on the state canals. In 1855 he
was the candidate for attorney-general on the
ticket of the " Soft-Shell " Democrats. Through-
out the civil war he maintained that the struggle
against the Confederacy could be successfully
waged without resorting to extra-constitutional
mooes of ac-tion. By 1808 Mr. Tilden had definite-
ly assumed the leadership of the Democratic party
in New York state. To the enactment of what
was known as " the Twee<l charter " of 1870, which
confirmed the control of a corrupt ring over the
government and revenues of New York city, Mr.
Tilden offered the most determined opposition.
To the side-partners of Tweed, the almost equally
notorious persons who were engaged, by the aid of
courts, in plundering the stockholders of the Erie
railway, Mr. Tilden ha<l made himself similarly
obnoxltius. He was one of the founders of the Bar
association, which was an organized prote.st against
the i)erversion of the machinery of justice accom-
plished by judges Geor^ G. Barnard and Albert
Canlozo and their allies. In the impeachment
Srocwdings against these judges in 1872 Mr. Til-
en's was the directing mind, and it was mainly
for this pur|x)se that he agreed to serve as a meml)er
of the assembly. On the exposure of the methods
of plunder of the Tweed ring, which was made in
the columns of the New York " Times " in July,
1871. Mr. Tilden undertook, through an examina-
tion of the bank-Accounts of the chief members of
the combination, a legal demonstration of the share
of the spoil received by each, and the tables pre-
sented with his affidavit funiished the basis of the
civil and criminal proceiMlings brought against the
ring and its agents. He threw all his energy into
the prosecution of suits in the name of tlie state
against the iiitii who Imd M-izcd i::. . iniicry of
local justice, and he resist<Hl successfully the efforts
of the ring and the i)oliticians in its service to re-
tain their hold on the state Democratic organiza-
tion in the autumn of 1871. In 1874 he was the
Democratic can<lidate for governor, and was elect-
ed by a plurality of 50,(KK) over Gov. John A. Dix.
His special message to the legislature on the ex-
travagance and dishonesty that had characterize<l
the management of the canals made a deep im-
pression. During his iulministration thenewcapi-
tol building at AHwinv was l)egun{see illustration),
which has cost $17,()(H),000, but is not finisheil.
In June, 1876, the National Democratic Cf>nven-
tion, assembled at St. Louis, nominated him for the
presidency. (F'or an account of the election and
its results, see Hayes, Ri'therforu B.) As finally
declared, the electoral vote was 185 for Mr. Hayes
and 184 for Mr. Tilden. The popular vote,' as
counted, gave Tilden 4.284.265 : Haves. 4,033,295;
Cooper, 81,737; Smith. 9,522. Mr. I'ilden was op-
posed to the electoral commission, declaring his
belief in "the exclusive juris«liction of the two
houses to count the electoral votes by their own
servants and under such instruction as they might
deem proper to give." From that time tillthe end
of his life he" was first among the leaders of the
national Democracy, and the pressure for his re-
nomination in 1880 became so great that his friends,
who knew his fixefi determination not to lie a can-
didate, appealed to him for a formal announce-
ment of his resolution. a«ldressed to the delegates
from his own state. Four years later this declara-
tion had to be repeated, itis last important con-
tribution to the history of his time wjis a commu-
nication addressed to John G. Carlisle, sjieaker of
the house of representatives, in regard to the ur-
gent necessity of liberal appropriations for such a
system of coast defences as would place the United
States in a position of comparative safety against
naval attaclt. Under the provisions of Mr. Til-
den's will, the greater portion of his fortune (which
was estimated at f5.0(K).()()0) was devoted to public
ust\s, the chief of which was the establishment and
endowment in the city of New York of a free pub-
lic library; but the will was contested by his rela-
tives, rie never marrie<l. His life was w^ritten
by Theodore P. Cook (New York, 1876), and his
writings edited by John Bigelow (2 vols., 1885). —
Mr. Tilden's elder brother, MosKs Y. (1812-'76),
116
TILGHMAN
TILGHMAN
was a member of the legislature in 1869, and be-
came known by his persistent opposition to the
Tweed ring. With his orother he built the Lebanon
Springs railroad.
TILGHMAN, James, lawyer, b. at the Hermit-
age, his family-seat, on Chester river, Md., 6 Dee.,
171G; d. in Chestertown, Md., 24 Aug., 1793. He
was the grandson of Richard Tilghman, an eminent
surgeon of London, who was one of those that peti-
tioned for the life of King Charles 1. and who emi-
grated to Maryland in 16W) and settled the Hermit-
age, which has ever since remained in the posses-
sion of his descendants. James studied law and
entered on its practice at Annapolis, Md., whence
he removed to Philadelphia about 1760, He was
asked by John Penn in 1765 to become secretary
of the land-office of Pennsylvania. Stipulating
for a salary of £300 besides certain fees, he ac-
cepted the post and held it until the Revolution.
He was chosen a common councilman of Philadel-
phia in 1764, and in 1767 became a member of the
provincial council, which office he also held until
the Revolution. At its teginning his views were
liberal. He wished a repeal of the obnoxious acts
of parliament, and thought the Boston port bill an
outrage, but condemned the "Boston tea-party,"
and finally came to be regarded as a loyalist. On
the approach of the British toward Philadelphia,
he among others was placed under arrest by the
authorities of the state and gave his parole. Per-
mission was granted him, 31 Aug., 1777, to visit
his family in Maryland and return within a month,
before the end of which the British occupied Phila-
delphia, so he remained in Maryland. On 16 May,
1778, he was discharged from parole. — James's
brother, Matthew, patriot, b. at the Hermitage,
Queen Anne county, Md., 17 Feb., 1718; d. there, 4
May, 1790, in 1741 "married his cousin. Anne Lloyd,
and was commissioned commander of a troop of
horse for protecting the outlying settlements from
the Indians, and also one " of the worshipful, the
commissioners and justices of the peace for Talbot
countv." He was elected delegate to the general
assembly of Maryland in 1751, and continued to be
a member of the house of delegates until the pro-
vincial government was superseded by the state
organization, 5 Feb., 1777, He was a member of
the committee that was appointed in May, 1768,
by the general assembly of Maryland to draft an
address to the king protesting against the stamp-
act. He was speaker of the house of delegates in
1 773-'5 and presi-
dent of the Revo-
lutionary conven-
tion which from
1774 till 1777 con-
trolled the prov-
ince and directed
its government.
He was the chair-
man of the com-
mittee on cor-
respondence that
was appointed in
December, 1774,
and of the coun-
cil of safety of
July, 1775, and
was chairman of
every delegation
that was sent by
the convention of
Maryland to the Continental congress. In June,
1776, he was summoned from his seat in congress
to att«nd the convention at Annapolis, and was
president of the convention that framed the first
constitution for the new state of Marjiand. This
circumstance alone prevented him from attaching
his name to the Declaration of Independence,
which he advocated both at Philadelphia and at
Annapolis. He continued to represent his state
in congress until 1777. when he resigned to accept
the post to which he had been elected as senator
from Talbot county in the senate of Maryland.
He was re-elected in 1781, but resigned before his
term had expired. His wisdom, courage, purity
of character, and ability won for him the name
of the patriarch of Maryland, and his influence
was second to that of no man in forming the in-
stitutions and organizing the government of the
new state. By his contemporaries he was consid-
ered one of the firmest and ablest advocates of civil
and religious liberty of his time. — James's son,
William, jurist, b. in Talbot county, Md., 12 Aug.,
1756; d. in Philadelphia, 30 April, 1827, studied
law under Benjamin Chew, after the family had
removed to Philadelphia, and was admitted to the
Maryland bar in 1783 and sat in the legislature for
several years after 1788. He began to practise in
Philadelphia in 1793, was appointed chief judge of
the U. S. circuit court, 3 ISIarch, 1801, but resumed
practice when the law establishing the office was
repealed in the following year. In July, 1805, he
was appointed president of the court of common
pleas in the first district, and in February, 1806. he
became chief justice of the state supreme court.
He was elected president of the American philo-
sophical society in 1824, By direction of the legis-
lature he prepared in 1809 a report of the English
statutes in force in Pennsylvania. He published
" Eulogium in Commemoration of Dr. Caspar Wis-
tar," delivered before the Philosophical society of
Philadelphia (1818), and "Address before the
Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture"
(1820). — Another son of James, Tench, soldier,
b. in Talbot county, Md„ 25 Dec, 1744 ; d, in Bal-
timore, Md.. 18 April, 1786, began life as a mer-
chant in Philadelphia, but at the beginning of
the Revolution became lieutenant in a company
from Philadelphia that was known as the Ladies'
light infantry. He was appointed secretary and
treasurer to the commission that was sent by con-
gress, 13 July, 1775, to treat with the Six Nations
and other northern Indians, joined the army under
Washington early in 1776 as captain of a company
of infantry from Pennsylvania, and in August,
1776, became military secretary and aide upon the
commander-in-chief's staff. He served in this post
to the end of the war, participating in all the
principal battles in which the army was engaged.
On 30 May, 1781, he was commissioned lieutenant-
colonel, to take rank from 1 April, 1777, having,
with great delicacy, declined to rank from an ear-
lier date to which he was entitled, because he
woulithereby take precedence of his seniors in the
service. On the surrender of Cornwallis he was
selected by Washington to bear his despatch to
congress announcing that event. Leaving York-
town. 19 Oct.* he reached Philadelphia at midnight
on 23 Oct., when his news that "Cornwallis is
taken " was immediately proclaimed by the watch-
man. He was voted the thanks of congress, a sword,
and a horse with accoutrements, for this service.
After the war he became a merchant in Baltimore.
He married Anna Maria, daughter of his uncle
Matthew. — William's cousin, Edward, lawver, b.
in Wye, Md., 11 Dec, 1750; d. 1 Nov., 1815, was
educatwi in Philadelphia and studied in the Mid-
dle Temple, London, in 1772-'4. H* was for many
years a successful practitioner at the Philadelphia.
TILLEY
TILLEY
117
bar. and on tho death of Chief-Justice Edwanl
Shi{>|)cii the office was tendered to him. Ho de-
cline<I it, l)Ut recommended for the office his kins-
man, William. — Matthew's great-grandson, Lloyd,
wildiiT, h. in Talbot county, Md., in 1816; d. near
Vicksburg. Miss., 16 May, 1863, entered the U. S.
military aca<lemy, was graduate^! in 1836, and as-
signed to the 1st dragoons. Ho became full 2<1
lieutenant, 4 July. 18;^6, but resigned on 30 Sent,
and entered on the business of a civil engineer, lie
was division engineer of the Baltimore and Sus-
quehanna railroml in 1836-'7, of the Norfolk and
Wilmington canal in 1837-'8, the Eastern Shore
railroad of Maryland in 1838-'9. and the Baltimore
and Ohio railroad in 1839-'40. He served in the
war with Mexico as volunteer aide to (ien. David
R Twiggs at the Imttles of Palo Alto and Resaca
de la Palma, and was captain of the Maryland and
District of Columbia Iwittalion of volunteers from
14 Aug., 1847, until it was disbanded, 13 July, 1848.
He then served as principal assistant engineer of
the Panama division of the Isthmus railroad, and
was engineer on southern railroads till 1859. He
joinefl the Confederate army in 1861, was commis-
sioned brigadier-general in 1862, and surrendered
at Fort Henry in February of that year. He was
exchanged in Julv, and killed at the battle of
Champion Hill. — "fench, soldier, great-grandson of
James s brother Richanl, b. in Plimhiminon, Talbot
CO., Md., 25 March. 1810: d. in Baltimore, Md., 22
Dec.. 1874, was graduated at the U. S. military
academy in 1832, and was assigned to the 4th artil-
lery, but resigned, 30 Nov., 1833. and was a farmer
at Oxford, Md., till his death. He was brigadier-
general of Maryland militia in 1837-'60 and major-
general in 1860-'l, state commissioner of public
works in 1841-'51, and superintendent of the mili-
tary department of the Maryland military acade-
my, Oxford, in 1847-57. In 1849-'.50 he was U. S.
consul at Mayaguez, Porto Rico. He projected the
Maryland and Delaware railroad, was unwearied in
his efforts to build it, and ser\'ed as its president in
185^'61. In 1858-'60 he was president of the Na-
tional agricultural society. Gen. Tilghman was
for manv years at the head of the Maryland Society
of the tincinnati, and at his death he was also
treasurer-general of the order in the United States.
From 1857 till 1860 he was collector of customs for
the port of Oxford, Md. — His kinsman, Richard
Llovd, naval officer, great-grandson of James's
bn)ther. William, b. in Kent county, Md., 20 April,
1810; d. in 1867, entered the U. S. navy as a mid-
shipman, 27 Oct., 1830, promoted to lieutenant, 8
Sept., 1841, and during the Mexican war served
with Com. Roljert ¥. Stockton in the Pacific in the
"Congress" and " Cyane," and participating in the
conquest of California, the capture of Mazatlan,
Guaymas, and Ija Paz, and in the operations inci-
dent to these victories. He commanded the brig
" Perry" on the Brazil station from 1857 till 1860,
during the Paraguayan war. He returned home
during the excitement before the civil war, on 23
April, 1861, resigned from the navy, and died soon
after the close of the war.
TILLEY, Jean Le (jardenr. Chevalier de,
French naval officer; b. in Quebec, Canada, in
1740; d. in Canada after 1792. His family were
Canadian pioneers, and had served with credit in
the wars against the Iroquois and the English. A
Ije Qardeur de Til ley was a missionary among the
Illinois in 1660, and another was a memlier of the
council of Bishop Laval Montmorency. A mem-
ber of another branch, Le Qardeur de Saint Pierre
(a. V.) was on Ohio river in 1753. Tilley entered
the navy early in life and rose rapidly in the ser-
vice, being a commander at the beginning of the
war for indejwndence. He served from 1778 till
lliiii under De (luichcn, De UraHso, Ija Motte-Pic-
({uet and Vaudn>uil, and commanded in a cruise
along the Canadian vxMst, securing many prizes.
In 1781 he was in command of the squadron that
pursued Ik>nedict Arnold in (.'hesa|>eake bay, and
ne to<jk the "Romulus "and several tran«jK>rts.
He was promoteil knight of .Saint I^ouis and
i>riga<lier-geii«'ral of the naval forces after the con-
clusion of |»eace, and rose afterward to the rank of
chef d'esca<lre, commanding in 1789 the s<|uad-
ron at Rochefort. In 1791 ne left France and re-
tume<l to Canada, where he died.
TILLEY, Sir Samael Leonard, Canadian
statesman, b. in Gagetown, Queen's co.. New Bruns-
wick. 8 May, 1818. His father was Thomas Mor-
gan Tilley, and his grandfather, Samuel, was a
loyalist, who, at the
close of the American
Revolution, left Brook-
lyn, N. Y., and settled
in New Brunswick,
becoming a grantee of
the city of St. John.
The family is of Dutch
extraction. Young
Tilley was educated at
the county grammar-
school, but at the age
of twelve he was
obliged to leave his
home and seek em-
ployment. He went
to St. John and en-
tered a drug-store as
an apprentice. After,
duly serving his time
he went into business
on his own account with Thomas W. Peters. He
joined a deliating society, and became a warm and
uncompromising exponent of the temperance cause.
Throughout his life he has remained a total al)-
stainer. In 1849 Mr. Tillev's name first appears in
connection with the politics of his native province,
when, espousing the side of the protectionists of
that day, he nominated and aided in electing a
candidate for the legislature. Toward the close
of the year he took an active part in forming the
New Brunswick railway league, which had for its
object the construction of a line of railway from
St. John to Shediac. At the general election of
1850 he was nominated a candidate for St. John
in the reform interest. In June he was elected to
a seat in the house of assembly. In 1851, however,
the Liberals experienced a serious reverse, two of
the leading members of their party having desert-
ed to the other side. Mr. Tilley and two of his
friends resigned, and he did not return to public
life until 1854, when his old constituency re-elected
him. In November he entered the cabinet of the
Liberal administration, and fmm that day to the
present time (1888) he has enjoyed, save in two
periods of a few months' duration, uninterrupted
power as minister or governor. In 1856 he was
beaten at the polls on the prohibitory liquor-law
auestion, when his ministry made the subject a
irect issue. The new government repealed the
act, but was unable to maintain itself in office
longer than a year, when, a dissolution occurring,
the LilK»rals were again retumeti to power, and Mr.
Tilley was reinstated in his old post as provincial
secretary. Shortly afterward he became premier.
From June, 1857, till March, 1865, Mr. Tilley re-
mained leader. In 1864 he went to CharlottetowOf
<^y^^^l^^€.^
118
TILLEY
TILLINGHAST
Prince Edward island, to attend the conference of
maritime parliamentarians, with a view to forming
a legislative union of the three provinces by the
sea — Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince
Edward island. Several members of the Canadian
government, among whom was Sir John A. Mac-
donald, being on a visit to the lower provinces and
hearing of the proposed meeting, expressed a de-
sire to be present. Invitations were sent to them ;
they attended, and succeeded in inducing the dele-
gates to abandon the smaller scheme and meet later
m the year at Queljec, where a grander union would
be proposed and discussed. The greater assembly
accordingly met on 10 Oct., and sat with closed
doors until the 27th of the month, when the famous
" Quclx'c scheme " was completed. In the framing
of those resolutions, which now form the basis of
the British North America act, Mr. Tilley took an
active part. In March, at the general elections,
Mr. Tilley submitted the question to the people ;
but he and his party suffered defeat. Notwith-
standing the premier's strong personal po{)ularity
in his own constituency, the majority of votes cast
against him in 1865 was very large, but in the fol-
lowing year the new government resigned, and
the majority was reversed. Delegates from Onta-
rio. Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were
sent to London to complete the terms of union,
and at this conference Mr. Tilley ably represented
his province. For his services he was made a com-
panion of the Bath (civil) by the queen, and on
resigning his seat in the New Brunswick house of
assembly for a seat in the house of commons at
Ottawa he was sworn in as a member of the Cana-
dian privy council, and appointed minister of cus-
toms in the first cabinet of the Dominion. From
November, 1868. till April, 1869. he was acting
minister of public works, and on 22 Feb., 1873, he
was made minister of finance in succession to Sir
Francis Ilineks. This important portfolio he held
until the fall of the Macdonald government on 5
Nov. of the same year. Before leaving office Sir
John Macdonald appointed his colleague lieutenant-
governor of New Brunswick, which office he filled
with great acceptance until 11 July. 1878, and
though it is said a second term was offered to him
by the MacKenzie administration, he declined it,
and accepted the nomination of the Conservative
party for a seat in the house of commons. lie ran
m his old constituency, St. John, and narrowly
escaped defeat, his majority being but nine votes.
This was doubtless due to the stand that he took
on the tariff question, which was declared to be a
high protective one, and framed to protect the
Canadian manufactures. The platform of the Con-
servatives obtained throughout the country, and
Sir John Macdonald, on being asked to form a gov-
ernment, invited Mr. Tilley to resume his old post.
On presenting himself for re-election, he was re-
turned by acclamation. In due time he formulated
the national policy of the ministry on the floor of
the house in one of the ablest speeches that he had
ever made. Though the measure was hotly dis-
cussed, it finally passed, and has ever since been
the policy of the country. On 24 May, Mr. Tilley
was created a knight commander of St. Michael
and St. George by the Marquis of Lome, then
governor-general of Canada. He also holds a pat-
ent of rank and precedence from the queen as an
ex-councillor of New Brunswick. He held the
office of finance minister of the Dominion until
October, 1885, when his health failed, and he re-
tired from parliament and the ministry to accept,
for a second term, the less laborious office of lieu-
tenant-governor of New Brunswick, which post he
still holds. As a speaker he is fluent and elo-
quent. Many im|)ortant public measures owe their
inception to him, chief of which, however, is the
act dealing with the readjustment and reorgani-
zation of tne'custoras tariff.
TILLINGHAST, Nicholas, educator, b. in
Taunton, Mass., 22 Sept., 1804; d. in Brideewater,
Mass., 10 April, 1856. He was the son of Nicholas
Tillinghast, who was several times repi-esentative
to the general court of Massachusetts between 1795
and 1816. The son was graduated at the U. S.
military academy in 1824, and entering the U. S.
army as 2d lieutenant in the 7th infantry, served
for two years on garrison duty at Fort Gibson in
the Indian territory. Afterward he returned to
the military academy, where, in 1827-34 he was
successively assistant professor of chemistry, min-
eralogy, and geology, and of geography, history,
and ethics. lie was promoted captain on 1 June,
1835, and joined his regiment at Fort Gibson, but
resigned on 31 July, 1836. Capt. Tillinghast then
settled in Boston, where he received pupils in
mathematics. In 1840 he was appointed principal
of the state normal school at Bridgwater, and he
continued to fill this post until failing health com-
pelled his resignation in July, 1853. His onlv
publications were " Elements of Plane Geometry''
(Concord, N. H., 1841) and " Prayers for Schools "
(Boston, 1852). — His son, William Hopkins, b. 20
March, 1854, was graduated at Harvard in 1877,
and since 1882 has been an assistant in the li-
brary of Harvard university. He has published
a translation, with additions, of Carl Ploetz's " P^pit-
ome of Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern History "
(Boston, 1884).
TILLINGHAST, Pardon, clergyman, b. in
Seven Cliffs, near Beachy Head (now Eastlx)m),
Sussex, England, in 1622 : d. in Providence, R. I.,
19 Jan., 1718. He was a soldier under Cromwell,
and a participant in the battle of Marston Moor.
He settled in Providence, R. I., 19 Nov., 1645, was
admitted a resident of the town with a quarter in-
terest of the original proprietors of the Providence
purchase, and founded a numerous family, whose
members are now found in nearly every state and
territory of the United States, fie was pastor of
the 1st Baptist church in Providence from 1678
till his deatn, preaching and officiating in that ca-
pacity for about forty years without remuneration.
At his own expense, in 1700, he built the first meet-
ing-house of this religious society, the oldest in
America of its denomination. Mr. Tillinghast, in
171 1, " for and in consideration of the love and good-
will " he bore the church over which he was then
pastor, executed " to them and their successors in
the same faith and order " a deed of the meeting-
house and the lot on which it stood. In the deed
of conveyance he descril)es the faith and order of
the church by quoting Hebrews vi., 1, 2, showing it
to be the same as that now held by the Six Princi-
ple Baptists. In addition to his pastoral duties
and his occupation of a merchant, he found time
to serve the infant colony many times as member
of the house of deputies, and the town of Provi-
dence twenty-five years, in various pists of honor
and trust. — His great-grandson, Thomas, jurist,
b. in East Greenwich, R. I., 21 Aug., 1742; d.
in East Greenwich, L. I., 26 Aug., 1821, was a
member of the legislature from 1772 till 1780, and
one of the committee that it appointed in 1777 to
estimate the damage done by the British soldiers
on the islands of Conanicut and Rhode Island dur-
ing the war of the Revolution. In 1779 he was
elected judge of the court of comtnon pleas for
Kent county, and a member of the council of war.
TILLMAN
TILTON
119
In September, I780.howa»('ho9ena8.8ociiitejustjoeof
thesupremecourt. which jHwt he held by annual elet--
tions until 1787. sitting in the famous paper-money
case of Trevett vs. Wee<len. His firmness ajul tlo-
c'ision in thisc»»e, notwithstandiiiu its un|N)pulurity
in the state at the time, ought, says a writer, " to
cause his name to \k* inscribed in letters of gold."
He was again a judge of the supreme court from
1791 until his resignation in I)eceml)er. 1797, in
which year he was electe<l a member of congress,
serving from 13 Nov., 1797. till 4 March. 1.799. and
in 1801-'3.^ow!ph lieonard, lawyer, fifth in
descent from Pardon, b. in Taunton. Mass.. in 1790;
d. in Providence. K. I.. 30 Dec., 1844, studied law,
and was admitted to the bar in 1811. In 1819 he
receive<l the honorary degree of A. M. from Brown,
of which he was efected a trustee in 1833, He
filled many other public stations, was for many
years a- member of the general assembly, and was
"repeatedly elected speaker of the house, where he
was the earnest adv(x«te of public instruction and
judicial refornj. Elected to congress as a Whig,
he serve<l from 4 Sept., 18:^7, till 3 March, 184:3.
In congress he w^as one of the most useful mem-
bers, few men equalling him in the extent of his
political information. At the age of eighteen he
published in the Providence "Gazette." over the
signature " Dion," a series of political essays that
attractecl wide attention : and he also contributed
poetry to journals over the signature of *' Carroll."
TILLMAN, Samuel Dyer, lawyer, b. in Utica,
X. Y., 1 April, 1815; d. in New York city, 4 Sept.,
1875. He wa-s griuluated at Union in 1834, and then
studied law in Canandaigua, where he was admit-
ted to the bar. Several years later he settled in
Seneca F'alls, X. Y.. where he continued in the prac-
tice of his profession, and also was rejaeatedly elect-
ed president of the town council. About 1850 he
retired from legal practice and settled in N^ew York
city. He was soon elected a member of the Ameri-
can institute, by which organization he was made
professor of science and mechanics. Later he Ijc-
came its corresponding secretary and edited the
" Transactions " of the institute, published by the
state. Prof. Tillman's knowledge in every depart-
ment of science was extensive. lie invented a ro-
tating planisphere to serve as a substitute for the
artificial globe, for the use of school*, and also a
revolving musiual scale, called the tonometer, de-
signed to illustrate the theory of temperament and
exhibiting visibly the relations between the true
and temi^red notes in every key. The degree of
Ph. D. was conferred on him by Union college in
1875, and he was a member of various scientific
societies, including the American association for
the a<ivancement of science. His writings were
chiefly essays on technical subjects, and included
" A Treatise on Musical Sounds and an Explana-
tion of the Tonometer" (New York, 18G0).
TILLSON, Davis, soldier, b. in Rockland. Me.,
14 April. 1830. He entered the U. S. military
academy in 1849. but two years later, having in-
jured his foot so that it required amputation, he
resigned. In 1857 he was elected to the Maine
legislature, and in 1858 became atljutant-general
of the state. On the inauguration of President
Lincoln he was appointed collector of customs of
the Waldoboro district, which place he resigned in
1861 to become captain of the 2d Maine battery.
He went to Washington in April. 1862 (having
been detaine<l in Maine during the winter, owing
to the threatened difficulty with England on ac-
count of the " Trent " affair), and was assigned to
the Army of the Kapnahannock under Gen. Irvin
McDowell. On' 22 May he was promoted major
and made chief of artillery in Gen. RdwanI O. C.
Ord's division. After the liattle of Cedar Moun-
tain. 9 Aug.. 1802, he was a-s-nigned to Gen. McDow-
ell's staff as chief of artillery, in which capacity ho
served during the three days' artillery fight at
Ka[>pahann(K'k Station, and then at the si-cond bat-
tle of Bull Run. Subsequently, until April. 1868,
he wafi inspector of artillery, and in January was
made lieutenant-colonel, and on 29 March wa.s or-
dered to Cincinnati, having been commis.«»i<med
brigadier-general to date from 29 Nov., 1862, and
ma!de chief of artillery for fortifications in the De-
partment of the Ohio. He ha«l charge of the de-
fences of Cincinnati and the works on the Louis-
ville and Nashville railroad, and raised and organ-
ized two regiments of heavy artillery. In Decem-
ber, 1868, he was ordered to Knoxville, Tenn.,
where he supervised various works and was given
a brigwie in the 23d army corps, which he com-
manded in several engagements with Confederate
cavalry and irregular troops during the winter of
186;J-'4,- He continued in charge of the works in
this district, which were ofliciafiy commended as
the best in the military division of the Mississippi,
and also organized the 1st U. .S. heavy artillery of
colored troops and the 3d Xorth Carolina mounted
infantry. Subsequently he had command of the
District of East Tennessee until early in 1865, when
he was transferred to the 4th division of the De-
partment of the Cuml)erland. and held that com-
mand until the close of the war. He then olTered
his resignation ; but his services were retained, and
he remained on duty until 1 Dec., 1866, in charge
of the freedmen's bureau at Memphis, and subse-
quently in Georgia. For a year he remained in
Georgia after his resignation, engaged in cotton-
planting, but then disjKJsed of his interests there
and returned to Rockland. Me., where he has since
been engaeed in the granite business.
TILTON, Janiesi, physician, b. in Kent county,
Del., 1 June, 1745; d. near Wilmington, Del., 14
May, 1822. He received a classical education at
Xottingham academy, Md., under Rev. Samuel
Finley, who was afterward president of Princeton.
On leaving sch(x>l, he entered the medical dejiart-
ment of the University of Pennsylvania, where he
was graduated in 1771, si.>^ years after its organiza-
tion. He at once settled at Dover, Del., where ho
remained until the lieginning of the Revolutionary
war. His sympathies being warmly enlisted in
the patriot cause, he abandoned a lucnilive prac-
tice to enlist, and became 1st lieutenant in a com-
pany of light infantry. Subsequently he was ap-
pointed surgeon in a l)elaware regiment, and ser^-ed
m the battles of Long Island and White Plains,
accompanying the army in its retreat to the Dela-
w^are river. In 1777 he was in charge of the mili-
tary hospital at Princeton, X. J., where there was
much suffering among the troops in consequence
of the system of placing all the sick in one hospital.
Dr. Tilton himself narrowly escaped death from
an attack of fever that he contracted there. In
the winter of 1779-'80 the sufferings of the sick in
the tent hospitals was very ^reat. To Dr. Tilton,
then stationed at Trenton. X. J., has been ascribed
the suggestion of the erection of the new buildings
that were ordered by the authorities with the haj>-
piest results. These were log huts, roughly built
so as to admit of frei' ventilation through the crev-
ices, with floors of hardened clay, each being in-
tended to accommodate not more than six patients.
In September, 1781. chiefly through the exertions
of Dr. Tilton, an act was passed l)y congress pro-
viding for promotion by seniority in the medical
corps. He was soon afterward electeii a professor
120
TILTON
TIMM
in the University of Pennsylvania, but declined,
beint^ unwilling to leave the service. In 1782, af-
ter the surren<ler of Cornwallis, he began to prac-
tise again in Dover. In 1783-'5 he was a delegate
to the Continental congress, and he sat for several
sessions in the legislature. He removed to Wil-.
mington for his health, from 1785 till 1801 was
government commissioner of loans, and on the
declaration of war with Great Britain was appoint-
ed surgeon-general of the army. He found the
hospitals on the northern frontier, and especially
the one at Sackett's Harbor, filthy and neglected.
He moved the latter to Watertown, N. Y., intro-
duced better regulations into all of them, and was
rewarded by an immediate improvement in the
health of the army. Purchasing a farm near Wil-
mington, he devoted his time thereafter chiefly to
its cultivation. In 1857 his remains were disin-
terred, and now lie in the Wilmington and Brandy-
wine cemetery beneath a monument erected by the
Delaware state medical societv. Dr. Tilton- pub-
lished his graduation essav, " De Hydrope " (Phila-
delphia, 1771), and an elaborate plan for hospital
organization, entitled " Economical Observations
on Military Hospitals, and the Prevention and Cure
of Diseases incident to the Army " (Wilmington,
1813). His papers include "Observations on the
Yellow Fever, " Letter to Dr. Duncan on Several
Cases of Rabies Canina," "Observations on the
Curculio," " On the Peach-Tree and its Diseases,"
" A Letter to Dr. Rush approving of Bleeding in
Yellow Fever," and an oration in 1790 as presi-
dent of the Delaware .Society of the Cincinnati.
TILTON. John KoUin, artist, b. in Loudon,
N. H.,in imS; d. in Rome, Italy, 22 March. 1888,
His professional life was spent in Italy, and he was
a close student of the Venetian school of paint-
ing. Many of his landscapes are in private col-
lections in England and the United States.
Among his paintings are " The Palace of Thebes,"
which was shown at the Royal academy, London,
in 1873 ; " Como " ; " Venice " ; and " Venetian
Fishing- Boats" and "Rome from Mount Aven-
tine," both of which are in the Corcoran gallery,
Washington. His " Lagoons of Venice," and
" Komombo " were at the Philadelphia exhibition
of 1876 Henry T. Tuckerinan says of him that
** while some critics compare him with Claude and
Turner, others, like Jarves, unjustly declare him
a 'weak sentimentalist in color, having no solid
foundation of knowledge or inventive force. ' "
TILTON, Theodore, journalist, b. in New York
city, 2 Oct., 1835. He was graduated at the Col-
lege of the city of New York in 1855, was em-
ployed for a year on the New York " Observer,"
and then became an editor of the " Independent,"
continuing on the staff from 1856 till 1871, the
latter part of the time as editor-in-chief. He edited
also, about six months of the last year, the Brook-
lyn " Union." He then established the " Golden
Age," an independent jwlitical and literary weeklv,
but retired from it at the end of two years, in
1874 he charged Henry Ward Beecher with crimi-
nal intimacy with his wife (see Beecher), and the
case, tried by Plymouth church and the public
courts, attracted wide attention. Mr. Tilton has
written many political and reformatory articles,
which have been reprinted in pamphlets. He has
gained much reputation as an orator, being a con-
stant and eloqiient speaker in behalf of woman's
rights, and, before the civil war, in opposition to
slavery. For twenty years he was a lyceum lec-
turer, speaking in nearly every northern state and
territory. He went abroad in 1883, and has since
remained there. Among his works are " The Sex-
ton's Tale, and other Poems" (Ne# York, 1867):
" Sancta Sanctorum, or Proof-Sheets from an Edi-
tor's Table" (1869); " Tempest Tosstnl," a romance
(1873; republished in 1883); "Thou and I," pcjems
(ISSOV: and "Suabian Stories." Imllads (1882).
TIHBY, Theodore Riiggles, inventor, b. in
Dover, N. Y., 5 April, 1822. lie Received a common-
school education, and spent his youth on a farm.
At an early age he developed inventive faculty, and
in 18Ji6 made a practicable working model of a float-
ing dry-dock, which was condemned by nautical
experts as impracticable in tidal waters. The first
sight of the circular form of Castle Williams on
Governor's island, in the harbor of New York, sug-
?;ested to him the idea of the revolving plan for de-
ensive works, and in April, 1841, he went to Wash-
ington and exhibited a model and plans of a revolv-
ing battery, to be constructed of iron, to the chief of
engineers and chief of ordnance of the U. S. army.
This model and plans were also submitted to John
C. Calhoun and other officials in Washington. In
January, 1843, he made a model of a marine tur-
ret, and at that time filed a caveat in the U. ii
patent-office for a metallic revolving fort, to be
used on land or water, and to be revolved by pro-
pelling engines located within the same, acting
upon suitable mechanism. From January, 1841,
till 1861 Mr. Timby urged the importance of his
plans upon the proper authorities at Washington
and elsewhere, out without satisfactory results,
although in 1848 a favorable report was made to
the secretary of war and indorsed by the chief of
the ordnance bureau. Meanwhile, in 1856, he ex-
hibited his plans to Napoleon III,, and received
some encouragement, but without practical result.
In September, 1862, after developing many modifi-
cations of his original idea, he took out letters-jiat-
ent covering the broad claim for " a revolving
towef for defensive and offensive warfare, whether
placed on land or water," and in the same year he
entered into a written agreement with the con-
tractors and builders of the original "Monitor"
for the use of his patents, covering the revolving
turret, by which they agreed to pay him a royal-
ty of |5,000 on each turret that they constructed.
These facts show beyond a doubt that Mr. Timby
is the original patentee of the revolving turrets,
and that he was recognized as such bv John Erics-
son, the designer of the "Monitor'' and similar
iron-clad vessels. Among the elaborations and de-
velopments of the original idea of the revolving
tower which he has perfected from time to time
are the cordon of revolving towers across a ch^^n-
nel (1861) ; a mole and tower system of defence
(1880); the planetary system of revolving towers
(1880) ; the subterranean system of defence (1881) ;
and the revolving tower and shield system (1884),
all of which he has patented in this and other
countries. Mr. Timby invented and patented in
1844 the American turbine water-wheel, which was
a success, and in 1861 he devised the method, now
in universal use, of firing heavy guns by electricity,
as well as other inventions of practical utility.
The degree of A. M. was conferred on him by
Madison university in 1866. and that of S. D. bv the
University of Wooster, Ohio, in 1882. Mr. Timby
founded in February, 1888, " Congress," a monthly
journal, in Washington, D, C, and has prepared
for the press a collection of didactic and philo-
sophicaljprose and verse entitled " Beyond."
xIMM, Henry C, musician, b. in Hamburg,
Germany, 11 Julv, 1811. He was baptized as
Christian Heinrich, but, on coming to the United
States, he adopted his present namel He had some
instruction on the piano from A4bert Gottlieb
)
TIMON
TIM KOI)
121
Mothfessol, and Jacob Schmitt, and came to this
cuuntry in 1885. In ttiu snme year hv a^i|iearrd
at llif'i'ark theatre, New York, aM a pianist, and
obtain(>d an engagement to olav sitHJiid hum in
ttio orchi'stra, and oocoHionat piano solos. Dur-
ing this titiio ho was alao organist at (inu-c church.
About a yoar later be beeaino musical ilin'ctor of
an opera trou[)o at the Charleston theatre. In
1838 he returned to New York, where ho settled
permanently. When the National opera-house was
Duilt he lxH.'amo chorus-master and trombone-
Elaver; but the theatn> was s«M)n burne<l. In 1843
e (xvame president of the Philharmonic society,
which jiost lie held for sixteen years. During his
pn»sidency he fro<juenlly ap|H>are<l as the piano
soloist at the society's concerts, and for eight years
was trombone-player in the orchestra. He l)ecame
well known as an excellent piano-teachor, and his
services as an aocom)Hinist were much in demand.
His published compositions are few, the most nota-
ble K-iiig the s»'cond piano part for Johann B.
("nuni'r's eiglitv-four " ftludes."
TIMON, John, It. ('. bishop, b. in Conewago,
Pa., 12 Feb.. 17»7; d. in Buffalo, N. Y., 16 April,
1867. In 1802 he removed with his family to Balti-
more. Ho assisted his father, who was a merchant,
in bis business, and was engaged in tnule in Balti-
more, Ijouisville, and St. Louis till 1823, when he
entered the Ijazarist seminary at the Barrens near
St. Ijouis. He was ordaine<l a sub-deacon in 1824,
and accomjMinied Father (afterward Archbishop)
Odin in a missionary journey through Texas. He
was raiseil to the priesthoinl the following year,
appointed professor in the Barrens, and became a
member of the Lazarist order. He also did mis-
sionary work throughout a large district, and be-
came famous as a controversialist, sometimes meet-
ing as many as six clergymen of other creeds in
piutlic debate. But his great achievement was es-
tablishing his order in the United States. Serious
differences had arisen between Bishop Kosati and
the Lazarists with regard to the tenure of property,
and Father Timon showed great tact in bringing
about a settlement. In -1^5, at the assembly of
Lazarist deputies in Paris, it was decided to erect
the American mission into a province of the order,
and Father Timon was elected its first visitor. He
relieved the order from financial emlwrrassment,
rethiced to submission many meml)ers who had be-
come disaffected, prevailed on others who had left
the community to return, and acquired property
of great value in St. Louis and other cities. In
1838, at the request of Bishop Rosati, he took
charge of the missions in Texas. He offered the
first mass in Oalveston, and erected the first altar
in Houston. In 1839 he was appointed coadjutor
bishop of St. Louis, but earnestly asked the court
to be aIlowe<l to decline, and the nomination was
cancelled. In 1840 Texas was separated from the
Mexican dicK-ese of Monterey, and Father Timon
wa« appointed prefect ajxistolic of the republic,
where he took measures to secure the restoration of
the churc;h property that ha«l been confiscate*! by
the Mexican government. He went to Paris in
1841 on business connected with the I^azarists of
the Unit«Hl States. His energy appeared to increase
with advancing years. Seminaries wen' given into
his charge in every part of the United States, which
he supplie<l with pn)fessors from the members of
his community. A narrative of the length of the
journeys that he underUK)k in many western and
southern states, and of the difficulties that he over-
came, wmild se<'m incredible. The career of Father
Timon was marked by many acts of courage as well
as personal sacrifice and charity. His rescue of the
Sisters of the Visitation from a Ao^mI in Kaskaskia
had all the elements of romantic bravery. When
he was apiKiinted bishop of Buffalo in 1847 he
showed reliu'tance to acc4>pt the office, but ho
yieldinl to the pressure that was bnnight to Itear
on him, and was conwcratwl l>y Bishop Hughes
in the (»the<lral of New York on 17 Oct.. 1847.
At the beginning of his administration he de-
manded the transfer of the title of the nroj)erty
of St. Ixiuis's church, Buffalo, to himself. This
bein^ refused by the trustees, they wen» excom-
municated, and he laid the church under an in-
tenlict. The controversy, after Iwing the subject
of discussion in the legislaturt;, was finally settled
by his submission to the trust«*es in 185.'). He in-
tro«luced the .Sistt^rs of t'harity in 1848, liegan .St.
Joseph's boys' or])han asylum in 1851, ana after-
ward the New Catholic reformatory for Ik)V8. He
began the Foundling asylum in 1853, and sul^e-
quently founded the Deaf and dumb asylum, St.
Mary's German orphan asylum, the Providence
lunatic asylum, and many other charities. Among
the educational and religious institutions that he
founded or aided in establishing are the Seminary
at Suspension Bridge, the College and convent of
the Franciscan Fathers, the College of St. Joseph,
the Iledeniptorist convent of St. Mary, the Commu-
nitv of missionarv Oblate Fathers, and several sis-
terliomls. See his life bv C. E. Deuther (1868).
TIM ROD, Henry, poet, b. in Charleston, S. C,
8 Dec., 182»; d. in Columbia, S. C, 6 Oct., 1867.
His grandfather was a Uerman, who emigrated to
this country before the Revolutionarv war and
settled in Charleston. His father, William (1793-
1838), was a me-
chanic, but a man
of very poetic
teraperament,who
wrote some fine
lyrics. He com-
mandetl a corps
in the Seminole
war, composed of
Germans and men
of German de-
scent residing in
Charleston, and
from the exposure
and hanlships of
the service con-
tracted a disease
that resulted final-
ly in his death,
ftenry was edu-
cated at the Uni-
versity of Georgia, but took no degree. He was of
scholarly tastes, and was a writer of verses from bis
childhood. After leaving the university he studied
law in the office of James L. Petigni. but his enthu-
siasm for literature interferetl with his studies, and
he finally aliandoneil them and fittwl himself for a
college professor. William Gilmore Simms, who
was then in the height of his fame, was in the habit
of gathering round him those of the young men
of Charleston that had literary proclivities, and he
did much to foster the genius of Timro<l, Paul H.
Hayne. and other young southern writers. Tim-
rml's first volume of jxienis (Boston, 1860) con-
tained such fine work that it was hailed as an
earnest of great excellence. In 1861 he began to
write that series of war lyrics which made his
name popular thn>ughout the south. In 1862 a
project was formed for having a volume of Tim-
rod s ix>em8 brought out in Ijondon ; but the
pressure of great events interrupted this scheme.
• /-'^'WA.on/T^C
122
TIMS
TINKER
and it was never put into execution. His deli-
cate healtii forbatle active service in the field, but
his pen was never idle. He was at the battle of
Shiloh as war-correspondent of the Charleston
" Mercury." In 1864 he went to Columbia, the
capital of the state, where he edited the " South
Carolinian." He lost everything when the city
of Columbia was burned in F'ebruary, 18G5. He
said of himself that he and his family were brought
to beggary, starvation, and almost death — tliat
they had eaten up all the family silver and nearly
all their furniture, and were reduced to despair.
He writes in 1805 : " I would consign every line I
have written to eternal oblivion, for one hundred
dollars in hand." But the struggle against such
fearful odds, with his failing health, proved too
much for him ; life perceptibly ebbed away, and
early in October, 1867, he died. His brother-poet
and life-long friend, Paul H. Hayne, afterward
published a volume of his collected works, pref-
acetl by a verv pathetic sketch of his life (New
York, 1873). I'he south has probably never pro-
duced a poet of more delicate imagination, of
greater rhythmic sweetness, of purer sentiment,
and more tender emotion than this young man,
who passed away before he had time or opportu-
nity to attain that high standard of excellence
which his undoubted genius fitted him to reach.
His best-known poem is a short ode written for
Memorial-day, 1867.
TIMS, Thomas DHlon, Canadian official, b. in
Castle Pollard, Irehuul. 6 Jan., 1825. He engaged
for many years in commercial pursuits, entered
the civil service of Canada in 1858, in 1863 was ap-
pointed a commissioner to inquire into prison-man-
Kgement at Montreal, and in 1865 became govern-
ment superintendent of the engraving and nrint-
ing of the first issue of legal-tender notes. He vis-
ited Washington the same year on official business,
and in 1867 reported to the government upon a
financial system for the province of Quel)ec, and
was placed in charge of Dominion affairs at Hali-
fax. With other commissioners he was appointed
in 1868 to inquire into the management of govern-
ment railways in Nova Scotia. From 1868 till 1872
he was engaged in the organization of the financial
department and savings banks in Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick. and in 1872-3 established branches
of the finance department and savings banks in
British Columbia and Manitoba. He was appoint-
ed financial inspector for the Dominion in 1870,
and is inspector of Dominion savings banks, and
sub-treasurer and auditor of government railways.
TINCKER, Mary Agnes, author, b. in Ells-
worth, Me., 18 July, 1833. She was educated at
the high-school in Ellsworth, and at Blue Hill
academy, embraced the Catholic faith at the age of
twenty, and during the civil war nursed the sick
and wounded in one of the military hospitals at
Washington, D. C. Since 1873 she has lived in
Italy. She has published novels entitled "The
House of Yorke" (New York, 1872); " A Winged
Word " (1873) ; " Grapes and Thorns " (1874) : " Six
Sunny Months" (1878); "Signor Monaldini's
Niece." in the "No-Name Series" (Boston, 1879);
'• By the Tiber " (1881) ; *' The Jewel in the Lotus "
(1884); and " Aurora" (1885).
TINUEY, Thomas (pronounced with g soft),
naval officer, b. in London. England, 11 Sept.. 1750 ;
d. in Washington, D. C, 23 Feb., 1829. He served
in the British navy, but came to this country be-
fore the Revolutionary war, and owned ships that
were engaged in the East India trade. During
the war he served in the Continental navy. He
was selected as one of the six captains that were
dWoMld^
appointed on the organization of the U. S. navy on
3 Sept., 1798, and given the ship " Ganges," twenty-
four guns, with the " Pinckney " and *' South Caro-
lina, forming a squadron, to guard the Mona
fassage in the West
ndies during the
war with France.
During July, 1799,
he captured the
French ships " Le
Vainqueur," " Ije
Rabateuse," " L'Eu-
gene," and " L'Espe-
rance." In the same
year, while off Cape
Nicola Mole, he was
boarded by a boat
from the British frig-
ate " Surprise," and
all the Englishmen
on board were de-
manded and also per-
mission to examine
the protections of the
American seamen. Capt. Tingey answered : " A
public ship carries no protection for her men but
her flag. I do not expect to succeed in the con-
test with you ; but I will die at my quarters before
a man shall be taken from the ship." The crew
gave three hearty cheers, hastened with alacrity
to their guns, and called for " Yankee Doodle.''
The captain of the "Surprise," on hearing the
determination of the Americans, chose rather to
pursue his course than to battle for dead men,
Capt. Tingey was discharged under the permanent
naval-establishment act, but was reinstated on 23
Nov., 1804, after which he had command of the
navy-yard at Washington until his death. When
the capital was captured by the British, in the
summer of 1814, the secretary of the navy ordered
Com. Tingey to fire the navy-yard, which, with the
sloop-of-war " Argus," five armed barges, two gun-
boats, and all the naval stores, was consigned to
the flames. In this connection he writes to his
daughter, under date of 17 Sept., 1814 : " I was the
last officer who quitted the city after the enemy
had possession of it, having fiillv performed all
the ordere received, in which was included that of
myself retiring, and not to fall into their posses-
sion. I was also the first who returned and the
only one who ventured in on the day on which
they were peaceably masters of it." For fifty years
he was connected with the navy of this country a5d
for nearly thirty years had command of the W'ash-
ington navy-yard.
TINKEft, Benben, clergyman, b. in Chester,
Mass., 6 Aug., 1799; d. in Westfield, Chautauqua
CO., N. Y., 26 Oct., 1854. He entered a mercantile
house in his native town in 1813, but afterward en-
tered Amherst and was graduated in 1827, having
supported himself during his college career by
teaching and manual labor. He became a student
in Auburn theological seminary the same year, and
was ordained a minister of the Presbyterian church
at Chester in 1830. Resolving to devote himself
to foreign missions, he sailed for the Sandwich isl-
ands in December, 1830, and reached Honolulu on
28 June, 1831. He was chaplain for seamen at Ijh-
haina until June, 1832. when he went with other
missionaries on an exploring expedition to the
Marquesas islands, with the view to founding mis-
sions. In 1834 ho was appointed to edit a semi-
monthly religious journal in the native language,
which lie did up to 1838. In 1840 be returned to
the United States, where he had charge of a con-
TIPTON
TLALHUICOLE
123
gro^tion in Madidon. Ohio, for four years, and
thfii of (niu in Westfleld, N. Y., till his death. See
"Sermons by llev. K4>ulK>n Tinker, Missionary at
the Sandwich Islands; with a Biogra|»hical
Skct<-h" (Buffulo. IHStt).
TIPTON, John, senator, b. in Sevier county,
Tonn., U AiiL'.. 1786; d. in Ix>Kansport, Ind., '5
April. liVH). His father, Joshua, removed from
Maryland to eastern Tennessee, where he was mur-
dered by Indians on 18 April, 17tt3. The duty of
8Up|H)rtinK the family was thus thrown oi) John's
shoulders at an ago when he should have been at
school. At the same time he bef^an to i>e known
as an Indian fighter, IxOicvini; that to avenf^o his
father's munler was a sa(;re<T duty. In 1807 he
removtxl with his family to Indiana, settling on a
farm of fifty acres on Brinley's Ferry, Harrison eo.,
which he paid for out of money that he earned by
spliltin); rails at fifty cents a hundred. The dis-
trict was infested by counterfeiters and horse-
thieves, but Tipton inspiretl them with such fear
that they abandoned the neighlwrhootl. In 1809
he joined the " Yellow Jackets," a military com-
pany commanded by ('apt. Spier Sr)encer, and soon
afterwanl became ensign, serving through the cam-
paign that terminate<l with the iMittle of Tippecanoe,
7 >fov., 1811. He kept a journal of his campaign
of seventy- four days, which, notwithstanding its
singular method of spelling, is said to be the fullest
and most vivid narrative of those operations. The
"Yellow Jackets" lost their captjiin and their two
lieutenant.s at Tippecanoe, and Tipton took com-
mand of the company. After this he reached the
rank of brigadier-general of militia. In 1815 he
was elected sheriff of Harrison countv. and held
this ofilce by re-election until 1819, when he was
sent to the legislature. He was one of the com-
missioners that were appointed by that bo<ly in
1820 to select a site for a new capital for Indiana,
and it was on his motion that Fall Creek was
chosen. He wrote a journal describing minutely
his trips to different jKiints in search of a suitable
locality, and it shows a marked advance in snell-
ing and style over the one in which he relates ilar-
rison's campaign. He was re-elected in 1821, and
soon afterward appointed a commissioner to deter-
mine with another commissioner from Illinois the
boundary-line between the two states. He was ap-
pointed iJ. S. Indian agent for the Pottawattamie
and Miami trilx?s in March, 1828. and in 182G made
arrangements with them by which valuable public
lands were thrown open to settlers. In 1881 he
was elecrte<l U. S. senator, to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of Gen. James Noble, and he was re-
elected for a full term in 18153. Although his po-
litical opinions were, on the whole, similar to those
of Gen. Jackson, he was his strenuous opponent on
the U. S. iMink question. He was specially inter-
ested in the progress of Indiana, organize<l the Eel
river seminary .society at Logansport, raised money
for teachers, built school-houses, and constructed
mills. He made extensive purchases of land in
Bartholomew county, sixty acres of which he gave
for the erection of public buildings. The city of
Columbus was built on this property, and for a
time was called Tiptonia in his honor. It received
its pres<>nt name when his political opponents were
elected to oflice in the county. Gen. Tipton held
high oflice in the Masonic fraternity, becoming
finally grand-master.
TllPTON, Thomas W., senator, b. in Cadiz,
Ohio, 5 .Vug.. 1817. He was gratluated at Madison
college. Pa., became a lawyer, and was elected to the
legi.slature of Ohio in 1845, but, after some time,
settled in Nebraska. He was elected a dele^te to
the Constitutional convention there, and became in
1860 a memt)er of the territorial council. .Subse-
quently he studied for the ministry, was a[if>ointed
chaplain in the National army, and served during
the civil war. He was V. S. senator fn>m Nebraska
from 4 .Manh. 1H67. till 8 .March, 1875.
TlTt'OMB, Jonathan, soldier, b. in Newbury,
Mass., in 1728 ; d. there in 1817. He was a mem-
ber of the committee of safety and the Provincial
congress in 1774-*5, colonel of a regiment in the
Rhode Island expedition in 1778, and a member of
the State convention in 1 780. Some time afterward
he was ap[»ointed brigadier-general of militia. He
was naval oflicer of the port of NewburyjKjrt, Mass.,
from 1789 till 1812.
TIZOC, Mexican king, d. in 1482. He suc-
ceeded his brother Axayacatl on the throne in
1477, having been general of his predecessor's
armies. According to the historical paintings of
his time, he conquered during his brief reign four-
teen cities, some in the valley of Toluca, and as-
sisted King Netzahualpitl, of Texcoco, to subdue
the revolution of his brothers allied with the re-
public of Huexotzingo. Tizoc began the magnifi-
cent temple in honor of Huitzilopochtli, the god
of war, but before its conclusion was poisf>ned by
instigation of Techotlalla, cacique of Ixta|)alai)an,
who was afterward executed in the public square
of Mexico in presence of the allied kings.
TLALHUICOLE (tlal-we-co'-lay), Tlaxcaltec
warrior, d. in 1518. lie was regarded as the most
formidable hero of his country, and commanded
the Tlaxcaltec forces in the civil war in 1516 be-
tween the parti.<^ns of Cacamatzin and Ixtlilxo-
chitl. He was taken prisoner by stratagem by
Tlaxpanquizqui and brought to the city of Mexico ;
but his bravery and character had made such an im-
pression on Montezuma that he ordere<l the cap-
tive's release, an act that had no precedent in Mexi-
can history. But Tlalhuicole refused to profit by
the monarch's generosity. He said to Montezuma
that it would be infamous for him to return to his
country after being conquered, and insisted on
undergoing the fate of the other prisoners. Monte-
zuma, wishing^ at any cost, to save his life, offered
him the command of an army about to be sent to
drive back the Tarascos, who had invaded his
frontiers. Tlalhuicole accepted, hoping to meet a
glorious death in the ensuing battle. He advanced
at the head of the Mexican troops to the city,
Tangimoroa, called by the Mexicans Tlaximalovan,
cut through the Tarascan army, which made a
desperate resistance, and defeated them several
times. He returned to Mexico, laden with spoils and
accompanied by a long train of captives. Monte-
zuma lavished fresh honors on him, but failed to
persuade him to accept the perj)etual oflice of
commander-in-chief or to return to his native
country. He refu.setl constantly, alleging that to
do the first would be treason to his country, and
to do the second would be a stain on his glory.
At last Montezuma consented to satisfy the desire
of his general, and ordered him to be tied to the
stone of the gladiators. He was armed in the usual
fashion, and Montezuma, with all his court, was
present at the spectacle. Eight famous warriors
of Anahuac attacked him one after the other, and
were all disabled: the ninth, however, stunneil him
with a blow, and he was then put to death, with
the customary ceremonies. See " Histoire des na-
tions civilisees du Mexique et de rAraerique Cen-
trale durant les sie<'les anterieurs k Christophe
Colomb," by the AbW Bnisseur de Bourbourg (4
vols., Paris, 1859), and " Monarquia Indiana,' bj
Juan de Torquemada (Seville, 1615).
124
TLAXPANQUIZQUI
TOCQUEVILLE
TLAXPANQUIZQUI (tlas - nan - keeth' - kee),
Mexkraii soldier. He lived in tne latter half of
the 15th and the first half of the Itith century.
During the struggle between Cacainatzin and
Ixtlilxoehitl for the kingdom of Texcoco, which
liegan in 1510, he commanded the troops of his
native state, Huexotzingo, now in support of one
claimant, now of another. He had been convicted
of atlultery with the wives of two other chiefs of
high rank. This was an almost unknown crime
in the annals of the Aztecs, and was punishable
with death. But as the culprit was very power-
ful, the husbands appealed to Montezuma, who
promised to take the matter in hand. This oc-
curred at the time when the republic of Huexot-
zingo, which was then in alliance with Montezuma
and Cacainatzin, was invaded by th& Tlaxcal-
tecs, who favored Ixtlilxoehitl. t'he Tlaxcaltecs
were commanded by Tlalhuicole, their greatest
hero. Tlaxpanquizqui profltud by the occasion to
efface the stain of his crime by a glorious feat of
arms. He succeeded in drawing Tlalhuicole into
an ambuscade and made him prisoner. The Tlax-
caltecs fled in a panic, and the victory of the
Huexotzingos was complete. Their leader led his
captive to Mexico and presented him to Monte-
zuma, who not only pardoned the conqueror, but
loaded him with favors. See "Histoire des na-
tions civilisees du Mexique et de I'Amerique Cen-
trale durant les siecles anterieurs h Christophe
Colomb," by the Abl)e Bra-sseur de Bourbourg (4
vols., Paris, 1859), and " Monarquia Indiana," by
Juan de Torquemada (Seville, 1615).
TOBAR, Juan, clergyman, b. in Tezcoco, Mexi-
co, in 154y ; d. in Mexico in 1623. He was canon
of that country when the first Jesuits landed in
the kingdom, and entered their order soon after
their arrival. He spent more than fifty-three years
in efforts to convert the Indians. He wrote, by
order of the viceroy, Martin Enriquez de Almansa,
" Historia antigua de los Iteinos de Mexico, Acol-
huacan, y Tlacopan." Jose de Acosta acknowledges
in his "Historia natural y moral de las Indias"
(Seville, 1590) that a considerable part of his ma-
terial was derived from the work of Tobar.
TOCORNAL Y GREZ, Manuel Antonio (to-
cor-nal), Chilian statesman, b. in Santiago, 12 June,
1817; d. there in 1867. lie studied law in the
National institute, and in 1889 was admitted to the
bar. In 1841 he was one of the founders of the
University of Chili, and he became in the same
year editor of " El Conservatlor," but in 1842 re-
tired from the press. In 1844 he travelled through
Europe, and in the last year was elected deputy
to congress, where he forced the government to
recognize ministerial responsibility. In 1848 he
opposed the severe press law, and in 1849 was
elected deputy by the opposition for Valparaiso,
and called to form part of the new cabinet as sec-
retary of justice. In 1851 he accompanied Gen.
Bulnes in the campaign of the south as jiidge-ad-
vocate-general ; but on the accession of President
Manuel Montt he retired, refusing a nomination
as minister to the United States, a seat on the
supreme bench, and the presidency of the com-
mission to revise the criminal code. He continued
his opposition in congress, but in 1857 was defeat-
ed in the election for Santiago. From 1862 till
186J3 he was secretary of the interior under Gen.
Perez, but he resigned when war began between
Peru and Spain. Prom 1865 till his death he was
rector of the university.
TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis Charles Henri
C16rel, Count de, French statesman, b. in Paris, 29
J uly, 1805 ; d. in Cannes, 16 April, 1859. He passed
his early youth at his father's castle of Vemeuil,
near Mantes, received his education in the College
of Metz, and studied law in Paris in 1823-'6, \mng
graduated as HceiicU in the latter year. Through
the influence of his family he was named, 5 April,
1827, judge auditor at the tribunal of Versailles;
and soon afterward assistant judge. Later he be-
came deputy assistant district attorney of the same
city, and made the acouaintance of Gustavo de
Beaumont, with whom ne was sent in 1831 to the
United States by the secretary of the interior to
study the penitentiary system of the country. They
landed at Boston on 12 May, and remained in the
United States till March, 18132, visiting the princi-
pal prisons. They returned to France with six
folio volumes of documents. Tocqueville published
a few weeks later " Note sur le systeme p<5niten-
tiaire et sur la mission conflee par M. le Ministre
de I'interieur k MM. de Beaumont et de Tocque-
ville" (Paris, 1832), which attracted considerable
attention. Tocqueville, Ijecoming dissatisfied with
his legal duties, resigned on 21 May, 1832, and
opened an attorney's office. His " Du systeme
penitentiaire aux fitats-Unis et de son application
en France" (Paris, 1832: 2d ed., with additions,
2 vols., 1836) was written in association with Gus-
tave de Beaumont, and translated into several
languages, including an English version by Francis
Lieber (Philadelphia, 1833). The authors approved
the solitary system as practised in the penitentiary
of Cherry hill, in Philaidelphia, and they caused the
penitentiary system of France, and eventually of
the continent, to be entirely remodelled. 'The
French academy awarded them a Montyon prize,
and the success of their work was then considered
as unprecedented in the annals of literature. He
then visited England, married there in 1835, and
in January of the latter year published the first
part of his "De la Democratic en Amerique" (2
vols., Paris, 1835), which procured for the author
an extraordinary prize of eight thousand francs
from the French academy. In the report of award
it is called " one of the most remarkable works pub-
lished in the nineteenth century, and such as the
academy has seldom been called upon to crown."
It was followed by the second part early in 1840.
The work was translated into several languages,
including an English version by Henry Reeve, en-
titled " Democracy in America,'' with a preface and
notes by John Spencer (4 vols., New York, 1839-'40).
Reeve's translation has been edited by Francis
Bo wen (2 vols., Cambridge, 1862), and there is also
an abridgment, entitled " American Institutidns
and their Influence" (New York, 1856). The au-
thor was created a knight of the Legion of honor,
6 June, 1837, elected a member of the French
academy of moral sciences, 6 Jan., 1838, and given
a seat in the Academic Fran^aise, 23 Dec., 1841.
In parliament, where he served in 1839-'48, Tocque-
ville advocated the abolition of slavery, and urged
the coFonization of Algiers, which he visited in 1841
and 1846. Being returnetl to the constituent assem-
bly after the revolution of 1848, he was chosen a
member of the committee on legislation, elected
vice-president of the assembly in 1849, and, after
attending the diplomatic conferences in Brussels
upon Italian affairs, was secretary of foreign rela-
tions from 2 June till 31 Oct., 1849, and strongly
supported the French expedition to Rome. He was
arrested at the cotip d'etat of 2 Dec., 1851, and
afterward retired to private life. Besides those
already cited, his works include " Etat social et
politique de la France," written at the invitation
of John Stuart Mill, who translatediand published
it in the " Westminster Review " for April, 1836 ;
TOD
TODD
180
•' M^moiro sur Ic p«u|»t'ri8me " (Chorlxjur^, 1836);
" lit'ttre sur Ic svsU'tne {N*nit«ntiairL> " (I'Bris, 1888) ;
" lifttrt" k Lord Hrougham sur le droit de visile "
(1S4;{); " Ijedn)it au travail "(1H48): and " L'ancien
rv>rinu> et la n'-volution " (lH.5fl'; translattHl into
Knglish, New York, IS.'iO). Tocquovilie's inwlitod
works and corrt>sjM)ndonce wenj published by his
friond, (Justave do Boaumont (2 vols., Paris, IHOl ;
2 vols., Kn>;lLsh translation, lioston, 1861); and the
latter also publishtMl a complete cnlition of Tocquo-
ville's works (» vols., I'aris, 1861-'.5).
TOD, Weorye, lawyer, b. in Suffleld, Conn., 11
Det!., 1773; d. in Warren county, Ohio, 11 April,
1841. He was graduato<l at Vale in 1795. and
settled in Georgetown, Ohio, in 1800. lie was
electe<i state senator in 1804, servetl as judge of
the state supreme court from 1806 till 1809, was
ftresiding judge of the 3<1 judicial circuit of Ohio
rem 1815 till 1*}4. and was afterward prosecuting
attorney for Warren county. He was appointe<i
lieutenant-colonel in the war of 1812, and servetl
with credit at the defence of Fort Meigs in May,
1813. — His son, David, statesman, b. in Youngs-
town, Mahoning CO., Ohio, 21 Feb., 1805; d. there,
18 Nov., 1868, was educated by his father, an(l
admitted to the liar in 1827. He practistnl his nro-
fession in Warren for fifteen years, was elected to
the state senate in 18JW, and canvassed the state
for Martin Van Buren in 1840. He was nominated
for governor in 1844, but was defeated bv 1,000
votes. He was appointed by President Poik min-
ister to Brazil in 1847, and represented the United
States there till 1852, when he returned, and took
part in the canvass which resulte<l in the election
of F'ranklin Pierce. In 1860 he was elected a dele-
gate to the Charleston convention, was made first
vice-president of that botlv, and presided over it
when the southern wing of the I)era(x?ratic party
withdrew. He was an advocate of compromise at
the opening of the civil war, but was a firm sup-
porter of the government, and in 1861 was nomi-
nated for governor of Ohio by the Republicans, and
electe<l by a majority of 55,000. During his term
of two years, beginning 1 Jan., 1862, he gave much
aid to the National administration.
TODD. Alpheiis. Canadian author, b. in Eng-
land in 1821 : d. in Ottawa, Canada, 22 Jan., 1884.
He removed to Canada in 1833, and prior to the
union of Upper and Lower Canada was assistant
librarian to tne legislative assembly of the former
{>rovince. He was continuetl in this office by the
egislature of the united provinces till 1858, when
he was ap(H)intcd chief librarian. When he became
librarian there were but 1.000 volumes in the libra-
ry; now (1888) there are more than 200,000, most
of which were collected, arranged, and classified
under his supervision. He published " The Prac-
tice and Privileges of the Two Houses of Parlia-
ment" (Toronto. 1839); "Brief Suggestions in
Regard to the Formation of Ijocal Governments
for Upper and Lower Canaila, in Connection with
a Federal Union of the British North American
Provinces," a pamphlet (Ottawa, 18(K)); and " Par-
liamentary Government in England : its Origin,
Development, and Practical Operation" (2 vols.,
London, 1867-'9).— His brother, Alfred, b. in Eng-
land in 1821 ; d. in Ottawa, 6 June. 1874. came to
Canada in 18;J3. and bet-ame chief clerk of the pri-
vate-bill office of the legislative assembly of Cana-
da. He published " A Treatise on the Proceedings
to lie a<lopted in conducting or opposing Private
Bills in the Parliament of Canatla (Quebec, 1862).
TODD, Charles Bnrr, author, b. in Iie«lding.
Conn.. 9 Jan.. 1849. He was educate<l at the com-
mon schools, and was fitted for college, but failure
of oresight prevented him from entering. After
teaching for some time, he <levoted himself to lit-
erary pursuits, and has 'contributed to American
magazines. He was ap{M>int(.Hl in May, 1877, of>m-
missioner for erecting a monument on the winter
quarters of Gen. Israel Putnam's division of Con-
tinentals in I{(>dding, Conn., which was authorized
by Jict of the Conne<?ticut legislature. He is the
author of "A General History of the Burr Family
in America" (New York, 1878): "A History of
Redding, Conn." (1880); "Life and Ix'tters of
Joel Barlow " (1886); and "The Story of the City
of New York " (1888).
TODD, Day Id Peck, astronomer, b. in I-ake
Ridge, N. Y., 19 March, 1855. He entered Colum-
bia, but was graduate<l at Amherst in 1875. and
ap)M)inted chief assistant to the U. S. transit of
V errus commission in Washington. For three
years he was engaged in re<lucing the observations
of the transit of 1874. and his result for the paral-
lax of the sun — 8".888 — was the first that was de-
rived from the American photographs of that
transit. When at Amherst ne began a series of
observations of the satellites of Jupiter, which was
assiduously maintained for twelve years, or during
an entire revolution of the planet. His observa-
tions on those IkmHcs led him to begin theoretical
researches on their orbits, and he published " A
Continuation of De Damoiseau's Tables of the Sat-
ellites of Jupiter to the Year 1900" (Washington,
1876). These are now used in the preparation of
the " American Ephemeris," the " Berliner astro-
nomisches Jahrbucn," and elsewhere, and they were
also extended backward bv him to 1665. In 1877
he began to study the possibility of an extra-Nef>-
tunian planet, from the discrepancies in the motion
of Uranus: after which he spent several months
in the optical search for it, and he is at present
examining the photographic evidence of its exist-
ence. In 1878 he was sent to Texas in charge of
the U. S. government ex|)edition to observe the
total eclipse of the sun on 29 July, and on his re-
turn was appointed a.ssistant to Simon Newcomb
in the preparation of the " American Ephemeris
and Nautical Almanac," remaining in that office
until 1881. He then accepted the chair of as-
tronomy at Amherst, with tlie directorship of the
observatory, which appointment he still holds,
and in 1881-*7 he was prf»fessor of astronomy and
higher mathematics at Smith college, w-here in
1to5-'7 he was intrusted with the planning and
construction of the new observatory. Prof. Todd
was invited by the trustees of the James Lick es-
tate to direct the observations of the transit of
Venus in 1882 from the Lick observatory, and in
1887 he was placed in charge of the expedition to
Japan under the auspices of the National academy
of sciences and the U. S. navy department to ob-
serve the total solar eclipse of 19 Aug. After that
event he organized an expetlition to the summit of
Fujiyama, the sacred mountain <if Japan, 12.500
feet in elevation. Astronomical and meteorologi-
cal observations were made from the summit, which
have an important bt^aring on the cn'cupation of
such peaks for scientific purposes. The tlegree of
Ph. D. was conferred on him by Washington and
Jefferson college in 1888, and he is member of sci-
entific societies both at home and abroad. His
writings include contributions to the transactions
of societies of which he is a member and reports
to the government.
TODD, Eli, physician, b. in New Haven. Conn.,
22 July, 1769; d. in Hartford, Conn., 17 Nov., 1888.
He was graduated at Yale in 1787. and sailed for
the West Indies shortly afterward, intending to
126
TODD
TODD
travel in Europe and Asia, but was prevented by
sickness at Trinidad. Having lost the fortune left
him by his father, he was oblige<i to prepare for a
profession, and, selecting that of medicine, he be-
gan to practise, after the required course of medi-
cal study, in Farmington, Conn. He removed to
New York about 1810, but returned to Farming-
ton, and remained there until 1819, when he went
to Hartford, where he soon became the chief con-
sulting physician. In 1821 there was a notable
increase in the number of insane persons in Hart-
ford and the neighborhood. Dr. TtHld appreciated
the difficulty of treating them in private practice,
and it was principally due to him that the atten-
tion of the profession and public was awakened to
the necessity of having a s{x;cial institution for
their care. He was principally instrumental in
founding the Retreat for ttie insane at Hartford,
one of the earliest of the kind, was elected its
superintendent, and presided over it till his death.
Under .him it became one of the best-managed in-
stitutions either in this country or Europe, Dr.
Todd was repeatedly elected president and vice-
f resident of the Medical society of Connecticut,
le was the author of several professional mono-
grajjhs and some occasional addresses.
TODD, Johu, soldier, b. in Montgomery county.
Pa., in 1750; d. at the Blue Licks, Ky., 19 Aug.,
1782. He took part in the battle of Point Pleasant,
Va., in 1774, as adjutant-general to Gen. Andrew
Lewis. He settled as a lawyer in Fineastle, Va.,
but, with his brothers, emigrated to Fayette coun-
tv, Ky., in 1775, took part in the organization of
the Transylvania colonial legislature that year with
Daniel Boone, and penetrated southwest as far as
Bowling Green, Kv. In 1776 he settled near Lex-
ington and was elected a burgess to the Virginia
legislature, being one of the first two representa-
tives from Kentucky county, where he served as
county lieutenant and colonel of militia. He ac-
companied Gen. George Rogers Clark to Vincennes
and Kaskaskia, and succeeded him in command of
the latter place. In 1777 he was commissioned by
Gov. Patrick Henrv, of Virginia, to be colonel and
commandant of Illinois county, and served two
years. He organized the civil government of this
county, which afterward became the state of Illi-
nois. Col. Todd went to Virginia in 1779, and was
a member of the legislature in 1780, where he pro-
cured land-grants for public schools, and intro-
duced a bill for negro emancipation. Afterward
he returned to his family in Kentucky. While
there he, as senior colonel, commanded the forces
against the Indians in the battle of Blue Licks,
wnere he was killed. — Levi, brother of John, was a
lieutenant under George Rogers Clark in the expe-
dition of 1778, and one of the few survivors of the
Blue Licks; and Levi's son, Robert S., was the
father of Mi's. Abraham Lincoln,
TODD, John, author, b. in Rutland, Vt., 9 Oct.,
1800 ; d. in Pittsfield, Mass., 24 Aug., 1873, His
boyhood was passed in poverty, but he fitted him-
self for college, and was graduated at Yale in 1822.
He spent the following year in teaching, then en-
tered Andover theological seminary, and in 1827
was ordained a minister of the Congregational
church in Groton, Mass. He became pastor of the
church in Northampton in 1833, of the 1st Con-
gregational church in Philadelphia in 1836, and of
the 1st Congregational church in Pittsfield in 1842.
Here he remained as pastor until May, 1872, when
his strength was impaired by old age. In 1845 he
received the degree of D, D, from Williams. Dr.
Todd took a warm interest in the progress of edu-
cation, and the Holyoke female seminary partly
owes its existence to him. He was a voluminous
and popular writer. Besides his contributions to
the " Congregationalist " and other religious j)eri-
odicals, and his ser-
mons, lectures, and
orations, he pub-
lished about thirty
volumes.all of which
were re - issued in
England, and sever-
al of them have been
translated into Ger-
man, French, mod-
em Greek, Dutch,
Danish, Italian, Ara-
bic, Armenian,Turk-
ish, and Tamil. His
" Lectures to Chil-
dren " have been
J>rinted in raised
etters for the blind,
and used as a school-
book in the colony
of Sierra Leone ; of
someofhisbooks sev-
eral hundred thou-
sand copies have
been sold, and several of his shorter pieces, notably
" Hafed's Dream," were for many years favorites
for school readers. His publications include " Lec-
tures to Children " (Northampton, 1834 ; 2d series,
1858); "Student's Manual" (1835; revised ed., un-
der the title "Student's Guide," with preface by
Rev. Thomas Binnev, London, lasted., 1869); "In-
dex Rerum"(1835);*" Truth made Simple" (1839);
" Great Cities " (1841) ; " The Lost Sister of Wyo-
ming" (1841); "Hints to Young Men" (1843);
"Simple Sketches" (Pittsfield, 1843); "Summer
Gleanings " (London, 1852) ; " Daughter at School "
(Northampton, 1854); "The Angel of the Iceberg,
and other Stories" (1859); " Future Punishment"
(New York, 1863); "Mountain Gems" (4 vols.,
Boston, 1864) ; " The Water-Dove, and other Gems "
(Edinburgh, 1868); "Sketches and Incidents, or
Summer Gleanings" (1866); "Nuts for Boys to
Crack" (New York, 1866); "Polished Diamonds"
(Boston, 1866) ; " Hints and Thoughts for Chris-
tians" (New York, 1867): "Serpents in the Dove's
Nest" (Boston, 1867); "Woman's Rights" (1867),
which elicited from Gail Hamilton a reply entitled
"Woman's Wrongs: a Counter-irritant" (1868);
" Hints and Thoughts for Christians " (London,
1869); "The Sunset Land, or the Great Pacific
Slope" (Boston, 1869): "Missions" (1869); and
" Old-Fashioned Lives" (1870).
TODD, John Blair Smith, soldier, b, in Lex-
ington, Ky,, 4 April, 1814 ; d. in Yankton, Dakota,
5 Jan., 18t2. He went with his parents to Illinois
in 1827, and from that state to the U. S. military
acadeipy, where he was graduated in 1837 and as-
signed to the 6th infantry. He was made 1st lieu-
tenant on 25 Dec, served with his regiment in the
Florida war from 1837 till 1840, was on recruiting
service during part of 1841, and in active service
in the Florida war during the remainder of that
year and part of 1842, He was made captain in
1843, and was on frontier duty in Indian territory
and Arkansas until 1846. lie served in the war
with Mexico in L847, taking part in the siege of
Vera Cruz and the battles of Cerro Gordo and
Amazoque. He was on garrison and frontier duty
till 1855, when he was engaged in the action of
Blue Water against the Sioux Indians. He re-
signed on 16 Sei)t.. 1856, and was an Indian trader
at Fort Randall, Dakota, from that date till 1861,
TODD
TOLEDO
127
when he took his SMt M • delegate to oongnu,
having; Immji] chosen as a Democrat. He served in
the civil war as brif^icr-Keneral of volunteent
from 19 S(>i)t.. 1801, till 17 July. 18412, and was in
command of the North Missouri district from 15
Oct. to 1 Doc., 1801. He was a^^in a delegate in
congress in 1803-*5, was electe4l s|H>aker of the
house of reprt'sentativos of Dakota in 1807, and
was jjovernor of the terrilorv in 18<Jl>-'71.
TODD. ThomaH, jurist, 1l). in King and Queen
county, Va,, 2'>i Jan., 1765; d. in Frankfort, Ky., 7
Feb., 1820. His father die<l when he was an in-
fant, and he had some difllculty in obtaining an
education. He abandoned his studies to serve in
the army in the latter part of the Revolution, and
entere<l the Manchester troop of cavalry during
the invasion of Virginia by Arnold and Phillips.
In 1780 he was tutor in the family of a cousin in
Danville, Ky.. studying law at night. He began
the practice of his profession toward the end of the
rear, took part in the agitation that had for its ob-
ject the admission of Kentucky as a state, and
was appointed clerk of all the conventions that
preoeded that event. He was made clerk of the
U. S. court for the district of Kentucky, and when
it became a state in 1799 he was appointed clerk
of the court of appeals. He was mtule fourth
judge of the same court in 1801, and chief justice
m 1800. He was appointed an associate of the U. S.
supreme court on 7 Feb., 1826. While he was an
appellate judge of Kentucky he gave great atten-
tion to its peculiar system of land laws, orieinally
an act of the assembly of Virginia, and his labors,
both in the state court and the supreme court, were
instrumental in est«l)lishinf; them on principles of
law and equity. — His son. Charles Scott, soldier,
b. near Danville, Ky., 22 Jan., 1791; d. in Baton
Rouge, La.. 14 May, 1871. was graduated at Will-
iam and Mary, Va., in 1809, Wgan the study of
law under his father, and afterward attended lec-
tures at Litchfield, Conn. He opened a law-office
in Lexington in 1811, but volunteered in June,
1812, for military service. In December he be-
came division judge - advocate of the Kentucky
troops, and in tliis capacity was sent by Gen. Will-
iam Henry Harrison with private instructions to
Gen. James Winchester. On his return to Ken-
tucky he was recommended for a captaincy in the
regular army by Gen. Harrison, and was ai)pointed
to a vacancy in the 17th regiment of infantry in
May. 1813. He was soon afterward transferred to
the 28th infantr}% and appointed aide to Gen. Har-
rison. He was mentioned in the report of the
campaign of 1813 as one of the four aiues that had
rendered Harrison "the most important services
from the opening of the campaign. ' He wa.s made
deputy inspector of the 8th military district on 1
Nov., 1813. and he also acted as adjutant-general in
the summer of 1814 under Gen. Duncan Mc.Vrthur,
who in his report of the expedition into Canada
attributed much of its fortunate issue " to the mili-
tary talents, activity, and intelligence of Major
Todd." He was appointed insjiector-general on 2
March. 1815, with the rank of colonel, out resigned
in June, and opened a law-office in Frankfort, Ky.
He was apiminted se<'ret«ry of state by Gov. Madi-
son in 181 <, bat resigned and sat in the legislature
in 1817-18. In 1820 he was sent on a confidential
mission to the republic of Colombia. He returned
to the United States in 1821. but resumed his du-
ties in South .Vmerica in 1822, Uiking with him the
recognition of its independence by his government.
Declining several offices, he retired for a time to
his farm in Shelby county. He was a delegate to
the Presbyterian general assembly at Philadelphia
in t887-*8, and for several years vico-prenidcnt of
the State agricultural 8(x;ietv. He was a friend of
Henry Clay, and sustained his claims to the presi-
dency, but on his withilrawal as a candidate in
1835 he supi>o)-te<l Harrison : and in 1840, on the
invitations of the states »)f Ohio and Kentucky, he
prejmred, in conjunction with IkMiiamin Drake, of
Cincinnati, a sketch of his civil ami military career
(Cincinnati, 1840). To supjH^rt Hurris<»n's candi-
dature he soon afterward took charge of the "Cin-
cinnati liepublican." His relations with Harrison,
who designed him for the mission to Vieima, were
confidential. He was sent as U. S. minister to
Rus.Hia by President Tvler, and reached St. Peters-
burg in Noveml>er, l641. He was popular with
the court and jieople, and was electe<l a meml)er of
the Imperial agricultural society, from which for-
eigners had heretofore Ix-en carefully excluded.
TOKHKE, AiigiistiiH Marr, K. C. bishop, b. in
Meppeii. Hanover, 17 Jan., 18*29; d. in Covmgton,
Ky., 2 May, 1884. He was educated in the gym-
nasium of Meppen, and, after comideting his col-
legiate course, was for several years engaged in
mercantile pursuits. He emigrated to the United
States in 1851, entered the theological seminary
of Mount St. Mary's. Cincinnati, in IHTyi, was or-
dained priest in 1854, and in the following year
became jmstor successively at New Richmond «nd
Cumminsville, Ohio. He was appointed in 1857
assistant pastor of St. Philomena's church, Cin-
cinnati, and in 1865 pastor. In 1866 he was a
member of the council of theologians in Baltimore
to prepare matters for discussion in the second ple-
nary council. He was consecrated bishop of Cov-
ington, 9 Jan., 1870. Bishop Toebbe found the
finances of his diocese in a state of disorder, but
he showed great administrative ability, and gradu-
ally raised the debt that had been contractcnl dur-
ing the episcopate of his predecessor. He intro-
duced the .Sisters of the Good Shephenl and the
Sisters of Notre Dame. His death was owing to an
ailment that he contracted while he wjis engaged in
ministerial labors among the workingmen on the
Cincinnati Southern railroad. During his episco-
pate the number of churches increasiHl from thirty-
eight to fifty-two, and the priests from thirty-
three to fifty-five. He founded several parochial
schools, which were attended by 6,225 chddren at
the time of his death.
TOICT, Nicolas (twat), clergyman, b. in Lille,
France, in 1611; d. in Paraguay in 1080. He is
callecl Del Techo by Spanish writers on the latter
country. He IxHjame a Jesuit in 1630, went to
Paraguay in 1649, and, on account of his zeal and
ability, was made superior of the Jesuits in that
province. He wrote " Nicolai del Techo Societatis
Jesu Historia Provinciaj Paraguariie" and " Re-
latio Triplex de Rebus Indicis" (Antwerp, 1654).
TOLEDO, Antonio Sebastian de (to- lay -do),
Maniuis de Mancera. viceroy t>f Mexico. He was
a grandee of .Spain and cliaml»erlain to the queen,
and hatl been ambassador in Venice and Germany,
when in 1664 he was apjMiinted viceroy of Mexico,
and took possession of the government on 15 Oct.
of that year. In the following year SU Augustine,
of Florida, then depending from the vicerovalty
of Mexico, was sacked by buccaneers and the
depredations of Sir Henry Morgan on the Spanish
colonies began, and Toledo hastened to send means
to Florida for providing fortifications and to re-
enforce the fleet. He sent two exjxHlitions to Cali-
fornia, but did not obtain any noteworthy results.
In 1667 some English privateers presentinl them-
selves in front of Vera Cruz, but, finding strong
fortifications, entered Alvarado river and com-
128
TOLEDO
TOLSA
mitted depredations. In the same year the interior
of the cathedral was finished after ninety-five years
of work, and the building was consecrated a second
time. Tired of the responsibilities of his office,
Toledo solicited his relief after the conclusion of
his usual term of office in 1670, but the measures
that he had a<lopted during his government found
such approval that the ciueen regent insisted in
prolonging his term for three vears. In this time
the final subjugation of the Tjarahuraaro Indians
by the capture of the principal caciques took place.
On his way to Spain in 1673 Toledo lost his wife in
Tepeaca, near Mexico.
TOLEDO, Fernando Alvarez de, Spanish
soldier and author, lived in the last half of the 16th
century and the first half of the 17th. He was a
private soldier, but by feats of daring rose to the
rank of captain in Chili, lie wrote a poem called
" Puren Indomito," which, after having been lost
for more than two centuries, was discovered by
Diego Barros Arana and published by him, forming
the first series of the " iJibliotheque Amoricaine '
(Paris, 1862). The work deserves attention not for
its literary qualities, but for being a history of the
Spanish soldiers who conquered Chili, by one of
themselves. The author is very candid in his pic-
tures of the corruption and cruelty of his country-
men. Alfonso de Ovalle, in his " llistorica Relaeion
del Reynode Chile "(Rome, 1646), quotes the poem
as an authority. He adds that Diego Rosales, au-
thor of a voluminous history of Chili, written
about 1650, has followed the narrative of Toledo
page by page. Gonzalez Barcia, in his " Histori-
adores primitivos de Indias," quotes the " Puren
Indomito" in the chapter that is devoted to the
histories of Chili ; but it afterward sank into oblivi-
on until it was discovered in the library of Madrid.
TOLEDO, Francisco de, viceroy of Peru, b. in
Andalusia about 1520; d. in Seville about 1583.
He belonged to the noble family of Oi-opesa, and
in 1569 was appointed viceroy of Peru, taking
charge of the government in Lima on 26 Xov. of
that year. When the grandson of Huaina-Capac,
Tupac-Amaru, who, after the death of his brother,
Sayri-Tupac, was considered by the natives as the
heir to tne crown, refused to surrender, Toledo,
under the pretext of forwarding re-enforcements
to Chili, sent in 1572 an expedition of 250 men into
the mountains of Vilcabamba, where the young
inca was in hiding with some followers. Martin
de Loyola, with a small force, surprised the prince,
who was carried prisoner to Cuzco, and, after a mock
trial by the judge, Loarte, was judicially murdered
by order of the viceroy. Toledo was a legislator and
statesman of considerable ability and industry, and
future viceroys referred to his enactments as au-
thority. He arranged that the Indians should be
governed by chiefs of their own race, and fixed the
tribute to be paid by them, exempting all men
under the age of eighteen and over fifty, thus
putting a stop to arbitrary demands. He virtually
abolished the old system of raita, or forced native
labor, although, in deference to the demands of the
colonists, he enacted that a seventh part of the
adult male population of every village should still
be obliged to work for the Spaniards, but limiting
the distance they might be taken from their homes
and fixing a reward for their services. The Indians
admitted that the country had not been so well
governed since the time of Inca Yupanqui. He
was recalled in 1581, and on 28 Sept. of tnat year
delivered the government to his successor, Martin
Enriquez de Almansa, returning to Spain, where
he was arrested on the charge of malversation of
public funds, and died in prison.
TOLEDO, Garcia de, Spanish missionary, b. in
Oropesa, Spain, about 1510; d. in Talavera, Spain,
about 1583. He accompanied the vicerov, Mendoza,
to Mexico in 1535. After a short but brilliant ca-
reer as statesman, he entered the convent of St.
Dominick in Mexico. On the demand of his fami-
ly he was sent back to Spain, where he became the
spiritual director of St. Teresa, and his frequent
conversations with this eminent woman only made
him more anxious to devote his life to the service of
the Indians. In 1569 his cousin, Francisco de To-
le<io, was named viceroy of Peru, and invited the
Dominican to accompany him as spiritual adviser.
He was beginning to exercise his ministry in Lima
when the viceroy asked him to be his confidential
adviser on a tour of the provinces. This journey
was followed by several others, during one of which
he converted a tribe of Indians, among whom he
founded a city to which he gave the name of Oropesa.
Among the advantages that the Peruvians drew
from these visits were a number of ordinances ap-
proved by the great council of the Indies, These
ordinances were drawn up by him, and for a long
time formed the basis of the civil law and the rule
of Peruvian society. In 1577 he was elected provin-
cial of Peru. In spite of his great age and mfirm-
ities, he visited every part of his province, founded
several convents, and repaired old ones. He was in
a certain sense the second founder of the University
of Lima. He obtained from his cousin the funds
needed for the construction of new buildings, as the
old ones had become too small for the increasing
number,of students. In 1581 he returned to Spain.
TOLON, Mignel Teurbe (to-lone), Cuban au-
thor, b. in Pensacola, Fla., in 1820: d. in Havana,
Cuba, in 1858. When he was a child his parents
went to Matanzas, Cuba, where he received his
education and passed a great part of his life. In
1847 his comedy *' Una >ioticia" was perfonned at
Matanzas, and in the following year he produced
another, " Un Caserio." In 1848 he was forced to
emigrate to New York, his political opinions being
in opposition to the Spanish government. In
New York he devoted his time to teaching and to
literary labors, contributing to several newspa-
pers. He returned to Cuba in 1857, where he died
soon afterward. He is the author of " Preludios,"
a collection of poems (Matanzas. 1841) ; " Aguinal-
des Matanzeros " (1847) ; " El Laud del Desterra-
do" (New York, 1852); "Elementary Spanish
Reader and Translator" (1852); " Leyendas Cu-
banas " (1856) ; and " Flores y Espinas," poems
(Havana, 1858).
TOLSA, Mannel, Spanish engineer and sculptor,
b. in Enguera, Valencia, about 1750; d. in Mexico
about 1810. He studied architecture and sculpture
in the Academy of San Carlos of Madrid, and became
a member of the Academy of fine arts of San Fer-
nando. In 1781 he went to Mexico as government
architect, and as such he has left numerous marks of
his genius in various public buildings, directing the
erection of the towers of the cathedral in 1787-'91,
and of the College of mines, for which he made the
plans and began the building in 1797; but after-
ward he had to modify the plan, to add a second
story, which was begun in 1799. In 1798 he be-
came director of the Academy of San Carlos ; but
his chief fame rests on the equestrian statue of
Charles IV., ordered in 1795 by the viceroy. Mar-
quis de Branciforte, of which a temporary model
in plaster was erected in 1796. After the working
model was completed by Tolsa, the statue was cast,
under his own direction, on 4 Aug.. 1802, with-
out an accident, notwithstanding that it contains
thirty tons of bronze. The statue is 15J feet high.
TOM
TO-MO-CHI-CHI
129
and wu erected on a 20f-foot stone pedestal, on
the queen's birthday. 9 Dec., 1808, in the main
square of Mexico,
In 1H22 it was n--
iiiiiVfd to the uni-
viT-^ilv, and since
1852 It has stood
on the Paseo de
Bucareli, at the
crossing of the
Calzada deia Ke-
forina. It is one
of the finest in
America, and, ac-
cording to Iluni-
t)oI(U, second only
to the statue of
Marcus Aurelius
in Rome. When
England declared
waragiiiiist France
and Spain in 1803,
Tolsa established a
foundry in Mexico where many cannon for coast
defence were successfully cast.
TOM (known as Blind Tom), musical prodi-
gy, b. near Columbus, Muscogee co., Ga., 25 May,
1S49. He is of pure negro blood. His parents
were slaves, and called him by the name of a mem-
ber of their former owner's family, Thomas Greene
Bethune. He was bom blind, and the only sign
of intelligence he gave in infancy was the interest
he showed in sounds, such as the cries of animals,
the moaning of the wind, the rushing of waters,
and the pattering of rain. lie could speak at an
earlier age than other children, and with greater
distinctness; but his words had no meaning for
him. and while he was able to repeat entire conver-
sations, he expressed his own wants bv inarticulate
sounds. When he was four years old a piano was
brought to his master's house for the use of the
young ladies of the family, and one night they
were awakened by hearing him play one of their
pieces. This was his first effort, yet he played
with both hands, using the black and white keys.
After this he was allowed the use of the instru-
ment, and in a short time he was able to render
with accuracy all the airs he heard. He also made
some essays in original, or rather imitative, compo-
sition, lie would run alMiut the yard or fields, re-
turn to the piano, and, when asked what he was
playing, would reply: "What the birds said to
me," or '• What the trees said to me." He has
sometimes l)een compare<l to Mozart in childhood,
but there is no instance reconled in musical his-
tory comparable to Blind Tom's attainments in
phonetics and the power of reproduction and re-
tention of sound at the same early age. Tom was
brought to the north by his master, and made his
first appearance in New York, at Hope chapel, 15
Jan., 18C1, since which time he has travelled widely
in this country and Europe. His musical feats,
whether they are the result of mnemonic and imi-
tative powers, or a genius for music, are astonish-
ing, lie plays one air with his right hand, accom-
panies it by another air in another key with his
left, and sings a third air in a thirtl key at the
same time ; and he can name any combination of
notes that he hears struck on the piano, no matter
how di8Connecte<l and puzzling the intervals. Not
only can he play from memory any piece of music,
however elaborate, after a single hearing, but he
imitates the improvisation of another, note by
note, then gives nis own idea of it, and accompa-
nies that with variations. His capacity for the
VOL. vi. — 9
most difficult musical i>erformance8 since he wm
first brought to the north by his master has been
subjected to the severest tests. He can only play
what he hears or imjirovises ; but he has alx)ut 5,000
pieces at the disposal of his memory, embracing
the most difficult selections from Bacli, Beethoven,
Chopin. Gottschalk, and Thalberg. During his per-
formances he indulges in curious antics, and he ap-
Idauds himself at the end by clapping his hands,
le recites with ease in Greelc, Latin, French, and
German, besides imitating numl)erles8 musical in-
struments and all sorts of .sounds. He has par-
tially acquiretl the jK>wer of vision, and can now
see a luminous object within a very small space.
But while Tom's powers of memorj', manual dex-
terity, and imitative faculties are great, his render-
ing are devoid of color and individuality.
TOMES, Robert, physician, b. in New York
city, 27 March. 1817; d'. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 28
Aug., 1882. He was graduated at Wa.shington
(now Trinity) college in 18JJ5, and, after spending
some time in the medical schools of Philadelphia,
went to the University of Edinburgh, where he
received the degree of M. D. in 1840. He then
studied in Paris, and on his return to the United
States settled in the practice of his profession in
New York, but after a few years was appointed
surgeon on a vessel belonging to the Pacific mail
steamship company, and made several voyages !«-
tween Panama and San Francisco. In 1865 he was
appointed U. S. consul at Rheims. France, which
office he filled until 1867. Returning to the United
States, he spent most of his life in literary occupa-
tion. He wrote for journals and magazines, and
his series of papers in "Harjx>r's Magazine" on
American manners and society were widely popu-
lar. He published "The Bourbon Prince" (New
York, 1853) ; " Richard the Lion-Heartetl " (1854) ;
"Oliver Cromwell" (1855); "Panama in 1855"
(1855); "The Americans in Japan " (1857) ; "The
Battles of America by Sea and Land" (3 vols.,
1861); "Ttte Champagne Country" (1867): and
" The War with the South : a History of the Great
American Rebellion" (3 vols., 1864-'7; German
translation, 2 vols., 1864-'7). Dr. Tomes also trans-
lated works from the French and German.
TOMLINSON, (iideon, senator, b. in .Strat-
ford, Conn., 31 Dec, 1780; d. in Fairfield. Conn.,
8 Oct., 1854. His grandfather was an officer at
the capture of Ticonderoga. He was graduated
at Yale in 1802, Ijccame a lawyer, and practised at
Fairfield. He was elected a member of congress
in 1818, serving from 1819 till 1827. He was chosen
governor of Connecticut in that year, and con-
tinued in this office till 1831, when he resigned
and was elected U. S. senator, serving till 183?.
TO-MO-CHI-CHI. Indian chief, b. in Georgia
about 1642; d. there, 5 Oct., 1739. He was the
chief of a tribe of Creeks that dwelt near Yama-
craw bluff, the site of Savannah. He met Gen.
James Oglethorpe in 1733 at the fort that the lat-
ter built on Savannah river, and with the aid of an
interpreter satisfactory arrangements were made
with the neighl>oring tribes by which the English
acquired sovereignty over the country that lies be-
tween Savannah and Altamaha rivers and extends
westward as far as the tide- waters. The Creek
chief is represented as ninety-one years old at the
time, dignified and grave in manner. Although
he had been expelled by the lower Creek.*, he was
still very influential throughout the confetWracy,
and this infiuence he exercis«Hl then, and durine
the remainder of his life, in favor of the English
settlers. He presented Oglethorpe with a buffalo-
skin on whicn the head and feathers of an eagle
130
TOMPKINS
TOMPKINS
^^
were painted, and explained that these symbols
were signiflcant of the swiftness, strength, love for
the Indian, and power to protect him, which were
English characteristics. He visited England in
1734 in company
with Oglethorpe,
five other chiefs,
and members of
his family. As
they were the first
Indians in Lon-
don since the ap-
fearance of the
roquois chiefs
with Peter Schuy-
ler in 1710, they
were objects of
wonder and admi-
ration, and were
treated with great
distinction. To-
mo-chi-chi and
his queen were robed in scarlet and gold, and were
conveyed to an audience with King George in a
coach drawn by six horses. He was received gra-
ciously, and assured of the friendship and protec-
tion of the English monarch. After a stay of four
months, during which he received many costly
presents, he was conveyed with his family in royal
carriages to the ship on which he embarked for
Savannah. His funeral ceremonies were very im-
Eosing. His body was accompanied to the tomb
y a long train of Indians, magistrates, and inhab-
itants of Savannah amid discharges of musketry.
A pyramid of stone was ordered to be erected over
his grave in the centre of the citv by Oglethorpe.
TOMPKINS, Daniel 1)., vice-president of the
United States, b. in Fox Meadows (now Scarsdale),
Westchester co., N. Y., 21 June, 1774 ; d. on Staten
island, N. Y., 11 June, 1825. His father was Jona-
than G. Tompkins, a farmer, who performed ser-
vices useful to his country during the€levolution-
ary conflict. The son was graduated at Columbia
in 1795, studied law, was admitted to the bar in
New York city in 1797, gained rapid success in his
Erofession, and soon began to take part in politics,
eing elected to the State constitutional conven-
tion of 1801. and in the same year to the assembly.
He was a leader of the Republican party in his
state, and in 1804 was electe(l to the National house
of representatives, but resigned on 2 July, before
the meeting of congress, in order to take his seat
on the bench of the supreme court of New York,
having been nominated an associate justice on the
promotion of James Kent to the chief justiceship.
On 9 June, 1807, he resigned in order to become
the candidate for governor of the Democratic wing
of his party in opposition to Morgan Lewis. He
was elected by a majority of 4,000 votes, and found
himself in accord with the legislature in his sup-
port of the foreign policy of the JeflEerson admin-
istration. He was continued in the office by the
reunited Republican factions at the elections of
1809 and 1811. In 1812, in order to prevent the
establishment of the Bank of North America in
New York city as the successor to the defunct
United States bank of Philadelphia, he resorted to
the extraordinary power of proroguing the legisla-
ture that the constitution then gave him, which
no governor ever used except himself in this in-
stance. The charter of the bank had been approved
by the house, a part of the Republicans voting with
the Federalists, and when the legislature reassem-
bled it was at once passed. In the election of 1813
his majority was reduced from 10,000 to 4,000, and
there was a hostile lower house in the next legisla-
ture. Nevertheless, his lx)ld act made him very
popular with the common people, and his active
patriotism during the war with Great Britain in-
creased their admiration. He placed the militia
in the field, and did more than the Federal gov-
ernment for the success of the operations on the
Canadian border, pledging his personal and official
credit when the New York banks refused to lend
money on the security of the U. S. treasury notes
without his indorsement. He advanced the means
to maintain the military school at West Point, to
continue the recruiting service in Connecticut, and
to pay the workmen that were employed in the
manufactory of arms at Springfield, lie bought
the weapons of private citizens that were delivered
at the arsenal in New York city, and in a short
time 40,000 militia were mustered and equipped
for the defence of New York, Plattsburg, Sackett's
Harbor, and Buffalo. When Gen. John Arnistrong
retired from the secretaryship of war after the
sacking of Washington, President Madison invited
Tompkins to enter the cabinet as secretary of state
in the place of James Monroe, who assumed charge
of the war department; but he declined on the
ground that he could be of more service to the
country as governor of New York. He was re-
elected in 1815, and in April, 1816, was nominated
for the vice-presidency of the United States. His
talents and public services were more conspicuous
than those of James Monroe, but the northern
Democrats were not strong enough to command
the first place on the ticket. Before resigning the
governorship and entering on the office of vice-
president, to which he was elected by 183 out of
217 votes, he sent a message to the legislature, dated
28 Jan., 1817, recommending that a day be fixed
for the abolition of slavery within the bounds of
the state, and the assembly, acting on his sugges-
tion, decreed that all slaves should be free on and
after 4 July, 1827. He was re-elected vice-presi-
dent by 215 of the 228 votes that were cast in 1820,
and in the. same
year was proposed
by his friends as a
candidate for gov-
ernor ; but his pop-
ularity haxi dimin-
ished, and charges
of dishonesty were
made in connection
with his large dis-
bursements during
the war with Great
Britain. He was
a delegate to the
State constitution-
al convention of
1821. The susoi-
cion of embezzle-
ment,^ which were
due to a confusion y
i".iaLTh"£'r„"d- ^<^^^^,
and brought on a
melancholy from which he sought escape in intoxi-
cating drinks, thereby shortening his life. He was
one of the founders of the New York historical
society, one of the corporators of the city schools,
and a regent of the State university. — Daniel's
nephew, Daniel D., soldier, b. in New York in
1799; d. in Brooklyn. N. Y., 26 Feb., 1863, was
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1820,
entered the ordnance corps, and ob the reorgani-
zation of the army was made 2d lieutenant of
TOMPSON
TONE
181
artillen', the ordnance tlo{>artmont boini; at that
tiiiiu nier);e<l in the artillery, with cuniini»»ion dat-
ing fntm 1 Julv, 1821 He was proinoteil 1st lieu-
tenant un 1 >fan-h, 1H25, and capt^tin un HI Dec,
185W, and in the Kl«)rida war a>;anist the St-minole
Indians distin^iii!<hi'd hiiiis*>if in the skirini.sh at
San Velaseo, in the battle of Wahoo Swuin|), and
in other at^tions, and wai» brevetted major on 11
Sept., 183U. lie wa.s appointed captain and a.ssist-
ant quartermaster on 7 July, 1838, became a major
on the staff on 22 July, 1842. and during the Mexi-
can war had charge of the forwarding of supplies
from Philadelphia, receiving the brevet of lieuten-
ant-colonel on 30 May, 18^, for meritorious per-
fornjance of duties connected with the |)rosecution
of the war. lie was made a full lieutenant-colonel
on 10 Sept., 1851, and colonel and a.>*sistant quar-
termaster-general on 22 Ik'C, 1850. and from the
beginning of the civil war till the time of his
death he served as depot quartermaster in New
York city, furnishing supplies to the armies in the
field. — A son of the second Daniel D.. Charles
H., soldier, b. in Fort Monroe. Va., 12 Sept., 1830.
was educated at Kinsley's school at West Point.
N. Y., and for two years at the U. S. military acad-
emy, but resigned without completing the course.
He entered the service in 1856 in the dnigoons, and
after an enlistment of three years on the frontier,
during which be passed through the principal non-
commissioned grades, he was appointctl 2d lieuten-
ant in the 2d U. S. cavalry, 23 March, 18(51, and
was promoted 1st lieutenant in April of the same
year. While commanding' a s<|ua(lron of his regi-
ment, the 5th cavalry, within the defences of Wash-
ington, he made a dashing reconnoissance in the
direction of Fairfax Court-House. Va.. 31 May,
1861. It was at night and resulted in the capture
of two outposts of the enemy, with an estimated
loss of twenty-five Confederates. Lieut. Tompkins
charged three times through the town, losing sev-
eral men and horses, including two chargers which
were shot under him. As one of the first cavalry
affairs of the war, it attracted wide attention. Sub-
sequently he served in the battle of Bull Kun and
upon the staff of Gen. George Stoneman. He was
appointed captain and assistant quartermaster,
served for a few months as colonel of the 1st Ver-
mont cavalry, as lieutenant-cf)lonel and quarter-
master of volunteers in 1865-'6, and colonel and
quartermaster in 1866-'?. He was matle deputy
quartermaster-general in the regular army in 186(5.
and assistant quartermaster-general with rank of
colonel. 24 Jan.. 1881. He participated in the
operations of (ien. Nathaniel P. Banks and Gen.
John Pope in the Shenandoah campaign, and was
recommended for the appointment of bri^dier-
general of volunteers for conspicuous services at
the Iwttle of Cedar Creek. Va. rle has served from_
1865 till 1888 as chief quartermaster of the prin-'
cipal military divisions of the army, and was at the
last-named date chief ouartermaster of the divis-
ion of the Atlantic. He was brevetted major for
Fairfax Court-House, lieutenant-colonel for the
Shenandoah campaign, and colonel and brigadier-
Seneral. 13 March. 1865, for meritorious services
uring the war.
TO.HFSOX. William, clergyman, b. in Lan-
cashire, England, in 1598; d. In Braintree, Ma.ss..
10 Dec, lt56(5. He emigrated to this country about
IftM. and lK?came first pastor of the church at
Braintree (now Quincy). He went on a mission to
Virginia in 1(542. but was silence*! for non-conform-
ity and com[)elled to return to New F^ngland. He
was an acceptable preacher, and descrii)ed by Cot-
ton Mather as a "pdlar of the American chiirch";
but he was subjec't to fits of depression, and in one
of them committe<l suicide, tlis contem(>orarie8
describe him as " an author of reputation," but,
with the exception of several prefaces to the books
of others, his publications have all {>erishe<i. — His
M)n, Benjamin, educator, b. in I^ntintree, Masa.,
14 July, 1642: d. 13 April, 1714, was graduate<l at
Harvard in 1(5(52, became master of the Boston
Iiatin-sch(x>l in 1(5(57, and three years later took
charge of the Cambridge schoof. preparatory to
Harvard, which [)Ost he held for nearly forty years.
He probably died in Cambridge, bat in buried in
Iloxbury. ^he inscription on his tombstone de-
scribes him as " a learned schf>ol-master and phy-
sician, and y renowned poet of New England."
He wn>te an " Elegy on the Kev. Samuel Whit-
ing, of Lynn, Ma.vs.," which is printed in Cotton
Mather's " Magnalia," and a poem of .some merit
descriptive of King Philip's war, entitled " New
England's Crisis " (Cambriuge, 1675). — Benjamin's
son. Edward, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass.. 20
April, 1065 ; d. in "Marshfield, Mass.. 10 March,
1705, was graduated at Harvard in 1(584, taught
for .several years at Newbury, and from 14 Oct.,
1696, until his death was pastor of the church at
Marshfield, Mass. On his tombstone is inscribed :
" Here in a tyrant's hand doth captive lie
A rare synopsis of divinity."
His last sermons, entitled " Heaven the Best Coun-
try," were published (1712).
TONE, William Theobald Wolfe, soldier, b.
in Dublin, Ireland. 29 April, 1791; d. in New Yorlc
city, 10 Oct., 1828. He wat» the eldest son of the
Irish patriot and French general, Theobald Wolfe
Tone. After the tragic death of his father he
was declared an adopted child of the French re-
public by the Directory, and educated with his
younger brother in the Prytaneum and Imperial
lyceum at the national expense. During this
period he wrote a work on the legislation of the
Goths in Italy, which was favorably noticed by
the institute. He was apjx)inte<l a cadet in the
Im{)erial school of cavalry on 3 Nov.. 1810, and
remained there until January, 1813, when he was
promoted to be «ub-!ieutenant in the 8th regiment
of chasseurs. He distinguished himself in the
engagements of that year, and received six lance
wounds at the battle of Leipsic. He was then
made lieutenant on the staff, aide-de-camp to Gen.
Bagneres. and member of the Legion of honor.
After the fall of Na|>oleon he gave himself to
literary and antiquarian studies. But. when Louis
XVIII. left the "kingdom, he consideretl himself ab-
solved from his allegiance, and served again under
Napoleon, and was employed by him in organizing
defensive forces on the Rhine and on the Spanish
frontier. He left the French army after the battle
of Waterloo, and came to the Cnited States in
1816. He studie<l law for some time, and wrote
f>apers on military tactics. He was apfH)inted 2d
ieutenant of light artillery on 12 July. 1820. and
was transferred to the 1st artillery on 1 June,
1821, but resigned on 31 Dec, 1826, and mar-
ried a daughter of William Sampson. He pub-
lished " L'^tat civil et politique de I'ltalie sous
la domination des Goths (Paris, 1813) ; " Life of
Theobald Wolfe Tone, written by Himself and con-
tinued by his Son : with his l*olitical Writings,
etc.; edited by his Son. William Theobald Wolfe
Tone, with a ftrief Account of his own Education
and Campaigns under the Emperor Napoleon "
(2 vols., Washington. 1826; L<indon. 1827); and
*• School of Cavalry, or a System for Instruction,
etc.. proposed for the Cavalry of the United States"
(Georgetown. D. C. 1834).
132
TONER
TONYN
TONER, Joseph Meredith, physician, b. in
Pittsburg. Pa., 30 April, iy25. He received his clas-
sical education at Western Pennsylvania university
and Mount St. Marj''8 college, was graduated at
Vermont medical college in 1850 and .Jefferson
medical college in 1853, and, after a short resi-
dence in Suinmitsville. Pa., and Harper's Ferry,
Va., settled in Washington, I). (;., in 1855. He was
a founder of Providence hospital and of St. Ann's
infant asylum, to which he is a visiting phpician,
and since 1850 has been the attending physician to
St. Joseph's orphan asylum. Aware of the per-
ishable character of much of the early medical lit-
erature of this country, he devised a scheme for a
repository of medical works that should be under
the control of that profession in the United States
and located at Washington, I). C. His resolution
on that subject wjis adopted by the American medi-
cal association in 18(58, and resulted in the estab-
lishment of the library of the American medical
association. The collection is placed in the Smith-
sonian institution, and has reached the number of
6,000 volumes, including pamphlets. In 1871 he
founded the Toner lectures bv placing $3,000 (which
has grown to $5,000) in the hands of trustees, who
are charged with the duty of annually procuring
two lectures that contain some new fact valuable
to medical science, the interest on the fund, save
ten per cent, which is added to the permanent
fund, being paid to the authors of tne essays.
These lectures are included in the regular list of
the publications of the Smithsonian institution. It
is the first attempt that has been made in tjiis
country to endow a course of lectures on such con-
ditions, lie gave in 1875 and three subsequent
years the Toner medal at Jefferson medical college,
to be awarded to the best thesis that embodies the
results of original investigation. For many years
he has given a similar medal to the University of
Georgetown. He was president of the American
medical association in 1873 and of the American
health association in 1874. a vice-president of the
International medical congress in 1876. and a vice-
president and registrar of the International medi-
cal congress in 1887. Dr. Toner has devoted much
time and research to early American medical litera-
ture, and has collected over 1,000 treatises pub-
lished before 1800, and, besides publishing numer-
ous monographs, has in preparation a " Biographi-
cal Dictionary of Deceased American Physicians."
of which more than 4,000 sketches are completed.
He is an authority in the medical, biographical,
and local history of the District of Columbia, and
has devised a system of symbols of geographical
localities, which has been adopted by the U. S.
post-office department. In 1882 he gave his entire
library, including manuscripts, to the U. S. gov-
ernment. It consisted of 20,000 books and 18,000
Eamphlets. He is a member of numerous medical,
istorical, and philosophical associations, has pub-
lished more than fifty jtamphlets, which include
"Maternal Instinct" (Baltimore, 1864); "Compul-
sory Vaccination " (1805) ; " Medical Register of the
District of Columbia " (1867) ; " Necrological No-
tices of Deceased Surgeons in the Rebellion " (Wash-
ington, 1870) ; " Medical Register of the United
States" (Philadelphia, 1874); " Dictionary of Ele-
vations and Climatic Register of the United States "
(New York, 1874); "Annals of Medical Progress
and Medical Education in the United States "
(1874); "Medical Men of the Revolution " (Phila-
delphia, 1876) ; " Rocky Mountain Medical Associa-
tion " (1877) ; and " Memorial Volume, with a Biog-
raphy of its Members" (Washington, 1877). See
life by Thomas Antisell (Washington, 1878).
TONTY, or TONTI, Chevalier Henry de, Ital-
ian explorer, b. in Uaeta, Italy, about 1050 ; d. in Mo-
bile, La. (now Ala.), in September, 1704. His father,
Lorenzo, was the inventor of the system of annui-
ties that is called the Tontine. Henry took part
in several naval and military engagements when
quite young, in one of which he lost a hand. Its
place was supplied by an iron one, which he used
skilfully. On the recommendation of the Prince
de Conti, the Sieur de La Salle took him into his
service, and he embarked with the latter for Que-
bec on 14 July, 1678. He completed the fort at
Niagara, which had been designed by La Salle, and
garrisoned it with thirty men. In 1679 he visited
several of the Indian tribes, went to Detroit in ad-
vance of La Salle, .having first taken steps to
strengthen and provision his ^rrison, and ad-
vanced into the country of the Illinois, whom he
won to the side of the French ; but this alliance
proved unfortunate for the Illinois, who were at-
tacked by the Iroquois on account of it and de-
feated with loss almost under the eyes of TontL
In 1680 he was ordered by La Salle to build a fort
on the river of the Illinois, but, learning that Fort
Crevecoeur was threatened by the Iroauois, he
marched to its aid. There he met the Indians and
had some parleying with them, during which he
was wounded by an Onondaga warrior. Believing
that the fort was not defensible, he retired in Sep-
tember with the five men that constituted its gar-
rison. He sailed up the Illinois, experiencing some
losses in the voyage, and wintered in the Bay of
Lake Michigan (Green bay) in 1681. He was sent
by La Salle the same year to finish the fort on the
Illinois which was begun the preceding year, to
which he gave the name of St. Louis. He de-
scended the Mississippi with La Salle, but on 15
May, 1682, was despatched by the latter, who had
fallen sick, to Mackinaw for assistance. In 1684
he was at Fort St. Louis and repelled an attack of
the Iroquois. In 1686 he went to the mouth of
Mississippi river by way of Chicago and Fort Louis
to seek tidings of La Salle, and on his return to
Montreal he was sent to the Illinois country to col-
lect a large force of Illinois Indians for the' Seneca
campaign. He was able to bring only eighty to
Detroit, with whom he took part in the expedition
of Denonville. Disheartened by the death of La
Salle and of almost all the companions of his early
adventures, he spent the last years of his life
among the Illinois, who became much attached to
him. He was discovered there by Iberville in 1700,
supporting himself by hunting and trading in furs.
A work purporting to be Tonti's memoirs was pub-
lished in Paris in 1697, entitled " Demieres de-
couvertes de la Salle dans I'Amerique septentri-
onale " (English translation, London, 1698; New
York, 1814). Tonti declared to Iberville as well as
to Father Marest that he had no hand in this work,
which is full of errors and exaggerations. The
real memoirs of Tonti have been published by Pierre
Margry in " Origines Frangaises des pays H'outre-
mer ' (Paris, 1877-9). Vol. i. contains "Voyages
et etat des Francs sur les lacs et le Mississippi
sous les ordres de MM. de la Salle et de Tontv de
1678 k 1684," and vol. iii. " Lettres de Henri de
Tonty sur ce qu'il a appris de M. de la Salle, le
voyage qu'il a fait pour I'aller chercher et son de-
part prochain pour marcher contre les Iroquois,
1686-1689." Tonti wrote in 1693 a memoir ad-
dressed to Count de Pontchartrain, which is also
published in Margrv's "Origines" (1867).
TONYN, Patrick. British soldier, b. in 1725;
d. in London, England, 30 Dec., 1804. Ho became a
captain in the 0th dragoons in 1751, with which regi-
TOOKE
TOPKTK
183
mont lip served in Germany in 1758, wiu» made
lieut«nant-colonel of the 104th regiment in 17(S1.
and in 1 775- '88 wam governor of East Florida. On
1 Jan.. 17t)H, he became general.
TOOKK, John Home, Kngli^ih politician, l>. in
Wf>tiiiiii!<tiT. Kiigland. 2^) Juiif, nSO; d. in Wira-
liieduii. Knglnitd. 18 March, 1812. Ili> changed his
nam*' from ilorne to take an estate that was U'-
queatheil him by William Tooke in 1782. He wa.**
a minister of the pstablisheil church, a follower of
John Wilkes, and in 1708 a foumler of the Society
for the support of the bill of rif^hts. He bitterly
opposetl the coercion of the American colonies, antl,
after the battles of Lexington and ("onconl, adver-
tised for a 8ub8<rrij)tion for "the widows and or-
Ehans of the American soldiers who were murdered
V the king's troops." The ministry proM>cuted
him fur libel, and he was tried at Uuilford hall in
July, 1777. lie conducted his own defence, that he
might personally attack 'the government, and was
condemned to one year's imprisonment, and to pay
a fine of £'200. Wfiile in jad he inddished his cele-
brated " liCtter to i\Ir. Dunning,' in which he criti-
cally explained the case of the King v«. Ijawley,
which had been used as a j)recedent against him-
self on his trial. He serve<l m {mrliament in 1801-'2,
and was an important factor in the Lilx»ral party.
His numerous publications are included in " Me-
moirs of John Ilome Tooke, together with his valu-
able Speeches and Writings, by John A. Graham
(New York. 1828). See " Memoirs of John Home
Tooke, with Original Documents," by Alexander
Stephens (2 vols,, 1813).
TOOMBS, Robert, senator, b. in Wilkes county,
Ga, 2 July, 1810; d. in Washington, Ga., 15 Dec,
1885. He studied at the University of Georgia,
was graduated at Union college in 1828, attended
lectures in the law
department of the
University of Vir-
ginia the next year,
and in 18JiO, by a
special act of the
legislature, was a<l-
raitted to the bar
before he had at-
taineil his majority.
He then settled in
his native county,
subseciuently attuin-
inga reputation such
as few lawyers ever
enjoyed in the state.
When the war with
the Creek Indians
began in 18^36 he
raisetl a company of
volunteers, letl them
as their captain, and served under Gen. Winfleld
Scott until the close of hostilities. He was in the
legislature in 1837-'40, and in 1842-';} took an ac-
tive part in politics, and was a leader of the sfHcalltKl
"State-rights Whigs." He sup|)orted William H.
Harrison for the presidency in 1840. and Henry
Clay in 1844, and in the latter year was chosen to
congress as a Southern Whig. His first speech in
the house of representatives was on the Oregon
question, and plactnl him among the first debaters
and orators in that Ixnly. He was active in the
comprorai.se measures in 1850, and greatly con-
tributetl to their passage. After eight years' ser-
vice in the house he took his seat in the U. S. senate
in March, 1853, holding office by re-election till
1861. As a senator he was intolerant, dogmatic,
and extreme, but able and eloquent. He l^lieved
(^JhlTTHi^
in the abiolllte tOTereignty of the states, and that
it was a neoovity for the south both to maintain
and extend slavery. He advocate«l disunion with
all the lorce of his oratory, and after the election
of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency made a series,
of speeches in Georgia in which he asscrtc<l that
the north would no longer resjK?ct the constitu-
tional rights of the south, and that secession was
the oidy remedy. When the State convention met
in 1861, he was mainly instrumental in securing
the majority of votes on the resolution to secede.
He resigned his seat in the U. S. senate in January,
1861, and in March was formally exjK'lkHl from that
body. He was a memlier of the C"onfe<lerate con-
gress at its first session, and but lor a misunder-
standing might have l>een chostMi nresident of the
('onfc«leracy. After the election of Jefferson Davi»
he l)ecame secretary of slate, but resigned in a few
weeks to take the commission of brigadier-general
in the army. He fought at the second battle of
Bull Run and at the Antietam, but resigned and
returned to Georgia. In 1864 he commanded the
militia, of which lie was brigadier-general. After
the war he eluded arrest as a wlitical prisoner, and
Eassed two years in Cuba, trance, and Kngland,
ut returned on the restoration in 1867 of the privi-
lege of habeas corpus, resumed practice, and ac-
cumulated an estate that was estimated at about
1500,000. As he refused to take the oath of alle-
giance to the U. S. government, he was debarred
from all the rights and privileges of citizenship.
He was a member of the Georgia Democratic
state convention in 1872, and advocated Horace
Greeley as a candidate for the presidency. In 1874
he began the railroad war, to which he devoted his
energies until his death. The legislature of that
year had passed a law taxing railroads as all other
property was taxed. The railroads resisted, and
Gen. Toombs, in behalf of the state, took the mat-
ter into court, established the principle that they
should pay the same taxes as other property, and
collectetl 1J300.(KX), including some arrears of taxes.
In the State convention of 1877 he introduced a
resolution providing for the appointment of three
commissioners who should have the power to over-
see the business of the romls, to make and unmake
rates, and to order improvements. In acc-ordance
with this provision, the next legislature adopted
what is known as the commission railroad law. He
continued his hostility to the United States govern-
ment until his death.
TOPETE, Juan Bantista (to-pay -tay). Span-
ish naval officer, b. in Tlacolalpan, Mexico, 24
May, 1821. His parents retired to Spain after the
country had won its inde|)endence, and he entered
the Spanish navy as a midshipman. In 1865 he
t»as post-captain, commanding one of the ships of
the Spanish fleet in the Pacific, and after the sui-
cide of Admiral Jose de Pareja, when Admiral
Mendez Nuilez assumed command. Topete became
second commander of the expedition with the rank
of commotlore, and particij«ted in the l)ombard-
inent of Valparaiso, 31 March. 1866, and in the
attack on Callao, 2 May, 1866, where he was danger-
ously wounded. When Admiral Nufiez .sailed in
the "Numancia" on a voyage round the worUU
Toj)ete assumed command of the rest of the fleet,
which he brought back to .Spain in 1867. He was-
promoted rear-mlmiral and commander of the iron-
clad squadron at Cadiz, and pronounced against
the government, 17 Sept., 1868, with Gen. Prim»
who arrived on board the fleet on 19 Sept. He
became a member of the provisional government
as secretary of the navy on 8 Oct., and was later
returned to the constituent cortes by the city of
134
TOPP
TORBERT
Madrid. During his administration he took vigor-
ous measures against the insurgents in Cuba, and
obtained, in April, 1809, supplementary credits for
that purpose, lie was a stanch sup{)orter of the
candidacy of Montiwjnsier, left the cabinet in No-
vember, 1869, to become vice - president of the
cortes, was again secretary of the navy, 10 Jan.,
1870, and secretary for the colonies in Sagasta's
cabinet in December, 1871. Under Serrano's re-
gency he was provisional president of the cabinet
till 3 June, 1872, secretary of the navy and war till
the suspension of constitutional guarantees, 24
June, 1872, and during the republic retired from
service. After the virtual fall of the republic he
held again, from 3 Jan. till 12 May, 1874, the port-
folio of the navy under Serrano, and accompanied
him to the seat of war, taking part in the relief of
Bilbao, 25-27 March, 1874, where he was severely
wounded. After the accession of Alfonso XII., 12
Dec, 1874, he retired to private life.
TOPP, Alexander, Canadian clergyman, b. near
Elgin, Morayshire. Scotland, in 1815 ; d. in Toronto,
Canacla. G Oct.. 1879. He was educated at Elgin
academy and King's college, Aberdeen, and was
licen.sed to preach in 1836. He was pastor of Elgin
church in 183()-'52 ; of Roxburgh church, Edin-
burgh, iti 1852-'8; and in 1858 took charge of
Knox church, Toronto. Canada, where he remained
until his death. In 18G8 he was elected moderator
of the general assembly, was one of the chief agents
in consummating the union of the Presbyterian
churches in Canada in 1875, and was again elected
moderator of the general assembly in 1876. In 1877
he attended the Pan-Presbyterian council at Edin-
burgh. In 1870 he received the degree of D. D.
from the University of Aberdeen.
TOPPAN, Robert Noxon. author, b.in Phila-
delphia. Pa., 17 Oct., 1836. lie was graduated at
Harvard in 1858 and at Columbia law-school in
1861, and became a practising lawyer, afterward
removing to Cambridge, Mass. He is a member
of various historical and antiquarian societies,
served on the international coinage committee of
the Americjin social science association, and was a
delegate in 1878 to the International congress for
the nullification of weights, measures, and money.
He has translated Theodore Simon Jouffroy's
"Ethics" (New York, 1862), and is the author of
" Historical Succession of Monetary Metallic Stand-
ards," a pamphlet (1877) ; " Some Modern Monetary
Questions," a pamphlet (Philadelphia, 1881) ; " His-
torical Summary of Metallic Money " (Bo.ston,
1884) ; and '' Biographical Sketches of Old New-
bury" (Newburyport, 1885).
l^ORAL, Francisco de, Mexican R. C. bishop,
b. in Ubeda, Spain, in 1502; d. in Mexico, 20 Apnl,
1571. He received his education at Seville, and
•when nineteen years old became a Franciscan friar.
In 1525 he went to Santo Domingo, and later he
was sent to New Spain, where he learned Aztec and
the difflcult Totonaca language, and became pro-
fessor of Indian dialects in the convent of his or-
der at Mexico. After years of labor he invented
a new method of teaching the Indian dialects, and
afforded aid to the conquerors. Later he was sent
to Yucatan, where he founded large and prosper-
ous missions and gained the confidence of the
Indians to such an extent that he became their
legislator. He was appointed in 1549 superior of
the convent of Tecamachalco, assisted in the gen-
eral assembly of the Franciscan order at Salamanca
in 1553, returning to Mexico in the following year
with thirty-six new missionaries, and was appointed
provincial of the province of Tlaxcala. Early in
1562' he was made first bishop of Yucatan, and
being consecrated at Mexico, 15 Aug., 1562, fixed
his residence at Merida. During the following years
he did much to improve and organize his diocese,
founded benevolent institutions for the benefit of
the Indians, and built at Merida a cathedral, a
seminary, and a hospital. In 1565 he assisted at
Mexico in the synod of the Mexican bishops under
Archbishop Montufar. He died suddenly in Mexi-
co during a journey that he undertook' to confer
with the archbishop. Toral's works include " Arte
y Vocabulario de la lengua Totonaca" (Salamanca,
1553) and "Tratado de la lengua Mexicana" (1554).
The " Cartas de Indias," a recent state publication,
contains letters and memoirs of Bishop Toral.
TORBERT, Alfred Thomas Archimedes, sol-
dier, b. in Georgetown, Del., 1 July. 1833 ; d. at
sea, 30 Sept., 1880. He wa.s graduated at the U. S.
military academy in 1855, assigned to the 5th in-
fantry, served on frontier duty during the next
five years in Tex-
as and Florida,
on the Utah ex-
K edition, and in
'ew Mexico, be-
ing promoted 1st
lieutenant, 25
Feb., 1861. In
April, 1861, he
was sent to nms-
ter in New Jer-
sey volunteers,
and was made
colonel, on 16
Sept., of the 1st
New Jersey regi-
ment. On 25
Sept., 1861, he
was promoted to
captain in the
5th U. S. infantry. Col. Torbert served through
the peninsula campaign, was given a brigade in
the 6th corps on 28 Aug., 1862, and fought in the
battle of Manassas on the two following days.
He also took part in the Maryland campaign,
and was wounded at the battle of Crampton's
Gap, 14 Sept., where he made a brilliant bayonet
charge. He was commissioned brigadier-general
of volunteers on 29 Nov., 1862, and was at Gettj-s-
burg. He fought his last battle in the infantry
at Rappahannock station, 7 Nov., 1863, and in
April, 1864, was placed in command of the 1st
division of cavalry of the Army of the Potomac,
participating in the skirmishes at Milford station
and North Anna river. He commanded at Hano-
vertowH, and then participated in the cavalry bat-
tle at Hawes's shop, 28 May, 1864, for which he
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U. S. army. He
also repelled the enemy at Matadequin creek, 30
May, and drove them close to Cold Harbor. He
took that place on the 31st with cavalry alone,
after a severe fight, before the arrival of the infant-
ry, and held it the next day against repeated as-
saults. He was now ordered by Gen. Sheridan, with
another division, to make a raid to Charlottesville,
had the advance, and commanded at Trevillian
station on 11 June. On 8 Aug., 1864, Gen. Torbert
was made chief of cavalry of the middle military
division, and given command of three divisions
when Gen. Sheridan took command t)f the Army
of the Shenandoah. When Sheridan was closely
pressed at Winchester, Torbert was specially active
with the cavalry and aided in putting the enemy
to flight, for which he was brevetted colonel on 19
Sept., 1864. He had been brevetted major-general
of volunteers on the previous 9 Sept. Returning
I
TORI BIO
TORNOS
136
through the valley, he halted after several actions
at the command of Uen. Sheridan, and fought the
cavalry battle at Tom's river on 9 Oct., completely
routing Gen. Thomas L. Rosser's command, and
pursuing it many miles. On 19 Oct., at Cedar
Creek, Gen. Torbert assisted the 0th corps in hold-
ing the pike to Winchester against desperate as-
.saults. lie commanded at Lilx'rty Mills and Gor-
donsville on 22-2^ Dec, 1804, when his active ser-
vice ended. After his return from a leave of ab-
sence on 27 Feb., 1805, he was in command of the
Army of the Shenandoah, 22 April till 12 July,
180.5, of the district of Winchester till 1 Sept., and
of southeastern Virginia till 31 Dec. On 13 March,
180i), he was brevetted brigadier - general, U. S.
arniy, for Cedar Creek, and major-general for gal-
lant and meritorious services during the war. He
was mustered out of the volunteer service, 15 Jan.,
1800, and resigned from the regular army, 31 Oct.,
1800. He was appointed in 1809 minister to San
Salvador, transferred as consul-general to Havana
two years later, and filled the same post at Paris
from 1873 till his resignation in 1878. He lost his
life, while on his way to Mexico as president of a
mining company, on the steamer "Vera Cruz,"
which f()undere(l off the coast of Florida.
TORI BIO, Saint, or MON(iROVEJO, Tori-
bio Alfonso, Spanish - American archbishop, b.
in Mayorga, Spain, 0 Nov., 1538 ; d. in Sana, Peru,
23 March, 1000. After finishing his studies in
Vailadolid, he led a life of the severest asceticism,
until he was summoned to a professorship in the
College of Sjin Salvador in 1575. He became a
favorite with Philip II., and, after occupying many
important offices, was made chief magistrate of
Granada. In 1580 the Spanish monarch nominated
him to the vacant see of Lima, although he was
at the time a layman. At first he refused, but it
was believed- that Toribio was needed in America
to bring about a reformation in the lives of the
Spanish colonists, whose profligacy was making the
conversion of the natives almost impossible. He
received, therefore, all the holy orders requisite
for a priest on four successive Sundays, was af-
terward consecrated bishop, sailed for Peru, by
wav of Panama, entered Lima on 24 May, 1581,
and soon afterward made a formal visitation of
his immense diocese, which extended along the
coast for nearly 400 miles, and was almost desti-
tute of means of communication. He proclaimed
himself the protector of the natives, and resumed
the contest with their persecutors, from whrch
Las Casas had retired in despair. In 1583 he
held a provisional council at Lima, in which the
plans that he suggested for the reformation of
morals and for the amelioration of the condition of
the Indians met with violent o|)position from sev-
eral of his suffragan bishops. He had also serious
difficulties with Garcia Hurt^do de Mendoza, vice-
roy of Peru, and his conduct was censured by
Philip II. Nevertheless he continued to befriend
the Indians. His charity was without bounds, and
not only his money, silver plate, etc., were devoted
to the relief of the needy, out he was often known
to take the shirt from his back and bestow it on
a native. He learned at an advanced age several
of the Indian idioms, and spoke Quechua, the
language of the incas, as it has been called. He
established n),issions in the most remote and inac-
cessible places, and founded several churches, semi-
naries, and institutions for the poor and sick. He
was on his third diocesan visitation when he learned
that part of his diocese, several hundred miles from
Lima, was devastated by the plague. Hurrying
thither to give the sufferers spiritual and physicu
aid, he over-exerted himself, and fell a victim to
exhaustion in Sana. His Ixxly was taken to Lima,
he was beatified in 1679 by Pope Innocent XI., and
canonized by Bene<lict XIII. in 1720. His life was
written by Antonio Leon Pinelo (Madrid, 1653).
TORIC'ES, Manuel Rodriguez (to-re -thavs),
Colombian patriot, b. in Cartagena, 24 May, lTo8;
d. in Bogota, 5 Oct., 1810. He receive<l his edu-
cation in the College of Rosario in Bogota, where
he was graduated in law, but, being fond of scien-
tific investigations, he did not practise his profes-
sion, and, retiring to his native city, devoted himself
to meteorological observations. When the revo-
lution of 1810 be^n, the governing junta com-
missioned him, with Fernandez Madrid, to edit
the patriotic paper " Argos Americano." He was
elected a member of the municipal council in 1811,
and in 1812 president of the constituent assembly
of the state, and, in consequence of the governor s
resignation, was elected by the assembly, 25 March,
1812, to the executive, with dictatorial powers.
When Santa Marta declared in favor of the Span-
iards, Torices sent state troops, under command of
the French adventurer Labatout, to retake the
city, which was occupied on 0 Jan., 1813 ; but on
5 March a counter-revolution put the place again in
the hands of the Spaniards. Torices now marched
at the head of re-enforcements against Santa
Marta, but was defeated on 10 and 11 May. Af-
ter the defeat and capture of Nariflo by the Span-
iards in 1814. the Federal congress of Tunja re-
solved to confide the national executive to a trium-
virate, consisting of Restrepo, Rovira, and Tori-
ces, and in Januarv, 1815, the last-named went to
Bogota, and was elected to the presidency of the
triumvirate. He commissioned Bolivar to march
against Santa Marta ; but, the state goveniment of
Cartagena refusing to co-operate, the expedition
was prevented, and Bolivar sailed for Jamaica on
8 May, the royalists obtaining great advantages
for want of combined action by tne patriot chiefs.
In November of that year the triumvirate was su-
perse<led bv the election of Dr. Camilo Torres as
president ; \)ut Torices. as vice-president, remained
one of his principal advisers, and when, after the
defeat of Garcia Rovira at Cachiri, and the ap-
proach of the royalist troo^, the evacuation of the
capital was decided upon, Torices fled with Torres
and others, was captured at Buenaventura, taken
to Bogota, and shot by order of Gen. Morillo.
TORNOS, Alberto' de, educator, b. in Carifiena,
Aragon, Spain, 9 April, 1821 : d. in New York city,
22 March, 1887. Ins father, Andres de Tomos y
Beltran, was a well-known lawyer. The son became
a teacher, and, after holding several offices in Spain,
went to Porto Rico in 1845, where he was appointed
by royal order director of the seminary of teachers
of the island. On 19 May, 1845. he received his
diploma as a graduate of the normal school at Mad-
rid, with the title of professor and director of nor-
mal schools of the kingdom of Spain. As director
of the Central militarv academy of Porto Rico he
was given the title of captain. After occupying
many posts in Porto Rico, Cuba, and Mexico, he
came to the United States about 1848. He held
the office of professor of languages at Spring Hill
coUece. Ala., for three years, and a similar post at
the University of Ijouisiana, where he remained
for many vears. He wrote for the press on etluca-
tional topics, and did much to promote public in-
struction. He was profess<ir of Sjianish at the New
York evening high-school about twenty vears. He
published " De Tornos'sCombined Spanish Method,"
and of which more than 20,000 copies have been
sold (New York, 1867), wrote a book of Spanish
136
TORO
TORRES
and English correspondence, as well as two novels
in Spiinish, and stncral text-lHx>ks for ncquiring
foreign languages. — His son, Mannel Alberto, b.
in New York city, 2 June, 18(J2. was educ^ited in
the public schools, and since 1881 has been secre-
tary of the Spanish consulate-general in New York
city. Having rendered iintwrtant services to the
Spanish representatives in this country, in 1888 he
was decorated by the oueen regent of Spain with
the cross of the onler of Caballero de la Iteal orden
de Isal)el la Catolicji. He has published "Spanish
Tariffs, with Extracts from the Customi-House
Regulations" (New York, 1888).
TORO, Fermin, Venezuelan statesman, b. in
Caracas in 1807 ; d. there in 1865. He received an
excellent private education, but was never gradu-
ated. After being employed in his early years in
the national treasury, he was promoted collector of
the island of Margarita, and in 18^31 was elected,
before the legal age, to congress, where he soon be-
came known as an orator. He was also a member
of the constituent congress, and was called to the
cabinet by Gen. Soublette as secretary of state and
provisionally of the treasury, also representing his
country as minister in Bogota and Madrid. In
1845-'(3, with Juan M. Cajigal, he edited " El Correo
de Caracas." In 1858 he was one of the intimate ad-
visers of (ien. Castro, and under Gen. Paez formed
part of his cabinet. He published " Los Martires,"
a romance (Caracas. 1884); " Disertacion sobre la
ley de 10 de Abril do 1834" (1835); "America y
Europa" (1836); and many poems published by
his friend, Manuel Cailete, under the pen-name of
Emiro Kastos (Paris, 1847). He left in manuscript
" La Sibila de los Andes," a novel, and " La Heca-
tonfonia " and " El veinticuatro de Enero," poems.
TORO ZAMBRANO, Mat^o de, president of
Chili, b. in Santiago in 1724; d. there, 26 Feb.,
1811. During the Spanish reign he occupied sev-
eral pui)lic offices, and contributed to the construc-
tion of the breakwater in Santiago, and of a bridge
across Mapocho river. He equipped at his own ex-
pense a company against tne Araucanian revolt,
the command of which he gave to his son, Jose
Gregorio. In 1762 he was apmointed acting presi-
dent during the absence of Juan Balmaceda, and.
when President Manuel Amat went to Peru as
viceroy in 1768, Toro Zambrano occupied his place
I)rovisionally. Charles III. created him Count de
a Conquista in 1771, and in 1809 the central junta
of Seville gave him the rank of brigadier. When
in 1810 the opposition against President Carrasco
began, the audiencia, alarmed by the popular dem-
onstrations, caused the latter to resign, and ap-
pointed in his stead Toro Zambrano on 16 July,
nut the excitement continued, and on 18 Sept.
Toro convoked a meeting of the authorities and
citizens, before whom he resigned the presidency,
and was elected again president of the new popular
junta, of which Juan Martinez Rozas was the chief
spirit. Toro Zatnbrano's age and feeble character
prevented him from taking an active part in the
government, and he died Ijefore the complete sepa-
ration of the country from Spain.
TORQUEMADA, Juan de (tor-kay-mah'-dah),
Spanish historian, b. in Valladolid al)outl550; d.
in Mexico about 1625. He went to Mexico in his
youth as an officer, but assumed there the habit of
St. Francis, and, besides studying theology, took
a course in the Aztec language, history, and an-
tiquities under the direction of the Indian caciique,
Antonio Valeriano, who was one of the teachers at
the College of Santiago de Tlaltelolco. He became
a professor in Tlaltelolco, and finally superior of
the college, meanwhile continuing assiduously his
studies in ancient history, and after twenty years
of labor published his great historical work. In
1614 he was elected provincial of his order at the
general chapter in Xochimilco, and during his ad-
ministration he constructed one of the great cause-
ways that leads to the city of Mexico, which is now
called San Cristobal. Besides some ecclesiastical
biographies, he wrote " Monarquia Indiana, com-
puesta de 22 Libros " (3 vols., Seville, 1615 ; Mad-
rid, 1723), which, notwithstanding his ecclesiasti-
cal prejudices, is considered fairly impartial and
truthful, although it has been greatly improved by
Carlos de Sigllenza's " Anotaciones.
TORRANCE, Frederick William, Canadian
jurist, b. in Montreal in July, 1823. He was the
son of a Scotch merchant of Montreal, and was
educated at Paris and at Edinburgh university,
where he received tho degree of M. A. in 1844. On
his return to Canada he studied law, was called to
the bar in 1848, became professor of Roman law
in McGill university in 1854, and was appointed
puisne judge of the superior court in 1868. He
aided in establishing the " Lower Canada Jurist,"
and managed it several years. McGill university
gave him the degree of B. C. L. in 1856, and since
1870 he has been one of its governors.
TORRE, Jo86 Maria de la (tor-ray), Cuban
archaeologist, b. in Havana in 1815 ; d. there in
1873. He studied law in his native city, and was
admitted to the bar in 1841, but he never practised
as a lawyer, devoting himself instead to teaching.
He published a remarkable map showing the dis-
tricts into which the island was divided before its
discovery by Columbus, accompanied by learned
researches and notes on the history of Cuba, and
made numerous contributions to the geography,
history, and archaeology of the island. In 1848 lie
was commissioned to travel in the United States
and Europe to study improvements in agriculture
and the industrial arts, and to introduce them
into Cuba. The results of this journey were very
useful. He was a member of the Royal academy
of history of Madrid, and other scientific and anti-
quarian societies. His works are " Mapa an-
tiguo de Cuba" (Havana, 1837); "Gran Cuadro
Sinoptico de la Monarquia Espaflola " (1845) ; " Lo
que luimos y lo que somos," a history of Havana^
(1857); "El Robinson Cubano " (1860); and nu-
merous text-books for schools.
TORRE, Tomas de la, Spanish missionary, b.
in Salamanca about 1510; d. in Chiapa, Mexico, in
1567. He studied at the Dominican college of San
Esteban, in Salamanca, and when twenty years of
age entered the order and was attached to the mis-
sions of Santo Domingo. He became there one of
the most trusted assistants of Bishop Bartolome
de Las Casas in his exertions in behalf of the con-
quered Indians, and incurred the hostility of the
Spanish authorities by his fearless denunciation of
their cruelties. Las Casas therefore ordered him
to Guatemala in 1544, and he travelled for three
years through the country preaching the gospel.
He became in 1547 vicar of Cinacautlan, prior of
the convent of Guatemala in 1550, and provincial
of the order in 1553. He founded the convents of
Chiapa and Copanabaxtla and schools for the In-
dians, and built churches and colleges. He left a
valuable manuscript, " Historia de los principios
de la Provincia de Chiapa y Guatemala, del orden
de Santo Domingo," which was ust^d by Father
Antonio de Remesal in his " Historia de las Pro-
vincias de Chiapa v Guatemala" (Madrid. 1619).
TORRES, Camilo (tor'-rays), Colombian states-
man, b. in Popavan, 22 Nov., 1766 ; d. in Bogota,
5 Oct., 1816. lie received his education in his
TORRES
TORRE-TAGLE
137
native city, where he studied Latin, Greek, and
pbtlosophv, and was graduated in law. He served
on several commissions for his government, and
was considered at that time the first jurist of New
Granada. On 20 July, 1810, he joined the patriot
cause. The congress of Leiva nominate him, 4
Oct., 1812, president of the federation, but Anto-
nio Nariflo did not aoknowletlge the authority of
congress, arid refused to enter the confederacy. In
1814, (luring the triumvirate, he was president of
congress, and as such assisted Bolivar to subdue
the unitarian government of Bogota and to prepare
an expedition against Santa Marta and Venezuela.
After the landing of Gen. Pablo Morillo in July,
1815, congress elected Torres supreme chief of the
nation on 15 Nov., but,'on the approach of Morillo
and C'alzada, he saw the hopelessness of resistance,
and resigning, 14 March, 1816, fled to the south.
Ho was captured by the Spaniards in Buenaventura,
whence he was expecting to sail for Buenos Ayres,
transported to Bogota, and, with three other lead-
ers, snot by order of Morillo.
TORKKS, Diego de, Spanish missionary, b. in
Spain in 1551 ; d. in La Plata, South America, in
1G38. He was a .Spanish nobleman who became a
Jesuit in Valladolid in 1571, and spent most of his
life in Peru, where he governed several colleges
and convents. He was also the founder of the mis-
sions of Paraguay. Torres was sent to Rome as
Erocurator of his province in 1G02, and availed
imself of this circumstance to publish his work
entitled "Relatione Breve del P. Diego de Torres
della Comnagnia di Giesu, procurator della Pro-
vincia del Peru circa il frutto che si raccoglie con
gli Iiuliani di quel Regno" (Rome, 1G03; Spanish
translation, 1003; I^tin, 1004; French, Paris, 1604 ;
Polish, Dantzic. U'Mi).
TORRES CAICEDO, Jos^ Maria, South Amer-
ican publicist, b. in Bogota, New Granada, 30
March. 1830. He began, when seventeen years
old, to compose verses and to write for newspa-
Krs, and was afterward managing editor of " El
■ogreso " and " El Dia " in opposition to the gov-
ernment, which retaliate<l by inciting a riot, in the
fours*' of which his printing-office was broken
o{)en and the tyi)e destroyed. Later he was elected
to the Colombian congress, was afterward secretary
of legation at London and Paris, intendant for the
states of Bolivar and Magdalena, secretary of an
embassy to Washington, and Venezuelan consul-
general and charge d'affaires in Fmnce and tlje
Netherlands, but he retired in 1864 to devote him-
self exclusively to literature, and has since lived
in Paris. In January, 1872, he l)ecame charge
d'affaires of the republic of San Salvador in France
and Belgium. Torres C'aicedo was elected on 4
May, 1872, a corresjwnding member of the Paris
academy of moral and political sciences. He has
been for years a contributor to European journals,
and has published " Religi6n, Patria y Amor." a
collection of poems (Paris, 1862); " Eusayos Bio-
gniflcos y de Critiea Literaria " (2 vols., 1863) ;
"Union Latino-Americana" (1864); "Mis Ideas y
mis Principios " (3 vols., 1865) ; and " Les prin-
cipes de 1789 en Amerique" (1869).
TORRES Rl'BlO, Diego de. South American
educator, b. in Valencia, Spain, in 1547; d. in
Chuquisaca, Bolivia, 13 April, 1638. He entere<l
the Society of Jesus, and went to Peru in 1579.
He devoted himself almost entirely to the study
of the native dialects, which he taught in Chuqui-
saca for thirty years. He published "Grammatica
et Vocabularium linguarum Avmara>, et Cjuichu«>,
auarum est usus in Peruvio" (llome, 1603); "Arte
e la lengua Aymara," which is very rare and
commands a high price (Lima, 1616); and "Arte
de la lengua Uuechua" (1619).
TORRES Y AYALA, Laareano, Marquis of
Casa-Torres, .Spanish 8«>ldier, b. in Havana. CuImi,
in 1645 ; d. in Spain in 1722. He went as a boy to
Spain, where he entered the army, and in 1693 was
ap[>ointcd governor of F'lorida. After a few years
he returned to Spain, and from 1704 till 1707 took
part in the first war of the succession. In the last-
named year he was at)|>ointed governor-general of
the island of Cuba. He filled this office until 1711,
when he was suspended during an investigation of
his acts that was ordered by the Madrid govern-
ment; but he was appointed again to the same post
in 1713, his administration lasting till 1716. Un-
der his rule the tobacco industrv was developed
greatly, and the plant began to l>e cultivated ex-
tensively in the district that is known as " Vuelta
Abajo." He founded the city of .Santia|;:o del
liejucal, and established a foundling-hospital at
Havana, and other charitable institutions.
TORRES Y RUEDA, Marcos de, viceroy of
Mexico, b. in Almanza. Spain, in 1591 ; d. in Mexi-
co, 22 April, 1649. He was graduated at the
University of Alcala, and, after obtaining holy or-
ders, was professor of theology in Osma and V^al-
ladolid. Later he became canon of the cathedral
'of Burgos and rector of the College of Sjin Nicolas
in. the same city, when in 1644 he was presented
by Philip IV. to the bishopric of Yucatan, and
confirmed in the same year by Pope Innocent X.
He was consecrated by the bishop of Puebia, and
in November, 1646, arrived in Campeche, taking
possession of his see in Mcrida in the next month.
He was scrupulous
in his visitations
of his diocese, es-
pecially in the in-
vestigation of the
irregularities of
the clergy, who in
consequence clam-
ored against him
at court. There-
fore, in 1647, on
the promotion of
the Count of Sal-
vatierrato the vice-
royalty of Peru,
he received orders
to take charge of
the viceroyalty of
Mexico, with the
title of governor
and president of
the royal audien-
cia. He left Merida in December of that year, and,
the outgoing viceroy being detaineil for some time,
he took charge of the government, 13 May, 1648.
He finished the cathedral of Puebia, sent re-en-
forcements to Porto Rico, and recommende«l the
erection of a university in Guatemala; but his ad-
ministration was chiefly noteworthy for the "auto
da fe" that was celebrate<l by his orders, 11 April,
1649. It was one of the largest that was ever cele-
brated by the Inquisition of Mexico, 13 |iers<m8 be-
ing burned and 107 floggetl and otherwise* punished :
but the governor ha*! alremly been stricken with
the sickness of which he died a few davs afterward.
TORRE-TAGLE. Jos# Bernardo, Marquis de,
president of Peru, b. in Linui, 21 March. 1<79; d.
m Callao in 1825. He U'longetl to one of the best
families of Spain, attained the rank of colonel of
the army. ana. being elected deputy to the cortes,
was sent to Spain m 1813 with special recommen-
7
138
TORREY
TORREY
dation for his good services. Being promoted
brigadier, he was appointed inspector of the army
of Peru and intendant of the department of Trujil-
lo. When Gen. San Martin landed in Peru, Torre-
Tagle was the first Peruvian officer to hoist the
national flap in the north, and on 24 Dec, 1820,
pnx'laimed nidependence in Trujillo. On 26 July,
1822, he was appointed provisional president by
San Martin when the latter went to meet Bolivar
in Guaviwiuil. After the departure of San Martin
for Chili, on 20 Se[)t., Torre-Tagle was elected mem-
ber of the triumvirate under La Mar. In January,
1823, congress ap(>ointed him president ; but a mili-
tary mutiny de[)osed him and proclaimed Riva
Agilero on 28 Feb. After the deposition of the
latter and his retreat to Trujillo, Torre-Tagle was
appointed president by Sucre on 20 July, and
elected by congress on 16 Aug., and Bolivar, who
on his arrival, 1 Sept., had been proclaimed dicta-
tor, left him in charge of the government. When
the garrison of Callao revolted, 5 Feb., 1824, for
arrears of pay, and, Torre-Tagle failing to provide
the necessary means, pronounced for Spain, Boli-
var sent Gen. Xecochea to arrest him, and congress
deposed him on 10 Feb. Fearing to be shot by
onler of a court-martial, he fled to Callao, where
the reljels kept him a prisoner, and on the reoccu-
j)ation of Lima by the Spaniards, he was offered
the place as governor of the capital, but declined,
E referring to remain a prisoner of war. After the
Bginning of the siege of Callao, he tried several
times to be admitted on board the blockading
Chilian fleet, but Admiral Blanco Encalada refused
to receive him except as a prisoner, and he perished
with his whole family by the disease that was
caused by the famine due to the protracted siege.
Although he was not a traitor to his country, as
charged by his enemies, he caused great misfor-
tunes by his want of energ\' and vacillating policy.
TORREY, Bradford, essayist, b. in Weymouth,
Mass., 9 Oct., 1843. lie was educated in the pub-
lic schools of his native town, taught for two years,
and subsequently en^raged in business in Bo.ston.
Since 1886 he has been an assistant editor of the
" Youth's Companion," and a frequent contributor
to periodicals. Mr. Torrey has devoted much time
to the study of birds, their habits, peculiarities, and
domestic traits. He has written numerous papers
on t his subject, and published " Birds in the Bush "
(B()st(m, 1885).
TORREY, Charles Turner, reformer, b. in
Scituate, Mass., in 1813; d. in Baltimore, Md., 9
May, 1846. Ilis ancestor. James, was an early set-
tler of Scituate. (See Torrev, William.) Charles
was graduated at Yale in 1830, studied theology,
and occupied Congregational pastorates in Prince-
ton, N. J., and Salem, Mass., but soon relinquished
his professional duties to devote himself to anti-
slavery lalx)rs in Maryland. In 1843 he attended a
slaveholders' convention in Baltimore, reported its
proceedings, and was arrested and put in jail. In
1844, having been detected in his attempt to aid in
the escajw of several slaves, he was tried, convicted,
and sentenced to a long imprisonment in the state
penitentiary, where he died of consumption that
was brought on by ill usage. His body was taken
to Boston, and his funeral attended from Tremont
temple by an immense concourse of people. The
story of his sufferings and death excited eager in-
terest both in this country and in Europe, and
" Torrey's blood crieth out " became a watch-word
of the Abolition partv. giving new impetus to the
anti-slavery cause. Tie published a " Memoir of
William R. Saxton" (Boston, laSS), and "Home,
or the Pilgrim's Faith Revived," a volume of
sketches of life in Massachusetts, which he pre-
pared in prison (1846). See " Memoir of the Martyr
Torrev " (1847).
TOkREY, John, lx)tanist, b. in New York city,
15 Aug., 1796 ; d. there, 10 March, 1873. His father,
Capt. William Torrey, served during the Revo-
lutionary war. The son received his early edu-
cation in public schools in New York city. In his
youth he showed a fondness for mechanics, and at
one time determined to become a machinist, but,
coming under the influence of Amos Eaton, he was
taught the structure of flowers with the rudiments
of botany, and a knowledge of mineralogy and
chemistry. In 1815 he began the study of medi-
cine with Dr. Wright Post, and was graduated at
the College of physicians and surgeons. He opened
an oflftce in New York city, and engaged in the
practice of medicine, at the same time devoting
his leisure to botany and other scientific pursuits.
The medical profession was not congenial to him,
and on 5 Aug., 1824, he entered the U. S. army as
assistant surgeon, serving at the U. S. military
academy as acting professor of chemistry, mineral-
ogy, and geology -until his resignation, 31 Aug.,
1828. In 1827 he was chosen professor of chemis-
try and botany in the College of physicians and
surgeons in New York city, and he continued in
that place until 1855, when he was made professor
ementus. He was also professor of chemistry at
Princeton in 1830-'54, and of chemistry, mineral-
ogy, and botanv at the University of the city of
New York in 1832-'3. In 1853, on the establish-
ment of the U. S. assay-office in New York city,
Dr. Torrey was appointed assayer, which office fie
continued to fill until his death. He was frequent-
ly consulted by the treasury department on mat-
ters pertaining to the coinage and currency, and
was sent on special missions at various times to
visit the different mints. In 1856 he was chosen a
trustee of Columbia, and in 1860, having presented
the college with his herbarium, numbering about
50,000 specimens, he was made emeritus professor
of chemistry and
botany. On the con-
solidation of the
College of physi-
cians and surgeons
with Columbia in
1860, he was chosen
one of its trustees,
and his emeritus
professorships con-
tinued. His ad-
vice was fre(^uently
sought on scientific
subjects by various
corporations. Dr.
Torrey's earliest
publications in the
" American Journal
of Science " treat of
mineralogy. In 1817
he became one of
the founders of the
New York lyceum
of natural history (now the New York academy of
science), and one of his first contributions to this
body is a " Catalogue of Plants growing spontane-
ously within Thirty Miles of the City ofNew York "
(Albany. 1819). Its publication gained for him tlie
recognition of foreign and native botanists. He
undertook in 1820 the examination of the plants
that had been collected around the head-waters
of the Mississippi by Prof. David B. Douglass,
and during the same year the collections made
cJ^vZ^ C>^-Crr7-.e^
TORREY
TORREY
199
by Dr. Edwin James, while with the exiKKlition
that was sent out to the Rwky mountains under
Maj. Stephen H. Ijonfj, were submitted to him.
His rejKirt was the earliest treatise of its kind in
this country that was arranged on the natural sys-
tem. Dr. Torrey, in the mean time, hatl planned
"A Flora of the Northern and Middle United
States, or a Systematic Arrangement and Descrip-
tion of all the Plants hen^tofore discovered in
the United States North of Virginia," and in 1824
began its publication in parla, but it was soon
suspended owing to the general adoption of the
natural system of Jussieu in place of that of Lin-
na*U9. In 1836, on the organization of the geologi-
cal survey of New York, he was appointed bota-
nist, and required to prepare a flora of the state.
His report, consisting of two quarto volumes, was
issue<l in 1843, and no other state in the Union has
yet produced a flora to compare with it. He be-
gan in 1838, with Asa Gray, " The Flora of North
America," which was issued in numbers irregu-
larly until 1843, when they had completed the
" Composite," but new botanical material accumu-
late<l at such a rapid rate that it was deemed best
to discontinue it. Subsequently Dr. Torrey pub-
lished reports on the plants that were collectea by
John C. Fremont in the expedition to the Rocky
mountains (1845); those gathered by Maj. William
H. Emory on the reconnoissance from Fort Leaven-
worth, AIo., to San Diego, Cal. (1848); the speci-
mens secured by Capt. Howard Stansbury on his
ex}>edition to the Great Salt Ijake of Utah (1852) ;
the plants collected by John C. Fremont in Cali-
fornia (1853); those brought back from the Red
river of Louisiatia by Capt. Randolph B. Marcy
(1853) ; and the botany of Capt. Lorenzo Sitgreaves s
expedition to the Zuni and Colorado rivers (1854);
also memoirs on the botany of the various ex-
peditions for the purpose of determining the most
Eracticable route for a Pacific railroad (1855-'60).
le also reported on the " Botany of the Mexican
Boundary Survey" (1859), that of the expedition
upon the Colorado river of the West under Lieut.
Joseph C. Ives (1861), and, in association with Asa
Gray, the botanical collections of the Wilkes ex-
ploring expedition. The last was in his hands at
the time of his death, its publication having been
delayed by the civil war. The Torreya taxifolia,
an ornamental shade-tree in the southern states,
was named in his honor, and the Torreya Califor-
nica of California, the Torreya nucifera of Japan,
and the Torreya grandis of northern China, bear
his name. The association of botanists that origi-
nally met at his residence were chartered as tne
Torrey botanical club, and he was its first presi-
dent. Besides being the last surviving charter-
meml>er of the Lyceum of natural history, he held
its vice-presidency for several years, and was presi-
dent in 1824-'6 and 1838, holding the same office
in the American association for the advancement
of science in 1855, and he was one of the original
members of the National academy of science, bi>ing
named as such by act of congress in 1863. The
degree of A. M. was conferred on him by Yale in
1828, and that of LL D. by Amherst in 184.5. His
bibliography is extensive, including contributions
on botanical subjects to scientific periodicals and
to the transiu;tions of the societies of which he
was a member. A sketch of his life by his pupil
and life-long associate, Asa Gray, was contributed
to the " Biographical Memoirs^' of the National
academy of sciences (Washington, 1877).
TORKEY, JoHeph, clergyman, b. in Rowley,
Mass., 2 Feb., 1797 ; d. in Burlington, Vt., 26 Nov.,
1867. Ue was graduated at Dartmouth in 1816,
and at Andover theological seminary in 1819, and
was pastor of a Congregational church in R<jyal-
ton, v't., in 1824-'7. He was professor of Greek and
Latin in the University of Vermont in 1827-'42, of
intellectual and moral philosophy in 1842-'67, and
its president in 1862-'o. (See illustratfon Udow.)
Harvanl gave him the degree of D. D. in 1850. He
is the author of a iM)sthumous volume of lectures
entitled *' A Theory of Fine Art " (New York, 1874) ;
edited " Remains of President James Marsh " (184:1)
and "Select Sermons of President Worthington
Smith " (1861), to Iwth of which he preflxe<l me-
moirs; and translated Neander's '* General History
of the Christian Religion and Church." which may
be considered the principal work of his life (5 vols.,
Boston, 1854). — His daughter. Mary Cutler, au-
thor, b. in Burlington, Vt., 28 May, 18-*J1, was edu-
cated in private schools and by her father. She is
the author of " America," a dramatic poem (New
York, 1863). and has edited Joseph Torrey's " The-
ory of Fine Art " and his revised edition of Nean-
der's "Church History" (Boston, 1872), herself
preparing the index volume (1881).
TORREY, Joseph WilMani, rajah of Amboy
and Mavootlu, Borneo, b. in Bath, Me., 22 April,
1828; d. near Boston, Mass.. in March, 1884. He
was e<lucated in Roxbury, became a reporter on the
Boston " Times," and was subsequently connected
with Benjamin P. Shillaber in the publication of
the " Carpet-Ba^." He became a clerk in a com-
mercial house in Melbourne, Australia, in 1853,
and went to Hong Kong in 1857, where he was a
partner in the firm of Montgomery, Parker and
Co., and editor and manager of the " Hong Kong
Times" and the "China Mail." He was subse-
q^iiently appointe<l vice-consul in Siam, and prac-
tised law with success in that country. He founded
the American trading company of Borneo in 1864.
At that time the whole of Borneo was under the
absolute sway of the sultan, but the Trading com-
pany settled upon alwut 20,000 square miles in the
provinces of Aml)oy and Mavoodu. In 1865, the
sultan's power l)eing threatened by the encroach-
ment of foreign nations, he made an ally. of the
company by recognizing Mr. Torrey as rajah or
governor of all the territory that it occupied, the
company paying him a small yearly tribute. As
chief executive of the provinces, Torrey exercised
the rights of an absolute sovereign, witfi power of
retaining his office for life and of naming his suc-
cessor. He occupied that jK)st for fourteen years,
and then became secretary to the U. S. legation in
Siam. He returned to this country in 1883, and a
few weeks before his death was appointed by the
king of Siam his chief adviser, but died before de-
ciding whether to accept or decline that office.
TORREY, William, colonist, b. in Combe, St
Nicholas, Somersetshire, England, in 1590; d. in
Weymouth, Mass., about 1675. He was descended
from an eminent English family, and carefully
educated. He emigrated to this country in 1632
140
TORRUBIA
TOTTEN
with his brother James, who settled in Scituate.
William went to Weymouth, took an active part in
the affairs of the colony, became a magistrate, and
captain of the train-band, which at that time was
the highest local military office, and for many
years represented the town in the general court,
where, owing to his accomplishments as a penman,
he was always either clerk or secretary. He was
also a memljer of all the town educational and
literary committees, and in tlie latter capacity was
appointed to examine and report on John Iiiliot's
Indian Bible. He is the author of a work on the
millennium entitled "A Discourse Concerning
Futurities," which was published, with a biographi-
cal notice of him, by Thomas Prince (1757).— His
son, Samuel, clergyman, b. in England in 1631 ;
d. in Weymouth, Mass., 10 April, 1707, was edu-
cated at Harvard, but left before taking his degree,
studied theology, and in 1656 became pastor of the
church at Weymouth, which post he held for fifty-
one years, lie preached the election sermon in
1674,' 1683, and 1689, and was a "person of such
deep and extensive views that the governor and
council would send for him to come fifteen miles
to aid them with his advice and wise observations."
He declined the presidency of Harvard in 1686,
but for tnati y years was a fellow of the corporation.
TORRUBIA, Jos6, Spanish naturalist, b. in
Granada, Spain, late in the 17th century; d. in
Rome, Italy, in 1768. He entered the order of the
Barefooted Franciscans, in the convent of St.
Peter of Alcantara, in Granada, went as mission-
ary to the Philippine islands, and was secretary to
the commissary-general of the religious orders in
Mexico. When this official attempted to reform
some of these orders, they rose against him, and
after his death in 1748 Torrubia wjis imprisoned
for four months, when he was released by the
syndic-general of the Franciscans, who sent him
fx) Cadiz. He went to Rome, was appointed presi-
dent of the Franciscan chapter of the province of
Mexico, and filled several other posts of responsi-
bility in his order. He travelled through various
Asiatic countries, and spent some time in every
Spanish province in South America. He knew
several Indian languages, while his acquaintance
with those of Asia and Europe accjuired for him a
great reputation, both in Italy and Spain, and
scientists of note visited him in his cell. He pub-
lished many works, of which the most important are
'* Disertacion historica geografica sobre la America
del Sur" (Madrid, 1742); " Descripcion poetica de
la planta Gia que se halla en los campos de la
Habana" (1744); and "Aparato para la historia
natural de la Nueva Espana" (1754).
TOTEPEHU (to-tay-pay-hoo'), fourth king of
ToUan, Mexico; d, in 927. He was the son of
Huetzin, whom he succeeded on the throne in
875, and under his reign arts and agriculture flour-
ished in Tula or Tollan, which was the cradle of
culture for the plateau of Mexico. Thence, after
the destruction of the Toltec kingdom, civilization
spread on its southward marcii to Tehuantepec,
Central America, and probably Yucatan. Tote-
pehu was succeeded by his son, rfacaxoc.
TOTIRI, Stephen (to-tee'-ree), Indian convert,
lived in the first half of the 17th century. He re-
sided in the town of St. Joseph, where ne was re-
PTRrded as a saint. When missionaries came to his
village in 1641 he offered his cabin for a chapel,
and, after their departure, instructed the catecnu-
mens in Christian doctrine. In 1643 he accom-
panied Father Jogues, and was captured with him
by the Iroquois, but he eluded their vigilance and
escaped to his own country, where he preached the
gospel in every direction. The French mission-
aries, having been forced to discontinue their work
among the Attiwandaronks, a tribe known as the
*' neutral nation," in 1644, Totiri went thither. He
explained the Christian doctrine by means of sym-
bols, and the curiosity that he excited resulted in
his making many converts. He returned to his
tribe in 1646. On one occasion, after vainly trying
to save an Iroquois prisoner that was about to be
put to death, ne instructed him in the Christian
faith, and, although threatened with death by his
kinsmen, baptized the Iroquois before he was sent
to the stake. A number of his tribe remained
heathens, and he several times nearly lost his life.
But his calmness and courage eventually prevailed,
and the village gradually submitted to his control.
TOTOQUIYAUHTZIN(to-to-ke-yah-oo-tseen'),
king of Tlacopan, or Tatmba, Mexico, d. in 1469.
He wiis a grandson of Tetzotzomoc, king of Azca-
potzalco, by his son Tayatzin, and when the latter,
who had been aided by Chimalpopoca, king of
Mexico, was murdered by his brother, Maxtla,
Tayatzin's orphan son was fostered by Izcohuatl.
When the latter defeated Maxtla in 1430, and de-
stroyed the capital and monarchy of Azcapotzalco,
he erected part of the conquered territory into a
kingdom, wnich he gave, with the assent of Netza-
hualcoyotl, to Totoquiyauhtzin. The latter was
succeeded in 1469 by his son, whom, in memory
of his father's first protector, he had named
Chimalpopoca. — His grandson, Totoquiyauhtzin
II., sucqeeded his father in 1487, and was in turn
succeeded in 1503 by his son, the unfortunate
Tetlepanquetzal.
TOTTEN, Benjamin J., naval officer, b. in the
West Indies in 1806; d. in New Bedford, Mass.,
9 May, 1877. He entered the navy as a midship-
man. 2 March, 1823, became a passed midshipman,
20 Feb., 1830, was promoted to lieutenant, 29
March, 1834, and was commissioned a commander,
14 Sept., ;^855. He was in charge of the sloop
" Vincennes " in 1858-'60 on the coast of Africa to
suppress the slave-trade, and the " Brandy wine " of
the North Atlantic squadron, 1862- '3, most of the
time being stationed at Hampton Roads, Va. He
was placed on the reserved list in July, 1862, and
served at the naval rendezvous at New Bedford,
Mass., during the rest of the war after May, 1863.
He was retired, 1 Oct., 1864, and promoted to
commodore on the retired list, 4 April, 1867, after
which he was governor of the naval asylum at
Philadelphia for two years. He was the author of
"Totten's Na^-al Text-Book" (Boston, 1841; re-
vised eds.. New York, 1862 and 1864).
TOTTEN, George Mnirson, civil engineer, b.
in New Haven, Conn., 28 May, 1809 ; d. in New
York city, 8 June, 1884. He was educated in Capt.
Alden Partridge's military academy in Middletown,
Conn., and began work as a civil engineer on the
Farmington canal in 1827. Subsequently he went
to Pennsylvania and was there employed upon the
Juniata canal. In 1831 he was one of the engineers
of the Delaware and Raritan canal in New Jersey,
and in 1835 he was engaged in building the rail-
road from Reading to Port Clinton. For several
years following he was employed in building rail-
roads in Virginia, Pennsylvania, and North Caro-
lina. In 1843 he was appointed engineer-in-chief
of the canal del Dique, wnich connects Magdalena
river with the harbor of Carthagena in Colombia.
He was appointed in 1850 engineer-in-chief of the
Panama railroad, and spent twenty-five years
among difficulties of every sort in the completion
of this arduous task. In 1879 he was associated
with Ferdinand de Lesseps on the commission that
TOTTEN
TOTTEN
141
went to the isthmus to decide on the canal project
Ijater he went to Venezuela, where he was engaged
in the survey of a railroad, and he afterward be-
came consulting engineer of the Panama railroad.
TOTTEN, James, soldier, b. in Pittsburg, Pa.,
11 Sept., 1818 ; d. in Sedalia, Mo., 1 Oct., 1871. He
was graduated at the U. S. military acatlemv in
1841. became 1st lieutenant in 1847, engaged in
the Florida war against the Seminole Indians in
1849-'50, and became captain in 1855. He aided
in quelling the Kansas disturbances in 1857- '8, and
in expelling intruders from the Indian reserves in
Kansas and Arkansas in 18(K). While in com-
mand of Little Rock arsenal in February, 1861, he
was compelled to evacuate that post by a superior
Confederate force under Gov. Henry M. Rector.
He servetl under Gen. Nathaniel Lyon and Gen.
John C. Fremont in the military ojierations in
Missouri as chief of artillerv, was engaged at Camp
Jackson, Booneville, and Wilson's Creek, and in
June was brevetted major in the U. S. army for
Camp Jackson, and lieutenant-colonel in August,
1861, for "gallant and meritorious service " in all
these actions. He became major in the 1st Mis-
souri volunteers, 19 Aug., 1861, lieutenant-colonel
the next month, and assistant inspector-general,
with the rank of major, in November. On 12 Feb.,
1863, he became brigadier-general of Missouri
militia, in command of the central district of the
state. He then engaged in several actions on the
frontier and in pursuit of the enemy beyond Bos-
ton mountains. Ark., became inspector-general of
the Department of the Missouri in May, 1863. and
chief of artillery and chief of ordnance in 1864.
He was brevetted colonel, U. S. army, on 13 March,
1865, " for gallant and meritorious conduct during
the siege of Mobile, Ala.," and on the same day
brigadier-general in the U. S. army " for gallant
and meritorious service in the field " during the
civil war. He was inspector-general of the Mili-
tary division of the Atlantic from 15 Aug., 1805,
till' 27 Aug., 1866, and became lieatenant-colonel,
U. S. army, and assistant inspector-general, 13 June,
1867. In 1870 he was retired. — His son, Charles
Adiel Lewis, inventor, b. in New London, Conn.,
3 Feb., 1851, was graduated at the U. S. military
academy in 1873, was professor of military science
and tactics in the Massachusetts agricultural col-
lege at Amherst in 1875-'8, and occupied a similar
chair in St. Paul's cathedral school. Garden City,
N. Y., in 1883-'6. He is now 1st lieutenant in-the
4th artillery. He served in the Bannock campaign
in 1878, and in the Chiricahua campaign in 1881.
In 1877 he patented an improvement in explosives,
one in collimating sights, one in signal-shells, and
several minor inventions. He patented "Strate-
gos," a war-game, in 1880, a system of weights and
measures in 1884, and improvements in linear and
other scales in 1885. Trinity gave him the degree
of A. M. in 1885. He has written extensivelv on
pyramid explorations, lectured in favor of Prof.
Piazzi Smyth's pyramid theories, and for several
years was chairman of the committee on pyramid
exploration in the International institute for pre-
serving Anglo-Saxon weights and measures. His
publications include "Strategos, the American
War-Game" (3 vols.. New York, 1880); "An Im-
portant Question In Metrology," a plea for the
Anglo-Saxon against the metric system (1883) : and,
under the pen-name of Ten Alcott, "Gems, Talis-
mans, and Guardians, the Facts, Fancies, Legends,
and Ijoreof Nntivitv" (1887).
TOTTEN, Joseph Gilbert, soldier, b. in New
Haven, Conn., 23 Aug., 1788; d. in Washington.
D. C, 22 April, 1864. He received his earliest
education under the direction of his maternal uncle,
Jared Mansfield, by whom he was brought up after
the death of his mother. After his uncle's occu-
pation of the chair of mathematics at the V. S.
military academy the boy received an appointment
from Connecticut
as cadet In 1805
he was graduated
and promoted 2d
lieutenant in the
corps of engineers.
Meanwhile Capt.
Mansfield, having
been made survey-
or-general of Ohio
and the western ter-
ritories, obtained
the services of his
nephewas secretary
of the first syste-
matic survey of any
of the new states of
the Union. While
holding this place
he resigned in 1806
from the army, but
returned to the engineering corps two years later,
and began his career as a military engineer under
Col. Jonathan Williams. His first work was on
the construction of Castle Williams and Fort Clin-
ton in New York harbor, of which he had special
supervision in 1808-'12; and in Julv, 1810, he was
promoted 1st lieutenant. During the war of 1812
ne served as chief engineer of the army under Gen.
Stephen Van Rensselaer on the Niagara frontier,
and participated in the battle of Queenstown. Sub-
sequently he was chief engineer of the army under
Gen. Henry Dearborn in 1813, and of that under
Gen. Alexander Macomb in 1814. His services
gained for him promotion to captain, and the
revets of major in 1813 and lieutenant-colonel
for his conduct at Plaltsburg in 1814. At the
close of the war he returned to duties in connec-
tion with the National coast defences and served
chiefly at Newport, R. I., where he had charge of
the construction of Fort Adams until 7 Dec, 1838,
when, having passed through the grades of major
in 1818 and lieutenant-colonel in 1828, he was ap-
pointed colonel and chief engineer of the U. S.
army. In connection with the labors incidental
to this office, he was intrusted with the inspector-
ship and supervision of the U. S. military academy,
which duties he filled until his death. At the be-
trinning of the Mexican war he was called by Gen.
WinfieTd Scott to take charge of the engineering
operations of the army that was to invade Mexico.
In this capacity he directed the siege of Vera Cruz,
for which he was brevetted brigadier-ccneral. He
then returned to his official duties in Washington,
and, in addition to his regular work, was a member
of the light-house board in 1851-'8 and 1860-'4,
also serving in 1855 as a state commissioner for
the preservation of the harbor of New York, and
later in similar capacity in Boston. In 1859-'61
he made a reconnoissance of the Pacific coast of
the United States to determine the requisites for
its defence, and inspecting fortifications. After
the beginning of the civil war he had charge of
the engineer bureau in Washington, and acted on
various military commissions. When the corps
of engineers and that of topographical engineers
were consolidated in 18<J3, he was made brigadier-
general on 3 March, and for his long, faithful,
and eminent services was brevetted major-general
on 21 April, 1864. He was one of the regents of
142
TOTTEN
TOUCHIMBERT
the Smithsonian institution from its establishment
in 1846 until his death. Gen. Totten was inter-
ested in natural science and was an authority on
the conchologv of the northern coast of the United
States, publisfiing occasional papers, in which he
dcscril)ed hitherto unknown species. The Gemma
Tottenii and the Succinea Tottenii were so named
in his honor. He also published papers on miner-
alogy. The degree of A. M. was conferred on him
by Brown in 1829, and. in atldition to membership
in other scientific societies, he was named by act of
congress in 1803 one of the corporate members of
the National academy of sciences. He published
papers on scientific subjects, which appeared in
transactions of societies of which he was a member,
and various reports on national defences ; and
translated from the French " Essays on Hydraulic
and Other Cements " (New York, 1842). See a sketch
by Gen. John G. Barnard in " Biographical Me-
moirs of the National Academy of Sciences"
(Washington, 1877).
TOTTEN, Silas, clergyman, b. in Schoharie
county, N. Y., 20 .March, 1804 ; d. in Lexington, Ky.,
7 Ocl.^ 1873. He wtis graduated at Union college in
1830, and ordained to the ministry of the Protestant
Episcopal church in Connecticut by Bishop Brown-
ell in 18^33. In the same year he was elected pro-
fessor of mathematics and natural philosophy in
Washinjjton (now Trinity) college, from which
chair after four years he was elevated to the presi-
dency. During the eleven years for which he held
this office (1837-48) a new building — Brownell hall
— was erected for the accommodation of the stu-
dents. The name of the institution was changed,
at the request of the alumni, to Trinity college, the
graduates were organized into a house of convoca-
tion as a constituent part of the academic body,
additions were made to the scholarship funds, and
a library fund was established. A chapter of the
Phi Beta Kappa society was also established in the
college, of which Dr. Totten was the first president.
On retiring from the presidency of Trinity college,
Dr. Totten accepted the professorship of belles-
lettres in William and Mary college, Va., which
he resigned in 1859, to become chancellor of the
University of Iowa. In 1804 he accepted the rec-
torship of a parish in Decatur, 111., from which
place he removed in 1800 to Lexington, Ky., where
ne occupied himself in teaching for the remainder
of his life. Dr. Totten received his honorary de-
gree in divinity from Union college in 1838, and
that in laws from William and Mary college in
1860. He was the author of " New Introduction
to Algebra" (New York, 1836); "The Analogy of
Truth " (1848); and a "'Letter about Jubilee Col-
lege " (1848).
TOUCEY, Isaac, statesman, b. in Newtown,
Fairfield co.. Conn., 5 Nov., 1796; d. in Hartford,
Conn., 30 July, 1809. He was descended from
Thomas, first Congregational minister of Newtown.
He received a nrivate classical education, studied
law, and was aumitted to the bar in 1818 at Hart-
ford, where he afterward practised. He was state's
attorney for Hartford county in 1822-'5, a repre-
sentative in congress from the first Connecticut
district in 1835-'9, and was again state's attorney
for Hartford county in 184Sf-'4. He was unsuc-
cessful as the Democratic candidate for governor
of Connecticut in 1845, and in 1846, there being
no choice by the people, was elected by the legis-
lature, but he was again defeated in 1847. He
was appointed attorney-general of the United
States, serving from 21 June, 1848, till 3 March,
1849, and was also for part of this time acting
secretary of state. Ue was a member of the state
senate in 1850, and of the state house of repre-
sentatives in 1852, and was elected a U. S. senator
from Connecticut as a Democrat, serving from 14
May, 1852, till 3 March, 1857. Mr. Toucey was
appointed by President Buchanan secretary of the
navv, served from 6 March, 1857, till 3 March,
180i, and afterward returned to Hartford and re-
sumed the practice of his profession. He was
charged with favoring the cause of the seceding
states while secretary of the navy by deliberately
sending some of the best vessels of the navy to
distant seas to prevent their being used against
the Confederates. This was denied, but he was
generally thought to sympathize with the south
and to be opposed to pro.secution of the war.
TOUCHABD, Lonis Charles (too-shar), naval
officer, b. in New Orleans in 1741 ; d. at sea, 12
April, 1782. He received his education in Mar-
tinique, entered the marines in 1755, and took part
in several campaigns in the Gulf of Mexico. As
lieutenant he commanded in 1769 a scientific ex-
pedition to the South sea and determined the geo-
graphical position of points along the Patagonian
coast, the Strait of Lemaire, and Tierra del Fuego.
While attached to the station of Cayenne in 1772
he conducted hostilities against corsairs, who were
then numerous in the Atlantic ocean between
South America and Africa, and, being promoted
commander in 1777, participated in the victory of
Count d'Orvilliers off Ouessant, 27 July, 1778. He
was sent afterward with two frigates to the West
Indies, joined D'Estaing's naval force, and assisted
in the attack on St. Lucia and St. Vincent and
the capture of Granada. As captain he served un-
der De Guichen, and in 1781 under De Vaudreuil.
When De Grasse and Vaudreuil left for York-
town he remained with the Marquis de Bouille,
assisted in the capture of St. Eustatius, and rav-
aged the English colonies of Bahama. When
chased by a superior force he gave battle off
Havana and escaped capture. Joining De Grasse
again in 1782, he took command of the " Pluton,"
the sister ship of the " Ville de Paris," the admi-
ral's flag-ship, and made strenuous efforts to re-
lieve the admiral, when he was surrounded by
superior forces. When he himself was attacked by
two English men-of-war, he captured one, but was
killed in the moment of victory. His vessel re-
{'oined Vaudreuil's division, and he was buried with
lonore in Martinique.
TOUCHIMBERT, Eloi Ang^liqne Provost
Sansac, Marquis de (too-sham-bair). West Indian
magistrate, b. in Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, 29 Sept.,
1786; d. at sea, 5 May, 1839. He emigrated with
his parents to New Orleans, but after the cotip d'etat
of 1799 returnetl to Guadeloupe, and during the
English invasion raised a regiment among his
slaves, led them to the field, and was severely
wounded in the attack on Morne Bel-Air, 3 Feb.,
1810, and publicly praised by Capt.-Gen. Ernouf.
After the surrender of the colony he was appointed
by Lord Cochrane judge of the supreme court of
Guadeloupe, and later confirmed by Louis XVIII.
He was also made a gentleman of the king's pri-
vate chamber, and president of the grand electoral
college of the colony. Marquis de Touchimbert —
who belonged to one of the most illustrious French
families, being the lineal descendant qf that fa-
mous Count de Sansac of whom King Francis I.
said, " There are only three real gentlemen in
France, Sansac, Saint-Andre, and I '' — was never-
theless a Liberal, and always advocated the en-
franchisement of the slaves. As a member of the
colonial assembly of Guadeloupe, he alone sup-
ported the motion of the crown for freeing the
TOULMIN
TOURGEE
143
negroes for a lilieral consideration, and, as a mem-
Ijcr of the privy council of the governor, he en-
forcwl tl»e righUi of the slaves. Failing health
iiuluce«l him to set out for France, and ho died
when in sijjlit of hind.
TOriiMIN, Henry, author, b. in Taunton, Eng-
land, in 17((7; d. in Wtuhington county. Ala., 11
Nov., 182a. He wa.>< the son of the eminent Dr.
Joshua Toulmin, and was a dissenting minister
for several years at ChorolMTt, Lancashire. He
came to Norfolk, Va., in 1798, and was president
of Transylvania university in 1794- '6. He was
secrt'tary'of state of Kentucky in 179tt-18()4, and
app<»inted judge of the U. S. district court of Mis-
sissinpi in 18()4. During his latter years he re-
sided in Alabama, assisted in framing' the consti-
tuti<m of tliat state, and served in the legislature.
He published "Description of Kentucky (1792);
" Magistrate's Assistant " ; " Collection of the Acta
of Kentucky" (F'rankfort, 1802); " Review of the
Criminal Law of Kentucky," with James Blair
(1804); and " Digest of the Laws of the State of
Alabama " (Cahawba, 183Ji).
TOUR, Charles (or Claude) Tnrgis de St
Etienne. Sieur de la, b. in France; d. in Nova
Scotia after KWij. While on his way to the latter
country in 1G29 to join his son, who held command
of the fort at Cape Sable, he was captured by the
English and carried as a prisoner to London. He
married a lady of rank at the English court, and
was made a Itaronet of Nova Scotia. He was won
over to the English government by this honor, and
promised to put them in possession of the post that
nis son held in Acadia. On this assurance two
war vessels were given him, and he embarked with
his wife in 1630. His efforts to persuade his son
to surrender failed, and an attacK on the fortress
was n"pelle<l. He thus found himself in a {X)sition
of great diflieulty ; he could not return to either
England or France, and finally decided, with the
consent of his wife, to throw himself on the mercy
of his son. The latter replied that he would cheer-
fully give him an asylum, but could not permit
him to enter his forts. With the consent of the
English commander, he landed with his wife and
servants. A house was built for him at some dis-
tance from the fort by his son, who took care of
his support. The Sieur Denys says, in his " De-
scription geographique," that he met Ija Tour and
his family there about IGJio, and that thev were
very comfortably situated. — His son, Char|[es
Amador de St. Etienne, b. in France; d. in
Nova Scotia about 1005, was made commandant of
Fort St. Louis at Cape Sable, and a part of the
peninsula was l)e<iueathed to him by Biencourt
Poutrincourt. His resistance to the attack of the
English under his father in 1630 has been describe<l.
Two ships arrived shortly afterward from France
to sup|x)rt him. He was made in F'ebruary, 1631,
lieutenant-general of Acadia, where his authority
was limited to Fort St. Louis and Port de la Tour,
and wrote a letter to his father urging him to re-
turn to his duty. Some time before this he had
founde<i Fort Pentagoet, on Penobscot bay, near
the present Castine, Me, After the restoration of
Acadia to France in 1632 he receive<l important
grants on the St. John's river, where he founded
settlements in 1635, and in IftW he was not only
siK'ured in these jx)sse8sions, but was made lieuten-
ant-general on the coiust of Acadia from the mid-
dle of the main-land of the Bay of Fundy to Cam-
ccaux, as well jis what is now known as Nova
Scotia. Complaints were made of him about this
time to the trench court, which appears to have
suspected his loyalty. On 13 Feb., 1641, Aulnay de
Chamiw', his bitter enemy, obtained an order to ar-
rest him an<l send him to France. But De la Tour,
who commandetl a Ixnly of soldiers that were fully
equal in numlx-rs and devotion to those of Cham iso,
refuseil to surrender. The latter went to France to-
ward the end of the year, an<l obtainetl a new com-
mission on 22 ?'eb., 1642, and additional pftwers.
Meanwhile, De la Tour invoked the aid of John
Winthrop, governor of Massachusetts, and entered
Boston harlK)r in an armed vessel on 12 April,
164!i. After several dis<'ussions, some of them on
religious subjects, he was allowed to raise volun-
teers, and with these auxiliaries forced Chamis^ to
withdraw from Fort St. John and retreat to Port
Royal, whither he pursued him and inflicte<i some
damage on him. A short time afterward La Tour
went to Quebec, and Charnise l)esieged and took
the fort in his absence in April, 1645. (F'or the
heroic defence of the fort by his wife, see Chab-
NI86.) La Tour then retired to Newfoundland, and
in August. 1646, to Quebec. In 1648 he went to
France and descriljed the tyranny of Charnise so
effectively to the French court that, on the death
of the latter, he was appointed governor and lieu-
tenant-general in Acadia. The wife and children
of Charnise were HlK)ut to oppose his authority
with arms, but in 1653 an arrangement was made
between the opjx)sing factions, which was con-
firmed by the marriage of De la Tour with the
widow of Charnise, his own wife having dietl soon
after the surrender of Fort St. John. He was
forced to vield this fortress in 1654 to a detach-
ment of N*ew England troops, commanded bv Rob-
ert Sedgwick, from want of provisions, lie ol>-
t-ained from Oliver Cmmwell an extensive grant of
territory in Acadia in favor of himself and two
Englishmen. But his different enterprises had in-
volved him in pecuniary embarrassment, and he
sold out to his co-proprietors.
TOl'R, he Blond de la. French soldier, b. in
France; d. in New Orleans, La., alx)ut 1725. He
had some skill in engineering, and went to New
France as chief of a [)arty, erecting Fort Alibamon
(or Alibama) in Louisiana in 1713, He s-urveved the
site of New Orleans in 1717, and immediately built
a fort on piles at Balize (or North-East Pass) to
guard the entrance. When Bienville was sum-
moned to France in 1724, La Tour was ordertnl to
take command until the return from Illinois of
Diiguc de Boisbriaiid, the governor ad interim.
TOrRtiEE, Albion Wlnegar (toor-zhav ), au-
thor, b. in Williamsfield. Ohio. 2 May. 1838. He
is the son of a farmer of Huguenot descent. After
studying at. Rochester university in 1859-'61. he
served in the National armv in 1861-'5, was
wounded at Bull Run and at Perryville, and was
a prisoner in the hands of the Confederates for
four months. After the war he settled as a law-
yer, farmer, and editor at Greensl)oro', N. C. He
opposeil the plan of reconstruction that was
adoptetl, favoring instead the establishing of ter-
ritorial governments in the seceding states. At
the Ijoyalists' convention in Philadelphia, Pa., in
1866, he pn^pared the rejwrt on the condition of
the southern states. He was an active member of
the North Camlina constitutional conventions of
1868 and 1875, and was one of the commission
appointed to ccnlify and revise the state laws. In
April, 1868, he was elected judge of the suwrior
court for the seventh judicial district of North
Carolina, his term expiring in 1874 ; an«l in Febru-
ary, 1876. he was apjxiinted pension agent for that
state. His judicial district includwl the counties
where the Ku-klux clan was most powerful and
aggressive, and several unsuccessful raids were
144
TOURGEE
TOUSSAINT
planned for his capture. In 1866-'7 he publislied
at Greensboro' the "Union Register," and in 1882
he established " The Continent," a literary weekly,
in Philadelphia, which was discontinued in 1885.
He is well known as a lecturer, and has published
" North Carolina Form-Book " (1860) ; " Toinette "
(New York, 1874); "The North Carolina Code,
with Notes and Decisions" (1878) ; "A Digest of
Cited Cases " (1879) ; "Statutory Decisions of the
North Carolina Reports" (1879); "Figs and This-
tles" (1879); "A Fool's Errand, bv one of the
Fools." of which 135,000 copies were sold (1879) ;
" Bricks without Straw " (1880) ; " Hot Plowshares"
(188:3); "An Anf)eal to Ca>sar" (1884): "Black
Ice" (1887); and " Button's Inn " (Boston, 1887).
TOrRGEE, Eben, musician, b. in Warwick,
R. 1., 1 June, 1834. At seventeen years of age he
was clerk in a Providence music-store, and at nine-
teen a music-dealer at Fall River. He also taught
in the puV)lic schools, and edited the " Massachu-
setts ^lusical Journal." In 1859 he founded a
musical conservatory at East Greenwich, and in
18(54 he projected a larger institution at Provi-
dence, which was removed to Boston in 1867, and
incorporated in 1870. The building that is occu-
pied by the conservatory has a concert-hall, con-
taining a liirgc pipe-organ and stage and seats for
1.500 i)ersons. liesidcs a library, reading-room, and
offices, it has rooms for 500 students, and cost, with
all its appointments, more than $700,000.
TOl'kO, Jiidah. philanthropist, b. in Newport,
R. I., 16 June, 1775; d. in New Orleans, La., 18
June, 1854. Leaving Newport in 1798, where his
fatiier, Isaac Touro. a native of Holland, was min-
ister of the synagogue, he entered commercial life
in Boston, and settled as a merchant in New Or-
leans in 1802. Here he acquired great wealth
through his thrift and industry. He volunteered
under Gen. Jackson when the British marched
against New Orleans, and was wounded in battle
on 1 Jan., 1815. Being saved by the bravery and
care of Rezin Davis Shepherd, Touro bequeathed
to him a large share of his property. He was a
steady and generous giver to charities, Jewish and
Christian, and endowed several synagogues and
churches throughout the country. He gave $10,000
toward Bunker Hill monument. His remains are
buried in the Newport Jewish cemetery.
TOUSEY, Siuclair, publisher, b. iuNew Haven,
Conn., 18 July, 1818; d. in New York city, 16 June,
1887. He received the rudiments of a common-
school education, and was employed on farms and
as a clerk till 1836, when he came to New York
and became a newspaper-carrier. He was subse-
quently an agent till 1840, and established and
published in Louisville. Ky., the " Daily Times,"
the first penny paper that was issued west of the
Alleghanv mountains. He engaged in farming in
New York state in 1840-'o3. and in the autumn of
the latter year became partner in a news agency in
Nassau street. In May, 1860, Mr. Tousey became
sole proprietor of the agency, the business of which
had increased from $150,0()0 to $1,000,000 per an-
num. The American news company was organized,
1 Feb., 1864, and he was elected president, which
office he held till his death. He joined the Repub-
lican part^ at its organization, was an enthusiastic
Abolitionist, writing and speaking against slavery,
was at one time a vice-president of the Union
league club, and took an active interest in philan-
thropic schemes and organizations. He puolished
" Papers from over the Water" (New York, 1869).
TOUSSAINT, Dleudonn6 Gabriel (too-sang),
Austrian naturalist, b. in Vienna in 1717; d. in
Schoen'brunn in 1799. He was the son of a chan-
cellor of the French legation, studied in Vienna and
Prague, and, devoting himself afterward to botany,
was made in 1759 imperial botanist by the Empress
Maria Theresa, and shortly afterward appomt«d
professor in the University of Prague. After the
general peace of 1763 he was sent on a scientific
mission to South America, and from 1764 till 1771
visited several of the West Indies. By special
permission of Charles III. of Spain, he also went
to Mexico and both Upper and Lower California,
being detained a prisoner for several weeks by
Indians in the neighborhood of the present city
of Los Angeles. The valuable collections that he
formed are preserved in the museum at Vienna.
Toussaint's works include "Sertum Mexicanum "
(Vienna, 1773); "Prodomus florae Mexicanje, ex-
hibens characteres plantarum, nova genera et
species novas vel minus cognitas " (4 vols., 1773-*7) ;
and " Bibliotheca botanica, continens genera plan-
tarum in America Meridionali crescentium "(1779).
His name has been given to a Brazilian plant of
the familv Polygala>.
TOUSSAIKT, Dominique Frainjois, best
known as Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haytian sol-
dier, b. in Breda, near Cape Frangais,' in 1743 ;
d. in the castle of Joux, near Pontarlier, France,
27 April, 1803. He
was a slave, and his
master employed
him as coachman,
and subsequently
made him overseer,
in which office he
was honest and effi-
cient, but was se-
vere toward his
fellow-slaves. In
1790, when the mu-
lattoes appealed to
the negroes for
help in enforcing
their rights, Tous-
saint refused to
join them, but for-
warded supplies se-
cretly to his friend,
Jean Biassou, the
leader of the insur-
gents. After the Jf ■■ • -y—
SJhewhitesTAu! ^"^^^^^^^^^/^
gust, 1791, Tous-
saint protected the flight of his master, and then
i'oined the forces of Jean Frangois, being appointed
)y the latter chief surgeon of the army. He soon
became very popular in the negro army, but in-
curred the enmity of Francois, who imprisoned
him in the fortress of La Valliere in 1793; but
Bia.ssou liberated him. Soon Toussaint turned
against his benefactor, and supported the candidacy
of Jean Francois as supreme chief. When news
came of the execution of Louis XVI., Franyois,
followed by Toussaint, accepted a colonel's com-
mission in the Spanish-Dominican forces, and went
to the Spanish part of the island. Re-enforced
by a Spanish division, Toussaint invaded French
territory, defeated Brandicourt, and occupied im-
portant posts, among them Gonaives. ^Meanwhile
the English had taken Port au Prince, and the
whole island was in confusion, French, English,
Spaniards, mulattoes, and negroes all contending
for supremacy. After unsuccessful negotiations
with the French agents, fitienne Polverel and
Felicite Sonthonax, he heard that the French gov-
ernment had decreed the freedom of the slaves,
T0U8SAINT
TOUSSAINT
145
and Gen. Ijavoaux, Polverel's suc-coKsor. having;
itromisi'il him the rank of brigadier he joined the
rrenoli forces. His sueces.ses against the Spanish
and English were inmuHiiate and great. "C'et
hoinme fait done I'otiverture partout," exclaimed
liaveaux, and afterward Toussaint wa.s given the
surname of L'Ouverture. Some authorities say
that he adopted the title to (h'clare himself the
liVwrator of nis jHM)ple. Laveaux distrusted him.
and was seeking an opportunity to dismiss him ;
but in Mareh, 1795, there wjus an insurrection in
Cn|w Fran^ttis. and Toussaint. relieving Laveaux,
was ap|)ointed lieutenant-general and deputy gov-
ernor-general, and caused the negroes to lay down
their arms. Being confirmed in his offices by the
Directory through Sonthonax, Ijaveaux's successor,
in April, 179tJ, Toussaint formed and disciplined
another army, with the puriKJse of making himself
master of the province, and entering Cape FraiKjais
in August, at the head of a strong part>' of cavalry,
compelled Sonthonax to leave for France. He
then assumed the government, acknowledging only
the authority of tne Directory. The latter body,
aware of the extraordinary influence that he ex-
ercised over the blacks, feigned to approve his
acts, but sent a new commissioner. Gen. Hedou-
ville, to Santo Domingo. Meanwhile the English
general, Maitland, had received orders from the
home government to evacuate Santo Domingo,
and he sought to conciliate Toussaint. It is now
demonstrated, through the documents published by
Pamphile Lacroix, that a treaty was concerted be-
tween Maitland and Toussaint which recognized
the latter as king of Santo Domingo, England
pledging also the acceptance of the other powers,
on condition that an exclusive right of commerce
in the island be conceded to the English, who
should maintain forever an armed fleet for the
protection of Santo Domingo. The sudden land-
ing of Gen. Hedouville terminated the negotia-
tions, and Maitland surrendered to Toussaint Port
au Prince, St. Marc, Jeremie, and Mole St. Nicolas.
Hedouville, aware of Toussaint's intrigues, sought
to overthrow him, but the latter organized through
his agents a rebellion in Cape Frangais. and He-
douville was compelled to return to F'rance. Be-
fore sailing he appointed Gen. Andre Kigaud his
lieutenant, and tne mulattoes, dissatisfied with
Toussaint's rule, rallied around Rigaud. A fierce
war ensued, in which Toussaint was almost defeated,
but finally drove Kigaud to Les Cayes in Decem-
ber, 1799. At this juncture new commissioners',
sent bv Bonaparte, brought to Toussaint a commis-
sion of comman<ler-in-chief,and determined Higaud
to sail for France. Toussaint then proclaimed
a general amnesty and issued his famous decree,
which, though acknowledging the enfranchisement
of the negnx's, compelled them to work for five
years for their old masters without other remuner-
ation than a fourth part of the net income from
the land that was thus cultivated. He also organ-
ized his military household with pomp and cere-
mony, formed a guard, built palaces, and began
to direct his attention to the prosf)erity of the
country, fostering agriculture and commerce. He
used to say, " I am the Bonajwirte of Santo Domin-
go," and it is said that he headed his correspond-
ence to the first consul, " The first among the blacks
to the first among the whites." At the beginning
he selected an administrative council compose(l
of eight whites and one black. Toward the close
of January, 1801, he sulxlued, without effort, the
Spanish part of the island, which had been ceded
to France by the treaty of Basles. His next act
was to promulgate a constitution the first article
VOL. VI. — 10
' of which made him president and commander-in-
( chief of Siinto Domingo for life, with the |»rivilege
of choosing his successor and of appointing all
milit«ry and civil ofllcers. This provoked harsh
criticism, and there were riots in several cities,
which Toussaint suIk1u(h1 with his usual vigor. In
the north he defeate<l the n'l)el« on 4 X<jv., and
ordered his own nephew, Hvacinthe Moyse, to be
shot withf)Ut trial. On 26 N^)v. he issued a de<.Tee
recalling the emigrated proprietors and providing
severe ]H>nalties for larceny and other offences
against the common law. Ik>nanarte just then
tlirectetl his attention to Santo Domingo. It is
now conceded that he had less in mind to suh<Iue
Toussaint than " to get rid of GO.OOO soldiers," the
partisans of Gen. Moreau, as he said to Gen. Fair-
fait, who dissuaded him from sending an expedi-
tion to perish by yellow fever in Santo Dommgo.
A powerful fleet, carrying an army under command
of Gen. Victor Ijeelerc, ap|K*ared on 29 Jan., 1802,
in the Bay of Samana, and, dividing his forces into
four divisions, the general-in-chief made sail for
Cape Fran9ais. Tou-ssaint's army numbered then
20,000 trained soldiers, twice Leclerc's forces, yet
he did not oppose the landing, but instnicted Henry
Christophe to set fire to the town, 6 Feb., 1802.
The whole island readily accepted the French rule,
yet nothing was gained so long as Toussaint re-
fused to make his submission. Leclerc tried hard
to conciliate him, choosing as his ambassadors
Toussaint's two sons, who had been brought from
school in France to deliver to their father a letter
from the first consul, commending Toussaint's ad-
ministration and maintaining him in the office of
commander-in-chief. But as Toussaint demanded
that the French forces should re-embark immedi-
ately, the captain-general proclaimed him an out-
law on 17 Feb. A sanguinary c<mflict ensued with
varying success, the trench holding the seaports
and the blacks defying them in their mountain-
fastnesses, and Leclerc, finding it impossible to con-
quer the island by force, sought to win over the
negro generals, and succeeded in part, Christophe
and Dessalines making their submission. Leclerc,
nevertheless, was most anxious to treat, as out of a
total of 2;J.0(K) nien, 5,0(K) were already (lead and up-
waixi of 6,000 in the hospitals. He consented, there-
fore, to pardon Toussaint, and assigned him for resi-
dence his estate of Sancey, near Gonaives, 1 May,
1802. It was alleged by the French authorities that
Toussamt was continuing to conspire against them,
and a correspondence with his former adjutant,
Joseph Fontame, which has never been published,
having been seized, Leclerc resolved to arrest him.
Gen. Brunet invited Toussaint to a conference at
Gorges, and both parties went, accompanied by
twenty guards, but the negroes were easily over-
come, and Toussaint was emlwrked on the frigate
" La Creole " and transported to Cape Franyais.
There he was transferred on the ship " Le He-
ros" and sent with his family to France, arriving
at Landerneau, 10 Aug., and at Paris, 17 Aug.,
1802. There he was met by Gen. Caffarelli, an
aide-<le-CHmp of Bonaparte, transported to the cas-
tle of Joux, and closely confined. Stories of harsh
treatment have been circulated; it has even been said
that he was subjected to the intense cold with in-
sufficient clothing and foo<l, and that finally be died
from hunger during an absence of the governor of
the castle, or, as some say, from pois«m : but there
is no positive proof of all this. It must be borne in
mind that Touss^iint was at that time sixty years
old. that he ha<l never before left Santo Domingo,
and was unaccustomed to the severe winters of
the Jura mountains. Moreover, the governor of
146
TOUSSARD
TOWLE
the castle not only had special orders for the wel-
fare of his prisoner, but became his friend, as is
shown by Toussaint's correspondence. Toussaint
probably died from apoplexy, provoked by anger,
resentment, and humiliation at his ill fortune. In
f>erson Toussaint was short of stature and of un-
f)repossessing appearance. He was temperate and
lardy, often riding fifty leagues without stopping,
and sleeping but two hours. In his army he main-
tained the strictest discipline, and his soldiers
looked on him as a superior being. His life has
been written bv Charles de St. Remy (Paris, 1850),
bv John R. Beard (Ix)ndon, 1^53), by Charles W.
Ellliot (New York, 1855), and by James Redpath
(Boston, 180^3), and he forms the subject of one of
Wendell I*hillips's most celebrated lectures. Tous-
saint's family was transported to France with him,
and assigned a residence in Agen with a pension
from the government. His wife died there m May,
1816, and his third son soon afterward. The two
eldest, I«iac and Placide. having tried to escape in
1805, were imprisoned in Belle-Isle till 1815. They
settled afterward in Bordeaux. Placide, who died
in 184H, published " Vie de Toussaint I'Ouverture "
(Bordeaux, 1825). Isaac died in 1850.
TOUSSARD, Lonis (toos-sar). Chevalier de,
French soldier, b. in Burgundy in 1749 ; d. in New
Orleans, La., in 1821. He studied at the school of
artillery of La Pere, and was a lieutenant when he
resigned at the beginning of the war for independ-
ence and came to this country with Chevalier de
Loyante through means that were furnished by
Caron de Beaumarchais. In June, 1777, upon Si-
las Deane's recommendation, he received a lieuten-
ant's commission and was attached to Washing-
ton's staff. Later he was aide-de-camp to Gen.
Lafayette, assisted in the battle of the Brandy-
wine, and lost an arm during the retreat from
Rhode Island in the autumn of 1778. Soon after-
ward he was brevetted lieutenant - colonel and
awarded by congress a pension for life. He as-
sisted in the capture of Yorktown in 1781, and
foUght in the south with Lafayette till the conclu-
sion of peace. In 1784 he was made a knight of
Saint Louis, a colonel in the French service, and
appointed inspector of the artillery of the French
West Indies. He was at Santo Domingo at the
beginning of the troubles in 1790, and fought on
the royalist side. In 1794 he fell into the hands
of the negroes, but through the intervention of the
U. S. consul was placed on board a vessel bound
for New Orleans. He petitioned congress for his
reinstatement in the army, which was granted, and
in February, 1795. he was made major of the 2d
artillery, being promoted its lieutenant - colonel
early in 1800. The regiment was disbanded in
January, 1802, and he retired to private life. In
1812-'15 he held the office of French consul at
New Orleans. His works include " American Ar-
tillerist's Companion" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1809;
revised ed., 1821).
TOWER, Fayette Bartholomew, civil engi-
neer, b. in Waterville, N. Y., 29 Jan., 1817: d.
there, 16 Feb., 1857. He received such education
as the local schools aflforded, and chose the profes-
sion of civil engineering. In 1837 he was appoint-
ed on the Croton atjueduct, and he continued on
that work until its completion in 1842. During
the ensuing five years he made Waterville his
residence, and at that time prepared his *' Illustra-
tions of the Croton Aqueduct," consisting of a
series of twenty-one plates, with text (New York,
1843). About 1848 his health led him to seek a
mildy climate, and he settled in Cumberland, Md.
He was chosen to the Maryland legislature, and
later was elected mayor of Cumberland. His health
continued to fail, and in 1856 he returned to
Waterville and died soon afterward.
TOWER, Zealons Bates, soldier, b. in Cohasset,
Mass., 12 Jan., 1819. He was graduated at the U. S.
military academy in 1841, first in a class of fifty-
two, among whom were Horatio G. Wright, Thomas
J. Rodman, Nathaniel Lvon.and Don Carlos Buell.
He was promoted 2d lieutenant in the corps of
engineers, 1 July, 1841, assigned to duty as as-
sistant to the board of engineers, and in 1842
as principal assistant professor of engineering
at West Point. During the years 184<^- 6 he was
engaged on the defences of Hampton Roads. He
served with great credit in the war with Mexico in
1846-'8, especially at Cerro Gordo, Contreras (where
he led the storming column), Chapultepec (where
he was wounded), and in the final assault and cap-
ture of the city of Mexico. He became 1st lieu-
tenant in April, 1847, and captain, 1 July, 1855.
During 1848-'61 he was engaged upon river and
harbor improvements, on the building of the San
Francisco custom-house, and on the board to pro-
ject the defences of the Pacific coast. He was pro-
moted major of engineers, 6 Aug., 1861, and as-
signed as chief engineer of the defence of Fort
Pickens. For his conduct there he was appointed
a brigadier-general of volunteers, 23 Nov., 1861,
the date of the bombardment. He participated,
in command of troops, in the operations in north-
ern Virginia, under Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks and
Gen. John Pope, until the second battle of Bull
Run, 30 Aug., 1862, where he was severely wound-
ed. Upon his recovery he served as superintend-
ent of the U. S. military academy at West Point
from July till September, 1864, when he rejoined
the armies in the field as chief engineer of the de-
fences of Nashville, took part in the battle, and
held responsible staff offices in the military divis-
ions of the Mississippi and Tennessee until the
close of the war. He was promoted lieutenant-
colonel of engineers in 1865, and mustered out of
volunteer service, 15 Jan., 1866. Thereafter Gen.
Tower was employed in the supervision of the work
of improving the great harbors, both for commer-
cial and military purposes, until 13 Jan., 1874,
when he was promoted colonel of engineers, and,
having served more than forty years, was, at his
own request, retired from active service. He re-
ceived eight brevets for " gallant and meritorious
service" in war — from 1st lieutenant, 18 April,
1847, for Cerro Gordo, to major-general, U. S. army,
13 March, 1865. Gen. Tower is one of the original
members of the Aztec club, founded in the city of
Mexico.'l3 Oct., 1847, by the officers of Gen. Scott's
army. He is the author of " An A naly tical Investiga-
tion of the Possible Velocity of the Ice- Boat," pub-
lished in " Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine."
TOWLE, Geoi^e Makepeace (tole), author, b.
in Washington, D. C, 27 Aug., 1841. He was
graduated at Yale in 1861 and at the Harvard law-
school in 1863, and practised in Boston in 1863-'5.
He was U. S. consul at Nantes, France, in 1866-'8,
and in the latter year was transferred to the con-
sulate at Bradford, England, where he remained
until his return to Boston in 1870. He became
S resident of the Papyrus club in 1880, and was a
elegate to the Republican national oonvention at
Chicago in 1888. He was managing editor of the
Boston " Commercial Bulletin in 1870-'l, was
foreign editor of the Boston "Post" in 1871-'6,
and became a contributor to many foreign and
American periodicals. He haspublished "Glimpses
of History^' (Boston, 1865) ; " The History of Henry
the Fifth, King of England " (New York, 1866) ;
TOWLKR
TOWNSEXD
147
» American Society " (2 vols., London, 1870) ; " The
KaNtorn Question : Modern Greece" (lioston, 1877);
" Prinfi|mlitie9 of the I)anulM>: Servia and liou-
roania " (1877) ; " Heaconsfleld " (New York, 1878) ;
"Young Folks' Heroes of History," including
" Vasco da Qaina," " Pizarro." " Magellan," " Maruo
Polo," " Raleigh," and *' Drake " (6 vols.. Boston,
1878-'82) : " >Iodeni France, 18r)l-'79 " (New York,
1879) : " Certain Men of Mark " (1880) : " England
and Russia in Asia" (1885); "England in Egypt"
(1885); "Young People's History of England"
(1886); and "Young People's History of Ireland"
^1887). He has translated several French works
into En^rlish.
TOWLKR, John, educator, b. in Rathmell,
Yorkshire, England. 20 June, 1811. He was edu-
cated at the Giggleswick grammar-school and was
admitted a member of bt. John's college, Cam-
bridge, in 181^3. After coming to this country he
was elected in 1850 professor of modem languages
and literature in Geneva (now Hobart) college, at
whose medical department he was graduated in
1855. From 185:^ till 1872 he was its professor of
chemistry, toxicology, and medical jurisprudence,
and dean of the medical faculty. Subsequently,
when this institution was merged into the Syracuse
school of medicine, he was given the chair of anato-
my, and in 1868 was transferred to the chair of
civil engineering and chemistry in Hobart. These
places he resigned in 1882 to become U. S. consul at
Trinidad, British West Indies, where he remained
until 1886. Since that time he has devoted his at-
tention to literary work at Orange, N. J. Prof.
Towler was co-editor of Hilpert's " German and
English Dictionary " (4 vols., Carlsruhe, 1846), and
he also edited after Hilpert's death an abridged
edition of the " Dictionary " (2 vols., Pforzheim,
1846-'7). He was editor of " Humphrey's Journal
of Photography and the Allied Arts and Sciences "
and "The American Photographic Almanac" in
1864-'7, and for five years subsequent to 1867 he
wrote an article each month for the " Philadel-
phia Photographer." He published translations of
^5chiller's "Don Carlos," "Die Braut von Messina,"
and " Die Rftuber " in the same metre as the origi-
nal (Carlsruhe, 1845-'8), and made translations of
German war songs. His other works include " Der
kleine EnglUnder" (Carlsruhe, 1845): "The Silver
Sunbeam '^(New York, 1863) ; " Dry Plate Photog-
raphy" (1865): "The Porcelain Picture" (1865);
"The Magic Photography" (1866); "The Negar
tive and the Print " (1866) ; " The Tannin Process "
(1867); and "The Photographer's Guide" (1867);
and he has translate<l Karl Friedrich Rammels-
berg's " Guide t/> a Course of Quantitative Chemi-
cal Analysis" (Geneva, 1871).
TOWLES, Catherine Webb, author, b. in Char-
lemon t. Mass., 25 t)ct., 1823. She was the daugh-
ter of Rufus Barber, of Worcester, Mass., and has
been a teacher. She began to write verses for the
newspapers at an early date, and at the death of
her father in 1846 she removed to the south. She
was editor of the " F'amily Visitor" in Madison,
Ga., in 1849-52, in 1861 became connecte<l with the
"Southern Literary Conn>anion," and in 1866 be-
came editor and proprietor of " Miss BarU>r's
Weekly," which she continued till her marriage to
John C. Towles, of I^afayette, Ala., in 1867, In
1884 she married Jett T. McCoy, who has since
died. She now resides at Columbus, Ga. She has
received honorary degrees from southern colleges.
She has published " Tales for the Freemason's Fire-
side" (New York. 1859): "The Three Golden
Links " (Cassville. Ga., 1857) : and " Poor Claire, or
Life Among the Queer" (1888).
TOWN, Ithlel, architect, b. in Thompson, Conn^
in 1784; d. in New Haven, Conn.. 13 June. 1844
He Ijecame associated with Alexander J. Davis in
1829, and the two oftened an office in New York.
Among the more important of their works were
the state capitol in New Haven, the citv-hall in
Hartford, Conn., and the capitols of Indiana and
North Carolina. Town also built several bridges,
including one over the James river, near Rich-
mond, Va. He was the possessor of a fine library
of books on art, a portion of which went to Yale
college. He was one of the original uieml>er8 of
the Academy of design, New York, and travelled
in Europe m 1829-'30. He published " Descrip-
tion of his Improvements in the Construction of
Bridges" (Salem, 1821); "School-House Architec-
ture ; "Sir George Collier's Journal in the 'Rain-
bow,' 1776-'9" (New York, 18;i5): and "Atlantic
Steamships: On navigating the Ocean with Steam-
ships of I^arge Tonnage " (1838).
TOWN, Salem, educator, b. in Belchertown,
Mass., 5 March, 1779; d. in Greencastle, Ind., 24
Feb., 1864. He resided at Aurora, N. Y., was for
forty years a teacher in New York state, and at
one time a member of the New York senate. He
died while on a visit to Greencastle. He was the
author of "System of Speculative Masonry " (New
York, 1822); "An Analysis of Derivative Words
in the English Language " (18J^()); and other school-
books. With Nelson M. HolbrfX)k, he published
a series of school-readers, of which many millions
of copies have been sold.
TOWNS, George Washington Bonaparte,
statesman, b. in Wilkes county, Ga., 4 May, 1801 ;
d. in Macon, Ga.. 15 July, 1854. His father, John, a
Virginian and a soldier of the Revolution, served
with credit at the Itattles of Cowpens and Eutaw.
The son began life as a merchant, but afterward
studied law, and, removing to Alabama, was admit-
ted to the bar in 1824. After editing a political
newspaper there, he returned to Georgia in 1826,
settled in Talbot county, where he practised law,
and served in both branc^ies of the legislature. He
was elected to congress, and served from 1835 till
1839 and from 1845 till 1847. In the latter year
he was elected governor of Georgia for two years,
and at the end of his term he was re-elected. '
TOWNSEND, Edward Da\is, soldier, b. in
Boston, Mahs., 22 Aug., 1817. His paternal grand-
father, David was a surgeon in the Massachusetts
line during the Revolution, and his maternal grand-
father was Elbridge Gerry. His father, David S.
Townsend, was an officer of the U. S. army and lost
a leg at the battle of Chrysler's Field in the war
of 1812. Edward was educated at Boston Latin-
school and at Harvard, and was graduated at the
U. S. military academy in 1837. He became 2d
lieutenant in "the 2d artiller>', 1 July, 1837, was
adjutant in 1838-'46, promoted 1st lieutenant in
1838, assistant adjutant-general with brevet rank
of captain in 1846, captain in 1848, brevet major
in 1852, lieutenant-colonel, 7 March, 1861. colonel,
3 Aug., 1861, and adjutant-general with rank of
brigadier-general, 22 Feb.. 1869. He servetl dur-
ing the Florida war in 18;i7-'8, on the northern
frontier during the Canada bonier disturlmnces in
1838-'41. and thenceforward in the office of the
adjutant-general of the army and as chief of staff
to Lieut..-Gen. Scott in 1861. He was brevetted
briga<lier - general, U. S. army. 24 Sept.. 1864, "for
meritorious and faithful service during the rebel-
lion," and major-general, 13 March, 186.5. for "faith-
ful, meritorious, and distinguished services in the
adjutant-general's department during the rebel-
lion." He was retireu from active service, 15 June,
148
TOWNSEND
TOWNSEND
1880. Durinff the entire civil war Gen. Townsend
was the principal executive officer of the war de-
partment, and was perhaps brought into more inti-
mate personal contact with President Lincoln and
Sec. Stanton than any other military official. As
adjuUnt-general of the army he originated the
plan of a \J. S. military prison, urged legislation
on the subject, and established tlio prison at F'ort
Leavenworth, Kan. Gen. Townsend is a member
of the Society of the Cincinnati. He is the author
of "Catechism of the Bible— The Pentateuch"
(New York. 1859); "Catechism of the Bible— Judges
and Kings" (1862); and "Anecdotes of the Civil
War in the United States" (1884).
TOWNSEND, Frederick, soldier, b. in Albany,
N. Y.. 21 Sept., 1825. He was graduated at Union
college in 1844, and atlmitted to the bar. Having
a leaning toward military matters, he became ad-
jutant-general of the state in 1856. He found the
militia in a most disordered condition and ad-
dressed himself to the tjisk of making it what it
ought to be. He prepared an annual report from
this department for the fii-st time, and he was re-
appointed by the next governor of the state. To
his efficiency is due the fact that the state of New
York sent so manv troops to the field in the civil
war. He declined a reappointment as adjutant-
general in 1861, and organized a regiment, being
commissioned colonel. He took part in the battle
of Big Bethel, but soon afterward he was com-
missioned a major in the regular army and re-
signed his colonelcy. As major his duties led him
to organize troops in Columbus, Ohio. Afterward
he participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone
River, and other engagements at the west. In 1863
he was detailed as assistant provost-marshal-gen-
eral in Albany, which position he filled for several
years. In 1867 he was ordered to California and
made a thorough inspection of all the military
posts in Arizona. In 1868 he resigned from the
army, and he has resided in Albany since that
time. In 1878 he was appointed a brigadier-gen-
enil in the state militia, and he afterward became
adjutant-general of the state under Gov. Alonzo
B. Cornell. In this post he again addressed him-
self to the condition of the citizen soldiers and in-
creased their numbers to 12,000 effective men. He
successfully urged the adoption of a state service
uniform and a state militarv camp. — His brother,
Howard, physician, b. in Albany, N. Y., 22 Nov.,
1823; d. there, 16 Jan.. 1807, was graduated at
Union in 1844, and at the medical department of
the University of Pennsylvania in 1847. Estab-
lishing himself in his native city, he was surgeon-
general of the state in 1851-'2, and afterward pro-
fessor in the Albany medical college. Dr. Town-
send was the author of " The Sunbeam and the
Spectroscope " (Albany, 1864) ; " Food and its Di-
gestion" (1866); and "Sinai Bible" (1866).
TOWNSEND, Georgre Alfred, author, b. in
Georgetown, Del., 30 Jan., 1841. His father, the
Rev. Stephen Townsend, a Methodist clergyman
for half a century, studied and practised medicine
at the ago of fifty, and at seventy obtained the
degree of Ph. D. by actual university study. The
son was educated mainly in Philadelphia, where
he Ixjgan writing for the press and speaking in
public, and in 1860 adopted the profession of
journalism. In 1862 he was a war-correspondent
of the New York "Herald," describing for that
journal McClellan's peninsula campaign and Pope's
campaign in northern Virginia. Later in the year
he went to Europe, where he wrote for English
and American periodicals, and lectured on the
civil war. In 1864 he became war-correspondent
of the New York " World." was permitted to sign
his letters, and quickly matle a reputation as a
descriptive writer. After the war he became a
t)rofessional lecturer, continuing also his miscel-
aneous writing for the press, and, going to Europe,
described the Austro-rrussian war of 1866. His
pen-name, " Gath," was first used in 1868 in letters
to the Chicago " Tribune." In 1885 he built a
house on the battle-field of Crampton's Gap, South
Mountain, Md., where a small village has since
sprung up, to which he gives the name Gapland.
His publications in book-form are " The Bohemi-
ans, a play (New York, 1862); " Campaigns of a
Non-Combatant" (1865); "Life of Garibaldi"
(1867): "Real Life of Abraham Lincoln " (1867):
" The New Worid compared with the Old " (1868);
" Poems " (1870) ; " Washington Outside and In-
side" (1871); "Mormon Trials at Salt Lake"
(1872); "Washington Re-builded " (1873) ; "Tales
of the Chesapeake" (1880); "Bohemian Davs"
(1881); "Poetical Addresses" (1883); "The fen-
tailed Hat" (1884); "President Cromwell." a
drama (1885); "Katy of Catoctin," a novel (1886);
and a campaign life of Levi P. Morton (1888). He
is now writing a romance entitled "Dr. Priestley,
or the Federalists."
TOWNSEND, John Kirk, naturalist, b. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Aug., 1809 ; d. in Washington,
D. C, 16 Feb., 1851. He was educated at the
Friends' school, and in the West Town boarding-
school. When he grew older he developed a fond-
ness for natural history, and was associated with
John J. Audubon in the preparation of his "Ameri-
can Ornithology," in which many of the descriptions
are from his pen. During 1833-'7 he made exten-
sive journeys in the western states and across the
Rocky mountains with Thomas Nuttall. Subse-
quently he visited the Sandwich islands and South
America, and then for some years had charge of
the department of birds in the Smithsonian institu-
tion. While in Washin^on he practised dentistry,
and so acquired the title of doctor. He was a
member of the Philadelphia academy of natural
sciences, and a contributor to its proceedings. Dr.
Townsend was the author of "A Narrative of a
Journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Co-
lumbia River" (Boston. 1839), published in Eng-
land under the title " Sporting Adventures in the
Rocky Mountains " (London, 1840), and of " Or-
nithology of the United States," only the first part
of whicn was issued (Philadelphia, 1839).
TOWNSEND, Liitlier Tracy, clergyman, b. in
Orono, Me., 27 Sept., 1838. He was graduated at
Dartmouth in 1859 and at Andover theological
seminary in 1862. and ordained to the ministry of
the Methodist Episcopal church. During the civil
war he was adjutant of the 16th New Hampshire
volunteers. He was professor of exegetical t neolo-
gy in Boston university in 1867-'8 and of historical
theology in 1869-'73, and since the last date has
occupied the chair of practical theology. Dart-
mouth gave him the degree of D. D. in 1871. He
has published several addresses and sermons, be-
came an associate editor of " Our Day " in 1888,
and is the author of " True and Pretended Chris-
tianity " (Boston, 1869): "Sword and Garment"
(1871) ; " God-Man " (1872) ; " Credo " (1873) ; " Out-
lines of Theology " (New York, 1873) :•" Arena and
Throne " (Boston, 1874); " The Chinese Problem"
(1876); "The Supernatural Factor in Revivals"
(1877); "The Intermediate World " (1878); "Ele-
ments of General and Christian Theology " (New
York, 1879); " Fate of Republics " (Boston, 1880);
"Art of Speech" (1880); "Studies in Poetry and
Prose " (1880) ; " Studies in Eloquence and Liogic "
TOWNSEND
TOWNSKND
149
.X^ifr^^W^ <s9re.^w>****t^
(1881); "Mosaic Record and Modem Science **
(1881); "Bible Theolopv and Mo«lpm Thought"
(1888); " Faith-Work. Cnristian Science, and other
(^uros" (188.5): " lI»ind-Ii<M)k u|>on Church Trials"
(18«5): "The Bible and othor An(i»'iit Literature
in the Nint'tecnth CViiturv" (IHHr)); and "I'ulpit
lth»"t<>ric"(lKMJ5).
TOWNSEND, Martin Ingham, lawyer, b. in
HauoKk. Miiss.. 6 Feb., I18IO. Ho was t;raduated
at Williams in 1833, studie*! law, and establisheil
himself, after admission to the bar, in Troy. N. Y.
He wjis district
attorney of Rens-
selaer count V in
1842-'5. and in
1867-'8 he was a
member for the
state at large of
the Constitution-
al convention.
He was electetl to
congress as a Re-
])u>)lican for two
successive terms,
serving from (J
Dec, 1875, till 3
March. 1879. He
was a niemljcr
of various im-
portant commit-
tees, and among the ablest debaters in that l)ody.
Defliiiitjg a renomination, he wius appointed dis-
trict attorney for the northern district of New
York, which oflice he held for nearly eight years.
He received the degree of LL. I), in 18G6 from
Williams. — Ilis brother. Randolph Wanton, law-
yer, b. in Hancock, Mass., 4 May, 1812, was gradu-
atin] at Williams in 1S36, studied law, was admit-
ted to the bar in 1838, and settled in New York
city, soon attaining a goml standing at the bar,
where he has jiractised successfully for half a cen-
tury. Mr. Townsend servetl for six years on the
Metropolitan board of education, is one of the
managers of the Presbyterian hospital, and has
been for many years counsel for the Imiwrters' and
tnulers' bank, of which he is also a director.
TOWNSEND, Mary Ashley, author, b. in Ly-
ons, N. Y., about 1836. Her maiden name was Van
Voorhis. She was educated in her native town,
married Gideon Townsend, of New Orleans. La.,
and resides in that city. She liegan to write foiv
publication about 1850, and under the pen-name
of " XarifTa " made a reputation as the author of
" t^uillotypes," a series of humorous papers that
ap|H'Ared' m the New Orleans " Delta ' and were
widely copied by the southern and western press.
Her other works are "The Brother Clerks" (New
York. 1859) ; " Poems " (Philadelnhia, 1870) ; " The
Captain's Story" (1874); and " Down the Bayou,
and other Poems" (Boston, 1884). Her most im-
iMirtant short poems are "Creed," "A Woman's
Wish." "The Bather," and "The Wind." She was
ofTlcially appointed to deliver the poem on the
oj)ening or the New Orleans ex[>osition in 1884,
atid that at the unveiling of the statue of Gen.
All)ort Sidnev Johnston in 1887.
TOWNSEND. Penn. merchant, b. in Boston,
Mass., 20 Dec. 1(J51 ; d. there, 21 Aug.. 1727. His
father, William, came to Boston in 1(J3G. Penn
was a wine-merchant, an active member of the
council, a representative in l(J80-'98, and later
sjM^aker of the house and chief judge of the Suflfolk
superior court. He was afterward captain of the
Ancient and honorable artillery com|)anv, and in
1703 was colonel of the Boston regiment, in 1 707 he
was an agent to superintend the military forces that
were sent against Port Royal. He marrietl a daugh-
ter of Gov. John Ijcverett, was a patntn of art and
literature, and a publ ie-spiritcd cit 17.cn. — 1 1 is grand-
son. Alexander, lawver. b. in lioston. Mass.. in
1784; d. there. 13 Ajiril, 1835. was graduated at
Harvartl in 1802. and studiwl law. lie Wcame a
large owner of real estate, was active in citv noli-
tif», and delivered many addresses in Faneuil nalL
In 1810 he was appointed by the authorities to de-
liver the Fourth-of-Julv oration. — Alexander's sis-
ter, Eliza, poet, b. in lioston in 1789; d. there. 12
Jan., 1854. was educated in her native city, and
i)egan her literary career by contributing anonv-
mous rural and religious es.says to the " Monthly
Anthology," " rnitarian Miscellany," and "Port-
folio." She was the first native woman poet in her
state to receive the praise of judicious critics. Her
writings include verses on "The Incomprehensi-
bility of Go<l " ; an " Occasion Ode " (1809). in which
she conunented severely on the career of Najxileon,
who was then at the summit of his greatness;
" Lines to RoWrt Southey " (1812) : and the " Rain-
bow " — all of which appeared in magazines. Her
"Poems and Miscellanies" were collccttnl by her
sister, Marv P. Townsend, and printed privately
(Boston. 18r)(!).
TOWNSEND, Robert, naval officer, b. in Al-
bany. N. Y., in 1819; d. at sea, off Shanghai,
China, 15 Aug., 1866, He was graduated at Union
in 18Ji5, and entered the U. S. navy the sjime
year as a midshipman. He served in the Mexican
war in 1846-'7. was engaged in the capture of
Vera Cruz, became 1st lieutenant in 1850, and
resigned frotn the navy in 1851. At the beginning
of the civil war he re-entered the service as acting
lieutenant, participatetl under Admiral David G.
Farragut in the passage of the forts below New
Orleans, and the taking of that city, and did effi-
cient service in command of the "Miami" in the
sounds of North Carolina. He was restori'd to
the regular navy in 1862, with the rank of com-
mander, was in charge of the iron-clatl " Essex "at
the siege of Port Hud«)n, and was .subsequently
division commander under Admiral David D. Por-
ter, and in the Red river campaign. He became
captain in 1866. and afterward was ordered to the
East Indian scjuadron, where his conduct of aflfairs
at Newchwang, China, preserved the peace of the
port, and at the same time did not interfere with
the authoritv of the native officials.
TOWNSfiND, Thomas S., compiler, b. in New
York city, 27 Atig.. 1829. His father, John R.,
was a well-known member of the New York bar.
The son received a classical education, and at an
early age entered the mercantile firm of Jjawrence,
Trimble and Co., New York city. In i860 he de-
termined to form a chronological historj' of every
imjKirtant occurrence in connection with the im-
pending civil war V)y preserving from the newspa-
pers every statement of value relating to any cir-
cumstance that directly or indirectly led to seces-
sion, to national complications growing out of the
struggle, to the cause, conduct, and results of the
rebellion, to i)ersonal records of soldiers from the
lowest to the highest rank. and to the miiit^try and
civil liistory of the Union and the Confederacy.
This journalistic record comprises alK)ut 120 voV
umes containing (JO.OOO pages. William Cullen
Bryant said of it : " The age has given birth to few
literary undertakings that will bear comparison
with this work. The forty academicians who ccm-
piled the dictionary of the French language had a
far less laborious task." This collection is now in
Columbia college library. New York city. He has
160
TOWNSEND
TOWNSHEND
delivered numerous lectures and addresses on the
subject of the war. including an oration on Memo-
rial day, 1H85. in Brooklyn, N. Y., on " The Empire
State in the li«l)ellion."
TOWNSEND, Virginia Frances, author, b. in
New Haven, Conn., in 183(5. She has passed her
life in literary pursuits, etlited " Arthur's Home
Magazine " for several years, and has contributed
much to journals and magazines. Her writings in-
clude " While it was Morning" (New York, 1859);
" Buds from Christmas Boughs" (1859); " By and
By" (1859) ; " Amv Deane, and other Tales " (1862) ;
"The Well in the Rock, and other Tales " (1863) ;
" The Temptation and Triumph, and other Tales "
(Cincinnati, 186;3); "The Battle- Fields of Our Fa-
thers" (New York, 1864): ".lanet Strong" (Phila-
delphia. 1865) ; " Darrvl Gap " (Boston, 1866) ; " The
Hollands" (1869); " i^Iax Meredith's Millennium"
(1870) ; •' One Woman's Two Lovers " (1872) ; " Eliza-
beth Tudor" (1874); "Only Girls" (1876); and
"Six in All" (1878).
TOWNSHEND, George, first Marquis, soldier,
b. in Norfolk, England, 28 Feb., 1724; d. 14 Sept.,
1807. He was the eldest s<jn of the third Viscount
Townshend, whom he succeeded in May, 1767. He
entered tho British army at an earlv age, and took
Sart in the battles of Dettingen, F'ontenoy, Cullo-
en, and Laflfeldt, In 1747 he entered parliament.
He went out to Canada in 1759 as brigadier-gen-
eral, and commanded a division under Wolfe, suc-
ceeding that officer in command when Wolfe fell
at Quebec. Five days later he receivetl the capitu-
lation of the citv. He then returned to England,
was present at the battle of Fellinghausen in 1761,
and served in Portugal in 1762. He became a
privy councillor after succeeding to the title, and
was lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 1767 till 1772.
He was ma.ster-general of the ordnance in the lat-
ter year, and was created Earl of Leicester in 1784
and Manpiis Townshend in 1787. He was a man
of " quick perception but unsafe judgment." He
is said to have received the capitulation of Quebec
as though the achievement had been his own, and
in ins official report of the battle he omitted the
name of Wolfe, whom he indirectly censured.
Hurrving away from the citadel, which he be-
lieved to l)e untenable, he returned home, and was
soon engaged in jvssisting his brother Charles in
the latter's attempt to make the colonies submit
to an o<lious system of taxation. — His brother,
Cliarles, statesman, b. in England, 29 Aug., 1725 ;
d. there, 4 Sept., 1767, entered parliament when only
twenty-two years old, and soon achieved a brilliant
reputation as an orator and a supporter of the
Pelham administration. He was appointed a com-
missioner of trade and plantations m 1749, and a
commissioner for executing the office of lord high
atlmiral in 1751 ; was a lord of the admiralty in
1754, and treasurer of the chamber and member of
the privy council in 1756. From 1761 till 1763 he
was secretary of war, and in February of the latter
year he was' matle first lord of trade and planta-
tions. He was subseauently paymaster of the
forces and chancellor of the excheqner. From the
period of his introduction to office through the
commission for the colonies, Townshend made a
special study of American affairs. His plan for
f governing the American colonies was to extract as
arge a revenue as possible from them by onerous
imposts levied without the slightest regard to their
rights. In 1765 he had heartily supported Gren-
ville's stamp-act, although he subsequently voted
for its repeal, and was in favor of burdening the
colonies with an expensive civil list and a stand-
ing army. He was also of opinion that the various
charters that had been granted to them at differ-
ent times, and which every ministry of Charles XL
had spared, should be annulled, a uniform system
of government set up in their stead, and the royal
governors, judges, and attorneys made independent
of the people. '• I would govern the Americans,"
he said, " as subjects of Great Britain. I would
restrain their trade and their manufactures as
subordinate to the mother country. These, our
children, must not make themselves our allies in
time of war and our rivals in peace." The eclipse
of Chatham in March, 1767, left Townshend, who
had been chancellor of the exchequer since the pre-
ceding August, and whom Chatham had vainly en-
deavored to have dismissed from office, " lord of
the ascendant." From that moment he ruled the
ministry in all matters relating to America, and
succeeded in carrying through parliament a bill
taxing the colonies that was far more burdensome
than the stamp-act that had nearly created a revo-
lution. Thus the latter left the civil officers de-
pendent on the local legislatures, and preserved
the proceeds of the American tax in the ex-
chequer. The revenue collected under Town-
shend's bill, on the other hand, was to be un-
der the sign manual at the king's pleasure, and
could be burdened at will by pensions to English-
men. By providing an independent support for
the crown officers, it virtually did away with the
necessity for colonial legislatures, as governors
would have little inducement to call them, and an
angry minister might dissolve them without in-
convenience. When it was suggested to Town-
shend that the army might perhaps be safely with-
drawn from America, in which case expense would
cease and no revenue be necessary, he replied:
" The moment a resolution shall be taken to with-
draw the army, I will resign my office and have no
more to do in public affairs. I insist it is abso-
lutely necessary to keep up a large army there and
here." Townshend only lived a few months after
the successful passage of his bill, which, by its tax
on tea and similar imports, lost England her colo-
nies, and was about to be intrusted with the for-
mation of a new ministry, when he was suddenly
carried off by a fever at the early age of forty-onei
" He was," says Bancroft, " a man of wonderful
endowments, ({ashed with follies and indiscretion.
Impatient of waiting, his ruling passion, was pres-
ent success. ... In the house of commons his
brilliant oratory took its inspiration from the pre-
vailing opinion ; and, careless of consistency, heed-
less of whom he deserted or whom he joined, he
followed^ the floating indications of the loudest
cheers." He had been courted by all parties, but
never possessed the confidence of anv. If his in-
discretion forbade esteem, his good humor dis-
sipated hate. He had clear conceptions, great
knowledge of every branch of administration, and
indefatigable assiduity in business. Burke styled
him " the delight and ornament of the house of
commons, and the charm of every private society
that he honored with his presence." Macaulay
refers to him as "a man of splendid talents, of lax
principles, and of boundless vanity and presump-
tion," who " would submit to no control." See his
" Essay on the Earl of Chatham " and '* Charles
Townshend, Wit and Statesman," by*Percv Fitz-
gerald (London, 1866). — Another brother, fioger,
British soldier, b. in England about 1730; d. near
Ticonderoga, N. Y., 25 July, 1759, entered the army
at an early age, and became a lieutenant-colonel on
1 Feb., 1758. He served as adjutant-general of the
expeditionary force that was sent against Louis-
burg, was deputy adjutant-general of Gen. Sir
TOWNSHEND
TRACY
101
Jeffrey Amherst's expedition a^inst Fort Ticon-
tleropi, and was kilKnl thrre in the trenches by a
eaiinoii-lmll. and taken to Albanv for burial.
TOWNSHEND, Norton Stranp, educator, b.
in C'lay-Coton, Northamptonshire. hn^land.«<') Dec.,
1815. He came to this country in IWJO, and .settled
with his parents in Avon, Ohio, where he attended
school and also taught. Subsc({uently he beiG^an
the study of nuHlicine, and was graduated in 1840
at the College of physicians and surgeons in New
York. He then went abroad, and, after attending
the World's anti-slavery convention in London in
July, 184(), as the delegate of the Anti-slavery soci-
ety of Ohio, he studied in the hospitals of Paris,
Edinburgh, and Dublin. In 1841 ne returned to
Elyria, Ohio, where he settled in the practice of
his profession, but in 1848 he was elected to the
Ohio legislature, where he was active in securing a
repeal of the " black laws " of that state and the
return of Salmon P. Chase to the U. S. senate. He
was a member of the convention that in 1850 framed
the present constitution of Ohio, and in the same
year was elected as a Democrat to congress, serving
from 1 Dec. 1851, tUl 3 March, 1853. At the end
of his term he was elected to the Ohio senate, where
he introduced measures that led to the founding
of an asylum for training imbecile youth, of which
institution he was a trustee for twenty-one years.
Later he was active with Dr. John is. Newberry
and others in the movement that aimed to estab-
lish an agricultural college in Ohio. In 1858 he
was chosen a member of the board of agriculture
and served till 1863, also in 1868-'9. Early in 1863
he was appointed medical inspector in the U. S.
army, ana he served in that capacity until the end
of the civil war. In 1867 he was named a memlier
of the committee that was appointed to examine
and report upon the system of wool appraisement
and duties in the custom-houses of boston. New
York, and elsewhere, prior to the tariff revision of
that year. He was appointed professor of agricul-
ture in Iowa agricultural college in 1869, but re-
signed a year later to accept the appointment of
trustee anil assist in founding the Agricultural and
mechanical college of Ohio, in which institution,
now known as the University of Ohio, he has held
since 1873 the chair of agriculture.
TOWNSHEND, Richard Wellington, mem-
ber of congress, b. in Prince George county. Aid., 30
April, 1840. He was e<lucated in public and pri-
vate schools at Washington, D. C., removed i^i
1858 to Illinois, and. after teaching for some time
in Fayette county, studied law, and was admitted
to the bar at McLeansborough in 1862. He was
clerk of the county court of Hamilton county
from 1863 till 1868, and district attorney for the
next four years. He w^asa delegate to the National
Democratic convention in 1873. He settled in
Shawneetown in 1873, was elected a member of
congress in 1876, and has since been continuously
re-elected, serving in the congress which began its
sessions on 5 March, 1887, as chairman of the com-
mittee on military affairs. He was the author of
the proposition to secure the establishment of an
American Zollverein, which was embodied in a bill
passed by congress in 1888.
TOWSON, Nathan, soldier, b. near Baltimore.
Md., 23 Jan., 1784; d. in Washington, D. C, 30
July, 1854. He was educated at the common
schools, and at the beginning of the war with
Great Britain was appointed captain in the 2d
U. S. artillery, 13 March, 1813. He was trans-
ferred to the corps of artillery in May, 1814, and
to the light artillery, 17 May, 1815. He served
with distinction during the war of 1813, par-
ticularly in the capture of the brig " Caledonia "
from under the guns of Fort Erie. 8 Oct., 1812, for
which he was brevettwl major, and for gallantry at
the battle of Chippewa, 5 July, 1814, he wa.s brevet-
ted lieutenant-colonel. In the assault upon Fort
Erie in August of the same year ho agam distin-
guished himself, and received the recoc^nition of
the government as a brevet colonel. lie was ap-
pointetl paymaster-general of the army in 1819,
and in 1831 colonel of the 3d artillery. T'he senate
failed to confirm the president's nomination, and
Col. Towson was reappointe<l paymaster-general,
8 May, 1833. He was brevetted brigadier-general,
30 June, 1834, and major-general, 30 May, 1848. for
meritorious conduct during the war with Mexico.
TOY, Crawford Howell, educator, b. in Nor-
folk, Va., 33 March, 18iJ6. He was graduated at
the University of Virginia in 1856, studied at the
University of Berlin in 1866-'8, was profes.sor of
Hebrew in the Southern Baptist theological semi-
naiT at Greenville, S. C, and Louisville, Ky., in
1869-'79, and since 1880 has occupied that chair at
Harvani. Besides articles on Semitic philology
and biblical criticism he has published " History of
the Religion of Israel " (Boston, 1883), and " Ouota-
tions in the New Testament" (New York, 1884).
TRACY, Marauis Alexandre De Prouville
de, governor of Canada, b. in France in 1603: d.
there in 1670. He was a lieutenant-general in the
French army, and in 1655 retook Cayenne from
the Dutch, and brought several of tfie adjacent
islands under French authority. In 1664 he was
appointed viceroy of Canada, which at that time
was an object of considerable attention at the
French court, especially in what was known as the
parti devot. So, when Tracy set sail, a throng of
young nobles embarked with him. and the king
gave him 300 soldiers, and promisetl that l.OOO
more should follow. All Quebec was on the land-
ing-place when he arrived, 30 June, 1665, and he
debarked with a pomp and ceremony such as the
city had never beiore seen. He soon won the fer-
vent atlmiration of the inhabitants by his piety,
and at the same time he betrayed a lack of no
qualities needful in his position. After a severe
campiign, he subdued the Iroquois Indians, con-
cludmg a peace with them that lasted nearly
twenty years. He then went on an expedition
against the Mohawks, at the heatl of a foree of
1,300 French soldiers, and laid their country waste,
taking possession, in the name of the king, of all
their lands. The Mohawks sued for peace, and re-
ceive<l Jesuit missionaries. The English, hearing
of Tracy's advance, claimed the country he invad-
ed, and Sir Richard Nicolls, governor of New York,
wrote to the New England governors, l)egging
them to join him against the French. But the
New England governors were not jtrepared for war,
and, fearing that their Indian neighbors niight
take part with the French, hesitated to act. The
treaty of Breda in 1667 secured peace for a time
between the rival colonies. Tracy returned to
France in 1667. " The Jesuits," .says Parkman,
"resumeil their hazardous mission to the Iroquois,
and Tracy's soldiers having made peace, the Jesuits
were the rivet^j to hold it fast. Of all the French
expeditions against the Iro4iuois,that of Tracy was
the most productive of gooa."
TRACY, Charles, lawyer, b. in Whitestown,
Oneida co., N. Y., 17 Feb., 1810; d. in New York
city, 1 June. 1885. He was graduated at Yale in
ISi'i, a<lnutted to the bar in 1835, and passe<l his
earlier professional life in Utica, N. \. He re-
moved to New York city in 1849, and continued in
active practice there until his death, and for many
162
TRACY
TRACY
vi«rs in jmrtnership with his brother William.
With great capacity and ability for work he early
achieved a front rank at the bar, especially as
counsel for several charitable societies. In 1879-'82
he was president
of the New York
association of
Y'aiealumni,and
for many years
took an active
part in the annu-
al conventions
of the Protest-
ant Episcopal
church of the
diocese of New
York. He mar-
ried Louisa,
daughter of Gen.
Joseph Kirk-
land, of Utica,
N. Y. A fine
memorial build-
ing in connec-
tion with St. George's church. Xew York city, was
completed in 1H88 by his son-in-law, John Pier-
pont Morgan. Mr. 'fracy published "The True
and the False," an oration before the + 8 K society
of Yale college (New Haven, 1862), and " Yale Col-
lege. .Sketches from ^lemory " (New York, 1880).
TRACY, Charles Cliapin, missionary, b. in
East Smithftold, Pa.. 31 Oct., 1838. He was gradu-
ated at Williams in 1864 and at Union theological
seminary in 1867, was ordained to the ministry of
the Presbyterian church, and the same year sailed
for Turkey in Asia as a missionary. He lal)ored at
Marsova for several years, and was subsequently
settled in Constantinople, where he established
the first illustrated child's paper that was everpub-
lished in the empire. In 1872 he returned to Mar-
sova, where he has since resided, occupying a chair
in the theological seminary, and engaging in mis-
sionary work. He has published " Letters to Ori-
ental Families" (New York, 1874), and translated
into Turkish a "Commentary on the Hebrews and
Daniel " and Bishop Butler's "Analogy."
TRACY, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Hartford,
Vt., 3 Nov., 17!)4; d. in Beverly, Mass., 24 March,
1874. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1814,
studied divinity, and was pastor of the Congrega-
tional churches in West Thetford and West Fair-
lee, Vt.. from 1821 till 1829. He subsequently
edited the "Chronicle" at Windsor, Vt., for five
years, and the Boston "Recorder" for one year.
He then became secretary of the Massachusetts
colonization socfiety, and of the American coloniza-
tion society for Ma.ssachusetts, which posts he held
until his death. The University of Vermont gave
him the degree of D. D. in 1859. He was asso-
ciated with Prof. Henry B. Smith for several years
in the editorship of the " American Theological
Review." He published "Three Last Things"
(Boston, 1839); " The Great Awakening, a History
of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards
and Whitefleld " (New York, 1842) ; " History of
the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions" (1842); " Refutation of Charges against
the Sandwich Island Missionaries" (Boston. 1844);
and " A Memorial of the Semi-Centennial Anni-
versary of the American Colonization Society"
(1867).— His brother, Ebeuezer Carter, editor, b.
in Hartford, Vt., 10 June. 1796; d. in Windsor,
Vt.. 15 May, 1862, was graduated at Dartmouth in
1819, and at Andover theological seminary in 1822.
He edited the " Vermont Chronicle " f rona 1822 till
1828, and again from 1834 till his death. He was also
editorially connected with the New York "Joumri
of Commerce " and the " Boston Recorder." He
published a "Life of Jeremiah Evarts" (Boston,
1845). — Another brother, Ira, missionary, b. in
Hartford. Vt., 15 Jan., 1806; d. in Bloomington,
Wis., 10 Nov., 1875, was graduated at Dartmouth
in 1829, and at Andover theological seminary in
1832, was ordained a missionary in the same year,
and held charges in China, Siam, and soutliem
Hindostan from 1832 till 1841, but at the latter
date he was compelled to return to this country,
owing to the failure of his health. He was subse-
quently a financial agent of the American board,
and held various Congregational charges in Ohio,
Minnesota, and Wisconsin. He contributed many
articles to the " Bibliotheca Sacra," and is the au-
thor of " Duty to the Heathen " (Boston, 1859).
TRACY, Phiueas Lyman, congressman, b. in
Norwich, Conn., 25 Dec, 1786 ; d. in Batavia, N. Y.,
23 Dec, 1876. His father. Dr. Philemon Tracy,
was a physician of Norwich. Phineas was gradu-
ated at Yale in 1806, admitted to the bar of Utica,
N. Y., in 1811, and in 1813 settled in Batavia, N, Y.
He was chosen to congress in 1826 by the anti-
Masonic party to fill a vacancy, and served by re-
election till 1833, when he declined a renomination.
He was a presidential elector in 1840, became first
judge of Genesee county in 1841, and held ofBce
till 1846, when he retired from professional life.
— His brother, Albert Haller, jurist, b. in Nor-
wich, Conn., 17 June, 1793; d. in Buffalo. N. Y., 12
Sept., 1859, began the study of medicine with his
father, but soon abandoned it for the law, was ad-
mitted to thp bar in 1815, and settled in Buffalo.
He rose to. a high place in the bar of western New
York. At the age of twenty-four Mr. Tracy was
elected a representative to the 16th congress, but he
reached his twenty-fifth birthday anniversary be-
fore the a.ssemblihg of congress on 6 Dec, 1819,
aud was thereby not excluded by the constitutional
limit as to age. He was returned to the 17th and
18th congresses, and gained a reputation during
his term of six years' service. In 1830 Mr. Tracy
was chosen state senator, serving eight years. That
body was then the court of errors. Exercising th^
functions of a court of last resort, and as a member
of this court, Mr. Tracy achieved his greatest dis-
tinction. He was one of the ablest lawyers of the
senate, and his opinions and decisions have been
standard authority upon questions that were liti-
gated then. Mr. Tracy was a candidate for U. S.
senator in the famous election of 1839. After this
contest he retired from public life.
TRACX Roger Sherman, sanitarian, b. in
Windsor, Vt., 9 Dec, 1841. He was graduated at
Yale in 1862, and, after teaching for five years,
took his medical degree at the (Jollege of physi-
cians and surgeons of Columbia in 18(S. For over
a year he was house physician at Bellevue hospital,
and in 1869 he was made inspector of prisons and
hospitals for the department of charities and cor-
rections in New York city. He was appointed sani-
tary inspector in the health department in 1870,
became chief of the corps in July, 1887, and in
October of the same year registrar of vital statistics.
Dr. Tracy has contributed numerous articles on
sanitary science to " The Popular Science Monthly,"
the " New York Medical Journal," and similar
periodicals ; also the articles on " Public Nui-
sances," " Hygiene of Occupation," and " Village
Sanitary Associations" to Albert H. Buck's " Hy-
giene" (New York, 1879), and he is the author of
" The New Liber Primus " (Boston, 1858), the " Ap-
pendix on Hygiene " in the " Primer of Physiologj* "
TRACY
TRAIN
153
(New York, 1884) ; also " IIandlx)ok of Sanitary In-
formation for Hoiist'liolders" (1884); and " hiasen-
tials of Aiiatomv. Physiology, and Hygiene " (1885).
TRACY, Uriah, st'imtor," b, in Franklin, Conn.,
2 Feb., 1755; d. in Washington, I). 0^ 19 July.
1807. He was gnwluaU'd at Yale in 1778, atlniitted
to the bar in 1781, and practised successfully in
Litchflcld for many years. He served in the legis-
lature in 1788-'9y, and in congress in 179:}-'6, hav-
ing lieen chosen as a Federalist. At the latter date
he was elected to the U. S. senate in place of Jona-
than Trumbull, who had resigned, serving until
the time of his death.
TRAFTON, Mark, clergyman, b. in Bangor,
Me., 1 Aug., 1810. He had a limited education,
was a shoemaker by trade, and at nineteen years
of age began to nreach. He joined the itinerant
ministry of the Metliodist Episcopal church in
1830. and held pastorates in that denomination
for fifty-two years. He was a member of congress
in lS55-'7, having been chosen as an American.
He was defeated for the next canvass, and has
since held no political office. Weslevan gave him
the degree of A. M. in 18^30. His publications in-
clude " Rambles in Euro|)e" (Hoston, 1852); "Safe
Investment " (1856) ; " Baptism : its Subjects and
Mode " (1870); and "Scenes in My Life" (1878).—
His daughter, Adeline, author, b. in Sacarappa,
Me., about 1845, was educated in public and private
schools, and about 1H70 began to write for publi-
cation. Her novels were first printed as serials
in magazines. They include " An American Girl
Abroad " (Boston, 1872) ; " Katherine Earle " (1874) ;
and "His Inheritance" (1878).
TRAILL, Catherine Parr Strickland, Cana-
dian author, b. in Kent, England, 9 Jan., 18()2. She
is a member of the Strickland family, was educated
at her home, Ryden Hall, Suffolk, and began to
write when she was fifteen years of age. Her first
book of tales for children was published in Ijondon
in 1818, and she wrote many other juvenile works,
which were published without her name, and com-
manded a large sale. In 1832 she married Lieut.
Thomas Traill, of the Royal Scotch fusiliers, and
soon afterward they emigrated to Canada and set-
tled in Douro, Ont., in 18^13. She subsequently
lived at Peterborough. Rice Ijake. and is now. and
has been for many years, residing at Lakefield.
Since going to Canada she has contributed to
" Chanibers s Journal," " Sharpe's London Maga-
zine," and other periodicals, and has published,
among other works, " The Backwoods of Canada "
(London, 1835); "Canadian Crusoes," edited bv
Agnes Strickland (New York, 1*52); "Rambling^
in the Canadian Forest" (1854): "Stories of the
Canadian Forests" (New York, 1856) ; " Lady Marv
antl her Nurse, or a Peep into Canadian Forests''
(London, 1856) ; " Afar in the Forest, or Pictures of
Life an<l Scenery in the Wilds of Canada" (Lon-
don, 1869) ; and " Studies of Plant Life, or Floral
Gleanings by Forest. Lake, and Plain " (Ottawa,
1884). The Illustrations in the last work arei by
Mrs. Agnes F. Chamberlaine, a daughter of Mrs.
Susanna Moodie, who was a sister of Mrs. Traill.
For some time past Mrs. Traill has been engaged
in writing " A Family Record."
TRAIN, Charles, clergyman, b. in Weston,
Mass., 7 Jan,, 1783; d. in Framingham, Mass., 17
Sept., 1849. He was graduated at Harvard in 1805,
licensed to preach as a Baptist in Newton in May,
1806, and in the autumn of 1807 took charge of
Framingham academy, at the same time nreaching
on alternate Sundays at F'ramincham ana Weston.
He was ordained a minister in Framingham on 30
Jan., 1811, and was appointed pastor of the Baptist
churches in Weston and Framingham. In 1826
the connection between the two branches was di»-
8<jlve<l, and he l)ecame pastor of Framingham
alone, in which town a new church was dedicated
in 1827. He resigne<l his charge in 1h;J9. A con-
siderable part of his life was devote<l to public
affairs. He was elected a memljer of the Massa-
chusetts legislature in 1822, and c-ontinued to rep-
resent his district for the following seven years,
except during 1827, when his extreme views on
temperance offended his constituents. In 1829 he
was elected to fill a vacancy in the state senate by
the two branches of the legislature, and in 1830 he
was chosen senator by the jjeople. He was the
first to take steps for the formation of a legislative
library, and to propose a revision of the laws affect-
ing common schools, while Amherst college was
largely indebted to his exertions for its charter.
He acquired considerable celebrity as a preacher
and public sf)eaker, and published various ad-
dresses, orations, and sermons Ix'tween 1810 and
1830.— His son. Charles Russell, lawyer, b. in
Framingham, Mass., 18 Oct., 1817, was graduated
at Brown in 18^37, studied law at Harvard, and was
called to the bar in 1841. He was elected a mem-
ber of the Massachusetts legislature in 1847, and
was U. S. district attorney for northern Massachu-
setts from 1848 till 1851. He was a delegate to
the State constitutional convention in 1853, a mem-
ber of the governor's council in 1857-'8, and was
elected to congress in 1859. serving until 1863. He
was a volunteer aide on the staff of Gen. George
H. Gordon, and took part in the battle of Antie-
tam. He was again in tne Massachusetts legislature
from 18(}8 till 1871. and was attorney-general fn)m
1871 till 1878. He published, in conjunction with
Franklin F. Heard, " Precedents of Indictments,
Special Pleas, etc., adaptetl to American Practice,
with Notes" (Boston, 1855). — His eldest son, Ar-
thur SaTage, clergvman. b. in Framingham. Mass.,
1 Sept.. 1812; d. there. 2 Jan., 1872. was graduated
at Brown in 18*^. and remained there as tutor for
two years, pursuing at the same time theological
studies unaer the direction of Francis Wayland.
He was ordained to the ministry in 1836, as {wstor
of the Baptist church in Haverhill, Mass., and he
continued in that relation for twenty-three years,
resigning his pastorate to accept the professorship
of sacred rhetoric and pastoral duties in Newton
theological seminary. In 18(56, after a service of
seven years in the seminary, he resigned, and
passed the remainder of his life with the church in
Framingham. He received the degree of D. D.
from Brown in 1855.
TRAIN, George Francis, author, b. in Bos-
ton, Ma-ss., 24 March, 1829. He is a son of Enoch
Train. He engage«l in business in Boston for sev-
eral years and then went to Australia in 1853,
where he founded the house of Caldwell, Train,
and Co. He travelled extensively, went to Eng-
land, and made vigorous efforts to introtluce street-
railways into Birkenhead and London in 1859,
but met with violent opposition and was unsuc-
cessful. He lectured in Great Britain and Ire-
land Ijefore large audiences, esjiecially in the latter
country, and. although his manner and language
were singular, his sarcasms on English society were
often incisive and ehMjuent. He returned to the
United States in 1862, and since that time has
been widely known on accf)unt of his eccentricity.
He has written "An American Merchant in Eu-
rope, Asia, and Australia" (New York, 1857);
" Young America Abrt>a<l " (1857) ; " Young Ameri-
ca in Wall Street" (1858); " Spread-I-kgleism "
(1859 ; London, 1860); " Every Man his own Auto-
154
TRALL
TRAUTWINE
crat," chiefly biographical (1859); " Young Ameri-
ca on Slavery" (1860); "Observations on Street-
Railways" (Liverpool, 1860); "George Francis
Train, t^nionist, on Thomas CoUey Grattan, Seces-
sionist" (London, 1861); "Union Speeches deliv-
ered in Kngland during the Present American
War" (Philadelphia and London, 4 vols,, 1862);
"Downfall of England" (1865); "Irish Independ-
ency" (1865); and "Championship of Women"
(Leavenworth, Kan., 1868).
TRALL, Russell Thacher, physician, b. in
Vernon, Tolland co.. Conn., 5 Aug., 1812; d. in
Florence, N. J., 23 Sept., 1877, He was brought
by his parents to western New York when he was
a chihl, and for several years worked on a farm.
He afterward studied medicine, began practice,
and settled in New York city in 1840, where he
became a hydropathist. In 1843 he founded an
establishment in that city for the water-cure treat-
ment, and opened, in connection with it in 1853, a
medical school for both sexes, which was chartered
in 1857 under the title of the New York hygeio-
therapeutic college. It was afterward removed to
Florence, N, J. He edited the " New York Organ,"
a weekly temperance journal, and the " Hydro-
pathic Revi(3w," a quarterly magazine, from 1845
to 1848, was also the editor of other medical jour-
nals, and the author of " Hydropathic Encyclo-
paxlia" (New York, 1852); "New Hydropathic
Cook-Book" (1854): "Prize Essay on Tobacco"
(1854); "Uterine Diseases and Displacements"
(1855); "Home Treatment for Sexual Abuses";
" The Alcoholic Controversy " (1856) ; " The Com-
Slete Gjrmnjisium " (1857) ; " Illustrated Family
ymnasmm " (1857) ; " Diseases of the Throat and
Lungs " (1861) ; " Diphtheria " (1862) ; " Pathology
of the Reproductive Organs " (1862) ; " The True
Temperance Platform, or an Exposition of the
Fallacy of Alcoholic Medication" (1864-'6);
" Hand-Book of Hvgienic Practice " (1865) ; "Sex-
ual Physiology" (1866; London, 1867); "Water-
Cure for the Million" (1867); "Digestion and
Dysjwpsia" (1874); "The Human Voice" (1874);
and •' Popular Physiology " (1875),
TRANCHEPAIN Dfi SAINT AUGUSTINE,
Marie de, mother superior, b, in Rouen, France ; d,
in New Orleans, La., 11 Nov., 1733. She belonged
to an old Huguenot family, but became a Roman
Catholic, and, shortly after her conversion in 1699,
entered the Ursuline order. She conceived the
idea of founding a convent in this country, and,
although she met with great difficulties, finally
procured money and companions for her purpose.
She sailed for fjouisiana on 22 Jan,, 1727, accom-
panied by seven professed nuns, a novice, and two
.seculars, and reached New Orleans on 7 Aug, The
Ursuline convent that she founded was not opened
until 1734. The building is still standing, and is
the oldest in the city. She also managed a hos-
pital, an academy for young ladies, a school for the
poor, an orphan asylum, and an institution for the
religious instruction of negroes,
TRASK, Georgre, clergyman, b, in Beverly.
Mass,, 15 Aug,, 1798: d. in Fitchburg, Mass,, 25
Jan,, 1875. Hie was graduated at Bowdoin in 1826,
and at Andover theological seminary in 1829. was
ordained, 15 Sept., 1830, and held pastorates in
Framingham, Warren, and Fitchburg, Mass,, till
1850, after which he was a temperance agent in
the last-named town until his death. Mr, Trask
became specially known for his efforts against the
use of tobacco, in opposition to which he labored
earnestly with voice and pen. He delivered many
lectures-throughout the United States, and was the
author of many anti-tobacco tracts.
TRASK, William Blake, antiquary, b. in Dor-
chester, Mass., 25 Nov., 1812. He is a descendant
of Capt. William Trask, who emigrated to New
England before John Endicott in 1628, and having'
settled at Salem, Mass,, became subsequently an
intimate friend of that governor, a deputy to the
general court, and a commander in the Pequot
wars, William Blake received an English educa-
tion at the common schools, and in 1828 was ap-
prenticed to a cabinet-maker. He worked at his
trade in his native town until 1835. when he went
to Pennsylvania ; but he returned to Dorchester in
1837. He served for three years on the school
committee of Dorchester, and in 1850 became as-
sessor. He was obliged to resign this post, owing
to failing health, and soon afterward began to de-
velop an interest in historical and antiquarian
studies. He gave valuable aid to jseveral writers
by supplying them with the fruits of his investiga-
tions. He copied the ancient town-records of Etos-
ton and made fac-similes of autographs for Sam-
uel G, Drake's history of that city, and was of
great aid to Gen, William H, Sumner in preparing
a " History of East Boston " (Boston, 1858). He
contributed to the " New England Historical and
Genealogical Register," made copies of entire docu-
ments from the Massachusetts archives for this
publication, and prepared indexes of names as well
as general indexes for the nineteen volumes from
1851 till 1869, The " Historj^ of Dorchester" (Bos-
ton, 1859) owed much to his researches, and 137
pages, comprising a fifth of the work, were written
by him. He published a " Memoir of Andrew H,
Ward " (Boston, 1863), and edited " The Journal of
Joseph Ware" (1852); " Baylie's Remarks on Gen-
eral Cobb" (1864); "The Bird Family" (1871):
and " The Seaver Family " (1872), He has aided
in preparing several genealogies, has been a mem-
ber of the Historic-genealogical society since 1851,
and was its historiographer from 1861 till 1868.
TRAUTWINE, John Cresson, civil engineer,
b. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 30 March, 1810; d. there,
14 Sept., 1883. In 1828 he entered the office of
William Strickland, then the chief civil engineer
and architect in that city, and soon afterward sub-
mitted a design for the Penn township bank, which •
was accepted, and the execution of which he suf)er-
intended. Subsequently he assisted Mr, Strickland
in the construction of the U. S, mint and other
Philadelphia buildings. He was engaged on the
Columbia railroad in 1831, was appointed principal
assistant engineer of the Philadelphia, Wilming-
ton, and Baltimore railroad in 1835, and in 1836
became engineer of the Philadelphia and Trenton
railroad, but during the latter Wrt of the same
year passed to the service of the Hiawassee railroad,
from Tennessee to Georgia, of which he was chief
engineer for six years. In 1844-'9 he was asso-
ciated with George M, Totten in the construction
of the canal del Dique, connecting the Magdalena
river with the Bay of Carthagena, and again with
Mr, Totten, in 1850. he made the surveys for the
Panama railroad. On his return to Philadelphia
in 1854 he published a report of his work. He
next examined and reported on the harbor of Are-
cibo, in Porto Rico, and then became engineer of
the Coal Run railroatl in northeastern Pennsyl-
vania. He surveyed in 1856 the Lacka\franna and
Lanesborough railroad in Susquehanna county. Pa.,
and in 1857 the route for an interoceanic railroad
through Honduras. He examined and reported on
the harbor of Montreal in 1858, and arranged a
system of docks for that city. After 1864 he
gradually retired from the practice of his profes-
sion, although continuing his consulting work, and
TRAVIS
TRRADWELL
156
he was frequently called upon to testify as an ex-
pert on question's of engineeriuf?. Mr. Trautwine
was a niemixT of wientiflc b<Klii*s, and ti contrilni-
tor of nrofessional pajwrs to tec'hnicHl journals.
Ilis works inclutle "M«'tho<l of falcu luting the Vn-
bic Contents of Excavations and KrntNinKinent,s "
(Philmlelphia, IHTil); "Field Practice of Laying
out Circular Curves for Railmatls" (1851); and
"Civil Engineer's l'<Kkct-li<K)k " (1872).
TRAVIS, Joiikeph, dergvrnan, b. in Maryland,
13 Sept., 178«: d. in Mississippi. 16 Sept., 1858.
He became an itinerant minister of the Methodist
Episcopal church in 1806, and served in South
Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, and Tennessee. His
" Autobiographv " was c<lited bv the Kev. Thomas
O. Summers, D."l). (Nashville, 1850).
TRAVIS, Wnilaui Barrett, soldier, b. in
Conecuh county, Ala., in 1811 ; d. near San Anto-
nio, Tex., 6 March, 1836. He was admitted to the
bar al)out 18JiO. and practised in Claiborne, Ala.,
but became financially embarrassed, and, leaving
that place about 1832, went to Texas, where he
afterward took up arms in the struggle for the in-
dependence of that country. At the head of 140
men he was besieged in the old mission station of
San Antonio de Valerio, which had been named
Fort Alamo (see illustration), by Gen. Santa-Anna,
• o' -J.
■^
with 4.000 Mexicans, on 23 Feb., 1836. The fort
was defended for ten days, frequent assaults l)eing
repelled with great slaughter, while not a man in
the fort was injui-ed. Many appeals for re-enforce-
ments were sent out. but only thirty-two men could
get through the Mexican lines. Finally, on 6
March, three assaults were made, and in the hand-
to-hand fight that followed the last, the Texans
were overpowered. They fought desperately, wiih
clubbed muskets, till only six were left, including
Travis. David Crockett, and James Bowie. These
surrendered under promise of protection ; but when
they were brought before Santa-Anna he ordered
them to be cut to pieces. In the bloody defeat of
the Mexicans at San Jacinto shortly afterward, the
Texan battle-cry was '• Reniemlx'r the Alamo." In
person Travis was of fine stature, with regular
features, blue eves, and auburn hair.
TREADWELL, Daniel, inventor, b. in Ipswich.
Mass.. 10 Oct., 1791; d. in Cambridge. Mass., 27
Feb., 1872. He early displayed inventive talent,
his first device, made when he was quite young,
being a machine for producing wooden screws.
In 1818 he devised a new form of print ing-pres.s,
and in 1819 went to England, where he conceived
the idea of a power-press. This was completed in
a vear after his return, and was the first press by
which a sheet was printed on this continent by
other than hand p<iwer. It was widely used, anil
in New York city large editions of the Bible were
Eublished by its means. In 1825 he was employed
y the city of Boston to make a survey for the in-
troduction of water, and in 1826 he devised a sys-
tem of tumout« for railway transportation on a
single track. He comi)leted the first successful
machine for spinning hemp for cordage in 1820.
Works capable of spinning i,(X)0 tons a year were
erected in Boston in IKil. and by machines that
he furnished in 1836 to the Charlestown navy-yard
all the hemp was spun and the cordage maile for
some time for the U. S. navy. These machines
were used in Canada, Ireland, and Russia, and one
of them, called a circular hackle or lap[)er, has
Ijeen generally adopted wherever hemp is .nnun for
coarse cloth. In 18iW he f)erfected a metnwl for
making cannon from wrought-iron and sttn?!, re-
sembling the pro<;ess that wa,s sul>seouently intro-
duced by Sir William Armstrong. lie patented it
and received government contracts, but the great
cost of his cannon preventetl a demand for them.
From 18:U till 1845 he was Rumford professor in
Harvard, and in 1822, with Dr. John Ware, he es-
tablished and conducted the " Boston Journal of
Philosophy and the Arts." His publications in-
clude " The Relations of Science to the Useful
Arts" (Boston, 1855); "On the Practicability of
constructing a Cannon of Great Calibre" (Cam-
bridge, 1856) ; and " On the Construction of Hooped
Cannon," a sequel to the foregoing (1864).
TREADWELL, John, statesman, b. in Farm-
ington. Conn., 23 Nov., 1745; d. there. 19 Aug.,
1823. He was graduated at Yale in 1767, studied
law, and began to practise in Farniington. He
was elected a member of the legislature in 1776,
aii<l continued to take part in it until 1785. when
he was appointed a member of the governor's coun-
cil. He sat in the Continental congress from 1785
to 1786. In 1789 he Iwcame judge of probate and
of the supreme court of errors, which oflice he held
until 1809. He afterward served as judge of the
court of common pleas for three years. He was
made lieutenant-governor of Connecticut in 1798.
He was one of eight that were delegates Iwth to
the convention at Hartford that ratified the con-
stitution of the United States in 1788. and of the
convention, thirty years afterward, that formed the
state constitution. In 1809-'ll he was governor
of Connecticut. Gov. Treadwell took an active
Part in the management of the school fund of
onnecticut, and was president of the American
board of coujmissioners for foreign missions dur-
ing the latter vears of his life. He received the
degree of LL. D. from Yale in 1800.
TREADWELL, John (Joodhue, physician, b.
in Salem, Mass., 1 Aug.. 1805; d. there, 6 Aug.,
1856. He was the son of a physician of Salem,
from whom he inherited a large fortune. After
his graduation at Harvard in 1825 he adopted the
medical profession, and settled in his native town.
Dr. Treadwell In-queathed his farm at Topsfield to
the Essex county agricultural society, to l>e used
for scientific experiments in agriculture, and to
Har\'ard an estate valued at alx)ut flOO.OOO. to be
applied to the foundation and maintenance of a
professorship of physiology and anatomy. He
also left his medical librarv to the same institution.
TREADWELL. Seymour Bongrhton, iK>liti-
cian, b. in Bridge{X)rt. Conn.. 1 June, 1795; d. in
Jackson, Mich., 9 June. 1867. His parents removed
in his infancy to Monroe county. N'. Y.. where he
was educated. He taught in western New York
and Ohio, and in 1830 engaged in tratle in Albion,
N. Y., where he began to attract notice as a tem-
perance and anti-slavery advocate. He removed to
Rochester in 1837, and went to Michigan in 1839
to conduct the " Michigan Freeman," an anti-slav-
ery organ, at Jackson. He took an active part in all
the conventions and movements of the Alx>lition-
156
TREAT
TREAT
ists, supporting James G. Birnev for president in
1840 and 1844 and John P. Hale in 1852. In 1854
he was nominated by the Free-soil party for com-
missioner of the state land-office and twice elected,
lie acquired note, especially by a remarkable state
paper in which he denied the constitutionality of
the jmyment by the state of the expenses of the
judges of the supreme court. The correctness of
his views on the question was maintained by the
state auditors in opposition to the attorney-gen-
eral. He lived in retirement after 1859 on a farm
near Jackson. He became first known to the pub-
lic as the author of a work entitled "American
Lilwrties and American Slavery Morally and Po-
litically Illustrated" (Rochester, 1888).
TREAT, Robert, governor of Connecticut, b.
in England in 1(J22; d. in Milford, Conn., 12 July,
1710. Early in the 17th century he came to Weth-
ersfield, Conn., with his father, Richard, who died
there in 16G9. The latter was a deputy from 1644
till 1658, assistant or magistrate from 1658 till 1665,
and a patentee of the c-narter that was granted to
Connecticut by Charles II. in 1662. His estate of
about 900 acres in what is now Glastonbury was
long known as the Treat farm. The son removed
to Milford in 1689, and, although only eighteen
years of age, was appointed one of nine men to
survey and lav out the land. He was a deputy
in 1653-'9 ami again in 1665, and was assistant
from 1659 till 1664. Mr. Treat was active in op-
posing the movement for consolidation of Con-
necticut and New Haven. The dissatisfied fac-
tion of the New Haven colony determined to seek
another settlement, and the result was the found-
ing of Newark, N. J. Robert Treat went with
them, and was the first town-clerk of the new set-
tlement as well as a deputy to the 1st assembly
trom 1667 till 1672. He was also granted a home
lot of eight acres there. In 1672 he returned to
Milford, where he had been made lieutenant in the
train-band in 1654, and promoted captain in 1661.
He became major in 1673. In 1675 he was chosen
commander-in-chief of the forces for the war with
King Philip, and drove the Indians from North-
field and Springfield. In their assault upon Had-
ley he put them to flight, and he took an active
part in the destruction of the fort of the Narra-
Eansetts, 19 Dec, 1675. Maj. Treat is said to have
een the last to leave the fort. He was elected
deputy governor of Connecticut in 1676, and served
till 1683, when Ije was elected governor. He was
chosen again to the former post in 1698 and served
till 1708. In 1683 he was elected governor and
served till 1698, not including the two years under
Sir Edmund Andros. In 1683 a dispute arose
with the governor of New York, who claimed that
Rye, Greenwich, and Stamford belonged to his ju-
risdiction. Gov. Treat was chosen one of the com-
missioners to settle the controversy, and a compro-
mise was made by giving un Rye and retaining the
two other towns. When King James II. deter-
mined to withdraw their charters from the colonies
and place them under a governor appointed by the
crown, the loss of the liberties of the colony seems
to have been a foregone conclusion from the very
beginning to Mr. Treat's mind, and he determined
to delay the calamity as long as possible. Accord-
ing to the " instructions " that he drew up for the
colony's agent, his duty was first to prevent if pos-
sible the loss of the charter, and secondly, failing
in this, to plead that the colony might not be di-
vided and united to others, but allowed to remain
intact. Subsequently the hope was expressed that
if Conneeticut was to be united with some other
colony, she might be annexed to Massachusetts
rather than to New York. When Gov. Andros de-
manded the surrender of the charter, the governor
and council replied that thev could not comply
with the request till they had heard from the king.
Finally Andros went to Hartford on 31 Oct., 1687,
to take charge of the government, and, according
to Dummer, an almost contemporary writer, he
" seized their charter for the king." It is common-
ly supposed that he did not obtain the charter.
(J>ee Andeos.) There is no record that he ever de-
manded it of the assembly. He had gained pos-
session of the government, was loyally received by
the people, and, moreover, the proceedings of the
next day prove that Andros could have known
nothing oi the hiding of the charter from him.
This act of disloyalty would certainly have caused
trouble : but the hiding of a charter may have
been strictly true, though there is no mention of it
in the records or by contemporary writers. On 1
Nov., Gov. Treat, though on various pretexts he
had refused to surrender the charter for about two
years, was made one of Gov. Andres's council, and
within a week colonel of militia in New Haven
county. Connecticut suffered less from the tyran-
nical acts of Andros than any other of the colo-
nies, doubtless owing to the guidance of Mr. Treat.
On 9 May, 1689, after the retellion against Andros,
Gov. Treat and the old magistrates under the char-
ter resumed the offices from which they had been
deposed in 1687. — His son, Samuel, clergvman, b.
in Milford, Conn., in 1648 ; d. in Eastham, Mass.. 18
March, 1717, was graduated at Harvard in 1669,
received a call to Eastham, on Cape Cod, in 1672,
and was ordained in 1675 at a salary of £50 a year,
which was subsequently increased, besides several
grants of land. He had about 500 Indians under
his pastoral care, whose affections he so effectually
gained by visiting their wigwams and joining in
their festivities that they looked upon him as a
father. He translated the " Confession of Faith "
into the Nauset dialect for the use of the Indians.
In 1678 and in 1713 he preached the election ser-
mon, the former at Plymouth. He was the grand-
father of Robert Treat Paine, the signer of the
Declaration of Independence, and the great-grand-
father of the Rev. James Freeman, the first Uni-
tarian clergyman of Boston. — Samuel's great-grand-
son, Joseph, soldier, b. in Bangor, Me., 8 Dec.,
1775; d. there, 27 Feb., 1853, became a civil engi-
neer, but was commissioned captain in the 21st U. S.
infantry on 12 March, 1812. Owing to the envy
of some of his superior oflScers, he was accused of
cowardice at the battle of Chippewa, 5 July, 1814;
but upon trial he was honorably acquitted, none of
his accusers appearing against him. He was mus-
tered out in 1815, in 1817 and 1818 was a member
of the general court of Massachusetts, and in 1820
of the Maine constitutional convention. He after-
ward became brigadier-general in the state militia.
Gen. Treat published a pamphlet entitled " The
Vindication of Capt. Joseph Treat, late of the 21st
U. S. Infantry, against tne Atrocious C'alumnies
Comprehended in Maj.-Gen. Brown's Official Re-
port of the Battle of Chippeway" (Philadelphia,
1815). — Samuel's descendant in the seventh genera-
tion, John Harvey, author, b. in Pittsfield, N. H.,
23 July, 1839, removed to Andover, Mas&, in 1856,
and was graduated at Harvard in 1862, alter -which
he engaged in business with his father in Law-
rence, Mass. In 1869 and 1875 he travelled exten-
sively in Europe and the East. He is a memlier of
historical societies in this country and P^ngland.
In 1888 he presented to Harvard a large collection
of rare booKs and to its Museum of comparative
zoology his large collection of entomological speci-
TREDWELL
TREJO
167
mens. In addition to various privately printed
i«iii[)hlots on theolopcal and archjpolopical huIv
j«fts. he is thi' niithor of " Notes on the Rubrics of
tho ('oinmunii)ii Office, with a Review of the De-
cisions of tlie Privv Council and (>i)servations on
MtMicrn Ritualism,'' with an intrcKluctory letter bv
the Rev. Morjjan Dix, S. T. D. (New York, 1882)';
"Truro liaptisms. 1711-1800" (Ijawrence. 1886);
"TheCatholic Faith, orthe Doctrines of the Church
of Rome Contrary to Sc-ripture and the Teach-
injf of the Primitive Church," with an intro«luc-
tion by the Rev. James A. lioUes (Nashotah, Wis.,
1888); and has a " Genealogy of the Treat Fami-
ly" in preparation. — Joseph's descendant, Saiii-
uel, jurist, o. in Portsmouth, N. H., 17 Dec, 181.'),
was grmluated at Harvard in \iiii7, taught while
studying law, and in lWi9 became principal of an
academy in Oeneseo, N. Y. In 1841 he removed to
St. Ijouis, Mo., where he was admitted to the bar,
ap(>ointed jtulge of the court of common pleas in
1849, and again held this office in 1851-'7. On b
March, 1857, he was ai)fx)inted U. S. judge for the
eastern district of Missouri, which office he re-
signed on 15 Feb., 1887. Judge Treat was a cor-
porator of Washington university, St. Louis, from
which he received the degree of LL. D. in 1879.
See " Proceedings of the St. Louis Bar on the Re-
tirement of Hon. Samuel Treat " (St. Louis, 1887).
— Samuel's cousin, Samuel Hubbel, jurist, b. in
Pliiinfiold. Otsego co., N. Y.. 21 June, 1811 ; d. in
Springtield, 111., 27 March, 1887, was of the seventh
? general ion from Matthias Treat, and his grand-
ather, Theo<lore, serve<l in the Revolutionary army
from 1775 till 1780. He worked on his father's
farm and studied law in Richfield, where he was
admitted to the Irnr. In 1834 he walked to Spring-
field. 111., formed a law-partnership, and practised
until 1839, when he was appointed judge of the
state circuit court and held this office until 1841.
He was transferred to the supreme bench in that
year, and served till 3 March, 1855, when he was
appointed bv President Pierce to the office of U. S.
juage for tne southern district of Illinois, which
post he held at the time of his death. His library
was one of the finest private collections in the
state, and he was active in the diocesan convention
of the Protestant Episcopal church in Illinois.
With Walter B. Scates and Robt>rt S. Blackwell
he compileii, with notes, " Illinois Law Statutes,"
embracmg all of the general laws in force, 1 Dec.,
1857 (2 vols., Chicago, 1858).
TREDWEm 'Thomas, jurist, b. in Smit4itown,
Long Island, N. Y., in 1742 ; d. in Plattsburg, N. Y.,
30 Jan., 18JJ2. He was graduated at Princeton in
17M, and was a memU'r of the New York provin-
cial congress in 1774-'5 and of the Stale ct)nstitu-
tional convention of 177tt-'7. In 1788 he was a
delegate to the convention that ratified the consti-
tution of the United States. He sat in the assem-
bly from 1777 till 178:1, and in the state senate in
1786-*9 and 1803-'7, was first judge of the court of
probate in 1778-'87, and sum)gate of Suffolk coun-
ty in 1787-'91. From 1791 till 1795 he was a mem-
wBr of congress. Judge Tredwell was an original
proprietor of Plattsburg. N. Y., represented Clin-
ton and F^sex counties in the State constitutional
convention of 1801. and was surrogate of Clinton
count V in 1807-31.
TRliltiO, lil'illiam Henry, expressman, b. in
Middleburg. Carroll co., Md., 18 Feb., 1887. He
was e<Iucated at the Baltimore public schools,
entered the service of Adams express company at
Baltimore in 1852. and passed through various
grades to the superintcnclency in 1856. During
the civil war he had charge of the transportation
of express matter for troo|j8 in the southern states.
In 1877 he projected an«l organiznl on the Balti-
more and Ohio railroad svstem the first trunk-line
railway express in the Cnited .States, and he was
intimately as.s<K-iated with its subse(|uent history.
In 1887 he organized the railwav express over the
Erie system, allied with the lialtimore and Ohio
express, and he brought about other railway express
alliances which, under rulings of the U. S. supreme
court, acquire<i an area rivalling that of cori)orate
expresses, and mlvantages that seemed to menace
the existence of the latter. Previously all exprese
business on railroads was done by express cfim-
panies as sejwrate corporations, juiying the rail-
roads a certain percentage of the earnings for haul-
ing, usually forty per cent. Under the railway
express system the railway company performed
the service directly, and secured the entire profit.
The large financial interests that were involved
placed the wealthy corporate expresses on the
defensive. The question promised to l)ecome im-
portant in American railway management. The
railway express that had YJoen founded by Mr.
Trego grew to great proportions in spite of a com-
bined corporate opposition of ten years, when
peculiar circumstances banished it as an institution
from the Unitefl States. Early in 1887 a new
management of the Philadelphia and Reading road
sold that company's express to cor|»orate interests.
Later, the same vear, embarrassments im{)elle<l the
Baltimore and Ohio railroad to part with it-s express,
and in 1888 the remaining railway express, the
Erie, succumbed to allied pressure, and was sold.
TREJO, Hernando de (tray -ho). Spanish ad-
venturer, b. in Truxillo, Estrematlura, alwut 1510;
d. in Asuncion, Paraguay, in 1555. He served
in Italy, went to Mexico alx)ut 1540. and in 1550
to La Plata with Juan de Salazar de Espinosa.
They encountered heavy seas and hurricanes, and
the adventurers became dissatisfied. Dissensions
following between the chief pilot and Juan de Sa-
lazar, the latter was deposed from the command
and "Trejo was elected in his place. But the latter,
fearing that the adelantado of La Plata would
punish him for his rebellion, landed Salazar at
San Vicente and sailed to the south, intending to
found a settlement. Driven by contrary winds, he
landed early in 1551 in a Iwy a few miles north of
Santa Catalina island and south of Cananea. There
he founded the city of San Francisco and tried to
explore the interior, but the warlike Indians
checked his progress and cut off his supplies. The
adventurers greatly suffering from want, Trejo
determined in 1553 to abandon the colony and set
out for Asuncion. Sailing up Itabucu river and
otherwise following the route that had been ex-
plore<l a few years before by CaWza de ^'aca, he
entered the territory of the Guaranis, where he was
assailed by the Indians, but he defeated them and
pursuetl his march toward Asuncion, suffering
great hardships and arriving at last in May, 155^
after a march of six months. He was impris-
oned there by Martinez de Irala, and, being re-
leased by order of the court, was appointed gov-
ernor of the city, dving a few weeks later. He
had married in San P^rancisco one o( the daughters
of the decease*! adelantado-elect, Sanal)ria. — Their
son, Hernando de TreJo j Sanabria, b. in San
Francisc<i in 155JJ; d. in Rio de Janeiro in 1614,
became a Franciscan, and is counted among the
first apostles of Brazil. He was elected in 1608
f)rovincial of the latter country, and founded col-
eges and built churches everywhere, interesting
himself to the last in th^ welfare of the Indians,
especially of the half-breeils, or Mamalucoi>, and
158
TREJO
TRENCHABD
became their leeislator. He left a valuable manu-
script, "Arte de la lenpua de los Mamalucos,"
which is t)resi>rvp<l in the archives of Simancas.
TREJO, Rafael de, Spanish soldier and histo-
rian. 1). in Ktitreniadura in the last quarter of the
15th century; d. in Mexico al)out 1540. Little is
known of his life except that he was an officer in
the band of atlventurers that attcompanied liernan
Cortes to the conquest of Mexico. He seems to
have been an educated man, as he wrote an ac-
count of the accidents of the conquest, under the
title of " Memorial de alti^unas cosas dignas de
sal)erse en la conquista de Nucva Espaila,"' the
manuscript of which, according to Torquemada,
who confesses that he used some of the contents,
existed in the government archives of Simancas,
but has not vet rH>en found.
TREM.\IN, Henry Edwin, soldier, b. in New
York city, 14 Nov., 1840. He was graduated at
the College of the city of New York in 1860 and
then entered Columbia law-school. On 17 April,
1801, he enlisted in the 7th New York regiment as
a private, and served through its two months'
campaign al)out Washington, after which, on 13
July, he entered the National volunteer service as
1st lieutenant of the 2d New York Are zouaves.
During thf peninsular campaign he' was on Gen.
Daniel K. Sickles's st^ifT, and was in the battles of
Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, and Malvern Hill. He
was then transferred to (ion. John Pope's army,
and engaged at Bnstow Station and the second
battle of Bull Run. where he wjis captured while
endeavoring to check a temporary panic and the
nipid advance of the enemy. After several months'
confinement in Libby prison he was exchanged,
resumed duty on Gen. Sickles's staff as assistant
inspector-general, and was present at Fredericks-
burg and Chancellorsville, where he served as an
aide to Gen. Joseph Hooker. Meanwhile, on 25
April. 18(^1 he had been commissioned major, and
was chief staff officer to Gen. Sickles at the battle
of Gettysburg. He was on Gen. Daniel Butter-
field's staff at Chattanooga, and took part in the
battles of Dalton and Resaca. In 1864 he was or-
dered to the Army of the Potomac and served suc-
cessively on the staffs of Gen. David M. Gregg and
Gen. George Crook, participating in the cavalry
battles under these officers, until the surrender of
the Army of Northern Virginia. He was brevetted
brigadier-general of volunteers on 30 Nov., 1865,
and continued on duty in the Carolinas until his
discharge on 29 April. 1866. Gen. Tremain then
resumed his law studies and was graduated in 1867,
after which he entered into practice, forming in
1868 the firm of Tremain and Tyler. From 1870
till 1885 he was usually retained either by or
agamst the government in its legal controversies
in New York, and he was connected with the Marie-
Garrison litigation involving the title to the Mis-
souri Pacific railroad. He has been active as a
Republican in political canvasses, and for five terms,
beginning in 1871. he has been president of the
associate alumni of the College of the city of New
York. On 19 April, 1887, he was elected colonel of
the veterans of the 7th regiment, the oldest organi-
zation of its kind in this country. His campaign
notes of " Last Hours of Sheridan's Cavalry "
were edited by John Watts de Peyster (1885).
TREMAiN, Ljnian, lawyer and statesman, b.
in Durham, Greene co., N. Y., 14 June, 1819 ; d.
in New York city, 30 Nov., 1878. After passing
through college, he studied law, and was called to
the bar in 1840. He began practice in his native
county, and continued it in Albany, was elected
superviso'r of Durham in 1842, and became district
attorney in 1844. In 1846 he was elected surro-
gate and county judge of Greene county, and in
1858 he became attorney-general of the state of
New York. He was sent to the assembly in 1866-'8,
and in 1872 was elected congressman as a Repub-
lican over Samuel S. Cox, serving from -1 Dec.,
1873, to 3 March, 1875. — His son, Lyman, soldier,
b. in Durham, Greene co., N. Y., in June, 1843 ; d.
near Petersburg, Va., 6 Feb., 1865, entered Hobart
in 1860, but abandoned his studies in 1862, and
entered the National army. He was appointed ad-
jutant of the 7th New York heavy artdlery. served
in the defences of Washington, and was afterward
made assistant adjutant-general, with the rank of
captain, on the staff, in Kilpatrick's division of the
Army of the Potomac. In December, 1864, he
was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 10th
New York cavalry. He commanded this regiment
at the battle of Hatcher's run, where he received
the wound of which he died.
TRENCHARD, Edward, naval officer, b. in
New Jersey in 1784; d. in Brooklyn. N. Y., 3 Nov.,
1824. He was descended from the English family
of Trenchards, of Somersetshire and Wolverton,
one of whom settled at Salem, N. J., and his
grandfather, George Trenchard. was attorney-gen-
eral of West New Jersey. Edward was appointed
a midshipman in the U. S. navy on 30 April, 1800,
and became lieutenant on 18 Feb., 1807; com-
mandant, 24 July, 1813; and captain, 5 March,
1817. During the war of 1812-'15 he served with
Col. Isaac Chauncey on Lake Ontario, and com-
manded the " Madison " during some of her en-
gagements on the lake, and rendered meritorious
services in the blockade of Kingston, and other
operations. He had the sloop "John Adams" in
the Mediterranean squadron after the Algerine war
in 1815-17, was promoted to captain, 5 March,
1817, and commanded the sloop "Cyane" on the
coast of Africa in 1819-'22. — His son, Stephen
Decatur, naval officer, b. in Brooklyn. N. Y., 10
July, 1818, was appointed a midshipman in the
U. 'S. navv, 23
Oct., 1834, "after
making a cruise
as acting mid-
shipman in the
European squad-
ron in 1832. He
was at the
naval school
in Philadelphia
in 1839-'40. be-
came passed mid-
shipman, 16 Ju-
ly, 1840, and was
on coast survey
duty in 1845-'6.
During this ser-
vice Trenchard
was on board the
brig " Wa.shing-
ton " when she
was wrecked off the coast of North Carolina, and
was one of the few that were saved. He was made
lieutenant, 27 Feb., 1847, was on the " Saratoga " in
Mexico in that year, and while again on coast survey
duty in 1853-7 rescued the British bark i' Adieu ''
off Gloucester, Mass., when in great p)eril, saving all
hands and the entire cargo, for which service he
was presented with a sword by the queen of Eng-
land, and a watch by the underwriters of the bark.
He was in the "Powhatan" on her diplomatic
cruise to China and Japan in 1857-'60. and acted
as aide, or flag-lieutenant, to Com. Josiah Tatnall,
^^fe^^i^^^L.^*:^
TUKNHOLM
TUKVETT
159
and was with the commodore when he visited the
British Admiral Hope. Lieut. Trenchanl was
slightly wounded at the battle of Peiho River.
I)uring the civil war he was one of the first officers
to tfo on duty, as he was ordered to command the
"Keystone Estate" on 19 Anril, 1861. He went
with' that steamer to Norfolk navv-yard ; but the
yanl was burning when the " K^eystone State "
arrived, and the vessel assisted in rescuing such
prof)erty as was savp«l. Lieut. Trpiichard was
ordered" on 19 June, 18(51, to the " Rhode Island,"
which was first used as a supply and special despatch
ship, but she was afterwarti converted into a
lieavily armed cruiser and ordered to the North
Atlantic squadron. While the "Rhode Island"
was towinp the " Monitor " from Hampton Roads
to Hcaufort, N. C, the latter foundered off Cape
Ilatteras, but, through the exertions of the officers
and crew of the " Rhode Island," the majority of
the " Monitor's" crew were saved. His vessel was
afterward attached to the special West Indian
squadron to look after the "Alabama "and " Flori-
da," and also to the South Atlantic squadron for
a short time. During her early service as a cruiser
she captured several valuable prizes. Trenchard
was made commander in July, 1862, and took an
active part in both bt>mbardments of Fort Fisher
and its capture. He became captain in July, 1866,
and commodore, 7 May, 1871, was on the examining
board in 1871-'2, and "served as light-house inspec-
tor and on headauarters duty in 1873-'5. He was
promoted rear-admiral, 10 Aug., 1875, and com-
manded the North Atlantic souadron in 1876- '8.
In 1876 Admiral Trenchard hatl twenty-one vessels
in his squadron, which was the largest since the war.
He was retired. 10 July, 1880. — Stephen Decatur's
son, Edward, artist, b. in Phila<Ielphia, Pa., 17
Aug., 1850, studied art with Peter Moran and
others during 1864-'72, and afterward at the Na-
tional academy and the Art students' league. His
works include'" The Passing Shower "(1874), "The
Old Wreck " (1875), and " t£a. Sand, and Solitude "
(1H76), all exhibited at the Academy of design;
"The Breaking Waves djushed high''* (1876); "A
Tropic Beach" (1S7»): and "The Surf" (1882).
TRENHOLM, George A., merchant, b. in South
(.Carolina in 1806 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 10 Dec.,
1876. He was for many years a merchant in
Charleston. Prior to the civil war his firm trans-
acted a large business in cotton, and enjoyed almost
unlimited credit abroad. During the war they
were engaged extensively in blockade-running, atiil
were interested in many daring attempts to obtain
supplies from Nassau. He was a strong adherent
of the Confederacy, and was appointed secretary
of the Confeilerate treasury in 1864, which office
he held until the close of the war. He was taken
prisoner by National troops and held until October,
1865, when he wjis pardoned bv President Johnson.
TRESCOT, Will lam Henfv, diplomatist, b. in
Charleston, S. (;., 10 Nov., 1822. He was gradu-
ated at the College of Charleston in 1840, studied
law, and was admitted to the bar in 1843. He also
engaged in planting on one of the sea islands near
Beaufort. Nir. Trescott became U. S. secretary of
legation at Ix)ndon in December, 18.52, and assist-
ant secretary of state in June, 1860, but he resigned
that office upon the secession of his state. He was
elected to the legislature in 1862, 1864, and 1866,
and during that perio<i was on the staff of Gen.
Roswell S. Ripley and afterward a member of the
executive council. He was selected by James L.
Petigru to assist him in preparing the code of law
for the state. At the close of the civil war he was
sent to Washington to represent the state on cer-
tain questions under the reconstruction act«. In
June, 1877, he was apt)oint(>d counsel for the
United States on the flsherv commission at Hali-
fax, N. S. He was one of the pleifipotentiaries
to China to revise the treaties in April, 1880, and
was appointed by Sec. Evarta to continue and
conclu<le the negotiations with the Columbian min-
ister, and the protcK-ol in reference to the rights of
the United States on the Isthmus of Panama, in
February, 1881. He was an[)ointed 8t>ecial envoy to
the belligerents in South America (Peru, Chili, and
Bolivia) in November, 1881, and plenijtotcntiary
with Gen. Grant to negotiate a commercial treat^
with Mexico in August, 1882. At present he is
practising law in Washington, D. C, and is agent for
the state of South Carolina for the settlement of di-
rect tax ouestions. He is the author of " Thoughts
on the foreign Policy of the United States" (pri-
vately printed, Charleston, 1849); "Diplomacy of
the Revolution" (New York, 1852); "Jjetter to
Andrew P. Butler on the Diplomatic System of the
United States" (185J^) ; " An American View of the
Eastern Question" (Charleston, 1854); "Diplo-
matic History of the Administrations of Washmg-
ton and Adams" (Boston, 1857); a memoir of Gen.
Johnson Pottigrew (1870) ; and various addres-ses,
including one on Gen. Stephen Elliott, delivered
before the South Carolina legislature.
TRESHAN, PhUippe Fran<^ois de la Renan-
di^re de, French geographer, b. in Vire, Nor-
mandy, in 1781; d. in Paris in Febniary, 1845.
He was for several years president of the civil tri-
bunal of his native city, but resigned in 1815 to
devote himself to geographical researches, and be-
came in 1823 editor of the noted collection "IjCs
annal&s des voyages." Besides his contributions
on South and North American scenery to this
Bjriodical, he prepared a new edition of Malte-
run's geography, and published, among other
works, "Notice sur Mexico, suivie d'un coun d'oeil
historique sur les derniers evenements qui s y stint
succedes depuis 1810 " (Paris, 1824) ; " Histoire du
Mexique " (1829); "Voyages de Christophe Co-
lomb (1836); " La guerre civile dans TAm^rique
du Sud" (1840): and " I^ Mexique" (1843).
TRESSLER, David Loy. clergyman, b. m Lovs-
ville. Perry co., Pa., 5 Feb.. 1839 ; d." in Carthage, III.,
20 Feb., 1880. He was graduated at Pennsylvania
college, Gettysburg, in 1860. with the highest hon-
ors of his class, in the autunm of the same year
he became principal of Loysville academy. In 1862
he raised a company of volunteers, and served as
captain for nine months in the civil war. partici-
pating in the battles of South Mountain. Antietara,
and Fredericksburg, where he received two severe
wounds. He was admitted to the bar in 1864. and
was engaged in the practice of his profession until
1870. wnen he removed to Mendota, III., and short-
ly afterward entered the ministry of the Lutheran
church, accepting a call to Lena, III. In 1872 he
iH'came professor of ancient languages in Carthage
college, III., and its treasurer. In the following
year he was elected president of the college, which
I)ost he occupied until his death. Under him the
college was thoroughly organized, and pros[>ered.
In 1876 he received the" degree of Ph. I), from Wit-
tenberg college, Springfielil, Ohio. He published
two baccalaureate sermons and occasional articles
in the jn'ri<i<licals of his chun-h.
TREVETT, John, naval officer, b. in 1747; d.
in Newport. R. I., in Novemlx'r, 1823. In Novem-
ber, 1775. he entered the Continental navy as a
midshipman on board the "Columbus," and was
soon promoted to be a lieutenant, in which ca[>acity
he served under Cora. Esek Hopkins. In 1776 he
160
TREVETT
TRIMBLE
was attached to the " Andrea Doria," commanded
the marines in the " Providence," and was active
in the canture of New Providence. He joined the
frigate " rnlmbuU " in 1780, and lost his right eve
in an engagement ; then went on a cruise in tne
" Deane," but was taken prisoner and carried to
St. Joiin's, where he remained two years.
TREVETT, Samuel Russell, s..ldier, b. in Mar-
blehead. Mass., in 1751 ; d. there, 19 Jan., 1832. He
serve<l with c<x)lness and courage at the battle of
Bunker Hill, where he commanded a company of
artillery, and again in the Rhode Island expedition
in August, 1778. In 1812 ho was captured by a
British vessel as he was returning to this country
from Sweden, where he had l)een engaged for four
years in trade. From July, 1814, till nis death he
commanded a V. S. revenue-cutter at Boston. — His
son, Samuel Russell, surgeon, b. in Marblehead,
20 Aug.. 178;{; d. in Norfolk. Va.. 4 Nov.. 1822,
wjis graduated at Harvard in 1804, and began prac-
tice in Boston, but was soon afterward appomted
to the navy. He served in the frigate " United
States" when she captured the "Macedonian,"
and was in the " President " when that vessel was
taken by the British in 1815. He distinguished
himself by his bravery on the burning steamboat
" Phoenix " on Lake Champlain in September, 1819.
After tlie war he was appointed surgeon of the navy-
yard at Charleston, ana in 1822 he was detailed as
surgeon on board the sloop-of-war " Peacock." For
some time previous to his death he had been en-
gaged in collecting materials for a biography of
American physicians. — His son, Russell, educator,
b. in Marblehead, Mass., 30 Dec, 1817 ; d. in North
Salem, Westchester co., N. Y., 8 March, 18(55, was
grmluated at Columbia in 1835, and entered the
ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church. He
wa.s professor of classics and history at St. James's
college, Md., in 1844-'55, and of ancient languages
at St. John's college, Annapolis, Md., in 1855-'6l,
and was rector of St. James's church. North Salem,
N. Y., from 1861 till his death. A volume of his
sermons, with a sketch of the author by John B.
Kerfoot. was published (New York. 1869).
TRIGANI), Jacques Nicolas Bellin de (tree-
pahng). French geographer, b. in Paris in 1703; d.
in Versailles, 21 March, 1772. He entered the em-
ployment of the navy department, and was in-
structed t« make charts of all the oceans and seas.
His "Neptune Frangais" (Paris, 1753) contains
charts of the coast of France, and his " Hydro-
graphie Fran^aise " (1756) contains eighty charts
of the coast of both Americas, Asia, and Africa.
His "Petit atlas maritime" (5 vols., 1764) is spe-
cially devoted to the coast of North and South
AmericA, and contains also the plan of most of
the important harbors and maritime cities. He
prepared also all the charts that are in Abbe Pre-
vost's "Histoire generale des voyages," and con-
tributed to the Academy of sciences several " Me-
moires sur les cotes de rAmeric|ue Sept«ntrionale,"
which were collected and prmted (Paris, 1755).
His works include also " Essais geographiques sur
les lies Britanniques" (1763); "Essai sur la Guy-
ane" (1757); "Geographic des Antilles" (1765);
and " Essai sur I'ile de Saint Domingue" (1766).
TRIMADEi:C,«uiPlouvencal(tre-mah-duk),
Baron de, French naval officer, b. in the castle of
Trimadeuc. near Auray, Brittany, in 1720; d. there
in 1784. He entered the maritime service when
fourteen years old, assisted in the battle off Toulon
in 1740, and, being promoted to the command of
the brig "Pluto" in 1749, was attached to the sta-
tion of Canada, and made an exploration of the
northern coast of America. He escorted a convoy
of troops from Brest to Quebec in 1756, sustained
afterward a successful engagement with a British
division off Louisburg, which he relieved, and,
being sent to the West Indies, defended the islands
of Grenada and St. Vincent, and raised the block-
ade of Cape Fran(;ais in Santo Domingo. He was
promoted brigadier-general of the naval forces in
1763, brevetted chef d'escadre in 1778, and sent
with a division to operate on the coast of North
America. After ruining the cod-fisheries of New-
foundland, he assisted in the siege of Savannah in
1779, defeated Admiral Drake in the West Indies
in 1780, and fought till the conclusion of peace in
1783, when he was retired with the rank of com-
mander of the order of Saint Louis.
TRIMBLE, Allen, statesman, b. in Augusta
county, Va., 24 Nov., 1783; d. in Hillsborough,
Ohio, 2 Feb., 1870. His father, Capt. James, re-
moved in 1784 to Lexington, Ky., where he died
in October, 1804. Allen then settled in Highland
county, Ohio, where he was clerk of the courts and
recorder in 1809-'16. He commanded a mounted
regiment under Gen. William Henry Harrison in
1812-'13, was a state representative in 1816, state
senator in 1817-'26, and speaker of the house in
1819-"26. He was acting governor of Ohio in
1821-2, governor in 1826-'30, and in 1846-'8 was
president of the first state board of agriculture.
While he was governor he did much to extend and
improve the common-school system, encouraged
manufacturing companies, and promoted peniten-
tiarv reform. — His brother, William A., senator,
b. in Woodford. Kv., 4 April, 1786; d. in Wash-
ington. D. C, 13 bee, 1821, was graduated at
Transylvania college, studied law with Judge Rob-
ert Trimble, was admitted to the b&r in 1811, and
began practice at Highland, Ohio. He was adju-
tant of his brother Allen's regiment in the cam-
Eaign against the Pottawattamie Indians in 1812,
ecame major of Ohio volunteers, 7 May, 1812, and
was taken prisoner at the capture of Detroit. He
was appointed major of the 26th U. S. infantry,
18 March. 1813, brevetted lieutenant-colonel, 17
Sept., 1814. for gallantry at the sortie at Fort
Erie, in which he was severely wounded, and be-
came lieutenant-colonel of the 1st infantry, 30 Nov.,
1814. Col. Trimble was transferred to the 8th in-
fantry, 17 May, 1815, and resigned, 1 March, 1819.
He was then elected U. S. senator from Ohio, and
sen-ed from 1819 till his death. He was a com-
missioner with Gen. Lewis Cass in 1821 to treat
with the northwestern Indians at Green Bay.
TRIMBLE, David, manufacturer, b. in Fred-
erick county, Va., about 1782 ; d. in Trimble's Fur-
nace, Ky., ^6 Oct., 1842. He was educated at Will-
iam and Mary college, studied law, and removed
to Kentucky in 1804. He was engaged in the war
of 1812, and served during two campaigns under
Gen. William Henry Harrison. In 1817 he was
elected to congress, where he served without inter-
ruption till 1827, and was highly esteemed for his
integrity and devotion to his public duties. After
retiring from congress he engaged in agriculture
and iron manufacture, and in the latter industry
did much to develop the resources of the state.
— His nephew, Isaac Ridgeway, soldier, b. in
Culpeper county, Va.. 15 May, 1802 : d. in Balti-
more, Md., 2 Jan., 1888, was the son of J«hn Trim-
ble, who removed to Kentucky in 1805 and settled
on the military reservation at Fort Stirling. His
uncle David procured him the appointment of
cadet at the U. S. military academy, where he en-
tered in 1818, making the entire journey on horse-
back, and generally oy night, to avoid being at-
tacked by Indians, lie was graduated in 1822,
TRIMBLE
TROLLOPE
161
C^/?/^..rJA
and detailed to survey the military road from
Washiuifton to Ohio river. He alsoservwl at Ros-
tou aiul New York, He resi^'netl in 1832, ami
pursued the pnjfession of tivil engineering. In
lKi4 he IxH-ftine chief engineer of the JJaltimore
and Sus<|uehnnna railroad, which he completed to
York, I'a.. in 1837. He was alst) chief engineer of
the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Raltiuiore rail-
road, and of the Boston and Providence railroatl.
He was engaged in
large railroad oin-r-
ations in the West
Indies when the
civil war began in
18U1, and was on
the point of set-
ting out from Cuba
when he was as-
signetl to the com-
mand of the non-
uniformed volun-
teers that were or-
ganized to defend
Baltimore from
northern troops.
He entered the mili-
tary service of the
state of Virginia in
Mav, 1861. as colo-
nel of engineers, and was ordered l)y Gen. Robert
E. Lee to take charge of the construction of the
field-works and forts for the defence of Norfolk!
Ujjon their completion he was promoted brigadier,
and ordered to report to Gen. Josenh E. Johnston
at Ceritreville, who directed him to hxiate and con-
struct batteries at Evansport on Potomac river, so
as to close that river against U. S. vessels. With
them he efifectually l)lofkaded the river during the
winter of 1861-'2. In November, 1861, he was as-
signed to the command of the 7th brigade of
Ewell's division, and when Gen. Ewell was ordered
to report to Gen. Thomas J. Jackson in May, 1862,
Trimble took an active part in the campaign that
ensued against Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, Gen. John
C. Fremont, and Gen. James Shields. He selected
the Confederate position for the battle of Cn)8s
Keys, 8 June, 1802, with the consent of Gen. Kwell,
who gives him credit for it in his report. He led
his bngmle at the liattle of Gaines's Mills and the
suljseqiient seven days' Iwttles. At the Imttle of
Slaughter's Mountain. 12 Aug., 1862, between the
armies of Gen. John Pojh? and Gen. Jackson, he
did good service, and on the night of 27 Aug.,
1802, with the 21st North Carolina and 21st Geor-
gia ri'giments, he captured Manassas Junction,
with supplies of subsistence, clothing, and ammu-
nition. For this Gen. Jackson reconimended his
promotion to be major-general. When Jackson
was promoted to com maim a corps he selected Gen.
Trin>ble to succeetl him in command of his division.
Trimble was wounded at the second battle of Bull
Run, 28 Aug., 1802, was ar)|x)inteil major-general
on 23 April, 1803, commancW a division of the 2d
corps at Chancellorsville, and in June, 186;J. Gen.
Lee offeretl hira the command of the valley district
to form the left wing of the Army of Northern Vir-
ginia. He was in Gen. George h. Pickett's charge
on the third dav of the battle of Gettysburg, where
he was wounded and captured, and lost a leg. He
remained in prison at Johnson's island twentr-one
months, and was exchanged in April, 1805. Hast-
ening to rejoin Gen. Ijee, on reaching Lynchburg
he found that Lee had surrendered the day before
at Appomattox. He then returned to Baltimore,
where he remained until his death.
TOL. TI. — 11
TRIM BLE, Robert, jurist, b. in Berkeley ooud-
ty, Va., in 1777; d. 25 Aug., 1828. When three
years old his fiarents removed to Kentucky. He
was largely self-educate*!, taught for several years,
studied law, and was licenseifto practise in 1808.
He settled in Paris, Ky., and the same year was
elected to the legislature, but afterward would not
|)erinit himself to be nominated for anv political
office. Devoting himself exclusively to Lis profes-
sion, he soon became known as an able jurist. In
1808 he was appointed second judge of the court
of ap|XMils, and in 1810 he was apiwinted chief
justice of Kentucky. He Ijecame L. S. di.strict at-
torney in 1813, was district judge of Kentucky in
1816-''26, and in the latter year was appointed a
justice of the U. S. supreme court, which i>08t he
filled till his death.— His brother, John, jurist,
b. in Clark county, Ky., in 1783; d. in Harrison
county, Ky., 17 iune, 1852, received a classical
etlucation, studied law with his brother Rol>ert,
and was admitte<l to the Imr. He became a circnit
judge of Kentucky, and afterward a judge of the
court of appeals.
TRIPPE, John, naval officer, d. at sea, off Ha-
vana, 9 July, 1810. He entered the navy as a sail-
ing-master,* 6 May, 1803, and sailed in the brig
'* Vixen " to join Preble's scjuadron ofif Tripoli. In
August, 1804, he was apjwinted acting lieutenant
and placed in command of gun-l)oat No. 0. In the
attack on the Tri{)olitan fleet he lK)ardetl one of
the largest of the enemy's vessels, and had a hand-
to-hand conflict with her commander, while he was
armed with only a short pike. He received nine
sabre-cuts across the head, but thriist his pike
through his adversary, whereupon the Tripolitan
crew surrendered, rie also distinguished himself
subsequently during the Tripolitan war, and re-
ceiveu a vote of thanks and a sword from congress.
He was promoted to lieutenant, 9 Jan., 1807, and
in 1809 was lieutenant-commandant in command
of the schooner " Enterprise," on which he died.
TRIST, Nicholas PhlliD. lawyer, b. in Char-
lottesville, Va.. 2 June, 1800; d. in Alexandria,
Va., 11 Feb., 1874. He was educated at the U. S.
military academy, and was assistant professor of
French there in 1818-'19, but resigned Ijefore he was
graduated, adopting the profession of law. which
he studie<l unuer Thomas Jefferson. He was 1st
clerk in the U. S. treasury department in 1828,
Brivate secretary to President Jackson in 1829, and
L S. consul at Havana in 1834-'6. He became
assistant secretary of state in 1845. and in 1848 was
sent as peace commi.ssioner to Mexico, where he ne-
gotiated and signe<l the treaty of Guadalupe Hi-
dalgo. He then resumed the practice of his pro-
fession. In 1870 President Grant appointed nim
postmaster at Alexandria. Va. Mr. Trist trans-
lateil a treatise on " Milch Cows " from the French
of M. F. Guenon (New York, 1857).
TROLLOPE, Frances MUton, author, b. in
Heckfield, Hamj»shire, England, about 1780; d. in
Florence. Italy, 0 Oct.. 1803. She was the daughter
of Rev. William Milton, and in 1809 married An-
thony Trolloj)e, a l>arrister at law. The union
proved unhappy, and in 1829 she came to this coun-
try and endeavored to establish herself in business
in Cincinnati, Ohio. Failing in this enterprise,
she returned to England in 18:11. and published
" Domestic Manners of the Americans,' in which
rude and ludicrous phases of American character
and habits were depicted in a broad but witty cari-
cature (2 vols.. Ijondon, 1832). She sul)seauently
led a career of great literary activity, travelled ex-
tensively on the continent, and became among the
most voluminous of English female writers. Her
162
TROLLOPE
TROUBAT
first book was followed by a novel entitled " The
Refugee in America "(1832), and " The Adventures
of Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw" (1836), both il-
lustrative of the vulgar side of American manners
and character. Her other writings include numer-
ous novels, and " Belgium and Western Germany "
(2 vols., London, 1834) ; " A Visit to Italy " (2 vols.,
1842) ; and " Travels and Travellers " (1846).— Her
son, Thomas Adolphus, is a voluminous author,
and was for many years Italian correspondent of the
New York "Tribune." — Another son, Anthonv,
(1815-1882), was connected with the British postal
service in 1834-'67, and was sent by the govern-
ment several times to this country to compare the
English system with that in the United States. He
is best known by his numerous novels. He also
published a book of travels in this country, entitled
" North America " (London, 1862), and his auto-
biogra])hv appeared soon after his death (1883).
TROLiOFE, Sir Henry, British naval officer,
b. in Norwich, England, in 1756 ; d. in Freshford,
near Bath, England, 2 Nov., 1839. He entered the
navy in 1770, participated in the battles of Lex-
ington and Bunker Hill, and afterward in the siege
of Boston, was with Lord Dunmore in Virginia,,
and assisted at the taking of Rhode Island. He.
became 3d lieutenant of the " Bristol " in 1777, as-
sisted at the attack on Fort Montgomery and Fort
Clinton, and subsequently served at Philadelphia
and Mud island. He became a post-captain in
1781, and was knighted for his participation in the
victory of Camperdown. He became full admiral
in 1812, and was a knight commander of the Bath.
TROOST, Gerard, mineralogist, b. in Bois Le
Due, Holland, 15 March, 1776; d. in Nashville,
Tenii.. 14 Aug., 1850. He was educated at the
universities of Leyden and Amsterdam, where he
devoted special attention to chemistry, geology,
and natural history. In 1801 he received the degree
of master in pharmacy from the latter university.
For a time he practised his art at the Hague and
elsewhere, but soon went to Paris, where he became
the pupil of the Abbe Haiiy. In 1809 he was ap-
pointed by Louis Bonaparte, then king of Holland,
scientific attache of a naval expedition to Java,
but- he was captured by an English privateer, and,
after confinement in Dunkirk, returned to Paris.
He then made his way on an American sailing
vessel from La liochelle to Philadelphia, hoping
thence to reach Java. Soon after his arrival in the
United States, Louis Bonaparte relinquished the
throne, and Java was surrendered to the English.
In consequence he determined to remain in Phila-
delphia, where, in 1812, he assisted in founding the
Academy of natural sciences, and was its president
in 1812-17. The first works in the United States
for the manufacture of alum were organized by him
in 1814 at Cape Sable, Md. ; but the enterprise was
unsuccessful. He returned to Philadelphia, and in
1821 was appointed professor of mineralogy in the
Philadelphia museum. He delivered public lec-
tures on that branch and on chemistry at the
Philadelphia college of pharmacy, also making
geological excursions into New Jersey, New York,
and elsewhere. In 1825 he removed to New Har-
mony, Ind., with Robert Owen and others, but, be-
coming dissatisfied, settled in Nashville in 1827.
He was appointed professor of chemistry, geology,
and mineralogy in the University of Nashville in
1828, which c-hair he held until his death, and in
1831 he was made state geologist, an office he
filled until 1849. Prof. Troost gathered an exten-
sive collection of minerals, including about 15,000
specimens, as well as more than 5,000 geological
specimens and various other articles, constituting
a cabinet that at that time was considered the
finest in the possession of a single individual in
the United States. He was a memljer of many sci-
entific and philosophical societies in the United
States and Europe, and translated into Dutch
Alexander von Humlx)ldt's " Aspects of Nature."
Besides pumerous contributions to the transactions
of learned societies, he published a " Geological
Survey of the Environs of Philadelphia" (Phila-
delphia, 1826), and nine "Annual Geological Re-
ports of Tennessee " (Nashville, 1835-'48).
TROTT, Nicholas, jurist, b. in England in
1663 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, in 1740. After a
residence in the Bahamas, of which he was gover-
nor, he emigrated to South Carolina about 1690,
settling in Charleston. He became speaker of the
assembly in 1700, was a councillor in 1703, and
subsequently a judge. Ho was deeply versed in
the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages and in
the principles of jurisprudence, and during nearly
forty years was among the chief men in the prov-
ince. He revised and published " Laws of South
Carolina before 1734" (2 vols., Charieston, 1736),
and is the author of " Clavis Linguae SanctaB "
(1719), and " Laws relating to the Church and the
Clergy in America" (London, 1721).
TROTTER, George, soldier, b. in Virginia in
1779 ; d. in Lexington, Kv., 13 Oct., 1815. His fa-
ther, Lieut.-Col. James Trotter, was a soldier in
the Revolution. The son entered the army in 1812,
§,t the beginning of the second war with Great
Britain, as a captain in a volunteer company of
dragoons, was wounded in action with the Indians
under Col. John B. Campbell on 18 Dec. of that
year, became lieutenant-colonel of Kentucky vol-
unteers in 1813, and led a brigade from his state,
with rank of brigadier-general, at the battle of the
Thames, 5 Oct., 1813.
TROTTER, James Fisher, jurist, b. in Bruns-
wick county, Va., 5 Nov., 1802 : d. in Holly Springs,
Miss., 9 March, 1866. He emigrated with his par-
ents to eastern Tennessee at an early age, received
a careful education, and in 1820 was admitted to
the bar. He settled in Hamilton, Monroe co., Miss.,
in 1823, and soon established a reputation as a con-
stitutional lawyer. After serving several terms iu.
the legislature, he was chosen, in 1837, a judge of
the circuit court of his district, and in 1838 suc-
ceeded Judge John Black in the U. S. seriate, hav-
ing been chosen as a Democrat. After serving
from February to December of that vear, he re-
signed to accept a seat in the court oi appeals of
Mississippi, which he held till 1840. He then re-
sumed n^s profession, and was vice-chancellor of
the northern district of the state in 1855-'7, and
professor of law in the University of Mississippi in
1860-'2. He ardently supported the soutnem
cause during the civil war, out subsequently did
much to promote peaceable submission to the U. S.
authorities. He became a circuit judge in 1866,
TROTTER, Newbold Hough, artist, b, in
Philadelphia, Pa.. 4 Jan., 1827. He studied art in
his native city during 1853-'5, and has devoted
himself principally to painting pictures of animal
life. Mr. Trotter is a member of the Academy of
fine arts, and of various art societies in Philadel-
phia. His more important works of this class
mclude " They knew not the Voice of Strangers,"
" They only knew the Voice of Strangers," " The
Range of the Bison," "After the Combat,"
" Grizzly Bears," " The Last Stand," " El-Mahdi,"
and "In the Soudan."
TROUBAT, Francis Joseph, lawyer, b. in
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1802; d. near Paris'. France, 8
Oct., 1868. He was graduated at the University of
f
TROUDE
Pennsylvania in 1820, adopted the profession of
law, anil practised in his native city. He published,
with Williain II. Haley. " Practice in Civil Actions
and Proceedings in the Supreme Court of Penn-
sylvania "(2 vols., Philatlelphia. 1825-'9); "Trea-
tuse on the Law of Limited Partnership in the
Uniteil States " (1853) : and " Treatise on the I^aw
of Partnership " (London, 1867). He edited *' Kng-
lish Exchequer Re|K)rts" (6 vols., Philadelphia,
IKJS); "Chitty on Contracts" (18;^5); and. with
KIlis Lewis and William McCandless, "The New
Law Lihrarv" (15 vols., Harrisburg, 1845-'!)).
TROl'Dt:, Aimable (Jilles (trooil), French
naval officer, b. in Cherbourg, France, 1 June.
17(52; died there, 1 Feb., 1824. He took part in
two expeditions to Martinioue in 1777, afterward
served under D'Estaing at Newport and Boston,
and was present in all the naval engagements un-
der Ciuicnen and De Grasse. After the peace of
1783 he entered the mercantile marine, but re-
turned to the service of the state in 1792. He was
appointed commander of the '* Bergere " in 1795,
and fought several battles on the coast of Cayenne,
Brazil, and Guadeloupe. He took command of the
"Suflfren" in 1805, and assisted in the capture of
DominicA. In 1809 he commanded a squaidron in-
teiuleti to carry troops and military stores to the
West Indies, but, having been mformed that
Guadeloupe was blockatletl by the English, he
anchored at one of the Saintes islands, where he
was discovered and blockaded by an English fleet.
After some days he succeeded in forcing a passage,
and, having eluded the English cruisers, gained
the French coast. He was made rear-admiral in
1811, and was retired in 1816.
TROUP, George Mcintosh, senator, b. at Mc-
intosh Bluff, on Tombigbee river, Ga., 8 Sept.,
1780; d. in Laurens county, Ga., 3 May, 1856. lie
was graduated at Princeton in 1797, adopted the
profession of law, and in 1803-'4 served in the
legislature. He was chosen to congress in 1806 as
a Jeffersonian Democrat, held his seat by re-elec-
tion till 1815, and was an active supporter of the
administrations of President Jefferson and Presi-
dent Madison. He ardently oppose<l the compro-
mise that was made by the Federalists with the
Yazoo speculators, and sustained the war measures
against Great Britain in 1812. He became U. S.
senator in 1816, having been elected to fill the va-
cancy caused by the resignation of William W.
Bibb, servetl two years, and in 1823 became gov^
ernor of Georgia. The legislature of that year re-
?uired the executive to " use his exertions to obtain
rom the United States the extinguishment of the
Indian title to all their remaining territory in
Georgia." Gov. Troup accordingly opened a cor-
resjKitulence with the secretary of war that resulted
in the ap|)ointment of a commission that con-
cluded a treaty with the Indians by which, in con-
sideration of the payment of |27,'491, the Creeks
ceded to the state all their lands. During Gov.
Troup's administration, Ijafayette visited Georgia,
and was entertained by him with great hospitality
in the executive mansion. Troup was returned to
the U. S. senate in 1828, but retired before the ex-
ninition of his term, on Jiccount of the failure of
nis health. He was an able advocate of state sov-
ereignty, and, under the conviction that popular
rights were imperilknl, declared in 1833 " that he
would have been carried from his death-bed to the
capital rather than not have given his vote against
the force bill." See his " Life," by Edward J. Har-
den (Sjivannah, Ga., 1859).
TROUP, Robert, soldier, b. in New York city
in 1757; d. there, 14 Jan., 1882. He was gradu-
TROW
163
ated at Columbia in 1774, studied law under John
Jay, and early in 1776 joined the Revolutionary
army on Long Island as a lieutenant. He l>ecame
aide to Gen. Nathaniel Woodhull shortly after-
ward, was taken prisoner at the battle of Long
Island, and conflne<l for some time in the "Jersey
prison-ship, but in the spring of 1777 was ex-
changed and joined the army in New Jersey. He
l)ecame aide to Gen. Horatio Gates in August, and
particinated in the Imttle of Stillwater, and the
surrenuer of Gen. Burgoyne, 17 Oct., 1777. In
February, 1778. he was appointetl by congress sec-
retary of the board of war. On its dissolution in
1779 he went to New Jersey and completed his law
studies with Judge William Patterson. After the
peace he became judge of the U. S. di.strict court
of New York, held office for several years, and was
a member of the assembly. He was "the warm per-
sonal friend of Alexander Hamilton, and support-
ed him in politics. During his latter years he re-
sided in Geneva, N. Y., as princinal agent of the
great Pulteney estate. He publisned several pam-
t)hlets, inchufing " Vindication of the Claim of
<]lkanah Watson " (New York, 1821), and " Letter
on the Lake-Canal Policy of New York " (1822).
TROUSDALE, William, soldier, b. in Sumner
county, Tenn., in 1790; d. in Nashville, Tenn., in
March, 1872. He served as private and subse-
quently as lieutenant in the Creek war under Gen.
Andrew Jacks^m, participating in the battles of
Tallahatchie and Talladega. During the latter
part of the second war with (jrreat Britain he took
Sart in the capture of Pensacola and the battle of
lew Orleans. In 1836 he served in the Seminole
difficulties as major-general of militia. During
the war with Mexico ne was a colonel of infantrj',
and engaged in all the battles in the valley of
Mexico, being wounded at Molino del Rey, and
again in the attack on Chapultejiec. In lt^9-'51
he was governor of Tennessee, and in 1853-'7 he
was U. S. minister to Brazil. After that service
he did not again enter public life.
TROUVfl, Claude, French clergyman, b. in the
diocese of Tours, France, in 1642 ; d. probably in
Canada about the close of the 17th century. He
was educated by the Sulpitians in Paris, was or-
dained a sulnleacon, and sent with Francois Salig-
nac de la Motte Fenelon, the brother of the illus-
trious archbishop of Cambrai, to Canada in June,
1667. He was ordained a priest soon after his
arrival. He was then appointed to take charge of
an Iroquois mission at the western extremity of
Lake Ontario. He reached the village of Kente
on 28 Oct., 1668, and began his labors. He was
joined by other missionaries the following year,
and, witii their aid, established missions at the
villages of Gandaseteiagon and Ganeraske. He was
at Port Royal in 1690, when that town was taken
by Sir William Phipps, and was brought as a
prisoner to Boston, contrary to the terms of the
capitulation. He was exchanged toward the end
of the year, and returnetl to Canada, where he con-
tintied his missionary lal)ors.
TROW, James (t'ro), Canadian member of par-
liament, b. in Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales,
16 Dec., 1827. He was educated at Welchpool,
came to Canada in 1841, taught for seven years,
and has been warden of the county of Perth for
twenty years. He represented South Perth in the
legislative assembly in 1867-'71, was elected to the
Dominion {larliament in 1872, and re-elected in
1874, 1878. 1882, and 1887. He is a banker, con-
nected with various financial institutions, and is
one of the leatlers of the Liberals in parliament.
He wrote letters relative to the Franco- Prussian
164
TROW
TROWBRIDGE
war, which were copied extensively in the Cana-
dian press, and his contributions concerning the
northwest territories were published in pamphlet-
form, to the number of 8(),000 copies, by the Do-
minion government, although it was then under
the control of his political opponents.
TROW, John Fowler, printer, b. in Andover,
Mjuvs 29 Jan., 1810; d. in Orangi-, N. J., 8 Aug.,
1806. lie was apprenticed to a printer in his native
town for seven years, and, on attaining his raaiori-
ty, established the Nashua, N. H., •' Herald,'' which
was unsuccessful. He settled in New York city in
1833, formed a partnership in the printing business
with John F. West, became sole owner of the es-
tablishment in 1836, and in 1842 admitted Jona-
than Leavitt into the firm, but returned to the
conduct of the business alone about 1848. He was
one of the first to introduce electrotyping into
the printing business, and adopted many inven-
tions to facilitate type-setting and the manufac-
ture of books. For many years he was active
in the publication of directories, was interested in
the "Wilson Business Directory" in 1849, and in
1852 began to issue " Trow's Xew York City Direc-
tory," which has since appeared yearly. In 1865
he issued the " United States Business l)irectory,"
an undertaking of greater magnitude than hatd
ever before been attempted in this country. In
1855 he published a specimen-book of the typo-
graphic art, for which the University of New York
conferred on him the title of University printer.
TROWBRIDGE, Edmund, lawyer, b. in New-
ton, Mass., in 1709 ; d. in Cambridge. Mass., 2
April, 1792. He was graduated at Harvard in
1728, and for some time bore the name of Goff,
after an uncle. "This Goff," wrote John Adams
in 1759, "had been attorney - general for twenty
years, and commanded the practice in Middlesex
and Worcester and several other counties. He
had power to crush, by his frown or his nod, any
young lawyer in his country." He became attorney-
general of Massachusetts in 1749, and was a mem-
ber of the council several years, but lost favor with
thi- popular party in 1766, on account of his luke-
warmness in resisting British aggressions. He was
elevated to the supreme bench of Massachusetts the
next year, and, notwithstanding his loyalist princi-
ples, IS declared by all his contemporaries to have
t)een the most profound lawyer in New England
prior to the Revolution, and an honorable and ixp-
right judge. In the trial of Capt. Thomas Preston
and other British soldiers for firing on the people
in State street, Boston, 5 March, 1770, his fairness
and ability commanded universal praise. But, al-
though he was attached to the royal government,
he did not approve of all its measures, and in 1772,
alarmed at the aspect of affairs, he resigned his
office and retired to private life. As an executor
of John Alfred, a wealthy merchant of Boston, he
had the power of determining to what the latter's
bounty snould be applied, and founded in Harvard
the Alfred professorship of natural religion, moral
philosophy, and civil polity. He was the last of
the judges of the supreme court of Massachusetts
that wore the scarlet robe and powdered wig.
TROWBRIDGE, John, physicist, b. in Bos-
ton, Mass., 5 Aug., 1843. He was prepared for
Harvard at the Boston Latin - school, but was
graduated at the Lawrence scientific school of
that university in 1866. After graduation he was
made a tutor, and he continued so until 1869, when
he was called to the assistant professorship of
physics in Massachusetts institute of technology.
In 1870 he returned to Harvard to establish a
laboratory course of instruction in physics, out of
which has grown the Jefferson physical laboratory,
which is now the largest of its kind in the United
States. In order to secure this great means for
advancing the study of physical science. Prof.
Trowbridge did much in the way of personal so-
licitation, and also by publishing, both in journals
and as pamphlets, papers upon the necessity of a
well - equipped physical laboratory. His original
investigations gained for him in 1873 the degree
of S. D. from Harvard, and in 1880 he was made
professor of experimental physics. In 1888 he
was advanced to the Rumford professorship of
the application of science to the useful arts, which
chair he still (1888) holds. His scientific work has
consisted largely of original investigations con-
ducted under his direction and issued as " Contri-
butions from the Physical Laboratory of Harvard
College." His independent researches include
papers on " Animal Electricity " (1872), in which he
showed that the existence of the so-called muscu-
lar electric current had not been proved, although
generally accepted at that time. He has devised
among other instruments " A New Form of Gal-
vanometer " (1871) ; " A New Induction Coil "
(1875) ; and " A New Form of Mirror Galvanome-
ter " (1876). His later papers have had much to
do with electricity, and among his memoirs on
this subject is " On Telegraphing without a Cable "
(1884) and " Niagara Falls considered as a Source of
Electricity " (1885). During 1887-8 he instituted
experiments that have proved the presence of car-
bon and platinum in the sun, and also a series
which indicate the absence of oxygen-lines from
the solar spectrum. Prof. Trowbridge, in addition
to membership in many societies, was secretary of
the American academy of arts and sciences in
1879-'84, and in the latter year presided over the
physical section of the American association for
the advancement of science. Then he delivered
a vice-presidential address, on " What is Elec-
tricity ? " which was very rich in suggestions con-
cerning the possibilities of that science. He was a
member of the International congress of electri-
cians that met in Paris in 1883. and was a delegate
to the U. S. congress of electricians that convened
in Philadelphia in October, 1884. In 1878 he was
chosen to membership in the National academy ol
sciences. Prof. Trowbridge was one of the editors
of the "Annals of Scientific Discovery for 1869"
(Boston, 1870), and since 1879 has been an asso-
ciate editor of the " American Journal of Science,"
with charge of the notices on physics. His scien-
tific papers exceed fifty in number, and he has
published " The New Physics " (New York, 1884).
TROWBRIDGE, John Townsend, author, b.
in Ogden. N. Y., 18 Sept., 1827. He was educated
in the common schools, learned the elements of
Latin, Greek, and French without a master, and,
after teaching and working on a farm for one year
in Illinois, settled in New Y^ork city, where he wrote
for the journals and magazines. He removed to
Boston about 1848, and in 1850, during the absence
of Ben. Perley Poore in Washington, D. C, edited
his paper, the " Sentinel," but wrote for it an edi-
torial on the fugitive -slave law that nearly de-
stroyed the popularity of the paper. He has since
been connected with many magazines and news-
papers, has led an active literary life, and was man-
aging editor of "Our Young Folks" in 1870- '3.
He was one of the original contributors to the
" Atlantic Monthly " ; and the " Vagabonds," " At
Sea," and the " Pewee " among his poems, and the
popular short story " Coupon-Bonds," appeared in
that magazine. John Burroughs says of him:
"He knows the heart of a boy and the heart of a
TROWBRIDOE
TRUE
160
man, and has laid them \x>th open in his Itooks. I
His' Ni>iijhlK»rJafkw«Kxl' is the nioneerof novels of I
real life in New Kn^fland, and the ' Vagabonds' is '
the first snocinjen, and one of the best, of what has
come to be known as the Bret Harte school of
poetry." Mr. Trowbridpe luis published numerous
Dooks of ativenture, travel, and fiction, an«l his
writinjfs include " Father Hri)jhth(>i)es, or an Old
Clcrjrvman's Vacation " (Boston, IBoJJ); " Burrcliff " i
(1H.W); •' Hearts and Faces" (1853); " Home Life I
Unveiltnl " (IHiW) ; " Martin Merrivale, his X-Mark " I
(1854) ; " Ironthorpe " (1855) ; "Neighlwr Jackwood, i
a Novel of New EnRland Life" (1857); "The Old ,
Battle-Ground " (1859); "The Vagal)onds, and
other Poems " (1869) ; " The Drummer- Bov " (18G3) ;
" Cudjo's Cave " (1864) ; " The Three Scouts " (1865) ;
" Lucv Arlyn " (1866) ; " The South, a Tour of its
Battle-Fields and Ruined Cities" (Hartford, 1866);
"Neighbors' Wives" (Boston, 1867); "The Story
of Columbus" (1867); "Coupon Bonds, and other
Stories" (1871): "The Jack Hazard Series" (5
vols., 1871-'5) ; " The Emigrant's Story, and other
Poems" (1875); "The Silver Medal Series" (6
vols., 1877-'82): "The Book of Gold, and other
Poems" (New York, 1878); "A Home Idvl, and
other Poems" (1881); and "The Tide-Mill Series"
(6 vols.. Boston, 1882-'7).
TROWBRIDOE, William Petit, engineer, b.
in Oakland county, Mich., 25 May, 1828. He was
graduated at the U.S. military academy in 1848
at the head of his class, and promoted 2d lieu-
tenant in the corps of engineers. During the
last year of his course he act«d as assistant pro-
fessor of chemistry, and after graduation he spent
two years in the astronomical observatory at
West Point, preparing himself for duty in the
U. S. coast survey, to which he was ordered at
his own request. In 1852 he was assigned to
duty under Alexander D. Bache in the primary
triangulation of the coast of Maine, which in 1852
was placed under his immediate charge. Later
he executed surveys of Appomattox river, in Vir-
ginia, with a view to the improvement of its navi-
gation, and also similar surveys of James river
near Richmond. He also surveyed the Dutch gap,
and recommended the "cut-oflf,'' or canal, that was
8ubse(juently constructed. In 1853 he was sent to
the Pacific coast, where he conducted a series of
tidal and magnetic observations extending through
a period of three years along the coast from San
Diego to Puget sound. He became 1st lieutenant,
18 Dec, 1854, returned from the west in 1856, and
resigned from the corps of engineers on 1 Dec. to
accept the professorship of mathematics in the
University of Michigan, which chair he held for a
vear. At the solicitation of Supt. Alexander D.
bache he accepted the permanent appointment of
assistant on the coast survey, and was engaged in
preparing for publication the results of the Gulf
stream exploration. In 1860 he was sent to Key
West to superintend the erection of a permanent
self-registering magnetic observatory, and in 1861
he prepared minute descriptions of the harbors,
inlets, and rivers of the southern coast, for the use
of the navy. Later he was ordered to execute a
hvdrographic survey of Narragansett bay, where
tfiere was a design to erect a navy-yard, but the
results of the survey were not favorable to the
project. Sooh after the beginning of the civil war
ne was placed in charge of the engineer office in
New York city, where his duties included the
supply of materials for fortifications and other
defences, and the construction and shipping of
engineer equipage for armies in the field. He also
was superintendnig engineer of the constructing of
the fort at Willett's point. N. Y., of repairs of
Fort Schuyler, N. Y.. and in charge of works on
Governor's' island in New York harbor. In 1865
he l)ecame vict^-president of the Novelty iron-works
in New York city, with direc-tion of their shops,
where he remaineiu for four years. He was then
electwl professor of <iynamic4il engineering in the
Shefflekl s<-ientific school of Yale until 1876, when
he was called to take charge of the engineering
department of the Schtn)! of mines of Columbia,
which place he now holds. Prof. Trowbridge held
various state offices while he was in New Haven,
notably that of adjutant-general with the rank of
brigadier-general on the governor's staff in 1872-'6.
The degree of A. M. was conferred on him by
Rochester in 1856 and bv Yale in 1870, that of
Ph. D. by Princeton in 1879, and that of LL. D.
by Trinity in 1880, and the University of Michi-
gan in 1887. He is a member of scientific socie-
ties, and vice-president of the New York academy
of sciences, was vice-president of the American
association for the advancement of science, presid-
ing over the section of mechanical science in 1882,
and in 1878 was elected to the National academy of
sciences. In addition to many papers in scientific
t'oumals and the transactions of societies of which
le is a memlwr. he has published " Proposed Plan
for building a Bridge across the East River at Black-
well's Island " (New York. 1869) ; " Heat as a Source
of Power" (1874); and "Turbine Wheels" (1879).
TROYES, Pierre de, French soldier, b. in
France ; d. at Niagara in 1687. He had seen much
service both in France and Canada, and commanded
a troop of eighty men in the Hudson bay ex|>e<li-
tion of 1686. lie arrived at the head of Hudson
bay on 20 June, and at once laid siege to Monsipi
fort, on the Monsoni river, which he finally carried
by assault. He held a command of regulars in
lienonville's campaign of 1687. He was sent the
same year to take charge, with 100 men, of a fort
which had been erected at Niagara. But sickness
attacked the garrison, which, with its commander,
perished in a short time, according to Charlevoix
in his " Histoire de la Nouvelle France." La Hon-
tan in his " Nouveaux voyages " (The Ua^ue, 1703)
says that some escaped. See also "Histoire de
rAmerique Septentrionale," bv De la Poth^rie.
TRUDEL. Fran<joi8-XavIer Angelme, Cana-
dian journalist, b. in Sainte Anne de la Perade,
Quebec, 29 April, 1838; d. in Montreal, 15 Jan.,
1890. He studied law, w»is a<lmitted to the bar in
1861, and ap{K)inted queen's counsel in 1880. He
was editor of " La Minerve" in Montreal in 1860,
founded " L'Etondard," a French daily, of which
he wiis part-proprietor and editor, and was also e<l-
itor of " I^a Revue Canadicnne" and " L'Ouvrier."
He represente<l Champlain in the Quebec assembly
in lH71-'73. and Ijecame a member of the Dominion
parliament, 31 Oct., 1873. He was one of the au-
thors of the " Programme Catholiijue" (1871). and
wrote several political pamphlets. He was for sov-
eml years prt'sident of the "Cercle litcraire" and
the " Union Catholinue" of Montrt>al.
TRUE, Charles kittridge, educator, b. in Port-
land, Me., 14 Aug., 1809; d. in Bri)oklyn, N. Y.,20
June, 1878. He was gratluated at Harvard in
1832, and was subsequently jwstor of various Meth-
odist churches, and principal of the Amenia semi-
nary, N. Y. He was professor of moral and intel-
lectual philosophy at Wesleyan in 1849-'60.* Har-
vard gave him the degree of I). D. in 1849. He
edited the " Oregonian and Indian Advocate "in
18;i9. in Boston, Mass., and was the author of " Ele-
ments of Logic " (Boston. 1840) ; " Shawmut. or the
Settlement of Boston" (1845); "John Winthrop
166
TRUGUET
TRUMBULL
ami the Great Colony " (New York, 1875) ; " Life
and Times of Sir Walter Raleigh " (Cincinnati, Ohio,
1H78): "Life and Times of John Knox" (1878);
" Memoirs of John Howard " (1878) ; " The Thirty
Years' War " (1879) : " Heroes of Holland " (1882) ;
and " Life of Cant. John Smith " (1882).
TRU(iUET, Lanrent Jean Framjois (troo-
fav), Comte, French naval officer, h. in Toulon, 10
ail., 1752; d. in Paris, 26 Dec, 1*39. He entered
the navy in 1756. and had made eight cruises to
the Gulf of Mexico and South America at. the be-
ginning of the war of 1778. He was then attached
as lieutenant to the fleet of Count d'Estaing, took
part in the a.ssault on St. Lucia and in the en-
fagcment with Admiral Howe off Port Royal,
lartinique, and at the siege of Savannah in Sep-
tember, 1779, sjived D'Estaing's life. He was pro-
moted captain, and assisted under De Guichen in
the engagements with Admiral Bvron off Do-
minica, and served afterward under t)e Grasse and
Vau<lreuil to the end of the cruise. He was pro-
moted rear-admiral in 1792, and vice-admiral in
1794. He was secretary of the navy from Novem-
ber, 1795, till May, 1797, and made strenuous
efforts to pacify Santo Domingo and the French
colonies in the Antilles. He was ambassador in
Spain in 1797-'8, and obtained the release of all
the French citizens arrested in South America as
republicans. Truguet was state councillor in 1801
and maritime prefect of Holland in 1811-'14, and
was made admiral of France, 19 Nov., 1881.
TRUMAN, Benjniiiiii Cnmmingrs, author, b.
in Providence, K. I.. 25 Oct., 1885. He was edu-
cjited in Canterbury, Merrimack co., N. H., and
atlopted the profession of journalism. In 1862-'5
he served on the staff of Andrew Johnson, then
military governor of Tennessee, and as a volunteer
participated in the battles of Stone River, Nashville,
Mobile, and other engagements. He afterward
became private secretary to President Johnson, and
in 1865-'6 was special commissioner to the south-
ern states to inquire into the condition of the ne-
groes and poor white inhabitants. He was special
agent of the post-office department for the Pacific
coast in 186G-'9 and again in 1878-'9, was presi-
dent and secretary of the Southern district agri-
cultural society of California in 1878-'7, and now
(1888) is connected with the Pacific railroad com-
pany. He has published " The South after the
War " (New York, 1867) ; " Semi-Tropical Califor-
nia " (1870) ; " Occidental Sketches " (1878) ; " Win-
ter Resorts of California " (1880) ; " From the
Crescent City to the Golden Gate " (1882) ; " The
Field of Honor," a history of duelling (1884); and
" Homes and Happiness in the Golden Gate " (1886).
TRUMBULL, Benjamin, historian, b. in He-
bron, Conn., 19 Dec, 1785 ; d. in North Haven, Conn..
2 Feb., 1820. He was graduated at Yale in 1759, and
received his theological education under Rev. Elea-
zer Wheelock, who delivered his ordination sermon
in 1760, commending him to the people of North
Haven as " not a sensual, sleepy, lazy, dumb dog,
that could not bark back." He continued in that
charge for nearly sixty years, his preaching being
interrupted only bv the Revolution, in which he
served both as a volunteer and as chaplain. After
the war he published a pamphlet sustaining the
claim of Connecticut to the Susquehanna purchase,
which. influenced the decision of congress in her
favor. Yale gave him the degree of D. D. in 1796.
He published "Twelve Discourses on the Divine
Origin of the Holy Scriptures" (Hartford, 1790);
"General History of the United States of America"
(3 vols., Boston, 1765-1810); and "Complete His-
tory of Connecticut from 1680 till 1713 " (2 vols.,
^sZ^-«««,A-»«' ^^z-it^e^^t^v-i^/Cc^
Hartford, 1797). The manuscript collections from
which this history is compiled are in the Yale
library. — Benjamin's grandson, Lrnian, senator, b.
in Colchester, Conn., 12 Oct., 1813, began to teach
at sixteen years of age, and at twenty was at the
head of an acad-
emy in Georgia,
where- he studied
law, and was ad-
mitted to the bar
in 1837. He remov-
ed to Belleville, 111.,
and in 1841 was
secretary of the
state of Illinois. In
1848 he was elected
one of the justices
of the state su-
preme court. In
1854 he was chosen
to represent his dis-
trict in congress,
but before his terra
began he was elect-
ed U. S. senator, and took his seat, 4 March, 1856.
Until that time he had affiliated with the Demo-
cratic party, but on the question of slavery he took
a decided stand against his party and his colleague,
Stephen A. Douglas, especially on the question of
"popular sovereignty. In 1860 he was brought
forward by some Republicans as a candidate for
president. He had no desire to be so considered,
and when his friend, Abraham Lincoln, was nomi-
nated, he labored with earnestness for his election.
In 1861 he was re-elected to the U. S. senate, in
which he did good service for the National cause,
and was one of the first to propose the amendment
to the Federal constitution for the abolition of sla-
very. He was one of the five Republican senators
that voted for acquittal in the impeachment trial
of Andrew Johnson, and afterward he acted with
the Democratic party, whose candidate for gov-
ernor of Illinois he was in 1880. Since his retire-
ment from congress he has had a lucrative law-
practice in Chicago.
TRUMBULL, James Hammond, philologist,
b. in Stonington, Conn., 20 Dec, 1821. He entered'
Yale in 1888, and though, owin^ to ill health, he was
not graduated with his class, his name was enrolled
among its members in 1850. and he was given the
degree of A. M. In 1842-'3 he assisted the Rev.
James H. Linsley in the preparation of catalogues
of the mammalia, reptiles, fishes, and shells of Con-
necticut. He settlea in Hartford in 1847, and was
assistant secretary of state in 1847-'52 and 1858-'61,
and secretary in 1861-4; also state librarian in
1854. Soon after going to Hartford he joined the
Connecticut historical society, was its correspond-
ing secretary in 1849-63, and was elected its presi-
dent in 1863. He has been a trustee of the Wat-
kinson free libraiy of Hartford, and its librarian
since 1863 ; and has been an officer of the Wads-
worth athenaeum since 1864. Dr. Trumbull was
an original member of the American philological
association in 1869, and its president in 1874-'5.
He has been a member of the American Oriental
society since I860, and the American ethnological
society since 1867, and honorary member of many
state historical societies. In 1872 he was elected to
the National academy of sciences. Since 1858 he
has devoted special attention to the subject of the
Indian languages of North America. He has pre-
fared a dictionary and vocabulary to John Eliot's
ndian Bible, and is probably the only American
scholar that is now able to read that work. In
TRUMBULL
TRUMBULL
107
1873 he was chosen lecturer on Indian lanffiiap* of
North America at Yale, but loss of health and
other labors soon compelled his resignation. The
de^free of LL. I), was conferred on him by Yale in
1871 and by Harvard in 1887, while Columbia
gave him an L. II. I), in 1887. He has been a larjje
contributor of articles to the procce«linffs of socie-
ties and to i>eriodic4iIs, notHblv on the significanrp
of the word " Shawmut." the supf)osi.^d Indian
name of Boston (18(50), the significance of " Mas-
sachusetts " (1867), and on the Algonkin name of
"Manitou" (1870). His larger memoirs include
"The Colonial Records of Connecticut" (3 vols.,
Hartford, 185(V-'9) ; " Historical Notes ou some
Provisions of the Connecticut Statutes" (1860-'l);
"The Defence of Stonington against a British
Sauadron, August, 1814" (1864); Roger Williams's
"Key into the Language of Anjcrica" (Provi-
dence, 1866); "Thomas Lechford's ' Plain Dealing,
or Newes from New England, 1643'" (Boston,
1867); "The Origin of McFingal" (1868); "The
Corapositionof Indian Geographical Names"(1870);
" The Best Method of studying the Indian Lan-
guages" (1871) ; "Some Mistaken Notions of Al-
gonkin Grammar" (1871); "Historical Notes on
the Constitution of Connecticut" (1872); "Notes
on Forty Algonkin Versions of the Lord's Prayer "
(1878) ; " On the Algonkin Verb " (1876) ; " The
True Blue-Laws of Connecticut and the False
Blue-Laws Invented by the Rev. Samuel Peters "
(1876); "Indian Names of Places in and on the
Borders of Connecticut, with Interpretations "
(1881); and also edited "The Memorial History of
Hartford County" (2 vols., Boston, 1886). The
cat«log^e of Americana belonging to George Brin-
ley was made by him at the time of the sale of the
collection, 1879-'86, and gained for him the repu-
tation of being perhaps the "most learned and
acute bibliographer in America." — His brother,
Henry Clay, author, b. in Stonington, Conn., 8
June, 1831, was educated privately and for a time
studied in Williston seminary. In 1851 he re-
moved to Hartford and engaged in railroad busi-
ness, but in 1858 was appointed Sunday-school
missionary for Connecticut, which office he held
until 1862. He was commissioned to the 10th Con-
necticut regiment as a chaplain, ordained a clergy-
man of the Congregational church, and served
until the close of the civil war, except during a
fiart of 186;^, when he was in prison in South Caro-
ina and Virginia, having been captured before
Fort Wagner. In 1865 he was appointed missionary
secretary of the American Sunday - school union
for New England, and in 1872 normal secretary
of the same. He settled in Philatlelphia in 1875,
where he has since edited " The Sundav-School
Times." During 1881 he travelled through Egypt,
Arabia, and Syria, and while crossing the desert
of Arabia Petripa located the biblical site of Ka-
desh Barnea on the southern boundary-line of Pal-
estine, which had long been an object of research.
He was Lyman Beecher lecturer at Yale in 1888.
The degree of A. M. was conferre<l on him by Yale
in 1866. and that of D. D. by Lafayette in 1881 and
the University of the city of New York in 1882.
His published books are many ; the more recent
have been republished in London, and include
" Some Army Sermons " (Hartford, 1804) ; " The
Knightlv Soldier" (Boston, 1865); "A Useful Life
and a t'ragrant Memory" (Philadelphia, 1866);
" Falling in Harness " (1867) ; " The Captured Scout
of the Armv of the James" (Boston, 1869); "Chil-
dren in the Temple" (Springfield, 1869); "The
Worth of an Historic Consciousness " (Hartford,
1870); "A Model Superintendent "(New York, 1880);
"Kadesh Barnea" (1884); " Teaching and Teach-
ers" (Philadelphia, 1884); "The Blood Covenant "
(New York, 1885) ; and " Yale Lectures on the Sun-
day-School " (1888), — Another brother, (jurdon,
artist, b. in Stonington, Conn., 5 May, 1841, studied
art under various teachers in Hartford, Conn., and
also for a time under James M. Hart in New York.
He is more successful in his paintings of fish, his
best-known pictures being " Over the Fall," " A
Plunge for Life," and " A Critical Moment." His
last work in art was the illustration of Mrs. Annie
Trumbull Slosson's " The China Hunters' Club "
(New York, 1878). Of late years he has devoted
himself princiiMilly to the study of ornithology, and
has written "Names and Portraits of Birds which
interest Gunners, with Descriptions in Language
understaiuled of the People " (New York, 1888).
TRUMBULL, John, poet, b. in Westbury (now
Watertown), Conn., 24 April, 1750; d. in Detroit,
Mich., 10 May, 1831. At five years of age, without
the knowledge of any one but his mother, he began
the study of Latin. In 1757 he passed his exami-
nation for admission to Yale, but, in consequence
of his youth, he did not enter, and spent six years
in study. He was graduated in 1767, and with his
friend and fellow-student, Timothy Dwight, wrote
papers in the style of the ".Spectator," which they
published in the Boston and New Haven journals
m 1769. They became tutors at Yale in 1771, and
Trumbull at the same time studied law, which he
was licensed to practise in 1773. He published a
poetical satire on the prevailing mode of education,
entitled " The Progress of Dulness " (1772), adding
the second and third parts a year later. In 1773
he entered the law-office of John Adams in lioston,
and reconJed his impressions of the spirit of free-
dom and resistance in an " Elegy on tne Times," a
poem of sixty-three
stanzas on the port
bill, and other colo-
nial themes (Bos-
ton, 1774). He re-
turned to New Ha-
ven in 1774, and,
while practising
law, wrote the first
two cantos of " Mc-
Fingal," a modern
epic poem in Hudi-
brastic verse, in
which he descriljed
the American con-
test and the char-
acter and customs // ^ ■<? — y /l^
of the times, and ^c/^n, Q^i'^■o'yi^^i<yCcy
satirized the man- y^y
ner and extrava- ^^
gances of l)oth his own countrymen and the British
(Philadelphia, 1774). He marrietl Sarah, daughter
of Col. Leveret Hubbard, in 1776, and returned to
Westbury, whence he removed to Hartford in 1781.
He there' completed "McFingal" (Hartford. 1782;
6th ed., London, 1793 ; new ed., with notes, lioston,
1826 ; reviseti and corrected, with notes by liensoa
J. Ijossing, New York, 1860). Its popularity was
great, and there were more than thirty pirated ira-
?res8ions of the poem in pamphlet and other forms,
wo or three couplets of McFingal that still circu-
late as proverbs are generally credited to Samuel
Butler, author of " Hudibras'' :
" No man e'er felt the halter draw,
With good opinion of the law,"
and.
' But optics sharp it needs, I ween.
To see what is not to be seen."
168
TRUMBULL
TRUMBULL
After the peace, with DhvIcI Humphreys, Joel Bar-
low, and Lemuel Hopkins, he wrote a series of es-
says that were designed to check, by the boldness
of their satire, the then prevalent spirit of disor-
ganization and anarchy. They were extensively
copied in the newspapers, under the title of '* Ameri-
can Antiquities, Extraft,s from the 'Anarchiad'
and Other Papers." H e l)ecame state's attorney for
Hartford count v in 1789. served in the legislature
in 1792 and 1800, and in 1801-19 was a judge of
the superior court. In 1808 he received from the
legislature the additional appointment of judge of
the supreme court of errors, which he held till 1819.
He was for several years treasurer of Yale, from
which he received the degree of LL. D. in 1818. He
removed to Detroit. Mich., in 1825, where he subse-
quently resi<h'd for six years.
TRUMBULL, Jonathan, patriot, b. in Leba-
non, Conn., 12 Oct., 1710: d. there, 17 Aug., 1785.
His ancestor came from England about 1039, and
settled in Rowley, Ma-<s.. leaving three sons. His
father, Joseph, was a merchant and farmer. Jona-
than was gradu-
ated at Harvard
in 1727, studied
theology, and was
licensed to preach,
but in 1731 re-
signed the minis-
try to take the
place of an elder
brother in his fa-
ther's store. He
afterward adopt-
ed the profession
of law, was a mem-
ber of the assem-
bly in 1733 and its
speaker in 1 739,
became an assist-
ant in 1740, and
was re-elected to
that office twenty-
two times. lie
was subsequently judge of the county court, assist-
ant judge of the superior court, and in 1766-'9 chief
justice of that body. He was defuxty governor in
1767-8. and governor from 1769 till 1783, when he
resigned. He refused to take the oath of office in
1765 that was required of all officials to support
the provisions of the stamp-act. Bancroft says of
him in this period of his career (1767) : " He was
the model of the virtues of a rural magistrate;
profoundly religious, grave in manner, aiscrirai-
nating in judgment, fixed in his principles." His
opinion was formed that if " methods tending to
violence should be taken to maintain the depend-
ence of the colonies, it would hasten separation,"
that the connection with England could be pre-
served "by gentle and insensible methods rather
than by power and force." But on the declaration
of war he threw his whole influence on the patriot
side, co-operated with vigor in securing the inde-
pendence of the colonies, and was the only colonial
governor that espoused the people's cause. When
Washington wrote to him of the weakness of his
array in August, 1776, Trumbull convened his
council of safety, and, although he had already
sent out five Connecticut regiments, he called for
nine more, and to those who were not enrolled in
any train-band said : " Join yourselves to one of
the companies now ordered to New York, or form
yourselves into distinct companies, and choose cap-
tains foi:thwith. March on ; this shall be your war-
rant. May the God of the armies of Israel be your
leader." At these words the farmers, although
their harvests were but half gathered, rose in arms,
forming nine regiments, each of 350 men, and, self-
equipped, marched to New York just in time to
meet the advance of the British. In 1781. when
Washington appealed to the governors of the New
England states to " complete their Continental bat-
talions." Tnimbull cheered him with the words that
he "should obtain all that he needed." He was
the chosen friend and counsellor of Washington
throughout the Revolution, who. says Jared Sparks,
" relied on him as one of his main pillars of sup-
port, and often consulted him in emergencies."
The. epithet " Brother Jonathan." now applied as
a personification of the United States, is supposed
to owe its' origin to Washington's habit of ad-
dressing Gov. Trumbull, and to the phrase that
he often used when perplexed : " Let us hear what
Brother Jonathan says.'' In 1783 he extolled Wash-
ington's last address in a letter to him dated 10
June of that year, as "exhibiting the foundation
principles of an indissoluble union of the states
under one federal head." In the next autumn,
when he retired from public life after fifty years'
service, he set forth to the legislature of Connecti-
cut " that the grant to the Federal constitution of
powers clearly defined, ascertained, and under-
stood, and sufficient for the great purposes of the
Union, could alone lead from the danger of anar-
chy to national happiness and glory." Washing-
ton wrote of him as "the first of patriots, in his
social duties yielding to none." The Marquis de
Chastellux, the traveller, who saw him when he
was seventy years of age, describes him as " pos-
sessing all the simplicity in his dress, aH the im-
portance, and even all the pedantry, becoming the
great magistrate of a small republic." Yale gave
him the degree of LL. D. in 1779, and the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh the same in 1787. See his
" Life" by Isaac W. Stuart (Hartford, 1857).— His
son, Joseph, member of the Continental congress,
b. in Lebanon, Conn., 11 March, 1737; d. there, 23
July, 1778, was graduated at Harvard in 1756,
served in the Continental congress in 1774-'5, was
commissary-general of the Revolutionary army
from 19 July, 1775, till 2 Aug., 1777, and a com-
missioner of the board of war in 1777-'8. resigning
in the latter year on account of the failure of his
health. His services were highly eulogized in a
report that was made to congress in 1779, and a
commission on the sums he had disbursed was
voted to his heirs. — Another son, Jonathan, states-
man, b. in Lebanon, Conn., 26 March, 1740: d.
there, 7 Aug., 1809, was graduated at Harvard in
1759, and ior several years previous to the Revo-
lution was a member oi the legislature and speaker
of the house. At the beginning of the war he en-
tered the patriot army as a paymaster, and held
that post till 1780, when he became aide-de-camp
to Gen. Washington, with whom he remained
until the peace. He was a member of congress in
1789-'95, naving been chosen as a Federalist, was
speaker of the house for the last four years of bis
service, and became U. S. senator in 1795, in place
of Stephen M. Mitchell, who had resigned, but he
himself resigned the next year to become lieuten-
ant-governor of Connecticut. From 1798 until his
death he was governor. — Jonathan's s«n, John,
artist, b. in Lebianon, Conn., 6 June, 1756; d. in
New York city, 10 Nov., 1848, entered Harvard
at the age of sixteen, and was graduated the fol-
lowing year, 1773. As he has said himself, his
" taste for drawing began to dawn early." While
at college he studied Brooke Taylor's "Jesuit's
Perspective " and William Hogarth's " Analysis
TRUMBULL
TRUMBULL
169
of Ik>auty." and after n'tuminjj to Ijohannn he
naintecl the <lPAth of Paulus Kmilius at ('anna>.
When the Revolutionary war oi)eno<l, he joinetl
the army as adju-
tant. Ills skill as
a (Irauffhtsman
enabled him to
make drawings
of the enemy's
works at lioston.
and Washinjfton
appointed him
one of his aides-
de-camp. He sub-
sequently went
northward with
Gen. Horatio
Gates as adjutant,
with the rank of
colonel, but on 22
Feb.. 1777, being
dissatisfied with
the date, of his
commission as
deputy adjutant-
general, he re-
sided and resumed his art-studies. His love for
military life hud not left him, however, and when, in
1778, a plan was formed for the recovery of Rhode
Island from the British, he joined Gen. John Sul-
livan during the enterprise as volunteer aide-de-
camp. In May, 1780. he sailed for France, whence,
after a short stay, he went to London, with a letter
from lienjamin Franklin to Benjamin West. He
was soon arrested for treason, but after an impris-
onment of eight months he was released, on con-
dition of leaving the kingdom. West and John
Singleton Copley becoming his sureties. When the
close of the war enabled him to go again to Eng-
land in January, 1784, he resumed his studies with
West. He visited Paris in 1785, and there began
the composition of his " Declaration of Independ-
ence." After a journey through the countries wa-
tennl by the Rhine, he returne<l to London in the
autumn of 1786. During this period he painted
also his " Sortie from Gibraltar. A sketch on pa-
per of this subject, now in the Boston athena?um,
was made in 1787. A small picture of this he pre-
sented to West, and a second one he sold. A thini,
finished in 1789, was purchased by the athenanim
at Boston. Another, also small, was painte<l foi;
William Sharp to engrave from, and with the key
in Trumbull's autograph is now in Philadelphia.
In 1787 and 1789 he was again in Paris, where ho
painted the portrait of Thomas Jefferson. He was
commissioned in the summer of 1790, by the cor-
porati<m of New York city, to paint a full-length
portrait of Washington, and in 1791 he executed
a likeness of George Clinton. These are in the
city-hall. New York. Another full-length jwrtrait
of Washington, representing him on the even-
ing iKjfore the battle of Princeton, was painted
for the city of Charleston in 1792. But, a picture
of Washington as president being preferred. Trum-
bull executed a second. The first, now at Yale,
was considered by the artist the Ijest |)ortrayal of
him " in his heroic military chara<'ter." He also
executed in 1794 fwrtmits of Gen. and Mrs. Wash-
ington, in the National museum, Wa.shington. I). C.
During this time he was also collecting a valuable
series of i>ortraits for his historical {uiintings. In
May, 1794, he returned to England as secrretary to
John Jay. and in 1796 he was appointe<l fifth com-
missioner for carrying into execution the seventh
article of the treaty of 1794. In June, 1804, he
came again to the Unitc<l States, settling in New
York as a portrait-fainter. At this time were
painted the ixirtraita of John Jay and Alexander
Hamilton for the city of New York, and Timothy
Dwight and Stephen Van Rensselaer, which are at
Yale. In 1817 ne was commissioned by congress
to |>aint historical pictures for the rotunda in the
capitol. The subjects were "The Declaration of
Indei)endence," "The Surrender of Burgoyne,"
"The Surrender of Com wall is," and "The Itt^ig-
nation of Washington." The pictures were com-
pleted in 1824, and exhibited in various cities.
They have l)een made familiar by engravings (nota-
bly the " Declaration." by Asher B. Durand), and
have l)een the subject of much criticism. Iti
1816-'25 he was president of the American acad-
emy of fine arts. He subsequently jjrojected a
new series of historical pictures, but the (laint-
ings remained unsold. lie was glad, therefore,
to present his works to Yale, in return for an an-
nuity of 11,000. In this final disposition of his
worlcs he made the condition that after his death
the entire proceeds of the exhibition of the gal-
lerv were to be " |)erpetually appropriated toward
defraying the expense of educating poor scholars
in Yale college.' A fire-pnxif gallery was erected
by the college, and his pictures were arranged
there under liis own direction. On the comple-
tion of the new art-school building they were re-
moved thither. He removed to New Haven in
1837, but in 1841 returned to New York, where he
remained until his death. Trumbull's fame rests
mainly on the four paintings in the capitol, the
" Battle of Bunker Hill," ana " Death of Montgom-
ery," which two jHctures still stand unexcelled in
American historical {tainting, and on such strong
iK)rtraits as those of Washington and Alexander
Hamilton. The miniature likenesses in some of his
pictures a're at times more successful than his large
Cortraits. His jjaintings comprise numerous copies,
istorical and scripture subjects, and portraits, in-
cluding, besides those already mentioned, those of
John Adams (1797); Jonathan Trumbull and Rufus
King (1800) ; and Christopher Gore (1800). Several
of his works, especiallv portraits, are in the New
York historical society's rooms, the city-hall. New
York, and other public institutions and private
galleries, but most of them are in the gallery at
Yale. There are five jx>rtraits of Tnimbull— one
by himself, jminted in 1883, two by Samuel Waldo
and Matthew H. Jouett, of which one is in the old
gallery at Yale, beneath which he is buried, a good
cabinet full-length by George W. Twibill. in the
National acmlemy. and one by Gillx^rt Stuart. A
bust by Ball Hughes is at Yale. The most interest-
ing account of Trumbull's life is found in his " Au-
tobiography" (New York, 1841). See also Kliza-
l)eth B. Johnson's " Original Portraits of Wash-
ington " (Boston, 1882), and an article by John
Durand, in the "American Art Review" for 181^1.
William Dunlap's account, though full, is preju-
dictnl and unjust. Thomas S. Cummings, in liis
"Historic Annals of the National Academv." gives
a full account of the |«rt Trumbull played in
opposing the formation of that institution. — A
grandson of the first Jonathan, Joneph, congress-
man, b. in Ijebanon, Conn., 7 Dec, 1782; d. in
Hartford, Conn.. 4 Aug., 1861. was graduated at
Yale in 1801. admitted to the Iwr of Windham in
1803, settle<l in Hartford the next year, ami prac-
tised his profession there till 1828, when he lxH?anie
president of the Hartfonl bank. He representetl
that city in the legislature in 1832-'48 and 1851,
served in congress in 1834-'5, having been chosen
as a Whig to fill the vacancy left by the resignn-
170
TRUSDELL
TRUXTUN
tion of William W. Ellsworth, and sat again in that
body in 1839-48. In 1849-'50 he was governor of
Connecticut. Yale gave him the degree of LL. D.
in 1849. Ho was active in fostering public inter-
nal improvements, and in many educational enter-
prises. During his later life he was president of
a railroad coinjmnv.
TRrSDELL, Cfharles Gregory, clergyman, b.
in Montgomery, N. Y., 1 May, 1H2(5. When he was
eight years of age his father died, and the boy's
educational advantages were limited to the com-
mon school and academy. In 1857, after working
in mechanical and commercial pursuits, he felt
called to preach. He ministered to Methodist con-
gregations in Iowa, and in 1865 was appointed pre-
siding elder of the Iowa City district. He was
subscijuently appointed pastor of the Grant place
Methodist church of Chicago, where he preached
till he was selected to superintend the distribu-
tion of money and other relief that was sent from
all parts of the world for the sufferers of the great
Chicago fire of October, 1871. That fund amounted
to nearly $5,000,000. All of this and the many
thousand dollars that are annually contributed by
the people of Chicago for the relief of the deserv-
ing poor have been distributed, and a detailed ac-
count of the same kept under the direction of Mr.
Trusdell as general superintendent of the Chicago
relief and aid society. Prom 1 Oct., 1871, to 31
Oct., 1887, this amount was $6,486,999.45. In 1885
he was appointed presiding elder of the Chicago
district of the Methodist church, and at the same
time tendered his resignation as general superin-
tendent, but it was not accented.
TRUTCH, Joseph William, Canadian states-
man, b. in Bath. England, 18 Jan., 1826. He was
educated at Exeter, F]ngland, studied civil engi-
neering under Sir John Rennie, removed to the
Pacific coast in 1849, and till 1856 practised as a
civil engineer in California and Oregon. He was
subsequently assistant engineer on the Illinois and
Michigan canal, and on the Illinois river improve-
ment. In 1859 he removed to Victoria, British Co-
lumbia, and till 1864 was employed in the con-
struction of public works for the colony. Chief
among these were the section through the cafion of
Eraser river, and the Grand Trunk railroad from
Yale to Cariboo, including the Alexandria suspen-
sion-bridge over Eraser river. He was chief com-
missioner of lands and works and surveyor-general
of British Columbia, and a member ex officio of
the executive and legislative councils from 1864
till 1871, when British Columbia entered the Do-
minion. He was a delegate to Ottawa in 1870 to
confer with the government of Canada as to the
terms upon which British Columbia could enter
the confederation, and in 1871 to Ottawa and Lon-
don to settle finally the details of the arrangements
for the union. Mr. Trutch was appointed, 5 July,
1871, lieutenant-governor of British Columbia, and
on 9 Dec, 1879, he became resident agent of the
Canadian government in British Columbia. In
1877 he was appointed a companion of the order
of St. Michael and St. George.
TRUXTUN, Thomas, naval officer, b. on Long
Island, N. Y., 17 Feb., 1755; d. in Philadelphia,
Pa,, 5 May, 1822. He began a seafaring life when
he was twelve years old, as an apprentice in the
English packet " Pitt," and was impressed in Eng-
land to serve in the frigate *' Prudent," whence he
obtained his discharge through friends. He de-
clined the offer of a midshipman's warrant, served
in the merchant marine, and quickly rose to com-
mand.. In 1775 he had charge of the "Andrew
Caldwell," in which he brought large quantities of
powder to Philadelphia. In the latter part of
that year he was seized off St. Kitt's by the frigate
" Argo," and his vessel was condemned under the
restraining act. He made his way to Philadelphia,
where he arrived in time to enter on board the
" Congress " as a lieutenant. This was the first
private armed ship
that was fitted out
by the colonies. In
1776 several prizes
were taken off Ha-
vana, one of which
he took to New
Bedford. In 1777
he aided in fitting
out the ship " In-
dependence." of
which he took com-
mand and cap-
tured three large
ships among other
prizes off the
Azores islands.
One of these was
much more pow-
erf ullyarmed than
his own vessel. On
his return he fit-
ted out the ship " Mars," twenty gtins, and made
a cruise in the English channel, capturing many
prizes, which he sent to France. He then com-
manded the "Commerce "and other vessels, in which
he brought needed cargoes of military stores for the
army to Philadelphia. He had the ship " St. James "
in 1781, and conveyed the U. & consul-general
to France, in this voyage disabling a British ship
of thirty-two guns and returning with a valu-
able cargo. He was uniformly successful in all en-
gagements with British vessels. After the war he
commanded several East Indiamen. Upon the or-
ganization of the U. S. navy, he was selected as
one of its six captains, 4 Juiie, 1798, and assigned
to command the frigate "Constellation," wnich
was building at Baltimore. He was ordered with
a squadron under his command to protect com-
merce in the West Indies, where he made numer-.
ous prizes. On 9 Feb., 1799, off Hen's island, he fell
in with the French frigate " L'Insurgente," fifty
guns, which was much more powerful tnan his own
ship. An engagement ensued of more than an
hour, when the enemy surrendered, a perfect wreck,
after having twenty-nine of her crew killed and
forty-four wounded. Truxtun lost one killed and
two woupded. The prize was refitted and added
to the navy. For this brilliant victory the mer-
chants of Lloyd's coffee-house, London, sent him a
present of plate worth 600 guineas. In January,
1800, he haa a severe encounter with the French
frigate " La Vengeance," fifty guns, which surren-
dered after a long engagement ; but before Trux-
tun could secure the prize a squall came up and
she escaped. For his gallantry in this action con-
fress gave him a gold medal and a vote of thanks,
n the same year he commanded the f ri^te " Presi-
dent " and a squadron of ten vessels m the West
Indies. In 1802 he was appointed to command the
squadron that was fitting out for the Tripolitan
war, and went to Norfolk to join the "Chesa-
peake." He then asked to have a captain appoint-
ed to command the flag-ship, which was declined,
and Truxtun's letter was construed to mean his
resignation, which was accepted contrary to his
wishes. He resided in New Jersey on a farm after
he left the service, and subsequently removed to
Philadelphia, where he was sheriff of the county
TRYON
TSCnUDI
171
in tS19-'2I. Tho memory of Tnjxtun ha« bwn
handcHl «lown in tho navy as one of its m<wt dis-
tinpuishiMl oflfloers, and the briff "Tnixtun " was
named after him, lie was the author of a work
entitled " Hemarics, Instructions, and Kxamnles re-
lating; to liatitudo and liongitude " (Philatlelphia.
171M). Com. Tnixtun had a hirjfe family, and
eight of his grandsons were in the U. S. naval
aca<lemy at one time. — His grandson, William
Tnlbot, naval offlcer, b. in Philadelphia. 11 Mar<?h.
1K24; (1. in Norfolk, Va., 25 Feb., 1KH7. entennl
the navy as a midshipman, 9 Feb., 1841, attended
the naval aeademy for one year, and was graduate<i
as a i)ass<'d midshipman, 10 Aug., 1847. He cruised
in tne frigate " Hrandywine in 1847-'8 on the
Brazil station, whence fie returned in command of
the prize-slaver " Independence." lie served on the
Pacific station in the ship "Supply" in 1849-'52,
in the brig " Dolphin " in 1853 on s|tecial service in
connection with laying the trans-Atlantic cable,
and in 1854 with the Strain expedition to survey a
route for a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Darien.
He was promoted to master, 14 Sept., 18.55. and to
lieutenant the next day by action of the retiring
l)oanl. He serveil in the brig " Perry " during the
Paraguayan war in 1859-'(i0. and in the sloop
" Dale," of which he succeeded in command in
1861, in the North Atlantic sfiuadron, where he con-
tinued to serve throughout the civil war. He was
promote*! to lieutenant-commander. 16 July, 1862,
and had the steamers " Alabama," " Chocura," and
"Tacony" in succession. He participated in the
operations in the sounds of North Carolina, in vari-
ous engagements with the Confederate batteries,
in the capture of Plymouth, N. C, and in both at-
tacks on Fort Fisher. He was promoted to com-
mander, 25 July, 1866, was superintendent of coal
shipments for the navy in 1866-'7, commanded the
sloop " Jamestown " in the Pacific squadron in
1868-'70 on a special survey, and was ordnance of-
ficer of the Boston navy-yard in lb71-'3. He was
promoted to captain, 25 f?ept., 1873, commanded
the " Brooklyn, of the North Atlantic srjuadron.
in 1873-'4. and the flag-ship of the South Atlantic
station, lH74-'5. He was a member of the board
of insf>ectors in 1876-'7, and served at the navy-
yards at Boston and Norfolk in 1877-'81. He was
promote<l to commodore. 11 May, 1882, and was
commandant of the Norfolk navy-yard in 1885-'6.
He was promoted to rear-admiral b^ seniority.
18 Feb., 1886, but action on his nommation wa#
delaved, and he was retired by law as a com-
modore, 11 March. 1886.
TRYON, Dwi^ht William, artist, b. in Hart-
fonl. Conn., 13 Aug., 1849. He was a pupil dur-
ing 1876-'81 at the Ecole des beaux arts, and un-
der Ijouis Jacquesson de la Chevreuse, Charles F.
Daubigny, and Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemet, in
Paris, At the salon of 1881 he exhibited " Harvest
Time in Normandy" and "On the Maas." Among
his other works are " A New England Village." " A
November Day," "Evening in Autumn." " Even-
ing in a New' England Village," "Starlight." and
"Night," He was awarded gold mwlals at the
American art ass(K-iation for his " Daybreak " in
1886, and " Moonlight " in 1887. He has been pro-
fessor of art at Smith college, and director of the
Hartford sch<.M.l of arts since 1885.
TRYON, (ieorge Washin^rton. conchologist,
b, in Philadelphia. Pa.. 20 May, 1*^8 : d. there, 5
Feb., 1888. lie was etlucatwl at the Friends'
school in his native city, and then entere<I busi-
ness, from which he retired in 1868. Thereafter he
devoted his attention chiefly to his favorite study
of conchology. He was au active member of the
Philadelphia acatlemy of natural sciences and be-
gan the movement in 1865 to devise methods for the
eret'tion of its i)re8ent building. Through his lilwr-
alitv the conchological »e<'tion contributed $.3,000
to the work, and he gave an equal sum. In 1809
he was electe<I a curator of the academy, and
under his direction the library and the numerous
collections of the museum were arranged in the
new building in 1876. He became conservator of
the conchological section of the academy in 187.5,
and continue*] in that office until his death. The
present condition of this large collection is due
to his skill and lalK)r. and he Jiequeathed money to
preserve the shell specimens of the academy, Mr.
Tryon was a meml)er of various scientific societies,
and edited in 18<J5-'71 the "American Journal of
Conchology," He was a prolific writer on his
specialty, and prepared numerous memoirs, includ-
ing "On the Mollusca of Harper's Ferry" (1H61);
"Synopsis of the Recent S{XK;ies of dastrot-hie-
nid'jB " (1861) : " Monograph of the Onler of Phola-
dacea" (1862); and "Monograph of the Terres-
trial Mollusks of the United States" (1865): " List
of American Writers on Conchology" (New York,
1861); "Synopsis of the Species J^trepomatida*"
(1865). His larger works comprise "Land and
Fresh- Water Shells of North America." including
monograph on the genus StrejKimatida? (4 vols.,
Washington, 1873) ; " American Marine Concholo-
gy " (Philadelphia, 1873) ; " .Structural and System-
atic Concholog)'" (3 vols., 1882): and "Manual
of Conchology," including " Marine Shells," 9 vols.,
and " Land Shells," 3 vols. (1879-85). With Will-
iam G. Binney he edited "The Complete Writings
of Constantine S. Kafinesque on Keccnt and Fossil
Conchology" (Philadelphia, 1864).
TRYON, William, colonial governor, b. in Ire-
land about 1725; d. in Ix)ndon. England. 27 Feb.,
1788. He received a good education, entered the
British army, and served with credit as an officer.
He married Miss Wake, a relative of the Earl of
Hillsborough, secretary of state for the colonies,
through whose influence he was apjwinted lieu-
tenant-governor of North Carolina. He arrived
there, 27 June, 1864, and on the death of Gov.
Arthur Dobbs, 20 July, 1765, ho succeeded him,
and continued to administer the affairs of the col-
ony till July, 1771, when he was ap[>ointed gov-
ernor of New York. He suppressed tho revolt of
the " Regulators " in North Carolina, and treated
the prisoners with great cruelty. At an expense
of £15.000, which was voted by the assembly of
that colony, he erected a magnificent residence at
New Berne. He was detested by the patriots for
his rigoroui: administration of the governments of
the colonies over which he presidetl, and for the
inhumanity he displayed on various occasions, es-
f)ecially for the destruction of Danbury, Fairfield,
and Norwalk, Conn., by ex|ieditions that he con-
ducted in person. He resigned the govenxirship
of New York. 21 March, 1778, and returned to
England. He was made a colonel. 25 May. 17?2;
major-general, 29 Aug.. 1777; lieutenant-general,
20 Nov.. 1782: and colonel of the 29th foot. 15
Aug., 1788. He receive*! the degree of LL. B.
from King's college in 1774.
TSCHIDI, Johann Jakob Ton (choo -de),
Swiss traveller, b, in Glarus, 25 July. 1818. He
studied the natural sciences and metlicine in the
universities of Neufchatel, Leyden, and Paris, and
in 1838 sailed for Peru, where he sojounietl five
years, exploring the country and forming a rich
collection of plants in the mountains of the int«-
rior. He went to Vienna in 1843, visited Brazil
and other countries of South America in 1857-'9,
172
TSONDATSAA
TUCKER
and in 1860 was appointed minister of the Swiss
republic to Hrazil, which office he retained eight
years, devoting most of that time to exploring the
country and forming collections of plants for the
museums of Neufchatel, Glarus, and Kreiburg. In
1808 he was promoted minister to Vienna. His
works include " Untersuchungen liber die Fauna
Perns" (St. Gall, 1844-'7) : '• Penianische Reise-
skizzen wfthrend der Jahre 183&-'42 " (2 vols., 184<{) ;
"Die Ketchuasprache " (2 vols., Vienna, 1853);
"Reise durch die Andes von SQdamerika " (Gotha,
1860) ; " Die brasilianische Provinz Minas-Geraes "
(1863); and " Reiscn durch Slidamerika" (5 vols.,
Leipsic, 1866-'})). He also etlited, in association with
Dr. Mariano Kduardo de Rivera, " Antigliedades
Peruanas " (Vienna. 1851 : translated by Rev. F.
L. Hawks. Now York. 1853).
TSONDATSAA, Charles, Indian convert, lived
in the 17th century. He acted as ^uide to Father
Brebeuf, and was converted to Christianity by that
missionary. He was taken prisoner by the Iroquois
in 1643, lieing one of the party that accompanied
Father Jogues, but escaped to Three Rivers. He
became the prop of the Christian religion among
the Hurons, preached to them frequently, and made
many converts. His pagan companions, on one
occasion, induced him to enter an Indian vapor-
bath. They then increased the heat, declaring that
he must pronounce three words in favor of his titu-
lar demon if he would escape suffocation. He re-
fused, and was almost deail when he was released.
His only revenge on his torturers after he recovered
was to say to them : "You nearly killed me, but
vou could not make me sin." He continued to la-
bor for several years among his countrymen, and
eventually converted nearly all his persecutors.
TUBMAN, Harriet, abolitionist, b. near Cam-
bridge. Dorchester co., Md., about 1821. She was
the child of slaves of pure African blood, whose
name was Ross. Her original Christian name of
Araminta she changed to Harriet. When about
thirteen yeai^s old she received a fracture of the
skull at the hands of an enraged overseer, which
left her subject during her whole life to fits of
somnolency. In 1844 she married a free colored
man named Tubman. In 1849, in order to escape
being sent to the cotton-plantations of the soutn,
she fled by night, and reached Philadelphia in
safety. In December, 1850, she visited Baltimore
and brought away her sister and two children, and
within a few months returned to aid in the escape
of her brother and two other men. Thenceforth
she devoted herself to guiding runaway slaves fn
their flight from the plantations of Maryland
along the channels of the "underground railroatl,"
with the assistance of Thomas Garrett and others.
At first she conducted the bands of escaped slaves
into the state of New York, but, when the fugitive-
slave act began to be strictly enforced, she piloted
them through to Canada. She made nineteen jour-
neys, and led away more than 300 slaves. A re-
ward of $40,000 was offered for her apprehension.
Among the people of her race and tne agents of
the " underground railroad " she was known as
" Moses." During the civil war she performed
valuable service for the National government as a
spy and as a nurse in the hospitals.
TUCK, Josenh Henry, inventor, b. in Dorches-
ter, Mass., 12 March, 1812. He is a grandson of
John Tuck, who was a chaplain in the Revolution-
ary army. Joseph was graduated at the Boston
high-school, and afterward apprenticed to a watch-
maker. He was subsequently employed in a candle-
factory, where he brought to perfection his first in-
vention, the endless wick. He went to England
in 1837, began business as an engineer in Tjondon,
and for twenty-five years was constantly engaged
in the invention and introduction of improved ma-
chinery. He took out fifty-five patents m different
countries. Among his inventions are a candle-ma-
chine, wrought-iron and bitumen gas- and water-
pipes, a ventilating-raachine, a dredging-machine,
a rotary engine, a new system of breakwaters for
harbors, and his steam-engine packing, the most
profitable of his inventions. In spite of great op-
position on the part of English engineers, he or-
ganized a company to lay the first submarine elec-
tric cable, between Dover and Calais, in 1848-'9.
He derived no pecuniary advantage from this great
enterprise, as he was defrauded of the profits by
those whom he had aided in its promotion. He
furnished plans for the excavation of the Suez
canal, which were accepted by the contractors ; but
ill health forced him to abandon his connection
with this enterprise, and he returned to the United
States in 1865. His constitution had been so much
injured by his long-continued and severe labors in
Europe that he was forced to live in retirement
for several years, but he engaged in real-estate
operations in Brooklyn in 1869.
TUCKER, Henry Holcombe, clergyman, b. in
Warren county, Ga., 10 May, 1819. He received
his early education in Philadelphia, and entered
the University of Peimsylvania in 1834, but finished
his course in Columbian college (now university),
Washington, D. C, where he was graduated in
1838. He then studied law, was called to the bar
in 1846, and practised his profession until 1848,
when he entered ]\Iercer university with the view
of preparing himself for the Baptist ministr)*. He
was appointed pastor of the Baptist church in
Alexandria, Va., in 1854, but feeble health com-
pelled him to resign in less than a year. Since
that time he has held no pastorate, but has preached
in various parts of the United States. In 1856 he
was elected professor of belles-lettres and meta-
physics in Mercer university, which office he filled
until 1862, when the university was for a time sus-
pended by the wai'. In 1860 he received the de-
gree of D. D. from Columbian university. He was
elected president of Mercer university in 1866, and ,
was principally instrumental in removing that in-
stitution irom Penfield to Macon, fie resigned
in 1871, and spent a year in Europe, during w-hich
he assisted in the organization of a Baptist church
in Rome, and officiated for several months in the
American chapel in Paris. In 1874 he was elected
chancellor of the University of Georgia, and he re-
mained ii\ this office until 1878. when he assumed
the editorship of the " Christian Index " at Atlanta.
He was the founder of the Georgia relief and
hospital association, which rendered such great as-
sistance to the sick and wounded of the south dur-
ing the civil war. Besides a series of letters on
"Religious Liberty" to Alexander H. Stephens
(1855), which were the subject of wide comment,
and several sermons, he has published " The Gos-
pel in Enoch, or Truth in the Concrete : a Doc-
trinal and Biographical Sketch" (Philadelphia,
1868), and " The Old Theology restated in Ser-
mons " (1884). One of his sermons. " The Position
of Baptism in the Christian System" (1882), has
been translated into Armenian, Germtin, Greek,
Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish. He is now editor
and j)ropriotor of the "Christian Index."
TUCKER, John, clergyman, b. in Amesbury,
Mass., 19 Sept., 1719; d. in Newbury, Mass., 22
March, 1792. He was graduated at Harvard in
1741, studied theology, and on 20 Nov., 1745, was
ordained as colleague minister of Newbury, Mass.
TUCKER
TUCKER
173
His theolojfical opinions were Arminian, and in his
contn>versii«>i with Calvinistic ch'rjrymen he on-
livenwl argument with wit and satire. The dis-
sident nM'inlwrs of his conffreffation socedeil to
{'oin the Presbyterian society of which Jonathan
•arsons was pjistor. Mr. Tucker received the de-
gree of I). I), from Harvard in 17H7. Among his
ftuhlications were "Four .Sermons" (1756); "On
he I)«x!trines and Uncharitableness of Jonathan
Parsons" (1757); "An Account of an Ecclesiasti-
cal Council, to which is annexed a Discourse, being
a Minister's Appeal to his Hearers as to his Life
and Doctrines (1767): and a Dudleian lecture at
Harvard on "The Validity of Presbvterian Ordina-
tion "(177^).
TUCKER, Joshna Thomas, clergvman, b. in
Milton. Mass., 20 Sept., IHli. He wjis trrmhiated
at Yale in 183C}, and at Lane theological seminary,
Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1837, became pastor of a Pres-
byterian church at Chester, 111., in the latter year,
then of one in Hannibal, Mo., in 1840, and in 1846
of a church in St. Louis, where in 1847-8 he edited
the " Herald of Religious Lil>erty." He took charge
in 1849 of a Congregational church in Holliston,
Mass., remaining till 18G7, afterwartl preached in
Chicopee Falls for ten years, and since 1877 has
residetl in Boston. He was editor of the " Boston
Review," a Congregational magazine, in 1861-'8,
also of the " Boston Recorder " in 1863-'4, and in
1871-'7 was an editorial writer on the Springfield
" Daily Evening Union." The University of Iowa
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1875. Dr. Tucker
is the author of a life of Christ, entitled " The Sin-
less One, or the Life Manifested" (Boston, 1855),
and "Christ's Infant Kingdom" (1870).
TUCKER, Josiah, English clcrg>'man, b. in
Ijaughame, Carmarthenshire, Wales, in 1711 ; d.
in Gloucester, England, 4 Nov., 1799. He was
graduated at Oxford and ordained a priest of the
English church. He was appointed curate ol St.
Stephen's church, Bristol, in 1737, soon afterward
promoted to be a minor canon of the cathedral,
and was made rector of St. Stephen's in 1749. In
1756 he was nominated prebendary of Bristol, and
he became dean of Gloucester in 1758. Dr. Tucker
was famous for his pamphlets on politics and po-
litical economy in the latter half of the 18th cen-
tury, but especially for his views on the relations
of the American colonies to the mother country.
He held that a separation would l)e no loss to the
latter, and that the English parliament should by
solemn act separate the colonies from the parefit
government and disregard any application for
restoration to the rights and privileges of British
subjects until by humble petition they should ask
for pardon and re-instatement. During the war
he was fremiently in conflict with Edmund Burke,
who treated his views on the causes of the troubles
between Great Britain and her colonies with little
ceremony. In his pamphlets on political economy
he anticipated some of the views of Adam Smith.
Hb most noteworthy works are "The Elements of
Commerce and Theory of Taxes" (Bristol, 175:3);
" Four Tracts, together with Two Sermons, on Po-
litical and Commercial Subjects" (Gloucester,
1774); "Treatise conceniing Civil Government"
(Ix)ndon, 1781); "Cui lionof" (1782); and "Re-
flections on tiie Present Matters of Dispute be-
tween Great Britain and Ireland" (1775).
TUCKER, Luther, alitor, b. in Brandon. Vt,
7 May, 1802; d. in Albany, N. Y., 26 Jan., 1873.
He was apprenticed to the printer's trade when he
was fourteen years of age, in Middleburv, Vt., and
followetl his employer to Palmyra. N. ■?., in 1817.
On the expiration of his service he travelled as a
t Journeyman through the middle and New Eng-
I land states. In 1H25 he entere<l into tiartnerHhip
with Henry C. Sleight in Jamaica. L. I., where
' they published standard works for New York
houses. Ijater he n-moved to Rochester. an<l on
27 Oct., 1826, issued the initial numl>er of the
Rochester " Daily Advertiser," the first daily news-
paper publisheil west of .Mlmny. The abM-nce of
any suitable agricultural reading early impressed
itself on his mind, and on 1 Jan.. 18:^1, he estab-
lished "The Genesee Farmer," which met with
considerable success. In 1839 he sold the "Ad-
vertiser," which is still continue<l under the title
of the " Rochester Union and Advertiser." Mean-
while he had purchased a farm near R<K'hester and
devoted himself to its cultivation and the manage-
ment of his paf)er, but in 1839 he was induced to
combine "The Cultivator" of Allmny with his
journal, and accortlingly in 1840 the two in one
were issued from AllMiny as "The Cultivator: a
Consolidation of Buel's Cultivator and the Genesee
Farmer." In 1853 he established "The Country
Gentleman," weekly, with which "The Cultivator
was finally combined in 1866 under the united
titles, and it is still published by Mr. Tucker's
sons. — His son, Willis Gaylord, educator, b. in
Albany, N. Y., 31 Oct.. 1849, was graduateil at the
Albany academy in 1866, and at Allmny medical
college in 1870. A year later he became assistant
in chemistry at the medical college, and he has
since continued his relations with that institution,
becoming full professor in 1876, and in 1887 pro-
fessor of inorganic and analytical chemistry and
toxicology. In 1881 he was one of the founders
of the Allmny college of pharmacy, and became
professor of chemistry, in addition to which, since
1883, he has been its president. Besides the fore-
going he was professor of chemist rj' at the Albany
academy, the Albany female academy, and the Al-
bany high-school in 1876-'87, and has been lecturer
on chemistry at St. Agnes's school since 1874. He
was appointed analyst to the state board of health
in 1881, and still holds that ofllce, and he has t)een
registrar of the Albany medical college since 1882,
secretary of its alumni association since its organi-
zation in 1874, member of the board of governors
of Union university, and a member of the state
board of medical examiners of the board of re-
fents of the University of the state of New York,
'he honorary degree of Ph. G. was conferred on
him by the Albany college of pharmacy in 1882,
and that of Ph. I), by Union in 1882. ' He is a
memlier of scientific societies, and has contributed
largely to scientific journals and proceedings on
chemical subjects. He was editor of the " Albany
Medical Annals " in 188^'7.
TUCKER, Mary Eliza, author, b. in Cahawba,
Ala., 6 Nov.. 18:^8. Her maiden name was Perine.
She was etlucatetl at a boarding-school in New
York, and. after her return to the south, married
John M. Tucker, of Mille<lgeville, Ga. Her hus-
band and her father lost all their property during
the civil war, and she came to New York to pro-
cure a publisher for a volume of poems that she
had w^ritten. and to obtain employment as a jour-
nalist. After struggling with poverty for a time,
she was entirely successful, ana became a regular
contributor to the " I^edger " and other New York
papers. Her first volume of " Poems " (New York,
1867) was 8tn)n^ly colored by the writer's s«iuthem
sympathies during the war. but was marke<l by
sincerity and i)athos. " Loew's Bridge, a Broadway'
Idyl " (1868) also attracted much attention. She is
the author of a " Life of Mark M. Pomeroy " (1868).
In 1871 she married Col. James H. Ijambert, of the
174
TUCKER
TUCKER
Philadelphia ''Press." and now resides in Philadel-
phia, where she has edited several journals.
Tl'CKER, Ponieroy, journalist, b. in Palmvra,
N. Y.. 10 Auk- It^^S: •«• t^^'ro. HO June. 1870. He
was an apprentice to a printer in Palmyra, Ix'came a
contributor to the Canandaijjua " Messenger," and
in 1834 established the " Sentinel " as a Democratic
organ. He was elected to the legislature in 1837,
and was for several years postmaster, and at one
time a canal collector. His journal espoused the
cause of free soil in 1848, and he was offered, but
declined, a nomination to congress. He published
a work on the " Origin, Rise, and Progress of Mor-
monism," cinitaining biographies of the founders
and a history of the church, with personal remem-
brances (New York, 1867).
TUCKER, Samnel, naval officer, b. in Marble-
head, Mass., 1 Nov., 1747; d, in Bremen. Me., 10
March, 1833. He was the son of a ship-master, and
when eleven years old ran away and shipoed in
the English sloop-of-war " Royal George. ' He
had command oi a merchantman in 17(58, and
made manv voyages before the Revolution as a
captain. When the war began he was in London,
and narrowly escaped compulsory service in the
British navy. He returned as a passenger in a
ship that was owned by Rol)ert Morris, and on the
voyage took charge of the vessel during a violent
storm. Mr. Morris then introduced him to Gen.
Washington, who commissioned him a captain in
the navy, 20 Jan., 1776, and assigned him to com-
mand the armed schooner " Franklin." While
this vessel was fitting out he took command of a
small schooner for a short cruise, and fell in with
a British transport with troops and stores. After
a desperate engagement for two and a half hours
the transport surrendered. The stores were given
to Washington's army, and arrived most oppor-
tui^ely. Tucker received the thanks of Washmg-
ton and the army for this brilliant service. In
March, 1776, he was transferred to command the
schooner " Hancock," in which he captured two
English brigs in Massachusetts bay on 17 April,
the ship " Peggy" on 29 July, a brig and a brig-
antine on the following day. and the brig " Live-
ly" on 29 Oct., 1776. He captured more than
thirty vessels in the " Franklin " and " Hancock "
in 1776. Tlie list was destroyed, but the prizes
included several armed vessels, and some of them
were very valuable. On 15 March, 1777. he was
appointed to command the frigate '• Boston," in
which he took out John Adams as minister to
France in February, 1778. In June, 1779, after
capturing five prizes on his return voyage from
France, he convoyed a fleet of merchantmen from
the West Indies to Philatlelphia, loaded with
clothing that hml been Iwught in Holland for the
American army. He was chased by the Brit-
ish frigate " Pole," but by a ruse obtained a com-
manding pfjsition and com|)elled the enemy to
surrender, without firing a gun; lie next cruised
in the " Boston " with the frigate " Confederacy "
also under his command, and captured several
British privateers. In August, 17 <9, he sailed in
company with the " Deane." under Com, Samuel
Nicholson ; both ships captured several prizes, and
the " Boston " took the sloop-of-war '• Thorn "
alone. He sailed in the " Boston " in 1779 to join
the squatlron of Com. Abraham Whipple to assist
in the defeTice of Charleston, !S. C. The American
squadron was captured by the British fleet on the
surrender of Charleston, and Tucker was paroled,
20 May, 1780. He went to Boston, effected his ex-
change with Cant. Wardlaw, whom he had cap-
tured in the " Thorn," and obtained command
of his former prize. He was highly successful
on this cruise, and captured seven prizes. He
endeavored to capture the enemy by stratagem
whenever it was possible. In July, 1781, he was
taken in the " Thorn " by the British frigate
" Hind " off the mouth of St. Ijawrence river. He
and his crew were carried to Prince Edward
island, where they were kindly treated. He was
permitted to go in an o{)en boat to Halifax with
some of his officers, instead of which he went to
Boston, notwithstanding the peril of the under-
taking. Upon his arrival he wrote to the British
commissary at Halifax saying he and his officers
considered themselves on parole, as their escape
was not strictly proper. The British officer accepted
the apology for the escape, and also granted them
their parole. After the war Tucker received a
vote of thanks from congress for his services. The
country was without any na^•y from 1785 till 1797,
and Tucker commanded several packets between
the Atlantic ports and Europe. In 1792 he re-
moved from Marblehead to a farm near Bristol,
where afterward was the town of Bremen, Me. In
1813 British privateers committed depredations
on the coast of Maine, and the commodore was
called on to command a schooner. Two brass
cannon were borrowed from the fort at Wiscasset,
and with improvised armament the schooner
chased and captured a privateer after a desperate
fight of two houi*s. The vessel proved to be the
"Crown," with valuable stores, wnich Tucker dis-
tributed among the needy people of the district.
After his retirement from the sea he served as se-
lectman of the town of Bristol, was elected to the
Massachusetts legislature in 1814-'18, and was a
member of the convention to form a constitution
for the new state of Maine in October, 1819, after
which he was a memlwr of the Maine legislature in
1820-'l. In 1820 he was a presidential elector. He
had great difficulty in obtaining compensation for
his services as a captain in the navy. His claim
for pay was debarred by a statute of limitation,
and in his old age h« was in reduced circum-
stances, as he had been defrauded of the fortune
that came to him from his immense prizes. In
March, 1821, he was granted a pension of $20 a ,
month from 1 Jan., 1818. In June, 1832, this was
increased to $600 per annum. At the time of
his death he was, excepting Gen, Lafayette, the
highest in rank of surviving officers of the Revo-
lution. See '• Life of Commodore Samuel Tucker,"
by John H. Sheppard (Boston, 1868).
TUCKER, Sarah, Quaker preacher, b. in Ports-
mouth, R. I., in 1779; d. in 1840. Her maiden
name was "Fish. She was a minister of the Society
of Friends for thirty-seven years. Her autobiog-
raphy was published under the title of " Memoirs
of -tlie Life and Religious Experience of Sarah
Tucker" (Providence, 1848).
TUCKER, Thomas Tndor, member of the Con-
tinental congress, b. in Port Royal, Bermuda, in
1745 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 2" May, 1828. He
studied medicine, emigrated to South Carolina,
and took the patriot side in the Revolution. He
was a delegate to the Continental congress in
1787-8, and sat in the first two congresses under
the Federal constitution. From 1 Dec., 1801, till
the time of his death he was treasurer of the United
States. He published an oration that was delivered
in Charleston before the South Carolina Society of
the Cincinnati (Charleston, 1795). — His brother,
St. George, jurist, b. in the island of Bermuda,
10 July, 1752: d, in Warminster, Nelson co.,
Va., 10' Nov., 1828. came to Virginia in 1771
to complete his education, was graduated at Will-
TUCKER
TUCKER
175
^ /u.^4>^U^
iam and Mary in 1772, fliiishwl a course of law,
and licfjan practice in the colonial CHjiirt-H. In
Juno. 1775. lie returned to Herinuda, but became
a^nin to Virginia in January. 1777, and bore
arms in defence of the colonies, serving as lieu-
tenant-colonel at
the siege of York-
town. Inl77«he
married Frances
HIand. mother of
John Uandolph.
After the war he
resumed the firac-
tice of law, was
made i judge of
the general court
of Virginia in
1787, and in 1789
professor of law
m the College
of William and
Mary, succeetl-
ing Chancellor
George W^the.
He wasappomted
in 1804 president-
judge of the Virginia court of apjieals, and in
1813 judge of the U. S, district court of Virginia.
Ho was a member of the Annapolis convention
of 1786 that recommended the convention by
which the constitution was formed. He was a
poet as well as a jurist. William and Mary col-
lege gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1790, and
lie left dramas — tragedy and comedy — and several
minor poems, some of them gems. The one en-
tithnl " Resignation," beginning " Days of my
youth." was highly praist-d by John Adams. '* The
]Probationary Odes of Jonathan Pindar, Esq., a
Cousin of Peter's, and a Candidate for the Post of
Poet laureate, to the C. U. S. In Two Parts," is the
title of a volume of political satires by Judge
Tucker (1796). He also published " Dissertation
on Slavery, with a Pro|Kjsition for its Gradual
Abolition in Virginia" (1796); "Letters on the
Alien and Sedition Laws" (1799); an essav on the
question " How far the Common Law of England
is the Common Law of the United States!" an
annotate<l edition of Blackstone's commentaries
(Philadelphia, 1803); and a "Commentary on the
Constitution." as an appendix to the last-mentioned
work. — Another brother was Dr. Nathanmel, wh(\
when very young, publisheil a poem calle<l " The
Bermudian (London, 1774). — A relative, (jeorge,
philosopher, b. in Bermuda in 1775 ; d. in Sherwo^nl,
AllR'niarle co., Va., 10 April, 18(51, emigrate<l to Vir-
ginia alx)Ut 1787, and was educated under the direc-
tion of St. George. He was graduated at William
and Mary in 1797, studied law, and practised in
Lvnchburg. He was a meml)er of the Virginia house
of delegates for some time, and was thrice elected to
the National house of re])resentatives, serving from
6 Due, 1819, till 3 March, 1M25. Un retiring from
congress, in which he occupie<l a prominent posi-
tion as a deliater and a c<»nstitutional lawyer, he
became profess<ir of moral philos<i|)hy and ]M)litical
economy in the University of Virginia, and filled
that chair for twenty years. He contributed to
many newspapers and magazines, wrote some of
the papers in William Wirt's " British Spy." sign-
ing them " An Enquirer." was the author of " Let-
ters on the Conspiracy of Slaves in Virginia "
(Richmond, 1800) ; " Letters on the Roanoke Navi-
gation" (1811); " Rec-olli»ction8 of Eleanor Rosalie
Tucker" (Lvnchburg, 1819): "Essays on Subjects
of Taste, Morals, and National Policy," by "A
Citizen of Virginia" (Georgetown, 1822); "The
Valley of the Shenandoah " (New York, 1824), a
novel that was r(>print(kl in England and translated
into the German language; a satirical roman(*e en-
titled " A Voyage to the Moon," under the pen-
name of "Jost'ph Atterley" (1827); " Principles of
Rent, Wages, and Profits" (Phila<lelnhia, 18:^7):
" Public Discourse on the Literature of the United
.States" (CharlotU'Sville. 1k:}7): "Life of Thomas
Jefferson, with Parts of his Correspondence" (Phil-
adelphia and London, 18237): "The Theory of
Money and Banks lnvcstigate<l" (IVjston, 1839);
" Essay on Cause and Effect " (Philwlelphia, 1842) ;
" Essay on the Association of Ideas " (1843) ; " Pub-
lic Discourse on the Dangers most Threatening to
the United States" (Washington, 1843); " Progress
of the United States in Population and Wealth in
Fifty Years" (New York, 1843); "Memoir of the
Life and Character of Dr. John P. Emmet" (Phila-
delphia, 1845) ; " Correspondence with Alexander
H. Everett on Political Economy " (1845) : " His-
tory of the United States from their Colonization
to the End of the Twentv-sixth Congress in 1841 "
(4 vols., 1856-'8); " Banks' or No lianks " (New York,
1857); and "Essays, Moral and Philosophical"
(1860).^St. George's eldest son, Henry St. Oeorge,
b. in Williamsburg, Va., 29 Dec., 1780; d. in Win-
chester, Va.. 28 Aug., 1848, was educated at the
College of William and Mary, and became a lawyer,
settling at Winchester, Va., in 1802. He was a vol-
unteer officer in the war of 1812, served as a member
of the U. S. house of representatives fn^m 1815 till
1819, and in the Virginia senates from 1819 till 1823.
He was appointed chancellor of the state in 1824,
and serve<l till 1831, when he wa.s made president-
t'udge of the Virginia court of appeals, which jtost
le resigned in 1841,l)eing then elected professor of
law at the University of Virginia. This jK>st he re-
signeil in 1845 bec-ause of feeble health. He was
tendered the attornev-generalship of the United
States by Andrew Jackson, but declined. While he
was chancellor he established a successful private
law-school at Winchester. William and Mary gave
him the degree of LL. I), in lKi7. He published
" Commentaries on the Law of Virginia ' (2 vols.,
Winchester. 18J36-'7); " Lectures on Constitutional
Law" (Richmond, 1843); and " licctures on Natu-
ral Ijawand Government " (Charlottesville. 1844). —
St. George's second son. Nathaniel Beverley, b.
at Williamsburg, James City co., Va., 6 Sept., 1784 ;
d. in Winchester, Va., 26 Aug., 1851, was generally
known by his second name. He was grmluated at
William and Mary in 1801, studied law, and prac-
tised in Virginia until 1815, when he moved to Mi.s-
souri, where he was a judge in the circuit court till
1830. Returning to Virginia, he was elected in
1834 professor of law in William and Mary, which
post he filled with signal ability till his death. As
a writer he excelled any of his Virginia contempo-
raries. His most remarkable work is "The Par-
tisjin Leader: a Tale of the F'uture, bv ?2dward
William Svdney " (2 vols.. New York. 18:^6; Wash-
ington. 18^7). This was printed secretly, bearing
the fictitious date 1856, and puri)orted to be a his-
torical novel of the events between 1836 and that
year. In its accurate delineation of events between
1861 and 1805 it seems almost prophetic. It was
reprinted with the title "A Key to the Disunion
Conspiracy " (2 vols.. New York, 1861). His other
works include "George Balcomlte," a novel (1836);
" Discourse on the ImiK)rtaiut' of the Studv of Po-
litical Science as a Branch of Academic Fklucation
in the Uniteil States" (Richmond, 1840); "Dis-
course on the Dangers that threaten the Free In-
stitutions of the United States " (1841) ; ** Lecturee
176
TUCKER
TUCKERMAN
intended to Prepare the Student for the Study of
the Constitution of the Tnitcd States" (Philadel-
phia, 1845) ; and " Principles of Pkwling" (Boston,
1846). He left an unfinished life of his half-broth-
er, John Randolph of Roanoke. He wrote a great
number of political and inis^ellaneous essays, and
was a large contributor to the " Southern Literary
Mes!<enger."of Richmond, Va., and to the "Southern
Quarterly Review." He corresponded with schol-
ars and politicians, and the influence of his mind
wjis felt ov all such with whom he came in contact.
— Henrv St. George's son, Nathaniel Beverley,
iouruallst, b. in Winchester, Va., 8 June, 1820; d.
in Riilunond, Va.. 4 July, 1890. was educatetl at
the U^nivtrsitv of Virginia, founded the Washing-
ton "Sentinel" in 1853, was elected printer to the
U. S. Senate in I)eceml)er of that year, and in 1857
was apiK)inte(l consul to Liverpool, remaining till
1861. He wius sent by the Confederate government
in 1862 to p]iigiand and France, and in 1863-'4 to
Canada. lO obtain commissary supplies. He went
to Mexico after the civil war'closed, was there till
Maximilian's reign came to an end, then returned
lo the United States. He afterward resided in
Washington, D. C. and Berkeley Springs. W. Va.
— Another son, John Randolph, statesman, b. in
Winchester, Va.. 24 Dec, 1823, received his early
education at a private school near his home, en-
tered Kichmond academy, and finished his studies
at the University of Virginia, where he was gradu-
ated in law in 1844. He was admitted to the
bar in 1845, and began the practice of his profes-
sion in Winchester. He was a presidential elector
on the Democratic ticket in 1852 and 1856, was
elected attorney- general of Virginia in May,
1857, to fill an unexpired term, and was re-elected
in 1859 and in 18(53. He was dispossessed of this
office by the results of the war. He was elected
professor of erjuity and public law in Washington
and Lee university, Lexington, in 1870, and con-
tinued in this office until he was elected in 1874 to
congress, of which he was a member till 1887. He
was for a short time chairman of the ways and
means committee, and was a member of that com-
mittee for eight years. He was chairman of the
judiciary committee in the 48th and 49th con-
gresses. Mr. Tucker is an orator of much power,
and has taken an active part in the debates on
the tariff, in opposition to the protective policy.
His speeches on other questions include those on
the electoral commission bill, the constitutional
doctrine as to the presidential count, the Hawaiian
treaty in 187(5, the use of the army at the polls, in
1879, and Chinese emigration, in 1883. He deliv-
ered an address l>efore the Social science associa-
tion in 1877. and one in 1887 before the law-school
of Yale, which in that year gave him the degree of
LL. D. — Another son, St. George, was a lawyer
by profession, and was clerk of the Virginia legis-
lature. He joined the Confederate army, held a
lieutenant-colonel's commission, and died from ex-
posure in the seven days' battles around Rich-
mond. He was the author of " Hansford : a Tale
of Bacon's Rebellion" (Richmond, ia53); "The
Siiuthem Crop"; and the dedicatory poem of
Washington's equestrian statue at Richmond. —
Their kinsman, John Randolph, naval officer, b.
in Alexandria, Va.. 31 Jan., 18l5 ; d. in Petersburg,
Va., 12 June, 1883. He received his early educa-
tion in his native city, and on 1 June, 1826, entered
the U. S. navy as a midshipman. He became
lieutenant, 20 Dec, 1837, served as executive officer
on board the bomb-brig " Stromboli " during the
war with Mexico, and participated in the capture
of Tabasco and other naval operations. During
the latter part of the war Tucker succeeded to the
command of the vessel. On 14 Sept., 1855, he re-
ceived his commission as a commander, and was
ordered to take charge of the receiving - ship
"Pennsylvania" at Norfolk. His next post was
that of ordnance-officer of the Norfolk navy-yard.
He resigned his commission on 18 April, 1861,
after the passage by Virginia of a secession ordi-
nance, and on 21 April was appointed a commander
in the Virginia navy. On 22 April he was directed
by Gov. Letcher to " conduct the naval defences
of James river," but on 3 June he was ordered to
the command of the steamer " Yorktown," which
afterward became the " Patrick Henry'." When
N'irginia joined the Confederate states, Tucker, with
all other officers of the state navy, was transferred
to the Confederate service with the same rank he
had held in the U. S. navy. The " Patrick Henry "
participated in the various conflicts in Hampton
Roads, including the battle between the "Merri-
mac" and the "Monitor" on 9 March, and on the
13th Tucker was placed in command of the wooden
fleet. Soon after the repulse of the National
squadron at Drewry's Bluff, in which his vessel took
part. Tucker was promoted on 13 May, 18(53, to the
rank of captain, and ordered to Charleston, S. C,
where he commanded the Confederate naval forces
as flag-officer of the station. When Charleston
was evacuated in February. 1865, Capt. Tucker re-
turned to Drewry's Bluff, organized the naval bri-
gade, and commanded it there until Richmond
was evacuated, when he reported to Gen. Robert
E. Lee, and was attached to Custis Lee's division
of Gen. Ewell's corps, which formed the rear-
guard of the Confederate army on the retreat from
Richmond. In 1866 Capt. Tucker was appointed
to the command of the Peruvian navy with the
rank of rear-admiral. During the war between
Peru, Chili, and Spain he commanded the com-
bined fleets of the two republics. When that war
ceased, his rank and emoluments were continued,
and he was made president of the Peruvian hydro-
graphic commission of the Amazon. His last ser-
vice was the exploration and survey of the upper
Amazon and its tributaries. In a short time he
returned to Petersburg. Va.. where he died.
TUCKER, Tilghman M., lawyer, b. in North'
Carolina; d. in Alabama, 80 April. 1859. He re-
ceived a good education, studied law, and practised
in Columbus, Miss. He was for many years a mem-
ber of the legislature in one branch or the other,
was governor of Mississippi in 1841-'3, and served
a term in congress, which ended on 4 March, 1845.
TUCKER, nilliam Jewett, clergyman, b. in
Griswold^ Conn., 13 July, 1839. He was graduated
at Dartmouth in 1861, and in 18(53, after teaching
for two years, entered Andover theological semi-
nary, where he was graduated in 1866. After a
ministry of eight years in Manchester, N. H., where
he became noted for the grace and eloquence of his
sermons, he removed to New York city in 1875,
and was pastor of the Madison square Presbj'terian
church until he entered on the professorship of
sacred rhetoric at Andover seminary in 1879. He
received the degree of D. D. from Dartmouth in
1875.
TUCKERMAN, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Bos-
ton, Mass., 18 Jan., 1778; d. in Havai», Cuba, 20
April, 1840. His father, Edward Tuckerman, a
citizen of Boston, was one of the founders of the
first fire insurance company in New England. The
son was graduated at Harvard in 1798, where he
was the classmate of William EUery ('banning, and
room-mate of Joseph Story. He entered the Uni-
tarian ministry in 1801, and first settled in Chelsea.
TUCKERMAN
TUCKEUMAX
m
In 1826 he whs ap|>ointo<l by th«' AuuTicnn Unita-
rian iLssiR'iat ion niiiiistor at larfje in lk>.ston. The
romaindiT of his lifo wa* dovoto*! to a s<Monliflc
stiiiiy of i)au|M'risni and the atliniiiisiration of
charity. TIm* philanthropy and practical wi«lorn
that lie brought to the M?ork revolutionized the
methixisof (lealinK with the |)oor, and piined for
him a great reputation. "To the .svftetn in-
auGTurated by him," sayss Kev. Edward E. Hale,
" iToston owes it tliat in every n'vulsion of busi-
ness, or in any jfr^'^t calaniity, her oniinary insti-
tutions of charitable relief have proved sufticient
for whatever exijrency." Justice Story declared
that ij is work "entitles him to a prominent rank
among the benefactors of mankind." In France
his principles wen* iwlopted by the celebrated Baron
Dejjerando. In England they resulted in the Tuck-
erman institute of Liverpool, and other »is»ociat ions
that still survive. Me vi>iled England in 1883
and formed friendships with I>july Byron, Joantui
Baillif, and otheiN, with whom he maintained a
constant corres|iondence. Harvard gave him the
degree of I). I), in 1824. He published numerous
discourses, tracts, and reports, chiefly in further-
ance of the work in whifh he was engaged. His
principal writings, under the title of " Elevation of
the Poor," have l)een collected (Boston, 1874). See
memoirs of Dr. Tuckerman, by William E. Chan-
ning. I). I). (Boston. 1841), and by Mary Carpenter
(Ijondon. 184SM. — His nephew, Henry Theodore,
author, b. in Boston, Mass., 20 April, 1813; d. in
New York city, 17
__ I)»»c.,1871, was pre-
pared to enter col-
lege,butthecondi-
tioii of his health
compelle<l a cessa-
tion of study, and
in 1833 he went
to EurojH>, where
he remained near-
ly a year, passing
most of the time
in Italy. " The
Itahan Sketch-
Book" (Philadel-
phia, 1835) was the
iruit of his so-
journ abroad. His
academical stud-
ies were resumet^
on his return, but
were again relin-
quished, and ho made a scc«)nd voyage to Europe
in 18^{7, remaining abroad until thesummerof 18iJU.
This journey embraced a tour of Sicily and length-
ened residences in Palermo and Florence. The lit-
erary outcome of this second trip was " IsjiIk'1. or
Sicily : a Pilgrimage " (1839). With greatly im-
proved healt h, he now devoted himself to letters, and
was for years a regular and fre<|uent contributor to
nerio<licals. These writings were in due course col-
lected and published at intervals. Scholarly taste,
wide remling. and varied learning are displayed in
these numerous compositions. The criticisms are
well tem[)ered and sympathetic; the sentiments
are wholesome; the style, if jK'rhajw lacking in
vigor, is grace/ul, melodious, and ri'fined. In the
works that relate especially to art and artist life a
command of knowltnlge and just appreciation are
clearly exhibited. Mr. Tuckerman's prose writings
are a valuable contribution to polite literature.
The two volumes of poetrv are not remarkable,
though " Jjove and Fame,'^ "Mary," and "The
Apollo Belvidere" are still admired. He was much
TOL. VI. — 12
^u2»f*tyi/. yuc^e^,*tui*vy
lieloved socially, in virtue of grace of manners and
irreproachable |>ersf)nal worth. He HiK?nt many
summers at Newport, where a pleasant memorial t>{
him, presented oy his sister, may be seen in the
" Redwood Libmrv," consisting of a ctmiplete set
of Mr. TuckermanV writings in a beautiful ebony
case. His works, Iwsides those mention«>d alwve, in-
clude " Rambles and Reveries" (1841); "Thoughts
on the Poets," |>riiicipally English (184(5; German
translati<m by l)r. Emile MlllTer, Marburg, 18.'i(});
"Artist Life, or Sketches of American Painters"
(New York, 1847); "Characteristics of Literature"
(Philadelphia, 1849; 2d series, 1851); "The Opti-
mist," a volume <jf miscellaneous essays (New York.
18.'>0); " Life of CommcKlore Silas Talbot" (1851):
"Poems" (Boston. 1851); "A Month in England"
(1853); "Memorial of Horatio Greenough" (New
York, 18.'>3); " Jjcaves from the Diary of a Dream-
er" (1853); "Mental Portraits, or Studies of Char-
acter" (London, 1853 : revised and enlarged as " Es-
says, Biographical and Critical, or Stmlies of Char-
acter," Boston, 1857); "Essay on Washington. with
a Paper on the Portraits of Washington " (New
York, 1859); "America and Her Commentators"
(1864) ; " A Sheaf of Verse " (18«4) ; " The Criterion,
or the Test of Talk about F'amiliar Things" (18W5);
"Maga Paj>ers al)out Paris" (1807); "Book of the
Artists," a study of the rise and progress of art
in America (1807); and "Life of John Pendleton
Kennedy " (1871). See addresses bv Henry W. B«'l-
lows and Evert A. Duyckinck (N'ew York, 1872).
— Another nephew, Edward, lichenologist, b. in
lioston, Ma'ss.. 7 Dec., 1817; d. in Amherst. Mass.,
15 March. 188(5, was graduated at Union in 18:^7.
and at the Harvard law-school in 18^59, after which
for two vears he continued at Cambridge, pursu-
ing studies in law, and taking a special course
at the divinity-school. In 1841 he went to Europe
for further studv, and in Upsjila met Elias Fries,
who confirmed )iis ftmdness for botany. On his
return in 1842, he made with Asa Gmy a l>otanical
excursion in the White mountains, and contributed
to the "American Journal of Science "a pajier de-
scriptive of the plants that he had collected. He
had previously published several paiK?rs on the
New England lichens, giving the results of his in-
dividual ex|R'riences. In 1847 he took the A. B. de-
gree at Harvard, having entered the senior cla<s
a year previous. He completed the course of study
at the Harvard divinity-school in 1852. In 1854
he wjis appointed lecturer on history in Amherst,
and until 1873 he continued to give mstruction in
that branch, during a part of the time filling the
chair of oriental history. He wjis appointed pro-
fessor of botany in 1858, which chair tie then held
until the end of his life, although during his later
vears he was relieved from class instruction. His
botanical studies were \*arious, but he made a
specialty of lichenol(»gv, in which branch he had
no superior in the United States. Prof, Tucker-
man's papers on this subject number nearly fifty,
and art^ devoted to descriptions of the lichens not
only of New En|;land, but of other parts of North
America. S|H'cimens collected by the U. S. ex-
ploring exfHHlition, the Pacific railroad surveys,
and later by the U. S. geological surveys, were re-
ferred t«> him for examination and classification.
Early in life Thomas Nuttall dedicated to him the
genus Tuckermania, one of the finest of California
Com|K)sita>, and several sjK»cies have bi>en named
in his honor. Tuckerman's ravine, on Mount
Washington, also Wars his name. The degree of
LL. D. was given him by Amherst in 1865, and
he was a member of various scientific societies,
among which were the American academy of arts
178
TUCKERMAN
TUFTS
and sciences after 1805. and the National acade-
my of sciences after IHOH. Prof. Tuckerman con-
tributed to the New York " Cliurchnian," between
1834 and 1841, numerous articles, under the titles
of " Notitia Ijiteraria " and " Adversaria," on sub-
jects in history, biojjraphy, and theology. He
also contributed short articles on antiquarian topics
to the " Mercantile Journal " in 18;{2, and in 1832-'^
he aided Samuel G. Drake in the preparation of
his " Book of the Indians " and " Indian Wars."
Besides his paper on botany, he edited " New Eng-
land's Rarities Discovered," l)y John Josselyn (1800),
and published "Genera Lichenum : An Arrange-
ment of North American Lichens " (Amherst,
1872) : " A Catalogue of Plants growing without
Cultivation within Thirty Miles of Amherst Col-
lege" (1882); and "A Synonsis of the North
American Lichens " (part i., Boston. 1882). The
second part of the hust-nained work, left by Prof.
Tuckenn.in, has been issued, with an appendix, bv
Henry Willey (New Bedford. 1888). See " Memoir
of Eilward 'ruckerman" (Washington. 1887), by
William (J. Farlow. — Edward's brother, Frederick
(ioddard, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 10 Aug.,
1821 ; d. there. 14 May, 1877, entered Harvard in
the class of 1841. and, leaving before he had passed
through the entire course, went to the law-school,
where he was graduated in 1842. He was admitted
to the Suffolk bar in 184i'5. Mr. Tuckerman pub-
lished a volume of " Poems" (Boston, 1800; Lon-
don, 1803), and was a contributor to the "'Atlantic
Monthly." — Henry Theodore's brother. Charles
Keating, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 11 March,
1821, wiis U. S. minister to Greece in 18G8-'72, and
since his retirement from that post has resided in
Europe. He hivs edited A. R. Rangabe's "Greece:
Her Progress and Present Position" (New York,
18(57). and is the aiithor of " The Greeks of 'i'o-
day" (1873); and "Poems" (London, 1885).— His
son, Arthur Lyman, architect, b. in New York,
14 Sept., 1801, was prepared for his profession
in Europe, and was appointed superintendent of
the Metropolitan museum art-schools in 1888. Mr.
Tu'kernmn hfu* published a " History of Architec-
ture" (New York, 1887). — Another cousin. Bay-
ard, author, b. in New York. 2 July, 1855. studied
in Europe, was graduated at Harvard in 1878, and
has becouie a writer on historical and literary sub-
jects. He is the author of " History of English
Prose Fiction " (New York, 1882), and has in
course of publication a " Life of General Lafay-
ette."— Henry Theodore's cousin, Stenlien Salis-
bury, artist, b. in Boston, Mass., 8 Dec, 1830, at
first engaged in business, but subsequently studied
drawing in Birmingham, England, and on his re-
turn to Boston became principal of the New Eng-
land school of design. He went abroad again m
1800, and studied in Paris for a year. After this
he taught drawing in Boston until 1804, when he
devoted himself entirely to painting. Since 1872
he has worked chiefly abroad, and he has exhibited
in London, Paris, and in Holland, as well as in his
native country. He is noted especially for his ma-
rine views, among which are " Beach at Hastings " ;
" U. S. Frigate "Constitution' escaping from the
British Fleet in 1812," which is in tne Boston mu-
seum of fine arts ; and "• Dutch Fishing - Boats
Beaching in a Gale." — Stephen SiUisbury's cousin,
Samuel Parknian, musician, b. in Boston, Mas.s.,
11 Feb., 1819, had his first instruction in music
from Charles Zeuner, and was then for several years
organist at St. Paul's church, Boston. During this
time he published "The Episcopal Harp" (1844)
and "The National Lyre" (1848), the latter with
Silas A*. Bvncroft and Henry K. Oliver, lie went
to England in 1849, and the degree of Mns. Doc.
was c<mferred on him by the archbishop of Canter-
bury in 1853. In the preceding year he had re-
ceived a diploma from the Academy of St. Cecilia
in Rome. After returning to the United States he
lectured on sacred music, and gave performances
of church music of the jwriod from the 4th to the
19th centuries. He went again to England in 1856,
and a third time in 1808, returning in 1879. As a
composer he has given his attention chiefly to
sacred music, and he has coinpile<l " Cathedral
Chants " (London, 1852) and " Trinity Collection
of Church Music" (1804).
TUDOR, William, lawyer, b. in Boston, Mass.,
28 March, 1750: d. there, '8 July, 1819. He was
Graduated at Harvard in 1709, studied law with
ohn Adams, and was admitted to the Suffolk liar,
27 July, 1772, rising to a high rank in his profes-
sion. He was attached to Gen. Washington's staff
in 1775-'8as judge-advocate with the rank of colo-
nel, was a member of both houses of the Massa-
chusetts legislature, and in 1809-'10 served as sec-
retary of state. Col. Tudor was vice-president of
the Massachusetts Society of the Cmcinnati in
1810, and delivered an address before that body.
Among his other published orations is one that he
delivered on the anniversary of the " Boston Mas-
sacre " (Boston, 1779), and one before the Massa-
chusetts charitable fire society (1798). A memoir
of Col. Tudor is printed in the "' Collections " of the
Massachusetts historical society, of which he was a
founder. — His son, William, author, b. in Boston,
Mass., 28 Jan., 1779: d. in Rio Janeiro. 9 March,
1830, was graduated at Harvard in 1790, became
a clerk in the employ of John Codman, and visited
Europe on business. On his return he was active
in founding the Anthology club, and wrote much
for its magazine, the " Monthly Anthology," dur-
ing its publication in 1803-'ll. In 1807 he was a
founder of the Boston athenseum, which grew out
of the club. In December. 1814, he projected the
" North American Review," the first number of
which appeared in May, 1815, under his editor-
ship. Three fourths of the matter in the first four
volumes were written by him. Mr. Tudor was for
some time a meml>er of the Massachusetts legis-
lature, and he originated the present Bunker Hill*
monument. Hearing that the ground on which
it stands was to be sold, he interested men of
means in the purchase, and the work was begun by
his suggestion. He was engaged in various Eu-
ropean commercial transactions, and in November,
1805, as the agent of his brother Frederic, went to
the West Indies, where he founded the ice trade
with tropical countries. In 1823 he was appointed
U. S. consul at Lima, Peru, and in 1827 he be-
came charge d'affaires in Brazil, where he negoti-
ated a treaty. Besides his contributions to current
literature and separate orations and addresses, he
wrote " Letters on the Eastern States "(New York,
1820); "Miscellanies,'* from his contributions to
the " Anthology " and the " North American Re-
view" (1821); " Life of James Otis, of Massachu-
setts" (1823) ; and "Gebel Teir." an anonymous
political allegory, written at Rio Janeiro (1829).
He left valuable unpublished manuscripts.
TUFTS, Charles, donor, b. in Medford, Mass.,
16 July, 1781 ; d. in Somerville (former]y a part of
Charlestown), Mass., 24 Dec, 1876. He received
a common-school education, inherited a large prop-
erty in land, became a manufacturer and active
business man, promoted the prosperity of his town,
and added to his fortune by sagacious investments.
He wa-s a liberal friend of education, and gave the
site and seventy acres of valuable land to found
TUFTS
TULLY
179
Tufts oollejfe. Medfonl, Masw. It Ktnnds on a site
lliat wns punrhased in lUM) by Peter Tufts, the
i'liiiirnint uncvstor.
Tt'FTS. Cotton, physician, b. in Medford.
Mass., 80 May. 17:{4: d." in Weymouth. Maxs.. 8
DtK-., 1815. He wa.s the grandson nf Peter Tufts,
who omi^mtcHl to this country in UV>4 and died in
MaUh'U. .Mass., in 170(), h^jihI eij;hty-two. Cotton
was }>:niduat4'<l at Harvard in 174i>, studied medi-
cine, and settle*! at Weymouth, where he was high-
ly esteemwl as a physician. He wiis one of the
original meml>ers of the Massachusetts medical
society, its president in nHT-'M. and one of the
founders of the Academy of arts and .sciences. In
1705 he wrote spirite<l and patriotic instructions
to the representatives of Weymouth against the
stami>-act. He was a representative of the state
and a councillor, for many yejirs an active member
of the state senate, and sui)|xjrted in the conven-
tion the adoption of the U. S. con.stitution. — His
grandson, Qiiiney, b. in Weymouth. Mas.s.. 4 July,
171)1 ; d. thon», 18 April. 1872. was a citizen of Bos-
ton, and distinguished for his lil»erality. He left
by his will f lO.UOO to Harvard for the education of
indigent stiulents, $2,000 each to Amherst college
•Hud Atkinson academy, N. II.. for a like purpose,
."? 10,000 to the town of Weymouth for a free library,
)f 10,000 to the Mjkssachusetts general hospital for
free beils; and about $40,000 to be distributed
among the charitable institi.'tions of the city.
TUFTS. John, clergyman, b. in \fedford,
Mass., 5 May. 1G89; d. in Amesbury, Mass., Au-
gust, 1750. lie was graduated at Harvard in 1708,
and was minister at Newbury, Ma.«s., from 1714 till
\T>iS. He published " Intnwluction to the Singing
of Psalm-Tunes, with a Collection of Tunes in
Three Parts" (Boston, 1715), and a sermon, " Hum-
ble Call to Archippus" (182l»). His work on the
singing of ps;ilm-tuncs was the first publication of
the kind in New England, if not in this country,
and was reganled as a great novelty, since not
more than four or five tunes were known in many
of the congregation)*, and those were sung by rote.
TUIG(t. John, K. C. bishop, b. in County Cork,
Ireland, in 1820: d. in Altooiia, Pa., 7 Dec. 1889.
He enteral the missionary college, and. emigrating
to the Cnited .States, finished his theological course
in St. MicluM'I's seminary, Pittsburg. He was or-
dained [iriest on 14 May, 1850. and placet! as
iissistant nast^r at Pittsburg cathedral, being also
app<iinte(l secretary to the bishop. In 1853 he
organized the congregation of St. Bridget an«!
erecte<! a churcli. He was transferred the same
year to the mission of Altoona. where he foundetl a
school, placing it under the .Sisters of Charity, built
a pastoral residence, and enlarge*! the «-hurch. He
was also in charge of several other missions at the
same time, and in 1809 was ap|)ointed vicar forane
of the eastern part of the diocese. He then erected
a new church, which was de«!icated in 1875. He
was consecrated bishop of Pittsburg, 19 Marcli.
1870, and soon afterwan! ma<le ailministnitor of
the diocese of Alleghany. Bishop Tuigg's consti-
tution gave way under the labors that weii* entailed
by the government of these two diocesi'.s, and in
1882 he hml three strokes of |>aralysis. Although
his life was despaired of. he recovered, and resurnwl
his episcopal duties. In 1888 the unite<l dir>ceses
contained 212 priests, 140 members of male religious
orders and 72(5 of female relicious orders, 14 ecclesi-
astical students, 133 churches and 44 chajiel.s 8
monasteries, 55 convents, 3 colleges. 0 aciuiemies
for girls, an industrial sch(H)l and reformatory, 3
or|)hanages, 2 hospitals, and 70 parochial schools,
which were attended by 21,000 pupils.
TriANE. Paul, philanthropist, b. in Cherry
Valley, near Princeton, N. .1.. in May. 1801 ; d. in
Princeton. 27 March. 1887. He was' the son of a
French emigrant, a native of Tours, who wa.1 en-
gagtn! in the lumlK-r trade In-tween Philadehihia
and the French West Imlies. The oHlce of probate
judge of Tours was held by members of his family
for 150 years. Paul Tulane had no taste for IxKiks.
but a marked talent for trade from early youth.
In 1818 he made a tour of the southwest with a
wealthy cousin and namesake, and in 1822 emi-
grate<l to New Orleans. It was a yellow-fever
summer, and he went while the epidemic was at its
height, becau.se there were better oiK-nings then for
young men. His first ventures were marked with
success, and he soon engaged in a general supply
business which proved lucrative. In the latter part
of his business career this was narrowed down to a
trade in clothing. Until 1850 he continued in ac-
tive business in New Orleans with unvarying suc-
cess. In 1840 he visited P'rance to si-e his father,
who |)ointed out to him the decadence of Tours
and Bordeaux due to the emancifiation of the West
India slaves, and warned him of a like probable
fate to New Orleans, In con.sequence, from this
time Mr. Tulane Ijegan to transfer a large part of
his estAte to the north, but he continued his resi-
dence in New Orleans until 1873, when he j>erma-
nently removed to Princeton, N. J. During his
entire career in New Orleans he was kniked up to
as a man of great industry, sound judgment, and
perfect integ-
rity. His
mode of life
was unosten-
tatious, but
he was a gen-
erous giver
both to public
and private
charities, es-
pecially foretl-
ucational ol>-
ject.s. His af-
fection for the
city of New
Orleans was
strong and
unwavering, and tiiis took definite sha|)e in an act
of donation on 2 May, 1882. by which he conveyed
his real estate in New Orleans to a board of seven-
teen administrators for tlie higher education of the
white youth of Louisiana. Phis and subsetjuent
donations aggn>gated about $1.100,(KK), and ho
avowed his. purpose of dinlicatinga large part of
the residue of his estate, amounting toal)out$l.-
000.000 more, to the same purpose ; but, as he die<!
intestate, it fell to his legal heirs. The Tulane
education fund has been used to found the Tulane
university of Louisiana at New Orleans, which has
had a rapid and prosfterous development, and is
now the first institution in the south in eiuk>wnient
and numl)er of students. (See illustration.)
TULLY, John, astrologer, b. in Kngland, 0
Sept.. 1038; d. in Middletown. Conn.. 5 Oct., 1701.
For twenty years, from 1(581 till tlie lime of his
death, he was engaginl in comoiline almanacs, and
was popularly known as the " New-Kngland astrolo-
ger.' The first publication of his almanac pre-
ce<le<l William Bmdfonrs by six years, and Benja-
min Franklin's by half a century.
I TULLY. Wllfiani, nhvsician. b. in Savbrook,
Conn.. 18 Nov.. 1785; d. in .Springfiehl. .Vasa.. 28
j Feb., 1859. He was graduated at Vale in 1806,
I and, after studying meilicine in Philadelphia, set-
180
TUOMEY
TUPPER
tied in practice in Milfonl, Conn. Subsequently
ho removed to Upper Middletown (now Cromwell),
where he b came intimate with Dr. Thomas Miner,
whoso views on the nature and treatment of
spotted fever he adopted. In 1824 he was called
to the presidency of the Vermont academy of
medicine in Castleton, Vt., where he also lec-
tured on the theory and practice of medicine,
lie removed to Albany in 1826, and was asso-
ciated with Dr. Alden March in the prjvctice of
medicine. In 1829 he settled in New Haven, where
he was appointed professor of materia medica in
the medical department of Yale, which chair he
iield until 1842, when he resigned. He removed to
Springfield in 1851, and there spent the remainder
of his life in poverty. Dr. TuUy was distinguished
ns a botanist, and was regarded as one of the most
learned and thoroughly scientific physicians in
New England. He contributed to the medical
journals of his time, and assisted in the revision of
Webster's " Dictionary of the English Language "
(editions of 1840 and 1847). With Dr. Thomas
Miner he published "Essays upon Fever and other
Medical Subjects" (Middletown, 1823), and he was
the author of " Materia Medica, or Pharmacology
and Thpr.iueutics" (Springfield, 1857-'8).
TUOMEY, Michael, geologist, b. in Cork, Ire-
land, 29 Sept., 1808; d. in Tuscaloosa, Ala., 30
March, 1857. He came to the United States in his
youth, and after an unsuccessful experience in
farming was graduated at Rensselaer polytech-
nic institute in 1835. Subsequently he taught in
Somerset county, Md., and also followed civil en-
gineering. In 1844 he was appointed state geolo-
gist of South Carolina, and in 1847 he was called
to the chair of mineralogy, geology, and agricul-
tural chemistry in the University of Alabama.
This professorship he held until his death, and in
1848 he was appointed state geologist of Alabama.
The degree of A. M. was conferred on him, and he
was a meml)er of the Boston society of natural his-
tory and of the American association for the ad-
vancement of science. His published reports in-
clude " Geological and Agricultural Survey of the
State of South Carolina" (Columbia, 1844); "Re-
port on the Geology of South Carolina" (1848);
" First Biennial Report on the Geology of Ala-
bama" (Tuscaloosa, 1850); "Geological Map of
Alabama" (1853); and "Second Biennial Report of
the Geology of Alabama," edited by John W. Mal-
lett (Montgomery, 1858). With Francis S. Holmes
he issued "Fossils of South Carolina" (10 parts,
Charleston, 1855-'7).
TUPAC-AMARU (too'-pak-ah-mah-roo), mem-
ber of the Peruvian inca family, b. in Cuzco about
1540; d. there in 1573. He was the second son of
Manco Inca Yupanqui, who, after the execution of
Atahualpa, had been recognized by Pizarro as suc-
cessor to the throne. After his father's death the
eldest son, S.iyri-Tupac, submitted to the Spanish
rule, and was baptized and rewarded by a tract of
land and an Indian commandery at Undmmba ;
but Tupac-Amaru refused to renounce his family
claims, and retired to the mountains of Vilca-
bainba. When Sayri-Tupac died, the family claims
devolved upon Tupac-Amaru, and as the Indians
recognized nim as the legitimate successor to the
throne of the inca.s, the viceroy, Francisco de To-
ledo, resolve<I to capture the prince. In 1572,
under pretext of sending auxiliaries to Chili, he
ordered 250 men to march against the district of
Viicabamba, where they began hostilities against
Tupac-Amaru. The latter resisted in self-defence,
and, after he had been defeated several times, and
his means of subsistence had been cut oflf, fled with
his family and some followers to the mountain-
fastnesses, where he thought himself secure. But
receiving notice of his retreat, Capt. Martin de
Loyola, with twenty men, cro.«sed at night the
mountain-stream that defended the inca's retreat,
and captured the camp by surprise, carrying the
unhappy prince with his family as prisoners to
Cuzco. Tliere the judge, Gabriel Loarte, by the
viceroy's order, began a criminal process against
Tupac, under the pretext that he had incited an
armed revolt, and he was condemned to death and
beheaded at Cuzco, while his children were trans-
ported as prisoners to Spain. — The name Tupac-
Amaru II, was adopted oy Jose Gabriel Condor-
can(^ui, who, claiming to lie a lineal descendant of
the incas, raised a rebellion against the Spaniards
in 1780. and was executed in 1781.
TUPAC INCA* YUPANqUI (too-pak-ing-kah-
yoo-pang'-ke). elevehth inca of Peru, b. in Cuzco
about 1420 ; d. there in 1483. He was a son of the
inca Yupanqui and Mama Chimpu Ocllo, and suc-
ceeded his father on the throne in 1453, beginning
his reign by visiting the different provinces of his
empire, in which undertaking he spent four years.
After gathering
an army of more
than 40.000 men
at Cajamarca, he
conquered theter-
ritories of Moya-
bamba, Chacha-
poyas. Ay abaca,
and Huancabam-
ba, and, on his
return to Cuzco,
completed the
construction of
the famous fort-
ress of Sacsahu-
ana, which had
been begun under
the reign of his
father. Some
years afterward
he marched again to the conquest of the northern
tribes and subjugated Iluanucoand theCaflari ter-
ritory. In his old age he sent another army north-
ward, but remained in Cuzco, giving the command
to his eldest son, Huayna Capac, who conquered
Quito and Pasto, and by whom he was succeeded.
TUPPER, Benjamin, soldier, b. in Stoughton,
Mass., in August, 1738; d. in Marietta, Ohio, in
June, 1792. He served as a soldier in the French
war of 1756-'63, and afterward taught. Soon after
the battle of Lexington he was a major at Boston,
and distinguished himself in a boat expedition at
Castle island, Boston harbor. He became a lieu-
tenant-colonel. 4 Nov., 1775, colonel of the 11th
Massachusetts early in 1776, and in August of the
same year commanded the gun-boats and galleys on
the North river. He served under Gen. Horatio
Gates at Saratoga, was at the battle of Monmouth
in 1778, and was brevetted a general before the
close of the war. With Gen. llufus Putnam he
originated the Ohio land company, was appointed
in 1785 surveyor of Ohio lands, and served against
Shays's rebellion in 1786. He settled ^t Marietta,
Ohio, in 1787, and became a judge in 1788. — His
son, Edward W., was a brigadier-general of Ohio
volunteers, and served under Gen. Harrison in
1812. He died at Gallipolis, Ohia in 1823.
TUPPER, Charles, clergyman, b. in Corn-
wallis. Nova Scotia, 6 Aug., 1794; d. in Aylesford,
N. S., 19 Jan., 1881. He was ordained to the work
of the Baptist ministry, 17 July, 1817, and was
TUPPER
TUPPKR
181
oilitor of tho " liaptist Mapazino" in 1832-'6. - Ho
was a liberal contributor to the prfs.s during the
sixty-threo vears of his ministry, anil gained a
n>|)Utation for scholarly attainnient.s. In lb«'i9 he
had read critically the whole Bible in eight Ian-
{fuages and the JJew Test«tnenl in ten. Among
lis published writings art? "!S<'ri[)tural Itaptism '
(Halifax, N. S., IHoO) and " KxjM>sitory Notes
on tho Syriac Version of the Scriptures." — 11 is
8on, Sir CharleH, Canadian statesman, b. in Am-
herst, Nova Scotia, 2 July, 1821, was educated at
various i>rivatc and public schools, and at Hor-
ton academy, Wolfvillo, N. S. He studied medi-
cine in Nova Scotia, and subsequently in Kdin-
burgh university, where he gained the highest
honors, and in 1843 became a fellow ot the Itoyal
college of surgeons, immediately returned home,
begun to practise in his native town, and soon
stood at the head of his profession, and was presi-
dent of the Canadian medical association from its
formation in 1857 till 1870. He was a Conserva-
tive in politics, but took no active part in public
matters until 18.55, when he was elected to the
nrovincial legislature for the county of Cumber-
land, his oj)ponent being Joseph Howe, a Liberal.
At once lup})er took a marked position in the
legislature, and when in 1856 tho Johnston cabi-
net was formeil he became provincial secretary
of Nova Scotia, serving till 1860, and identified
himself with such measures as the abolition of
the monopoly in mines and minerals, representa-
tion by population, and consolidation of the jury
law. In 1858 he went to England on a mission
connected with the Intercolonial railway, and
while in that country he approached several
stjitesmen on the subject of confederaticm of the
British North American provinces. In 18(W Dr.
Tupper became prime minister of Nova Scotia,
which post he held until 1867. During those three
years he passed the free-school law, which is still
in operation in Nova Scotiiu In 1864 Dr. Tupper
was the active spirit in the maritime union move-
ment, and he went with his fellow-delegates to the
conference at Charlottetown, I'rinco Edward isl-
and, where he tfK)k a noteworthy part in the dis-
cussions that followed. Later in the year he went
to the conference at Quelx'c, where a broader
scheme was debated, and where it was decided tr>
unite Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and
New Brunswick in one dominion. Prince Edward
island declining to enter the compact. Dr. Tuj)-
per was also a member of the confenMice that met
in London in lS()(»-'7, where the terms of union
were settled in detail. In Ixtndon Dr. Tupper car-
ried on a vigorous contcjit with Joseph Howe, who,
abandoning the "dream of his boyhoiMl" — con-
federation— had become chief of the Nova Scotia
anti-Confe<lerates. Howe was answered by the
fiamphlets and speeches that he himself had pub-
ished in former years, and his famous puiiipldet,
"Confederation. Considered in Relation to the In-
terests of tho Empire," found its principal ((ues-
tioner in Tupper's " Letter to the P.arl of Carnar-
von " (London, 186(i). Dr. Tupper was createtl a
companion of the Bath (civil) m 18(57. Owing to
press of duties, he decline<l re-election. Sir John
A. Macd(mald, in forming his first Canadian min-
istry, offered Dr. Tujtper a jKjrtfolio; but he de-
cline<l it, and sat in the commons as a private mern-
IxT until June, 1870, when he enterea the cabinet
OS president of the council. In 1868 he decline<l
the chairmanship of the Intercolonial railway, and
in the .same year, in behalf of the Dominion gov-
ernment, he went to Ix)ndon t« op[K>se Mr. Howe,
who had gone there to urge the imperial authori-
ties to grant Nova Scotia |ierniis»ion to leave the
confe<ienM-y. In 1872 Tupp«'r lM>came minister of
inland revenue, which otnc^* he relinquished in
the following year to assume the department of
customs, holding
it till NovemU'r,
when the Conser-
vatives passcHl out
of power. In Jan-
uary, 1874. Tui>-
per was elecUnl by
bis old constitu-
ents for the ninth
time. In 1878 he
organized the cum-
vass for the com-
ing elections, the
" National {M)li-
cy " — protection
to native indus-
tries— proving his
strongest battle- /^j/^ / 9^ / /
cry. The contest O /t-^iyi-U^ cA i/c^^y^
resulted in a re-
turn of Sir John A. Macdonald to power, and in
()ctober Dr. Tupf)er tcK)k office as minister of pub-
lic works'. This rxirtfolio he held until the passing
of the act to divide that department in 1879, after
which he was minister of railways and canals
until 24 May. 1884. On 24 May.' 1879. he was
created a knight of the order of St. Michael and
St. George by the ^larquis of Lome, acting in Ih?-
half of the queen. In 1880 .Sir Charles visited
England with Sir John A. Macdonnld and John H.
Pof)e for the purjxise of negotiating for the con-
struction of the (^'anadian Pacific railway, tho re-
sult being that the compact was ratified by parlia-
ment, and most of the subsequent acts that led to
the completion of the road were introduced by
him. In 1883. while yet minister of railways. Sir
Charles was appointed high commissioner for Can-
ada in London. The question arising as to the
legality of his holding both posts at the same time,
an act was passi'd in jmrliament relieving him from
penalties under the intlependence of parliament
act. At the close of the s<'ssion Sir (^harles re-
signed his seat in the cabinet and went to Ix)ndon
to resume his duties as high commissioner. He
receiveti a di|)loma of honor for s{»ecial services in
connection with the international fisheries exhibi-
tion in Ix>ndon. and holds a patent of rank and
precedence from the queen as an ex-councillor of
Nova Scotia. Party exigency soon demanded his
return. an<l in response to the c«ll of his chief he
re-entered active pf)litics. bivoming a member of
the house of commons for Cuml)erland county, and
minister of finance, his appointment l>earing date
27 Jan.. 1887. He was ap|M»int*Hl executix'e com-
missioner for Canada nt the international exhibi-
tion at Antwerp in 18^. and at the colonial and
Indian exhibition at London in 1886. In Janu-
ary. 188(t. he received the grand cross of the tmler
of St. Michael and S». (Jeorge. and in 1887 he was
appointed by the imperial government a commis-
sioner to negotiate a treaty with the government
of tlie United .States in relation to the Canadian
fisheries, his colleagues Wing Sir Lionel Sackville-
West. British minister at Washington, and the
Kisht Hon. Joseph Chaml>erlain, The commis-
sioners concltnled their lalK)rs in February, 1888.
He carrie<l a l>ill through the Canadian parliament
for the ratification of the treaty, where it was
passwl in Intth hous«»8 without division. Sir
Charles Tupwr |»erforine<l tho duties of finance
minister of ('anoda until 25 May. 1888, when he
182
TUPPER
TURELL
resigned his office Jind seat in the house of com-
mons and returned to London as high commis-
sioner for Canatla. This post he still (1889) holds.
His county has regularly relumed him to parlia-
ment fourteen times. Sir Charles has identified
himself with all the chief measures of the govern-
ment, and has lx>en instrumental in carrying
through parliament the act prohibiting the manu-
facture and sale of intoxicating liquors in the
northwest territories, the consolidation railway act
of 1879. tlie act granting a charter to the Canadian
Pacific railway company in 1881, the act of 1884
granting a loan to that company, the railway sub-
sidies acts of 188;J-'4. the act of 1884 resjiecting an
agreement l>etween the province of British Colum-
bia and the Dominion of Canada, and the customs
act of 1887, inaugurating a policy of protection and
Fromotion of the manufacture of iron and steel,
n 1862 he was apfwinted by act of parliament a
governor of Dalhousie college, Halifax, and re-
ceived the degree of D. C. L. from Acadia college,
N. S., in 1882. and from Cambridge in 1886.
On 25) Aug., 1888 Sir Charles was created a baro-
net of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, for services in connection with the
fisheries treaty at Washington.— His son, Charles
Hihbert, b. in Amherst, Nova Scotia, 3 Aug.,
1855, was educated at McGill college university,
Montreal, and at Harvard. In 1878 he was called
to the bar of Nova Scotia, and entered politics for
the fii*st time in the Liberal-Conservative interest
in June, 1882, when he was elected to the house of
commons for the county of Pictou. In June, 1888,
he was sworn as a member of the privy council of
Canada, and invited by Sir John A. Macdonald to
enter his government as minister of marine and
fisheries. On presenting himself for re-election he
was returned by acclamation.
TUPPER, Hpiirv Allen, clergvman, b. in
Charleston, S. C. '^9 Feb., 1828. His father,
Tristram, a merchant of Charleston, was at one
time president of the South Carolina railroad.
The son was educated in part at Charleston col-
lege, and was graduated at Madison university.
N. Y., in 1848, and at its theological seminary in
1850. Having entered the ministry, he became,
after three vears' service in Graniteville, S. C, pas-
tor of the baptist church at Washington, Ga., in
which relation he continued for nearly twenty years.
During the civil war he was chaplain of the 9th
Georgia regiment of the Confederate army. In
1872 ne was made corresponding secretary of the
Foreign missionary lx)ard of the Southern Baptist
convention, with )iis residence in Richmond, Va.
He still (1889) holds this office, and is a trustee of
Richmond college. In 1870 Madison university
conferred on him the degree of D. D. Besides
various published sermons and addresses. Dr. Tup-
Eer is the author of "The Firet Century of the
'irst Baptist Church of Richmond, Va." (Phila-
delphia, 1880), "Foreign Missions of the Southern
Baptist Convention" (1880); and "Truth in Ro-
mance" (Baltimore, 1887).
TURCHIN. John Basil, or Ivan Yasilevitch
Turchininofl*, soldier, b. in the province of Don,
Russia, 'SO Jan., 1822. He entered the artillery-
school at St. Petersburg in 1836, was graduated
in 1841, and entered the horse-artillery service as
an ensign. He participated in the Hungarian
campaign, in 1849 entered the military academy
for officers of the general staff, was graduated in
1852, and was assigned to the staff of the Imperial
guards. During the Crimean war he was promoted
till he reached the grade of colonel, was senior
staff-olUccr of the active corps, and prepared the
plan that was adopted for the defence of the coast
of Finland. He came to the United States in
1856, and was employed in the engineer depart-
ment of the Illinois Central railroad company until
19 June. 1861, when he was appointed colonel of
the 19th Illinois volunteers. He served with his
regiment in Missouri, Kentucky, and Alabama,
where he took an active part in the capture of
Huntsville and Decatur. He was promoted to be
a brigadier- general of volunteers, 17 July, 1862,
served in the cavalry of the Army of the Cumber-
land, and resigned. It) Oct., 18(i4. After the close
of the war he was a solicitor of patents in Chicago
till 1870, for the next three years was employed as
a civil engineer, and in 1873 he established the
Polish colony of Radone, in Washington county,
111., where he now (1889) resides on a farm. He is
an occasional contributor of scientific and military
articles to periodicals. In January, 1865, he wrote
" Military Kambles," a series of criticisms, issue<l
monthly at Chicago, and he has also published
"The Campaign and Battle of Chickamauga"
(Chicago, 1888).
TURCOTTE, Joseph Edonard, Canadian
member of parliament, b. in Nicolet in 1808: d.
in Three Rivers, 20 Dec, 1864. He was admitted
to the bar of Lower Canada in 1834, and was an
unsuccessful candidate for the legislative assembly
of Canada for the county of Nicolet, but afterward
represented various constituencies in that body
for many years. After having been solicitor-gen-
eral, he was in 1862 elected speaker of the legisla-
tive assembly of Canada. Mr. Turcotte was noted
for his eloquence as a parliamentary speaker. He
was mainly instrumental in securing the construc-
tion of the Arthabasca branch railroad, planned a
railway to connect the Grand piles on St. Maurice
river with Three Rivers, and was an active agent
in establishing the Radnor iron-works in the dis-
trict of Three Rivers. — His son, Henry Ren§ Ar-
thur, b. in Montreal. Canada, 19 Jan., 1846, was
educated at the Jesuit's college in Montreal and at
Stonyhurst college. England. He was admitted
to the bar of Quebec in June. 1867, and was ap-
pointed Queen's counsel in 1879. He has been
mayor of Three Rivers, was speaker of the legisla-
tive assembly of the province of Quebec from 4'
June, 1878, till December. 1881, and was appointed
a member of the executive council, 29 Jan., 1887,
He carried through several measures amending
the civil code and simplifying legal procedure.
TURELL, Ebenezer, "clergyman, b. in Boston,
Mass., 5 Feb., 1702; d. in Medford, Mass., 8 Dec.,
1778. He was graduated at Harvard in 1721, and
was minister of Medford, Mass., from 25 Nov.,
1724, till his death. He was eminent as a preacher
and patriot. Mr. Turell publi^^hed "Sermon at the
Ordination of Rev. S. Cook " (Boston, 1740) ; " Dia-
logue About the Times" (1742); and "Life and
Character of the Rev. Benjamin Colman " (1749);
and he also collected and published poems by his
wife, with a memoir of her (Boston, 1735). A tract
of his on " Witchcraft " is in the " Massachusetts
Historical Collections." — His wife, Jane, daughter
of Rev. Benjamin Colman, b. in Boston, Mass., 25
Feb., 1708; d. in Medford, Mass., 26 March, 1735,
displayed precocious mental powers at an early
age, wrote poetry at eleven, and on 11 Aug., 1726,
married Mr. Turell. She afterward wrote eulogies
on Sir Richard Blackmore's works, and on "The
Incomparable Mr. Waller," " An Invitation into
the Country in Imitation of Horace." and some
F)rose articles. Her poems were collected and pub-
ished by her husband, with a memoir of her life
(Boston, 1735). A notice of her by Prof. John
TURQEON
TURNBULL
188
Wilson will l)e found in his " Noctes Ambro-
piann* " (5 vols.. New York. ISM).
TrR(iK<)N. IMprre Flavian, R. C. arphhishon
of C^iu'Kk', h. ill I^ucUt. CaiimiH, 12 Nov., 1787: a.
tlu'H'. 25 Au^r.. 1H<>7. From 1808 till 18?0 he was
socrt'tnry to Bishop Joseph Octave Plctsis, and on
29 April, 1810. wius ordaine<l priest. For many
years he tau|;ht in the .S^'minaryof Quebec until he
IxH-anie, by apfM)intment and bulls of Poihj Grejjory
XVI.. bishop and coadjutor of the archbishop of
Quel>ec. He was consecrated, under the title of
Sidyine in Quebec, on 11 May. 1834. In 1849-'50
he was administrator of the diocese, and in the
latter year Iwcame archbishop, and wa.s veste<l with
the {milium on 11 June, 1851. He re-sij^ncd his
office in 1H5.5, owing to impaired health.
Tl'R4iOT. Anne Robert Joneph (toor-po).
Baron de I'-iulne, French statesman, b. in Paris,
10 May, 1727; d. there, 20 March, 1781. He stud-
ied for the church and was prior of Sorlwnne in
1749. but resigned in 1751, was made deputy attor-
ney-general and councillor in the [uirliament of
Paris in 1752. a master of the tribunal of the re-
quests in 1753, and intendant of Limousin in
1761, He made many improvements in the atl-
ministration of that province, and was named, 20
July, 1774. secretary of the navy. During his
short administration he devised a plan that after-
ward gave a vigorous impulse to the prosperity of
the French colonies in America. On 24 Aug.,
1774, he succeeded Abl)e Terray as comptroller of
the finances. He set imme<liately to work to re-
form abuses and put France upon a sound finan-
cial l>a.sis. He found the greatest opposition at
court and in the king's council to carrying on his
proposed reforms that might have averted the
revolution of 1789. and there were riots in Paris
and other cities in May, 1775. Louis XVI.. who
said, "Only M. Turgo't and I love the people,"
held a levee of justice at the parliament of Paris.
12 May, 1776, and obliged that body to register
Turgot's edicts on finance. The Count d'Artois,
Louis XVI.'s aunts, and Count de Maurepas secured
Turgot's dismissal. 12 May. 1776. and he retired to
Paris, where he devoted himself to philosophical
labors. Owing to his friendship for Benjamin
Franklin and nis love for the cause of freedom,
he was in part instrumental in 1778 in bringing
about the treaty of alliance with the United States,
and composed, at the request of Richard Price, with
whom he corresjionded to the last, " Reflexions
sur la situation des Americains des fitats-Unis**
(Paris, 1779). At the request of Franklin he
wrote "Traitc des vrais principes de I'imposi-
tion" (1780). Turgot's princi{)al works are
" Lettre sur le napier monnaie " (1745): "Sur la
tolerance" (1752): " l{<''flexion8 sur la formation
et la distribution des richesses" (1771): and ".Sur
la liberte du commerce des grains" (1772). His
life has been written by the Marouis de Condorcet
(London, 1786), and his complete works wore
e<lited by Pierre .Samuel Dupont de Nemours
(9 vols., Paris. 1808-'ll).
TURCOT, ftienne Francois (toor'-go), Mar-
Juis de Coisinont, French statesman, b. in Paris, 2
une, 1721 ; d. there, 21 Oct., 1789. After serving for
Home time with the Knights of Malta, he was create<l
on his return to France in 1764 brigadier of the
armies of the king. He made a projwsal to the
French minister, Choiseul, to regenerate the colony
of Cayenne by establishing in Ouiana a new settle-
ment under the name of " France tHjuinoxiaie,"
strong enough to resist, without any aid from the
mother country, an attack from any quarter, and
even to give succor to the other American colonies
in case of neo<l. Turgot expecte<l that such a colony,
if suc-cessful, would counterbalance the recent loss
of Cana<la. The plan was adopted, and Turgot
received the title of governor-general of French
(fiiiana: but the measures for its exec«ition were
bmlly carried out. the colonists peri.sh«l in crowds,
and loud complaints met him on his arrival as
to the oppression of the intendant of the new
colonv, Chauvallon. He arrcste<l the latter and
sent him a prisoner to France. Turgot remained
about four months, during which he made fruit-
less efforts to remedy the evils that preye<l on the
settlement. His health failed him. and he was
forced to return to F'rance. where he confirmed the
reports that ha<l already reac-he<l the government
that it was impossible to realize the projects so
lightly adopte<l in such a country as Guiana. He
was for some time imprisone<i on the complaint of
Chauvallon, and, on hia release, lived in retirement.
He wrote several works, memoirs, and pamphlets,
among them " Memoire sur la flore de la Guiane"
(Paris, 1766) and "Observations sur I'espece de
resine ^lastique de I'tle de France, semblable
k celle de Cayenne" (1769).
TURINI,' GioTanni (too-re'-ne), sculptor, b.
near Verona, Italy, 23 May, 1841. He studied
sculpture at Milan and Home, and subsequently
became professor in Milan. During the war with
Austria in 18(>6 he served as a volunteer in the 4th
regiment of Garibaldi's army. Later he came to
this country and settled in New York. In 1867 he
exhibited a group of statuary entitle<I "Angelica
and Medora " at the World's fair in Paris, and in
1882 he made a bust of Leo XIII. for the Vatican
in Rome. The statue of Garibaldi erected in Wash-
ington square by the Italians of New York city
was designed by him. It was unveiled in June,
1888. and accept etl by Mayor Abram S. Hewitt.
TrRNBULL, Lanrence. physician, b. in Shotts,
Lanarkshire. Scotland, 10 Sept., 1821. He was
graduated at the Philadelphia college of pharmacy
m 1842, taking as his thesis "Salicine." which he
had foimd in the populus (remu/ouie«, hnd then en-
gaged in the business of manufacturing chemicals.
For his success in the production of citrate of
iron he received an award of merit from the
Franklin institute, and he also discovered that
biborate of sodium would bleach colore<l oils and
ointments. Entering the office of Dr. John K.
Mitchell, he studied medicine, and was graduated
at the Jeflerson me<lical college in 1845. He was
appointed resident physician of the Philadelphia
hospital in 1845, and was out-door physician to the
guardians of the {>oor in 1846-'8. also vaccine phy-
sician to the city of Philadelphia in 1847-'5ib.
Meanwhile, in 184"8-'50, he was lecturer on chem-
istry applied to the arts in Franklin institute, and
from 18o7 till 1887 he was physician to the de|>art-
ment of diseases of the eye and ear in the Howard
hospital. At the beginning of the civil war he was
a volunteer surgeon m the nospital-dopartment eer-
vice on Potomac river, for the relief of the Penn-
sylvania tr<K)i)s. in Emory hospital, and at Fort
Moni-oe. Dr. rurnbull has made a specialty of dis-
eases of the ear, and is aural surgeon of the Jcflfer-
son me<lical college hospital, and superintendent of
the ear clinic in 1877-'88. Besides holding mem-
l)ership in various me<lical societies, he presided
over the section in otology of the American medi-
cal association in 1880, anil of the British me<lical
ass<H'iation in 1881 ; and he was chosen delegate to
the section in otology of the British medical asso-
ciation in 1888, and to the congress of otology that
convened in Brussels, Belgium, in September, 1888.
Dr. TumbuU has contributed largely to medical
184
TL'RNBULIi
TURN BULL
bi
literature, and, in addition to memoirs "On the Use
of Bellailoiina," and " On Whooping-Coujfh," he
has published " The Electro-Mapietic Telegraph,
with an Historical Account of its Rise. Progress,
and Present Condition " (Philadelphia. 185}() ; " De-
fective an<l Impaired Vision, with the Clinical Use
of the Ophthalnjosco{>e in their Diagnosis and
Treatment" (1859); "Hints and Observations on
Military Hygiene" (1802); "Imperfect Hearing
and Hygiene of the Ear" (1871) ; "The Nature and
Treatinent of Nervous Deafness," with an addi-
tional translation of Duchenne's work on the same
subject (1874); "A Clinical Manual of the Diseases
of the Ear" (1881); and "A Manual of Aniesthetic
Agents and their Employment in the Treatment of
Disease" (188o).— His son, Charles Smith, phy-
sician, b. in Philadclniiia. Pa., 10 Nov., 1847, was
graduated at the Philadelphia central high-school
in 1868, and at the auxiliary department of the
University of Pennsylvania in 1869. with the de-
gree of Ph. D., also at the medical department of
the siime university in 1871. During the following
vear he was surgeon to the U. S. geological survey
in Wyoming and Montana territories, and in
1873-'4 he was resident surgeon of the New York
oplithalmic and aural institute. The years 1874-'5
were spent in study in the ophthalmic and aural
departments of the Imperial general hospital in
Vienna, and on his return he settled in Philadel-
phia, devoting his attention entirelv to the practice
of ophthalmology and otology. l)r. Turnbull is
chief of the aural department of Jefferson medical
college, and ophthalmic and aural surgeon to the
Howard, St. Christopher, German, and Jewish hos-
jitals, and the Home for incurables. He is a mem-
ber of the county, state, and National medical so-
cieties, and is a fellow of the Philadel{)hia college
of physicians, and is associate editor in charge of
the department of otology in the " Annual of the
Universal Medical Sciences" (Philadelphia, 1888).
During his residence abroad he contributed letters
to the " Medical and Surgical Reporter " of Phila-
delphia, and he translated Arlt's " Injuries of the
Eye and their Medico- Legal Aspects" (Philadel-
nhia, 1878) ; Gruber's " Tenotomy of the Tensor
Tympani Muscle" (1879); and Hruner's "On the
Methods of Connections of the Ossicles" (1880j.
TURNBULL, Robert, clergyman, b. in White-
burn, Linlithgowshire, Sc^otland, 10 Sept., 1809; d.
at Hartford, Conn., 20 Nov., 1877. He was gradu-
ated at Glasgow university, and studied theology
under Dr. Thomas Chalmers at Edinburgh. While
thus engaged he became a Baptist, and preached
for a short lime in Scotland and England. In 1833
he c^ame to this country, settling Jis pastor of the
Baptist church in Danbury, Conn. After brief
[)astoratcs here, in Detroit, Hartford, aiid Boston,
le returned in 1845 to Hartford, as minister of
the 1st Baptist church, which relation continued
for twenty-four years. Leaving the pastorate in
1869, he preached in various places, and served as
secretary of the Connecticut Baptist state conven-
tion. In 1851 he received from Madison university
the degree of D. D. He was for .several years joint
editor of the " Christian Review." and, besides nu-
merous contributions to the periodical press, was
the author of "The Theatre" (Boston, 1840);
"Olympia Morata " (1842) ; Alexandre R. Vinet's
" Vital Christianity," translated, with an introduc-
tion and notes (1846) ; " The Genius of Scotland "
(New York, 1847) ; " The Genius of Italy " (1849) ;
" Theophany, or the Manifestation of God in Christ "
(Hartford, 1851); "Vinet's Miscellanies" (New
York. 1852) ; " Pulpit Orators of France and Swit-
zerland " (1853) ; "The Student Preacher " (1854) ;
"The World We Live in" (1855): "Christ in His-
tory, or the Central Power " (Boston, 1856); and
" Life Pictures, or Sketches from a Pastors Note-
Book " (New York, 1857). He also edited Sir Will-
iam Hamilton's '■ Discussions on Philosophy."
TURNBULL, Robert James, iwlitical" writer,
b, in New Smyrna, Fla., in January, 1775; d. in
Charleston, S. C., 15 June, 1833. He was the son
of a British physician, who obtained grants from
the government in 1772 to establish a Greek colony
in Florida. About 15,0(X) Greeks, Moravians, anil
other inhabitants of the Mediterranean islands
were induced to emigrate, and they founded New
Smyrna, so named in honor of Mrs. Turnbull, who
was of Greek descent and a native of Smyrna.
The project was unsuccessful, and Dr. Turnbull
forfeited his grants by adhering to the cause of the
colonies during the Revolutionary war, when he
settled in Charleston, S. C. The son was educated
in England, and then studied law in Charleston and
Philadelphia. After his admission to the bar he
practised in Charleston until 1810, when he retired
to a large plantation in the country. While in
Europe he wrote a " Visit to the Philadelphia
Penitentiary" (London, 1797), which was trans-
lated into French (Paris, 1800), and attracted at-
tention both at home and abroad. He became s
leader in the nullification movement, and wrote
a series of articles on that subject in 1827 for the
" Charleston Mercury," which were afterward issued
as " The Crisis," and became the text-bo<ik of the
nullification party. Mr. Turnbull was "reputed
the ablest writer in favor of the principle of nulli-
fication." He argued that "each state has the un-
questionable right to judge of the infractions of
tne constitution, and to interpose its sovereign
power to arrest their progress and to protect its
citizens," which principle he incorporated in his
treatise on "The Tribunal of Dernier Ressort"
(1830). In laSl he was a member of the Free-
trade convention that assembled at Columbia, S. C,
and wrote the report of that body, and he was ac-
tive in the similar convention in Charleston in
February, 1832. He delivered an oration before an
assemblage of the nullification party that showed
its influence in the subsequent election, and in,
November of the same year he was a delegate to
the convention of the people of South Carolina
that passed the nullifying ordinance, and i)repared
the address of that convention to the people. After
the proclamation of President Jackson was received
in South Carolina he was the first to enlist when
volunteers were called for, in addition to the or-
ganized ipilitia, to resist the National government.
A monument was erected to his memory in Charles-
ton bv his political admirers and associates.
TURNBULL, William, engineer, b. in Phila-
delphia, Pa., 9 Oct., 1800: d. in Wilmington, N. C,
9 Dec. 1857. He was graduated at the U. S. mili-
tary academy in 1819, and entered the army as 2d
lieutenant in the artillery. After serving in garri-
son at Fort McHenry for a year he was on topo-
graphical duty until 1832, being made in 1831 as-
sistant topographical engineer, with the brevet of
captain. From 18^32 till 1843 he was superintending
topographical engineer of the construction of the
Potomac aqueduct. This work, one of the earliest
of the important undertakings of American engi-
neers, gave Col. Turnbull a nigh rank among his
professional associates. The piers of the aqueduct
were founded by coffer-dams on rock, sometimes
covered by twenty feet of mud, and nearly forty
feet below the water sui*face. He was made major,
7 July, 18JJ8. and had charge of the repairs of the
Potomac (long) bridge in 1841-3. Subsequently he
TrRNBULL
TURNER
185
hail rhftrjfp of lijiko Dntnrio harbor improvement,
the extension of HtifTalo harlxir. and itispiiction of
hurlxir improvements on I^ake (!hamplain, I^ike
Ontario, and Luke Krie. In the war with Slexico
he was toj)oj;raphieal enjfineer of the nj*mv under
(len. Wirifleld Scott, and was enjraifed in the siejje
of Vent I'ruz, the castlej* of Cerro uordo, Pe<lrepal,
and Churu-
busco. and
theojKsraticms
that ende<l
with the cap-
ture of the
city of Mexi-
co. His ser-
vices gaine<l
for him the
brevetsoflieu-
tenant - colo-
nel and colo-
nel. During
1848-'9hehad
charge of the
construction of the New Orleans custom-house,
and he was assistant in the topographical bureau
at Washington, I). C.. in 185()-'2 and 18.W-'4,
where he examinetl into the practicability of bridg-
ing .Susquehimna river at Havre de Grace, and the
exjKMliency of an additional canal around the Fails
of Ohio. He was light-house engineer for Oswego
harbor, N. Y.. in 185S-'5, in charge of harbor im-
provements of Lake Champlain, Lake Ontario, and
the eastern part of Ijake Erie in 1853-'6, and of
the improvement of Cape Fear river, N. C, in
1856-'7. The illustration shown above represents
the Potomac aqueduct as designed by him. Among
his various jjovernment reports that were published
was one " On the Survey and Constniction of the
Potomac Aqueduct." wit h twenty-one plates (Wash-
ington, 1838). — His son. Charles Nesbit, engineer,
b. in Washinjfton, I). C, 14 Aug.. 1832; d. in Bos-
ton. Mass.. 2 I)ec., 1874, was graduated at the U. S.
military academy in 1854, and made 2d lieutenant
of toiMigraphical engineers. He wa.s on the sur-
veyor the boundary-line Iwtween the United States
and Mexico in 1854-'6. on that of the northern
lakes in 18.')(l-'y. and at the U. S. military academy
as assistant professor of mathematics in 18o9-'(5().
During the civil war he served at lirst on the staff
of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler and in the Dej)artment
of the Gulf, after which, in 1803-'4. he was with tlje
Army of the Potomao. He received his promo-
tion as captain of topographical engineers, 14 July.
18G2, and wius transierriHl to the corps (»f engineers
on 3 March. 18(J3. In June, 1804. he was chief en-
gineer of the cavalry corps, during Gen. Philip H.
Sheridan's raid, and later chief engineer of the
8th army corns. He received the brevets of major,
lieutenant-colonel, and colonel for his services, and
after the war served on the repairs of Fort Hamil-
ton. CV)1. Turnbull resigned on 31 Dec. IHiVi, and
engaged in the conunission biisiness in Boston,
Mass.. where he continue*! until his death.
TURNBUm Wnilani Paterson, ornitholo-
gist, b. in Fala, Scotlaiul. 20 June, 1830; d. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 5 .Inly, 1871. He was educated
at the hijrh-school in Edinburgh. For manv years
he occupied himself in collecting a complete library
of works that relate to Anierican ornithology, and
also in securing manuscript letters and original
<lrawings of Alexander Wilson. His home was in
Philadelphia, where h^ was a memlwr of the Acad-
emy of natural sciences. He published " Birds of
East Ix)thian " (Glasgow), and " Binls of East
Pennsylvania and New Jersey " (18tiU).
TURNER, CharleH Coche. naval officer, b. in
Virginia alx)ut 180.'); d. in Baltimore, Md.. 4 Mareh,
lH((i. He entered the navy as a midshipman. 10
May, 1820, was commissione<l lieutenant, 17 May,
1828, and served in the sUntp " V'andalia," supprem-
ing piracy, and in the S«'ininole war in 1834-*5.
He was in the sl<x>p " Peacock " in the East Indies
in 183ft-'8, during which time he ha«l a narrow
escajK! on a reef in the Persian gulf, in which it
was necessary to thrr»w the guns overlxmrd in onler
to save the ship. He commanded the store-ship
"Erie" in 1844-'7, visite<l the Mediterranean,
African, and Pacific s({uadrons. and assiste<l in
owrations for the conquest of California during
the Mexican war. He was proinote<l to ina.ster-
commandant, 22 March, 1847, served on ordnance
duty in Washington in 1849-'51, was fleet-captain
in the Mediterranean s<iuadron in 1852-'3, and
commandetl the sloou "I^evant" on the coast of
Africa in ISoS-'C. He was on waiting orders in
1857. and served at the Washington navy-yard
from 1857 till 18(30.
TURNER, Charles Yardley, artist, b. in Bal-
timore, Md., 25 Nov.. 1850. He came to New
York in 1872 and studied at the Academy of de-
sign for three years. He was one of the founders
of the Art students' league, and remained there
until 1878. in which vear Tie went abroad. In Paris
he studied under Jean Paul Laurens, Michael
Munkacsy (forming, with some other students, the
" Munkacsy school "), and Leon Bonnat. In 1881
he returned to New York and first exhibited at
the National academy the following year. He
gained the Hallgarten prize by the "Courtship
of Miles Standish" in 188;i. was also elected an
ass(KMate of the academy, and in 1886 was made
an aciwlemician. His works in oil include "The
Grand Canal at Dordrecht," "The Days that are
No More." and "Afternoon Tea" (1882); "Doro-
thy F'ox " and "Preparing for Yearly Meeting"
(18*3); and "The Last of the Montauks," "Han-
nah Thurston." and " The Bridal Procession," from
" Miles Standish " (188()). Of his water-colors the
principal are " Dordrecht Milkmaid " (1882) ; " En-
gaged " (1885): "Martha Hilton "(1886); and "At
the Ferry" (1887). Mr. Turner has of late given
much attention to etching.
TURNER, Daniel, naval officer, b. in Rich-
mond, Staten island, N. Y.. in 1794; d. in Phila-
delphia. Pa., 4 Feb., 1850. He enteretl the navy as
a midshipman. 1 Jan., 1808, and was promote<i to
lieutenant, 12 March. 1813. He served on the lakes
with Com. (Jliver H. Perry, and commandetl the
brig "Caledonia" in the victory of 10 .Sept., 1813,
on I^ake Erie, for which he received a silver medal
from congress and a sword fn>m the state of New
York. In the next season. 1814, he served on Lakes
Huron and Superior, where he commandtHl a boat
expe<lition. and captured two forts and several prize
vessels. On 5 Se|)t., 1814, while he was in com-
mand of the schooner "Scorpion " on Lake Huron,
his vessel was caj)ture<l by a stratagem, and he was
slightly wounded. After the war he cruise<l in the
frigate "Java" on the Mediterranean station in
1815-"18. Hecommande<l the schooner "Nonesuch"
in the Meiliterranean stpiadron in 1820-*4, was
promotetl to inaster-coinmandant, 5 Mareh. 1825,
was c«>mmissioned captain. 3 Mareh. 1835, com-
mandetl the "Constitution" on the Pacific station
in 18i39-'41, and was comnuxlore of the Brazil
s<jumlron in 1843-(J. He hail charge of the Ports-
mouth navy-yard in 184(>-'9. Ca|)t. Turner was in-
trustetl with negotiations in various countries, and
he received the commendation of the goveniment
for the manner in which his duties were performed
186
TURNER
TURNER
TURNER, Dongrlas Kello^s:, clprpyman. b. in
Stockbridffe, Mass.. 17 Dec, 1H2;1 He was padu-
ated at Yale in lb4iJ and studied theology in An-
dover thcolojjical seminary and Yale divinity-
school. In 184(i-'8 he tauji:ht in Neshaniiny, Pa.,
and he was ordained on 18 April. 1848, as pastor
of the Presbyterian church in Hartsville, Pa. He
remained connected with this parish until his res-
ignation in 1873. In 1873 he oecame correspond-
ing secretary and librarian of the Presbyterian
historical society. He has published "The His-
tory of the Neshaminy Church from 1726 to 1870"
(Philadeli)hia, 1870) and historical papers.
TURNER, Edward, jurist, b. in Fairfax coun-
ty, Va., 25 Nov., 1778; d. in Natchez, Miss., 23
Xlay, 1800. He was educated at Transylvania uni-
versity and studied law. In 1802 he emigrated to
Mississippi and settled in Natchez, where he began
the practice of his profession. The governor of
the territory appointed Turner his aide-de-camp,
and soon afterward he became clerk of the terri-
torial house of representatives, also acting as the
governor's private secretary. In 1803 he was ap-
pointed register of the land-office, and in 1811 he
was elected to the legislature from Warren county.
He was chosen city magistrate of Natchez and
president of the board of select-men in 1813, and
after 1815 was sent for several terms to the legis-
lature as a representative from Adams county. In
1818 he was elected to the first legislature that as-
sembled under the state government, and. except
for one year, when he was attorney-general of the
state, he continued a member of the house until
1823, during which time he was twice elected
speaker. He was appointed judge of the criminal
court of Adams county in 1822, in 1824 judge of
the supreme court of Mississippi, and in 1829 chief
justice, which place he held until he was super-
seded by the amended constitution of 1832. He
was chancellor of the state from 1834 till 1839, in
1840 was again elected judge of the supreme court,
and at the expiration of his term in 1843 was
chosen to the state senate. Judge Turner was ap-
pointed in 1815 by the legislature to prepare a ai-
gest of the statute laws of the territory, which was
completed and adopted in 1810. This digest con-
tains all the statutes in force at that period, and
is entitled "Statutes of the Mississippi Territory "
(Natchez, 1810).
TURNER, Henrv McNeal, A. M. E. bishop, b.
in Newberry Court-House, S. C., 1 Feb., 1833. He
is of African descent. After he was licensed to
preach in 1853 his native eloquence created quite
a sensation, and in 1858 he was admitted into the
Missouri conference of the African Methodist Epis-
copal church, and transferred to the Baltimore
conference. He studied four years as a non-ma-
triculated student in Trinity college, and was sta-
tioned at Israel church, Washington, D. C, in 1803.
He greatly assisted in the organization of the 1st
colored regiment, U. S. infantry, of which Presi-
dent Lincoln commissioned him the chaplain. At
the close of the civil war President Johnson com-
missioned him to a chaplaincy in the regular army,
but he declined. He was sent into Georgia to as-
sist in the work of reconstruction, called the first
Republican state contention, and was elected twice
to the Georgia legislature. In 1869 he was ap-
pointed postmaster of Macon, but resigned, and in
the same year was made coast inspector of customs.
In 1876 he was elected book agent of his denomi-
nation, and in 1880 he became bishop. His chief
work is " Methodist Polity."
TURNER, James, senator, b. in Southampton
county, Va., 20 Dec, 1766; d. in Bloomsbury,
Warren co., N. C. 15 Jan.. 1824. He early re-
moved with his parents to Bute (now Warren)
county, N. C, and there received such education as
the common schools of that district afforded. Dur-
ing the Revolutionary war he served with Na-
thaniel Bacon in a company of North Carolina vol-
unteers commanded by Col. John Macon. His
public ctireer began by his election to the legisla-
ture in 1798, with re-election in 1799 and 1800,
and was continued by his service in the upper
house in 1801-'2. He was then chosen governor
of North Carolina, which place he held until 1805.
Gov. Turner was then elected as a Democrat to the
U. S. senate, and served from 4 March, 1805, till
1816, when he retired on account of failing health.
— His son, Daniel, soldier, b. in Warren county.
N. C, 21 Sept., 1796; d. at Mare island, Cal., 21
July, 1860, was graduated at the U. S. military
academy in 1814, and entered the army as 2d lieu-
tenant in the corps of artillery. He served during
the second war with England as acting assistant
engineer in erecting temporary defences for New
York city, after which he was ordered to Platts-
burg. On the reduction of the army, he resigned
on 17 May. 1815, and then sf)ent two years at Will-
iam and Mary college. He was elected to the
lower branch of the North Carolina legislature,
serving from 1819 till 1823. Mr. Turner was
elected to congress, and served from 3 Dec, 1827,
till 3 March. 1829. after which, in 1847-'54, he was
principal of the Warrenton, N. C, female seminary.
His last oflRce was that of superintending engineer
of the construction of the public works at Mare
island navy-yard, San Francisco harbor, which he
held from the establishment of that navy-yard in
1854 till the time of his death.
TURNER, John Weslev, soldier, b. in Saratoga
county, N. Y., 19 July, 1833. He was graduated at
the U. S. military academy in 1855, and assigned to
the 1st artillery. He took part with his battery in
the war against the Seminoles in 1857-'8, and served
in garrisons till 1801, when he was promoted Ist
lieutenant, and then captain and commissary of
subsistence, in which capacity and in command of
a breaching battery in the reduction of Fort Pu-
laski he rendered valuable service. He was ap-.
pointed colonel and chief of staff of the Depart-
ment of the South, was active in the operations
against Fort Wagner and Fort Sumter, and in Sep-
tember, 1863. was appointed brigadier-general of
volunteers. Gen. Turner assumed command of a
division of the 10th corps. Army of the James, par-
ticipating in the campaigns in front of Richmond
till August. 1804. Subsequently he served as chief
of staff in the Department of North Carolina and
Virginia till March, 1805, when, in command of
an independent division of the 24th corps, he was
present in the closing incidents of the war. termi-
nating in the surrender at Appomattox. He was
brevetted major " for gallant and meritorious
services " at Fort Wagner, lieutenant-colonel for
similar services " in action at the explosion of the
Petersburg mine," colonel for the capture of Fort
Gregg, major-general of volunteers "for gallant
and meritorious service on several occasions before
the enemy," and brigadier-general and major-gen-
eral, U. S. army, for services "in the field during
the rebellion." Gen. Turner was mustered out of
the volunteer service in September, 1800, was depot
commissary at St. Louis till 1871, and on duty in
the Indian Department till 4 Sept. of that year,
when he resigned from the army. Since that time
he has been engaged as a civil engineer, and since
1877 he has been a street commissioner and mem-
ber of the board of public works of St. Louis, Mo.
TURNER
TURNER
187
TURNER, Nnt, insiirfjent, b. in Virjrinia about
1H()0: d. in Joriisalem. Va.. U Nov.. \mi. lie wan
u iH'^jro jilavo who Iwlievwi hiinsulf chosen of the
liortl to leml his people to freedom. For a lonff
time he claime<l to have heard voices in the air
and to have seen sijjns in the sky. Portents were
written on the fallen leaves of the woimIs and in
spots of bliXNl upon the corn in the f^eid to inform
him of a divine mission. In his Bible, which he
knew by heart, he found pn>phecies of the jjreal
work he was called upon to do. lie w»is rejjtirded
as havini; unusual mental power and resources, but
he failed to make plans that promised success.
Takins; six men into his confidence in the autumn
of 18:^1, he set out at an appointed time to go
from house to house and kill every white person,
irres{)ective of age or se.x. to inspire universal ter-
ror, and arouse the whole slave [Kipiilation. They
began at Turner's own home, where they killed his
master, and then, going to other plantations, were
i'oined by other slaves. An advance-guard on
lorsebacii surrounded each house in turn, holding
it until their followers on foot, armed with axes,
scythes, and muskets, came up to complete the
work of destruction, while the horsemen rode on
to the next house. In forty-eight hours flfty-flve
white persons were killed without loss to the ne-
groes, whose numl)ers hud iucretised to sixty. The
insurgents then moved toward Jerusalem, where
they expected to find plenty of fire-arms and to be
joined by large numl)ers; but they separated and
were attacked by two bodies of white men and dis-
persed. Turner escaped to the woods, and, after
spending nearly two months in hiding, was cap-
tured, taken to Jerusalem, and after a trial hangotl.
This outbreak, known as the Southampton insur-
rection, resulted in the trial of fifty-three negroes,
of whom seventeen were hanged, and many others,
suspected of complicity, were tortured, burned,
shot, and mutilated. Terror spread through the
states as far west as Kentucky, and south and
southwest to Georgia and Louisiana ; but no evi-
dences were ever discoveretl of a concerted move-
ment among the slaves.
TURNER. Peter, naval officer, b. in Rhode
Island, 17 Feb.. 1H(W; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 17
Feb., 1871. He entered the navy jis a midshipman,
4 .March, 1823, iK'came a passed midshipman, 23
March, 1829, an<l was commissioned lieutenant, 21
June, i8Ji2. During the Mexican war he was pres-
ent at the fall of Vera Cruz, and participated ia
the lK)at expedition at Tuspan and the se<?onJ ex-
pedition at Tabasco, where he served with credit,
lie commanded the store-ship "Southampton" in
the Pacific squadron in lH.ll-'2. He was placed
oi the reserved list in 185.'i, and wjis on waiting
orders until IMIJl, when he was commissioneil com-
mander on 1 Julv, and was governor of the naval
asylum at Philiulelphia during the civil war. lie
was promoted to commodore. 25 Julv, 1802.
TURNER, Philip, surgeon, b.' in Norwich.
Conn., 2o Feb.. 1740: d. in New York city. 20
April, 1815. He was left an orphan at the age of
twelve, and a<lopte<l by Dr. Klisha Tracy, under
whom he studieil medicine and whose daughter he
marrieil. In 1759 he was ap[>ointe<l an assistant
surgeon to a provincial reciment that servetl under
Gen. Jeffrey Amherst at Fort Ticouderoga. After
the peace of 1763 he settled in Norwich, where at
the beginning of the Revolutionary war he was
unrivalled as a surgeon. In 1775 he was the first
surgeon of the Connecticut tnxjiw before lioston.
anclin 1776 he accompanied the Continental army
to New York, attending it at the battles of Long
Island and Wliite Plains. Dr. Turner was ap-
pointe<l surgeon-general of the Eastern department
m 1777. an<l filliHl that post with great ability
till near the close of the l{«voliitionary war. lie
then resunie<l his private pra<!tice in Norwich, but
removed in 181)0 to New York city, and soon after-
wanl was ap|K)inte<l a surgeon to the staflf of the
U. S. army and stationed on Manhattan island.
Dr. Turner was interred with miliiarv honors in
the church-vard of St. Paul's in New York city.
TURNER. Samuel Hiilbeart. clergyman, h.
in Phila«Uljihia. Pa., 23 Jan., 171M); d.' in New
York city, 21 Dec, 1861. He entered the Uni-
versity oi Pennsylvania, was grailuated in 1807.
studied for the ministry in the Episcopal church
for three years under Rishop White's direction,
and was ordainefl deacon in St. Paul's church,
Philadelphia, 27 Jan.. 1811, by Bishop White, and
priest in 1814 by the same bishop. lie accepte<I a
call to the Episcopal church in Chestertown, Md.,
and served in that nf)st in 1812-'17. He was
appointe<I supt'Hntendent of the theological schrwl
in Philadelphia in 1818, and ha<l Alonzo Potter
(afterward bishop of Pennsylvania) as his first
pupil. At the close of the .same year he was ap-
pomted professor of historic theology in the Gen-
eral theological seminary of the Episcopal Church,
toward astablishing amt endowing which efforts
were then and siibsci^uently ma<le to good purpose.
In 1820 the institution was removed to New Haven.
Conn., but at the close of 1821 it was brought back
again to New York city. The seminary was reor-
ganized and Dr. Turner was appointed professor of
biblical learning and int«rpretation of iloly Scrip-
tures. He occupietl this post until the time of his
death. In \S30 he was apjwinted professor of the
Hebrew language and literature in Columbia col-
lege, but there was little or no call for active ser-
vice at any time. The professor delivered in 1831
a course of three lectures (m the Hebrew language,
which were afterwanl printed. Dr. Turner wjis
always a diligent student, es[)ecially in his own de-
partment, and published a large number of works
in the way of scripture exposition and in defence of
his views of theology and church principles. Thev
include "Notes on the Epistle to the Romans*'
(New York, 1824: enlarge<l ed., 1853): "Compan-
ion to the Book of Genesis " (1841) : " Biographical
Notices of the Most Distinguished Jewish Ilabbis"
(1847) : " Essay on our Ijord's Discourse at Caper-
naum, in St, John's Gosjwl, with Strictures on
Cardinal Wiseman's Ijectures on the Real Pres-
ence" (1851): "Thoughts on the Origin, Charac-
ter, and Interpretation of Scripture Prophecy "
(1852); "St. Paul's Epistle to the Hebrews, Greek
and English, with Commentary " (1852) ; " Epistle
to the Ephesians, with Commentary" (1850):
" Epistle to the Oalatians, with Commentary "
(1850); and "Spiritual Things compared to Spirit-
ual "(1859). In conjunction with Rev. Dr. Will-
iam II. Whittingham, he translated " Jahn's Intro-
duction to the Old Testament" (1827) and "In-
troduction to Sacred Philology and Interpretation,
by Dr. Gottlieb J. Planck " (1*14). He published
afsf) various sermons on spe<'ial occasions, tractates,
articles in reviews, etc. Shortly after his death
was published " Autobiography of Samuel H.
Turner. I). D." (New York, 18(W).
TURNER, Thomas, naval officer, b. in Wash-
ington, D. C, 23 Dec., 1808; d. in Glen Mills, Pa.
24 March, 18S;}. He entered the navy as a mid-
shipman. 21 April. 1825, lxK*ame a |visse«I midshii>-
man. 4 June. 18:31, and was commissioned a lieu-
teiumt. 22 Dec., 1835. He sorveil in the frigate
"Macedonian" in the exploring expedition of
18S7-'8, and in the frigate " Columbia," the flag-
188
TURNER-
TURPIN
d/. ^^o^-^^^t^ —
ship of the East India stjumlron, in 1838-'41, dur-
inp which time he participated in the destruction
of the Malay pirates' towns of QuaUat Bat too and
Miicke, on the ishind of Sumatra. 1 Jan., 18H1). He
commanded the store-ship " Fredonia," of the Gulf
squadron, from June
till October, 1847.
wjis then transferred
to the sloop "Al-
bany," and com-
manded the schoon-
er " Reefer " in the
attack on Tuspan in
April, 1847. He was
f)roinoted to com-
mander, 14 Sept.,
1855, and had charge
of the sloop "Sara-
toga," on the Home
squadron, in 1858-
'GO. On 6 March,
1860, he captured
at Vera Cruz the
steamers " Mira-
mon " and " Mar-
ques de Habana,"
which had been purchased in Spain by Gen. Mira-
mon, and had attempted to blockade the port of
Vera Cruz in the interests of the revolutionary
Farty. He commanded the armored ship " New
ronsides" in the South Atlantic squadron, and
was highly commended for the skill and ability
with which he handled this vessel in the attacks
on the forts at Charleston, 7 April, 18(53, and in
other operations there until August, 18G3. He was
promoted to commodore, 13 Dec, 1862, and to rear-
admiral, 24 June, 1868, and commanded the South
Pacific squadron in 1868-'70 during the great earth-
quake in Peru, where he rendered timely assistance
to the sufferers. He was retired, 21 April, 1870,
after fortv-five years of active service.
TURNER, William Waddeii, philologist, b.
in London, England, 23 Oct., 1810; d. in Wash-
ington, I). C, 29 Nov., 1859. He came to New
York in 1818, and, after a public-school education,
was apprenticed to the carpenter's trade, but sub-
sequently Ijecame a printer. At the age of twen-
ty-six he was master of French, Latin, German,
and Hebrew. Afterward he studied Arabic with
Prof. Isaac Nordheiiner, and they proposed to write
together an Arabic grammar, but, receiving no
encouragement, they prepared instead "A Critical
Grammar of the Hebrew Language" (2 vols.. New
York, 1838) ; and " Chrestomathy : of A Gram-
matical Analysis of Selections from the Hebrew
Scriptures, with an Exercise in Hebrew Compo-
sition " (1838), a1;3o a " Hebrew and Chaldee Con-
cordance to tlie Old Testament " (1842). In or-
der to superintend the printing of these books,
Mr. Turner removed to New Haven, as the only
sufficient supply of oriental type was to be found
there and at Andover. He was engaged in setting
the type during the day, and spent his evenings in
preparing the manuscript. On the completion of
the works, Mr. Turner added to his linguistic at-
tainments a knowledge of Sanskrit and most of the
other chief Asiatic languages, and later he turned
his attention to the languages of the North Amer-
ican Indians. He edited a "Vocabulary of the
Jargon or Trade Language of Oregon " (1853),
and " Grammar and Dictionary of the Yoruba Lan-
guage " (1858), which was issued by the Smithso-
nian institution. In 1842 he was elected professor
of oriental literature in Union theological semina-
ry, New York city, and he continued in that office
until 1852. when he was called to Washington by
the commissioner of patents to take charge of the
library of that department. He was a memlier of
the American oriental society, and secretary of
the National institute for the promotion of science.
Mr. Turner was considered in his day the most
skilful proof-reader in the United States. In
addition to the literary labors that have Iwen al-
ready mentioned, he translated from the German
Friedrich L. G. von Raumer's " America and the
American People" (New York, 1845), and was as-
sociated with I)r. P. J. Kaufmann in the transla-
tion of the 12th German ed. of Ferdinand Mackel-
dey's "Compendium of Modern Civil Law" (Lon-
don, 1845). He also translated William Freund's
" Latin-German Lexicon " for Ethan A. Andrews's
" Latin-English Lexicon ' (New York, 1851).
TURNEY, Hopkins Lacey, senator, b. in Smith
county, Tenn.,3 Oct., 1797; d. in Winchester, Tenn.,
1 Aug., 1857. He was apprenticed as a boy to the
tailor's trade, and in 1818 served in the war against
the Seminole Indians. When he became of age he
was unable to write, but began the study of law,
and, after admission to the bar, practised in Win-
chester. In 1828 he was chosen to the legislature,
and he was annually re-elected until 1838. He was
then chosen as a Democrat to congress, and served
from 4 Sept., 1837, till 3 March, 1843, after which
he was U. S. senator from Tennessee from 1 Dec,
1845. till 3 March, 1851.
TIIRPIE, David, senator, b. in Hamilton coun-
' ty, Ohio, 8 July, 1829. He was graduated at Kcn-
; yon in 1848, studied law, was admitted to the bar
j in 1849, and began practice at Logansport. Ind.
I He was a member of the legislature in 1852, was
I appointed judge of the court of common pleas in
1854, and of the circuit court in 1856, which post
he resigned. He was again a member of the state
I house of representatives in 1858, and was elected
\a the U. S. senate from Indiana as a Democrat in
place of Jesse D. Bright, who had been expelled,
serving from 22 Jan. till 3 March. 1863. He was
chosen for the full term in the spring of 1887.
TURPIN, Louis Oeorges Franijois, French
naval officer, b. in Nantes, 20 July, 1790; d. in
Toulon, 7 Oct., 1848. He entered the navy as a
cabin-bov when ten years old, was promoted mid-
shipman'in 1808, lieutenant in 1812, and in 1820-'2
performed three remarkable voyages to the Wind-
ward islands and Brazil, making valuable astro-
nomical observations and preparing charts of the
Gulf of Mexico and the South American coast,
which are preserved in the archives of the navy de-
partment at Paris. In 1822-3 he participated as
1st lieutenant in the expedition around the world
under Bougainville, a giandson of the noted navi-
gator, and he afterward commanded a sloop-of-war
in the battle of Navarin. He became captain in
1831 and commodore in 1837, and was second com-
mander in 1838 under Baudin of the expedition to
Mexico, taking part in the capture of San Juan de
Ulua, 28 Nov., 1838. He was promoted rear-
admiral, 5 Feb.,. 1843, and was afterward naval
prefect of Toulon.
TURPIN, Pierre Jean Francois, French
botanist, b. in Vire, Calvados, France, 11 March,
1775; d. in Paris, 1 May, 1840. He enjiisted when
he was fourteen vears old in the battalion of Cal-
vados, and sailecl with it for Santo Domingo in
1794. There he made the acquaintance of the
botanist Poiteau, who gave him lessons in botany.
After studying, with great care, the flora of the
island, he returned to t ranee, but received permis-
sion some time afterward to pay a .second visit to
Santo Domingo. He next explored the flora of
TURREAU DE GARAMBOUVILLE
TUTTLK
18D
the island of Tortujra, funds for the purpose hav-
inff l>een supplied by the consul of the United
States. He s|>ent more than u year there, and
made a rich colleetiun of plants and designs.
Poileau went to the Unitetl States in t8(K), and
Turpin was pharmacist to the French army in
Santo Dominjro duriuff Leclcrc's exi>edilion, and
then siiiled for the I'nited States, where he became
a teacher in \ew Orleans and Philatlelphia, and,
meetinj; Baron von IlumlNtldt, returned with him
to Fnince. He afterward executed the icono-
graphic part of several of Humboldt's works. Tur-
Sin wrote many works, amoug them " Le^-ons dc
ore" (Paris, 1819); " Kssai d'une iconojj^raphie
eh'inentaire et philosophique des vejjetaux, avec un
texte explicatif " (1820); and " Iconographie vege-
tale. on orgtuiisjition dcs vegt'taux" (1841).
TIRKKAU DE GARAMBOUVILLE, Loiiis
Marie, Haron de Linieres, FriMich soldier, b. in
I'Vance in 1756; d. in Ct)nches, depaitmeiit of the
Eure, 15 Dec, 1816. He entered the army in
youth, fought under Count Rochambeau for Ameri-
can independence, and attained the rank yf cap-
tain. He served as a general of division in Ven-
dee. Italy, and Switzerland, and in 1804 was made
a baron. He was minister to the United States in
1804-'ll, and vainly attempted to induce the gov-
ernment of this country to adopt a French policy.
After his return he ptjblished " Aper9u sur la situ-
ation politique des Etats-Unis" (1815), a bitter cri-
tique of the government of the United State-s,
which he says in the preface " the author has stud-
ie<l eight years without being able to comprehend
it." Some time before his death he retired to his
estate at Conches, in the department ot the Eure.
He also published " Memoires pour servir k I'his-
toire de la guerre de la Vendee (1815).
TUTHILL, Louisa Cornelia, author, b. in New
Haven, Conn., 6 .luly, 1798; d. in Princeton, N. J.,
1 June, 187S). Her mai<len name was Huggins,
and in 1817 she married Cornelius Tuthill, lawyer,
who was for two years editor of the " Microscope "
and died in 1825. During the last thirty years of
her life she resided at Princeton. She contril)-
ntcd anonymously to magazines, and among other
works publishe<l " James Somers, the Pilgrim's
Son " (Boston, 1827) ; " Mary's Visit to Boston "
(1820) ; " Ancient Architecture " (New Haven,
!*«)); "Calisthenics "(PI arlford, 1831); "Young
Lady's Home" (New liavim, 1841); "I will l)e a
Lady" (Boston. 1845); "I will he a Gentlemart"
(1846); "A Strike for Freedom "(1848); a series of
"Tales for the Young" (1844-'50); a new series
for the young (1852-'4) ; " True Manliness, or
the Landscape Gardener" (1865); and "The Young
La<lv at Home and in Society" (New York. 1869).
With others she pre|)are<l "The Juvenile Library
for Boys and Girls," and edited " Young Lady's
Reader" (New Haven, 1840); "Mirror of Ijife"
(I*hiladelphia, 1848); and "Beauties of De Quin-
cey"' (Boston, 1861). Many of her books were re-
Eublished in England. — Her daughter, Cornelia,
. in New Haven, Conn., 9 April. 1820; d. in New
York, 11 Aug., 1N70, married John Ij. Pierson, of
NeW' York, in 1866, and published many jxipular
books for the voung.
TUTTLE, Albert Henry, naturalist, b. in Cuva-
hoga Falls, Ohio, 19 Nov., 1844. He was gradu-
ated in the scientific course at the State college of
Pennsylvania in 1868, and during the two years
following was professor of natural sj-iences in the
State normal school in Platteville, Wis. In 1870
he b<H'ame instnictor of microscopy in Harvard,
and in 1874 he was called to the chair of 7.Mogy
and comparative anatomy in Ohio state university,
where he remained for fourteen years. As a mem-
lx.'r of the facultv of that institution from its or-
ganization, in aifdition to establishing one of the
earliest laboratories for biological work in the
western states, he to<}k a large part in the devel-
opment of the university and in fixing its policy,
as well as devoting considerable lalxir to tne de-
termination and establishment of intimate rela-
tions between it and the public schrxils of the
state. In 1888 he was elected profe.s.sor of bi-
ology and agriculture at the University of Vir-
ginia. Prof. Tuttle was elected a fellow of the
lioval microscopicjil sticiety of London in 1882,
and in the same year was a vice-president of the
American a.>isociation for the advancement of sci-
ence, having charge over the section of microscopy.
He has written for scientific and educational i>eri-
odicals, and is the author of re|)orts of state com-
niis>jions of which he has been a member.
Tl'TTLE, Cliarles Wesley, a.stronomer. b. in
Newfield, Me., 1 Nov.. 1829; d. in Boston, Mass.,
17 July, 1881. He was educated in the schools of
his native town and in Dover, where he learned the
trade of a carpenter with his uncle, devoting his
leisure to study. While still a lad he con!«tructed
a telescope, which was a remarkable piece of mech-
anism considering that he had never seen such an
instrument. He removed to Cambridge in 1849. in
1850 entered the observatory at Harvard as a stu-
dent, and was in 1851 appointed as.sistant observer.
Owing t« impaired eyesight, he was forced to re-
sign his post, and then studied law at Harvard.
He was admitted to the bar in 1856. and practised
in Newburyport, and afterward in Boston until his
death. In 1855 he was sent to England in charge,
with his friend Sidney C(K)lidge, of a chronometric
expe<lition of the U. S. coast ."^urvey for determin-
ing the difference of longitude Iwtween LiverjKxil
and Cambridge. Harvard gave him the degree of
A. M. in 1854, and Dartmouth that of Ph. D. in
1880. His leisure was devoted to historical and
antiquarian research, and he won a high reputation
a>5 an original investigator. He was active in pro-
curing the act of incorporation of the Prince so-
ciety, of which he was treasurer and corresjMJiiding
secretary, and was a member of various historical
.societies, Ix'fore which he freouently read pajn-rs.
He delivered the bi-centennial address before the
New Hampshire historical stK'iety in 1880, in com-
memoration of the establishment of the first civil
government over that province in 1680. He fre-
quently delivered lectures upon astronomy, and
contributed largelv to astronomical journals. He
was the author o^ a monograph on "Capt. John
Mason, the Founder of New ila!n()shire, e<lite<l,
with historical illustrations, by John Ward Dean,
and published bv the Prince society (Boston, 1887).
— His brother, Horace Parnell, astronomer, b. in
Newfield, York co.. Me., 24 March, 18;}9. was edu-
cated by his brother in Cambridge. He entered
the U. t>. navv, and Ixrame acting assistant pay-
master, 17 Feb., 186;^, assistant paymaster, 2 July,
1864. paymaster, 4 May, 1866, and was honorably
dismissed on 3 March. 1875. In 1857 he invente<l
a method of inserting a steel rifled core into brass
or iron cannon, which method is extensively used
by Euro(>ean governments, but a i«tent for which
was refused by the U. S. patent-omce. In 1861 he
devised a method of signalling at long distances
by using flashes made by a Drummond light, to
correspond with the dots and dashes of the Morse
telegraph system. He discovered thirteen comets
iH'tween 1857 ami 1 86<1, and in 1861 -'2 the asteroids
Mala and Clytie. At present he is assistant com-
puter in the U. S. naval observatory. Mr. Tuttie
190
TUTTLE
TWACHTMAN
Aau^Ovut^
has computed " Pay Tables of the United States
Navy " (Washinjfton. IHTZ).
TUTTLE, Daniel Sylvester, P. E. bishop, b.
in Winilliam, (irwue co,, N. V., 2(J Jan., \SS7. He
was ffnuluati'd at Columbia in 1857. entere<l the
(teneral thooiopieal scminarv. New Vorit, and com-
pleted his course in lb02. lie was ordered deacon
by Bishop Hora-
tio Potter.Sy. Jan.,
18(i2, and ordain-
ed priest in Zion
church, Morris,
Otsefjfo CO., N. y.,
in which parish
he had served
during his diacon-
ate, by the same
bishop, 19 July,
1HG3. He remain-
ed rector of this
church until his
consecration to
the episcopate.
He received the
degree of S. T. D.
from Columbia in
1H6G. Dr. Tuttle
was consecrated
missionary bishop
of Montana, Idaho, and Utah, in Trinity chapel.
New York, 1 May, 18(>7. In 18G8 he was electea to
the bishopric of Missouri, but declined. In 1880
Montana was set off as a separate missionary juris-
diction, and Idaho and Utah remained uniler the
charge of Bishop Tuttle. In 1884 Columbia college
appointed him as its representative at the tercente-
nary of the University of Edinburgh. For years
Bishop Tuttle has been active in the discussion of
the Mormon question in Utah. On the death of
Bishop Robertson, of Missouri, which occurred 1
May, 1886, Bishop Tuttle was again elected to the
episcopate, and was transferred, becoming the third
bishop of Missouri.
TUTTLE, Herbert, educator, b. in Benning-
ton, Vt., 2!) Nov.. 181(i. He was graduated at the
University of Vermont in 1869. followed journal-
ism till 1880, was a lecturer in the University of
Michigan in 1880-'!, and ha.s since been associate
professor of the history and theory of politics
and of international law in Cornell. He has pub-
lished "German Political Leaders ■' (New York and
London, 1870): •• History of Prussia to the Acces-
sion of Frederic the Great" (Boston. 1884): and
"History of Prussia under Frederic tlie Great"
(2 vols.. New York. 1888).
TUTTLE, Hudson, author, b. in Berlin Height,s.
Erie co., Ohio, 4 Oct.. 183(5. He was educated at
the common schools and the Homoeopathic college,
Cleveland, Ohio. He has contributed extensively
to spiritualistic papers and to secular and sci-
entific journals, and has made original observa-
tions in microscopy. He has published " Life in
the Spheres" (New York. 1855); "Arcane of Na-
ture " (Boston, 1859) : " t;areer of the God-Ide« "
(1809); "Career of the Christ-Idea" (18()9); "Ca-
reer of Religious Ideas " (New York, 1809); "Ori-
gin and Development of Man" (Boston, 1871);-
"Stories for Children" (Toledo, 1874): "The Cross
and Steeple" (1875); and several novels, including
"Clair, a Tale of Mormon Perfidy" (Chic^igo, 1881);
" Heloise: Love or Religion" (1882); and "Candle,
or Love and Labor" (1882). — His wife. Emma
Uood, b. in Braceville, Trumbull co.. Ohio. 21
July. 1*39. was educated at Western Reserve semi-
nary, Fanuington, Ohio, and at Ilirara college.
Mrs. Tuttle has been a constant contributor to
newspaper literature, has worked for the ethical
education of the young, and also with great zeal to
eflfect sf)me refonn in the manner of treating ani-
mals. She has been successful as a lecturer, an
elocutionist, and a reader, and has composed manv
songs, which have been set to music ana published,
the best-known being "The Unseen City," "Beau-
tiful Claribel," " My Lost Darling." and " We
shall meet Our Friends in the Morning." Many
of her poems are popular as selections for recita-
tion She has published " Blossoms of Our Spring "
(Boston, 1804); "Gazelle" (1806); "The Lyceum
Guide " (1870) ; " Stories for Our Children " (Toledo,
1874): and " Poems: From Soul to Soul" (1888).
TUTTLE, James Madison. st)ldier, b. in Sum-
merfield, Monroe co., Ohio, 24 Se[)t.. 1823. He was
brought up on a farm in Iowa, afterward engaged
in trade in Van Buren county in the same state,
was elected its sheriff in 1855, and in 1859 recorder
and treasurer. At the opening of the civil war he
joined the 2d Iowa regiment as a captain, and be-
came successively lit'utenant-colonel and colonel.
He served with credit at Fort Donel.'*on. and at
Shiloh commanded a brigade until Gen. William
II. L. Wallace was mortally wounded, after which
he led the 2d division, tor his services in these
battles he was promoted brigadier-general, 9 June,
1862. He afterward commanded at Cairo, HI., and
resigned. 14 June. 1864.
TUTTLE, Joseph Farrand, educator, b. in
Bloomtield, Essex co., N. J.. 12 March. 1818. He
was graduated at Marietta college. Ohio, in 1841,
and at Lane theological seminary. Cincinnati; in
1844, and was pastor of Presbyterian churches at
Delaware. Ohio, in 1845-'7, and Rockaway, N. J.,
in 1847-'62. Since 1803 he has been president of
Wabash college. Crawfordsville, Ind.. and his chief
work has been in connection with the enlargement
of this institution. He has been five times a com-
missioner to the general assembly of the Presby-
terian church since 1850, a trustee of Wabash col-
lege since 1862, and of Lane theological seminary
since 1803. He has published "The Life of William
Tuttle, compiled from Autobiograf)hy under the
name of John Homespun " (New York. 1852) ; " The
Way Lost and Found" (1870); "Annals of Morris
County, N. J.." and other articles prepared for the
New Jersey historical society and published in its
" Proceedings." and addresses, review articles, etc.
TUTWILER, Henry (tut-wy-ler), educator, b.
in Harrisonburg. Va., 10 Nov., 1807 ; d. in Greene
Springs. Ala.. 22 Sept.. 1884. He was graduated
at the University of Virginia in 1829, and studied
law, but never practised. He was professor of
mathematics in the University of Alabama from
its organization in 1831 till 1837. professor in the
Industrial college at Marion. Ala., in 1837-'9, and
professor of mathematics and chemistry in La-
grange college, Ala., in 1837-'47. In the autumn
of 1847 he established at Greene Springs. Ala., a
high-school for Iwys and young men, where he
continued with great success until his death. He
was frequently offered the presidency of the Uni-
vei*sity of Alabama and similar institutions. He
wrote much for journals and periodicals, and was
one of the first discoverers in this country of the
wonderful temporary star T Coronte Bofealis.
TWACHTMAN, John Henry, artist, b. in Cin-
cinnati, Ohio. 4 Aug.. 1853. His art studies were
begun at the Cincinnati school of design in 1873-'4,
and during 1874-'5 he was a pupil of F'rank Du-
veneck. in the same city. Dunng 1875-'8 he stud-
ied at the academy in Munich under Ludwig LOfTtz,
and for a year under Duveneck in Venice, in 1880
TWEED
TWIGGS
191
he wont abroml H^nin, and iliirinp IKSS-'S he was
H pupil at the ficolc Julieti, Paris, under Gustave
i{o<l<>lphe Clarence Houlanjfer and Jules Jowph
I,«'f«.-bvre, In lt*S6 he returned to the United
States. He was elected a meinl)er of the Society
<»f American artists in 1H79, and at the wK-ietvs
exhil>iti()n in IHW >,Tiined the Webb prize for his
" Windmills," which now lielonp« to Smith college,
Northampton, Mass. Other works by him are
" Anpie la Itataille," " Winter," "The i*ond," and
"On the S«'ine."
TWEKI), William Marcy, politician, b. in
New York city, 3 April, 1H23; d. there, 12 April,
1878. He was the son of a chair-maker, and. after
receiving a common-sch(X)l education, learned the
same tmde himself. He assisted in organizing
"Americus" fire-engine company No. 6, known
commonly as " Big Six." and becAme it^ foreman ;
and it was his popularity in this cjipacitv that first
made him a power in local ^)olitics. lie was an
alderman of New York in 18.)3-'3, served in con-
gress in 18o3-'5, was 8U{>ervisor of the city and
chairman of the board in 1856, school commissioner
in 18o6-'7, deputy street commissioner in 18Gl-'70.
and state senator in 1867-71. In 1870 he wjis ap-
pointed cotnmissioner of the department of public
works in New York city, and while in this office
he organized, with others, the "ring" of which he
was cnief, he and his associates appropriating vast
sums of public money. These corrupt practices
were exposi-d, and on 28 Oct., 1871, Mr. Tweed was
arrested on a civil suit that was brought by Charlas
O'Conor in behalf of the city. He furnished bail
in $1,000,000, and in November of the same year
he was elected to the state senate, but did not take
his seat. On 16 Dec. ho was arrcstetl on a criminal
charge of fraud, but was relejised on $5,000 bail.
The first of the suits against him was tried, 30
Jan., 1873, the jury disiigreeing; but on 19 Nov. he
was found guilty of fraud, and sentence<i by Judge
Noah Davis to twelve years' imprisomcnt on as
many different countj* (a year for each count) in
the i>enilentiary on Hlackwell's island, anil to pay
a fine of $12,550. In April, 1875. an action was
instituted against him in behalf of the people of
New York for the recovery of $6,000,000. and judg-
ment was rendered for this amount with interest.
On 15 June his further imprisonment was declared
illegal by the court of appeals, on the assumption
that the l<jwer court had exceeded its powers m its
cumulative sentence, and his discharge was ordered.
He was then rwjuired to furnish bad in $3,000,000
ptMiding the civil suits, and in default of this was
confined in Ludlow street jail. He escaped on 4
Dec, 1875, succeede<l in reaching Cuba, and thence
went to Spain, where he was arrested by the Span-
ish government, and, being delivered to officers of
the United States, was brought bjick to New York
and ri'committed to Ludlow street jail, where he
remained a prisoner till his death.
TWEEIULE, William, civil engineer, b. in
Heith, Ayrshire. Scotlimd. 18 May, 1823. He came
with his parents to New York in 18;J3. and was
grailuated at Renssehu'r polytwhnic institute in
IN.W. In 1855 he was a bridge engineer and con-
tractor in Chicago, and in 1859, having obtained
the contract for the construction of bridges and
buildings on the Dubuque and Sioux City railway,
he reraove<l to the former place. At the opening
of the civil war he raised a company lor an engi-
neer regiment, and was mustered in as captain.
He was engjiged in the engineering operations
against New Madrid, which resultetl in its capture,
and cut a passage for a fleet of transjxjrts across the
lower end of Island No. 8. This was used for the
transportation of troops acr«>ss the river from New
Madrid to o|>erate against Island No. 10, and re-
sulted in the evacuation of the latter. He was in
command of a<Ivance<I [mrties of engineers with
Gen. John Pojte's division in the siege of Corinth,
and in the pursuit that followed its evacuation
under Gen. James B. .McPherson. He was after-
ward engaged in the reconstruction of railroads,
dredging of rivers, aiul the removal of debris at
various points on Mississipjii river. He was pro-
moted brevet-<'olonel of volunteers, 13 March, 1805,
and was mustered out on 31 May the same year.
He moved to Topeka, Kansas, in 1867, snperin-
tende<l the erection of the east wing of the state
capitol in 1867-'8, and the west wing in 187»-'80,
and was engineer of the bridge across the Kansas
river at Tojieka.
TWIBILL, (ieorye W., artist, b. in I^amfieter,
Lancaster CO., Pa., alnmt 1806; d. in New York, 15
Feb., 18^36. He began to study with Henry In-
man in 1828, was elected an associate of the Na-
tional academy in 18^32, and an academician the
following year. The ac>ademy owns his portrait of
John Trumbull, [minted in 1835, and in the New
York historical society hangs the portrait of Fitz-
Greene Halleck, painted from the original by In-
man, also in the possession of that association.
Thomas S. Cummings wrote of him : " Of the young
artists of the day there were none more promising
than Twibill. His {wrtraits in oil in small were of
excellence seldom equalled."
TWK'HELL, (iliiery, meml)er of congress, b.
in Athol. Mass., 26 Aug., 1811: d. in Bro<.)kline,
Mass., 23 July, 188^3. lie was educated at the
public schools, engaged in the business of carrying
the mails in 1880, and was the first to establish
a daily line of coaches lietween Boston and Brat-
tlel)oro, Vt. He afterward made imj>ortunt mail
contracts with the U. S. government. In 1847 he
became connected with the Boston and Worcester
railway, of which he was chosen suj)erintendent in
1848, and president in 1857. He afterward sat in
congress for three consecutive sessions in 1867-'73,
having l)een chosen as a Kepublican.
TVVKiGS, David Emanuel, b. in Richmond
county, Ga., in 1790; d. in Augusta, tJa.. 15 Sept.,
1862. His father. Gen. John Twiggs, raised a
brigade at his
own expense at
the opening of
the Revolu-
tion. The son
was apjKiinted
cat)tain in the
8th infantry, 12
March, 1812,
became major
of the 28th in-
fantry, 21 Sept.,
1814, and was
disbanded. 15
June, 1815. He
was i-einstated
on 2 Decemlier.
1815, as captain
in the 7th in-
fantry, servetl
throughout the
war with Great
Britain, and l>e-
came major of the 1st infantry, 14 Mav, 1825, lieu-
tenant-colonel of the 4th infantry. 15 July. 1831,
and colonel, 2d dragmms. 8 June, i8:}6. He served
in the Mexican war under Gen. Zjichary Taylor at
Palo Alto and Resaca de la Pal ma, was promoted
192
TWING
TYLER
brigadier general, 30 June, 1846, and brevetted ma-
jor-general for gallantry at Monterey and presented
with a sword by congress. Being transferred to Gen.
Winfield Scott's army, he commanded a brigade at
Vera Cruz. During the operations against the city of
Mexico he led the 2d division of regulars, and in 1848
he was military governor of Vera Cruz. He was in
command of the Department of Texas in February,
18()1, and surrendered his army and military stores
to the Confederate Gen. Ben. McCullooh, for which
he was dishonorably dismissed from the army. He
was appointed a major-general in the Confederate
army. 22 May, 1861, and assigned to the command
of the district of Louisiana, but resigned toward
the end of the year. — His brother, Levi, soldier, b.
in Richmond county, Ga., 21 May, 1798; d, in
Chapultepec, Mexico, 13 Sept., 1847, was educated
at Franklin college in his native state, which he
left to serve in the war of 1812, and in 1813 joined
the marine corps as 2d lieutenant. He was in the
frigate " President " under Com. Ste[)hen Decatur
on her bust cruise, was promoted 1st lieutenant, and
by his skill elicited the applause of his commander.
On 2 .June, 1847, he enlisted as a volunteer in the
Mexican war, and was killed at Chapultepec.
TWING, Alvin Tabor, clergyman, b. in Top-
sham, Vt., 9 Feb., 1811 : d. in New York, 11 Nov.,
1882. He was educated at Kimball union acade-
my, Meriden, X. H., at the University of Vermont,
and studied theology under the direction of Bishop
John H. Hopkins, by whom he was ordained a
friest of the Protestant Episcopal church in 1837.
le was afterward rector of St. Paul's church, Ver-
gennes, Vt., and of Trinity church, West Troy,
N. Y., and in 1840 took charge of Trinity church,
Lansingburg, N. Y., where he continued twenty-
three years. In November, 1863, he was appointed
to present the claims of the domestic mission field
throughout the country, and in August, 1866, he
became secretary and general agent of the domes-
tic committee of the board of missions, continuing
as such till 1877, when the office of general agent
was discontinued, and he was elected secretary. He
organized a domestic missionary army in 1865,
which enrolled many thousands of children, in
1867 established " The Young Christian Soldier,"
in 1868 organized '* The ladies' domestic mission-
ary relief association," and in 1870 he introduced
" mite-chests," which in a few years brought into
the treasury of the domestic committee $74,000.
He succeeded in infusing a spirit of enthusiasm
for missions into a large part of the church. In
1864 Hobart college gave him the degree of D. D.
TWINING, Alexander Catliii, engineer, b. in
New Haven, Conn., 5 July, 1801 ; d. there, 22 Nov.,
1884. He was graduated at Yale in 1820, was a
tutor there in 1824-*6, and professor of mathe-
matics, civil engineering, and astronomy at Middle-
bury college from 1839 till 1849. He was employed
as a civil engineer on various railways and canals,
and invented the first practical method of pro-
ducing ice in considerable quantities by artificial
means. He claimed to have first established the
theory of the cosmical origin of meteors, and was
devoted to abstruse problems in higher mathe-
matics. He was the author of papers on the doc-
trine of parallels and other points m mathematics.
For several years preceding his death he lectured
on constitutional law in the Yale law-school. — His
son, Kingrsley, clergyman, b. in West Point. N. Y.,
18 July, 1832, was graduated at Yale in 1853, and
at Yale theological seminary in 1856, and was a
resident, licentiate at Andover seminary in 1857.
He held pastorates in Congregational churches in
Hinsdale, Mich., San Francisco, Cal., Cambridge-
port, Mass., and Providence, R. I., in 1872-'G. He
spent 1876-'8 in Europe, and two years later he Ije-
came literary editor of the New York " Independ-
ent," a position which he still retains.
TYUINGS, Richard, clergyman, b. in Anne
Arundel county, Md., 16 June, 1783; d. in Bullitt
county, Ky., 3 Oct., 1865. His father, Keely Ty-
dings. was a soldier of the Revolution. The son
was licensed to preach in 1807, joined the Balti-
more conference of the Methodist Episcopal church,
south, in 1809, and the Kentucky conference in
1826. He labored in many fields, and was held in
high esteem for his talents and success as a preach-
er. He was a member of the Louisville conference
at the time of his death. He wrote a work on
" Apostolical Succession," which was favorably re-
ceived (Louisville, 1844).
TYLER, Bennet, clergyman, b. in Middlebuiy,
Conn., 10 July, 1783 ; d. in South Windsor, Conn., 14
May, 1858. He was the son of a farmer, was gradu-
ated at Yale in 1804, and, after studying theology,
was pastor of the Congregational church in South
Britain, Conn., from 1808 till 1822. From that
date until 1828 he was president of Dartmouth
college, and was pastor of the 2d Congregational
church in Portland, Me., from 1828 till 1833. The
controversy on the "new divinity" awakened by
the writings of Rev. Nathaniel W. Taylor, of
whom he was the principal opponent, resulted in
the formation of a pastoral union in September,
1833. by the Connecticut clergymen, who held to
Dr. Taylor's opinions and the resolution of the
other faction to found a theological seminary in
East Windsor, in which he was president and pro-
fessor of Christian theology from 1833 until his
death. Middlebury gave him the degree of D. D.
in 1823. His principal works are "'History of the
New Haven Theologv. in Letters to Clergvmen "'
(Hartford, 1837); "A Review of Day on the Will"
(1837); "Memoir of Rev. Asahel Nettleton. D.D."
(1844); "Nettleton's Remains" (1845); "A Trea-
tise on the Sufferings of Christ " (New York, 1845) ;
''A Treatise on New England Revivals" (1846);
and two series of " Letters to Dr. Horace Biish-
nell on Christian Nurture" (1847-8). After his,
death his " Lectures on Theology " were published
with a memoir by his son-in-law, the Rev. Nahum
Eale. D. D. (Boston, 1859).
TYLER, Charles Humphrey, soldier, b. in
Virginia in 1826; d. in West Point, Ga., 17 April,
1865. He was graduated at the U. S. military
academy in 1848, and became 2d lieutenant in the
2d dragoojis, 25 April, 1849. He served in garrison
in the cavalry-school at Carlisle. Pa., on frontier
duty, and in the Utah expedition of 1857-9. On 28
June, 1861, he was promoted captain, but he was
dismissed from the army on 1 June, 1861, for de-
serting his post. He then entered the Confederate
service, became a brigadier-general, and was killed
in battle at West Point, Ga.
TYLER, Daniel, engineer, b. in Brooklyn,
Windham co.. Conn., 7 Jan., 1799 ; d. in New York
city, 30 Nov., 1882. His father served in the
Revolutionarv army, and his mother was a grand-
daughter of Jonathan Edwards. After graduation
at the U. S. military academy in 1819. as 2d lieuten-
ant of light artillery, he served in garri:*)n in New
England in 1819-'24, and on the reorganization of
the army, 1 June, 1821, he wjis made 2d lieutenant in
the 5th "infantry. In 1824-'6he served in the Fort
Monroe artillery-school for practice, of which he
was for a time adjutant. He necame 1st lieutenant
in the 1st artillery on 6 May, 1824, and in 1826
commanded the Pikesville arsenal, near Baltimore,
Md. While there he translated from the French
Jr^y}z %An^^
r>
D.APPliTOS ft C9
TYLKR
TYLER
193
n work on "Mnncpuvres of Artillory," which led |
to his bviii); i<ent to Kun>i>e in Jutiunry, IH2S, to
obtain datn for a more coinpreliensive work for the
ri'Kular army. In April, 1829, he was ajiuiitled
into the artillery-school of practice at Metz, and
iH'jran a translation of the latest French system of
artillery. The task was completed at the end of a
year, and 300 lithographed copies in three volumes
were sent to the war department in Washington,
I). C. He also collected copies of every drawing
and memoir contiected with the French system of
field, siege, seacoast, and mounttiin artillery at a
|>ersonal e.\|»ense of about 1^2,000, which he offered
to the government at Washington, provided a
board should mlopt the svstem for the U. S. artil-
lery. This was not done, but he received from the
government $1,000 for his collection of drawings.
After his return in 1829 he was kept on ordnance
duty to prepare a translation of the "School of
the Driver," which in the French service is separate
from the artillery. In 1830 he was sent to the
Springfield armory to report upon the manufacture
of small arms, and he was a member of the board
that met to reorganize the national armories. In
18;^2 he was maue sui»erintendent of the inspectors
of contract arms. He resigned on 31 May, 1834,
became president of an iron and coal company in
Lycoming county. Pa., and was sent to Great
Britain to examine the methods of coal -mining
and opt>rating furnaces and rolling-mills. On his
return in 1835 he erected the first coke hot-blast
furnace that was built in this country, and suc-
ceeded in making pig-iron, but the operations of
the company were suspended. In 1840 he became
president of the Norwich and Worcester railroad,
and completed the road. ,In 1843 he was appointed
E resident and engineer of the Morris canal and
anking company. In 1845-'9 he was president
of the Macon and Western railroad, and he was
afterwanl superintending engineer of the Dauphin
and Susquehanna railroa*! and etm\ company and
of the Auburn and AUentown railroad, and presi-
dent and engineer of the Schuylkill and Susque-
hanna railroad company. At the beginning of the
civil war he became colonel of the 1st Connecti-
cut volunteers, 23 April, 1801, and commanded a
division at the battles of Blackburn's Ford and
Bull Run, 18-21 July, 18«1. He was mustered out
at the expiration of service on 11 Aug., 1801, but
was reappointed in the U. S. volunteer service,
with the rank of brigadier-general, on 13 March,
1862. He served with the Army of the Mississippi,
engaged in the siege of Corinth from 29 April
till 8 June, 1862, organized volunteer regiments in
Connecticut from 13 Aug. till 15 Sept., 1862, served
on the military commission that investigated Gen.
Don Carlos Buell's campaign in Kentucky and
Tennessee, 24 Nov., 1862, till 10 May, 186;i, and
guarde<i the upper Potomac, and was in command
of Harper's Ferry and Maryland Heights in June.
Afterward he was in command of troops in Balti-
more, Md., and of the district of Delaware, and
resignetl his commission on 6 April, 1864. Gen.
Tyler then travelled extensively in the south, in
Cuba, and in Europe, and on his return in 1872
founiled large cotton and iron manufactories in
Alabama, ami built the town of Anniston, Ala. In
lH73-'9 he was president of the Mobile an«l Mont-
gomery railroad. Sul)sequently he invested in
Texn<! l:ind. and established the "Capote farm " of
2v).(XX) acres, which was his winter residence.
TYLER, Erastns B., soldier, b. in West Bloom-
field, N. Y., 24 April, 1822 ; d. in Calverton. Md.,
9 Jan., 1891. He was educate«l at Granville col-
lege. In 1845 he engaged in business, which he
VOL. VI. — 18
continued until the beginning of the civil war.
He wait commissioned colonel of the 7th Ohio vol-
unteers in April, 1861, and led his men into west-
ern Virginia, where he was assigned by Gen. Frcil-
erick W. Ijander to a brigade, which lie command-
ed with cnniit at Cross I^nes, W. \'a.. 26 Aug., 1H61,
Winchester, Va., 23 March, 1862, and Port Hepul)-
lic, Ya., 9 June, 1862. He commanded a brigatle
at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., where he was
wounded, 13 Dec., 1862. On 14 May, lWi2. he was
made brigadier-general, and on 24 Aug., 1865. was
mustered out of service. He settle«l in Baltimore.
TYLER, John, tenth president of the rnite<l
States, b. at Green wav, Charles Citv co., Va., 29
March, 1790; d. in Richmond, Va.. 18 Jan., 1862.
He was the second son of Judge John Tyler and
Mary Armistead. In earlv bovhfH>d he attended
the small sc-hool kept by a Mr. ^IcMurdo, who was
so diligent in his use of the birch that in later
years Mr. Tyler said " it was a wonder he did not
whip all the sense out of his scholars." At the
age of eleven young Tyler was one of the ring-
leaders in a rebellion in which the despotic Mc-
Murdo was overpowered by numbers, tied hand
and foot, and left locketl up in the school-house
until late at night, when a passing traveller effected
an entrance and released him. On complaining
to Judge Tyler, the indignant school-master was
met with the apt reply, "Sic semper tyrannis !"
The future president was graduated at William
and Mar^ in 1807. At college he showed a strong
interest m ancient history. He wiis also fond of
poetry and music, and, like Thomas Jefferson, was
a skilful performer on the violin. In 1809 he was
admitted to the bar, and had already begun to
obtain a good practice when he was elected to the
legislature, and took his seat in that body in De-
cember, 1811. He was here a firm supporter of
Mr, Madison's administration, and the war with
Great Britain, which s<xin followed, afforded him
an opportunity to become conspicuous as a forci-
ble and persuasive orator. One of his earliest pub-
lic acts is especiallv interesting in view of the
famous struggle wit'h the Whigs, which in later
years he conducted as president. The charter of
the first Bank of the United States, established in
1791, was to expire in twenty vears; and in 1811
the question of renewing the charter came before
congress. The bank was very uni^opidar in Vir-
ginia, and the assemblv of that state, bv a vote of
125 to 35, instructed its senators at \Vashington,
Richard Brent and William B, Giles, to vote against
a recharter. The instructions denounced the bank
as an institution in the founding of which congress
had exceeded its powers and grossly violated state
rights. Yet there were many in congress who,
without approving the principle upon which the
bank was founded, thought the eve of war an in-
opportune season for making a radical change in
the financial system of the nation. Of the two
Virginia senators. Brent voted in favor of the re-
charter, and Giles spoke on the same side, and al-
though, in obetlience to instructions, he voted con-
trary to his own opinion, he did so under protest.
On 14 Jan.. 1812, Mr. Tyler, in the Virginia legis-
lature, introduced resolutions of censure, in which
the senators were taken to task, while the Virginia
doctrines, as to the unconstitutional character of
the bank and the binding force of instructions,
were formally asserted.
Mr. Tvler married. 29 March, 1813, Letitia. daugh-
ter of Robert Christian, and a few weeks after-
ward was called into the field at the head of a
company of militia to take jwrt in the defence of
Richmond and its neighborhocMl, now threatened
194
TYLER
TYLER
by the British. This military sen'ice lasted for a
month, during which Mr. Tyler's company was
not called into action. He was re-elected to the
legislature annually, until in Novemt)er, 1816,
he was chosen to fill a vacancy in the U. S.
house of representatives. In the regular election
to the next congress, out of 200 votes given in
his native county, he received all but one. As a
memljer of congress he soon made himself con-
spicuous as a strict constructionist. When Mr.
Calhoun introduced his bill in favor of internal
improvements, Mr. Tyler voted against it. He op-
posed the bill for changing the per diem allowance
of niend)ei*s of congress to an annual salary of
$1,500. He opposed, as premature, Mr. Clay's pro-
posal to add to the general appropriation bill a
provision for $18,000 for a minister to the prov-
mces of the La Plata, thus committing the United
States to a recognition of the independence of those
revolted provinces. He also voted against the
proposal for a national bankrupt act. He con-
demned, as arbitrary and insubordinate, the course
of Gen. Jackson in Florida, and contributed an
able speech to the long debate over the question as
to censuring that gallant commander. He was a
member of a committee for inquiring into the af-
fairs of tin national bank, and his most elaborate
speech was in favor of Mr. Trimble's motion to is-
sue a scire facia-i against that institution. On
all these points Mr. Tyler's course seems to have
pleased his constituents; in the spring election of
1819 he did not consider it necessary to issue the
usual circular address, or in any way to engage in
a personal canvass. He simply distributed copies
of his speech against the bank, and was re-elected
to congress uiumimously.
The most important question that came before
the IGth congress related to the admission of
Missouri to the Union. In the debates over this
question Mr. Tyler took ground against the
im]X)sition of any restrictions upon the exten-
sion of slavery. At the same time he declared
himself on principle opposed to the perpetuation
of slavery, and he sought to reconcile these posi-
tions by the argument that in diffusing the slave
population over a wide area the evils of the in-
stitution would be diminished and the prospects
of ultimate emancipation increased. "Slavery,"
said he, " has been represented on all hands as a
dark cloud, and the candor of the gentleman from
Massachusetts [Mr. Whitman] drove him to the
admission that it would be well to disperse this
cloud. In this sentiment I entirely concur with
him. How can you otherwise disarm itt Will
you suffer it to increase in its darkness over one
E articular portion of this land till its horrors shall
urst upon it? Will you permit the lightnings of
its wrath to break upon the south, when by the
interposition of a wise system of legislation you
may reduce it to a summer's cloud f" New York
and Pennsylvania, he argued, had been able to
emancipate their slaves only by reducing their num-
ber by exportation. Dispersion, moreover, would
be likely to ameliorate the condition of the black
man, for by making his latx)r scarce in each particu-
lar locality it would increase the demand for it,
and would thus make it the interest of the master
to deal fairly and generously with his slaves.
To the oV)jection that the increase of the slave
population would fully keep up with its territorial
expansion, he replied by denymg that such would
be the case. His next argument was that if an
old state, such as Virginia, coidd have slaves, while
a new state, such as Missouri, was to be prevented
by Federal authority from having them, then the
old and new states would at once be placed upon
a different footing, which was contrary to the
spirit of the constitution. If congress could thus
impose one restriction upon a state, where was the
exercise of such a power to end ? Once grant such
a power, and what was to prevent a slave-holding
majority in congress from forcing slavery upon
.some territory where it was not wanted? Mr.
Tyler pursued the argument so far as to deny
" that congres.s, under its constitutional authority
to establish rules and regulations for the terri-
tories, had any control whatever over slavery in
the territorial domain." (See life, by Lyon O.
Tyler, vol. i., p. 319.) ^Ir. Tyler was unquestion-
ably foremost among the members of congress
in occupying this position. When the Missouri
compromise bill was adopted by a vote of 134 to
42. all but five of the nays were from the south,
and from Virginia alone there were seventeen, of
which Mr. Tyler's vote was one. The Richmond
"Enquirer" of 7 March, 1820, in denouncing the
compromise, observed, in language of prophetic
interest, that the southern and western representa-
tives now "owe it to themselves to keep tneir eyes
firmly fixed on Texjis; if we are coopea up on the
north, we must have elbow-room to the west."
Mr. Tyler's further action in this congress re-
lated chiefly to the question of a protective tariff,
of which he was an unflinching opponent. In 1821,
finding his health seriously impaired, he declined
a re-election, and returned to private life. His
retirement, however, was of short duration, for in
1823 he was again elected to the Virginia legisla-
ture. Here, as a friend to the candidacy of Will-
iam H. Crawford for the presidency, he disap-
C roved the attacks upon the congressional caucus
egun by the legislature of Tennessee in the in-
terests of Andrew Jackson. The next year he was
nominated to fill the vacancy in the United States
senate created by the death of John Tavlor ; but
Littleton VV. Tazewell was elected over him. He
opposed the attempt to remove William and Mary
college to Richmond, and was afterward made suc-
cessively rector and chancellor of the college, which
prospered signally under his management. In
December, 1825, he was chosen by the legislature
to the governorship of Virginia, and in the follow-
ing year he was re-elected by a unanimous vote.
A new division of parties was now beginning to
show itself in national politics. The administra-
tion of John Quincy Adams had pronounced itself
in favor of what was then, without much regard
to history, described as the "American system"
of government banking, high tariffs, and internal
improvem^ts. Those persons who were inclined
to a loose construction of the constitution were
soon drawn to the side of the administration, while
the strict constructionists were gradually united
in opposition. Many members of Crawford's party,
under the lead of John Randolph, became thus
united with the Jacksonians, while others, of whom
Mr. Tyler was one of the most distinguished,
maintained a certain independence in opposition.
It is to be set down to Mr. Tyler's credit that he
never attached any importance to the malicious
story, t)elieved by so many Jacksonians, of a cor-
rupt bargain between Adams and Clay. (See
Adams, John Q., Clay, Henry, and Jackson, An-
drew.) Soon after the meeting of the Virginia
legislature, in December, 182(J, the friends of
Clay and Adams combined with the members
of the opposite party who were dissatisfied with
Randolph, and thus Mr. Tyler was elected to
the U. S. senate by a majority of 115 votes to
110. Some indiscreet friends of Jackson now
TYLER
TYLER
195
attomptwl to show thnt there must have been
some swret ami rt'nn'hensihlp undemtandinc: be-
twwn Tvlcr and t'lay ; but this scheme faileil
completely. In the s(>nato Mr. Tyler took a con-
spicuous stAnd against the so-callc<I '" tarifT of
awminat ions "enacted in 1828. which IJenton. Van
Huren. and other prominent Jackscmians, not yet
quite clear as to their proper attitude, were in-
uucod to support. There was thus s<ime ground
for the opinion entertained at this time by Tyler,
that the Jacksonians were not really strict con-
structionists. In February, IH^iO. after taking jmrt
in the Virginia convention for revising the state
constitution, Mr. Tyler returned to his seat in the
senate, and found himself first drawn toward Jack-
son by the veto message of the latter. 27 May. u|K)n
the Maysville turnpike bill. He attacked the irreg-
ularity of .Jackson s appointment of commissionei-s
to negotiate a commercial treaty with Turkey with-
out duly informing the senate. On the other hand,
he votetl in favor of confirming the appointment
of Van Buren as minister to Great Hritain. In
the presidential election of 1832 he supported Jack-
son as a less objectionable candidate than the
others. Clay, Wirt, and Floyd. Mr. Tyler disap-
proved of nullification, and condemned the course
of South Carolina as both unconstitutional and
impolitic. At the same time he objected to Presi-
dent Jackson's famous proclamation of 10 Dec.,
1832, as a " tremendous engine of federalism," tend-
ing to the "consolidation" of the states into a single
political body. Under the influence of those feel-
mgs ho undertook to play the part of mediator be-
tween Clay and Calhoun, and in that capacity ear-
nestly supported the compromise tariflf introduced
by the former in the senate, 12 Feb., 182^3. On
the so-called "force bill," clothing the president
with extraordinary powers for the purpose of en-
forcing the tarilT law, Mr. Tyler showed that he
had the courage of his convictions. When the bill
was put to vote, 20 Feb., 1833, some of its op|)o-
nenLs happened to be absent: others got up and
went out in order to avoid putting themselves on
rect)rd. The vote, as then taken, stood : yeas,
thirty-two; nay, one (John Tyler).
As President Jackson's first term had witnessed
a division in the Democratic party between the
nullifiers led by Calhoun and the unconditional
upholders of the Union, led by the president him-
self, with Benton, Blair, and Van Buren, so his
second term witnesse<l a somewhat similar division
arising out of the war upon the United States
bank. The tendency of this fresh division was to
bring Mr. Tyler and his friends nearer to co-opiera-
tion with >lr. Calhoun, while at the .same time it
furnished points of contact tiiat might, if occasion
should offer, bo laid hold of for the purpose of
forming a temporary alliance with Mr. (.'lay and
the National Republicans. The origin (»f the name
" Whig," in its strange and anomalous applic^ition
to the combination in 1834, is to l)e found in the fact
that it pleased the fancy of President Jackson's op-
ponents to represent him as a kind of arbitrary ty-
rant. On this view it seemed proper t hat t hey should
l)e designate<l "Whigs," and at first there were some
attempts to discretlit the sntmorters of the admin-
istration by calling them " Tories." On the ques-
tion of the bank, when it came to the removal of
the deposits, Mr. Tvler broke with the administra-
tion. Against the bank he had fought, on every
fitting occasion, since the beginning of his public
career. In 1834 he declared emphatically: "I lie-
lieve the bank to be the original sin against the
constitution, which, in the progress of our history,
has called into existence a numerous progeny of
usurpations. .Shall I permit this serpent, however
bright its scales or erect its mien, to exist by and
through mv votet" Nevertheless, strongly as he
«Iisapprove<\ of the bank, Mr. Tyler disapproved
still more strongly of the methods by whicli Presi-
ilent Jackson assailed it. There secmwl at that
time to be growing up in the Unitetl .States a
spirit of extreme unbridled democracy quite foreign
to the spirit in which our constitutional govern-
ment, with its carefully arranged checks and limi-
tations, was founded. It was a spirit that promptwl
mere majorities to insist uiwn having their way.
even at the cost of overriciing all constitutional
checks and limits. This spirit possessed many
members of Jackson's party, and it found expres-
sion in what Benton grotestiuely called the "demos
krafeo" principle. A goou illustration of it was
to be seen in Benton's argument, after the election
of 1824, that Jackson, having received a plurality
of electoral votes, ought to be declared [iresident,
and that the house of representatives, in choosing
Adams, was "defying the will of the people."
In similar wise President Jackson, after his tri-
umphant re-election in 1832. was inclined to in-
terpret his huge majorities as meaning that the
people were ready to uphold him in any course
that he might see fit to pursue. This feeling no
doubt strengthened him in his determined attitude
toward the nullifiers, and it certainly contributed
to his arbitrary and overbearing meth<xl of deal-
ing with the bank, culminating in 18^33 in his re-
moval of the deposits. There was ground for
maintaining that m this act the president exceeded
his fKJwers, and it seemed to illustrate the tend-
ency of unbridle<l democracy toward despotism,
under the leadership of a headstrong and popular
chief. Mr. Tvler saw in it such a tendency, and
he believed that the only safegnanl for constitu-
tional government, whether against the arbitrari-
ness of Jackson or the latitudinarianism of the
National Republicans, lay in a most rigid adherence
to strict constructionist doctrines. Accordingly,
in his speech of 24 Feb.. 18:34, he proposed to go
directly to the root of the matter and submit the
question of a national bank to the people in the
shape of a constitutional amendment, either ex-
pressly forbidding or ex])ressly allowing congress
to create such an institution. According to his
own account, he found Clay and Webster ready to
co-operate with him in this course, while Calhoun
held aloof. Nothing came of the project ; but it
is easy to see in Mr. Tyler's attitude at this time
the basis for a short-live<l alliance with the National
Republicans, whenever circumstances should sug-
gest it. On Sir. Clay's famous resolution to censure
the president he voted in the affirmative. In the
course of 1835 the seriousness of the schism in the
I)emo<'ratic party was fully revealed. Not only
had the small body of nullifiers broken away, un-
der the lead of Calhoun, but a much larger party
was formed in the southern state's under the ap-
pellation of "state-rights Whigs." They differed
with the National Republicans on the fundamental
questions <tf t«riff, bank, and internal improve-
ments, and agreed with them only in opfwsition
to Jackson as an allogcHl violator of the consti-
tution. Even in this opposition they differed
from the party of Webster and Clay, for they
grounde<i it largely u[H)n a theory of state rights
which the latter statesmen had In^en far from ac-cept-
ing. The "state-rights Whigs" now noininatiHl
Hugh L. White, of Tennessee, for presiilent, and
John Tyler for vice-president. The National Re-
publicans wishing to gather votes from the other
parties, nominated for president Gen. William II.
196
TYLER
TYLER
Harrison as a more colorless candidate than Web-
ster or Clay. The Democratic followers of Jackson
nominated Van Buren, who received a large ma-
jority of both jjopular and electoral votes, in spite
of the defections above mentioned. There was a
great deal of bolting in this election. Massachu-
setts threw its vote for Webster for president, and
South Carolina for Willie P. Mangum. Virginia,
which voted for Van Buren, rejected his colleague,
Richard M. Johnson, and cast its twenty -. three
electoral votes
for William
Smith, of Ala-
bama, for vice-
president. Mr.
White obtain-
ed the elec-
toral votes of
Tennessee and
Georgia, twen-
tv-six in all,
but Mr. Tyler
made a better
showing ; he
carried, be-
sides these two states, Maryland and South Caro-
lina, making forty-seven votes in all. The uneven-
ness of the results was such that the election of a
vice-president devolved upon the senate, which
chose Mr. Johnson. In the course of the year pre-
ceding the election an incident occurred which em-
phasized more than ever Mr. Tyler's hostility to
the Jackson party. Benton's famous resolutions
for expunging the vote of censure upon the presi-
dent were before the senate, and the Democratic
legislature of Virginia instructed the two senators
from that state to vote in the affirmative. As to
the binding force of such instructions Mr. Tyler
had long ago, in the case of Giles and Brent, above
mentioned, placed himself unmistakably upon rec-
ord. His colleague, Benjamin Watkins Leigh, was
known to entertain similar views. On receiving
the instructions, lx)lh senators refused to obey them.
Both voted against the Benton resolutions, but Mr.
Leigh kept his seat, while Mr. Tyler resigned and
returned home, 29 Feb., 1836. About this time the
followers of Calhoun were bringing forward what
was known as the " gag resolution " against all peti-
tions and motions relating in any way to the aboli-
tion of slavery. (See Atherton, Charles G.) Mr.
Tyler's resignation occurred before this measure
was adopted, but his opinions on the subject were
clearly pronounced. He condemned the measure
as impolitic, because it yoked together the question
as to the right of petition and the question as to
slavery, and thus gave a distinct moral advantage
to the Abolitionists. On the seventh anniversary
of the Virginia colonization society, 10 Jan., 1838,
he was chosen its president. In the spring election
of that year he was returned to the Virginia legis-
lature. In January, 1839, his friends put him For-
ward for re-election to the U. S. senate, and in the
memorable contest that ensued, in which William
C. Rives was his principal competitor, the result
was a deadlock, and the question was indefinitely
postponed before any choice had been made.
Meanwhile the financial crisis of 1837 — the most
severe, in many respects, that has ever been known
in this country — had wrecked the a<lministration
of President Van Buren. The causes of that crisis,
indeed, lav 'deeper than any acts of any adminis-
tration, 'fhc nrimary cause was the sudden devel-
opment of wila speculation in western lands, con-
sequent upon the rapid building of railroads, which
would prot)ably have brought about a general pros-
tration of credit, even if President Jackson had
never made war upon the United States bank.
But there is no doubt that some measures of Jack-
son's administration — such as the removal of the
deposits and their lodgment in the so-called " pet
banks," the distribution of the surplus followed by
the sudden stoppage of distribution, and the sharp-
ness of the remedy supplied by the specie circular
— had much to do with the virulence of the crisis.
For the moment it seemed to many people that all
the evil resulted from the suppression of the bank,
and that the proper cure was the reinstatement of
the bank, ana because President Van Buren was
too wise and clear-sighted to lend his aid to such
a policy, his chances for re-election were ruined.
The cry for the moment was that the hard-hearted
administration was doing nothing to relieve the
distress of the people, and there was a general
combination against Van Buren. For the single
purpose of defeating him, all differences of policy
were for the moment subordinated. In the Whig
convention at Harrisburg. 4 Dec, 1839, no plat-
form of princij)les was adopted. Gen. Hamson
was again nommated for the presidency, as a can-
didate fit to conciliate the anti-Masons and Na-
tional Republicans whom Clay had offended, and
Mr. Tyler was nominated for the vice-presidency
in order to catch the votes of such Democrats as
were dissatisfied with the administration. In the
uproarious canvass that followed there was prob-
ably less appeal to sober reason and a more liberal
use of clap-trap than in any other presidential
contest in our history. Borne upon a great wave
of popular excitement, "Tippecanoe, and Tyler
too, were carried to the White House. Bjr the
death of President Harrison, 4 April, 1841. just a
month after the inauguration, Mr. Tyler became
president of the United States. The situation
thus developed was not long in pnxlucing startling
results. Although no platform had been adopted
in the nominating convention, it soon appeared
that Mr. Clay and his friends intended to use their
victory in support of the old National Republican
policy of a national bank, a high tariff, and internal
improvements. Doubtless most people who voted
for Harrison did so in the belief that his election
meant the victory of Clay's doctrines and the re-
establishment of the United States bank. Mr. Clay's
own course, immediately after the inauguration,
showed so plainly that he regarded the election as
his own victory that Gen. Harrison felt called upon
to administer a rebuke to him. " You seem to lor-
get, sir," said he, " that it is I who am president."
Tyler, oil the other hand, regarded the Whig
triumph as signifying the overtnrow of what he
considered a corrupt and tyrannical faction led by
Jackson. Van Buren, and feenton ; he professed to
regard the old National Republican doctrines as
virtually postponed by the alliance between them
and his own followers. In truth, it was as ill-yoked
an alliance as ever was made. The elements of a
fierce quarrel were scarcely concealed, and the re-
moval of President Harrison was all that was
needed to kindle the flames of strife. " Tyler dares
not resist," said Clay ; " I'll drive him before me."
On the other hand, the new president declared : " 1
pray you to believe that my back is U% the wall,
and that, while I shall deplore the assaults, I shall,
if practicable, beat back the assailants " ; and he
was as good as his word. Congress met in extra
session, 31 May, 1841, the senate standing 28 Whigs
to 22 Democrats, the house 133 Whigs to lOiS
Democrats. In his opening message President
Tyler briefly recounted the recent history of the
United States bank, the sub-treasury system, and
TYLER
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197
other financial schemes, and ended with the precau-
tionary wonls: *• I .shall be reatly to concur with you
in the adoption of such system as you may propose,
reserving U) myself the ultimate f)ower of rigect-
injf any measure which may, in my view of it, con-
flict with the constitution or otherwise jeopard
the i)ro.s|)erily of the coimtry. a iKjwer which I
couUl not part with, even if I would, but which 1 will
not Iwlievu any act of yours will call into requisi-
tion." Congress disregardeil the warning. The
ground was cleared for action by a bill for abol-
ishing Van Buren's sub-treasury system, which
passed both houses and was signed by the presi-
dent. Hut an amendment offered by Mr. Clay,
for the repeal of the law of lb36 regulating the
deposits in the state banks, was defeated by the
votes of a small party led by William C. Kives.
The great question then came up. On constitu-
tional grounds, Mr. Tyler's objection to the United
States bank had always been that congress had no
power to create such a corporation within the
limits of a state without the consent of the state
ascertained beforehand. He did not deny, how-
ever, the power of congress to establish a district
bank for the District of Columbia, and, provided
the several states should consent, there seemed to
be no reason why this district bank should not set
up its branch offices all over the country. Mr.
Clay's so-called " fiscal bank " bill of 1841 did not
make proper provision for securing the assent of
the states, ana on that ground Mr. Kives proposed
an amendment substituting a clause of a bill
suggestetl by Thomas Ewmg, secretary of the
treasury, to the eflfeot that such assent should
be formally secured. Mr. Rives's amendment
was supported not only by several " state- rights
Whiss, ' but also by senators Richard H. Bavard
and Rufus Choate, and other friends of Mr. Web-
ster. If adopt e<l, its effect would have l)een con-
ciliatory, and it might perhaps have averted for a
moment the rupture between the ill-yoked allies.
The Democrats, well aware of this, voted a^inst
the amendment, and it was lost. The bill mcor-
p<jrating the fiscal bank of the United States was
then passed by both houses, and on 16 Aug. was
vetoed. An attempt to pass the bill over the veto
failed of the requisite two-third majority.
The Whig leaders hwl already shown a disposi-
tion to entrap the president. Before the passage
of Mr. Clay's bill, John Minor Botts was sent to
the White House with a private suggestion for a
compromise. Mr. Tvler refused to listen to the
suggestion except with the understanding that,
should it meet with his disapproval, he should not
hear from it again. The suggestion turned out to
be a proposal that congress should authorize the
establishment of branches of the district bank in
any 8tHte of which the legislature at its very next
session should not expressly refuse its consent to
any such procee<ling; and that, njoreover. incase
the interests of the public should seem to require
it. even such express refusal might be disregarded
and overridden. By this means the obnoxious in-
stitution might first be established in the Whig
states, and then forced uix)n the Demix-ratic states
in spite of themselves. The president indignantly
rejected the sucrgestion as "a contemi)tible subter-
fuge, iK'hind. which he would not skulk." The de-
vice, nevertheless, became incoriK>rattHl in Mr.
Clay's bill, and it was pretended that it wjls put
there in order to smooth the way for the presi-
dent to adopt the measure, but that in his un-
reasonable ol)stinacy he refused* to avail himself of
the opjx)rtunity. After his veto of 10 Aug. these
tortuous methods were renewed. Messengers went
to and fro between the president and memlK-rs of hiii
cabinet on the one hand, and le«4ling Whig members
of congress on the other, conditional assurances were
translateti into the indicative mo<Kl, whispered
messages were magnified and distorted, and pres-
ently apiMtared upon the scene an outline of a bill
that it was assumed the president would sign.
This new measure was known as the '• fiscal cf)rpo-
ration"bill. Like the fiscal Iwnk bill, it created
a bank in the District of Columbia, with branches
throughout the states, and it made no pn)per pro-
vision for the consent of the states. The president
had admitted that a " fiscal agency " of the United
States government, establisheKl in Washington for
the purpose of collecting, keeping, and disbursing
the public revenue, was desirable if not iiidisjK'nsa-
ble; a regular bank of discount, engaged in c^)m-
mercial transactions throughout the states, and
having the United States government as its prin-
cipal share-holder and Federal officers exerting a
controlling infiuence upon its directorship, was an
entirely different affair — something, in his opinion,
neither desirable nor permissible. In the "fiscal
corporation " bill an attempt was made to hood-
wink the president and the public by a pretence of
forbidding discounts and loans and limiting the
operations of the fiscal agency exclusively to ex-
cnanges. While this project was maturing, the
Whig newspapers fulminated with threats against
the president in case he should persist in his course ;
Erivate letters warned him of plots to assassinate
im, and Mr. Clay in the senate referred to his res-
ignation in 1836, and asked why, if constitutional
scruples again hindered him from obeying the will
of the people, did he not now resign his lofty posi-
tion and leave it for those who could be more com-
pliant f To this it was aptly replied by Mr. Rives
that "the president was an independent branch of
the government as well as congress, and was not
called upon to resign because he differed in opin-
ion with them." Some of the Whigs seem really
to have hoped that such a storm could be raised
as would browbeat the president into resigning,
whereby the government would le temfR>nirily
left in the hands of William L. Southard, then
president pro tempore of the senate. But Mr.
Tyler was neither to be hoodwinked nor bullied.
The " fiscal corporation " bill was passe<l by the
senate on Saturday, 4 Sept., 1841 ; on Thursday,
the 9th, the president's veto message was received;
on Saturday, the 11th, Thomas Ewing, secretary of
the treasury, John Bell, secretary of war. George
E. Badger, secretary of the navy, John J. Critten-
den, attorney-general, and Francis Granger, i)ost-
master-general, resigned their places. The ad-
journment of congress had been fixed for Monday,
the 13th, and it was hope<l that, suddenly con-
fronted by a unanimous resignation of the cabinet
and confused by want of time in which to appoint
a new cabinet, the president would give up the
game. But the resignation was not unanimous,
for Daniel Webster, secretary of state, it>mained
at his post, and on Monday morning the president
nominated Walter Forward, of Pennsylvania, for
secretary of the treasury; John McLean, of Ohio,
for secretary of war; Al>el P. Ujishur, of Virginia,
for secretary of the navy; Hugh S. Ivcgare, of
South Can)lina. for attorney-general ; and Charles
A. Wickliffe, of Kentucky, for |K>st master-general.
These appointments were duly confirmi'<l.
Whether the defe<-tion of Mr. Wel>ster at this
moment would have been so fat^l to the president
OS some of the Whigs were inclined to believe, may
well be doubted, but there can bo no doubt that
bis adherence to the president was of great value.
198
TYLER
TYLER
By remaining in the cabinet Mr. Webster showetl
himself too dear-sujhted to contribute to a victory
of which the whole profit would be reaped by his
rival. Mr. Clay, and the president was glad to re-
tain his hold upon so strong an element in the
north as that which Mr. Webster represented.
Some of the leading Whig members of congress
now issued aildresscs to the people, in which they
loudly condemned the conduct of the president
and declared that " all political connection between
them and John Tyler was at an end from that day
forth." It was open war between the two depart-
ments of government. Although many Whig mem-
bers, like Preston, Talmadge, Johnson, and Mar-
shall, really sympathized with Mr. Tyler, only a
few, commonly known as "the corporal's guard,"
openly recognized him as their leader. But the
Democratic "members came to his support as an
ally against the Whigs. The state elections of
18il showed some symptoms of a reaction in
favor of the president's views, for in general the
Whigs lost ground in them. As the spectre of the
crisis of 1837 faded away in the distance, the peo-
ple began to recover from the sudden and over-
mastering impulse that had swept the country in
1840, and the popular enthusiasm for the bank
soon died away. Mr. Tyler had really won a vic-
tory of the first magnitude, as was conclusively
shown in 1844, when the presidential platform of
the Whigs was careful to make no allusion what-
ever to the bank. On this crucial question the doc-
trines of paternal givornmont had received a crush-
ing and permanent defeat. In the next session of
congress the strife with the president was renewed:
but it was now tariff, not bank, that furnished
the subject of discussion. Diminished importa-
tions, due to the general prostration of business,
had now diminished the revenue until it was insuffi-
cient to meet the expenses of government. The
Whigs accordingly carried through congress a bill
continuing the protective duties of 1833, and provid-
ing that the surplus revenue, which was thus sure
soon to accumulate, should be distributed among
the states. But the compromise act of 1833, in
which Mr. Tyler had played an important part,
had provided that the protective policy should
come to an end in 1842. Both on this ground, and
because of the provision for distributing the sur-
plus, the president vetoed the new bill. Congress
then devised and passed another bill, providing
for a tariff for revenue, with incidental protection,
but still contemplating a distribution of the surplus,
if there should be any. The president vetoed this
bill. Congress received the veto message with great
indignation, and on the motion of ex-President John
Q. Adams it was referred to a committee, which con-
demned it as an unwarrantable assumption of
power, and after a caustic summary of Mr. Tyler's
acts since his accession to office, concluded with a
reference to impeachment. This report called
forth from the president a formal protest; but the
victory was already his. The Whigs were afraid
to go before the country in the autumn elections
with the tariff question unsettled, and the bill was
accordingly passed by both houses, without the
distributing clause, arid was at once signed by the
president. The distributing clause was then passed
in a separate bill, but a '"pocket veto" disposed
of it. Congress adjourned on 31 Aug., 1842, and
in the elections the Whig majority of twenty-five
in the house of representatives gave place to a
Democratic majority of sixty-one.
On the remaining question of National Republi-
can policy, that of internal improvements, the most
noteworthy action of President Tyler was early in
1844, when two river-and-harbor bills were passed by
congress, the one relating to the eastern, the other to
the western states. Mr. Tyler vetoed the former,
but signed the latter, on the ground that the Mis-
sissippi river, as a great common highway for the
commerce of the whole country, was the legitimat«
concern of the national government in a sense that
was not true of any other American river. An un-
successful attempt was made to pass the other bill
over the vetx). The rest of Mr. Tyler's administra-
tion was taken up with the Ashburton treaty with
Great Britaiti (see Webster, Daniel), the Oregon
question, and the annexation of Texas. Texas had
won its independence from Mexico in 1830, and
its governor, as well as the majority of its inhabi-
tants, were citizens of the United States. From a
broad national standpoint it was in every wav de-
sirable that Texas, as well as Oregon, should be-
long to our Federal Union. In the eastern states
there was certainly a failure to appreciate the value
of Oregon, which was nevertheless claimed as in-
disputably our property. On the other hand, it
was felt, by a certain element in South Carolina,
that if the northern states were to have ample room
for expansion beyond the Rocky mountains, the
southern states must have Texas added to their
number as a counterpoise, or else the existence of
slavery would be imperilled, and these fears were
strengthened by the irrowth of anti-slavery senti-
ment at the north. The Whigs, who by reason of
their tariff policy found their chief strength at the
north, were disposed to avail themselves of this
anti-slavery sentiment, and accordingly declared
themselves opposed to the annexation of Texas.
In the mean time the political pressure brought to
bear upon Mr. Webster in Massachusetts induced
resignation of his portfolio, and he was succeeded
in the state department by Hugh S. Legare, 9
May. 1843. In a few weeks Legare was succeeded
by Mr. Upshur, after whose death, on 28 Feb.,
1844, the place was filled by John C. Calhoun.
After a negotiation extending over two years, a
treaty was concluded, 12 April, 1844, with the gov-
ernment of Texas, providing for annexation. The
treaty was rejected by the senate, by a vote of 35
to 16, all the Whigs and seven Democrats voting
in the negative. Thus by the summer of 1844 the
alliance between the Whig party and Mr. Tyler's
wing of the Democrats had passed away. At the
same time the division among the Democrats,
which had become marked during Jackson's ad-
ministration, still continued ; and while the oppo-
sition to Mr. Tyler was strong enough to prevent
his nomination in the Democratic national con-
vention, which met at Baltimore on 27 May, 1844,
on the othef hand he was able to prevent the nomi-
nation of Mr. Van Buren, who had declared himself
opposed to the immediate annexation of Texas. The
result was the nomination of James K. Polk, as a
kind of compromise candidate, m so far as he be-
longed to the "loco-foco " wing of the party, bnt
was at the same time in favor of annexation. On
the same day, 27 May, another convention at Balti-
more nominated Mr. Tyler for a second term. He
accepted the nomination in order to coerce the
Democrats into submitting to him and his friends a
formal invitation to re-enter the ranks ; and accord-
ingly a meeting of Democrats at the Carloton house.
New York, on 0 Aug., adopted a series of resolu-
tions commending the principal acts of his admin-
istration^and entreating that m the general interests
of the oppositi(m he should withdraw. In response
to this appeal, Mr. Tyler accordingly withdrew his
name. The northern opposition U) the annexation
of Texas seemed to have weakened the strength of
TYLER
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190
tho WhifTs in the south, and their candidate. Henry
Clay, declared himself willinj; to «•« Texas admit-
ted at some future time. But this device cut both
ways; for while it was popular in the 8outb, and is
supposed to have acquired for Clay many pro-
slavery votes, carryiuff for him Tennessee, North
Carolina, Delaware, and Maryland by bare majori-
tii's, it certainly letl many anti-siiivery VVhijfs to
thn>w away their votes upon the " Lila-rty" candi-
date. James G. Hirney, and thus surrender New
York \rt the Democrats. The victory of the Demo-
crats in November was reflected in the course pur-
sued in the ensuing congress. One of the party
watchwords, in reference to the Oregon questitm,
ha<l l)eon " fifty-four forty, or fight," and the house
of representatives now proceede<l to p»iss a bill or-
ganizing a territorial governnu>nt for Oregon up to
that parallel of latitude. Tho senate, however, laid
the bill upon the table, because it nrohibited sla-
very in the territory. A joint resolution for the
annexation of Texas was passed by both houses.
Proposals for prohibiting slavery there were de-
feated, and the affair was arranged by extending
the Missouri compromise-line westward through
the Texan territory to be acquired by the annexa-
ti(m. North of that line slavery was to be pro-
hibited : south of it the question was to be deter-
mined by the people living on the spot. The reso-
lutions were signed by President Tyler, and in-
structions in accordance therewith were despatched
by him to Texas on the last dav of his term of
ohice. 3 March. 1845. The frien(ls of annexation
defended the constitutionality of this proceeding,
and the opponents denounced it.
After leaving the White House, Mr. Tyler took
up his residence on an estate that he hml purchased
three miles from Greenway, on the bank of James
river. To this estate he gave the name of *' Sher-
wood Forest," and there he live<l the rest of his
life. (See illustration on page 196.) In a letter
published in the Richmond "Enquirer" on 17
Jan.. 18G1, he recommended a convention of border
states— including New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, as well as Delaware,
Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mis-
souri— for the purpose of devising some method of
adjusting the uilflculties brought on by the seces-
sion of South Carolina. The scheme adopted by
this convention was to be submitted to the other
states, and. if adopted, was to be incorporated into
the Federal constitution. In acting upon Mr. Tj^-
ler's suggestion, the Virginia legislature enlarged
it into a proposal of a pence convention to be com-
posed of delegates from all the states. At the
same time Mr. Tyler was apiwinted a commissioner
to President Buchanan, while Judge John Robert-
son was appointed commissioner to the state of
South Carolina, the object being to persuade both
parties to abstain from any acts of nostilitv until
the propose<l peace convention should have had an
opportunity to meet and discuss tho situation. In
«lisc'harge of this mission Mr. Tyler arrived on 23
Jan. in Washington. President Buchanan declined
to give any assurances, but in his message to con-
gress, on 28 Jan., he deprecate<l a hasty resort to
hostile measures. The iwace convention, consist-
ing of delegates from thirteen northern and seven
l)order states^ met at Washington on 4 Feb. and
chose Mr. Tyler as its president. Several resolu-
tions were adopte<l ana reported to congress. 27
Feb.; but on 2 March they were rejected in the
senate by a vote of 28 to 7. and two days later the
house adjourned without having taken a vote upon
them. On 28 Feb., anticipating the fate of the
reeolutions in congress, Mr. Tyler made a speech
on the steps of the Exchange hotel in Richmond,
and declared his belief that no arrangement could
be made, and that nothing was left for Virginia
but to act promptly in the exercise of her [mwcrs
as a sovereign state. The next dav he UK)k his scat
in the State convention, where (le advo(;ated the
immediate passing of an ordinance of secession.
His attitu<le seems to have been sul>stantially the
same that it had been twenty-eight years before,
when he disapproved the heresy of nullification,
but condemneu with still greater emphasis the
measures taken by President Jackson to suppress
that heresy. This feeling that secession wasunad-
visable, but coercion wholly indefensible, was shared
by Mr. Tyler with many {)eople in the border states.
On the removal of the government of the southern
Confederacy from Montgomery to Richmond, in
May, 18()l,)iewas unanimously electeif a memlwr
of the provisional congress of the Confederate
states. In the following autumn he was elected to
the permanent congress, but he died before taking
his seat. His biography has been ably written by
one of his vounger sons, Lyon Gardiner Tyler,
" letters an(J Times of the Tylers" (2 vols., Rich-
mond, 1884-'5). See also •' Seven Decades of the
Union," by Henry A. Wise (Philadelphia. 1872). —
His wife, Letitia Christian, b. at Cedar Grove,
New Kent co., Va., 12 Nov., 1790; d. in Washing-
ton, I). C. 9 Sept., 1842, was the daughter of Rob-
ert Christian, a planter in New Kent county, Va.
She married Mr. Tyler on 29 March, 1813, and re-
moved with him to his home in Charles C'ity coun-
ty. When he l)ecame president she accompanied
him to Washington ; but her health was delicate,
and she died shortly afterward. Mrs. Tyler was
unable to assume any social cares, and the duties
of mistress of the White House devolved Uf»on her
daughter-in-law, Mrs. Robert Tyler. She possessed
great l)eauty of person and of character, and. before
the failure of her health, was especially fitted for
a social life. — Their son, Robert, b. in' New Kent
county, Va., in 1818; d. in Montgomery. Ala., 8
Dec, 1877. was educated at William and Mary, and
adopted the profession of law. He married Pris-
cilla. a daughter of Thomas Apthorfx' Cooper, the
tragedian, in 1839, and when his father became
president his wife assumed the duties of mistress
of the White House till after Mrs. John Tyler's
death, when they devolved upon her daughter,
Mrs. Ijetitia Semple. Mr. Tyler removed to Phila-
delphia in 1843, practised law there, and held sev-
eral civil offices. In 1844 he was elected president
of the Irish repeal association. A little later he
became prothonotary of the supreme court of
Pennsylvania, and in 1858 he was chairman of the
Democratic executive committee of the state. He
removed to Richmond at the Iwginning of the civil
war, and was apjxiinted register of tne treasury.
After the war ne edite<l the " Mail and Adver-
tiser" in Montgomery. Ala. He publishe<l " Ahas-
uerus." a poem (New York. 1842); " Death, or Me-
dora's Dream." a ihkmu (1843); "Is Virginia a
Repudiating State? and the States' Guarantee,"
two letters (Richmond, Va., 1858).— President Ty-
ler'ssecond wife, Julia Gardiner, b. on Gardiner's
island, near Kasthampton. N. Y.. 4 May, 1820; d,
in Richmond, Va., 10 July, 1889, was a descend-
ant of the Gartliners of Ganliner's island. She was
educated at the Chegary institute. New York city,
spent several months in EurojH'. and in the winter
of 1844 accompanied her father to Wjishington,
D. C. A few weeks afterward he was kille<l by the
explosion of a gnn on the war-steamer " Prince-
ton," which occurred during a pleasure excursion
in which he and his daughter were of the presi-
200
TYLER
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^^•■'•■•^Hll
dential party. His body was taken to the White
House, and Miss Gardiner, Iwinp thrown in the
society of the president under these peculiar cir-
cumstances, be-
came the object of
his marked atten-
tion, which result-
ed in their mar-
riage in New York
city. 20 June, 1844.
For tlie succeeding
eight months she
presided over the
White Plouse with
dignity and grace,
her residence there
terminating with a
birth-night ball on
yf ^ /^ y^ 22 Feb., 1845. Mrs.
" Sherwoixl For-
est " in Virginia at the conclusion of his term, and
after the civil war resided for several years at her
mother's residence on Castleton Hill, Staten island,
and sul)siiiiit'ntly in Richmond, Va. She was a
convert to Roman Catholicism, and devoted to the
charities of that church. — Her son, Lyon Gardi-
ner, b. in Charles City county. Va., in August, 1853,
was graduated at the University of Virginia in 1875,
and then studied law. During his college course
he was elected orator of the Jeflferson society, and
obtained a scholarship as best editor of the "Vir-
ginia University Magazine." In January, 1877. he
was elected professor of belles-lettres in William
and Mary college, which place he held until No-
veml)er, 1878, when he became head of a high-
school in Memphis, Tenn. He settled in Rich-
mond. Va., in 1882, and entered on the practice of
law, also taking an active interest in politics. He
was a candidate for the house of delegates in 1885,
and again in 1887, when he was elected. In that
body he advocjited the bills to establish a labor
bureau, to regulate child labor, and to aid William
and Mary college. In 1888 he was elected presi-
dent of William and Mary, which office he now
fills. He has published " The Letters and Times
of the Tylers" (2 vols,. Richmond, 1884-'5).
TYL^R, Moses Colt, educator, b. in Griswold,
Conn., 2 Aug., 1835. He was graduated at Yale
in 1857. studied theology there and at Andover,
and was pastor of the Isl Congregational church,
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 186()-'2. He was profes-
sor of the English language and literature in the
University of Michigan in 18(J7-'81, and since that
time has occupied the chair of American history
in Cornell university. He was ordained deacon in
the Protestant Episcopal church in St. Andrew's,
Ann Arbor, Mich., 16 Oct., 1881, l)v Bishop Harris,
and priest in St. John's, Ithaca, X. Y., in 1883, by
Bishop Coxe. In 1873-'4 he was literary editor of
" The Christian Union " in New York, and he has
contributed to reviews and magazines. He re-
ceived the degree of LL. I), from Wooster univer-
sity in 1875, and that of L. \\. D. from Columbia
in 1888, Prof. Tyler has published " Brawnville
Papers" (Boston, 18C8) ; " History of American Lit-
erature" (first 2 vols.. New York, 1878): "Manual
of English Literature" (1819); and " Life of Pat-
rick Henry" (Boston, 1888).
TYLER, Ransom Hebbard, author, b. in Ley-
den, Franklir co., Mass., 18 Nov., 1813; d. in Ful-
ton, Oswego CO., N. Y., 27 Nov., 1881. At an early
age he removed with his parents to Oswego county,
was educated at Mexico academy, N. Y., studied
law, was admitted to the bar, and practised his
profession in Fulton, where he was also president
of a bank. He held various local offices, mcluding
those of district attorney and county judge for
Oswego county, and was also a general in the New
York state militia. He tiavelled in Europe, Asia,
and Africa. Hamilton gave him the degree of
M. A. in 1853. Judge Tyler edited the "Oswego
Gazette," contributed to magazines, law-journals,
and newspapers, and published "The Bible and
Social Reform, or the Scriptures as a Means of
Civilization" (Philadelphia, 1863); "American Ec-
clesiastical Law "(Albany, 1866); "Commentaries
on the Law of Infancy and Covertures " (1868) :
" Ejectment and Adverse Enjoyment " (1870); " Ty-
ler on Usury, Pawns, and Loans" (1873); "Ty-
ler on Boundaries, Fences, and Window-Lights"
(1874); "On Fixtures" (1877); and biographical
sketches of early settlers of Oswego county.
TYLER, Robert Ogdeu, soldier, b. in Greene
county, N. Y., 22 Dec, 1831 ; d. in Bo.ston, Mas.«..
1 Dec, 1874. When he was seven years old his
parents took him to Hartford, Conn., and he was
appointed from that state to the U. S. military
academy, where he was graduated in 1853. He
was assigned to the 3d artillery, and served on
frontier duty till the civil war, being engaged
against hostile Indians in the Spokane expedition
of 1858. In April, 1861, he was on the expedition
to relieve Fort Sumter, and witnessed its bombard-
ment, and on 17 May, after opening communica-*
tion through Baltimore in command of a light
battery, after the attack on the 6th Massaclmsetts
regiment, he was made assistant quartermaster
with rank of captain, and served in the defences
of Washington. On 29 Au^., at the special request
of the Connecticut authorities, he was allowed by
the war department to undertake the reorganiza-
tion of the 4th Connecticut regiment, which had
become demoralized, and was commissioned its
colonel. Under Col. Tyler the regiment became
one of the best in the army, and in January, 1862,
it was made the 2d Connecticut heavy artillery.
With it he took part in the peninsular campaign,
and on 29 Nov., 1862, he was made brigadier-general
of volunteers. At Fredericksburg he had charge
of the artillery of the centre grand division and
was brevetted major for gallantry, and on 2 May,
1863, he was given command of the artillery reserve
of the Army of the Potomac. In this capacity he
did efficient service at Chancellorsville, at Gettys-
burg, where two horses were shot under him. and
in the Rapidan campaign. He was subsequently
a division commander in the 22d corps, covering
Washington, and in May, 18()4, was as.signed a di-
vision of heavy artillery that acted as infantry.
On 19 May, while on the extreme right in the ac-
tions alK)ut Spottsylvania. he drove liack an attack
of Ewell's corps, and was publicly thanked, with
his men, by Gen. Meade for " gallant conduct and
TYLER
TYLER
^1
brilliniit success." At Cold IlarlH)r he led u brigade '
of picked regiments hiuI ri'ceiveil a severe wound !
in ttie ankle wliich lamed him for life and perma- 1
nently shattered his couHtitution. He saw no more {
acti«'e service. At the close of the tik'ar he had \
received the brevets of lieutenant-colonel for Get-
tysburg, colo-
nel for Spott-
sylvania, major-
general of volun-
teers and briga-
dier-general, U.
8. armv, for
Coldllarbor.and
major - general.
U. S. army, for
services through-
out the war. The
Connecticut leg-
islature thanked
him in a resolu-
tion, and the citi-
zens of Hartford
presented him
with a sword.
After the war
Gen.Tylerserved
as chief in the
quartermaster's department successively at Charles-
ton, Louisville, San Francisco, New York city, and
Boston, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel.
TYLER, Royall, jurist, b. in Boston, Mass., 18
July, 1757; d. in Brattleborough, Vt., 16 Aug..
1828. He studied law in the office of John Adams
and was for a short time aide to Gen. Benjamin
Lincoln, in which station he served in the Shays
rebellion in 1780. In 1790 he settled as a lawyer
in Guilford, Vt. In 1794 he was made a judge of
the supreme court, and in 1800 he became chief
justice. Judge Tyler published " Reports of Cases
m the Supreme Court of Vermont " (2 vols., 1809).
He was also a successful dramatist and the author
of "The Contrast," the first American play ever
acted on a regular stage by an established company
of comedians. In this comedy the Yankee dialect
and story-telling, now very familiar, were first era-
Bloyed. It was produced in New York in 1786.
le'also wrote "May-Day, or New York in an
U|)roar" (1787): "The Georgia Spec, or Land in
the Moon" (1797); and "The Algerine Captive,"
a fictitious memoir (2 vols., 1799). Judge Tyler
contributed to the " Farmer's Weekly Museum,"
published at Walpole. N. H., a melange of light
verse and social and political squibs purporting to
come " from the shop of Messrs. Colon and Spon-
dee." He contributed to the " Portfolio " " An Au-
thor's Evenings," a series of papers that were sub-
sequently cxillected in a volume and entitled " The
Spirit of th'> Farmer's Museum and Lay Preach-
er's Gazette. " He also wrote for the " New Eng-
land Galaxy " and other journals, Ijesides com|>os-
ing a variety of songs, odes, and prologues. — His
son, Edward Royall. clenrvman, b. in Guilford,
Vt., in 1800; d. in New Haven, Conn.. 28 Sept.,
1848, was graduated at Yale in 182") and at the
divinity-scn<K)l in 182M. He was pastor of the
South church in Middletown, Conn., from 1827 till
1832, and df the Congregational church in Cole-
brook. Conn., in 18:33- '6. In 1836-'7 he was agent
of the Amerifftn anti-slavery society. From IftW
till 1842 ho was editor of the "Connecticut 01)-
server," nn<l he was the founder, editor, and pro-
prietor of the " New Englander."
TYLER, SamneL aijthor, b. in Prince George
county, Md., 32 Oct, 1809 ; d. in Georgetown, D. C.,
15 Dec., 1878. His father, (irafton, was a tf)bacco-
planter. The son was etlucated at Dr. James Car-
nahan's school in Georgetown, devoting himself
es|)eciallv to Greek. He studicfl at Midillebury in
1827, and, after reading law. was admitted to the
bar in 18JJI, and lM>gan to practise in Frederick, Md.
In 1852 he was elected one of three commissioners
to simplify the pleadings and practice in all the
courts of the state, and rendered important wrvice
in this capacity. His refx^rt, a profound discus-
sion on the relative merits of the common and civil
law, won wide approbation. In 18(J7 he was elected
professor of law in Columbian college (now univer-
sity), Washington, D. C, which office he held until
his death. He received the degree of LL. D. from
the College of South Carrdina in 1858, and from
Columbia in 1859. Early devoting himself to meta-
physics, he contributed articles on this subject to
various magazines, one of which, a " Discourse on
the liaconian Philosophy," published in the " Prince-
ton Review." was aiterward issued in book-form
(Baltimore, 1844). This " Discourse " piined him
the friendship and correspondence of Sir William
Hamilton, the Scottish philosopher, who wrote to
the author in 1848. advising him to aliandon the
practice of law and to devote himself exclusively
to philosophy. On the death of her husband. Lady
Hamilton presented Mr. Tyler with a portrait of
Sir William as a token of her esteem. He also
published " Robert Burns as a Poet and as a Man "
(New York, 1848); "The Progress of Philosophy in
the Past and in the Future" (Philadelphia, 1858;
2d ed., 1868) : and a " Memoir of Roger Brooke
Tanev" (Baltimore, 1872).
TYLER, William, R. C. bishop, b. in Derbv,
Vt., 5 June, 1806; d. in Providence R. I.. 18 June,
1849. At the a^e of sixteen he became a Roman
Catholic, with his parents and all the members of
his family. He was educated at a seminary that
was conducted by his uncle, the Rev. Virgil Bar-
ber, at Claremont, N. H., studied theology under
the guidance of Bishop Fenwick, and was ordained
a priest in 1828. He was stationetl at the cathe-
dral at Boston for several years, and was then sent
to Aroostook, but returne<l to Boston, and was ap-
pointed vicar-general. In 1843 the new diocese of
Hartford was created, and Father Tyler was nomi-
nated its first bishop. He was consecrated on 17
March, 1844, and went to Providence, It. I., which
he made his episcopal residence. Although he was
subject to constant illness, his administration was
active and successful, and, principally through the
aid he received from missioiuiry societies in Eu-
rope, he increased largely the number of churches
and priests. Bishop Tyler took part in the sixth
and seventh councils of Baltimore.
TYLER, William Seymour, clergyman, b. in
Hartford, Susquehanna co.. Pa., 2 Sept., 1810. Job,
his ancestor, was an early settler of Andover, Ma.ss.
After graduation at Amherst in 18:30, William was
tutor there until 18534. and studied in Andover theo-
logical seminary. He was licensed to preach in
1836, and from 'that date until 1847 was profes<!or
of Latin and Greek at Amherst, but since 1847 he
has lieen professor of Greek only. On 6 Oct.. 1859,
he was ordained without charge by a Congregation-
al council at Amherst, and, although he was never
a pastor, he has frequently preached in turn with
the other professors of the college, and o'ften as a
supply for churches. He has twice visited Europt^
and the VmsI. Harvanl pave him the degree of
I). D. in 1857, and Amherst that of LL. D. in 1871.
He is the author of " Germania and Airricola of
Tacitus with Notes for Colleges " (New \ ork, 1847;
enlarged eds., 1852 and 1878); " Histories of Taci-
202
TYNDALE
TYNG
tU8 '' (1848); " Prayor for Colleges" (1854; revised
and enlarged repeatedly); "Plato's Apology and
Critx)" (1859); "Memoir of Dr. Henry Lo'bdell,
Missionary to Assyria" (Boston. 1859); "Tiieology
of the Greek Poets" (1867); "Plutarch on the De-
lav of the Deity," with Prof. Horatio B. Hackett
(Kew York. 1867); " Addressat Seini-Centennial of
Amherst College, with other Addresses on that
Occasion" (1871); "History of Andierst College"
(1873); " Demosthenes de Corona" (Boston, 1874);
" Demosthenes's Philippics and Olvnthiacs "(1875);
and nine books of the " Iliad " (New York, 1886).
TYNDALE, Hector, soldier, b. in Philadelphia,
24 March, 1821 : d. there, 19 March, 1880. His fa-
ther was a merchant engaged in the importation of
china and glassware, and young Tyndale succeeded
to the business in 1845, in partnership with his
brother-in-law, Edward P. Mitchell. He made sev-
eral tours of Europe, inspecting closely all the
chief factories, and becommg practically familiar
with the whole art of pottery. His natural taste,
thus cultivated, made him a most expert con-
noisseur, and led to his selection in 1876 as one of
the judges of that section of the Centennial exhi-
bition, in which capacity he wrote the elaborate
report on pottery. His private collection was one
of the most complete in the country. He first be-
came interested in politics in 1856 as a Free-soiler,
and was a member of the first Republican commit-
tee in Philadel[)hia. He was not an Alx)litionist,
and had neither knowledge of nor sympathy with
John Brown's raid, i)ut when Mrs. Brown came to
Philadelphia on her way to pay her last visit to her
husband and bring back his body after his execu-
tion, she was without escort and was believed to be
in personal danger. An appeal was matle to Tyn-
dale, who at once accepted the risks and dangers
of escorting her. In the course of this self-im-
posed duty he was subjected to insults and threats,
and on the morning of the execution was shot at
by an unseen assassin. It had been threatened in
the more violent newspapers of the soutji that
John Brown's body should not be restored to his
friends, but ignominiously treated, and a "niggers"
body substituted for his friends. When the coffin
was delivered to Tyndale by the authorities, he
refused to receive it until it was opened and the
body was identified. He was in Europe when he
heard the news of the firing on Fort Sumter, and
at once returned home and offered his services to
the government.
He was commis-
sioned major of
the 28th Pennsyl-
vania regiment in
June, 1861, and in
August was put
in command of
Sandy Hook, op-
posite Harper's
Ferry. The regi-
ment fought in
twenty-four bat-
tles and nineteen
smaller engage-
ments, in all of
which Tyndale
. ^ took part, except
•^^y -J. (/ / /? when he was dis-
• yCOk/y \/t4''yii:^U<x^ abled by wounds.
W He was promoted
to lieutenant-col-
onel in April, 1862, and served in Gen. Nathaniel
P. Banks^s corps in the Shenandoah valley, under
Gen. John Pope at Chantilly and the second battle
of Bull Run, end later in Gen. Joseph K. F. Mans-
field's corps. At Antietam. as the senioi; officer, he
commanded a brigade in Gen. George S. Greene's
division of the 12th corps, holding the ground in
front of the Dunker church against three separate
assaults of the enemy, in which the brigade cap-
tured seven battle-flags and four guns. Early m
the day he received a wound in the hip. but he
kept tne field until the afternoon, when he ^ was
struck in the head by a musket-ball and carried
off the field. For "conspicuous gallantry, self-
possession, and good judgment at Antietam " he
was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers,
29 Nov., 1862. After slow and partial recovery
from his wounds he applied for active duty, and in
May, 1863, was assigned to a brigade under Gen.
Erasmus D. Keyes near Yorktown. and served with
the Army of the Potomac until Septeml)er, when
he was sent with Gen. Joseph Hooker to the relief
of Chattanooga. In the battle of Wauhatchie he
carried by a bayonet charge a hill (subsequently
known as Tyndale's hill), thus turning the flank of
the enemy and relieving Gen. John W. Geary's di-
vision from an assault by superior numbers. He
also participated in the series of battles around
Chattanooga, and in the march to the relief of
Knoxville. He was sent home on sick-leave in
May, 1864, and, finding his disability likely to be
lasting, he resigned in August. In March, i865, he
was brevetted major-general of volunteers for gal-
lant and meritorious services during the war. In
1868 he was the Republican nominee for mayor of
Philadelphia, and was defeated by 68 votes in a
poll of more than 120,000. In 1872 his kinsman,
Prof. John Tyndall. of London, delivered a series
of lectures in this country, and resolving to devote
the proceeds to the establishment of a fund " for
the promotion of science in the United States by
the support in European universities or elsewhere
of American pupils wno may evince decided talents
in physics," he appointed (jcn. Tvndale with Prof.
Joseph Henry and Dr. Ed ward ^£i. Youmans tnis-
tees. Prof. Tyndall in 1885 changed the trust and
established three scholarships, in Harvard. Colum-
bia, and the University of Pennsylvania. The last-
named institution called its share the Hector Tyn-
dale scholarship in physics.
TYNER, James Noble, postmaster-general, b.
in Brookville, Ind., 17 Jan., 1826. He was gradu-
ated at Brookville academy in 1844. and from 1846
till 1854 was associated with his father in business.
He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in
1857, and practised in Peru, Ind. He was secre-
tary of theJndiana senate in 1857-'61, a presiden-
tial elector in 1860, and from 1861 till 1866 served
as a special agent of the post-office department.
He was chosen to congress as a Rcfiublican. to fill
the vacancy caused by the election of Daniel D.
Pratt to the U. S. senate, and served from 1869 till
1875, being a member of the committees on appro-
priations and post-offices. President Grant then
appointed him second assistant postmaster-general,
and from the resignation of Marshall Jewell till
the end of Grant's administration. 3 March, 1877,
he was postmaster-general. In April, 1877, he be-
came first assistant postmaster-general, which office
he resigned in October, 1881. Mr. Tyner was the
delegate from the United States to the* Interna-
tional postal congress in Paris in 1878.
TYNO, Dudley Atkins, lawyer, b. in Newbury-
B»rt, Mass., 3 Sept., 1760; d. there, 1 Aug., 1829.
e was a son of Dudley Atkins, and changed his
name on inheriting the estates of James Tyn^,
of Tyngsborough, Mass. After serving as U. b.
collector of Newburyport, he succeeded Ephraim
TYNO
TYRKER
208
Williams an refiortiTof the MHssflrliusolt 8 supreme
court, holding; this offlce until his doath. He
edited " R«>j)ort8 of the Supreiue Judicial Court of
Mawachusetts. September, 1804. to March, 1822"
(17 vols.. Ncwl.ury[x>rt, 180.V23).— Ilia son. Ste-
phpn HiiriBriiiHon, clergyman, b. in Newburyport,
Mass., 1 March. IHfK); d. m IrvinKton, N. Y., 4 Sept.,
1885. was grmluatwl at Harvanl in 1817, and for
two years was oc-
cupied in mercan-
tile pursuits, lie
then studied the-
ology in Bristol,
H. I., under the di-
rection and over-
sight of Bishop
(iriswold in 1819-
*21, and was or-
dained to the min-
istry of the Prot-
estant Episcopal
church by thesame
bishop. 4 March.
1821. His first par-
ish wa.s in George-
town. D. C, in
1821-3, and then
Uc€^V^Xyt>^^ ^L- iXu/t^a Queen Anne par-
^ ^ ish, Prince George
CO., Md., in 1823-'9. He was called to the rector-
ship of St. Paul's church, Phihulelphia. in 1829,
then to the Church of the Epiphany m 1833, where
he served for twelve years. In 1844 he was invited
to St. George's church, New York city, where, en-
tering upon his duties in 1845, he labored for more
than thirty years as rector, and was retired as rec-
tor emeritus in 1878. He received the degree of
I). D. from Jefferson college. Pa., in 1832, and from
Harvard in 1851. He was distinguishe<l for elo-
quence in the pulpit, and also for aJ>le and effective
temperance and {mtriotic atldresses. For many
years he was a leader among that part of the clergy
known as low churchmen. He was active in or-
ganizing the Evangelical knowletlge society, the
American church missionary society, and the Evan-
gelical etlucation society, and was editor for several
years of " The Episcopal Recorder " and " The Prot-
estant Churchman." I)r. Tyng held a ready pen, and
published numerous volumes of interest and value.
Chief among these were " Lectures on the Lrfw
and the Gospel" (Philadelphia, 18J12) ; "Memoir
of Rev. Gregory T. Bodell" (18.35): "Serui«ms
preache<l in the Church of the Epiphany " (18JJ9;
republished as " The Israel of God,* 1854) ; " Recol-
lections of England " (New York, 1847); "Christ
is All," sermons (1852): "The Rich Kinsman: the
History of Ruth, the Moabitess" (London, 1856);
"Forty Years' Experience in Sunday - Schools "
(New York, 1860): "The Captive Orphan : Esther,
the Queen of Persia" (18(50); "The Praver-Book
Illustrated by Scripture" (8 vols., 180:i-'t); "The
Child of Prayer, a Father's Memorial of D. A.
Tyng" (1866); and "The Office and Duty of a
Christian Pastor" (1874). Bishop Bedell, of Ohio,
published an interesting " Memorial of the Rev.
I)r. Tyng" (New York, 1886). and his son, C.
Rockland Tyjig. is writing his life. — Stephen Hi|j-
L'inson's son, iMidley Atkinn, clergyman, b. in
Prince George county, Md.. 12 Jan.. 1825; d. in
Brookfleld, near Philiulelphia, Pa., 19 April. 1858,
was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania
in 1843. studied theology at Alexandria seniinary.
Va., and took orders in the Protestant Episcopal
church in 1846. He was assistant to his uither at
St. Gw)rge's church. New York, held charges in
Columbus, Ohio, Charlestown. Va.. and Cincinnati.
Ohio, and was rector of the Churc-h of the E(iit)h-
any, Philadelphia, from 1854 until shortly be-
fore his death, when he was obliged to leave his
|)astorate in consequence of his opposition to sla-
very. A new parish, under the title of the Church
of the Covenant, was then organized for him. He
was also known as a lecturer on religious and secii-
lar subjects. He was the author of " Vital Truth
and Deatlly Error" (Philadelphia, 18.52); "Chil-
dren of the Kingdom, or Ijcctures on Family Wor-
ship "(1854; republished as "Go<l in our "Dwell-
ing." London, 4th ed., 18,59); and "Our Coun-
try's Troubles " (Philadelphia, 1856-'7 : New York,
1864). See "The Child of Prayer, a Father's Me-
morial of the Rev. Dudley A. Tyng." by Stephen
H. Tyng (New York and London, 1858). "His death
was the result of an accident. — Another son of
Stephen Higginson. Stephen Higrinson, clergy-
man, b. in Philadelphia, Pa,, 28 June. 1839, was
graduated at Williams in 1858, studied theology at
the Alexandria seminary, Va., and was ordained
deacon, 8 May. 1861. He assisted his father at St.
George's church. New York, in 1861-'3, was made
priest, 11 Sept.. 18(J3, and l)ecame rector of the
Church of the Mefliator, New York. In 1864 he
served in the U. S. armv as chaplain of the 12th
New York volunteers, "in 1865 he organized the
parish of the Holy Trinity, New York, building,
on Forty-second street, a church that was replaced
by a larger edifice in 187:^'4. and of which he had
charge till his resignation in April, 1881. After
that he was manager of the interests of a large
insurance compjiny in Paris, and he still (1889) re-
sides there. In 1867 Dr. Tyng was tried by an ec-
clesiastical tribunal for preaching in a Methodist
church in New Jersey, which was a violation of
the canon law of the church. He was found guilty,
and was censured by the bishop of New York. An
official account of this trial was published by the
diocese of New York (1868). He took an active
part in the revival movement of 1875, directed by
Moody and Sankey, and in the summer of 1876 he
began Sunday services in a tent near his church.
He was also active in building mission-cha(>els. In
1864-'70 he edited "The Working Church" and
"The Christian at Work." Williams gave him the
degree of D. I), in 1872. and he was a trustee of
that college from 1872 till 1884. He has published
"The Square of Life" (New York, 1876): " He will
Come" (1877); and several volumes of sermons en-
titlwl "The Peoples' Pulpit"
TYNtt, Edward, naval officer, b. in Massachu-
setts in 16«3; d. in Boston, Mass., 8 Sept., 1755.
His father, Edward, a councillor, was appointed
governor of Annapolis. N. S., but was captured by
the French on his juissage and taken to France,
where he died. The sitn was commissioned captain
of the south and north batteries and ft)rtifications
in Boston on 16 April, 1740, and, succecdin); Capt,
Southac as commander of the ves.sel " Prince of
Orange," he took the first privateer on this coast,
24 June, 1744. He commanded the frigate " Mas-
sachusetts" in the exjjedition against Cape Breton
in 1745, and was made commodore of the pro-
vincial fleet. He also captured the " Vigilante," a
French man-of-war of sixty-four guns.
TYKKKK. the German foster-father of Ix>if,
son of Eric the Retl, lived in the 11th century.
He accompjinied I^eif on his voyage of discovery
in the year 1000. After the Scaiidinavian naviga-
tor hatl built Leifsbudir, near the present site of
Newport, R. I., as is sup|X)se<l by many, he divid-
ed his men into two parties, which alternated
204
TYSON
TYTLER
in exploring the neighl)orhood. He cautioned his
followers to keep together and return to sleep at
their quarters. But one evening Tyrker did not
return with his party. In great sorrow Leif, at
the head of twelve men, went in search of him.
lie had not gone far when he discovered the old
(ierman, evidently greatly excited and gesticulat-
ing wildly. " NVhy, mv fosterer," cried Leif,
" have you come so late t What made you leave
vour companions! " Tyrker answered in German,
but, remembering that the Scandinavians could
not understand him, he spoke, after some time, in
Norsk. " I have not gone very far ; still I have
some news for you. I have discovered vines loaded
with grapes." " Are you telling the truth, my
fosterer f ' exclaimed Leif. " I am sure of telling
the truth," he returned, " for in my native land
there are vines in plenty." This caused Leif to
give the country the name of Vinland. See Adam
of Bremen's " llistoria Ecclesiastiea."
TYSON, Elisha, philanthropist, b. in Mont-
gomery county. Pa., in 1749; d. m Baltimore, Md.,
16 Feb., 1824. He was a member of the Society of
Friends, and an early member of the Maryland
society for the abolition of slavery, appeared fre-
quently before the judicial tribunals in behalf of
negroes, and procured the passage of several laws
to ameliorate their condition. In 1818 he retired
from business to devote his attention to the aboli-
tion movement, and established the Protection so-
ciety of Maryland, to insure the colored population
of the state the enjoyment of their legal privileges.
See his " Life," by a citizen of Baltimore (Bal-
timore, 1825).— His grandson, PhUip Thomas,
chemist, b. in Baltimore. Md., 23 June, 1799; d.
there, 16 Dec. 1877, was educated in his native city.
At the beginning of the gold fever he went to
California, and there made numerous geological re-
searches. On his return he published "Geology
and Industrial Resources of California" (Balti-
more, 1851). In 1856 he was appointed state agri-
cultural chemist, which place he held until 1860.
and in that capacity made two biennial reports
that were published "by the house of delegates of
Maryland (2 vols., Aimapolis, 1860-2). He was
first president of the Maryland academy of sciences,
and contributed papers to its proceedings.
TYSON, James, physician, b. in Philadelphia,
Pa., 26 Oct., 1841. His father, Henry (1815-"72),
was graduated at Pennsylvania medical college in
1843, and practised in Reading until his death.
He was active in prison-reform, and established the
first Sunday-school in the Hieksite Society of
Friends. The son was graduated at Haver ford
college. Pa., in 1860, and at the medical department
of the University of Pennsylvania in 18(53. He
was appointed lecturer on microscopy there in 1868,
and on urinary chemistry in 1870. In 1870-'8 he
was professor of physiology and microscopy in the
Pennsylvania college of dental surgery. On the
organization of the new university hospital in
1874 he was made lecturer on pathological anat-
omy and histology. In 1876 he was elected pro-
fessor of general pathology and morbid anatomy
in the medical department of the university. He
is now (1889) dean of the medical faculty, president
of the board of the Philadelphia hospital, and a
member of various medical societies. In 1871-'2
he assisted in editing the "Philadelphia Medical
Times," and he also edited four volumes of the pub-
lications of the Pathological society of Philadelphia
(1871-'7). In addition to numerous papers on his-
tology and pathology, and clinical lectures, he ha.s
published "The Cell Doctrine: its History and
Present State " (Philadelphia, 1870) ; " An Intro-
duction to Practical Histology " (1873) : " Practical
Examination of the Urine "(1875); and "A Trea-
tise on Bright's Disease and Diabetes" (1881).
TYSON, Job Roberts, lawyer, b. in Philadel-
phia, Pa., 8 Feb., 1803; d. at Woodlawn Hall,
Montgomery co.. Pa., 27 June. 1858. Entering
business at an early age, he devoted his leisure to
self-education, became a proficient linguist, and
taught in Hamburg, Pa., and afterward in the first
public school of the state, which was established
in 1822. At this period he was director of the
public schools of Pennsylvania, a member of the
prison society, manager o'f the apprentice's library,
and among the first to organize the temperance
movement in Pennsylvania. He was admitted
to the bar in 1827, and became solicitor for the
Pennsylvania railroad, the completion of which had
been secured mainly through nis efforts. He was
a member of the city council and of the legislature,
and was elected to congress as a Whig, serving
from 3 Dec, 1855, till 3 March. 1857. Dickinson
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1851. Mr. Tyson
was instrumental in the publication of the archives
of Pennsylvania. He was vice-president of the
Historical society of Pennsylvania, and vice-pro-
vost of the Philiulelphia law academy. He was
the author of an " Essay on the Penal Laws of
Pennsylvania " (Philadelphia, 1827) ; " The Lottery
System of the United States " (1833): " Social and
Intellectual State of the Colony of Pennsylvania
Prior to 1743 ".(184:3) ; "Discourse on the 200th
Anniversary of the Birth of William Penn " (1844) ;
" Letters on the Resources and Commerce of Phila-
delphia " (1852) ; and a " Report on the Arctic Ex-
plorations of Dr. Elisha K. Kane." with a resolu-
tion to provide for the publication of Dr. Kane's
book by congress, which was adopted by the house.
His reports on the Delaware breakwater, and sug-
gestions for improvement of the navigation of that
river, exhibit a clear comprehension of the com-
mercial interests of his state and city. He had
collected material for a history of Pennsylvania.
TYTLER, James, scholar, b. in Brechin, For-
farshire, Scotland, in 1747 ; d. near Salem, Mass.,
in 1805. He was educated for the church, and
afterward for the medical profession. He was-
commonly called " Balloon Tytler,'" from being the
first in Scotland to ascend in a fire-balloon on the
plan of Montgolfier. He belonged to the Friends
of the People, and, to avoid political persecution,
fled to Ireland about 1793, and to tnis country
about 1796. He was drowned near Salem, Mass.
Robert Burns describes him as "a mortal who,
though ha drudges about Edinburgh as a common
printer, with leaky shoes, a sky-lighted hat, and
knee-buckles as unlike as George-by-the-grace-of-
God and Solomon-the-son-of-David, yet that same
unknown mortal is author and compiler of three
fourths of Elliot's pompous ' Encyclopaedia Bri-
tannica,' which he composed at half a guinea a
week I" Besides contributing to magazines, he
was the author of anonymous works and of popular
songs, including " I ha'e laid a Herring in Saut,"
or "I canna Come ilka Day to Woo,' and "The
Pleasures of the Abbey." His publications include
" Essays on the Most Important Subjects of Natu-
ral and Revealed Relip;ion." which he set in ty|)e
without manuscript m Holvrood (Edinburgh,
1772): "System of Geography " (1788); "History
of Edinburgh"; "Geographical, Historical, and
Commercial Grammar" (2 vols.): "Review of
Dritchken's Theory of Inflammation"; "Answer
to Paine's 'Age of Reason ' "; "On the Excise " :
" System of Surgery " ; and " Treatise on the Plague
and Yellow Fever" (Salem, 1799).
U BILL A
UHLE
205
u
TBILLA, Andres (oo-heel'-yah). Mexican R. C.
bishop,!), in Uuipuzcoa, Spain, alxmt 1540; d. in
Chiupti, Mexico, in 1001. He went in his youth
with his parents to Mexico, where he entered the
Dominican onler in IMl), and was ifraduated in
hiw and theolojjy in l.'iOS. He became professor
of theologyin the University of Mexico, superior
of the convents of Mexico anti Oaxaca, rector of
the College of San Luis de la Puebia, and pn)vin-
cial of his order in 1582. In 1589 he went to
Spain to complain against the viceroy, the Mar-
auis of Villamanrique, who whs oppressing the In-
ians, and by his dispute with the audieneia of
Gua<laIaJHra threatened to precipitate a civil war.
Ubilla was well receivotl by King Philip II., ob-
taining the removal of Villamanriouo and the
appointment of Luis de Velasco. Shortly after
his return to Mexico, Ubilla was appointed bishop
of Chiana and consecrated in 1592. He founded
during his government a convent for the nuns of
the Incarnation, extendetl his cathedral, and added
to his diocese the im)vince of Sf)Con»isco, which
hatl belonged to (iuatcmala. In 10()0 he was
named bishop of Michoacan, but he died before
receiving the papal bull of confirmation. Iksides
manv Latin works on ecclesiastical law which are
in tfie Dominican convent of Oaxaca, he wrote
" El Sitio y Destruccion de Jerusalem por Tito y
Vespasiano," a manuscript in the Aztec language,
which formerly was in the Franciscan convent of
Texcoco, but is now preserved in the National li-
brary of Mexico.
I'FFENBACH, Bernard Ton (oof-fen-bok).
(lerman historian, b. in Liel)enthal in 1691 ; d. in
Vienna in 1759. He received his education at
Vienna, became a Jesuit when he was twenty-three
years of age, and in 1722 was sent to the South
American missions. After residing for some time
at Montevideo, where he learned the Indian
tongues, he became a missionary among the Gua-
ranis, with whom he lived about twenty years. He
also studied the customs, manners, and habits of
the Indians, took detailed notes of his observations
and of the natural resources of the country, and
formed valuable collections in natural history. He
returned to Germany alwut 1745, and was pre-
sented to Prince Lichtenstein, who appointed nim
librarian. Father Uffenbach lived in Vienna, be-
came a favorite in society, and was received at the
imperial court, where he narrated stories of Indian
life and the exf)eriences of the early Spanish ad-
venturers. His works include " Histona de Oua-
ranibus" (2 vols., Vienna, 1755), and " Giiarani
Lexicon," which is considered as the only reliable
monument that is left of the Guarani language
(1756). In his " Littenpannua^ Societatis Jesu," sent
from South America fmm 1789 till 1744, and after-
ward collected and edited by Johann Theophilus
BQshing (1785). are to be found interesting details
about the country of the Guaranis and the Jesuit
missions in S<iuth America. Uffenbach's collections
in natural history are preserved in the museum at
Vienna, and wore utilized for an " Historia natu-
rslis Americjp meridionalis"(4 vols., Vienna, 1790).
UGAKTE, J nan (iw-gar'-tay), Mexican clergy-
man, b. in San Miguel, Teguzigalna, Honduras. 22
J Illy, 1662; d. in San Pal)lo, Sonora, 29 Dec., 1730.
He ent«red the Society of Jcsjis in Aug^ust, 1679,
and was afterward professor of Ijatin in Zacatecas
and of philosophy in Mexico, where he leame<l the
Indian languages. In 1700 he devoted himself to
the Califomian missions, and spent about thirty
years in evangelizing the natives. F'indine that
the guard of soldiers that ac-companied him de-
torre<I them from approaching him, he dismissed it
after reaching the country of the Vafjuis, where he
ff)unde<l the missions of San Javier. Sjin Pablo.
Santii Rosalia, and San Miguel. He then joined
Father Stilvatierra in Ijoreto. and was successful in
his missionary labors, teaching the natives agricul-
ture, the art of spinning and weaving, how to build
cottages, and eveii how to prepare vessels for sea.
In 1705 he visiteA the coast of Sinaloa to find a
good port for the Manilla fleet, but without suc-
cess, and in 1708 was directed by the Spanish gov-
ernment to explore the Gulf of California. With
the aid of his converts, he built a vessel which he
called the " Triumph of the Cross," and manned it
with twenty-six Cninese and native Califomians.
He landed among theTepoquisand Seris, by whom
he was well received, and reached the mouth of
Colorado river, which violent storms prevented
him from ascending. After encountering many
dangers, the little vessel returned to Loreto.
I'garte was successful in the object of his mission.
He proved that California was a peninsula, gave
for the first time a proper idea of Ihe coast, and
noted such places as would be afterward suitable
for missionary stations. He subsequently founded
several missions, of which the princi^wl were San
Luis de Gonzaga, consisting of two villages, and
Our Lady of Guadalupe, of six villages. He wrote
"Noticia del Viage de la Balandra nombrada el
Triumfo de la Santa Cniz, hec-ho en 170i) al Golfo
de Californias, y Costa del Sur de la America Sep-
tentrional " and " Diarios, Relaciones. y Cartas de
las Cosas de Californias." Miguel Venegas used
these manuscripts in his " Historia de Californias."
UHLAND, Maximilian (oo-lond), called
Father Bernardino de San 3ost, German mis-
sionary, b. near Crefeld about 1475 ; d. in Mexico
in 1538. He l)ecame a F'ranciscan friar, and, being
assigned to the American missions, went to His-
paniola in 1520 with the newlv appointed Bishop
Geraldini. After learning the Indian language, he
was attached to a mission in the interior, but as he
opposed the policy of the conquerors, which brought
about the depopulation of the island, he was or-
dered to leave the country, and went to New Spain
in 1526. There he was appointed guardian of the
newly founde<l convent of Santiago de Tlaltelolco,
but subsequently he was sent to labor in Guate-
mala. In ISJW he w&«i a meinl)er of the commission
headed by Father Betanzos which laid before Pope
Paul III. the wretched condition of the Indians.
Uhland, who was a Latinist of reputation, was in-
structed to speak before the congre^tion of the
ftropaganda, and induced the ]xn^ to issue his cele-
trated bull entitled "Veritas Ipsa," This for a
time improved the condition oi the Indians, but
the promoters of the bull were never forgiven by
the Spanish authorities, and Uhland, to avoid per-
secution, on his return to Mexico did not leave his
convent till his death. He left a valuable manu-
scriiit, which is preserved in the National library
at Paris, entitled *' Historia de la fundacion de la
provincia de Santiago de Tlaltelolco."
UHLE, Albrecht Bernhard (oo'-le). artist, b. in
Chemnitz, Saxony. 15 Oct., 1H47. He was brought
to the United States in 1851. and had his first
instruction in art frf>m his father, and at the Penn-
sylvania academy of fine arts. During 1867-'75
206
UHLER
ULLOA
he was enfjft?<*d principally in photojcfraphy. He
went in 1875 to Municn, where he studied at the
academy under Ferdinand Barth and Alexander
Wagner until 1877, in which year he went to
Italy. In the same year he returned to Philiulel-
phia and opened a studio, lie visited Paris in
1879, returning the following year. lie is the
instructor of the portrait class at the Pennsyl-
vania academy, and has Ijecome known as an ex-
cellent artist. Among his portraits are those of
Isaac Lea and Peter McCall (1879); Joseph Leidy,
painted for the Academy of natural sciences
(1882) ; Wayne McVeagh, for the department of
justice, Washington (1884) ; and John D. Lank-
enau. for the German hospital, Philadelphia (1886).
UHLER, Philip Reese (you Jer), naturalist, b.
in Baltimore, Md., 'S June. 1835. He studied natu-
ral science at Harvard under Louis Agassiz in 18(53,
and was assistant in charge of entomology at that
institution and librarian of the Museum of com-
parative zoology. Subsequently he returned to
Baltimore, and in 187G he became an associate in
natural sciences at Johns Hopkins university. He is
also librarian of the Peabody institute in that city.
Mr. Uhler is a member of scientific societies, has
l!)een corresponding secretary and was elected presi-
dent of the Maryland academy of sciences in 1873,
which place he has since held, except during 1884-'8.
His papers on geology, entomology, and otner natu-
ral sciences have been published m the journals of
most of the learned societies of the United States
and Canada, in the annual reports to the trustees
of Harvard, and as special reports in the volumes
of the U. S. geological survey. He translated and
edited, with a glossary, Dr. Hermann A. Hagen's
" Synopsis of Xeuroptera of North America," issued
by the Smithsonian institution (Washington, 18(51).
ULLMANN, Daniel, soldier, b. in Wilming-
ton, Del., 28 April, 1810. He was graduated at
Yale in 1829, studied law. was admitted to the bar,
and practised in New York, where he was master
in chancery from 1839 till 1844. In 1854 he was
the candidate of the American or Know-Nothing
parry for governor of New York, and received a
very large vote. In 18G1 he raised the 78th New
York volunteers, in which he served as colonel,
was captured in August, 18(52, and confined in
Libby prison until October of that year, when he
was released on parole. He was pionioted briga-
dier-general on 13 Jan., 18G3, ana ordered to ap-
point a cadre of officers and to go to Louisiana to
raise five regiments of colored troops, afterward
increased to a corps. This was the first order is-
sued by the U. S. government for the raising of
colored troops. He was brevetted major-general of
U. S. volunteers on 13 March, 1865, was mustered
out, 24 Aug., 1865, and was made major-general in
November, 1865. Gen. UUmann received the de-
gree of LL. D. from Madison university in 1861.
ULLOA, Antonio de (ool-lo'-ah), Spanish naval
officer, b. in Seville, 12 Jan., 1716; d. on the island
of Leon, 3 July, 1795. After studying at Seville,
he entered the navy in 1733, and was ordered to
serve under the French astronomers who measured
an arc of the meridian in South America. With
Jorge Juan he sjiiled from Cadiz in May, 1735,
and arrived in Carthagena five months before the
French scientists, but occupied his time with bo-
tanical explorations. In the geodetic observations
that followed, which were begun in June, 1736,
and continued four years, Ulloa was attached to
Jja Condaraine, the head of the expedition. In
September. 1740, in the midst of their astronomi-
cal oljservations, the Spanish officers were called
away by the war with England, and received orders
from the viceroy to put the port of Callao in a
state of defence, and in 1742 he organized the
forces at Guayaquil against. the British under Ad-
miral Anson which captured Payta. For two
years afterward he cruised, in command of a frig-
ate, along the coast of Chili and the island of
Juan Fernandez, and on his return to Quito in
1744, where he found only Godin. the other
French academicians having terminated their la-
bors, he assisted in the observation of the comet
that appeared in that year. In October, 1745. he
embarked at Callao on a French merchant ves!«el
which entered for repairs in the harbor of Louis-
burg, Canatla, decoyed by the French flag which
the victorious English floated on the fortress. He
was taken prisoner, and his valuable collections
were confiscated, but he was released in England
and recovered his collections through the interces-
sion of the Royal society of London, which elected
him an associate member in 1746. On his return
to Spain in July he was promoted post-captain, and
appointed superintendent of the mercury-mines at
Jalapa in Peru. He was made rear-admiral in 1760,
and became in 1764 governor of Louisiana, which
had just been ceded by France ; but, failing in his
efforts to win over the colonists to Spain, he was
recalled in 1766. In 1770 he was made lieutenant-
general of the naval forces, and in 1 779 he was sent
with a fieet to the Azores with sealed orders to
proceed to Havana and take command of an expe-
dition for the rcconquest of Florida. But, being
entirely occupied with scientific observations. Ul-
loa forgot to open his sealed orders, and, return-
ing to Cadiz after a cruise of two months, was ar-
rested and tried by a court-martial in December,
1780, which acquitted him, but recommended him
for land duty. During the remainder of his life
Ulloa was president of the nnval school for cadets
at Cadiz. Ulloa formed the first cabinet of natural
history in Spain and the first school of metallurgy,
established at Legovia a factory where cloth was
made from American products, and founded a na-
val observatory at San Fernando, and other use-
ful institutions. His works include " Relacion his-
torica del viage & la America Meridional y observa-
ciones sobre Astronomia v Fisica " (5 vols., Madrid,
1748; with Jorge Juan, French translation, Paris,
1752; English, London, 1758); "Noticias Araeri-
canas; entretenimientosphisico-historicos, sobre la
America Meridional y la Septentrional'' (1772);
" Observaciones hechjis en el oceano sobre un eclipse
de sol con el anillo ref ractario " (1779; French
translation, Toulouse, 1780): and "La Marina y
fuerzas naj-ales de la Europa y del Africa" (1781).
David Barry published in 1828 a secret memoir on
South America which he claimed to be Ulloa's
work, but its authenticity is doubted.
ULLOA, Francisco de, Spanish friar, b. in
Andalusia about 1498; d. in Seville in 1574. He
united with the Dominicans at Salamanca, and
was among the few that accompanied Bishop Vi-
cente Valverde when he sailed for Cuzco in 1538.
Ulloa was afterward prior of a convent in Lima,
and visitor of the order. Having learned the In-
dian dialects, he explored the country, founded
convents at Arequipa and Huanuco, and preached
the gospel to the Indians in their own language
with success. His influence was greatT in Peru,
and Gonzalo Pizarro undertook to win him over to
his cause, but Ulloa rejected his offers, and joined
Pedro de La Gasca. The latter despatched Ulloa
with letters and proclamations for the officials and
inhabitants along the coast, and instructed him to
buy supplies and prepare everything for the ad-
vance of the royal army. Ulloa's mission was so
ULLOA
UNANDER
307
successful that PirArro sent a |>arty of cavalry that
succevtled in takin^c him a prisoner, and he was car-
ried to Lima, where he was iniprisone*! and suf-
fered jjreutlv. When fx'ace was restore*!, IjaUasca
despatched I'lloa to ,S|>ain. in 1540, but .he shortly
afterwartl returned to this country and went to
I'arm-Hs. Ix'inj^ later made visitor of the province
of (iuateMittia. Toward the close of his life he ro-
linxl to Seville, where he die«l with the re|)Uta-
tion of a saint. He wrote a curious account of his
voyage from Panama to Peru, nublishetl in the
44th volume of Antonio Salva's collection, and con-
tributed memoirs to the council of the Indies,
printed in "Cartas de Indias" (Madrid. 1872).
I'LIiOA, Francisco de, Spanish explorer, d. on
the PaciHc coast in ir>40. He went to Mexico with
Ilcrnan Cortes, and did gotnl service in the fleet
that the latter constructed on Lake Texcoco for
the siege and capture of the city of Mexico. Of
his later life little is known, except that when
Cortes, on his return from Spain, resolved to make
new conquests on the northern Pacific coast, he
constructed in Acapulco the ship "Santa Agueda,"
of which he gave the command, together with that
of two caravels, to Ulloa, with orders to explore
the coast as far northward as possible, and to ob-
tain all the necessary information about the coun-
try. Ulloa sailed from Acapulco on 8 July, 1539,
entered on 28 Aug. the Gulf of California, where
he lost a ve-^sel in a storm, and. after putting for
repairs into the liay of Santa Cruz, which he left
on 12 Sept., discovered Cape Ilojo, San Andres and
Santii Marta (now Cape Tosco), San Lazaro and
San Eugenio. and the island of Cedros or Cerros.
After despatching a messenger to Cortes, who had
meanwhile sailed for Spain, Ulloa set out again
for the north. On 5 Ai)ril. 1540. he parted com-
pany with his consort, which arrived safely at
Santiago toward the end of April. Some assert
that he was never heard of afterward, but others
say that he advanced fifty miles fjuther than Cape
San Quentin, 30° 30' north latitude, and anchored
safely at Acapulco on 30 May following. The
latter narratives state that he was killed shortly
afterward by a soldier whom he had slighted. The
t'ournal of the expe<lition, written bv his clerk,
"'rancisco Preciado, under the title "llelacic'm de
los descubrjmientos. hechos nor I)<jn Francisco de
Ulloa en un viage por la Mar del Morte, en el
navio Santa Agueda." was nn»served in the ar-
chives of Seville and translated into Italian by
Ramusio in the third volume of his " Voyages," and
into English by James Uurney in his " Itistory of
the Discoveries in the South Sea" (London, 1803),
under the title "The Voyage of the Right Wor-
shipful Knight Francisco de Ulhm, with Three
Ships, set forth at the F]x[>ense of the Right Noble
Fernando Cortes, Marquis del Valle, by the Coast
of Nueva Galicia. Culiacan. into the Giilf of Cali-
fornia, called el Mar Berniego. as also to the West
«)f Cape California as far as 30 degrees North, be-
gun from .\capul(o. the Hth of July. 1539."
ULPHILAS, Herman (ool-fee-lahs), German
naturalist, b. in PaderlKirn, Westnhalia, in 1702;
d. in BiTlin in 1761. He followed the sea in the
Dutch service, visited the Antilles, Guiana. Siuth
America, and Batavia, and held offices at Batavia,
St. Eustatiusj tnd Demerara. He made valuable
colliH'tions in natural history, which he presented
to the Museum of natural history at li<»rlin. To-
ward the close of his life he was e<litor of the
"Magazin ftlr Naturwissenschaft." His works in-
clude "Historia natiiralis Americana" (Leipsic,
175(5) and " Abhandlung Ql)er die baumartigcn
Schotenpflanzen des Orinoco-Thales " (1757).
associate of the National academy in 1883, and
ceived the Thomas H. Clarke prize there the I
ULRICH, Charles Frederick, artist, b. in
New York city, 18 0<rt., 1858. lie j>egan his art
studies at C«)o|>er institute and the National a<-ad-
emy. New York, and <luring 1875-'81 continued
them under Ludwig IjQfTtz and W'ilhelm Lindcn-
schmit in Munich. In 1879 he gained a bronze
medal at the academy there. For several years he
followed his profession in New York, but atK>ut
1884 he went to Venice, Italy. He was eht-ted an
re-
prize mere the fol-
lowing year for his " In the Land of Promise."
He has executed si>veral carefully and truthfully
painted genre pictures, among which are "The
Wood- Engraver " (1882); "The Glass-Hlowers "
and "The Carpenter" (188:^); "A Dutch Tvpe-
Setter"; "The Waifs" (1885); and "Washing of
Feet in the Venice Cathedral."
L'MBSCHEIDEN, Franz, journalist, b. in
Gruenstadt, Rhenish Bavaria, Germany, in 1821 ;
d. in Newark, N. J., 13 Dec.. 1874. He was educated
at the Universities of Heidelberg and Munich, where
he studied law and national economy, and in 1848
took an active part in revolutionary movements,
travelling and making inflammatory speeches, on
account of one of which on the dtath of Robert
Blum he was compelled to flee to France. When
the revolution began in Rhenish Bavaria he re-
turned, served in the army, and was pres>ent at the
occupation of Worms and at the storming of Lan-
dau, after which he went to Baden under Gen.
Franz Sigel, and afterward to Switzerland, where
he l)ecame a private tutor. Being ex[)elle;l to ap-
pease Ixmis Napoleon in 1852, he went to NewarK,
N. J., and taught there. During the Fremont can-
vass in 1850 he joined the Republican party, but
in 1859 he co-o|)erated with the Democrats. In
1860 he be<-ame editor of the New York "Staats-
j Zeitung," which post he held until 1804, when he
established the Newark " Volksmann." In 1807 he
was editor of the " New Jersey Democrat," and he
again edited the " Volksmann " in 1801>-'74.
UNANDER, Eric, clergyman, b. in Sweden : d.
after 1759. He arrived at Philadelphia with Rev.
Israel Acrelius, the Swedish-American historian,
6 Nov., 1749, and took charge of Swedish Lutheran
congregations at Racoon and Penn's Neck, in New
Jersey, where he labored under Acrelius and after-
ward as regular pastor until 1756. His parish em-
braced a wide extent of territory. He conducted
services in Swedish and p]ng!ish almost every Sun-
day, held catechetical examinations once a year in
every family t hat was connected with his extended
(tarish, and visited other Swedish settlements on
)elaware bay, at Salem, along Timber creek, and
other places. Of his labors Acrelius says: "One
who has seen his toil and labor, his zeal and dili-
gence, and thus under long-continued sickness,
can safely testify that during the time that Mr.
Unander lived in Racoon he (lid not eat the bread
of idleness." When Provost Acrelius returned to
Swe<len he desired to accomjwiny him. but, as the
affairs of the congregations did hot allow the loss
of two pastors at once, he was willing to remain.
He therefore became the successor of Acrelius at
Christina in the year 1756, receiving his ixim mis-
sion the previous year. He continue*! as |>astor un-
til 1759. The church at Christina, now Wilming-
ton, Del., known as "Ohl Swe<les' Church" (see
illustration), has an interesting history. In 1638 the
flrst colony of .Swe<lcs arrive*!, settle<l along Chris-
tina creek,' and built Fort Christina on the site of
the present city of Wilmington. The fort un-
doubtedly did (louble servit-e, both a-* a place of
defence and a place of worship. Rev. Reorus Tor-
208
UNANGST
UNCAS
killus was the first pastor, who arrive<l with the
first colony. On 28 May. 1098, the erection of a
new church was bejfun at Christina back of the fort.
In the foUowinjjf year the new church was dedi-
cated under the name of Trinity Lutheran church.
Rev. Eric Tobias
Bj«)ixjk was the
nastorat the time.
The historian Ac-
relius describes
the building as
follows : " The
church is of gran-
ite, and is sixty
feet long, thirty
feet broad, and
twenty feet high.
The wall is six feet
thick in the foun-
dation and three
feet at the win-
dows, as well as
above them. In
the church there
are five large arched windows and three arched
doors." The followmg inscription (in Latin) is
found on the west gable : " lGi)8. If God be for us,
who can Ik; against us? In the reign of William
III., by the grace of God, Kin": of England. Will-
iam Penn being Proprietary ; William [Markham],
Deputy-Governor. The most illustrious King of
Swedes, Charles XL, now of most glorious mem-
ory, having sent hither Eric Tobias Bjorck of West-
mania, pastor of the i)lace." The ground for the
church was given by John Stalcop. who was then
one of the church wardens. To this was added an
additional purchase of land in 1G99 of 250 acres
for a parsonage and support of the pastor. The
first grant of land was for a Lutheran church, and
the further purchase was made by the Lutheran
congregation for their own and descendants' use.
The congregation was presided over by Lutheran
Pastors until the year 1792, when a pastor of the
'rotestant Episcopal church took charge of the
congregation. The church is still in a good state of
preservation and is used for divine worship. The
town of Wilmington is built on the church-glebe
that was once owned by Trinity congregation.
UNANliST, Elias, missionary, b. in Lehigh
valtey. Pa., in 1824. He was graduated at Penn-
sylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1854, and at the
theological seminary there in 1857, and in the lat-
ter year was ordained to the Lutheran ministry.
He was tutor in the college during his theological
course in 1854-'7. In 1878 he received the degree
of D. I), from Wittenberg college, Springfield,
Ohio. Dr. Unangst has been actively and success-
fully engaged as a missionary at Guntur, India,
since 1857. In 1871 he visited the United States,
but after a stay of several months he returned to
India. He is now at the head of the mission sta-
tions of the general synod. He has rendered im-
portant service in the translation of the New Tes-
tament into the language of the Telugus, has also
translated various tracts and hymns into the same
language, and published a " Historical Sketch of
the American Evangelical Lutheran Missions in
India" (1879).
UNANUE, Jo86 Hlp61ito (oo-nah'-noo-ay),
Peruvian scientist, b. in Arica, 13 Aug., 1758 ;'d.
in Lima, 15 July, \8SS. He was destined by his
parents for the priesthood, and was sent to Lima
to study, but there his uncle persuaded him to be-
come a .physician. He founded the anatomical
museum of Lima, and, as a professor of the medi- |
cal college, took part in the publication of the
" Mercurio Peruano," editing several articles under
the pseudonym of "Ariosto." He was cosmog-
rapher of the viceroyalty, and in this post took,
from 1793 till 1797, the census of Peru and pub-
lished a political, ecclesiastic, and military guide
to the country. He was greatly esteemed by all
the European scientists that visited Peru, and a
Clant, " Unanuea febrifuga," was named in hiu
onor. He founded the medical college of San
Fernando, for which service he was appointed hon-
orary physician of the royal chamber. After the
beginning of the revolution he favored the patriot
cause, and in 1812 was elected deputy to the Span-
ish cortes for Arequipa. When the independent
government was installed, Unanue was appointed
minister of the treasury, and afterward ne was
president of the first constituent congress, vice-
president of the Society of the friends of the
country, and a member of the council of state. He
possessed the confidence of Bolivar, and when the
latter abandoned Peru he appointed Unanue presi-
dent of the council of ministers, which governed
the country. He was honorary member of the sci-
entific societies of Munich, Madrid, Philadelphia,
and New York, and wrote " Ensayos sobre la edu-
cacion de la Juventud " (Lima. 1826) ; '• Principios
de Geometria, Logica, Metafisica v £tica " (1827) ;
" Defensa del sistema fisico de S^ewton " (1828) ;
"ElVerdadero Peruano " (1829); " Observaciones
sobre el Clima de Lima" (1830); and " Los Andes
libres " (1832).
UNCAS, Indian chief, b. in the Pequot settle-
ment, Connecticut, about 1588 ; d. there in 1682.
He was a Pequot by birth, but rebelled against his
chief, Sassacus, was expelled from his tribe, and,
gathering a band of malcontents, became their
head, calling his followers Mohegans, an ancient
title that the Pequots once bore. His territory lay
to the east and north of Lyme, Conn. He con-
quered the Nipmucks in nortiiern and northeastern
Connecticut and the adjacent parts of Massachu-
setts, adding their country to his own. He then
made overtures to the colonists, signed a treaty of
peace with them, and in 1637 accompanied Col. John
Mason's expedition against the Pequots, proving
a powerful auxiliary. He afterward received part
of the Pequot lands as his reward, but, when the
war was over, manifested so
much sympathy for his for-
mer tribe that he was sus-
pected of infidelity by the
English. He soon reinstated
himself in their confidence,
and the Pequots forthwith
attempted to assassinate
him. Uncas accordingly at-
tacked and conquered Se-
quasson, sachem of the Con-
necticut river, and bravely
defended himself in a con-
stant warfare with the neigh-
boring tribes. His princi-
pal opponent at that time
was the great Narragansett
chief Miantonorao, who, jealous of his intimacy with
the colonists, and eager to prove the superiority
of his people to the Mohegans, invadeil Uncas s
territory with 1,000 men. He was incited to this
by Samuel Gorton, a settler, who for "his damna-
ble errors" had been banished from the Plymouth
and Massachusetts colonies. Hastily collecting all
his force, about 500 warriors, Uncas marched to
the unequal conflict. The armies met on the
plain about a mile west of Yantic river falls, and
UNDERIIILL
UNDEUWOOI)
209
the flcht wfts altout to lieein when Uncas a<l-
VAnce<T nntl domandeil n parl<>y with MiHiitonomo.
" You hav»«," said he, "a nuinlter of brave warriors
with you. and so have I with me. It is a pity that
our warriors shouh] l»e killed in a private quarrel
between their chiefs. Step forward like a bnive
man, as vou profess to Ik-, an<l let us fijjht the bat-
tle ourselves. If 1 fall, the Mohepuis shall serve
the Narra^nsotts. Hut if L'neas kills Miantonomo
the Narragansettji shall lie mine." Miantonomo
declined the single c-oml)at, a furious fight ensued
in which the Mohegnns were victorious, and Mian-
tonomo was captured. Uncas took him to Hart-
fonl to consult with the colonial authorities as to
whatshould be done with him. The commissioners
decided that "there could bo no safety for Uncas
in the event of Miantonomo's lil)eration. but that
by secret treachery or open force his life would be
in continual danger." Six elders antl six clergy-
men of Mas8a^'husi>tts decided that the Narragan-
sett chief should be put to death. Acting on their
instructions, Miantonomo was taken to Norwich
and brained with a tomahawk by Uncas's brother,
in his presence and that of two Englishnien. in
Septcmuer, ICAS. Rev, Richard Hyde in 1GC9 said
in a letter that after Miantonomo's death Uncas
cut a piece out of his shoulder and ate it, but this
had no authority but rumor. The colonists sent
a detachment of soldiers to defend the Mohe-
gans against the tribes that on all sides combined
against them. For two years Uncas fought against
the Mohawks, Pocomotocks, and Narragansetts.
defending himself with bravervand skill. In 165G
he was besieged in his stronghold on Connecticut
river by the Narragansett chief Pessacus, and
nearly forced by hunger to surrender, but almost
at the last moment he was relieved by an Eng-
lish ensign, Thomas LefTingwell, who managed to
reach him at night in a canoe laden with provis-
ions. In gratitude for this assistance, he gave
Lefflngwell a deed of all the lands upon which the
town of Norwich, Conn., now stands. Lefflngwell
afterward sold it to a company. Although Uncas
was too old to be of much service during King
Philip's war, his son, Oneco, with 200 >I()hegan
warriors and a greater number of subjugated re-
quots, marched with Maj. John Talcott to Brook-
ileld and IladleT, and at the latter place aided in
defeating 700 of King Philip's force. Uncas was
never in favor with the clergy, by ot\e of whom in
1074 he is described as " an old and wicked, wilOil
man. who had always been an opposer of praving
to God." Hut on one occasion he so far yielded
to the influence of a good missionary as to ask his
nraj'ers for rain during a continued drought.
When it fell the next day, he professeil himself al-
most ready to adopt the Christian religion. Al-
though he was cruel ami tyrannical, Uncas had a
conception of the obligation of a treaty that was
possessed by no other Indian. He kept faith with
the colonists in all their warfare with other trills,
and was a singularly generous and magnanimous
foe. His admirers claim that great injustice has
been done him by historians, who almost unani-
mously praise Miantonomo at his ex|K>nse. A
granite olx-lisk was erected to his memory in Nor-
wich in lS2r), the foundation-stone being laid by
Gen. Andrew Ja<-kson. See " Uncas and Mian-
tonomo." I»v Williiim li. Stone (New York. \H42).
VNDERHILL. Edward Fitch, stenographer, b.
in Wolcott. N. Y., 20 April. 1830. He was self-
educated, at nineteen years of age became a steno-
graphic reporter on the St. Ix)uis press, an«l in
1858-'62 was connected with the "Tribune "and
" Times " of New York city, becoming war-corre-
VOL. VI. —14
spondent of the latter, and 8ulHM>quenlly its Wash-
ington correspondent. He was one of the flrst
court rer>orter» in the Unite<l States, and in 1860
procured the passage of a law that mmle stenog-
raphers officers of the courts in New York city,
which practice has since Ijeen adopttnl by the
county courts and by nearly every state in the
L'nion. In IHO.*) he also procured the (uissage of a
law to regulate the salaries of court stenographers.
He has Iteen official stenographer of the legisla-
ture for live years, of the Constitutional conven-
tion in 18fl7-'8, of the state supreme court for eight
years, and of the surrogate's court from 1872 till
the present time. He has been admitted to the
bar, and has written much in prose and verse,
chieflv humorous.
UNDERHILL, John, colonist, b. in Warwick-
shire, England ; d. in Oyster Bay, Jjong Island.
N. Y., abf)ut 1072. He served in the Netherlands
and at Cadiz, came to New England with John
Winthrop in 1630, and was a representative in the
assembly from Boston. He was appointed by Sir
Henry ^'ane to command the colony's troops, and
with Capt. John Mason destroyed the Indian forts
at Mystic in 1637 and broke the power of the Pe-
quots. Being banished from Boston on account of
his religious opinions, he went to England and
was made in 1641 governor of Exeter and Dover,
but returned to this country, removed to Stam-
ford, Conn., and afterward in 1646 to Flushing,
Long Island. He was a delegate to the court in
New Haven in 1643, was assistant justice there,
and held an important command during the hos-
tilities with the Dutch and Indians, 1643-'6. In
1665 he was a delegate from Oyster Bay to Hemp-
stead, and he was at one time under-sheriff of the
North Riding of Yorkshire. The Mantinenoc In-
dians gave him 150 acres of land, which is still
owned by his descendants. He published " Newes
from America," an account of the Pequot war
(London, 1638).
UNDERWOOD, Adin Ballon, soldier, b. in
Milford, Mass., 19 May, 1828 ; d. in Boston, Mass.,
14 Jan.. 1888. His ancestors came to Hingham be-
fore 1637 and afterwai-d settletl iii Watertown.
His father. Orison, was a brigadier-general of mili-
tia. After graduation at Brown in 1849 the son
studied law at Harvard, was admitted to the bar
in 1853, and settled in Boston in 1855. At the be-
ginning of the civil war he was active in raising
recruits, and he was appointed captain in the 2d
Massachusetts infantry m April, 1861. HeWcame
major in the 33d regiment in July, 1802, lieuten-
ant-colonel and colonel in the same year, partici-
[»ated in the battles of Fredericksburg. Cnancel-
orsville. and Gettysburg, and serve<l under Gen.
Joseph Hooker at Lookout Mountain, but. being
<langerously wounded, was disabled from further
field duty. He was appointeil brigadier-general
of volunteers on 13 Jan., IHdH, receivetl the brevet
of major-general of volunteers on 13 Aug., 1865,
and was mustered out on 10 July, 1866. tor near-
ly twenty years he was survevor of the port of
Boston. Gen. Underwood published " Three Years'
Service of the Twenty-third Massachusetts Infant-
ry" (Boston. 1881).
UNDERWOOD, Francis Henry, author, b. in
Enfield, Mass., 12 Jan.. 182r). He was educate«l
partly at Amherst, then taught in Kentucky, read
taw, and was admitted to the tmr. He returned
to Massachusetts in 1850. and thenceforward took
an active part in the anti-slavery cause. He was
clerk of the Massachusetts senate in 1852, and af-
terward literary adviser of the publishing-house of
i Phillips, Sampson, and Co. He conceiv»i the idea
210
UNDERWOOD
UNDERWOOD
of uniting the literary force of the north to the
Free-soil movement by means of a magazine, and
after several years of effort was the means of secur-
ing the eminent writers that made the fame of
the "Atlantic Monthly." He assisted in the man-
agement of that magazine for two years, until the
firm with which he was connected came to an end.
He was then (1859) elected clerk of the superior
court in Boston, which post he held for eleven
years, when he resigned and entered private busi-
ness, chiefly to obtain more leisure for literary
work. His studies have been mainly in Eng-
lish literature, but his writings cover a wide field.
He served for thirteen years m the school board of
Boston. In 1885 he was appointed U. S. consul at
Glasgow, Scotland. His lectures on "American
Men of Letters" and his occasional speeches, such
as that before the Glasgow Ayrshire society "On
the Memory of Burns," have been much admired.
In 18S8 the University of Glasgow conferred on
him the degree of LL. D. His works include
a "Hand-Book of English Literature" (Boston,
1871); "Hand-Book of American Literature"
(1872); "Cloud Pictures," a series of imaginative
stories, chiefly musical (1872) ; "Lord of Himself,"
a novel of old times in Kentucky (1874) ; " Man
Proposes," a novel (1880) ; " The True Story of Exo-
dus, an abridgment of the work by Brugsch-Bey
(1830); and biographical sketches of Longfellow
(1882), Lowell (1882), and Whittier (1883). Dr.
Underwood is engaged upon an elaborate popular
history of English literature. — His second cousin,
Lncins Marcus, botanist, b. in New Woodstock,
N. Y., 26 Oct., 1853, was graduated at the Syracuse
university, N. Y.. in 1877, and was professor of
botany and geology in Illinois Weslevan university
in 1880-'3. Since 1883 he has held the chair of
botany in Syracuse university. He is engaged in
the study of the ferns and hepaticic of North
America, and in addition to numerous articles in
scientific journals he has published "Systematic
Plant Record" (Syracuse, 1881); "Our Native
Ferns, and how to study Them " (Bloomington, 111.,
1881); '• Our Native Ferns and their Allies " (1882 ;
3d ed.. New York, 1888) ; and " Descriptive Cata-
logue of North American Hepaticaj" (1884). He
is now preparing an " Underwood Genealogy."
UNDERWOOD, John Curtiss, jurist, b. in
Litchfield, Herkimer co., N. Y., in 1808; d. in
Washington, D. C. 7 Dec, 1873. He was gradu-
ated at Hamilton in 1832, and removed to Clarke
county, Va., where he engaged in farming, and in
1856 was a delegate to the convention that nomi-
nated John C. Fremont for president. Being pro-
scribed for his political sentiments, and especially
for his opposition to slavery, he removed to New
York, where he became secretary to a company that
was formed to deal in southern' lands. In 1861 he
was nominated consul at Callao, Peru, but he ac-
cepted instead the office of fifth auditor in the
treasury department, and while there was ap-
pointeff judge of the district court of Virginia.
Early in the civil war he affirmed the right of the
U. S. government to confiscate the enemy's proper-
ty, and also maintained the civic rights of colored
citizens. In his district Jefferson Davis vas in-
dicted for treason, and he refused in June, 1866.
to admit the prisoner to bail, on the ground that
he was in custody of the military authorities. He
still presided in May. 1867, when the Confeder-
ate leader was release<l. Judge Underwood was
bitterly assailed for his maintenance of the rights
of colored citizens and for his zeal in enforcing the
Federal ' laws, and was forced into litigation on
account of his decree sanctioning confiscation.
UNDERWOOD, John William Henry, jurist,
b. in P^lbert county, Ga., 20 Nov.. 1816; d. in
Rome, Ga., 18 July. 1888. He studied law under
his father. Judge William H. Underwood, in Hall
county, was admitted to the bar, practised in Hab-
ersham county for many years, and removed to
Rome, Ga., in 1851. He was elected solicitor-gen-
eral for the western circuit in 184^3, but resigned
in 1846, and was appointed chief justice of the su-
preme court of Nebraska by President Buchanan,
which post he decline<l. He was elected to the
legislature of Georgia in 1857, was made speaker
of the house of representatives, and was then
elected to congress, serving fron> 5 Dec, 1859, till
23 Jan., 1861, when he resigned on the secession
of his state. In 1867 he was appointed judge of
the Rome circuit by Gov. Charles J. Jenkins, but
went out with the reconstruction act in 1868. In
1874 he was reappointed to the same office, and he
was re-elected m 1878. He resigned in 1882, to
take his place on the tariff commission, to which
he WHS anpointed by President Arthur.
UNDERWOOD, Joseph Rogers, senator, b. in
Goochland county, Va., 24 Oct., 1791 ; d. near
Bowlmg Green, Ky., 23 Aug., 1876. He is a de-
scendant of William Thomas Underwood, who set- ,
tied in Virginia about 1680. His family being
in adverse circumstances, he was adopted by his
maternal uncle,
Edward Rogers, a
soldier of the Rev-
olution, who had
emigrated to Ken-
tucky in 1783.
Removing to that
state in 1803, the
boy was educated
in various schools
and wjis gradu-
ated at Transyl-
vania in 1811, af-
ter wliich he stud-
ied law in Lex-
ington, Ky. He
was the first vol-
unteer to be at-
tached to the reg-
iment of Colonel
William Dudley
for co-operation with the northern army on the
Canada border, was made a lieutenant, and when
the captain of his company was killed in Dudley's
defeat, 5 May, 1813, the command devolved upon
him. Underwood was wounded, and with the
remnant of Dudley's regiment was forced to sur-
render. After undergoing cruel treatment from
the Indians, he was released on parole and re-
turned to his home. He was admitted to the bar
in the same year, and settled in Glasgow, Ky..
where he was also trustee of the town and county
attorney until he removed to Bowling Green in
1823. iHe served in the legislature in I8l6-'19 and
again in 1825-'6, was a candidate for lieutenant-
governor in 1828, and from that year till 1835 was
judge of the court of appeals. Being elected to
congress as a Whig, he served from 7 Dec, 1885,
till 3 March, 1843, and in 1845 was chospn to rep-
resent Warren county in the legislature, serving as
speaker of the house. He was elected a U. S.
senator as a Whig, and, after serving from 6 Dec,
1847. till 3 March, 1853, again practised his pro-
fession. In 1824 and 1844 he was a presidential
elector on the Henry Clay ticket, and he was a
delegate to the National Democratic convention at
Chicago in 1864.— His brother, Warner L., b. in
UNDERWOOD
UPIIAM
211
Goochland county. Va., 7 Aug., 1808. was graduated
at the University of Virjrinia in 1880, serve<l in the
Kentucky legislature in 1848-'9, and was electe<l to
congress, as an American, serving froiu 3 Dec.,
1855, till 3 March. 1 MO. —Joseph U.'s son, John
Cox, engineer. It. in (itH)rget()wn, D. C, 12 Sept.,
1H40, removed to Kentucky wilh his father. Af-
ter graduation at Rensselaer polvtechnic insti-
tute in 1802, he entered the Confederate army
and served as a military engineer in Virginia,
but was captured in 18<(3 and confined in pris-
ons in Cincinnati and Boston until the close of
the war. He then returned to Kentucky, where he
has since engaged in engineering, and has con-
tributed to the improvement of his part of the
state. He was engineer in eharp; oi the public
works of Warren county, city engmeer of liowling
Green in 1808-'75, and mayor of that town in
1870-'2. He was active in the reorganization of
the Democratic {>arty in Kentucky, was a member
of the state exwutive committee, speaker of the
senate in 1876, where his casting-vote defeated the
whipping-post bill, and in 1876-'80 was lieuten-
ant-governor of Kentucky. Mr. Underwood es-
tablished the "Kentucky Intelligencer" in Bow-
ling Green, but transferred this journal to liouis-
ville. and consolidated it with the " Post." In 1881
he removed to Covington, and organized a daily
newspaper publishing company in Cincinnati, Ohio,
where in 1882 the " Daily Is'ews," of which he was
general manager, began to be issued. He has pub-
lished various official documents in the form of
painithlets and r»MK)rts.
UNDERWOOD, William Henderson, jurist,
b. in Culpoper county, Va., 13 Sept., 1779; d. in
Marietta, Ga., 4 Aug., 1859. At an early age he
removed with his father U) Elbert county, Ga., ob-
tained his education by his own exertions, and
taueht in a country school for several years. He
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1810, and
after the war of 1812, in which he served as a
ca[)tain of volunteers, rose in his profession, and
for several years was judge of the western circuit,
being elected to this post in 1825. He was the
lejuling counsel of the Cherokees during their con-
troversy with the state of Georgia, and became
famous in the supreme court of tne United States
for the ability with which he advocated their cause.
UNZAUA, LniMde (oon-thah'-gah), S{«inishst)l-
dier, b. about 1720; d. in Spain about 1790. Ue
early entered militar)' service, and. after taking part
in tfie operations of Charles of Naples against Aus-
tria, was promoted bri^iier, and in 1769 ap-
pointe<l governor of Louisiana, to succeed Alexan-
der O'Reilly, who. by his rigorous measures against
the opposition to Spanish annexation, had in-
curreu the dislike of the Creoles, and was remove*!
by the home government. Unzaga, by his concili-
atory jHilicy. s<K)n n>paired the evils that h8<l arisen
under O'lteilly, an<l in 1770 was promoted and
a()[M)inted captain-general of Caracas, whence he
returned in 1783 to take charge of the general gov-
ernment of Cuba. One of his first measures was
to prohibit the unrestrained cutting of cedar-w^ood,
as this useful tree was threatened with extinction
by enormous exportation and waste at home.
W'hen, in the same year, by the treaty of Ver-
sailles, Florida was restore<l to Spain, more than
5.(XK) former residents of that province, who ha«l
settled in Culia, returnetl to their homes, and, to
offset this lr>8s of labor. Unzaga contracted with
several F'rench and Knglish firms for the importa-
tion of 15.000 negn>ej.. In February. 1785, he was
superscdwl by Coiint Bernardo de Galvez, and he
then retunied to Spain.
UPCHl'RrH, John Jorden. mc<hanic. b. in
Franklin county. N. C, 20 Manh. 1822; d. in
Steelville, Mo, 18 .Jan., 1887. His education was
acquired in a country school previous to his thir-
teenth year. He was alternately clerk in a coun-
try store and a farmer until 1841, when he marrietl.
and o|)ened a hotel in Raleigh. Trying to keep a
tcmf)erance hotel, he faile<l. and was for thirteen
years master-mechanic on the Mine Hill and
iSchuylkill Haven raiiniail. In 18((4 he tried the
oil business and lost all his savings. For four
years he drifted al)out. and in 1808 secured a situa-
ti(m in the niachine-sho[>8 of the Atlantic and
Great Western railroa<l at Meatlville. Pa, Here he
prepared the first ritual an<l organized the first
lodge of the Ancient order of united workmen, to
which his principal reputation is due. The lodge
wasorpiniziHl on 27 Oct.. 1808. with fourteen mem-
bers. It has since spread into every state and ter-
ritory of the Union, has more than 150.000 mem-
l)er8. and pays out about |!2,000,000 annually in
benefits to the families of deceased members.
The plan that was devised and used by the society
for disbursing sums of money to beneficiaries was
so original and proved so popular as practically to
revolutionize the life-insurance business. Other
societies followed, with many vatiations on the
plan, until the amount of life insurance that is now
carried by the various fraternal iieneficiary socie-
ties is many times greater than that carried l)y all
the stock-coinfMiny societies in the country. Fa-
ther Upchurch, as he was calletl, subse(|uently re-
moved to Steelville, Mo. He travelled much iii the
later years of his life, in the interest of the society
that he had founded.
UPDIKE, Wilkins, lawyer, b. in Kingston.
R. I.. 8 Jan.. 1784; d. there, 14 Jan., 1807. He
studied law, was admitted to the l)ar, served many
years in the legislature, and was the author of
" Memoirs of the Rhmle Island Bar "(Boston. 1842),
and a " Histon' of the Episcopal Church in Narra-
gans<tt Pier, ft. I." (New Voik. 1847).
UPFOLD, George, P. K. bishop, b. in Sheneley
Green, near Guilford. Surrey. England. 7 May,
1796; d. in Indianafiolis, Ind.". 26 Aug.. 1872. lie
came to the United States when he was eight years
of age, the family settling in Albany, N. Y.' He
was gnuluated at Union college in 1814. and took a
course in medicine at the College of physicians and
surgeons in New York citv, receiving his degree of
M. 1). in 1816. In 1817" he Ijcgan the study of
theology under the direction of Bishop Hol>art.
He was ordered deacon in Trinity church. New
York. 21 Oct., 1818. by Bishop rtolwrt, and Oi--
dained priest in Trinity church, I^nsingburg,
N. Y., 13 July, 1820, by the same prelate. He re-
mained in I^nsingburg as rector about two years,
when he remove<l to New York city and became
rector of St. Luke's church, which jwst he held
for eight years, when he was elected rector of St.
Thomas's church. He removed to Pennsylvania in
1831, taking the rectorship of Trinity churcii,
Pittsburg, from which post he was elevated to
the episcopate. He was consecrated first bishop of
Indiana, in Christ church, Indianapolis, 10 Dec.,
1849. Bishop Upfold received the degree of
S. T. D. from Columbia in 1831, and that of
LL. I), from the Western university of Pennsyl-
vania in 1856. His writings include "The Last
Hundred Years," a lecture (Pittsburg. Pa., 1845);
"Manual of Devotions for iXunestic and Private
Use" (New York, 1863); and 8erlnon^ pastoral
letters, and addresses.
I'PHAM. James, etiucator, b. in Salem, Mass.,
23 Jan., 1815. He was graduated at Waterville
212
UPHAM
UPHAM
college (now Colby university), Me., in 1835, and
at Newton theological seminary in 1839. He was
ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1840, and
called, after two brief pastorates, to a professor-
ship in the New Hampshire literary institute. His
connection with this institution continued for
twenty years, during the last five of which he was
its president. On withdrawing from this relation
in 18G6 he became one of the editors of the " Watch-
man and Reflector." of Boston. He is now (1885))
a corresponding editor of the " Religious Herald,"
of Richmond. \a. He received the degree of D. D.
from Colbv university in 18(50.
UPHAM, Joshua, jurist, b. in Brookfield, Mnss.,
14 Nov., 1741 : d. in London, England, in 1808.
He was graduated at Harvard in 1763, practised
law in New York and Boston, built the first woollen-
mill in this country, and introduced the manufac-
ture of salt into some of the seaboard towns. He
was a judge of the supreme court of New Bruns-
wick at the organization of the judiciary of that
province, and died in London while enga^^ed in
Eublic business relating to the affairs of the British
orth American provinces. — His son, Charle.s
Wentworth, author, b. in St. John. New Bruns-
wick, 4 May, 1803; d. in Salem, Mass., 14 June,
1875, after serving as an apothecary's apprentice,
worked on a farm in Nova Scotia until 1816, when
he raa<le his wav to Boston. After graduation at
Harvard in 1821,
and at the divinity-
school in 1824, lie
'vas ordained col-
league of the Rev.
John Prince over
the 1st church in
Salem, where he
remained from 8
Dec, 1824, till he
was forced to aban-
don the ministry,
owing to bronchial
trouble, 8 Dec,
1844. He was may-
or of Salem in 1852,
and during, his
term of service re-
organized the po-
lice force, introdu-
cing a new system, and secured the establishment
of a state normal school. He was a meml)er of
the legislature in 1840, 1849, and 1859-'60, and was
president of the state senate in 1857-8. llis prin-
cipal effort was directed to the interest of educa-
tion in the district and high schools, the endow-
ment of colleges and improvement of the statute
laws of the commonwealth, and he reported the
measures that made education a regular depart-
ment of the state government. In 1853 he was a
member of the State constitutional convention, and
he was then elected to congress as a Whig, serving
from 5 Dec, 1853, till 3 March, 1855. He was
chairman of a select committee to investigate the
affairs and condition of the Smithsonian institu-
tion, and in an elaborate report advocated the
policy of making it the foundation of a valuable
library. On 24 March. 1826, he married Ann
Susan, sister of Oliver Wendell Holmes. He edited
the "Christian Register" in 1845-'6, contributed
to magazines and reviews, and was the author
of " Letters on the Logos " (Boston, 1828 ) ; " Lec-
tures on Witchcraft, comprising a History of the
Salem Delusion, 1G92 " (1831 ; enlarged ed., 2 vols.,
1867); ■" Life of Sir Henry Vane," in Sparks's
" American Biography " (1835) ; " Prophecy as an
C^n-<s^»-^e<5 16^, Cu-iMxM^n^
Evidence of Christianity" (1885); "Life of John
C. Fremont" (1850); "Memoir of Francis Pea-
body " (1869) ; '• Salem Witchcraft and Cotton
Mather, a Reply " (1870) ; and the last three vol-
umes of the " Life of Timothy Pickering," begun
by Octavius Pickering (4 vols., 1867-72).
UPHAM, Timothy, soldier, b. in Deerfield,
N. H., in 1783 ; d. in Charlestown, Mass., 2 Nov.,
1855. He was a descendant of John TJpham, who
came from England in 1635, and was the first of
the name in this country. His grave-stone is still
standing in Maiden, Mass. Timothy's father, the
Rev. Timothy Upham, was graduated at Harvard
in 1768, and was pastor of the Congregational
church at Deerfield from 9 Dec, 1772, until his
death on 21 F'eb., 1811, and had three children —
Hannah, who became principal of the Ontario fe-
male seminary ; Nathaniel (1744-1829), who served
in congress in 1817-'23; and Timothy, the subject
of this sketch, who engaged in mercantile pursuits
in Portsmouth, N. H., in 1807. On 12 March,
1812, he was appointed major of the 11th U. S.
infantry, and soon afterward he was placed in com-
mand of the forts and harbor of Portsmouth. In
September he joined the army at Plattsburg, on 12
March, 1813. he was promoted lieutenant-colonel
of the 21st regiment under Col. James Miller, and
at the sortie from Fort Erie he commanded the
reserve. He was mustered out in June, 1815, and
from 1816 till 1829 was collector of customs for
Portsmouth. He was navy agent in 1841-5, and
was a major-general of the state militia. — His
nephew, Thomas Cogswell, metaphysician, b. in
Deerfield, N. H., 30 Jan., 1799; d. in New York
city, 2 April, 1872, was the son of Nathaniel,
and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1818, and in
1821 at Andover theological seminary, where he
remained a year as assistant professor of Hebrew,
and was ordained pastor of the Congregational
church in Rochester, N. H., in 1823. In 1824 he
became professor of mental and moral philosophy,
and instructor in Hebrew at Bowdoin, which posts
he held until 1867, afterward retaining the title of
emeritus professor. Weslevan gave him the de-
gree of D. D. in 1843, and ftutgers that of LL. D.
in 1870. He translated " Biblical Archaeology," by-
Johann Jahn, with additions (Andover, 1823), and
was the author of " Elements of Intellectual Phi-
losophy " (Portland, 1827) ; " Ratio Disciplinae, or
the Constitution of the Congregational Church "
(1829); "Elements of Mental Philosophy," which
was translated into Armenian by the Rev. Cyrus
Hamlin. D. D., and used as a text-book in Arme-
nian colleges (2 vols., Portland and Boston 1831 ;
abridged ed.. New York, 1863); "A Philosophical
and Practical Treatise on the Will," forming the
third volume of his system of mental philosophy
(Portland, 1834) ; " The Manual of Peace " (1836) ;
" Outlines of Imperfect and Disordered Mental
Action" (New York, 1840); "Life and Religious
Opinions and Experience of Madame de la Motte
Guyon. together with some Account of the Per-
sonal History and Religious Opinions of F6ne-
lon. Archbishop of Cambray" (2 vols., 1847; Lon-
don, 1854); "Life of Faith" (1848: Liverpool,
1859): "American Cottage Life," a series of po-
ems (2d ed., 1850); " A Treatise on Divine Union"
(Boston, 1851; London, 1858); "Religious Max-
ims" (2d ed., Philadelpliia, 1854); "Letters, writ-
ten from Eurojje. Kgypt, and Palestine" (Bruns-
wick, 1855) ; " Life of Madame Catherine Adorna "
(Boston, 1856); "A Method of Prayer: an Analy-
sis of the Work so entitled by Madame de la Motte
Guyon " (London, 1859) ; and " Christ in the Soul "
(New York, 1872). He also published a prize essay
UPHAM
UPSHUR
318
on a "Congrren of Nations" (Boston, 1840), and
contril>uto<l to poritxlicals. — His brother. Nathan-
iel (tookin, jurist, l>. Ill I)ti>rflel(l. S.U.. 8 .Itiii..
1801; il. ill {•oiiconl. N. H., 11 Deo., 18({t). wjis
fCnuluatiHl at Dartmouth in 1820, studiinl law, and
lx>gan practice in Bristol, X. 11., hut removfil to
Coiiconl in 1829. From 1833 till 1843 he was judge
of the supriMne court of New Hampshire, and from
184JI till 18<W he was superintendent of the C^on-
conl railroad, of which he was president in 18(J3-'0.
In 18o0 ho was a member of the convention to
amend the state constitution. He s|)ent 1853-'4
in En);Iand as the American member of the joint
commission of the United States and Great Britain
for the iwljustment of claims against the respective
countries for all losses since 1814, and in 1862 was
the umpire of a similar commission between the
United States and New Grenada. Ho was an ac-
tive Denux?rat. but left his party at the beginning
of the civil war. In 180.>-'tJ he was a mcmljer of
the legislature. Dartmouth gave him the degree of
LL. D. in 1862. He was a member, and for three
years president, of the New Hampshire historical
society. Judge Upham possessed a taste for his-
torical and antiquarian research, and published an
"Address on Rebellion, Slavery, and Peace," deliv-
ered at Concord, 2 March, 1864 (Concord, 1864),
and left unfinished an extensive work on the prov-
erbs of all lands and languages. — Another brother,
Francis \^'illiain, author, b. in Rochester, N. H.,
10 Sept., 1817, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1837,
studied law under his brother, Nathaniel G. Up-
ham, and was admitted to the t»ar of Massachusetts
in 1844, but relinquished his profession, and in
1867-'70 was professor of mental philosophy and
lecturer on history in Rutgers female college. New
York city. Union gave him the ilegree of LL. D.
in 1868. He is the author of " The Debate l)etween
the Church and Science, or the Ancient Hebraic
Idea of the Six Days of Creation ; with an Essay
on the Literary Character of Tayler Lewis," pub-
lishe<l anonymously (Andover. 1860); "The Wise
Men: who thev were, and how they came to Jeru-
salem" (New 'York, 1869; 4th ed., 18?2) ; "The
Star of Our Lord, or Christ Jesus, King of all
Worlds, both of Time or Sjmce ; with Thoughts on
Inspiration; and on the Astronomic Doubt as to
Christianity" (1873); and "Thoughts on the Holy
Gospels : how thev came to be in Manner and Form
as they are" (1881).— Another brother, Albert
Gooliln, physician, b. in Rochester, N. H., 10 July,
1819; d. in lioston, Mass., 16 June, 1847. was gradu-
ated at liowdoin in 184(), and at the medical col-
lege in Paris. France, in 1844. He published a bit>
fraphical and genealogical " History of the Uphain
uniilv" (Concord. 1845).
UPHAM, William, senator, b. in Leicester,
Mass., in .Vugust, 1792; d. in Washingtcm, D. C,
14 Jan., 1853. Ho removed with his father to Ver-
mont in 1802, was educated at the State university,
studied law, wan admitte<l to the bar in 1812, and
liegan pnu-tice in Montjielier. In 1827-'8 he served
in the legislature, was state's attorney for Wash-
ington county in 1829. and serve<l again in the
legislature in 1830. Electe<l a U. S. senator as a
Whig, he servetl from 4 Dec., 1848, until his sud-
den death b" small-pox.
UPJOHN, Ricliard, arc-hitect. b. in Shaftes-
bury, England. 22 Jan., 1802; d. in Garrison's, Put-
nam CO., S'. Y.. 16 Aug., 1878. He received afairedu-
calion, and then was apprenticed to a builder and
cabinet-maker, in which trade he l)ecamea master-
mechanic and continued at it until 1829. In that
year he came to the Unite<l Stales ami settle<l in
New Bedford, Mass., where he followed his trade.
He removed to Ronton in 1833. and assiste<l in t lie
architectural designs of the city court-house. His
earliest work was the entrances to the liostnn com-
mon, and then he designed and built St. John's
church in liangor, Me. In 1839 he was called to
New York city to take charge of the yirrtiMMed
alterations in i^rinitv church, which were nnallv
aliandoned, with a view to the erection of a new
structure. In the preparation of the de4<ign for the
new edifice the power and .scrope of Mr. Upjohn's
skill were first made a|)|>arent, and his professional
career as an architect was thereafter assured. Trin-
ity church was completed in 184<^, and was then the
noblest in conception and purest in detail of all
ecclesiastical structures in this country. (See illus-
tration, pag<? 302.) His succi'ss gained for him the
building of other churches that are noted for the
purity of their style, and are chiefly Gothic. Among
those in New York city are the churches of the As-
cension and the Holy Communion, Trinity chapel,
and St. Thomas's, and, in Brooklyn. Christ and
Grace churches and the Church ot the Pilgrims.
His civic works were mostly in the style of the Ital-
ian renaissance. In New York city these include
the Trinity building and the Com Exchange Iwnk.
His domestic buildings embody many varieties of
style and are scattered throughout the country.
His last years were spent at Garrison's, on Hudson
river, where he designed St. Philip's church on the
Highlands, which, on a small scale, is typical of
the Gothic tendency of his ta.ste. Mr. Upjohn was
f (resident of the American institute of architects
rom 1857 till 1876.— His son, Richard Michell,
architect, b. in Shaftesbury, England, 7 March,
1828, came to New York in 1829. He attended
school until 1846, and then entered his father's
office. In 1851 he went abmad for further study,
but in 1852 returne<l. and later entered into part-
nership with his father. Mr. Upjohn has served
on commissions — national, state, and municipal —
that have been appointed to consider plans and
to devise improvements. Besides bis association
with his father
in various arch-
itectural works,
he has made
many indej)en-
dent designs,
among which
are the churches
of St. Peter, Al-
bany ; St. Paul,
Brooklyn ; Cen-
tral Congrega-
tional, Boston;
and the cathe-
dral at Fond du
Lac, Wis. ; also the librarj' building of Holxirt col-
lege. Geneva, N. Y., the capitol at Hartford. Conn,
(shown in the illustration), and many other build-
ings in various parts of the country.
UPSHUR, Abel Parker, statesman, K in
Northampton county, Va, 17 June. 1790; d. near
Washington. D. C. 28 Feb., 1844. He n'ceive<l a
classical education. studie<l law. was admitted to
the l)ar in 1810, an<l practi.«ed at Richmond, Va,
until 1824, when he removed to his estate in North-
ampton county, and was elected to the legislature.
In 1826 he was appointed a judge in the general
court of Virginia, in 1829 he was a member of the
convention that was calle<l to revise the state con-
stitution, and after the nnirganization of the judi-
cial system under that instrument he was again
elected judge of the snme court. This office he
continued to hold until 1841. when he was called
214
UPSHUR
UPTON
by President Tyler to fill that of secretary of the
navy. On the resignation of Daniel Webster, in
1843, he was made secretary of state. In politics
he belonged to the extreme state-rights pro-slavery
school of the south. Early in 1844 lie was on the
U. S. steamer " Princeton," on Potomac river, in
company with the president and the other membere
of the cabinet, to witness experiments with a large
wrought-iron gun, which burst on being fired the
third time and killed him together with several
others. Judge Upshur, besides a number of essays
and addresses, published "Brief Inquiry into the
True Nature ana Character of our Federal Govern-
ment ; Review of Judge Joseph Story's Commen-
taries on the Constitution " (Petersburg, Va.. 1840).
— His brother, George Parker, naval officer, b. in
Northampton county, Va., 8 March, 1799 ; d. in
Spezzia, Italy, 3 Nov., 1852, entered the navy as a
midshipman, 23 April, 1818, was promoted to lieu-
tenant, 3 March, 1827, and served on the Brazil sta-
tion in the "Lexington" in 1832-'4 at the attack
and dispersion of the pirates on Falkland islands.
He commanded the brig "Truxtnn" on her first
cruise in the Mediterranean in 1843-'4. and served
in the receiving-ship at Norfolk in 1844-'7. He
was commissioned a commander, 27 Feb., 1847,
and was superintendent of the naval academy at
Annapolis in 1847-'50. He took command of the
sloop " Levant " at Norfolk, 12 July, 18o2. joined
the Mediterranean squadron, and died on board
ship while in command at Spezzia. — Their nephew,
John Henry, naval officer, b. in Northampton
county, Va., 5 Dec, 1823, changed his name from
Nottingham to that of his mother, Upshur, when
he entered the navy to gratify her wish, as the
Upshur family was conspicuous in naval annals.
He became a midshipman, 4 Nov., 1841, and cruised
in the sloop "St. Mary's" in 1843-'6, in which he
joined the squadron in the Gulf of Mexico during
the Mexican war. He served in the naval battery
during the bombardment of Vera Cruz, 10 to 25
March, 1847, and after the fall of that city he at-
tended the naval school, becoming a passed mid-
shipman, 10 Aug., 1847. He was promoted to
master, 18 July, 1855, and to lieutenant, 14 Sept.,
1855, served in the frigate " Cumberland " on
the coast of Africa to suppress the slave-trade
in 1858-'9, and was an instructor at the naval
academy in 1859-
'61. When the war
began he was as-
signed to the North
Atlantic blockading
stjuadron, and par-
ticipated in the cap-
ture of the forts at
Hatteras inlet and
in the sounds of
North Carolina in
1861. He was execu-
tive officer of the
steam frigate " Wa-
bash " at the cap-
ture of Port Royal,
and commanded
four boats in Com-
mander C. R, P.
Rodgers's expedi-
tion in the inland coast waters in the vicinity
of Port Royal and Beaufort, S. C. He was
in charge of the steamer " Flambeau," of the
South Atlantic blockading squadron, in 1862-'3 in
operations on the coast of South Carolina, He
was promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July,
1862, assigned to the steam frigate " Minnesota,"
ci::>^7^^'{^La<^^.,<^tyt^
of the North Atlantic blockading squadron, in
1863-'4, and had the steamer "A. D. Vance" (a
blockade-runner whose name was changed to the
" Frolic ") in 1864-'5, in which he took part in both
engagements at Fort Fisher, He was promoted to
commander, 25 July, 1866, and given the " Frolic,"
on the Mediterranean station, in 1865-'7. After
promotion to captain, 31 Jan., 1872, he served as a
member of the board of inspectors in 1877-'80.
He had a leave of absence, during which he vis-
ited Europe, in 1880, and upon his leturn was a
member of the board of examiners. He was com-
mandant of the Brooklyn navy-yard in 1882-'4,
and commander-in-chief of the Pacific station in
1884-'5. He was promoted to rear-admiral, 1 Oct.,
1884, ard was voluntarily placed on the retired
list, 1 June, 1885. — A niece, Mary Jane Stith,
poet, b. in Accomac county, Va., 7 April, 1828, was
educated entirely at home, and early began writing
for the press. On the death of her father, in 1869,
she removed from Norfolk, Va., to New York city,
and on 2 July, 1870. married Josiah R. Sturges,
Mrs, Sturges was one of the organizers and the
first president of the Harlem free hospital and dis-
pensary for women and children. She has con-
tributed to southern periodicals both prose and
poetry, commonly under the pen-name of " Fanny
Fielding," Her principal work is "Confederate
Notes," an historical novel, which appeared anony-
mously in 1867 in the " Home Monthly," published
at Nashville, Tenn,
UPSON, Ansel Jiidd, clergyman, b, in Phila-
delphia, Pa., 7 Nov., 1823. He* was graduated at
Hamilton college in 1843, and began to study law
in Utica, but became a tutor in Hamilton in 1845.
and in 1849 was made adjunct professor of rhetoric
and moral philosophy. From 1853 till 1870 he
held the chair of logic, rhetoric, and elocution, and
then, after serving as pastor of the 2d Presby-
terian church in Albany, he became in 1880 pro-
fessor of sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology in
Auburn theological seminary, Hamilton gave
him the degree of D, D, in 1870, and Union that of
LL, D, in 1880, He has been a regent of the Slate
university since 1874. and a member of the gen-
eral assembly of his church in 1871 and 1877. Dr, '
Upson has a high reputation as an instructor and
trainer of young men for public speaking. He has
delivered many lectures, and, besides contributions
to periodicals, has published numerous addres.ses,
tiPTON, Emory, soldier, b. in Batavia, Gene-
see CO,, N, Y,, 27 Aug., 1839 ; d. in San Francisco,
Cal., 14 March, 1881. He was educated at Oberlin
college and at the U, S. military academy, where
he was graduated in May, 1861, eighth in a class of
forty-five, and made 2d lieutenant in the 4th artil-
lery. On 14 May he became 1st lieutenant in the
5th artillery. During the first year of the civil war
he was assigned to duty in the defences of Wash-
ington, and was present at Bull Run, where he was
wounded. He commanded his battery during the
early part of 1862 in the Virginia peninsular cam-
paign, including all actions to Glendale, and sub-
sequently a regiment and brigade of artillery in
the Maryland campaign. He was appointed colo-
nel of the 121st New York volunteers in October.
1862, and was conspicuously engaged »t the head
of a brigade of the 6th corps, Army of the Poto-
mac, until the close of 1863. He received the brevet
of major on 8 Nov., 1863, for gallant service at the
battle of Rappahannock Station, Va. During the
Wilderness campaign of 1864 he bore an active
part, especially at Spottsylvania. where he won the
brevet of lieutenant-colonel, U. S. A., 10 May, 1864,
and was wounded while leading the assaulting
UPTON
UPTON
216
t. ccMi^^
column of twelve regimonU of his corps. For this
he was appuiute<l oti the spot u briKa<lier-geiicral
of volunteers, 12 May, 1804. lie wa* present dur-
ing the siege of Petersburg, in the detence of the
capilul- in July,
1HU4, and in the
Shenandoah cam-
paign, where, while
commanding a di-
vision of infantry
at the battle of the
Opequan, he was
severely wounded.
On 19 Sept., 1804.
he WEs brevetted
colonel, U. S.A., for
gallant and meri-
torious services at
Winchester, Va.. 19
Oct., 1864. and also
received the brevet
of major - general
of volunteers. He
was in command
of the 4th cavalry
division under Gen. James II, Wilson during the
closing operations in Alabama and Georgia. He
became captain in the 5th regiment of artillery
on 22 Feb., 186.5, was brevetted brigadier-general,
U. S. army, on 13 March, 1865, for gallant service
at Selma, Ala., and also received the brevet of
major-general. U. S. army, for services in the field
during the civil war. He was in command of the
1st cavalry division in the District of Fiast Tennes-
see in July and August, 1865, and of the District
of Colorado from 22 Aug., 1365, till 30 April, 1866,
when he was mustered out of the volunteer service.
In the reorganization he became lieutenant-colonel,
25th infantry, 28 July, 1806. He had employment
in the intervals of active service in preparing an
original system of tactics for the use of the mili-
tary forces of the government, and in 1867 his sys-
tem for infantry was adopted. He was comman-
dant of cadets at the U. S. military academy in
1870-'5, and member of a " board to assimilate the
tactics" in 1873, when his system, modified for ar-
tillery and cavalry, was also accepted. Gen. Upton
was sent on a tour of ms|)ection of the armies of
Europe and Asia in 1875-"7, and on his return was
assigned to the artillery-school at Fort Monroe,
and wrote his official report, which was published
by the government in 1878. He became colonel of
the 4th artillery in 1880, and soon afterward joined
his regiment at the Presidio, San Francisco, Cal.
His mind became affected, and he committed sui-
cide. In his last days he was engaged in tactical
studies and in writing a work on "The Military
Policy of the [Inited States," which is being pre-
fared for publication by Gen. James H. Wilson,
le published " A New System of Infantry Tactics "
(New York, 1867: 2<1 ed., 1874): "Tactics for Non-
Military Bodies " (1870) ; and " The Armies of Asia
and Europe" (1878). See "Life and Letters of
Major-General Emory Upton," by Peter S. Michie
(New York, 1885).
UPTON, George Brnce, manufacturer, b. in
Eastport, Me., 11 Oct., 1804; d, in Boston, Mass.,
1 July, 1874. He entered Harvard, but left a
short time before he hml completed his course,
and entered business. He spent about three years
in Boston, and then removed to Nantucket, where
in 1825 he became partner in a firm that manu-
factured oils and candles, built ships, and was ex-
tensively engaged in the sperm-whale fisheries.
While in Nantucket he was sent twice to the gen-
eral court, and he was elected for three terms a ,
memlx;r of the state senate. In 1845 he removed
to Manchester, N. H.. where he established the
Manchester print-works, and in 1846 he went to
Boslim. He was treasurer for eight yejirs of the
Michigan Central railri>.i(l,and built numerous din-
per-ships for the California and Pacific trade. lie
was a member of the executive council of the state
in 1853. and of the constitutional convention of the
same year. He was active during the civil war in
measures for the relief oi the sick and wounded
soldiers, and made large contributions to the fund
for procuring recruits. He opposed the Clarendon-
Johnson treaty in regard to the Alalwma, and in
an open letter to Earl Russell controverted the
arguments of that statesman. He was a sufferer
from the great fire in Boston in 1872, but gave
largely to the fund for the victims, and was the
first to organize measures for their relief. Mr.
Upton was an active member of the New England
historic-genealogical society, and bore most of the
expense of compiling and publishing Rev. John A.
Vinton's " Upton Memorial " (Bath, Me., 1874).
UPTON, Oeorge Piiinaiii, journalist, b. in
Roxbury, Mass.. 25 Oct., 1834. lie wjis graduated
at Brown in 1854, removed to Chicago, III., in
1855, and till 1856 was connected with the "Native
Citizen" in that place. In 1856-'01 he was city
editor of the "Evening Journal," and in 1862-'81
he was musical critic of the Chicago " Tribune." of
which he has been an editorial writer since 1872.
In 1862-'3 he was also a war-correspondent. Mr.
Upton was the first journalist in Chicago to estab-
lish a distinctive department of musical criticism.
He organized the Apollo musical club in 1872,
serving as its first president. Besides many con-
tributions to magazines, on art, musical, and lit-
erary topics, he has published " Ijetters of Pere-
grine Pickle " (Chicago, 1869); "The Great Fire"
(1872); "Memories, a Story of German Love,"
translated from the German of Max MQller (1879);
"Woman in Music," an essay (Boston, 1880; en-
larged ed., Chicago. 1880) ; lives of Haydn, Liszt,
and Wagner, from the German of Louis Nohl (3
vols., Chicago, 1883-'4) ; " The Standard Operas,
their Plots, their Music, and their Composers"
(1885); "The Standard Oratorios" (1886); "The
Standard Cantatas" (1887^; and "The Standard
Symphonies" (1888).
UPTON, Jacob Kendriek, lawyer, b. in Wil-
mot, N. H., 9 Oct., 1837. He was graduated at the
Literary and scientific institution at New London,
N. H., in 1800, read law with a brother at Man-
chester. N. H., and was a clerk in the treasury
ilepartment. He rose till he became chief clerk of
the department in March, 1877, and assistant sec-
retary of the treasury in 1880. Upon the inaugu-
ration of President Cleveland he resigned, and has
since been a lawyer and banker in Washington.
He has contributed articles on financial subjects
to the "American Cyclopiedia," and is the author
of " Money in Politics" (lioston, 1884).
UPTON, James, merchant, b. at Salem, Mass.,
31 March, 1813; d. there, 30 March, 1879. He
studied for college and acquired a knowledge of
French and the classics, but entered his father's
counting-room at an early age and there received
the training that was the basis of his fortune. He
was a contributor to all public projects in Salem,
where he spent his life, and a lil)eral donor to
Brown university and Newton the<ilogical institute.
He was an active meml>er of the Essex institute, to
the " Proceedings " of which he contributed valu-
able pai>ers on arboriculture. In 1872 he printed
privately a volume of original music entitled
216
UPTON
URDANETA
" Musical Miscellanea." — His son, TVinsIow, as-
tronomer, b. in Salem, 12 Oct., 1853, was graduated
at Brown university in 1875, was a student of as-
tronomy at Cincinnati observatory in 1875-'7, and
received the degree of A. M. from the University
of Cincinnati in the latter year. He was assistant
at the Harvard observatory in 1877-"9, assistant en-
gineer on the U. S. lake survey in 1879-'80, com-
puter in the U. S. naval observatory iti 1880-'7, com-
puter and assistant professor in the U. S. signal
office in 1881-'4, and has been professor of astrono-
my in Brown university since January, 1884. He
was a member of the U. S. expeditions to observe
eclipses in 1878 and 1883, and is a member of the
principal American and foreign scientific societies,
to whose publications he has contributed numer-
ous papers. Of these, the following have been re-
printeu : " Photometric Observations " (Cambridge,
1879) ; " The Solar Eclipse of 1878 " (Salem, 1879) ;
" Report on Observations made on the Expedition
to Caroline Island to observe the Total Solar Eclipse
of May 6, 1883 " (Washington. 1884); " An Investi-
gation of Cyclonic Phenomena in New England "
(Ann Arbor, Mich.. 1887) ; '• Meteorological Observa-
tionsduringthe Solar Eclipse, Aug. 19, 1887"(1888);
and "The Storm of March 11-14, 1888 " (1888).
UPTON, Samuel, editor, b. in Middleton. Mass.,
in 1784; d. in Washington. D. C, 3 March, 1842.
His ancestor, John (1620-'99), came to New Eng-
land as early as 1638, and ultimately settled in
what is now North Reading, Mass., where he be-
came a great landed proprietor and one of the
most influential citizens. He was one of the first
to deprecate the inordinate influence of the clergy
in the colony, and was conspicuous for his opposi-
tion to religious tests in civil matters and to the
prosecutions for witchcraft. He was ancestor of
all the other Uptons that are mentioned in these
pages. Samuel engaged in mercantile and ship-
ping business, first at Salem, Mass., and afterward
m Castine and Bangor. Me., and Boston. In Maine
he exerted a great influence in politics and edited
the Bangor " Gazette " and "Whig." In 1819 he
represented Castine in the 1st general court. In
later life he removed to Washington, D. C, where
he is buried in the Congressional cemetery. — His
son, Charles Horace, politician, b, in Salem,
Mass., 23^ Aug., 1812 : d. in Geneva, Switzerland,
in June, 1877, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1834,
and settled in Fairfax county, Va., whence he was
elected to congress in 1860. In 1863 he was ap-
pointed U. S. consul at Geneva,- Switzerland. — An-
other son, Edward Peirce, lawyer, b. in Castine,
Me., 22 July, 1816, received an academic education,
was admitted to the bar, and settled in Virginia,
but about 1858 removed to Texas. During the
civil war he was a devoted friend of the Union and
was indicted for treason against the Confederacy,
imprisoned six months, and shot at several times.
One of his sons was murdered by a political mob a
year after the war. He was appointed judge of
the 18th judicial district of Texas in 1867, and held
the post two years. — Another son. Frauds Henry,
lawyer, b. in Salem, Mass., 25 May, 1814 ; d. in New
York city, 25 June, 1876, was graduated at Har-
vard law-school in 1835 and settled in New York
city, where he rose to eminence in his profession.
During the civil war he held the appointment of
counsel for captors in prize courts, and while argu-
ing a case received a stroke of paralysis from which
he never recovered. He published "A Treatise on
the Law of Trade-Marks, with a Digest and Re-
view of English and American Authorities" (Al-
Imny, 1860), and " The Law of Nations affecting
Commerce during War, with a Review of the Juris-
prudence, Practice, and Proceedings of Prize
Courts " (New York, 1863). — Francis Henry's
daughter, Sara Carr, author, b. 1 Jan., 1843, re-
sides in Washington, D. C, where she was for sev-
enteen years translator of modern languages in the
post-omce department. She is a frequent con-
tributor to magazines and has in press a volume of
" Translations from the French." — Another son of
Samuel Upton, Wheelock Samuel, lawyer, b. in
Salem, Mass., 17 Jan., 1811 ; d. in Carroliton, La.,
18 Oct., 1860, received an academic education, and
was graduated at Lhe Harvard law-school in 1832,
and settled in New Orleans. He was one of the
compilers of "The Louisiana Civil Code" (New
Orleans, 1838), and published "An Address at New
York " (New York, 1840).
UPTON, William W., jurist, b. in Victor.
N. Y.. 11 July, 1817. He removed with his parents
to Michigan in 1837, and in 1845 was admitted to
the bar. and elected treasurer of Clinton county.
He was elected to the state legislature in 1847,
was appointed district attorney for Ingham coun-
ty in 1848, and was elected for two terms of two
years each in 1849 and 1851. He resigned this
office in 1852 and went to California, where he
settled first at Weaverville, and in 1855 in Sacra-
mento. He was elected a representative in the
legislature of California in 1856, and was prosecut-
ing attorney of Sacramento county from 1861 till
1864. In 1865 he removed to Portland, Orgeon,
and was at once elected a member of the legisla-
ture on the Republican ticket. He had been a
Democrat until the civil war. He was appointed
associate justice of the supreme court of Oregon
in 1867, and was elected to that office for a term
of six years in 1868. In 1872 the legislature or-
dered more than eighty of his nisi prius decisions
to be printed and bound with the decisions of the
supreme court, and he became chief justice the
same year. He declined a renomination in 1874
and resumed the practice of his profession. In
the presidential controversy of 1876, the vote of
Oregon being in doubt, the Republicans practically
rested their case before the electoral commission
on a decision that had been rendered by Judge
Upton upon the question of the power of the gov-
ernor of Oregon to exercise judicial functions. A
majority of the supreme court of the state differed
with him, but the electoral commission sustained
his view. In 1877 he was appointed second comp-
troller of the treasury of the United States, but
in 1885 he resigned, and resumed the practice of his
profession in Washington. He has published a
" Digest of ^Decisions of the Second Comptroller of
the Treasury. 1869 to 1884 " (Washington. 1885).
URDANiETA, Andres (oor-dah-nay'-tah). Span-
ish navigator, b. in Villafranca, Guipuzcoa, in
1499; d. in Mexico, 3 June, 1568. He eariy at-
tained reputation as a skilful navigator, and in
1525 left Mexico as chief pilot of the fleet of Gar-
cia de Loaysa in the expedition to the Moluccas.
There he fought against the Portuguese till 1536,
when he was sent to report to the emperor, but
was shipwrecked on the coast of Portugal, impris-
oned in Lisbon, and deprived of his papers and
valuables. He escaped, and went to Valladolid,
where Charles V. held his court, but, unable to
obtain recognition for his services, he entered the
order of St. Austin. On his return to Mexico, he
was made librarian of his order. In 1558 Philip
II., urged by the council of the Indies, decided to
Eursue the conquest of the Philippine islands,
^rdaneta being named to him as the person that
best knew those parts, the king wrote to him, in
September, 1559, appointing him chief pilot of the
URDANETA
URICOCHEA
217
expedition, which, under Miguel Ijopezde Legaspi,
left Ac'iiiMilc'o, 21 Nov., 1.504. After taking posses-
sion of C ehii, nnd conquering Mimloro, I^gaspi de-
spAtcho<l I'rdaneta to New S|)uin with a request
for re-enforcements. He reported afterward to the
king at Madrid before rc^turning to his convent in
Mexico, where he died. He wrote several memoirs
and letters which are preserved in the archives of
the Indite at .Seville. Among them are " Kelaci6n
del Viage del Comen<la«lor Garcia de Ixiaysa," " Re-
laeion de la ex|MHlici6n del Comendador Miguel
Lop«>z de Lega.spi," and " Cartas al rey Felipe II.
coinlescriptiones de los puertos de Acapuico y Na-
vidad." in the first memoir he speaks of a strait
which the French reported to exist " north of the
codfish country " (Newfoundland or Labrador),
communicating with the Pacific.
URDANETA, Rafael, Venezuelan soldier, b.
in Maracailx), 24 Oct., 1789; d. in Paris, France,
23 Aug., 1845. He took part in the revolutionary
movement of 1810, on 25 July was appointed lieu-
tenant, and fought in the campaigns of 1811-12.
In 1813, with the auxiliaries of Cundinamarca, he
accompanied Bolivar to Venezuela. He entereil
Caracas on 6 Aug., after which he was promoted
brigadier. In March, 1814, he defended the city
of Valencia with a small force against the besieg-
ing army of 4,00() men under Ceballos till he was
relieved on 3 April by Bolivar. He also took
part in the victorious battle of Carabobo, 28 May,
1814, and protected the retreat of the patriot army
after the defeat of La Puerta, 15 June. He re-
tired with a remnant of the army to the western
?rovinces, but after being routed at Mucuchies on
Sept. he penetrated into New Granada. There
he joined Bolivar, and, after being promoted ma-
i'or-general and sent to Cucuta, he was defeated in
Malaga in November. 1815. and with the rest of his
forces joined Paez in Apure. He was second in
command in the operations aerainst Caracas in
1818, being also appointed memTx»r of the council
of government in Angostura. The next year he
was ma<le general-in-chief of the army that was
forming in Margarita from the German and Brit-
ish legions and native troops, with which he oper-
ated against Cumana and captured Barcelona. In
1821 he obtaine<l the submission of Maracaibo and
Coro, and in 1826 was sent to Venezuela, and op-
posed the plans of Paez, returning to Colombia in
1827 as commander of Cundinamarca. He was
also member of the constituent congress of Colom-
bia, and twice secretary of war, occupying, from
September, 18^{0, till April, 1831, the executive of
the nation to fill a vacancy. Shortly afterward he
returneil to Venezuela, where he was successively
senator for the pnivince of Coro, governor of Guay-
ana, and twice secretary of war. In 1845 he was
sent as minister to Madrid, but he died on his way.
— His cousin, Francisco, South American soldier.
b. in Montevideo, 3 Aug., 1791; d. in Bogota in
1801, entered the militarv service in his youth, and
fought against the British in 180<;-'7. In 1801» he
was called by his uncle, .Martin Urdaneta, to Ik>-
l^ota, where he entered the Spanish service, but he
joined the patriot cause in 1810. In 1819 he par-
tic i pat ed in the campaign of Cauca, becoming in
1820 governor of Popayan, and in 1821 of Antio-
quia. In 1829 he was promoted major-general. In
18G1 he used his utmost efforts* to save the lives of
the political prisoners in the College of Rosario,and
when they were assassinated before his eyes, on 7
March, he retired to his home, where he soon died.
URE, Robert, Canadian clergyman, b. in Ijan-
arkshire, .Scotland, in January, 1823. When he
was nineteen years old he emigrated to Canada,
and settled at Hamilton. He 8tudit*d theology,
and was ordained a minister of the Free Presbyte-
rian church in 1850. He was a iMutor at Street»-
ville in 1850-'62. and since the latter year be has
been stationed at Goderich, Ont. He was for two
years a lecturer on ajjologetics at Knox college,
'Toronto, and has also \)een a lecturer on the same
subject at (Queen's university, Kingston. He aided
in biinging alxiut the union of the various Pn-sby-
terian churches in Cana<la, and was a mcMlerator of
the unitwl churches. He receivefl the degree of
D. I), from (Queen's university in 1876.
1'RF£, tiabrlel Jnles (oor-fay). West Indian
navigator, b. in Martiniaue, W. I., in 1795; d. in
the Arctic ocean in 1838. He was educated at
Paris, entered the navy as a midshipman in 1810,
and after the restoration of Ijouis aVIII., in 1814,
was attached as ensign to the frigate " Ija Rail-
leuse" and sent to .S)uth America. After assist-
ing in re-establishing French consulates in Brazil,
Venezuela, Mexico, and the West Indies, he was
a commissioner in 1817 to receive the surrender
of the administration of French Guiana from the
Portuguese, and afterward took part in a campaign
to Martinique and Santo Domingo. Later he was
employed at Madagascar and I^urlmn, and in
1830 he was attache<l to the department of charts
in the navy office. On 4 July, 1833, he sailed as
second in command of the frigate "I>a Liloise"
with Poret de Blosseville for an exploration of the
Arctic ocean. Thev prepared a chart of the west-
ern coast of Greenland, which they forwarded in
August following to Admiral Duperre, and stopped
afterward at Vagna- Fjord, whence they returned
in Octol)er, navigating along the coast of Green-
land. This was the last that was heard of the
frigate, and the subsequent expeditions that were
sent to search for it failed to discover any trace
of the navigators. Urfe's works include, besides
several memoirs that are published in the " Annales
maritimes et coloniales, "Histoire de la d^ou-
verte du Greenland par les navigateurs Scandi-
naves" (Paris, 1831), and " Historique de I'occupa-
tion Anglaise ti la Martinique " (18232).
TRFE, Lonis Edouard d'. West Indian mis-
sionary, b. in Les .Saintes, Guadelouj*. in 1699; d.
in Leghorn in 1762. He was educated in the col-
lege of the Jesuits at Bordeaux, entered that order
in 1727, and was sent in the following year to
Guadeloupe, where he resided several years and
had charge of the parish of Capesterre. In 1742
he went to Cayenne, foundeti several missions
among the Galibi Indians, explored Guiana and
the basin of the Orinoco, and in 1760 liecame
visitor of his order. He died at Leghorn during a
voyage for the purpose of conferring with the gen-
eral of the Jesuits. Urfe's works include "Gram-
maire Galibi " (Paris. 1755) : " Dictionnaire Galibi "
(1757^; and " Histoire des etablissements de la foi
fondes dans la Guiane ou Nouvelle France m^n-
dionale"(1762).
URICOCHEA, Ezeqniel (oo-ri-ko-chay'-ah),
Colombian scientist, b. in Ik)gota in 1834. As
early as 1840 he obtaine<l in college the first prize
in mathematics, and in 1849 he went to the United
States to finish his stuflies, being graduatml in
medicine at Vale. In 1852 he went to Germany,
and in 1854 was graduated at the University of 06't-
tingen, devoting himself specially to the study of
chemistry and inineralf>g>'. He travelled through
Kurope for two years, ancl remaintnl six months in
Brussels to study a.stronomy in the observatory of
that city. In 1857 he returned to his native coun-
try, where he was professor of chemistry till 1808.
He founded the Society of naturalists of New
218
URQUIZA
URRUTIA
Granada, and is a inemlx?r of several scientific so-
cieties, including the Spanish academy and the
Academy of liistory of Matlrid. He has written
" Memorias sobre las AntigQedades Neo-Oranadi-
nas" (Berlin, 1854); " Contribuciones de Colombia
H las Ciencias y d las Artes" (Bogota. 1859-'61);
"Mapoteca Colombiana " (London, 1800) : " Grama-
tica. Prases, y Oraciones de la lengna Chibcha"
(Bogota, 1861) ; " Gramatica de la longua Chibcha "
(Paris. 1871): " Alfiibeto fonetico de la lengiia Cas-
tellana" (Madrid, 1873) ; and several articles in the
" Mosaico."
VRQL'IZA, Jnsto Jos6 de (oor-kee'-thah). Ar-
gentine soldier, b. in Armvo de la China, near the
capital of Entre Rios, 19 March, 1800; d. in San
Jose, 11 April, 1870. He was sent by his father to
Buenos Ayres. where he received a good education
in the Jesuit college. In 1820 he established him-
self in business in his native village, but his edu-
cation and dexterity in the use of arms gave him
power over his neighbors, and in one of the
internal revolts he was elected commander of the
National guard. He soon gained influence in poli-
tics, and, as a defender of the federal principle,
was favored by the dictator Rosas. When the latter
gave Manuel Oribe the means to invade Uruguay,
he ordered Urquiza with 4,0(X) men to assist in the
war, and in 1844 the latter passed the river Uru-
guay, obtained partial success in the encounters of
Arequita and Malbajar. and finally defeated Rivera
at India Muerta on 28 March, 1845, celebrating his
victory by the execution of SCK) prisoners. On his
return he was elected in 1846 governor of Entre
Rios, and by arbitrary measures soon amassed an
enormous fortune. No shop of any kind could be
opened without his permit, which was only given
to persons that shared the profits with him, and,
pronibiting the importation of wheat into the state,
tie reserved for himself the exclusive right of mill-
ing flour from the crop of his large farms. lie
waged a war against the Unitarians of Corrientes,
emulating the dictator Rosas in cruelties, and soon
acquired such an influence that he was in reality
the dictator of Entre Rios. When in 1850 Rosas,
by treaty with England and France, declared the
navigation of the Parana and Uruguay closed to
foreign flags, Urquiza united with the governor of
Corrientes in a protest, and began to intrigue
against the Argentine dictator, and when Rosas,
in the beginning of 1851, went through the cus-
tomary farce of resigning the executive, in the ex-
pectation of being re-elected with increased pow-
ers, Urouiza and Gov. Visaroso, of Corrientes,
accepted the resignation, and declared the sover-
eignty of the two states restored. Urquiza, on 1
May, issued a manifesto, calling upon the nation
to throw ofif the yoke of the dictator, and on the
29th of that month he concluded, as governor of
Entre Rios, an offensive and defensive alliance with
Brazil and Uruguay against Rosas. He passed
Uruguay river in June with 4,000 men, captured
Paysandu, and, without awaiting Brazilian re-en-
forcements, marched against Oribe, who was still
besieging Montevideo. The whole country rose to
join Urquiza, and Oribe, seeing his cause lost,
capitulated on 8 Oct. Re-enforced by the Uru-
?:uayan and Brazilian armies, and protected by the
Brazilian fleet, Urquiza repassed the Uruguay and
Parana, and, on 12 Jan., 1852, began his march
with an army of 30,000 men against Rosas. The
latter had fortified his camps of Palermo and San-
tos Lugares, but in the final battle of Monte Case-
ros, on 3 Feb., he was defeated after a short resist-
ance, and fled on board a Briti^;h ship, Urquiza
marring his victory by the execution of the valiant
Col. Chilabert, the only one of Rosas's chiefs that
had fought well. On 4 Feb. he appointed Dr.
Lopez provisional governor of Buenos Ayres, and
remained encamped in Palermo, whence he sent
all the art treasures that had been accumulated by
Rosas to his country-seat of San Jose. On 6 April
the governors of Entre Rios, Corrientes, and Buenos
Ayres, and a representative of the government of
Santa Fe, declared the national executive restored,
and appointed Urquiza provisional director until
the meeting of a congress. But, instead of con-
voking congress, he summoned a meeting of all
the governors at San Nicolas de los Arroyos, which
on 31 May proclaimed him provisional president.
On the return of Gov. Lopez from San Nicolas,
stormy debates followed in the chamber of depu-
ties, 21 and 22 June, in which Bartolome Mitre,
who had prepared public opinion by editorial arti-
cles in his pjiper, "Los Debates." took a prominent
Eart. Gov. Lopez resigned, flying to Palermo, and
frquiza on the 23d closed the office of "Los De-
bates," arbitrarily dissolved the legislature, and his
opponents fled to escape imprisonment ; but when
the dictator left for Santa Fe, to open the con-
stituent congress, a revolution began in Buenos
Ayres on 11 Sept., which declared the province
independent, electing Valentin Alsina governor.
Urquiza tried to subdue the city, but after an un-
successful campaign raised the siege on 13 July,
1853, and in November of that year was elected
constitutional president for the other thirteen
states, with residence in Parana. The new presi-
dent signed a treaty with France, Englandf, and
the United States, declaring the navigation of the
Parana and Uruguay free to all nations. In 1859
Buenos Ayres was invited to enter the union
again, but refused, and Urquiza marched with the
national troops against the state, defeating the
forces under Mitre at Cepeda on 23 Oct., 1859.
Gov. Alsina resigned, and tne new governor agreed
to send deputies to the congress of Parana, on con-
dition that certain reforms should be made in the
Federal constitution, to be proposed by Buenos
Ayres. The latter were accepted by congress on
25 Sept., 1860, and Buenos Ayres sent deputies;
but they were refused admittance on pretext that '
the state electoral law was unconstitutional. Bue-
nos Ayres armed again, and under Gen. Mitre sent
her forces to defend her territory, when the new
Federal president^ Dr. Santiago Derqui, declared
war against the province, appointing Urquiza com-
mander-in-chief. The opposing armies met on 17
Sept., 1861, at Pavon, and Urquiza was defeated,
retiring with his troops to Entre Rios. After Gen.
Mitre's election to the Federal executive, Urquiza
was again elected governor of his province, and
fitted up his country-seat at San Jose in great
splendor, constructing a large artificial lake by
means of the labor of political prisoners. In this
place he was surpriseu by an armed party, who
assassinated him and afterward proclaimed Gen.
Lopez Jordan governor.
lJRRUTIA,IgnacioJ.de(oorroot'-yah),Cuban
historian, b. in Havana in 1730; d. there in 1798.
He studied law in his native city, and in 1755 was
admitted to the bar. He filled several public of-
fices, which afforded him opportunities to collect
documents and information about the history of
the island of Cuba, and especially of Havana. In
1787 he retired from public affairs to devote him-
self to his " Tcatro historico, juridico, politico, niili-
tar de la Isla Fernandina de Cuba," which was left
incomplete. The first volume was published in
1795, and several chanters of the second appeared
in the reprint of the nrst volume in the work that
URTIAGA
U88IEUX
219
is known as " I/«>s trcs primerort historiiulorcji de
riilm" (llHVHua, 1H7G). I'mitm |iu>>li»>hu(l aim
••l'nmi>en<n<» ii»' Moniorias jwra sorvir & la historia
dc la Isia Fernuntlina de t'ul>a" (1791). .
l'KTlA(t>A, Fedro (cK>r-too-ah-jruh), Mpxican
missionary, li. in (^lUTetaroalxnit 10r><); d. in Porto
Uico alHiut 1 T20. lie enterwl the Ortler of St. Fran-
cis, and set out for IVntral America with four
other missionaries in 161)4. He ohtained ^ood re-
sults amon^ the wild ('holes, Talamuiicu, and
Tdln^ilpu trilx>s, whose lan>;uage he soon learned,
and foiuidiHl in the city of Guatemala the College
of Pn>paganila Fide, "in 1708 he went to Spain,
and on his return in 1704 he was captured by a
British cruiser and landed on the coast of Portu-
gal. He retunie<l on UttA to the court of Mmlrid,
and was ap|H)inted bishop of I'orto Rico, in which
city he «lied. Ik-sides numenius ri'ligious works of
merit, which have been reprinted many times in
Mexico and Guatemala, ho is author of " Diario del
viagt? de los cinco misioneros Franciscanos desde
Queri'taro hasta Guatemala en 1(504; y conquista
cs[)i ritual de los Indies Cholcs, Talamancos y To-
loralpos" (Mexico, 1702).
IIKUOI'AY, Panlino Jos6 Soarcs e Sonza
(oo-nx>-gah -eo). Viscount <K'. Brazilian statesman,
b. in Paris, France, in 1807; d. in llio .Janeiro,
Brazil, 15 July, 180G. He wjis iHlucnted at the Uni-
versity of Coimbra, studied law in the Academy of
Sao Paulo, Brazil, entered the magistracy in 1831,
was a menilH»r. and afterward president, of the pro-
vincial assembly of Rio Janeiro, after the promul-
gation of the additional act to the constitution.
Tie was a memlwr of the Brazilian parliament in
ia3«-'4«, entered the cabinet on 23 May, 1840, as
minister of justice, and held the same oflice in
1841-3, prepared the law of 3 Dec, 1841. which
reforminl the criminal procedure of the empire, was
secretary of foreign relations in 1843-'4, and l>e-
caroe a senator, 21 Martrh, 1849. On 8 Oct. of the
same year he succeeded Marauis de Olinda as sec-
retary of foreign relations. He negotiated in 1851
the treaty of alliance Ix'tween Uruguay, Entre-Rios,
and Brazil, and treaties of commerce with Uru-
guay, Peru, and the Argentine lU'public, and re-
signing, 6 Sept., 1853. was ap|x>intiHi on 8 Sept. a
councillor of stat«, and created Viscount of (Jni-
fuay and a grandee of the first cla.ss, 2 l)et>., 1854.
le went to Paris in the following year as minister
to settle the didlcult question of the frontier be-
tween Brazil and French Guiana, returning in 1858
to Brazil. He wrote " Ensaios sol)re o Dirieto ad-
ministrativo " (2 vols., Rio Janeiro. 18(52) and
" Estudos nniticos sf>bre o administrac^ dtis pro-
vincias do Brazil" (2 vols., 1800).
USIIEK, Hozekiah, lx)okseller, b. in England
al>out 1015; d. in Boston, Ma.s8., 14 March, 1676.
He was a citizen of Cambridge in 1639, and in 1640
establishe<l himsi>lf in Boston, became a select-man
of the town, and, as agent for the Society for propa-
gating the gospel, purchased in England in 1057
the press and tyiK's for printing Eliot's Indian
Bible. He whs a fountler of the Old South chun-h
in 1000.— His son. Hez(>kiah, l>ooks«'ller, b. in
Cambridge, Mass., 0 June. \(Kiii; d. in lioston, Mass.,
11 Julv. 1079, was also engjiginl in busini»ss in lios-
t«m. huring the excitement over witchcraft he
was arrested^ but was suffere«l to make his esca{H>
from the oolonv. His wife was Bridget, daughter
of John Lisle, the n»gicide, and widow of Ix.><manl
Hoar. — Another s<^)n, John, lieutenant-governor of
New Hampshire, b. in Boston, Mass., 27 April,
1(548 ; d. in Mtnlfonl. Mass., 1 Sept., 1?20, succeeded
his father in business, and l)ecame a member of
the council, a colonel of militia, and treasurer of
Mhssaohusetts. His (iccond wife was Elizaljeth,
daughter of Samuel Allen, whtwe claims to the
New Hampshire patent he sup|N)rte<l. In March,
1077, he actt^l in Ijondon as agent for Massachu-
setts colony in the purchase of the title to the dis-
trict of Maine from Sir Fenlinando (iorges. He
was lieutenant-governor of New Hampshire from
1(592 till 1097, and was reH|>|>ointe<l in 1^02. — John's
great-gri'at-grandson, John Palmer. s«rn'tarv of
the interior, b. in Br.Kikficld. N. V., 9 Jan., iftlO;
d. in Philmlelphia. Pa., 13 April, 1889, removwl to
Indiana, studied and practised law, was elected to
the legislature, and was attorney-general of the
state. He was ap|iointe<l 1st as.sistant .secretary of
the interior on 20 March. 1802. and on the resigna-
ti<m of Caleb B. Smith, succec<le<l him as head of
the interior department <m 8 Jan., 18(5.1, holding
the offtce till 15 May, \H(]!i, when he n-signnl. ana
resumed the practice of his profes«*ion. Ut-cmiing
consulting attorney for the Unicm Pacific raiiroaci.
USSHER, Brand ram Boileaii. Canadian R.
E. bislio|>, b. in Dublin. Ireland, 6 Aug., 1845. He
was educate<l at Delgany college, Wicklow, and in
private schools. He early conceive<l a love for the
6tudv of medicine, but his father encountere<l finan-
cial losses and his studies came to an abrupt close.
He was sent to New York, where he altandoiuHl
business at the end of a year and Ix'gan the study
of medicine in Washington and sul)se«|uently at
the University of Michigan. Ten years were |>assed
in Aurora, 111., where he practistnl his profession.
Hearing a sermon by Dwight L. Moody, he deter-
mined to study for the ministry, and on 9 June,
1874, he was ordaine<l deacon in Christ church,
Chicago, by Bishop Cheney, of the Reformed Epis-
copal church. Two vears later he lK>came nresbv-
ter in Emmanuel church. Ottawa, Canaua In
Canada he has held pastorates in Toronto and
Montreal, where he has had charge of St. Bartholo-
mew's church since 1878. He and his congregation
withdrew from the juris<liction of the Refonned
Episcopal church in the Unite<l States and unittnl
their fortimes with the English branch of that
Ixxly, otherwise calletl the Reformed church of
England. The general symxl in F^ngland elected
Dr. Ussher to the epistropate. but he dwiined. Two
years later he was re-elected, the Canadian synod
choosing him as their bishop. On 19 June, 1882,
he was consecrate<l in Trinity church. Southend,
by Bishop Grecg and seven presbyters. He re-
turned to Canada and assume<l the duties of his
large diocese, which includes Newfoundland.
t'SSIEl'X, JaoqnoH (j6rard des (oos-se-uh),
French naval oflU-er. b. in Eu, Normandy, in 1719;
d. in Port Royal, Martinique, in 1781. He was a
captain in the merchant service, and during the
war of 1756 he commande<l privateers against the
English, and defended the fortifications at the
entrance of St. I^wrence river. After the con-
clusion of peace he entered the service of Ixtuis
Antoine de liougainville, who had obtaine<l fn>m
l^niis XV. a grant of the Falkland islands, carried
emignmts there in 17(54, and governe<l the colony
during Bougainville's abst^nce. After the retro-
cession of the Falkland archipelago to S|)ain in
17(J6. he was sent to make an exploration of the
coast of Patagonia, and visite<l also the island of
GtH)rgia At the lH«ginning of the war of 1778 he
again enteretl the royal navy an 1st lieutenant, and
was anix>inte<l harlH)r-maHter of Port Royal. He
nublishe<l " Histoire de la cohmie fondee aux ilea
Slalouines par le canitaine de B<mg>iinville, suivie
d'une description ue la e«)te de la Patac«>nie, et
d'une relation d'un voyage k File Saint Pierre el
iL la Terre des totals" (l)iep|ie, 1708).
220
VAIL
VAIL
VAIL, Stephen, manufacturer, b, near Morris-
town, N. J., 28 June, 1780; d. there, 12 June, 18<)4.
He received ordinary educational a<h'antages, and
in 1804 became the owner of the {Speedwell iron-
works, near JMorristown, N. J. At these works the
engine of the " Savannah," the first steamship to
cross the Atlantic (1819), was built. Later he con-
tributed money to aid in the construction of the
electric telegraph, and at his place the first prac-
tical exhibition of the new invention was made. lie
was one of the lay officers that are required on the
IocaI bench, and so acquired the title of judge. —
His son, Alfred, inventor, b. in Morristown, N. J.,
25 Sept., 1807; d. there, 18 Jan., 1859, was edu-
cated at Morris academy, and as a youth showed
a fondness for study
and investigation in
natural science. In
accordance with the
wishes of his father,
he entered the Speed-
well iron-works, but on
attaining his majority
he determined to pre-
pare for the Presbyte-
v^jBife^"^KVv rian ministry, and in
consequence was grad-
uated at the Univer-
sity of the city of New
York in 1886. While
in college he became
interested in the ex-
{wriments that Prof.
Kiel F. B. Morse
then conductin_g
the purpose of per-
fecting a system of telegraphy. Vail became con-
vinced of the possibility of the scheme of elec-
tric communication, anil his mechanical knowl-
edge led to various suggestions on his part to
Prof. Morse. This acquaintance developed into an
offer of partnership, and he obtained permission
to invite Prof. Morse to Speedwell, where he per-
suaded his father to contribute $2,000 toward the
completion of the apparatus. In 1837 an agree-
ment was signed by Mr. Vail, in which it was stipu-
lated that he should construct at his own expense,
and exhibit before a committee of congress, one
of the telegraphs " of the plan and invention of
Morse," and that he should give his time and per-
sonal services to the work and assume the expense
of exhibiting the apparatus and of procuring pat-
ents in the LJnited States. In consideration. Vail
was to receive one fourth of all rights in the
invention in this country. Thereafter, until con-
gress appropriated money for the building of the
initial line between Baltimore and Washington,
Vail was active in developing the practical parts of
the telegraph. His mecnanical knowledge applied
to the experimental apparatus resulted in the first
available Morse machine. He invented the first
combination of the horizontal lever motion to actu-
ate a pen, pencil, or style, and then devised a tele-
graphic alphabet of dots, spaces, and dashes which
It necessitated. The dot-and-dash system had al-
ready been invented by Morse for use in a code,
but Mr. Vail claimed that he was the first to
apply it alphabetically. He then devised in 1844
tne lever and grooved roller, which embossed on
paper the alphabetical characters that he origi-
nated. In March, 1843, he was appointed assistant
/? I>erm
^ for tl
superintendent of the telegraph that was to be
constructed between Washington and Baltimore
under the government appropriation. On the com-
pletion of the line he was sUitioned at Baltimore,
and there invented the finger-key and received at
the Mount Claire depot the first message from
Washington that was sent over the wires, on 24
May, 1844, at the formal opening of the line. (See
Morse, S. F. B.) The practical improvements in
the original instrument that are of value in teleg-
raphy were invented by Vail. Prior to 1837 the
apparatus embodied the work of Morse and Joseph
Henry alone. From 1837 to 1844 it was a com-
bination of the inventions of Morse, Henry, and
Vail, but gradually the parts that Morse contrib-
uted have been eliminated, so that the essential
features of the telegraph of to-day consist solely
of the work of Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail.
The business relations that existed between Moi-se
and Vail made it impossible for the latter to claim
what might have been used against the validity of
Morse's patents^ In the years that followed, when
Prof. Morse was universally hailed as the inventor
of the telegraph, the reputation of his modest part-
ner was allowed to suffer. Amos Kendall, the as-
sociate and friend of both, said, at the meeting of
the directors of the Magnetic telegraph company
that was held to take action on the death of Mr.
Vail : " If justice be done, the name of Alfred
Vail will forever stand associated with that of
Samuel F. B. Morse in the history and introduc-
tion into public use of the electro-magnetic tele-
gmph." Mr. Vail was the author of " The Ameri-
can Electro-Magnetic Telegraph " (Philadelphia,
1845). — His brother, George, congressman, o. in
Morristown, N. J., 21 July, 1809 ; d. there, 23 May,
1875, received an academic education, and was as-
sociated with his father in the Speedwell iron-works.
He also aided his brother, Alfred, with funds when
the latter was engaged in perfecting the electric
telegraph. In 1851 he was appointed by the gov-
ernor of New Jersey to represent that state at the
World's fair in London. Subsequently he was
chosen to congress as a Democrat, and with re-elec-
tion served from 5 Dec, 1853, till 3 March, 1857.
In 1858 he was appointed U. S. consul at Glas-
gow, Scotland, but he returned to this country
in 1861, settled in Morristown, N. J., and was for
many years a member of the court of pardons.
VAIL, Stephen Montford, clergyman, b. in
Union Dale, Westchester co., N. Y., 10 Jan., 1818;
d. in Jersey City, N. J., 26 Nov., 1880. He was
f graduated at Bowdoin in 1838, and at Union theo-
ogical seminary in 1842, having in the mean time
been licensed to preach in the Methodist Episcopal
church, and founded the first church of that de-
nomination in Brunswick, Me. He became pro-
fessor of languages in Amenia seminary in 1843,
was subsequently pastor in Fisbkill, N. Y., Sharon,
Conn., and Pine Plains, N. Y., and in 1847-9 was
president of the New Jersey conference seminary
at Pennington. While occupying that post he
induced the trustees of the institution, to admit
women as pupils, and he was tried before the
ecclesiastical court of his church for advocating
in his writings the cause of an educated ministry.
He became professor of Oriental languages in the
General biblical institute of the M. E. church at
Concord, N. H., in 1849, and held that chair
until failing health required his resignation. In
1869 he became U. S. consul lor Rhenish Buva-
VAIL
VAILLANT
221
rift, travpllod extensively in the East and Rcrypt,
and on his return settled in Soiithfleld, Staten
island, N. Y. He wrote for the Methmlist press,
an<l was professor of Hebrew in the ('hautaumia
sflnx)l of languuffes. Genesee collejfe. Ijirna, N. Y..
^'ave him the decree of D. D. in IHofl. Dr. Vail
was an active member of the licpublican party,
and an early Abolitionist. Previous to the civil
war he sustained a long and able controversy with
Bishop John H. Hopkins on the subject of human
slaverv, the bishop being an earnest advocate of
that institution. Dr. Vail published essays on
slavery and church polity, "Outlines of Hebrew
Grammar," and other educational hand-books, and
" Memoir and RciuHins of Rev. Zenas Caldwell "
(Boston, 1824): " Kducation in the Methodist Epis-
copal Church" (1853); and "The Bible against
Slavery" (Concord, N. H., 1864).
VAIL, TiioniaM Hubbard, P. E. bishop, b. in
Richmond, Vii.. 21 Oct.. 1812; d. in Hryn Muwr,
Pa., 6 Oct., imU. On the death of his father in
1817 his motlier returned to the north. The son
was graduated at Washington (now Trinity) col-
lege in 18.'} 1, and iit the General theological semi-
nary in New York in 1835, was ortlered deacon by
Bishop Hrownell in St. Mark's church. New Canaan,
Conn., 29 .June, 1835, and priest in Grace church,
Boston, by Bishop Griswold, (J Jan., 1837. During
his diaconate he served for a short time as assist-
ant minister in St. James's church, Philadelphia,
and he was afterward assistant to Dr. Jonathan
M. Wainwright in St. Paul's church, Boston. He
organized the pjirish of All Sjiints, Worcester,
Mass., became rector of Christ church, Cambridge,
in 1837, and in 1839 of St. John's church. Essex.
In 1844 he removetl to Rhode Island and wjis made
rector of Christ chuix;h. Westerly, where he re-
mained fourteen years, serving as deputy to the
General convention during part of that lime. In
1857 he returnwl to Massiu-husetts as rector of St.
John's, Taunton. In 180:^ he went to Iowa, taking
the rectorship of Trinitv church, Muscatine. The
degree of S. T. I), was given him by Brown in 1858,
and that of LL. D. by the University of Kansas in
1875. He was consecrated first bishop of Kansas,
15 Dec. 1864, in Trinity church, Muscatine, Iowa.
Bishop Vail was the author of " Hannah," a sacred
drama, published anonymously (Boston, 1839) ;
"The Com[>rehensive Church" (1841 ; 8d ed.. New
York, 1883) ; and numerous reports of scho<il com-
mittees, chargi's, addresses, and pastoral letters.
He edited, with a memoir of the author, Rev.
Augustus F'. Lyte's "Buds of Spring," poems
(Boston. \m8).
TAIL, William Berrian, Canadian member
of parliament, b. in Sussex, New Brunswick, 19
Dec, 1823. He is a grandson of Robert Vail, a
loyalist, who remove<l from the United States to
New Brunswick at the close of the Revolution.
He is a lieutenant-colonel of militia, was a member
of the executive council and provincial secretary
of Nova Scotia in 1867-74, and on 30 Sept., 1874,
became a member of the privy council of Canada,
and was appointed minister of militia and defence.
This portfolio he resigned in January, 1878. He
represented Digby in the Nova Scotia assembly
from 1867 till his appointment to office in the Do-
minion government, when he was returned for the
same constituency in the Canailian parliament.
He was not a candidate at the election in 1878, but
was elected in F'ebruary, 1887. He is a Libieral,
favors free-tra<le relations with all countries, and
the maintenance of the integrity of the British
empire. Mr. Vail's father, John C. Vail, was a
representative in the New Brunswick house of
assembly for twenty-five years; and his brother,
Arnold Vail, M. D.. was a memljerof the house fr)r
fifteen years, for eight years speaker, and at his
death, in July, 1886. wan a mernbt^r of the executive
and legislative couiu-ils of New Brunswick.
VAILL, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Litchfield.
Conn., 3 July, 1700; d. in Killingworth, Conn., 21
Nov.. 1838. His father, of the same name, removed
to Litchfield from Southold, Long Island, alM)ut
1730. In 1772 the son went to Hanover, N. H..
travelling most of the way on foot, with the inten-
tion of preparing for Dartmouth, and defraying
his expenses by working in a saw-mill. He was
graduated in 1778, studied divinity in Northbury
(now Plymouth). Conn., and was licensetl to preach
in May. 1779. From 9 Feb., 1780. till his death
he was pastor of the church at Hadlyme. Conn.,
where he also gave some time to teaching. He
made two missionary tours, one in 1792 to Ver-
mont, and another in 1807 to the " Black river
country" in New York. After 1832 he was given
a colleague. Mr. Vaill contributed to the "Con-
necticut Evangelical Magazine." under the pen-
names of "Senex" and " Jethro," wmte for other
periodicals, and, besides sermons, published a nar-
rative poem entitled " Noah's Flood," with some
minor poetical pieces (1796). See " Memoir of the
Life and Character of the Rev. Joseph Vaill," by Rev.
Isaac Parsons (New York, 1839). — His son. Jogepii,
clergyman, b. in Hmllyme. Conn., in 1790; d. in
Palmer, Mass., 22 Feb.. 1869. was graduated at
Yale in 1811, taught in Litchfield and Salisbury.
Conn., and studied theology with his father. He
was pastor of the Congregational church in Brim-
field in 1814-'34. and again in 1837-41. in Port-
land. Me., in 1834-'7, and at Palmer. Mass.. from
1854 until 1868. In 1841-5 he was financial agent
for Amherst college, and during that period of
financial embarrassment he raised for its endow-
ment the sum of $1(K),000. Amherst gave him the
degree of D. D. in 1851. In the autumn before his
death he was elected to the legislature of Massachu-
setts. He published " Sermons " (Springfield, 1861).
VAILLANT, Aognste Nicolas (val-yong).
French naval officer, b. in Paris, France. 2 July.
1793; d. in France, 1 Nov., 1858. He entered the
navy and rose rapidly in the service, but was re-
tired in 1816 on suspicion of being a Bonajjart-
ist. He was restored in 1818, and sent to French
Guiana to study the best method of colonizing
that country. Ho made a thorough explora-
tion of the banks of Maroni river, an(l produced a
memoir with a map of that river, the course of
which had been till then almost unknown. After
serving in various parts of Europe and Africa, he
was made in February. 1836. commander of the
" Bonite." in which vessel he saileil round the
glolje, returning to France in November, 1837. In
1838 he was made captain, took part in the ex|>e-
dition to Mexico, and. after the capture of San Juan
de Ulua, was appointe<l commander of this fortress
and the station of Vera Cruz. After the conclu-
sion of peace with Mexico he was engaged in the
La Plata expedition, and occupied Montevideo.
He was minister of marine during the early part
of 1851, and gave a vigorous impulse to the colo-
nial policy of France. The same venr he was a|»-
pointed governor-general of the French Antilles
and commander of the stations in these quarters
and on the Gulf of Mexico. He was then trans-
ferred to the government of Martinique, but was
forced by ill health to return to France in 1853, to
the regret of the colony, which his administration
had greatly benefited. An account of his voyage
of circumnavigation was published under the title
222
VAILLANT
VALD^S
*' Vovaee atitour dii nionde execute sur la corvette
1ft Bonite" (11 vols.. Paris, 1840-'8).
VAILLANT, FraiK^ois Le, South American
explorer,!), in ParamarilK), Dutch Guiana, in 1753:
(I. in La None, near Sezanne. Prance, 22 Nov.,
1824 He was the son of a French consul, and
showed from early youth a strong desire for ad-
venture, sometimes wandering alone in the forests
for weeks. On his father's return to Europe, in
1763, he studied natural history at Metz, and, sail-
ing for Cape of Good Hope in 1780. tried to trav-
erse Africa by travelling northward in 1780-'4.
Later he revisited Guiana, where he owned a large
estate. He was imprisoned during the reign of ter-
ror, and settled afterward at La Noue. His works
include "Voyage dans I'int^jrieur de I'Afrique " (2
vols., Paris, 1790), and "Second voyage dans I'in-
terieur de I'Afrique" (3 vols., 1796), both of which
were translated into sevenil languages; "Histoire
naturelle des oiseaux d'Afrique" (6 vols., 1796-
1812); " Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de paradis"
(1801-'6); "Histoire naturelle des cotingas et des
todicrs " (1804) ; and " Histoire naturelle des calaos "
(1804). The last three describe species of birds that
inhabit Guiana. Le Vaillant contributed to the
Paris academy of science several papers concern-
ing South America, including a "Meraoire sur les
coleopteres de la Guiane" (1818).
VALADES, Diegro(vah-lah'-days), Mexican mis-
sionary, b., according to some authors, in Spain, but,
according to others, in Tlaxcala, Mexico, about
1520; d. in Italy about 1590. He entered the
Franciscan order, became a missionary to the
Chichimcc Indians, was superior of the convent of
Tlaxcala, and on account of his learning was sent to
Rome in 1570 as resident procurator-general of his
ortler. He edited Father Jean Focher's " Itinera-
rium Catholicum*' (1574), but his reputation rests
on his remarkable work " llhetorica Christiana ad
concionandi et oraridi usuni accommodata, quae
quidem ex Indorum Historia maxime deprompla
sunt" (Perugia, 1579; Rome, 1587), in which he
describes the Indian customs, the ornaments of the
Mexican temples, and the human sacrifices that
were offered m them, while at the same time he
praises highly the intellect and advanced civiliza-
tion of the Aztecs and Tlaxcalans.
VALDfiS, Antonio Jos6, Cuban historian, b.
at Matanzas in 1770; d. in Mexico in 1824. He
received his education in Havana and was succes-
sively a goldsmith, clerk in a commercial house, a
printer, a teacher, and finally a journalist. After
an eventful life in his native country he went to
Buenos Ayres in 1818, where he founded a success-
ful newspaper, " El Censor," but in 1820 he went
to Mexico, and the Emperor Iturbide appointed
him in 1822 his court printer. Valdes published
" Principiosgeneralesde la lenguacastellana" (Ha-
vana, 1806) ; " Historia General de la Isla de Cuba
y en especial de la Habana" (1811 ; reprinted in the
work "Los tres primeros historiadore«.do Cuba,"
1876); and many educational works, which were
used as text-books in the schools of the island.
TALDES, Gabriel de la Concepci6n, known
as " Placido," Cuban poet, b. in Havana in 1809 ;
d. there, 28 June, 1844. He was the son of a col-
ored man and passed the first years of his life in
poverty and want. His early education was en-
tirely neglected, but in later years he obtained
some instruction by desultory reading. When he
was seventeen years old he was already known as a
remarkable improvisatore. In 1836 he fixed his
residence in the city of Matanzas, and began to
publish his poems in the newspapers and literary
reviews. Tnese poems revealed at once a lyrical
^fdcccLc
poet of no mean value, and gave him a wide repu-
tation, which extended to all Spanish-American
countries. Some patriotic lines of his cost Placido
several months of imprisonment under Gen. Tacon's
government. In
1844 he was ac-
cused of being
implicated in a
supposed conspi-
racy of the col-
ored race against
the whites, un-
der Gen. O'Don-
nell's a<lminis-
tration ; and, al-
though it has
been proved of
late that Placido
had nothing to
do with the plot,
of whose exist-
ence there have
never been con-
clusive proofs, he
and nineteen of
his unfortunate
fellow - citizens
were shot as trait-
ors. His poems
have passea through numerous editions in Cuba, as
well as in Spain. Mexico, South America, and the
United States. The first edition was published in
Matanzas in 1838, another enlarged edition appeared
in the same city in 1842. and the most complete edi-
tion was published in Havana in 1886. The poems
of Placido have been translated into French by
Auguste Fontanes, and published in one volume
(Paris, 1866). Many of tnem have been translated
into English, German, Italian, and Portuguese. The
best is his prayer, composed on the eve of death,
and recited by him on his way to the place of exe-
cution. This was translated into English by Mary
Weston Chapman. Valdes is one of the most popu-
lar and be-t known of the Spanish-American poets.
VALDfiS, Oerdnimo (val-days), Spanish sol-
dier, b. in Villarin, Asturias, in 1784; d. in Mad-
rid in 1857. He was finishing his law studies in
the University of Oviedo in 1808, when Napoleon
forced Charles IV. and Ferdinand VII. to abdicate.
Valdes took an active part with his fellow-students
in the rising of the principality, being appointed
by the provincial junta to organize the Asturian
militia. With that body he took part in the whole
peninsular, campaign against the French, till the
retreat of Marshal Soult across the Pyrenees in
1813, obtaining the rank of colonel for his valor in
the battle of Albuera, 16 May. 1811. When, after
the battle of Waterloo, he saw no prospect of
quick promotion in Europe, he solicited transfer
to the Peruvian army, and on 8 May, 1816, sailed
from Cadiz in the expedition of Gen. Jose de La
Serna as adjutant on the general staff. When
Sema assumed the command-in-chief of the arniy
of upf)er Peru, Valdes was ordered to organize the
general staff, and took part in the campaign of
Salta and the retreat of Jujui. He defended the
coast of Arica in 1822 with 3,000 men, and defeat-
ed Gen. Alvarado, who had been sent to(t{)nose his
progress at Torata, 20 Jan., 1823, and at Moque-
gua on 21 Jan., for which actions he was pro-
moted brigadier. In the following June he
marched from Lima with great rapidity, arriving
at La Paz in fifty-seven days, and engaged Gen.
Santa Cruz at Zepita on 25 Aug.: and, although
driven back, be restrained the enemy and was able
VALDfiS
VALDIVIA
223
tn effect his junotion with Serna. In Febniary.
1824, he was oetafht'<l npiinst Gen, Olanota when
the latter pronounced aj^uinst the viceroy, and was
oocupi«Hl in putting down this movement, when,
after the hattle of .lunin, 6 Aug.. 1824, he received
onlers from Serna to join the main army in Cuzco.
He assisted with his division in the battle of Aya-
cucho. 9 Dec. 1824, and, executing an able counter-
march, fell on the left wing of the patriots under
Gen. Ija Mar. which was already wavering when
he was mutwl bv the rei>ublican cavalry under
Gen. William Miller. After the capitulation of
the viceroy, Valdes was transported with the rest
of the arniy to F)urope, promoted by the king ma-
jor-general, and created Viscount of Torata. At
the death of Ferdmand VII. in 18*3 he was gov-
ernor of Carthagena, and, after proclaiming Isa-
bella II.. he marched to the north as commander-
in-chief, Uiking part in the whole campaign against
the Carlists. lie was senator for Valencia and
captain-general of several provinces with the rank
of lieutenant-general until 1840, when he was a{>-
pointetl governor-general of Cuba. During his
administration he improved the fortifications of
Havana, constructed the military hospital, and
subdued a dangerous rising of the negro slaves.
He was recalled by the provisiomil government in
1843. and returned to Europe, where he was made
by the young queen Count of Villarin.
VALDfiS, Jo84 Mannel, Peruvian physician,
b. in Lima alx)ut 1780: d. there in 1840. He was
of negro parentage, and studied in the convent of
San lldefonso under the protection of an Augus-
tinian friar, but chose the medical profession, as
the church, the army, and the civil service were
closed to him by the prejudices of the time. In
1807 he was graduated in medicine in the Uni-
versity of San Marcos, where he read one of his
three dissertations that were afterward printed in
Madrid. Besides practising his profession, he also
wrote poetry, most of which is mystic or religious.
He published " Disertacion sobre el Cancro Uteri-
no" (Madrid. 1815); " I)isertaci6n sobre la Menin-
fitis de los Nifios" (1815) ; " Disertaci6n sobre la
)isenteria" (1815); " Poesias sagradas" (Lima,
1819); "La F6 de Cristo triunfante en Lima"
(1822); " Poesias espirituales, escritas & beneflcio v
para el use de las personas scncillas y piadosas '
(1833): and "Sallerio Peruano, 6 Pardfrasis de los
ciento cin^uenta Salmos de David" (1830).
VALDES Y SIERRA, <ier6niiiio, Cuban R.
C. bishop, b. in Gijon, Spain, in 1640; d. in Ha-
vana in 1729. After nnishing his theological
studies and receiving sacre*! orders, he was a pro-
fessor in the University of Alcala until 1706, when
he was appointed bishop of Cuba. He founde<l in
Havana in 1710 the San Isidro hospital, and in
1711 an asylum for foundlings, and causetl to be
con8tructe<l the monastery of Santa Teresa. In
1722 he established in .Santiago de Cuba a college
and seminary which was at first devoted only to
theological students, but afterward it was opened
also to lav instruction. He also founded several
churches in other cities an<l spent a great deal of
his income in public charities,
YALDfiVIEIRA. Miguel (val-day-ve-ay -e-
nih), Portuguese soldier, b. in Portugal about
1480; d. in SiVi Vicente, Brazil, in 1540. He w«is
a soldier in Cabral's expedition to Brazil in 15(K),
and for mutinous conduct was abandoned with
one companion near the present site of Porto Se-
guio. They were a<loi)ted by the Tupi Indians,
and afterward rendered great services to explorers.
Valdevieira, who hatl reformed, entered the Fran-
ciscan onler, and assistiKl in the foundation of
Sffo Vicente, where he died. He left a valuable
manus<Tipt, " Viagem da provlncia da Vera Cruz,"
in which he rei-ounts his adventures with the In-
dians during his exile in the territ<»rvof Vera Cruz,
as Cabral name<l the country at its discoverv.
VALDIVIA, LnlH de (val-de-ve-ah), J^panish
missionary, b. in Grenada, Spain, in 1501 ; d. in
Valladolid. Spain. 5 Nov., 1642. He became a
Jesuit in 1581, and, after finishing his studies, was
sent by his superiors to Peru. He was successive-
ly master of novices and professor of theology, and
lalK)red for many years among the Indians of Chili
and Peru. He attained a p<'rfect mastery over the
Indian dialects of those countries, and his works
are of philological value. He returne<l to Spain
in 1021. He wrote "Arte y gramdtica do la
lengiia que corre en todo el revno de Chile con un
vocabulario y confesionario " (Lima. 1(J00): "Cate-
cismo en lengua Alentina" (1602): "Arte, gra-
matica, vocabulario, &c.. en lengua (I^hilena y en las
dos lenguas Alentiac y Milcocovae. que son las mas
generales de la nrovincia de t'uyo en el reyno de
Chile, y que hablan los Indios Guarpes y otroe"
(1008) ; " Relacion de la entrada del president* D.
Alonso de Ribera desde Araueo & concluir paces
con los Chilenos " (1608) ; " Relaci(^n de su entrada
en el reyno de Chile para apaciguar aquellos rebel-
des" (1012); and various other theological, histori-
cal, and linguistic works.
VALDIVIA, Pedro de, Spanish soldier, b. in
Serena, Estrema<lura. about 1490; d. in Tucapel,
Chili. 1 Jan., 1554. He served in the wars of Italy
and Flanders, went with Georg von Spire to
Venezuela, and afterward served under Pizarro in
Peru, taking an active part in the campaign against
the elder Almagro in 1537, in which he was ap-
pointed mariscal. As such he participated in the
oattle of Salinas, 6 April, 1538, and was rewarde<l
by Pizarro with permission to conquer Chili. While
he was preparing an expedition, Pe<lro Sanchez de
Hoz arrived from Spain with a royal grant of the
same country. To avoid difficulties. Pizarro atl-
vised the two competitors to join their interest*,
and on 28 Dec., 1539, a contract of partnership
was signed. Valdivia soon gathered a considerable
number of adventurers, and purchased arms, be-
ginning the march to the south in January, 1540.
On the edge of the desert of Atacama he met, in
August, Sanchez de Hoz, who had been able to
gather only horses, without finding followers; so,
despairing of his success, he sold tne animals and
his share in the enterprise to Valdivia. The latter
resolved to avoid the road over the Andes, which
had proved fatal to Almagro's army, and set out
i-esolutely through the desert. After a march of
five months, and suffering great privations, they
arrived in a beautiful valley. calle<i bv the natives
MH[)ocho, and there Valdivia foundetl, on 12 Feb.,
1541, the city ot Santiago. He had himself ap-
pointed governor of the territory by the council of
the new city, when the news of the a.ssassination of
Pizarro arrived. At the mouth of the river Acon-
cagua he constructed a ship to send to Peru for
further supplies, but he was obliged to return in
haste to Santiago to subdue a mutiny. Afterward
he marched against the Indians, who had l>egun to
resist the invaders, and defeated them at Cacha-
poal, returning in time to relieve the capital, which
was hard pressed by the cacique Michimalonco.
The resistance of the Indians became daily stronger,
and as the vessel that he had c«instructe«l in Acon-
cagua had been destroywl by the natives, Valdivia
sent, in 1542, Alonso de Mohroy, with five follow-
ers, overland to Peru for n»-enfon-ements, but. on
account of the disturbance in that country in con-
224
VALDIVIESO
VALDIVIESO Y ZANARTU
sequence of the defeat of the younger Almagro bv
Vaca de Castro, Monroy could not obtain much
aid, and returned in September, 1543, with only-
seventy horsemen, sending aisio a vessel with pro-
visions and ammunition to tlie port of Aconcagua.
During the following years Valdivia made good
progress in the occupation of the country, founded
in the valley of Coquimbo a town, which he called
Serena, and subdued the country to the south of
the river Maule. To obtain further resources, he
sent to Peru, and in 1547 received some aid, with
the alarming news of Gonzalo Pizarro's rebellion,
and the viceroy Nufiez de Vela's defeat and death.
The envoy also brought a letter from Pizarro, to
whose brother Valdivia owed his post, soliciting
the latter's assistance ; but, knowing that a royal
commissioner, De la Gasca, had arrived in Peru,
and judging that Pizarro's cause was lost, Valdivia
resolved to offer his services to the royal army, and,
leaving Francisco de Villagra in charge of the
fovernment, he sailed on 10 Dec, 1547, for Peru,
le was well received by President la Gasca, and,
given a place in the royal army, as by his long ex-
perience he alone was thought able to oppose the
military talent of Carvajal. Owing to nim, the
battle of Saesahuana was easily won, 9 April, 1548,
and, notwithstanding his obligations to the family
of Pizarro, he voted in the council of war for Gon-
zalo's execution. He was rewarded for his services
with the royal confirmation of his title as governor,
and, with re-enforcements returned to Chili early
in 1549. The colony was in a precarious state, the
Araucanians having become very troublesome,
and after despatching a force under Francisco de
Aguirre across the Andes to make conquests, he
marched against the Indians and defeated them,
founding. 5 March, 1550, in the Bay of Talcahuano
the city of Concepcion, and afterward, south of
Biobio river, the towns of Imperial, Valdivia, Vil-
larica. Angol, and others. Valdivia despatched in
1552 Capt. Geronimo de Alderete with a narrative
of his exploits to the emperor Charles V. By the ad-
vice of the cacique Colocolo, the Araucanians united
their efforts, and, choosing as general-in-chief the
fatnous warrior Caupolican, they fell on the Span-
ish forces in the south, destroying the fortress of
Tucapel, 2 Dec, 1553. Valdivia was at Concepcion
when he received notice of this success, and, be-
lieving that he couM easily subdue the rising, he
hurried southward with only fifty mounted men.
Near the ruins of the fortress he gathered the
remnant of the garrison, and was suddenly at-
tacked by the Indians, 1 Jan., 1554, and, notwith-
standing his valorous defence, was overwhelmed
by the successive charges that the natives made,
according to the advice of Lautaro. He was cap-
tured, and, although Lautaro, who formerly had
been his page, tried to defend him, was tortured
and finally killed. Valdivia was a man of educa-
tion, and wielded the pen as well as the sword. His
letters, written to the emperor and preserved in the
archives of the Indies, are models of a vigorous and
fluent style, and of great historical interest.
VALDIVIESO, Antonio de (val-de-ve-ay-so).
Central American R. C. bishop, b. in Spain ; d. in
N icaragua about 1535. He was a Dominican, passed
some years as a missionary in Santo Domingo, and
was then sent to Mexico, being assigned the prov-
ince of Nicaragua as the scene of his missionary
labors. The natives of this country were much less
savage than those in other parts of America, and
after he became acquainted with their language he
was wonderfully successful. His progress, how-
ever, was arrested by an event that spread terror
throughout the country. Two young officers, named
Contreras. had revolted because a royal decree had
forbidden them to hold Indian " encomiendas," and
in a short time made themselves masters of the
colony. They regarded the Indians as slaves, and
treated them wiUi frightful cruelty. Valdivieso,
after remonstrating with them in vain, went to
Spain to lay the matter before Charles V., who
Eromised to put a stop to the outrage, and selected
im for the bishopric of Nicaragua. He was con-
secrated in 1532, and sailed some days afterward.
The Contreras received him with honor, and con-
ducted him with pomp to the cathedral. For some
time he lived in peace; but Charles V. was too
busy with his wars in Europe to remember his
promises to the bishop, who found himself alone
\n the struggle with the two tyrants. At first he
employed aU the means suggested by prudence,
humble prayers, pathetic exhortations, and public
and private remonstrances, and at last he threat-
ened excommunication, and then the Contreras de-
termined to get rid of him. He knew they in-
tended to murder him ; but, seeing that reproofs
and entreaties were useless, he went to the cathe-
dral on Sunday, fulminated a bull of excommuni-
cation against the tyrants and their adherents, and
declared them separated from the assembly of the
faithful. This energetic measure did not produce
the expected effect. The Contreras, accompanied
by some soldiers, went to the bishop's house. He
was conversing quietly with a few monks of his
order, when one of the brothers rushed on him and
plunged his sword twice into his breast up to the
hilt. His last few moments were passed in pray-
ing for his murderers.
VALDIVIESO Y ZA^ARTU, Rafael Valen-
tin (val-de-ve-ay'-so), Chilian archliishop, b. in
Santiago, 2 Nov., 1804; d. there in 1878. He
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1825, and
appointed attorney of orphans, and in 1829 cor-
poration counsel for Santiago. In 1831 he was
elected deputy to congress, and served on a com-
mission to arrange rules of municipal govern-
ment under the constitution of 1828. He also
led the opposition against a project to increase
the salary of the president of the republic, and
obtained its rejection. He was elected in 1832 a
member of the court of appeals before he had at- '
tained the required age. In June, 1834, he entered
the church, and after ordination was appointed
chaplain of the Invalid home. In 1837 he went
as a missionary to the natives of the Chiloe archi-
Eelago, and later accompanied Bishop Vicuila on
is episcopal visit to the northern provinces as his
secretary. He attained note as a pulpit orator,
and was 6ne of the founders of the papers " La
Revista Catolica " and " El Boletin Eclesiastico."
In 1838 he was offered the bishoprics of Ancud
and Serena, both of which he declined. When the
University of Chili was founded in 1842, Valdivieso
was appointed member of the faculty of theology,
and afterward he was elected dean. On the resig-
nation of Archbishop Eyzaguirre in 1852, pub-
lic opinion designated Valdivieso as his successor,
and the government presented him to the holy see,
where his election was confirmed, and in July, 1848,
he was consecrated. During his administration he
introduced many reforms, founded several religious
houses for orphans and the care of patients in the
hospitals, and societies to protect young women
and for the education of young ladies. lie greatly
favored the conciliary seminary, and founded the
Academia de Ciencias Sagradas. In 1870 he went
to Rome to assist at the ecumenical council, where,
on account of his juridical knowledge, he was
elected to all the special committees. He was one
VALDUREZO
VALENTINE
225
of the most learned churchmen of South America,
and, although he is thoroughly identified with the
ultruinoritunu imrty, his memory is venerated even
by his political ()i)|>oiu>nts in Chili.
VALDUREZO, Ignacio de (vnl-do<^ray'-tho),
Spanish missionary, b. in Catalonia in the first half
of the KUh century; d. in Peru toward the end of
that century. He labored for about thirty-five
years in the missions of the province of Cocha-
bamba, and learned to decipher the Quipos — neck-
laces of various colors intermingled witn knots of
different sizes — which were formerly used by the
Peruvians to record historical events. His manu-
script was unfortunately lost, and all that remains
is recorded in a letter fnim Valdurezo to a canon
of Charcas, Bartolome Cervantes. The manuscripts
of the latter fell afterward into the hands of An-
ello Oliva, who utilized them in his " Historia del
Reyno de Peru." Ferdinand Denis, in his " Etudes
sur les Quipos" (Paris, 1858), commends Friar
Valdurezo for his discovery.
VALE, (jilbert, author, b. in London, England,
in 1788; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 17 Aug.. 1866. He
was e«lucated in his native city and was intended
for the church, but he abandoned preparation for
that profession, came to the United States in 1829,
and en^ged in teaching, making a sjx^cialty of
navigation, and in lecturing, publishing, and liter-
ary pursuits in New York city and Brooklyn. For
several years he edited the " Citizen of the World "
and subsequently the " Beacon," a literary and sci-
entific journal. He also occupied himself with in-
vention, and patented a combined terrestrial globe
and celestial sphere to facilitate the teaching of
astronomy. Mr. Vale was a free-thinker, and his
writings are for the most part arguments for his
peculiar tenets. He published " Fanaticism, its
Source and Influence " (New York, 1835), and the
'* Life of Thomas Paine," including his letters to
G«n. Washington, which are suppressed in other
biographies of Paine (1841). — His daughter Eu-
phemia Vale Blake, author, b. in Rye, Sussex,
England, 7 May, 1824, c^me to this country at an
early age, was educated privately, and since 1843
has been occupied in literary pursuits and in in-
ventions. She married Daniel S. Blake in 1863.
She has published "Teeth, Ether, and Chloro-
form" (Boston, 1847); " History of Newburyport,
Mass." (1854) ; and " Arctic Experiences," a history
of the "Polaris" expedition, with a summary of
all preceding expeditions (New York. 1874).
VALENCIA, Martin de (va-len'-theah), Spanish
missionary, b. in Valencia de Don Juan, kingdom of
Leon, about 1466 ; d. in Ayotzingo, Mexico, 31 Aug.,
1533. He became a Franciscan friar at Mayorga,
and was earlv distinguished for his knowledge and
austerity. He was charged in 1514 with the refor-
mation of the convent of Santa Maria de Bonocal,
and established the new province of St. Gabriel,
of which he was appointed provincial in 1516.
When Heman Cortes in 1523 asked for Francis-
can missionaries, the pope named Valencia to the
emperor as the most fit to establish successful ™is"
sions in the New World. He went to New Spain in
1524 with twelve friars, founded there the prov-
ince of Santo Evangelio, learned the- Indian dia-
lects, and after 1526 preached to the natives in
their language with success. He successively
founded convents at Mexico. Tezcoco, Vera Cruz,
Tlalmanalco, and other places, and justly deserves
the name of " first apostle of Mexico." He died
from exhaustion during a journey from Tehuan-
tepec to Mexico. Father \ alencia's letters to the
councils of the Indies are published in "Cartas de
Indias " (Madrid, 18?2), anu his life was written by
VOL. VI. — 16
Frav Francisco Ximenez under the title " V^ida
de b"'ray Martin de Vah-ncia" (Seville, 15:i5). His
manuscript works include " Cartas al Papa Adri-
ano VI." and "Cartas al Em|>t^rador Carlos V.,"
which, besides other historical documents that are
preserved in the archives of Simancas, are often
consulted by writers on early Mexican history.
His published works include " Carta al general del
Orden de San Francisco, Fray Matias Weisen, din-
dole razon de los buenos sucesos de la conquista
espiritual de Mexico" (Seville, 1554), also in Italian
and Latin translations, and " Actas de la primera
junta apostolica celebrada en Mexico en 1524"
(Mexico, 176y).
VALENTIN, Louis (val-on-tang), French phy-
sician, b. in Soulanges, France, 14 Oct., 1758; d.
in Nancy, France, 11 F'eb., 1829. He was gradu-
ated in medicine by the faculty of Nancy in 1787.
and in 1790 went to Santo Domingo as surgeon of
a regiment. He gave particular attention to the
diseases that were most prevalent in this colony
and the means employed to combat them. When
Cape Fran<;ais was burned in 1793, he lost all his
property, his library, manuscripts, and a rich cabi-
net of anatomy which he had just completed, and
escaped with great difficulty to the United States,
where he met his wife, whom he had believed to
be murdered. The French consul placed him in
charge of the hospitals in Virginia for the recep-
tion of French sailors, and he remained in the
United States until 1799, when he returned to
France and settled at Nancv. He was a volumi-
nous writer on medical subjects. Among his
works are " Memoire sur I'incompatibilite des dif-
ferents virus dans reconomie aniinale et sur leur
innocuite par rapport au danger de la petite ve-
role" (Cape Fran^ais, 1792); "Memoire sur le
traitement et I'extirpation des tumeurs du cou,
etc." (Boston, 1792); "Coup d'oeil sur la culture
de quelques v^getaux exotiques . . . et sur quelques
decouvertes faites dans les fitats-Unis d'Amerique "
(Marseilles. 1808); "Coup d'oeil sur les differents
modes de traiter le tetanos en Amerique" (Paris,
1811); and "Notice sur I'opossum et sur quelques
animaux k bourses" (Marseilles, 1811).
VALENTINE, David Thomas, historian, b. in
East Chester, Westchester co.. N. Y., 15 Sept.,
1801; d. in New York city, 25 Feb., 1869. He
was educated at White Plains academy, went to
New York at the age of sixteen, was employed by
a grocer for six years, and then received the ap-
E ointment of clerk to the marine court. In 1831
e became deputy clerk to the common council,
and six years later succeeded to that office, to
which he was re-elected under each stjcceeding
administration till his death. In 1842, in pursu-
ance of a resolutif»n of the state legislature, he
l)egan the publication of a "Manual of the Cor-
poration and Common Council of New York," and
lor twenty-five years he issued a volume annually,
each containing historical and antiquarian matt(>rs
relating to the citv, as well as pictures and views
illustrative of its historv. He was also the author
of a " History of New Vork," treating of the prog-
ress of the metropolis from its early beginnings
(2 vols.. Now York, lS53-'6).
VALENTINE, Edward VIrginiiis, sculptor, b.
in Richmond, Va., 12 Nov., 18^J8. He was educated
in Richmond, and when a mere boy studied an-
atomy at the medical college of that city. His
first tlesire for art awse frtim a visit to the New
York exhibition in 1851. After receiving such in-
struction in drawing and motlelling as could be ob-
tained in Richmond, he went to Europe in 1859
to study. V\K>n his return he opened a studio
226
VALENTINE
VALERIANOS
in Richmond, and exhibited a statuette of Robert
E. Lee. He made several ideal heads, among
them "The Samaritan Woman" and "Penitent
Tliief," which were admired for their facial ex-
pression, and several portrait busts of southern
leaders, including Gen. Pierre G. T. Beauregard,
Gen. James E. B. Stuart, " Stonewall " Jackson,
Com. Matthew F. Maury, and Gen. Albert Sidney
Johnston, a colossal head of Humboldt, a head of
Beethoven, a portrait bust of J^dwin Booth, and
" Grief," a marble female figure. He was finally
given the commission to execute the marble figure
of Gen. Robert E. Lee (see illustration), in the
mausoleum attached to the chapel of Washing-
ton and Lee university at Lexington, Va, This is
among the finest pieces of sculpture of the kind in
the United States. Another of his works is a
group representing Andromache and Astyanax.
VALENTINE, Milton (val-en-tine), theologian,
b. near Uniontown, Carroll co., Md., 1 Jan., 1825.
He was graduated at Pennsylvania college, Gettys-
burg, in 1850, and at the theological seminary there
in 1852, and was ordained to the Lutheran minis-
try by the synml of Maryland in 1853. During his
theological course he was tutor in Pennsylvania
college in 1850-'3, and supplied the Lutheran con-
gregation at Winchester, \a., in 1852. He was a
missionary at Alleghany, Pa., in 1853-'4, pastor at
Greensburg. Pa., in 1854-'5, principal of Emaus
institute, Middletown, Pa., in 1855-'9, pastor of St.
Matthew's congregation, Reading, Pa., in 1859-'65,
professor of ecclesiastical history and church poli-
ty in the theological seminary at Gettysburg in
1866-'8, and president of Pennsylvania college in
. 1868-'84, and he has been professor of systematic
theology and chairman of the faculty at Gettys-
burg theological seminary since 1884. -He received
the degree of D. D. in 1866 from Pennsvlvania col-
lege, and that of IjL. D. in 1886 from \V^ittenberg
college, Springfield, Ohio. He is a frequent con-
tributor to the periodicals of his church, especially
theological reviews, and he was joint editor of the
" Lutheran Quarterly Review," Gettysburg, Pa., in
1871-5 and 1880-'6. Many of his review articles
have been published sepamtely, and have had a
wide circulation. Besides these and numerous
baccalaureate sermons, he has issued " Natural The-
ology and Rational Theism " (Chicago, 1885).
VALENZIIELA, Crisanto (vah-lain-thoo-ay-
lah), Colombian patriot, b. in Gambita, Santander,
in 1777; d. in Bogota, 6 July, 1816. He studied
in the College of San Bartolome, where he was
graduated as LL. D. in 1795, and became professor
of philosophy. In 1803 he was admitted to the
bar of the royal audience, and in the following
vear obtained the title of attorney of that cotirt.
\Vhen independence was proclaimed, Valenzuela
rendered important services to the patriot cause,
and occupied many posts under the republican
government, among which were those of deputy
and secretary of congress, secretary of the senate,
and seoretary of foreign relations. He was the
author of the famous manifesto of the Junta de
Santa ¥6, entitled " Motivos que han obligado al
Nuevo Reino de Granada, & reasumir su Sobera-
nia." Valenzuela was captured at the entry of
Morillo into Bogota, 26 May, and was shot, Morillo
declaring in an official despatch that all graduates
of colleges in South America, and especially law-
yers, ought to l)e exterminate<l.
VALENZUELA, Pedro Fernandez, Spanish
adventurer, b. in Cordova, Spain ; d. in Spain. He
lived in the 16lh centuiy. lie came with Gonzalo
Jimenez de Quesada to New Grenada, and was com-
missionetl by the latter in 1538 to search for a suita-
ble site on the prairie of Bogota on which to build a
city. After exploring the country he found a place
at the foot of the hills that was afterward called
Monserrate and Guadalupe, on a gentle declivity
to which the name Teusac|uillo was given by the
Indians. Quesada was satisfied and founded there
the city of Santa Fe de Bogota. He was the first
to discover the emerald mines of Somondoco(1537),
which were worked by the Indians with wooden
shovels. Afterward he contributed largely to the
conquest of the Chipataes Indians, whom he treated
with ci-uelty. At the end of several years he re-
turned to Spain, filled with remorse for the cruel
deeds he had perpetrated against the natives. He
studied for the priesthood, was ordained, and spent
the remainder of his life in solitude.
VALERIANO, Antonio (vah-lay-re-ah'-no),
Mexican scholar, b. in Azcapotzalco about 1525 ;
d. in the city of Mexico in 1605. He was a son of
one of the caciques of Azcapotzalco, who had in-
termarried with the family of Montezuma, and
died in Cortes's expedition to Hibueras. The boy
showed such a desire for learning that he was
one of the first Indian youths that the viceroy
Antonio de Mendoza placed in the imperial col-
lege of Santa Cruz de Tlaltelolco, which he
founded. Valeriano superseded his Franciscan
teachers as professor of Latin and rhetoric, and
also taught classes in Aztec and antiquarian sci-
ence, in which Juan Bautista and lorquemada
became his pupils. On account of his influence
among the natives and his honesty, he was ap-
pointed, by the viceroy Martin Enriquez de Al-
manza, in 1570, governor of the Indians of Mexico, .
which place he held till his death. He wrote many
Latin letters, of which there was a volume at the
beginning of the 19th century in the Jesuit library
of Tepozotlan, a " Caton Cristiano " in Aztec, and
the famous " Nican mopehua, motecpana in quenin
yancuican huei Tlamahuizoltica, omonexiti in cen-
quizca itechiposhtli Santa Maria, Dios Inantzin,
tozihuapjU Tlatocatzin in onca Tepeyac motene-
hua." The last is an Aztec relation of how the
image of the Virgin appeared, painted in flowers,
on the mountain of Tepeyac. Accordinp^ to Carlos
de SigOenza, the manuscript in Valenano's own
writing existed in the collection of Fernando
Ixtlilxochitl. Some authorities think that Valeri-
ano merely translated the narrative from the Span-
ish text of an unknown author.
VALERIANOS, Apostolos, known as Juan
DE FucA, Greek navigator, b. in Cephalonia in
1531 ; d. in Zante in 1602. For thirty years he
serveid as a sailor and pilot in the Spanish posses-
sions of America. In 1590 he sailed as pilot with
a commander that had been sent by thtf viceroy of
Mexico with three ships to discover the fabulous
Strait of Anian, but on the coast of California the
crew mutinied, and the officers were forced to re-
turn to Acapulco. In 1592 Fuca was sent again on
the same errand by the viceroy Luis de Velasco,
with one caravel and an armed, sloop. In latitude
48° north he found a wide inlet, through which he
VALINlfcUK
VALLANDIGHAM
227
Railcfl fi>r twenty <lHy», an<l (lis<'ovpn'<l many isl-
ands. To tho northwest of the entry to the straits
he disooverwl a promontory' former! by hi^h pyra-
mitliral nickH, and. on lamlinf?, found natives cla<l
in furs. Through the northern mouth of tho straits,
nearly 100 miles wide, he entered tho Pacific ocean
apiin. and, jud;;inp that his commission hiwl Imm'u
fulfille<l, he retununl to Acapuh'o. Ilaviuf; vainly
waited for s*'veral years for t he just reconi|K'nse of his
st»rvices,heleft f ho Spanish colonial si-rvice. and after
his rcturn.alKnit 1500, he si)oke «)f his discovery,
in Venice, to an Enjjlish «)nicer, John Douglass, who
afterward pavo Fuca's diary. " Helacion del viaie
de Juan de Kuoa y descubrinuento del estrecho de
Anian," to Michael Ix)cke, formerly Enjjlish con-
sul in Aleppo, by whom it was published (Lon<lon,
HK>4). This account of his voyape was mingled
with such romantic and improlxiblo tales that it
was generally dislwlieved and taken for a skilful
im|K>sition, until the trading vessels that frequent
this wiast in the fur-tra«le re<liscovered the inlet
and |)roved the general correctness of Fuca's de-
scription. His name was given to the strait which
connects the Pacific with the Gulf of Georgia. An
account of Fuca's exploration is also given in the 3d
volume of Purchas's " Pilgrimes." Duflot de Mo-
fras, in his " Kxplorations de I'Oregon ct des Cali-
fornies" (Paris, 1844). and Navarrete in his "His-
toria de la Nautica," also mention Fuca's discovery.
VALIXIERE. Pierre Hiiet de la (vah-leen-
yare), CiiUHdian clergyman, b. in Brittany in 1732 ;
d. in Canada in 1806. He entered the Sulpitian
order and went to (Quebec, where he was ordained
priest in 1757. After the English conquest he
excited the hostility of the government, and was
sent as a prisoner to England, where he remained
eighteen months. He then returned to France,
but was received coldly, and went again to Canada.
He was advised to leave the country by his supe-
riors, who feared complications witli the govern-
ment. He then travelled on foot to New York,
and became jwistor of the French and French
Canadians in that city. Shortly afterward he
spent several ye^rs in travelling throutrh Louisi-
ana and part of Spanish America. In 1790 he
8ettle<l among the Canadians at Snlit Rock Bay,
where he built a church and resiaence. His ec-
centricities excited so much hostility among his
flock that, in order to force him to go away, they
burnwl his house and church. He publisne<l ap
account of his travels in verse, entitle<l " Vraie
histoire. ou simple prikiis des infortunes, p<mr
ne |»as dire perstVutions qu'a souflfert et souffre
encore le Hev. P. H. de la V." (AU«ny, 1792).
VALLA DOLII). Bernard i no de (val-vah-do-
leed), Mexican linguist, b. in Valhulolid, Vucatan,
in 1617; d. in ^h'rida in 1052. He entered the
Franciscan order and became noted for his elo-
auence and knowledge of the Maya language, so
tnat his earlv death by a fall from the stairs of the
College of Merida was generally dejilored. His
works are " Dioscorides en Lengua (le Yucatan "
(Mexico, 1047) and " Condusiones Teol<'>gicas en
Idioma Mavo" (H«0).
YALLAN 1)10 HAM. Clement Uird (vallan-
de-garn), politician, b. in New Lislwn, Columbiana
CO., Ohio, 29 July, 1820; d. in l^banon. Warren
CO.. Ohio, 17 J«ni>, 1871. He received an academi-
cal education, and from 1K}8 till 1K40 taught at
Snow Hill, Md. In 1840 he returned to Ohio, and
in 1842 was admitted to the bar. In 1845- '6 he
was a meml)cr of the Ohio legislature, and from
1847 till 1849 edite<l the Dayton " Empire." He
belonged to the extreme state-rights wing of the
Democratic party. lie was a member of the Na-
tional Demo«'r8tic convention in 1856. In 1857 he
was a candidate for congress against I^*wis D.
Camplx'll, and, though di<clared «lefeated, contested
the scat and won it. si*rving fn>m 25 May, 1858, till
3 March, 1863. During the 37th congress he be-
came conspicuous for nis bold utterances against
theat^tsof the administration in thec«mductof the
war. and on 5 Dec.. 1802. olTeriHl a series of reso-
lutions in which he declared "that, as the war wa»
originally wnge<l for the purpow; of defending ami
maintaining tlie supremiu>y of the constitution an<l
the prest^rvation of the Union, . . . whosoever
should attempt to |)ervert the same to a war of
subjugation, and for overthrowing or interfering
with the rights of the states, ajid to al)oIish slavery,
would Ix' guilty of a crime against the constitution
and the I nion." These resolutions were laid on
the table by a vote of 79 to 50. On 14 Jan. follow-
ing, Mr. Vallandigham spoke to the resolutions of
Mr. Wright, of Pennsylvania, defined his position
on the war question, and said : " A war for Union !
Was the Union thus made? Was it ever thus pre-
served t History will record that after nearly six
thousand years of folly and wickedness in every
form and administration of government, theocratic,
demtjcratic, monarchic, oligarchic, (K's|)f»tic. and
mixed, it was reservetl to Anjerican statesmanship
in the 19th century of the Christian era to try the
grand ex{)eriment, on a scale the most costly and
gigantic in its proportions, of creating love by
force, and developing fraternal aflFection by war;
and history will record, too, on the same ])age, the
utter, disastrous, and most bloody failure of the
experiment." After his term in congress expired,
Mr. Vallandigham returnetl to Ohio and made nu-
merous speeches, in which he attacked the admin-
istration with great violence and bitterness. Gen.
Ambrose E. Buniside, then commander of the De-
partment of the Ohio, regarded these demonstra-
tions of Mr. Vallandigham and his friends as in-
tended to aflfonl aid and comfort to the enemy;
and, as the city of Cincinnati, as well as southern
Ohio and the adjacent states, was in some jx-ril
from the raids of the Confetlenites. he <leeme<l il
his duty to suppress these demonstrations, and ac-
cordingly issue<l an order declaring that persons
within the lines
that were found
committing cer-
tain specified acts
for tho benefit of
the enemy should
be tried as spies
and traitors, and
also said that the
habit of express-
ing synifiatny for
tho enemy would
no longer be toler-
ate<l in the depart-
ment. Mr. Vallan-
digham replied to
this ortler on 1
May in a defiant
speech,* and Gen.
Buniside orderetl
his arrest. He was taken to Cincinnati, and,
though he issued an appeal to his a<lher«>iits. was
trie<l by court-martial. convict«>«l. and M'ntence<l to
close confinement during the war. Presi«lent Lin-
coln changtnl the sentence to a Itanishmeiit across
the lines. This affair <xx'asione<l much discussion
both in public assemblies and in the press. With-
out exception, the Democratic journals denounced
the whole transaction. The organs of the adrain-
C<^^?t^^»^»-i,<j^«^f,AJt**«^
228
VALLE
VAN ARSDALE
iiitration took different views, some maintaining
that the necessities of the case justified the meas-
ure, while others deprecated the action of Gen.
Burnside and the military commission. Not liking
his reception by the leaders of the Confederacy — to
whom he had given the assurance that they would
succeed if their armies could only hold out till an-
other election, when the Deniixrats would sweep
the Republican a<lministration out of power, and
make peace — Mr. Vallandigham made nis way to
Bermuda, and thence to Canada, where he re-
mained for some time. While thus in exile, he was
nominated for governor by the Democratic party
in Ohio, but was ilefeated, his rival, John Brough,
having a majority of more than 100,000. The gov-
ernment made no objection to Mr. Vallandigham's
return to Ohio, and he wjis a member of the Demo-
cratic national convention at Chicago in 1864, and
brought al)out the nomination of George B. McClel-
ian and George II. Pendleton. He was also a dele-
fate to the National Democratic convention in 1868.
lis death was caused by the accidental discharge
of a pistol in his own hand, in the court-room, with
whicn he was illustrating his theory of the manner
in which a homicide had taken place.
VALLE, Leundro del (val-yav). Mexican sol-
dier, b. in the city of Mexico, 27 Feb., 1833 ; d. in
Monte de his Cruces, 23 June, 1801. He was a son
of one of the soldiers of the war of independence,
entered the military college at the age of eleven
years, and in 1847 was promoted sub-lieutenant
by Gomez Farias for bravery in subduing the
mutiny of La Profesa. He served in the war
against the United States, entered college again
in 1850 to finish his studies, and in 1853 was
appointed lieutenant of engineers. He was pro-
moted captain by Santa-Anna, but resigned in con-
sequence of the arrest of his father, and took part in
the revolution of Ayutla in 1854. His conduct in
the siege of Puebla, in 1856, was rewarded by Com-
onfort with permission to travel in Europe ; but
the scanty resources that were provided only en-
abled him to visit the military colleges of France
and Prussia, without completing his technical
studies, and he returned in 1857. In 1858 he took
arms against the reactionary governments of Zulo-
aga and Miramon, served with credit in the cap-
ture of Guadalajara, and in May, 1859, was pro-
moted brigadier. He served during the whole
campaign till the final battle of Calpulalpam, 24
Dec, 1860, and after the Liberal triumph was elected
to congress, resigning the place as military gover-
nor of the Federal district. When the reactionary
revolution under Leonardo Marquez and other
guerilla chiefs began, Valle, notwithstanding his
recent betrothal, left his seat in congress to avenge
the assassination of Santos Degollado, and took
the field as chief of operations in the valley of
Mexico. In trying to surprise the guerilla force
of Galvez, he was himself surprised by superior
numbers under the sanguinary Marquez, and by
the latter was ordered to be shot.
VALVERDE, Vicente (vahl-vair'-day), Spanish
R. C. bishop, b. in Segovia about 1490 ; d. in Oro-
pesa, Peru, in 1543. He was a Dominican friar,
and went to Peru about 1530, although it is not
certain whether he accompanied Francisco Pizarro
from Spain or arrived at San Miguel de Piura in
1531 with re-enforcements from Panama. Ac-
companying the army on its march to the south,
he was sent by Pizarro, after the occupation of
Cajamarca, to receive the advancing inca, Ata-
huallpa, whom he saluted by means of an interpre-
ter, and, handing him a missal, explainetl that he
had come in the name of the Spanish monarch to
convert the inca to the true religion. The latter
threw the book, which he did not understand, to
the ground, and Valverde on his return incited the
Spaniards to vengeance for the sacrilege, as it is
alleged, causing the slaughter of more than 2,000
Indians and the capture of Atahuallpa, 17 Nov.,
1532. When the latter was condemned to death
by a court that had been instituted for the purpose
by Pizarro, Valverde, to whom the sentence was
submitted for consultation, approved it, but, by
his offer to substitute strangulation for burning
at the stake, obtained from the unhappy prince
his nominal conversion and baptism a few hours
before his death, 29 Aug., 1533. Valverde assisted
in the entry into Cuzco on 15 Nov. of the same
year, and on 23 March, 1534, consecrated the
site of the new church, which was later to be his
cathedral. Pizarro gave him also a large Indian
commandery, where he showed great cruelty to-
ward the natives. About the close of 1534 he went
to Spain to assist Pizarro's brother, Hernando, in
his negotiations at court, and while there he was
named by the empress-regent in 1535 first bishop
of Cuzco and Peru, as the original appointee, Fer-
nando de Luque, had died. In 1536 Valverde was
also named protector of the Indians and inquisitor,
and, being confirmed by the pope, he repaired to Peru
in the beginning of 1538, taking possession of his
see after the execution of Diego de Almagro,
which he had vainly tried to prevent. But. instead
of preaching the gospel, he oppressed the Indians,
whom he forced to work for tne church. He was
appointed by Pizarro on the commission to appor-
tion lands and Indians to the royal officers, and
the licentiate, Antonio de Gama, whom Pizarro had
appointed supreme judge of Cuzco, charged Val-
verde in a letter to the emperor, dated 10 March,
1539, with arbitrary acts and insisted that instead
of protecting the natives, he only sought to confis-
cate their lands, and always gave the greater part
to himself and his assistant. On 11 March, 1540,
he officiated at the consecration of the new cathe-
dral of Lima. During the occupation of Cuzco by
the younger Almagro, Valverde retired to one of
his commanderies at Oropesa, and was murdered
there in a rising of the oppressed Indians. While'
in Spain he presented to the emperor, by order of
Pizarro, a memorial about the conquest under the
title of " Relacion de la Conquista de los Reynos
de Peru," in which he claimed that the Indians could
scarcely be considered as human beings, as they
had no souls.
VAN ARSDALE, John, soldier of the Revo-
lution, b.- in Goshen. Orange co., N. Y., 5 Jan.,
1756; d. in New York city, 14 Aug., 1836. Van
Arsdale is well known in Revolutionary annals by
his feat of climbing the flag-staff on the Batteiy
after the evacuation of the city by the British and
pulling down the English colors, which in defi-
ance they had nailed to the staff. They had also
greased the pole to prevent any one reaching the
flag. Van Arsdale had served throughout the
war, first as sergeant and then as captain. He
suffered unusual privation and hardship in the ex-
pedition against Quebec under Benedict Arnold,
was wounded and taken prisoner at the capture of
Fort Montgomery and Fort Clinton, ^anguished
many months in the Sugar-house prison and in the
hold of a British prison-ship, and subsequently
experienced the perils of Indian warfare in several
campaigns against the savages. — His son, John,
died in New York city, 14 Nov., 1883, aged eighty-
seven years, on the eve of the celebration of the
centennial of Evacuation-day, in which it was ex-
pected he would take a prominent part.
VANASSE VKRTKPKUILLE
VAN BLTREN
229
VANASSE VERTEFKl'ILLE, Fmbien, Cana-
dian journalist, b. in St. DaviiU. yiieljw. 6 Nov.,
1K49. He was ctlucMt«*«l at Nifoli't wminary, a<l-
mittctl to the liar in Montreal in 1875, wa« nr»'si-
(ient of L'Institut logal of Montreal in IHT-f, and
vic-e-pnisident of the club ('artier in 1877-'U. Ho
is editor of "L'Opinion publique" and of "Le
Monde " in Montri'al, and was president of the
l^uolHtr press association in IHHT). He was elected
for Yainiuika to the C'anmlian {uirliamcnt, 7 Julv,
1879. and was ri'-elected in 1882 and in 1887. lie
is a ConM'rvative.
VAN BRl'NT, Uerehom Jaqoes, naval offlcer,
b. in Monmouth county, N. J., 28 Aug., 1798; d.
in I)edhani. Mass., 17 Dec., 18611 He entered- the
service as a midshipman on 1 Jan., 1818, served in
Com. David Porters Mosquito flett against pirates
in the West Indies, was made a lieuti*nant on 3
March, 1827, and rose to Ik; a commander on 29
May. 184G, and commando*! the brip "Etna" in
the (lulf during tlie Mexican war, during which he
partici|)atod in the expe<lition against lus|)an and
the second expedition against Tobasco. He serve<l
as a commissioner to survey the boundary-line of
California in 1848-'50, and was promoted a captain
on 14 Sept., 1855. He commanded the " Minne-
sota," anil t<x)k an active part in the re<luction ot
the fort.<i at Cape llatterasand in (){K'rations in the
North Carolina sounds and the bloc-kade of Hain[>-
ton Roads, where he saved his ship from the Con-
federate nun " Merrimac." He was commissioned
as commodore on 16 July, 1862, and was retired
because of his age on 28 April. 1863. — His son,
Henry, architect, b. in Boston. Mass., 5 Sept., 1832,
was graduated at Harvard iu 1854, and studied
architecture. For two years during the citil war
he served in the navy on the staff of the admiral
commanding the North Atlantic s<pindron. He
has |inictised his profession in lioston. Mjuss., and
of late years in Kansas City. Mo., while n'taining
his office in the former citv. Mr. Van Brunt has
occasionally written on subjects connected with his
art for the " Atlantic Monthly" ami other |>erio<U-
cals. He was the architect, in conjunction with
William R. Ware, of Memorial hall (see illustra-
tion), the Harvard library, tho Medical 8chtx)l. and
the buildings of the Kpiscoiial theological school
at Cambridgr. Mass. ; of tho Conservatory of music.
.Stone hall, and the sanitarium of Wellesley college ;
of the First church of Boston, St. .Stephen's church
at Lynn, St. John's memorial church at Cambridge,
(trace church at New Be<lford. and many other
ecclesiastical buildings: of public libraries in Cam-
bridge and Dedham. Mass., and VMst Saginaw,
Mich., as well as the library of Michigan univer-
sity at Ann Arl»or. He is at present a member of
the firm of Van Brunt and Howe, architects of
many mercantile buildings in the west and of sta-
tion buildings for the Union Pacific railroad.
VAN BUNSCHOOTEN. EIIm. clergyman, b.
in New Hackensack, Dutchess co.. N. Y.. 26 Oct,
1788; d. in SusM'X county, N. J.. 10 Jan.. 1815.
He was graduate<l at Princeton in 17((8, studied
for tho ministry of the Itoformwl Dutch churxrh,
was licensed to i»reach in 17751. and settled first in
Schaghticoke. N. Y. (in 29 Aug., 1785. he was in-
stalled as pastor at Minisink, N. Y.. taking charge
also of two other churches. In 1787 a fourth
church was organized at a \Atu'o called the Clove
in Sussex county, N. J., when" he reside«l in 1792.
He gave |;l7.(Kk) for the oilucation of candidates
for the ministry' in Rutgers college and the New
Bnmswick theo|r)gical seminary.
VAN BrREN, James Lyman, soldier, b. in
Dunkirk, X. Y.. 21 June. 18:J7; d. in New York
city. 13 April, 1866. He was gra<luate<l at the
New York fr<H> academy in 1856, studied law. and
travelU-d in Kiin>i»e. returnincr shortly In-fore the
l)eginning of the civil war. Tie entero<l the Na-
tional army as a lieutenant of New York v<flun-
teers. was detailed to leani the signal cikIc, and
acteil as signal officer on Gen. John (i. Foster's
staff at Roanoke island and at New Berne. After
the taking of New lU^rne he served as judge-
advocate of the department on the staff of Gen.
Ambrose E. Burnside. and subsequently as military
secretary to Gov. Edward .Stanly, lie n'joineil
Cien. Burnside after the battle of Antietam. and
was with him while he commanded the Army of
the Potomac, and afterwanl in the h^ast Tennes-
see campaign. In 18(J4 he servtHl with credit in
Gen. Grant s campaign against Richmond, rweiv-
ing the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for his bravery,
and subsequently (hat of colonel for his services
in the Knoxville campaign. In the assault on the
works at Petersburg he gained the brevet rank of
brigadier-general.
VAN BUREN, John Dash, merchant, b. in
New York city. 18 March, 1811: d. in Newburg,
N. Y.. 1 Dec, 1885. He was gra<luatod at Colum-
bia in 1829, .studied and practiseil law, aftorwani
engagwl in mercantile pursuits, and liecame the
head of the importinp-house of Benjainin Aymar
and Co.. New York city, retiring alniut \HrA). He
aided Sec. .Salmon P. Chase in draft iiii; tax and
other financial bills, was a moniU'r of the legisla-
ture in 18(J3. and acte<l as Gov. John T. Hoffman's
private secretary in 1868-'?2. Mr. Van Buren was
a freq^uent w^riter for the press on questions of
financial legislation, and a strong advocate of a
metallic currency. — His s<m, John Dash, civil en-
gineer, b. in New York city, 8 Aug., 1838, studied
at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, and
in Rensselaer polytechnic institute, whore he was
graduated in 18(}6. After serving for a vear as
assistant engineer of the Croton aqueduct in New
York city, he entered the engineer corps of the
U. S. navy, t(X)k jmrt in the operations on James
river, and was for four years assistant pmfessor of
natural philosophy and of engin»vring in the U.S.
naval academy. U>ing promoted first assistant en-
gineer on 1 Jan.. 186.5. He resigned his commis-
sion on 22 Sept.. 18(J8. was a4lmitto(l to the Iwr in
1869, and |)ractise<l law for a short time in New
York city, then rettirnt^l to the profession of en-
gineering, was in charge for construction in the
department of docks in New York city, was ap-
pointed on a commission to investigate canals in
1875, and in 1876-'7 was state enginwr and sur-
veyor. Ii4>sides papers in the "Journal of the
Franklin Institute' and the "Transactions" of
the American s<K-iety of civil engineers, he hasjiulv
lishetl " Investigation of Formulas for Iron Parts
of Steam Machinery " (New York, 1869).
230
VAN BUftEN
VAN BUREN
VAN BUREN, Martin, eighth president of the
I'^nited States, b. in Kinderhook, Columbia co.,
N. v.. 5 Dec, 1782; d. there, 24 July. 1862. He
was the eldest son of Abraham Van Buren, a small
farmer, and of Mary Hoes (originHJIy spelled Goes),
whose first husband was named Van Alen. Mar-
tin studied the rudiments of English and Latin in
the schools of his native village, and read law in
the office of Francis Sylvester at the age of four-
teen years. Rising as a student by slow gradations
from office-boy to lawyer's clerk, copyist of pleas,
and finally to the rank of special pleader in the
constables' courts, he patiently pursued his legal
novitiate through the terra of seven years and
familiarized himself with the technique of the bar
and with the elements of common law. Combin-
ing with these professional studies a fondness for
extemjwraneous debate, he was early noted for his
intelligent obser\-ation of public events and for his
interest in politics. He was chostm to participate
in a nominating convention when he was only
eighteen years old. In 1802 he went to New York
city and there studied law with William P. Van
Ness, a friend of Aaron Burr. He was admitted to
the bar in 1803, returned to Kinderhook, and asso-
ciated himself in practice with his half-brother,
James I. Van Alen.
Van Buren was a zealous adherent of Jefferson,
and supported Morgan Lewis for governor of New
York in 1803 against Aaron Burr. In February,
1807. he married Hannah Hoes, a distant kins-
woman, and in the winter of 1806-'7 he removed
to Hudson, the county-seat of Columbia county,
and in the same year was admitted to practice m
the supreme court. In the state election of 1807
he supported Daniel D. Tompkins for governor
against Morgan Lewis, the latter, in the factional
changes of New York politics, having come to be
considered less true than the former to the meas-
ures of Jefferson. In 1808 Van Buren became
surrogate of Columbia county, displacing his half-
brother and partner, who belonged to the defeated
faction. He held this office till 1813, when, on a
change of party predominance at Albany, his half-
brother was restored. Attentively watching the
drift of political events, he figured in the councils
of his party at a convention neld in Albany early
in 1811, when the proposed recharter of the Unitei
States bank was the leading question of Federal
politics. Though Albert Gallatin, secretary of the
treasury, had recommended a recharter, the pre-
dominant sentiment of the Republican party was
adverse to the measure. Van Buren shared in this
hostility and publicly lauded the "Spartan firm-
ness " of George Clinton when as vice-president he
gave his casting-vote in the U. S. senate against
the bank bill, 20 Feb., 1811.
In 1812 Van Buren was elected to the senate of
New York from the middle district a.s a Clinton
Republican, defeating Edward P. Livingston, the
candidate of the " Quids," by a majority of 200.
He took his seat in November of that year and be-
came thereby a member of the court of errors, then
com{)osed of senators in connection with the chan-
cellor and the supreme court. As senator he stren-
uously opposed the charter of " the Bank of Ameri-
ca," which, with a large capital and with the prom-
ise of liberal subsidies to the state treasury, was
then seeking to establish itself in New York and to
take the place of the United States bank. He up-
held Gov. Tompkins when, exercising his extreme
prerogative, he prorogued the legislature on 27
March. 1812, to prevent the passage of the bill.
Though'counted among the adherents of the ad-
ministration of Madison, and though committed to
the policy of declaring war against Great Britain,
he sided with the Republican members cf the New
York legislature when in 1812 they determined to
break from "the Virginia dynasty" and to sup-
port De Witt Clinton for the' presidency. In the
following year, however, he dissolved his political
relations with Clinton and resumed the entente
cordiale with Madison's administration. In 1814
he carried through the legislature an effective war-
measure known as " the classification bill," provid-
ing for the levy of 12,000 men, to be placed at the
disposal of the government for two years. He
drew up the resolution of thanks voted by the
legislature to Gen. Jackson for the victory of New
Orleans. In 1815, while still a member of the
state senate, he was appointed attorney-general of
the state, superseding the venerable Abraham Van
Vechten. In this same year De Witt Clinton, fall-
ing a prey to factional rivalries in his own party,
was removed by the Albany council from the may-
oralty of New York city, an act of petty proscrip-
tion in which Van Buren sympathized, according
to the "spoils system " then in vogue. In 1816 he
was re-elected to the state senate for a further term
of four years, and, removing to Albany, formed a
Sirtnership with his life-long friend, fienjamin F.
utler. In the same year he was appointed a re-
gent of the University of New York. In the legis-
lative discussions of 1816 he advocated the surveys
preliminary to Clinton's scheme for uniting the
waters of the great lakes with the Hudson.
The election of Gov. Tompkins as vice-president
of the United States had left the " Bucktails " of
the Republican party without their natural leader.
The people, moreover, in just resentment at the in-
dignity done to Clinton by his removal from the
New York mayoralty, were now spontaneously
minded to make him governor that he might pre-
side over the execution of the Erie canal which he
had projected. Van Buren acquiesced in a drift
of opinion that he was powerless to check, and. on
the election of Clinton, supported the canal policy;
but he soon came to an open rupture with the gov-
ernor on questions of public patronage, and, array-
ing himself in active opposition to Clinton's re-
election, he was in turn subjected to the proscrip- '
tion of the Albany council acting in Clinton's
interest. He was removed from the office of attor-
ney-general in 1819. He opposed the re-election
of Clinton in 1820. Clinton was re-elected by a
small majority, but both houses of the legislature
and the council of appointment fell into the hands
of the anti-Clinton Republicans. The office of at-
torney-general was now tendered anew to Van Bu-
ren, but he declined it. The politics of New York,
a mesh of factions from the beginning of the cen-
tury, were in a constant state of swirl and eddy
from 1819 till 1821. The old party-formations
were dissolved in the "era of good feeling." What
with "Simon-pure" Republicans, Clintonian Re-
?ublicans, Clintonian Federalists, "high-minded"
'ederalists cleaving to Monroe, and Federalists
pure and simple, the points of crystallization were
too many to admit of forming a strong or compact
body around any centre. No party could comnine
votes enough in the legislature of 1818-'19 to elect
its candidate for U. S. senator. Yet gut of this
medley of factions and muddle of opinions Van
Buren, by his moderation and his genius for politi-
cal organization, evolved order and harmony at the
election for senator in the following year. Under
his lead all parties united on Rufus I^ing, a Feder-
alist of the old school, who had patriotically sup-
Sorted the war against Great Britain after it was
eclared, and who by his candor had won the con-
■O^l^^T-'^V'ei: ^'<^^ ^^(>Oi>i^
D APPLTTO* & CO.
VAN BUREN
VAN BrREN
281
fidenco of President Monn>e ; ami Kufus King was
re-elected with pnu'tio«l uiiiinimitv at a tiiiio wlu'ii
be was fresh fnun the hot dobjite in the l'. S. sen-
ate af^inst the admis>siun of Missouri without a re-
striction on slavery. His anti-slavery views on
that (juestion were field by Van Buren to "conceal
no plot" against the Republicans, who, ho engaged,
would give " a true direction " to that momentous
issue. W hat the " true direction " was to Ije he
did not say, except as it- might be inferred from
his concurrence in a resolution of the legislature of
New York instructing the senators of that state
"to oppose the mlmission, as a state in the Union,
of any territory not comprised within tlw original
Ixiundaries of the United States without making
the prohibition of slavery therein an indispensable
conaition of a<lmission." In that Republican reso-
lution of 1820 " the Wilmot proviso of 1847 ap-
peared above our jwlitical horizon, but soon van-
ished from sight on the passage of the Missouri
compromise in 1821.
On 6 Feb., 1821, Van Buren was elected U. S.
senator, receiving in both houses of the legislature
a majority of twenty-flve over Nathan Sanford, the
Clintonian candidate, for whom the Federalists
also voted. In the sanie year he was chosen from
Otsego county as a member of the convention to
revise the constitution of the state. In that con-
vention he met in debate Chancellor Kent, Chief-
Justice Ambrose Spencer, and others. Against in-
novations his attitude was here conservative. He
a<l vfK'ated the executive veto. Ho opposed manhood
suffnige. seeking to limit the elective franchise to
houst'holders, that this " invaluable right " might
not be " cheapened " and that the rural districts
might not be overborne by the cities. He favored
negro suffrage if negroes were taxed. With of-
fence to party friends, he vehemently resisted the
eviction by constitutional change of the existing
suoreme court, though its members were his bitter
political enemies. Ho op|)osed an elective judici-
ary and the choice of minor offices by the people,
as swamping the right it pretcnde<l to exalt.
He took his seat in the U. S. senate, 3 Dec., 1821,
and was at once made a member of its committees
on the judiciary and finance. For many years he
was chairman of the former. In March, 1822, he
voted, on the bill to provide a territorial govern-
ment for Florida, that no slave should be directly
or indirectly imported into that territory "except'
by a citizen removing into it for actual settlement
and being at the time a bona-fide owner of such
slave." Van Buren voted with the northern sena-
tors for the retention of this clause ; but its exclu-
sion by the vote of the southern senators did not
import any countenance to the intriHluction of
slaves into F^lorida from abroad, as such intro<luc-
tion was already prohibited by a Federal statute
which in another part of the bill was extended to
Florida. Always averse to imprisonment for debt
as the result of misfortune. Van Buren to<ik an early
opportunity to advocate its alK)lition as a feature
of Fe<leral jurisprudence. He op|)osed in 1824 the
ratification of the ccmvention with Kngland for the
suppression of the slave-trade (jK'rhaps becaust' a
qualitied right of search w»is annexed to it), though
the convention. was urgently presse<l on the senate
by President Monroe. He supported William H.
Crawford for the presidency in 1824, both in the
congressional caucus and Iwfore the people. He
vote<l for the protective tariff of 1824 and for that
of 1H28, though he took no part in the discussion
of the economic principles underlying either. He
▼otetl for the latter under instructions, maintain-
ing a politic silence as to his personal opinions.
"TT^kVa^^^y/Juc^M^
which seem to have favored a revenue tariff with
incidental protection. He vainly advfxa»te<l an
amendment of the constitution for the elii-tion of
president by the intervention of an electoral col-
lege to be s|>eciallv chosen from as many separate
districts as would
comprise the whole
country while rep-
resenting the elec-
toral power of all
the states. The
mcnsuro was de-
si^'ued to appease
the iealousy of the
small states by
practically wiping
out state lines in
pR'sidential elec-
tions and at the
same time pro-
posetl to guard
against elections
by the house of rep-
resentatives, as in
case of no choice at
a first scrutiny the
electoral colleges were to be reconvened After
voting for a few " internal improvements," he op-
posed them as unconstitutional in the sha|^ then
given to them, and proposed in 1824 and again in
1825 to bring them within the |)ower of congress
by a constitutional amendment that should pro-
tect the "sovereignty of the states" while eijually
distributing these benefits of the government. In a
debate on the Federal judiciary in 1820 he took
high ground in favor of "state rights" as against
the umpirage of the supreme court on political
questions, and deplored tne jx)wer of that court to
arraign sovereign states at its bar for the passage
of laws alleged to impair " the obligation of con-
tracts." He confessed admiration for the Republi-
cans of 1802 who had repealed "the midnight judi-
ciary act." He opposed the* Panama mission, and
reduced the "Monroe doctrine" to its true histori-
cal proportions as a caveat and not a "pledge."
On all questions he was strenuous for a "strict
constniction of the constitution." He favon'd in
1826 the passage of a general bankrupt law, but. in
opposing the pending measure, sharply accentuattHi
the technical distinction of English law betwetai
"bankrupt" and "insolvent" acts — a distinction
which, in the complexitv of mo<lern business trans-
actions, Chief-Justice Marshall had pronounced to
be more metaphysical than real, but which to Van
Buren was vital U'cause the constitution says
nothing alxiut "insolvent laws."
He was re-elected to the s<'nate in 1827. but soon
resigned his seat to accept the office of governor of
New York, to which he was elected in 1828. As
governor he opposed free banking and advocated
the "safety-fund system," making all the banks of
the state mutual insurers of each other's soundness.
He vainly recommended the ixilicy of s«'parating
state from Fe<leral elections. After entering on the
office of governor he never resumwl the practice of
law. Van Buren was a zealous supj)orter of An-
drew Jackson in the presidential election of 1828,
and was called in 1821) to be the premier of the new
a<lministration. As secretary or state he brought
to a favorable close the long-standing feud be-
tween the United States and Kngland with regard
to the West India trade. Having an eye to the
presidential succession after Jackson's second term,
and not wishing meanwhile to compromise the ad-
ministration or himself, he resigned his secretary-
232
VAN BUREN
VAN BUREN
ship in June, 1831, and was sent as minister to
England. The senate refused in 1832 to confirm
his nomination, by the casting-vote of John C.
Calhoun, the vice-president. Conscientious Whigs,
like Theodore Frelinghuysen, confessed in after
davs the reluctance with which they consented to
this doubtful act. A clause in one of Van Buren's
despatches while secretary, containing an invidi-
ous reference to the preceding administration, was
alleged as the ground of his rejection. The of-
fence was venial, compared with the license taken
by Robert R. Ijivingston when, in negotiating
the Louisiana purchase, he cited the spectre of a
Federalist administration playing into the hands
of " the British faction." Moreover, the pretext
was an afterthought, as the clause had excited no
remark when first published, and, when the out-
cry was raised, Jackson " took the responsibility "
for it. The tacticjxl blunder of the Whigs soon
avenged itself by bringing increased popularity to
Van Huren. He became, with Jackson, the sym-
lx)l of his party, and, elected vice-president in 1832,
he came in 1883 to preside over the body which a
vear before had rejected him as foreign minister,
lie presided with unvarying suavity and fairness.
Taking no public part in the envenomed discus-
sions of the time, he was known to sympathize with
Jackson in his warfare on the United States bank,
and soon came to be generally regarded by his party
as the lineal successor of that popular leader.
He was formally nominated for the presidency
on 20 May. 1835, and was elected in 1836 over his
three eomi)etitors, William H. Harrison, Hugh L.
White, and Daniel Webster, by a majority of 57
in the electoral college, but of only 25,000 in
the popular vote. The tide of Jacksonism was
beginning to ebb. South Carolina, choosing her
electors by state legislature and transferring to
Van Buren her hatred of Jackson, voted for Willie
P. Mangum. During the canvass Van Buren had
been opposed at the north and championed at the
south as " a northern man with southern prin-
ciples." As vice-president, he had in 1835 given
a casting-vote for the bill to prohibit the circula-
tion of " incendiary documents " through the mails,
and as a candidate for the presidency he had
pledged himself to resist the abolition of slavery in
the District of Columbia without the consent of
the slave-states and to oppose the " slightest inter-
ference " with slavery in the states. He had also
pledged himself against the distribution of surplus
revenues among the states, against internal im-
provements at Federal expense, and against a na-
tional bank.
Compelled by the fiscal embarrassments of the
government, in the financial crash of 1837, to sum-
mon congress to meet in special session, 4 Sept.,
1837, he stnick in his first message the key-note
of his whole administration. After a detailed an-
alysis of the financial situation, and of the causes
in trade and speculation that had led to it, he pro-
ceefled to develop his favorite idea of an independ-
ent treasury for the safe-keeping and disbursement
of the public moneys. This idea was not new. It
was as old as the constitution. The practice of
the government had departed from it only by in-
sensible degrees, until at length, in spite of the
protests of Jefferson, it had been consolidated into
a formal order of congress that the revenues of
the government should be deposited in the United
States bank. On the removal of the deposits by
Jackson in 1833, they had been placed in the cus-
tody of "Ihe pet banks," and had here been used
to stimulate private trade and speculation, until
the crisis in 1837 necessitated a change of fiscal
policy. By every consideration of public duty and
safety, conspiring with what he believed to be eco-
nomic advantage to the people. Van Buren enforced
the policy of an independent treasury on a reluc-
tant con^ss. There was here no bating of breath
or mincing of words; but it was not until near
the close of his administration that he succeeded
in procuring the assent of congress to the radical
measure that divorced the treasury from private
banking and trade. The measure was formally
repealed by the Whig congress of 1842, after which
the public moneys were again deposited in se-
lected banks until 1846, when the independent
treasury was reinstalled and has ever since held
its place under all changes of administration. He
signed the independent treasury bill on 4 July,
1840, as being a sort of " second Declaration of
Independence," in his own idea and in that of hig
party. Von Hoist, the sternest of Van Buren's
critics, awards to him on " this one question " the
credit of " courage, firmness, and statesman-like
insight." It was the chef d'oeuvre of his public
career. He also deserves credit for the fidelity
with which, at the evident sacrifice of popularity
with a certain class of voters, he adhered to neutral
obligations on the outbreak of the Canada rebel-
lion late in 1837.
The administration of Van Buren, beginning
and ending with financial panic, went down under
the cloud resting on the country in 1840. The
enemies and the friends of the United States bank
had equally sown the wind during Jackson's ad-
ministration. Van Buren was left to reap the
whirlwind, which in the " political hurricane " of
1840 lifted Gen. Harrison into the presidential
chair. The Democratic defeat was overwhelming.
Harrison received 234 electoral votes, and Van
Buren only 60. The majority for Harrison in the
popular vote was nearly 140,000. Retiring after
this overthrow to the shades of Linden wald. a
beautiful country-seat which he had purchased in
his native county. Van Buren gave no vent to repin-
ings. In 1842 he made a tour through the southern
states, visiting Henry Clay at Ashland. In 1843
he came to the front with clear-cut views in favor
of a tariff for revenue only. But on the newly
emergent question of Texas annexation he took a
decided stand in the negative, and on this rock of
offence to the southern wing of his party his can-
didature was wrecked in the Democratic national
convention of 1844, which met at Baltimore on 27
May. He refused to palter with this issue, on the
ground of our neutral obligations to Mexico, and
when the nbmination went to James K. Polk, of
Tennessee, he gave no sign of resentment. His
friends brought to Polk a loyal support, and se-
cured his election by carrying for him the decisive
vote of New York.
Van Buren continued to take an interest in pub-
lic affairs, and when in 1847 the acquisition of new
territory from Mexico raised anew the vexed ques-
tion of slavery in the territories, he gave in his ad-
hesion to the " Wilmot proviso." In the new elec-
tive affinities produced by this "burning ques-
tion " a redistribution of political elements took
place in the chaos of New York politics. The
"Barnburner" and the "Hunker" factions came
to a sharp cleavage on this line of division. The
former declared their " uncompromising hostility
to the extension of slavery." In the Herkimer
Democratic convention of 26 Oct.. 1847, the Free-
soil banner was openly displayed, and delegates
were sent to the Democratic national conven-
tion. From this convention, assemblwl at Bal-
timore in May, 1848, the Herkimer delegates se-
VAN BUREN
VAN BUREN
233
oed(Hl before any presidential nomination was made.
In June, 1848, a Barnburner convention met at
Vlwa to organize resistance to the nomination of
Oen. liewis Tass. who. in his " Nicholson letter,"
had disavowed the "Wilmot proviso." To this
convention Van Buren a<ldres8<»<l a letter, declin-
injr in a<lvance a nomination for the prcsidenry,
but plodding op|)osition ti> the n(?w party shil)-
iKilt't n. In spite of his refusal, he was nominated,
and this nomination was realTlrnHHl by the Free-
soil national convention of Buffalo, 9 Aug., 1848,
when Charles Francis Adams was associate<l with
him as oandidate for the vice-presidency. In the
ensuing presidential election this ticket received
only 29 1,263 votes, but, as the result of the tri-
angular duel. Gen. Cass was defeated and Gen.
Zachary Taylor, the Whig candidate, was elected.
The precipitate annexation of Texas and its natu-
ral sequel, the war with >Iexico, had brought their
Nemesis in the utter confusion of national poli-
tics. Van Buren received no electoral votes, but
his popular Democratic vote in Massachusetts,
Vermont, and New York exceeded that of Cass.
Henceforth he was simply a spectator in the politi-
cal arena. On all public (piestions save that of
slavery he remained an unfaltering Democrat, and
when it was fondly supposed that "the slavery
issue " had been forever exorcised by the com-
promise measures of 18.50, he returned in full faith
and communion to his old partv allegiance. In
18.52 he began to write his " tnnuiry into the
Origin and Course of Political rarlies in the
United States" (New York, 1867). but it was never
ftnishe<l and was published as a fragment. Ih'
supported Franklin Pierce for the presidency in
18.>2, and, after spending two vears in Kurope, re-
turned in time to vote for James Buchanan in
1856. In 1860 he vote<l for the combined elec-
toral ticket against Lincoln, but when the civil
war began he gave to the administration his zeal-
ous support.
Van liuren was the ti^gct of p<ilitical accusa-
tion during his whole public cari'cr. but kept his
private character fn»e from reproach. In his do-
mestic life he was as happy as he was exemplary.
Always prudent in his habits and economical in his
fjvstes. he none the less maintained in his style of
living the easy state of a gentleman, whether in
public station at Albany and Washingtcm, or at
Lindenwald in his retirement. As a man of the
world he was singularly affable and courteous,
blending formal deference with natural dignity
and genuine cordiality. Intensely partisan in his
opinions and easily startled by the re<l rag of
" llamiltonian Federalism." he never carried the
contentions of the political arena into the social
sphere. Theas|jeritiesof jpersonal rivalrj- est ranged
him for a time from Calhoun, after the latter de-
nounceil him in the senate in 18Ji7 as "a practical
politician," with whom "justice, right. patriotism,
etc.. were mere vague phra.ses." but witn his great
Whig rival. Henry Clay, he maintained unbroken
relations of friendship through all vicissitudes of
political fortune. Asa lawyer his rank was emi-
nent. Though never rising in sjwech to the heights
of oratory, he was equallv fluent an«l facile l»efore
bench or jury, and e(|ually felicitous whether ex-
rounding theintricm-ies of fact or of law in a case,
lis manner was mild and insinuating, never de-
clamatory. Without carrying his juridical studies
into the realm of jurispnidence. he yet had a
knowle<lge of law that fitted him to cope with the
greatest advocates of the New York bar. The evi-
dences of his le^l learning and acute dialectics are
«till presen'eil in the New York re|»ortsof Johnson.
Cowen, and Wendell. As a debater in the senate,
he always went to the pith of c^uestions, disdaining
the arts of rhetoric. As a writer of political let-
ters or of state papers, he carried diffusiveness to
a fault, which sometimes hinted at a weakness in
positions requiring so much defence. Asa i)oli-
tici'an he was masterful in lejulership — so muoh so
that, alike by friends and foes, he was cre<lite<l with
reducing'its practices to a fine art. Fie was a mem-
ber of the famous Albany regency which for so
many years controlled the fiolitics of New York,
and was long popularly known as its "director."
Fertile in the contrivance of means for the attain-
ment of the public ends which he deemed desira-
ble, he was called "the little magician," from the
deftness of his touch in politics. But combining
the statesman's foresight with the politician's tact,
he showed his .sagacity rather by seeking a majority
for his views than by following the views of a ma-
jority. Accused of "non-committalism." and with
some show of reason in the early stages of his ca-
reer, it was only as to men and minor measures of
policy that he practised a prudent reticence. On
questions of deeper principle — an elective judi-
ciary, negro suffrage, universal suffrage, etc. — he
Iwhily took the unpopular side. In a day of un-
exampled political giddiness he stood firmly for
his sub -treasury .system against the doubts of
friends, the assaults of enemies, and the combined
firessure of wealth and culture in the country.
)is[>ensing patronage according to the received
custom of his times, he vet maintained a high
standard of apfwintment. 'That he could ri.se above
selfish considerations was shown when he promoted
the elevation of liufus King in 1820, or when he
strove in 1838 to bring Wa.shington Irving into
his cabinet with small promise of gain to his doubt-
ful political fortunes by such an "unpractical"
appointment. As a statesman he had his com-
pact fagot of opinions, to which hemlhered in evil
or go(Kl report. It might seem that the logic of
his principles in 1848, combined with the suljse-
quent drift of events, should have landeil him in
tne Free-soil party that Abraham Lincoln le<l to
victorv in 1860: but it is to be remembered that,
while Van Buren'sjiolitical opinions were in a fluid
state, they had l)een cast in the doctrinal moulds of
Jeflfei-son, and had there taken rigid form and
pressure. In the natural history of American
party-formations he supjiosed that an enduring
antithesis had always l>een discernible lietween the
" mcmey power " and the " farming interest " of the
land. In his annual message of December, IbUS,
holding language very mo<lern in its emphasis, he
counted "the anti-republican tendencies of asso-
ciated wealth " as among the strains that had been
put upon our government. This is indeed the mam
thesis of his " Inquiry," a book which is more an
apologia than a hist<»ry. In that chronicle of his
life-long anti[)athy to a .splendid consolidated gov-
ernment, with it* im[H>rial judiciary, funding sys-
tems, high tariffs, and internal improvements —
the whole 8urmounte<l by a ptiwerful national liank
as the "regulator" of finance and jwlitics — he has
left an outlinetl sketch of the only dramatic unity
that can be found for his eventful career. Con-
fessing in 1848 that he ha»l grme further in conces-
sion to slavery than many of his friends at the
north had approval, he satisfie<l himself with a
formal protest against the reix>al of the Missouri
com|»romise, carried through congress while he
was travcllinc: in Europe, and against the policy of
making the Dretl Scott decision a rule of Demo-
cratic |>olitic8, though he thought the decision
sound in point of technical law. With these reset-
234
VAN BUREN
VAN BUREN
rations, avowedly made in the interest of *' strict
construction" and of "old-time Republicanism"
rather than of Free-soil or National reformation,
he maintained his allegiance to the party with
which his fame was identified, and which he
was perhaps the more unwilling to leave because
of the many sacrifices be had made in its service.
The biography of Van Buren has been written
hy William li. Holland (Hartford. 1835); Fran-
cis J. Grund (in German, 1835) ; William Emmons
(Washington, 1835) ; David Crockett (Philadelphia,
laSG) ; William L. Mackenzie (Boston, 1846) ; Will-
iam Allen Butler (New York, 1802) ; and Edward
M. Shepard (Boston, 1888). Mackenzie's book is
compiled in part from surreptitious letters, shed-
ding a lurid light on the " practical politics " of
the times. Butler's sketch was published immedi-
ately after the ex- president's death. Shepard's
biography is written with adequate learning and
in a philosophical spirit. — His wife, Hannah, b. in
Kinderhook, N. Y., in 1782 ; d. in Albany, N. Y.. 5
Feb., 1819, was of Dutch descent, and her maiden
name was Hoes. She was educated in the schools of
her native village, and was the classmate of Mr. Van
Buren, whom she married in 1807. She was devoted
to her domestic cares and duties, and took little in-
terest in social affairs, but was greatly beloved by
the poor. When she learned that she could live but
•a few days, she expressed a desire that her funeral
be conducted with the utmost simplicity, and the
money that would otherwise have been devoted to
mourning emblems be given to the needy. — His
brother, Lawrence, soldier, b. in Kinderhook,
N. Y., in 1783 ; d. there. 1 July, 1868, served in the
war of 1812-'15, in which he attained the rank of
major. He was a presidential elector on the Demo-
cratic ticket in 1852. — Martin's son, Abraham,
soldier, b. in Kinderhook, N. Y., 27 Nov., 1807; d.
in New York city, 15 March, 1873, was graduated
at the U. S. military academy in 1827, and attached
to the 2d infantry as 2d lieutenant. He served for
two years on the western frontier, and for the next
seven years as aide-de-camp to the general-in-chief,
Alexander Macomb, except during several months
in 1836, when he accompanied Gen. Winfleld Scott
as a volunteer aide in the expedition against the
Seminole Indians. He was commissioned as a
captain in the 1st dragoons on 4 July, 1836, resign-
ing on 3 March, 1837, to become his father's pri-
vate secretary. He isrought daily reports of the
proceedings of congress to President Van Buren,
who was often influenced by his suggestions. At
the lieginning of the war with Mexico he re-entered
the army as major
and paymaster, his
commission dating
from 26 June, 1846.
He served on the
staff of Gen. Zacha-
ry Taylor at Monte-
rey, and subsequent-
ly joined the staff
of Gen. Scott as a
volunteer, and par-
ticipated in every
engagement from
Vera Cruz to the
capture of the city
of Mexico, being bre-
vetted lieutenant-
colonel for bravery
at Contreras and
Churubusco on 20 Aug., 1847. He served in the
paymaster's depairtment after the war till 1 June,
1854, when he again resigned, after which he resided
/0^4y?y^M^^^
for a part of the time in Columbia, S. C. (where his
wife mherited a plantation), till 1859, and after-
ward in New York city except during three years'
absence in Europe. — Another son. John, lawyer, b.
in Hudson, N. Y., 18 Feb., 1810; d. at sea, 13 Oct.,
1866, was graduated at Yale in 1828, studied law
with Benjamin F. Butler, and was admitted to the
bar at Albany in 1830. In the following year he
accompanied his father to London as an attach^
of the legation. In February, 1845, he was elected
attorney-general of the state of New York, serving
till 31 Dec, 1846. He t<x)k an active part in the
political canvass of 1848 as an advocate of the ex-
clusion of slavery from the territories, but did not
remain with the Free-soil party in its later develop-
ments. He held high rank as a lawyer, appearing
in the Edwin Forrest and many other important
cases, was an eloquent pleader, and an effective po-
litical speaker. lie died on the voyage from Liv-
erpool to New York. He was popularly known
as " Prince John," was tall and handsome, and of
elegant manners and appearance. — Abraham's wife,
AngeHca, b. in Sumter district, S. C, about 1820;
d. in New York city, 29 Dec, 1878, was a daughter
of Richard Singleton, a planter, and a cousni of
William C. Preston and of Mre. James Madison,
who, while her kinswoman was completing her
education in Phil-
adelphia, present- j^<C?>.
ed her to Presi- ^-'^T'-'W^.
dent Van Buren. /^ti^'** '^^^^
A year later she % / VMi
married Maj. Van )(|
Buren, in Novem-
ber, 1838, and
on the follow-
ing New-Year's-
day she made her
first appearance
as mistress of
the White House.
With her hus-
band she visited
England (where
her uncle, An-
drew Stevenson,
was U. S. minis-
ter) and other
countries of Eu-
rope, in the spring of 1839, returning in the au-
tumn to resume her place as hostess of the presi-
dential mansion. The accompanying vignette is
from a po4rHit painted by Henry Inman.
VAN BUREN. William Holme, surgeon, b.
in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 April, 1819; d. in New
York city, 25 March, 1883. His grandfather, Beek-
man, and his great-grandfather, Abraham, who
came from Holland in 1700, after studying under
Boerhaave at Leyden, were physicians to the New
York city almshouse. He was a student at Yale
of the class of 1838 for two years, and was sub-
sequently granted his degree. On leaving college,
he studied medicine at the University of Pennsyl-
vania and in the Paris hospitals. He received his
diploma from the University of Pennsylvania in
1840, presenting an essay on " Immovable Appara-
tus," which was published by the facult^', and on
15 June of that year was appointed an assistant
surgeon in the U. S. army. Resigning on 31 Dec,
1845, he went to New York city to assist his father-
in-law, Valentine Mott, in his surgical clinic in
the medical department of the University of the
city of New York. He soon took high rank both
as an operative surgeon and family practitioner,
also as a teacher and demonstrator of anatomy and
VANCE
VAN CLEVK
28li
surgery. When Rellerue ho6pit«l was organized
in lH4t he was appointed one of the surgeuns. In
1K49 ho IxH-nine surgeon to St. Vincent hospital,
and in 1852 he was elwted to tlie chair of anatomy
in New York university nunlical c(»ile>re. He wa.s
visiting surgeon to NVw York hospital from 1852
till 1H«W. ami from the latter date ccmsulting sur-
geon. He was consulting surgeon also to IJellevue
and Charitv hospit^tls. He was one of the found-
ers of the V. S. sanitAry commission in 1861, and
served as the medical nu'inU'rof its executive com-
mittee throughout the civil war, declining the ap-
Itointment of surgeon-general of the U. S. army,
le resigned his profess^irship in the University
medical i"<)Ilege in \S^V^, on In-ing elected proftws(^>r
of surgery for the newly established department
of diseases of the genito-urinary system in Hellevue
hospital me«lical college. In 1868 this chair was
combineil with that of principles and practice of
surgery, and in 1871-'3 he acted as professor of
clinical surgery also. He was vice-president of
the New York academy of medicine, president of
the New York (mthological society, and a corre-
ponding member of the Paris surgical society.
S'ale conferred on him the degree of LL. D. in
1871). Dr. Van Buren performed amputation at
the hip-joint, removed foreign btxlies from the
trac-hea, and tied the internal and external iliac
and the subclavian arteries. In abscess of the
breast, and often in cases of carbuncle, he was
averse to the use of the knife, placing more reli-
ance than surgeons commonly do in the repara-
tive nrocesses of nature. He gave much study to
hereuitary taints and constitutional tendencies,
and in later life, though still famed for his skill
in amputations and other operations of general
snrgery, princiimlly devoted nis attention to the
s|XH'ialty of disease's of the genito-urinary organs,
liosides many medical f>apers, he published, with
Dr. Charles E. Isaacs, a translation of " Beniard
and Huette's Manual of Operative Surgery and
Medical Anatomy " (New York, 1855) ; a transla-
tion of Charles Morel's " Compendium of Human
Histology " (New York and Ijondon, 1861); "Con-
tributions to Practical Surgery " (Philadelphia,
1865) ; " Lectures on Diseases of the Rectum "
(New York, 1870); and, with his pupil, Dr. tJdward
Ij. Keyes, "Text-l)ook on Dis^'jises of the Genito-
urinary Organs, with Syphilis" (1874).
VASCE, JojM'ph, governor of Ohio, b. in Wa.<<h-
ington county, Pa., 21 March, 1786 ; d. near Ur-
bana, Ohio, 24 Aug., 1852. When he was a child
his father remoye<l to Kentucky, and thence went
to Urbana. The son l)ecame a successful merchant
in that place, and afterward enraged extensively
in farming and stock-niising. He was a meral)er
of the State constitutional convention of 1820,
servwl in the legislature in 1812-'16, and was
electe<l to congress as a Democrat in 1822. and re-
elected for Ave successive terms, serving till March,
18:«. Ho was governor in 18:J(V-'8. In 1842 he
was re-eliH'ted to congress as a Whig, and served
through two terms, during one of them as chair-
man of the committee on claims. In 1848 he was
a delegalo to the Whig national convention.
VANCE, Zehiilon Kaird, senator, b. in Bun-
comlx! county. N. C., 13 .May, IKJO. He was etlu-
cated at Washington college, T«'nn., and at the
University of North Carolina, studied law, was ad-
mitted to the Itar in 18.')2. established himself at
Asheville, N. C., was chosen county solicitor, and
in 1854 was elec-te<l to the legislature. When
Thomas L. Clingman entered the senati*. Vance
was electe<l to succeed him in the house of repre-
fleDtatives, taking his seat on 7 Dec., 1858. He
jZ/^.^^CC
opposed the Hecession of North Carolina, yet after
that step was taken he raised a com(>any and was
chosen captain, and s(K)n afterward was apiNMnt^nl
colonel of the 26th
North Carolina regi-
ment, which became
one of the most fa-
mous of the organi-
zations of southern
soldiers. In 1862 he
was elected gf)vem-
or, while serving in
the field. He soon
saw the ini|M)ssibili-
ty of obtaining sulTi-
cient supplies forthe
troops of his state
without recourse to
foreign aid, and
therefore sent agents
abroad, and pur-
chased a fine steam-
ship in the Clyde,
which successfully
ran the bl<x-kade,
not only supplying the state troops with clothing
and arms, but furnishing also large stores for the
use of the Confederate government and ff>r the
hospitals, and general supplies for the f)eople of
his state. As early as I)ecemlK?r, 1863, j>erceiving
the desperate nature of the undertakinc: in which
the south was engaged, he urged Presiuent Davis
to neglect no opportunity of negotiation with the
U. S. government, but at the same time he was so
earnest and efilcient in contributing men and mate-
rial for the support of the cause that he was called
the war governor of the south. He was also con-
spicuous in his efforts to ameliorate the condition
of Federal prisoners in his state. He was over-
whelmingly re-elected for the next two years in
1864. When the National troops occupied North
Carolina, Gov. Vance was arreste<l ana taken to
Washington, I). C, where he was confined in prison
for several weeks. In November, 1870. he was
elected U. S. senator by the legislature, but he was
not allowed to take his seat, and resigned it in
Januar}% 1872. In the same year he was again a
candidate for a senatorship, but was defeatwl by
Augustus S. Merrimon, to whom the Republicans
gave their votes. He receiveil a pardon from Presi-
dent Johnson in 1867, and his {K)litical disabilities
were removed by congress in 18?2. soon after he
had been refusetl a seat in the U. S. senate by rea-
son of those disabilities. He continue<i to practise
law in Charlotte, taking no part in {lolitics, except
his conspicuous efforts as a private citizen to over-
throw tlie reconstruct i(m government in North
Carolina. In 1876, after an animated canvass, he
was elected governor by a large majority. He re-
signed on being again elected U. S. senator, took
his seat on 4 March, 1879, and by his wit and elo-
quence soon acquire<l a high rank among the
Democratic orators of the s<'nate. In 1884 he was
re-electeil for the term ending on 4 March, 1891.
VAN CLEVE, Horatio PhilUpH, soldier, b. in
Princeton, N. J., 23 Nov., 1809. He stu«lie«l for
two years at Princeton, then entere<l the U. S. mili-
tary academy, was grmluateil in 1881, served at
frontier posts in Michigan territory, was commis-
sioned as 2d lieutenant of infantry on 81 Dec.
1831. and on 11 Sept., 1836, resigned and settled
in Michigan. He taught in Cincinnati, Ohio, in
1840-'l, then engaged in farming near Ann Ar-
lN>r, Mich., was an engineer in the service of the
state of Michigan in 1855, then United States sur-
236
VAN CORTLANDT
VAN CORTLANDT
veyor of public lands in Minnesota, and in 1856
engaged in stock-raising. On 22 July, 1861, he
was commissioned as colonel of the 2d Minnesota
infantry. lie served under Gen. George II. Tiiomas
at Mill Springs, for his part in which action he
was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers on
21 March, 1862. lie was disabled by a wound at
Stone river, but resumed command of the division
on his recovery, was engaged at Chickamauga, and
was in command of the post and forces at Murfrees-
boro, Tenn., from December, 1863. till 24 Aug., 1865,
when he was mustered out, having been brevetted
major-general on 13 March, 1865. He was adjutant-
generalof Minnesota in 18G6-'70, and in 1876-'82.
VAN CORTLANDT, Oloff (or Oliver) Ste-
Tense, soldier, b. in Wijk, near Utrecht, Holland,
in 1600; d. in New York, 4 April, 1684. He
came to New Netherland as an officer in the ser-
vice of the West India company, arriving there in
the ship "Haring" (The Herring), with Director
Kieft. on 28 Marcli, 1638. Of the origin of his
family nothing is definitely known. He had a good
education, and the offices he subsequently held, his
seal with the Van Cortlandt arras, still in the pos-
session of his descendants, as well as articles of
Dut<!h plate bearing the same arms, show that his
position was good, and that of a gentleman. He
remained only a short time in the military service,
having been appointed by Kieft in 1639 "commis-
sary of cargoes, or "customs officer," and in 1643
keeper of the public stores of the West India com-
pany, a responsible post under the provisions of
the charters of freedoms and exemptions, being the
superintendent of the collection of the company's
revenue in New Amsterdam, most of which was
paid in furs. In 1648 he resigned from this office,
was nuule a freeman of the city, and entered upon
the business of a merchant and brewer, in which
he was eminently successful, becoming one of the
richest men in New Amsterdam. In 1649 he was
chosen colonel of the burgher guard, or city train
bands, and also appointed one of the "Nine Men,"
a temporary representative board elected by the
citizens, lie was previously one of the " Eight
Men," a similar body, in 1645. In 1654 he was
elected schepen, or alderman, and the next year,
1655, appointed burgomaster, or mayor, of New
Amsterdam. This office he filled nearly uninter-
ruptedly till the capture by the English in 1664,
at which he was one of the commissioners that
were appointed by Director Stuyvesant to negoti-
ate the terms of surrender, and was active in their
settlement, the document bearing his signature
with those of the other commissioners. He was
also engaged in several temporary public matters
as a councillor and commissioner during the ad-
ministration of Stuyvesant. notably in the Connec-
ticut boundary matter in 1663, and the settlement
of Capt. John Scott's claim to Long Island in 1664.
He acted in similar capacities under the first Eng-
lish governors, Nicolls, Lovelace, and Dongan, and
was chosen the trustee of Lovelace's estate to
settle it in 1673. He married, on 26 Feb., 1642,
Annetje, sister of Govert Loockermans, who came
out with Director Van Twiller in 1633, and was so
prominent afterward in New Netherland afifairs.
"Govert Loockermans, after filling some of the
highest offices in the colony," savs O'Callaghan,
" died, worth 520,000 guilders, or $208,000, an im-
mense sum when the period in which he lived is
considered." Oloff Stevense Van Cortlandt died on
4 April, 1684, and his wife followed him about a
month afterward. They had seven children — five
daughters and two soTis. The oldest of the latter
was Stephanus, and the youngest Jacobus, who,
respectively, were the progenitors of all of the name
now living. The former founded the oldest branch,
the Van Cortlandts of the manor of Cortlandt, the
latter the younger branch, the V^an Cortlandts of
Cortlandt House, Yonkers. — His son, Stephanus,
statesman, b. in New York, 4 May, 1643 ; d. there,
25 Nov., 1700, was the first and only lord of the
manor, and one of the most eminent men of the
province of New York after it became an English
colony. Except the governorship, he filled at one
time or another every prominent office in that
nrovince. When Lieut.-Gov. Nicholson went to
England, at the beginning of Jacob Leisler's insur-
rection and actual usurpation, to report in person
to King William, he committed the government,
in his absence, to Stephanus Van Cortlandt and
Frederick Philipse. This fact caused Leisler to
seek their lives, and forced them to escape from
the city of New York to save themselves. Van
Cortlandt's career was, perhaps, the most brilliant
and varied, in the fifty-seven years it occupied, of
any inhabitant of New York m the 17th century.
He was a youth of twenty-one when, in 1664, the
English capture took place and New Amsterdam
became New York. Brought up under the eye of
his father, and educated by the Dutch clergymen
of New Amsterdam, whose scholarship was vastly
higher than it has pleased modern writers to state,
and which would compare favorably with that of
the clergy of the 19th century, young Van Cort-
landt, long before the death of his father in 1684,
showed how well he had profited by the example
of the one and the learning of the others. He was
a merchant by occupation. His first appointment
was as a member of the court of assizes, the body
instituted under "the Duke's Laws" over which
Gov. Richard Nicolls presided, and which exercised
both judicial and legislative powers. In 1668 he
was appointed an ensign in the Kings county regi-
ment, subsequently a captain, and later its colonel.
Prom 1677, when, at the age of thirty-four, he was
appointed the first native American mayor of the
city of New York, he held that office almost con-
secutively till his death in 1700. When, by the
Duke of York's commission and instructions to
Gov. Dongan, a governor's council was established
in New York, Stephanus Van Cortlandt and Fred-
erick Philipse were named by the duke therein as
councillors, and with them Dongan was to appoint
such others as he deemed fit for the office. Ste-
phanus Van Cortlandt's name was continued in each
of the commissions of all the succeeding governors
down to aT\d including Bellomont's in 1697, and he
continued in the office till his death in 1700. Early
in this latter year he was appointed chief justice,
but he only filled the office till his demise in No-
vember of the same year. He had many years be-
fore been appointed judge of the common pleas in
Kings county, and later, in 1693, a justice of the
supreme court of the province. In 1686 Dongan
made him commissioner of the revenue, and on 10
Nov., 1687, he was appointed by the king's auditor-
general in England, William" Blathwayt, deputy
auditor in New York, his accounts being regularly
transmitted to England and approved. He was
appointed also deputy secretary of New York, and
personally administered the office, the secretary al-
ways residing in England, after the British custom.
He was prominent in all the treaties and confer-
ences with the Indians as a memljer of the council,
and was noted for his influence with them. His
letters and despatches to Gov. Edmund Andros,
and to the different boards and officers in England
that were charged with the c^ire of the colonies and
the management of their affairs, remain to show bis
VAN CORTLANDT
VAN CORTLANDT
237
capacity, clwir-hendt-dness, and courage. Equally
eHt«eine<i and roiifided in by the governments of
James aa duke and king, and by William and
Mary, in the troublous tiuu^ in which he lived, and
8u»«tnine4l by all the governors, even though, as in
Ik'llotnont's case, they did not like him i)ers<)nally,
no greater pr(H)f could Ik; mlduce<l of his ability,
skill, and integrity. His estate was erectetl into
the l«»nlshii) and manor of Cortlandt by {xitent of
William 111., bearing date ITJune, 1697. The Van
Cortlandt manor-house, which is shown in the ac-
companyingil-
lustration, is
one of the old-
est edificesthat
now remain on
the l)order» of
Hudson river.
It stands on
the northern
shore of Cn>-
ton bav, and
was built both
as a country
residence and
as a fort, the
walls being of
reddish free-
stone, nearly three feet in thickness, pierced with
loop-holes for musketry. It was built originally as
a fortifled trading-house by Stephanus, and added
to by the successive owners. In it were entertained
some of the most notable persons in the history of
the state, beginning with the earlv colonial govern-
ors, (ieorge Whitefleld preacheil to the tenants of
the manor from its veranda, while Henjamin Frank-
lin rested there on his return from his Canadian
mission in 1776. Washington, Hochambcau, Lafay-
ette, and I^auzun were among its guests, and Col.
Henry B. Livingston had his quarters there while
watching the "Vulture" at the time of Arnold's
treason. Here, too, were entertained eminent Meth-
odist preachers in the early days of that church,
including Bishop Asbury and Freeborn Uarretson.
— PhHip, third 8«m of Stephanus, merchant, b. in
New York city, 9 Aug., ViHH; d, there, 21 Aug..
.1746, was a man of good abilities, and possessed of
^reat decision of character. He was a merchant
jn New Amsterdam, and, like his father, took an
active part in public affairs. In June, 1729. ho \yas
n?commended to the king for apj)ointment as a
councillor of the province by Oov. Montgomerie in
place of Ijewis Morris, Jr. The api>ointment was
made, 3 Feb., 173iO, he to<ik his seat in April of the
.same year, and continual in the council until his
death, when he was succeeiled by Edward Holland
through the recommendation of Gov. George Clin-
ton. He Wiis a memljor of the commi-ssion on the
iMirt of New York in the case of the colony of
Connecticut and the Mohegan Indians. His wife
was Catharine, daughter of Abraham <le I'evster,
to whom he was married in 1710. He leh six
surviving children — five sons and one daughter,
Catharine, who was killed by the bursting of a
cannon on the Biittery while w'atchingthe firing of
a salute in honor of the king's birthday, 4 June,
IT']S, in her thirteenth year. By the death of his
elder brofheis (Johannes, who left only a daugh
ter, Gertrude, the wife fif Philip Verplanck. and
Oloff, or Oliver, who diwl a Iwchelor) Philip be-
came the thinl head of the Van Cortlandt family.
His five sons were Stephen, Abrnham. Philip,
John, and Pierre. — Stephen, the eldest, who suc-
ctvded his father as the head of the family, was
bom 26 Oct., 1710, married, in 1738, Mary Walton
' I
Ricketts, and die^l, 17 C)cL, 1756, leaving two Hon«,
Philip and William Kicketts Van Cortlandt. —
Philip the elder, the fourth head of the family, b.
10 Nov., 1739, preferrinjf a military life, entered
the British army, in which he serviNl many veani,
dying on 1 May. 1H14. He is buried in Haifsham
church, where a mural monument is eriK-te*! to his
memory. He marricil, on 2 Aug., 1762, Catharine,
daughter of Jacob Ogden, of New Jersey. They
had thb large number of twenty-three children
(several being twins), of whom twelve live<l to grow
up, five l)eing sons and seven daughters. The for-
mer all Ijecame officers in the British regular army.
— Pierre, first lieutenant-governor of the state of
New York, younjjest .son of Philip, the third sf»n
of Stenhanus, b. in Cortlandt manor, 10 Jan.. 1?21 ;
d. in New York, 1 May, 1H14. In const-quence of
the deaths in early manhood of his brothers Abra-
ham, Philip, and John, unmarried, and of the
death, in 1756, of his eldest brother, Stephen, and
the absence in the army of his nephew. Philip.
Stephen's eldest son, Pierre became early and
closely identified with the affairs of the manor and
the interests of his relatives therein. Marrj'ing
Joanna, a daughter of (iilbert Livingston, he natu-
rally leaned to the political side of his wife's fam-
ily in the partv contests anterior to the oix»ning of
the American Itevolution. He was the repres«'iita-
tive of the manor in the colonial assembly from
1768 till 1775, and, unlike his nephew, Philip, the
head of the family, took the American side in the
Revolutionary war. He was a memljer of the Pro-
vincial convention, the council of safety, and the
Provincial congn'ss, and, u|K)n the organization of
the state government in 1777. was chosen lieuten-
ant-govenior of New York and served in that office
till 1795, when he
declined a re-elec-
tion, the long pe-
riod of eighteen
years. In 1777 he
was president of
the convention at
Kingston which
framed the first
constitution of
the state of New
York. He left
two sons. Gen.
Philip and Gen.
Pierre. He was
an admirable pre-
siding officer.gen-
tlebut firm, strict
butiin partial. and
cominandeil the
resjH'ct and estt>em of senators of all parties. —
Philip, soldier, b. in Cortlandt manor, 1 .Sept.,
1749; d. there, 5 Nov.. 18:^1, was the ehlest s«in of
Lieut.-Gov. Pierre Van Cortlandt, and was e<lu-
cated at Coldenham academy and graduated at
King's (now Columbia) college in 1758. He be-
came a surveyor. In June, 1775, he was commis-
sionetl lieutenant-<"olonel of the 4th battalion. New
York infantry, and on 30 Nov., 1776, by Wash-
ington, colonel of the 2d New York n-tfiment, in
idace of Col. Ritzema. who had joinwl the British.
He was present at the surrender of Burgoyne, and
in 1779 lie was engageil with Gen. John Sullivan
in the Indian campaign in western New York. In
1781 he took {>art in the Virginia campaign, and
witnessed the surrender of Cornwallis at Vorktown.
His highest rank in actual service was colonel, but
after the disbandmont of the army at the peace,
congress gave him the rank of brigadier-generaL
£
'<^t/lyvt^ VoLyt'^
^C
ftrfrCa^i^idu
238
VAN CORTLANDT
VANCOUVER
/^S.*^^!^Cz;^r
He was subsiM}uently a member of the New York
assembly and senate, and one of the commissioners
of forfeitures for the southern district of New
York. He sjit in
congress for the
Westchester dis-
trict from 1793 till
1809. He was for
many years treas-
urt^r of the state
Society of the Cin-
cinnati, and ac-
companied Lafay-
ette on his travels
^ ^^ ' <*^p^ throuph the Unit-
/jT ^^iw SI^^Jk ^I^ ^'^ States during
fr^^S^)m9^i^Mi«^^^ his visit in 1824.
He lies buried in
the family ceme-
tery near the
Cortlandt manor-
house at Croton.
— Pierre, soldier,
second son of
Lieu t.-Gov. Pierre,
b. in Cortlandt
manor, 29 Aug., 1762; d. there in July, 1848, was
a leading man in Westchester countv, its repre-
sentative in congress in 1811-'12, and major-gen-
eral of the militia, one of his aides being James
Fenimore Cooper. He was graduated at Rutgers
college in 1783, and in 1843 was given the degree
of LIj. D. by that institution. He studied law
with Alexander Hamilton, but did not practise
long, giving his attention to politics and to his
estate. He was a presidential elector for Jefifer-
son in 1800 and for Gen. William H. Harrison in
1840, and a candidate on the defeated Henry Clay
ticket in 1844. From 1833 till his death he was
president of the Westchester county bank. He
married first, in 1801, Catharine, daughter of Gov.
George Clinton and widow of Capt. John Taylor,
of the British army, and secondly, in 1813, Ann,
daughter of John Stevenson and Magdalen Douw,
of Albany, by whom he ha<l one child. Col. Pierre
Van Cortlandt (1815-'84). — Jacobns, merchant, b.
in New York, 7 July, 1658; d. there in 1739, was
the younger of the two sons of Olofif, first above
named, and ancestor of the Yonkers branch. His
estate at Yonkers, continuously held by his de-
scendants to this day, has been purcha.sed by the
city of New York for its new " Van Cortlandt
park" of about 800 acres. He was one of the
most eminent men of his time and one of the
aldermen of
the citv. He
sat in tlie first
assembly of
William and
Mary in 1691,
for New York
city, and also
in the two suc-
ceeding as-
semblies. He
again sat for
the citv from
1702 till 1709,
and from 1710
till 1715. In 1719 he was mayor of the city of
New York. He was a large land-holder in West-
chester county, notably in the town of Bedford,
where a large part of his property came by de-
scent and-wills of relatives to his grandson (through
his daughter Mary), Chief-Justice John Jay, who
built thereon the residence in which he died, and
which now belongs to the latter's grandson, John
Jay. (S«ie illustration.) Jacobus Van Cortlandt
was an officer and member of the Dutch church.
He married Eve Philipse, the stej>-daughter of the
first Col. Frederick Pnilipse, whose wife, by birth
Margaret Hardenbrook, was the widow of Peter
Rudolph de Vries, by whom she had one daughter,
who, after her mother's marriage to Frederick
Philipse, was adopted by him and called by his
name. His only son by this marriage, Frederick
(1698-1749), who married, in 1724, Frances Jay, was
the father of James, and Augustus, of Yonkers.
The latter (1728-1824) was for many years prior
to the Revolution clerk of the common council of
New York city, and to his unflinching loyalty to
his trust, as well as to his king, is due the. preser-
vation of the ancient city records of New York, for
of his own motion and on his own responsibility, in
1775, he placed them in chests, in a vault built at
his own expense, in his own garden, " ma<le," as he
informed the Provincial congress, " for that purpose
of stone and brick, well arched, and exceedingly
drv," and kept them till after the jieace of 1783.
VANCOUVER, George, English navigator, b.
in 1758; d. near London, England, 10 May, 1798.
He entered the British navy, joining the " Resolu-
tion," under Capt. Cook, in 1771, and served as
midshipman in Cook's second voyage (1772-'5),
and on his third voyage (1776-'80), when that com-
mander lost his life. In December of that year he
was made lieutenant, and appointed to the sloop
" Martin," on board which he continued till he was
removed to the " Fame," one of Lord Rodney's
fleet, in the West Indies. In 1784 he was ap-
pointed to the station in Jamaica, sailed in the
" Europe," and was there till the vessel returned
to England in September. 1789. Vancouver, in
1791, was appointed to command a squadron and
sent to the northwest coast of North America, with
instructions first to visit the Sandwich islands,
then go to Nootka, where, in 1792, with mutual
concessions on the part of the Spanish government
and the court of St. James, a matter in dispute
was amicably arranged ; and, further, to make an
accurate survey of the coast from the 30th degree
of north latitude northward, in order to find if
there were any waterways, by inlets, rivers, or
lakes, between that coast and Canada, or any pas-
sage from the North Pacdfic to the Atlantic ocean.
His careful survey occupied the summers of 1792-'3,
the intervening winter being spent in completing
the examination of the Sandwich group. In 1794
he returned to the American coast and surveyed
it as far as Cook's inlet, on the completion of which
he was promoted to post-captain. Then he sailed
along the western coast of South America, doubled
Cape Horn, and returned to Britain, reaching the
Shannon in September, 1795. The greater part of
the surveys was performed in boats, but his con-
stitution was undermined by the service. His
training, under Capt. Cook manifested itself in
the same enforcement of discipline and in the
same care for the health and comfort of his crew
that had characterized that great commander.
Vancouver's island was named in his honor. From
that time till his death he was occupied in the
preparation of his journals for publication. All
the charts were completed, the narrative printed
and corrected almost to the end of the third vol-
ume, and what little remained was prepared for
the press by his brother John. The " \ oyage of
Discover)' to the North Pacific Ocean and Round
the World" was published by the government (3
vols., London, 1798), with an atlas.
VAN CURLER
VAN DEN BROEK
23»
TAN CURLER, ••r CORLKAR, Arendt, nio-
neer.b. it) lluUaiul iiixMit I(iO(>; <l. in I>Hkt>('hampIaiti
in l(Kt7. lie vras a i-ousin of Killian Van K4*nsM'la4>r,
came to thia cxmntry in lO^W), an<l ro><(> thn)Uffli
»uU)nlinate i)f!ice« to' be the !>u|»erintentlcnt of the
manor and colony of RenSBoIaerwyck. having juris-
diction from iWren island in the IIud.'S4in to tiie
mouth of Mohawk river, controlling nearly a thou-
sand square miles of fur-lH?aring territory. Ky his
energy, talents, and character he made the jm-
troon's ct)Iony more pros|>erous than that at New
Amsterdam. ' He early mastered tite language and
learned the nature o^ the Ir(H{uois Indians, and
often visited their towns, either to ransom Christian
captives or to make covenants of amity. He may
be considenxl as the real founder of that Dutch
jMilicy of jK»ace with the Indians that was after-
ward followed by the English, which, by making
an invincible obstacle to French ambition, aide<l
8o powerfully to secure this continent to Germanic
instead of Latin civilization. In 1646 (the same
year in which the patroon die<l) he marrietl An-
tonia, widow of Jonas Bronck (who founded
Bronx ville. N. Y.), and visittnl Holland. On his
return he live<l on his farm near West Troy, N. Y.,
using all his influence to keep ()eace between the
whites and Indians and to check the trade in
" flre-water." He greatly assisted Gov. Peter Stuy-
vesant in treating with the Indians, especially at
Et^>i)us, in 16(H). In ltJ61, having outgrown the
semi-feudal ideas of the patroon system, he led a
company of free settlers from Holland to Sche-
nec-ta<ly, which he had first bought from the Mo-
hawks,'and founded an agricultural settlement, in
which all purchasers could hold land in fee simple.
He severaJ times assisted French individuals or
comp«nies when in straits of captivity, starvation,
or ambuscrade ; yet. by simple honesty of character,
kept the friendship and unljounded confidence of
the savages. In 1664, on the English conquest of
New Netherlands, Col. Richard Nicolls sent for
him to consult as to the Indian policy, and Van
Curler's propositions were adopted. In 1(J67. while
on a visit to Canada, by invitation of the French
governor. Tracy, he was drowned in the middle
of "Corlear's lake," or, as it is now called, Ijake
Champlain. The Mohawk Indians always ad-
drojeed the governors of New York and of Can-
a^la as " Corlear," and the Indian title of Queen
Victoria is Kora Kowa — " the Great Corlear." He
left abtiut 2.0(X) letters and paiKTs, which are pre-
served chiefly in Albany, N. Y. A biography of
Arendt Van Curler is in pre[)aration. — Two otliers
of the same name are A>fTHONY Van Curler, the
trumpeter, and Jacobus Van Curler, who was sent
by Gov. Van Twiller, of New Netherlandi<, to oc-
cupy territory in what is now Connecticut, He
purchased land from Sa.ssacus, sachem of the Pe-
quots. and on 8 June. IftW. landtnl with a company
of soldiers at what is now Dutch Point. Hartfortl.
and erected a tratling-factorv, calle<i the House of
HojK'. Hans Janse Pieiicluys, being in charge of the
artillery, forbore to fire on the Englishman, Will-
iam Holmes, while sailing past the fort to make
a settlement at Windsor, and the Dutch finally
evacuated the Connecticut valley. Van Curler was
the first school-master in New York city, and his
farm was on. the point of land near the foot of
Grand street, on East river, still called Corlear's
hook. He afterwani removwl to Ijong island.
VAN DAM, Rip, colonial governor, b. in Al-
bany, N. Y., about 1(MJ2; d. in New York city after
ITSQ, He became a prominent merchant in the
West India trade, resisleii Lor<l liellomont's re-
strictions on commerce, and, in consequence of the
UhC/\yl>X*/n^ac
cvrro
seizure of some of his Teasels for supposed infrac-
tion of the custrjm laws, engaged in politfcs, en-
tered the assembly in 16iM), and became a learler of
the opiMwition |>arty. With other mercluuit* be
signeil a |)etition to
the kiuK protesting
against Ik'lloinont s
acts. Ijord (V)rn-
bury, who removed
some of the council-
lors for promoting
political disortler,
ap{iointe<l Van Dam
to one of the vacan-
cies. He continued
in the council for
nearly thirty years,
and as its senior
member and presi-
dent assumed the
administration and
acted as governor
from the death of
Gov. John Mont-
gomery on 1 July,
1731, till the arrival of his successor on 1 Aug.,
1782. He was opposed to courts of chancery, and
refused to take the oath as chancellor. When Gov.
William Cosby on his arrival exhibited an order for
an equal division of the salary, emoluments, and per-
quisites. Van Dam refused to jNiy over any part of
the salary that he had received unless Cosby divided
the larger sum that he ha*l obtained in England
for pretended expt'nditures in the colony. They
each brought suits, which were finally droppe<i
without a settlement, after arousing intense parti-
san feeling lietween the aristocratic friends of the
governor and the popular party, which supported
Van Dam. Van Dam alisentwl himself from the
meetings of the council, and Gov. Cosby, on his
death-bed, setrretlv suspendtnl him from office in
order to prevent his succeetling again to the direc-
tion of the government. George Clarke, who was
next in length of service, was sworn in, but Van
Dam claime<l the office, and the rival governors
each called a meeting of the council. Van Dam
was sustaine<l by the chief justice, and his adher-
ents were ready to support his claim with arms,
when the arrival from England of despatches that
were addressed to Clarke put an end to the contro-
versy. He published " Hemls of .\rticles of Cora-
plaint against Gov. Cosby" (Iiost<in, 1734).
VAN DEN BROEli. Theodore, clergyman,
b. in Alkmaar, Holland, in 17K:{; d. in Little
Chute, Wis., 5 Nov., 1851. He belonged to the
order of St. Dominick. and came to the United
States in 1832. After spending some time in
studying the language and customs of the country
at the Dominican ct>nvent of St. Rose, Ky., he de-
termine<l to devote himsi>lf to thi' Indian mission.
After laboring at Green Bay in 18.'J4-'6 he went to
Little Chute and establishetl a school for the In-
dians; but his mission embrace*! almost the entire
state of Wisconsin for several years. He visite<l the
more distant stations p?nerally in winter, often
slept on the snow, aim was fre(|uently calleil to
visit sick {lenwms at a distance of 2<X> miles. He
taught the savages agricultur*' and trained them
to ust! c«r|K»nters t(K>ls. as well as instructing them
in the arts of masonry and plastering. With their
aid he built a fine church in 1839. B«>twecn 1884
and 1842 he converted more than 600 Menominees.
In 1844 he estAblishe<l the mission of St. Francis
on Wolf river or I^ake Powahegan, which in
1846 numbered 4(X) Indians, with a good church
240
VANDENHOPP
VANDERBILT
and school. Father Van den Broek was the pio-
neer of Roman Catholic colonization in Wisconsin.
In 1847 he left Little Chute and went to Europe.
Shortly after his arrival in Amsterdam he pub-
lished a patnphlet describing the atlvantages that
Wisconsin ottered to industrious immigrants. This
publication, with his lectures, induced a large num-
Der of Hollanders to emigrate, and in 1848 three
vessels arrived with them at New York. These
people were settled at Little Chute, liollandtown,
Green Bay, and other localities. The work of Fa-
ther Van den Broek in Holland continued to bear
fruit, and Dutch colonies were founded not only
in Wisconsin, but in Minnesota, Nebraska, and
other western states.
VANDENHOFF, George, actor, b. in England,
18 Feb., 1820. He first appeared on the stage as
Leon in "Rule a Wife and Have a Wife" at the
Covent Garden theatre, London, on 14 Oct., 1839.
In the summer of 1842 he came to the United
States, appearing at the Park theatre. New York,
as Hamlet, on 21 Sept. After a successful career
he retired from the stage in November, 1856, stud-
ied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1858, but
devoted himself chiefly to public readings and the
teaching of elocution in the cities of tne United
States and also in England, making New York
city his ordinary residence. He was the author of
" A Plain System of Elocution," which was repub-
lished under the title of " The Art of Elocution "
(New York, 1846) ; " Dramatic Reminiscences, or
Actors and Actresses in England and America"
(London, 1859) ; " Leaves from an Actor's Note-
Book, with Reminiscences and Chit-Chat of the
Greenrf)om and the Stage in England and Ameri-
ca " (1860) ; " Clerical Assistant, or Elocutionary
Guide " (1862) ; and " A Lady's Reader, with Rules
for reading Aloud" (1862). His wife, whom he
married in Boston on 20 Aug., 1855, was, as Miss
Makeath. successful on the stage in the role of
Julia in " The Hunchback," and in other charac-
ters, making her first appearance in Philadelphia
on 25 Dec, 1854. She finally retired from the
stage, and gave dramatic instruction in New York
until her death in 1883.
VANDERBILT, Cornelius, financier, b. near
Stapleton, Staten island, N. Y., 27 May, 1794; d.
in New York city, 4 Jan., 1877. He was descended
from Jan Aertsen Van der • Bilt, a Dutch fanner,
who settled near Brooklyn, N. Y., about 1650.
Cornelius's great-
grandfather, a son
of the emigrant
ancestor, removed
about 1715 to New
Dorp, Staten isl-
and,where the fam-
ily was converted
to Moravian doc-
trines by religious
exiles from Bohe-
mia. His father
was a farmer in
moderate circum-
stances, who con-
veyed his produce
to market in a sail-
boat, which the son
early learned to
manage. The boy,
who was hardy and
resolute, early became schooled in practical affairs
and the direction of men, but neglected every op-
portunity for education. When sixteen years of
age he purchased a boat, in which he ferried pas-
a=^^
sengers and goods between New York city and
Staten island, and at the age of eighteen he was
the owner of two Imats and captain of a third. A
year later he married a cousin, Sophia Johnson,
and removed to New York city. He extended his
interests in boats, sloops, and schooners, engaged
in traffic as well as transportation along the shores
of New York liay and Hudson river, and built new
craft on the latest and most approved models. In
1817 he engaged as captain of a steamboat that
made trips but ween New York city and New
Brunswick, N. J., and for twelve years worked for
a salary. In 1827 he lea.sed the ferry between
New York city and Elizabeth, and, bv putting on
new boats, made it very profitable, feeturning to
New York city in 1829. he began to build steam-
boats of improved construction and fittings, and to
compete in prices and service with the wealthy
capitalists wno owned the existing lines on Hudson
river and Long Island sound. 1 1 is success as a
steamboat builder and manager caused the title of
"Commodore" to l)e popularly attached to his
name. Before he was forty years old his wealth
was estimated at f500,(X)0, He withdrew his
steamboats from the Hudson river by arrange-
ment with Rol)ert L. Stevens, but maintained
lines connecting New York citv with Bridgeport,
Norwalk, Derby, New Haven, flartford, and Jscw
London, Conn., Providence and Newport, R. I.,
and Boston, Mass. When the emigration of gold-
seekers to C^alifornia began, he established a pas-
senger line, by way of Lake Nicaragua, gaining
large profits. Selling this in 1853, he visited
Europe in the "North Star," which was con-
structed after his own designs, and surpassed all
steam yachts that had before been built. The
company to which he had transferred the Nicara-
gua short line evaded payment, and on his return
Vanderbilt again engagetl in the California traffic,
threatening to force his dishonest competitors into
bankruptcy. This he accomplished, and in the
course of eleven years he accumulated $10,000,000
in this business. He engaged in ocean transpor-
tation while British ships were withdrawn during
the Crimean war, building three of the finest and
fastest steamers, and establishing a line between.
New York and Havre. His offer to carry the
mails for nothing impelled the government to
withhold the subsidy that it had paid to the Col-
lins line and caused the cessation of its operations.
A few years later Vanderbilt, who had oegun to
invest largely in the stock of the New York and
New Haven railrojid as early as 1844, retired from
the transatlantic trade on account of the sharp
competition of Europeans, and gradually trans-
ferred his capital from shipping to railroad enter-
prises. When the "Mernmac" attacked the Na-
tional vessels in Hampton Roads, he had his fin-
est steamship, the "Vanderbilt," fitted up for
naval purposes and sent to James river, intend-
ing to run down the Confederate ram. He gave
the vessel to the government, and, at the conclu-
sion of the war, congress voted him a gold medal
in recognition of his gift. His first important rail-
road venture was in 1863, when he purchased a
large part of the stock of the New York and Har-
lem railroad, and obtained a charter for a con-
necting street railroad through New *York city,
causing the stock to rise from ten dollars a share
to par. Daniel Drew and other heavy speculators,
witn foreknowledge of the intention of the city
council to cancel the franchise for a horse-car line
through Broadway, sold stock for future delivery,
causing it to decline heavily. Vanderbilt bought
what was offered, till it was all in his hands.
VANDKUFtILT
VANDKRIULT
241
and the M<)len could only make their dolivorieMhy
(Hiving him doiiblo the (>rii-i>s that ho had con-
tnictf«l to |>av tiiem. IIo In-ffKn in tho sanie year
to itim-hn-Hf tlu- shim's of th»> iliuison Uivt-r rail-
road, a competing line, jukI. when he bad obtaine<l
the (-ontrol, procured the intro<luction of a bill for
the consolidation of this and the Harlem road.
Members of the legislature entered into a combi-
nation with stock-jobbers to defeat the measure,
after promising their support, and in this way to
cause Harlem stock, which had risen from $75 to
$150 a share in anticipation of the consolidation, to
fall below the former price, enabling them to
make profits by selling while it declined. With
the aid of financial allies, Vanderbilt was able to
take all bids of stock, effecting a "corner" of
much greater dimensions than the former one. The
speculators for a fall had agreed to deliver 27,000
more shares than the entire stock of the road, and,
when the time for settlement came, the Vanderbilt
" pool " could make the price what they chose,
but did not venture to raise it above $285 for fear
of i)recii)itating a general panic. After this stroke.
by whicn he gained many millions, he purchased
large amounts of New York Central railnmd
stock. Fearing that the rojul would pass into his
hands, the managers in 18(>4 made secret arrange-
ments to have freight and passengers forwarded to
New York city by river steamers, instead of by the
Hudson river railroad. In retaliation, in the sec-
ond winter after the discriminations lK»gan, Van-
derbilt changed the terminus of the Hudson river
railn)ad at AUiany to the eastern side of the river,
and onlered the employes to receive no freight
from the Central railroad. The stock of the Nev
York Central railroad fell in the market, and V^an-
derbilt and his ass<K-iates gnulually increased their
holdings. In 18(57 Vanderbilt was elected presi-
dent oif the company. The Harlem and Hudson
river railroads had inipn>ved greatly in efileiency
and economy un«lcr \ anderbilt's a<Iministration.
He now applie<l the same methods of reform to the
New York Central road, increasing the rolling-
stock, improving the tracks, systematizing the ser-
vice, and increasing the connections. In order to
put an end to unprf>fitable com[>etition in nites,
ne next sought to obtain control of the New York,
liake Erie, and Western railroad (then calle<l the
Krie). and bought frwlv, while Daniel Drew, Jav
(tould, and James Fisk sol<l "short" for a fall,
winning the contest by floo<ling the market with
new shares, illegally issue*!. Thev obtained from
Vanderbiit about $7,000,000. but. after a legal con-
tn)versy over the fraudulent issue, were willing to
repay nearly $5.(MK).000. In 1860 henrocuredan
act for the consolidati<m of the New \ ork Central
and Hudson River companies, and in the same
year ilivided new shares among the stt)ck-holders.
adding 107 per cent, to the nominal capital of the
New York Central and 80 per cent, to that of the
VOL. VL — 16
Hudson River road. Notwithstanding the doubling
of the stiK-k. the market value of the shares, which
in 18«J7 hatl ranged from $75 to $120. reachi-d
$200 in lH<5y. Hy purchasing a controlling inter-
est in the Ijake Shore, the Canada Southern, and
the Michigan Central railroads, he extended his
system to Chicago, making it a trunk-line for
western traflic. He erecte<l the (irand Central
station in New York city, with viaducts and tun-
nelled approaches, for building which the city paid
half of tne cost. Four tracks were laid on the
New York Central line. Of the capital stock of
the railroads that comtK>sc<l the trunk-line, amount*
ing to $150,000,000, Vanderbilt owned one half.
Although he had never contributed to benevolent
enterprises, toward the close of his life he gave
$50,000 to Rev, Charles F. Deems to purchase the
Church of the Strangers, and $1,0()0.(KK) to found
Vanderbilt universitv at Nashville, Tenn. He ha<l
a fortune generally "estimated at $100,000,000, all
of which he left to his eldest son, William Henrv,
except $11,000,000 beoueathe*! to the latter^s
four sons, and $4,000,000 to his own daughters.
His voyage to England and along the coasts of
Europe from Russia to Turkey was recounted by
Rev. I)r. John O. Choules in " The Cruise of the
Steam Yacht 'North Star"" (lioston, 1854). Mr.
Vanderbilt was an extremely handsome man, with
a iK-autiful complexion. He was tall and graceful,
and to the last retained an ere<-t figure and an
elastic step.— His son, William Henry, financier,
b. in New Bruns-
wick. N. J., 8 May,
1821 ; d. in New
York city, 8 Dec.,
1885, was educat-
ed at Columbia
irram mar -school,
[jcaving school at
the age of seven-
teen, he engaged
in business as
a ship-chandler,
and a year later
became a clerk
in the banking-
house of which
Daniel Drew was
the senior part-
ner. He marrie<l
in his twentieth year, and, his health failing, settled
in 1842 on a small farm in New Dorn, Staten isl-
and, that his father gave him. This he cultivated
profitably, enlarging and improving it with biit
slight aid from his father, who at that time had a
IKH>r opinion of his financial ability. This esti-
mate was altered when the son managed with great
success the Staten Island railroad, of which he was
made receiver. When " Commo<lore " Vanderbilt
engaged in railroad financiering at the age of sev-
enty, he intrustctl the business management of the
railVoatls that came into his contnd to William
II., who was chosen vice-president of the Har-
lem and Hudson River cor|>orations in 1804, and
afterward of the New York Central. To these
great establishments he applietl the same watchful
attention and frugal economies which hatl restored
to prosperity the bankrupt Staten Island n»ad, and
with the same success. While jMirticipating no
more in the speculative plans of his father than he
formerly had in his steamship enterprii-es, he
aide<l materially towanl their success by his effi-
cient management. When he succee«le«l to the
control of the railroati pronerty he averted the con-
sequences of a protncteci war of rates and of a
^r^^^^^TIS^^^V'
242
VANDERBILT
VANDERBILT
threatened strike of lalK)rers by conciliation and
compromise. With equal prudence he avoided a
contest over iiis fathers will with his brother, Cor-
nelius Jeremiah, and two of his sisters, by agreeing
to pay the brother the income from fl,000,000,
which was Ave times as much as the will awaixled
him, and increasing by f 500,000 the legacy of each
of his sisters. Under his administration was com-
pleted the acquisition of the Canada Southern rail-
road, which was elTected by n guarantee of its
bonds, and that of the Michigan Central by pur-
chases in the open market. Between 1877 and
1880 he gaine<l control of the Chicago and North-
western line, comprising with its tributaries 4,000
miles of road, lie obtained connection with St.
Louis by means of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin-
cinnati, and Indianapolis railroad. In November,
1879, in order to obviate financial rivalries by in-
teresting other capitalists in the New York Central
road and to put his own property into a more man-
ageable shape, he sold 250,000 shares of the stock
to an Englisn and American syndicate, investing the
$30,000,000 that he obtained in U. S. government
bonds, of which a year later he held $53,000,000.
In 1880 he sold his interests in the Western Union
telegraph company. In 1881 he lowered rates in
competition with the New York, Western, Lake
Erie, and other trunk lines, primarily in order to
discourage the construction of the " Nickel Plate "
railroad. On 4 May, 1883, he formally resigned
the ollice of president of the New York Central
anil Hudson River, Lake Shore and Michigan
Southern, and Michigan Central companies, and
sailed for Europe. At the same time the compa-
nies were reorganized by the election of his son
Cornelius as chairman of the board of directors of
the New York Central, and Michigan Central com-
panies, and of his son William Kissam as chairman
of tiie Lake Shore road. The Nickel Plate road,
when couipleted, was acquired and added to the
New York Central system, while the West Shore
road was forced into bankruptcy by a reduction of
rates. Mr. Vanderbilt built a tine mansion, which,
with two other family residences, is shown in the
illustration, in New York city, which he filled with
modern paintings, chiefly of the French school, and
with other works of art. Five hoitses were built
for his sons and daughters in Fifth avenue near
his own. He was fond of driving, as his father
had been, and purchased Maud S. and other famous
trotting-horses. lie added $200,000 to the endow-
ment of Vanderbilt university, and gave $100,000
for a theological school and $10,000 for a library
in connection with the university. In 1884 he
gave $5(X),000 for new buildings to the College of
physicians and surgeons, and a year afterward his
daughter, Emily, wife of William D. Sloane, built
and endowed in connection with it a maternity
hospital at a cost of $250,000. and his four sons
have erected and equipped a building for clinical
instruction in connection with the college as a me-
morial of their father. He distributed $100,000
among the train-men and laborers of the New York
Central railroad when they refrained from striking
in 1877, gave $50,000 to the Church of St. Bar-
tholomew, and paid $103,000 for the removal of the
obelisk that the Khedive Ismail gave to the United
States and for its erection in Centml park. New
York city. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, two days before
the failure of Grant and Ward, borrowed from
^Ir. Vanderbilt, on an exchange check, $150,000,
which went to protest. The general then sent to
Mr. Vanderbilt, as security for this loan, deeds
to certain real estate, and his swords, medals,
works of art, and the gifts made him by foreign
governments. Mr. Vanderbilt proposed to re-
turn all this property to Gen. Grant, but found
that impossible, as it was liable to be seized by
creditors of the firm of Grant and Ward. He then
offered to give them to Mrs. Grant; but she de-
clined to receive them. He then proposed to trans-
fer all the property to the Union trust company,
in trust for Mrs. Grant and her heirs. Mrs. Grant
and the general refused this, on the ground that
the original debt was a debt of honor. Mr. Van-
derbilt then proposed that the presents should be
transferred to Mrs. Grant during her life, and at
her death be placed in the archives of the National
government at Washington. This proposition was
accepted, and Mrs. Grant immediately transferred
the articles to the government. By his will he left
$10,000,000 to each of his ei^ht children, one half
of each bequest to l>e held m tnist ; to his eldest
son $2,000,000 more: $1,000,000 to the eldest son
of the latter: and the residuary estate in equal
parts to his two eldest sons, subject to the payment
of an annuity of $200,000 to the widow, to whom
he left his House and the artistic objects that it
contained. He bequeathed $1,000,000 for benevo-
lent purposes, including gifts to Vanderbilt uni-
versity, the Metropolitan museum of art, the Young
men's Christian association, the missions of the
Protestant Episcopal church, and St. Luke's hos-
pital. He also provided for building and main-
taining a Moravian church and a family mauso-
leum at New Dorp, Staten island. The bulk of the
family fortune, including the railroad securities,'
has, by agreement among the heii-s. been left to the
management of the two principal heirs, Cornelius
and William Kissam. — Ihe eldest son of William
H.. Cornelins, financier, b. on Staten island, N. Y.,
27 Nov., 1843, was educated at private schools and
trained to business. He was treasurer of the New
York and Harlem railroad from 1867 till 1877,
then vice->president till 1880, and since that date
has been its president. In addition to his con-
nection with the roads previously mentioned, in
1883 he became president of the Canada Southern
company. He is a director in thirty-four diflFerent
railroad companies, and is a trustee of many of
the charitable, religious, and educational institu-
tions of New York city. Among Mr. Vanderbilt's
benefactions are the gift of a building in New
York city for the use of railroad employes, a con-
tribution of $100,000 for the Protestant'Episcopal
cathedral, and a collection of drawings by the old
masters and the painting of the *' Horse Fair," by
Rosa Bonheur, to the Metropolitan museum of art.
— The third son, Frederick William, is secretary
and treasurer of the New York, C'hicago, and St.
Louis railway company, and is a director in most
of the roads comprising the Vanderbilt system. —
The youngest son. George Washington, has estab-
lished a free circulating library in New York city,
which was opened in July. 1888, and has main-
tained a manual training-school.
VANDKHIIEYDEN
VANDERPOKL
243
VANDKRHEYDEN, IMrk, owner of the «t« of
Trov, N. Y.. I». in Allmnv. N. Y.. about ICHO; d.
thore in Octolicr, 17JW. The first of the nunie in
AU^aiiy came
3" to thisrountrv
from Ilullanil
alnnit 1590.
Dirk was an
innkwjier in
hisnativetown
and a s|)iH'ula-
tor in lands.
In 1720 he ol)-
Uiincd a grant
of 490 acres of
land in fee. at
a yearly rent
of ftveschepels
of wheat and four fat fowls. This grant, called the
" Poost<»n Bouwery," wa.s afterward known as Van-
derheyden's ferry, and in 1789 was named Troy.
The Vanderheyden mansion, which was kx)ught by
Dirk's deM'en<l'ant. Jacob, in 177H, was built in 1735
by Johannes IJeockman, a burgher of Albany. The
bricks were importetl from Holland, and it was one
of the best specimens of Dutch architecture in the
state. Its dimensions were fifty feet front bv twenty
in depth, with a hall and two rooms on a Aoor, the
massive beams and braces projecting into the rooms.
It is descril)ed by Washington Irving in the story
of Dolph Heyliger, in " liracebridge Hall," as the
residence of Heer Anthony Vanderheyden. The
weather-vane, a horse going at full si)eed, was
placed by Mr. Irving above the turret of the door-
way at Sunnyside, wnen in 1833 the Vanderheyden
house was demolished and a Baptist church wiis
built on its site. The Vanderheyden mansion is
shown in the accompanying illustration.
VANDERLYN, John, artist, b. in Kingston,
Ulster CO., N. Y., 15 Oct., 1775 ; d. there. 24 Sept.,
1852. After receiv-
ing an education
at Kingston acad-
emy, he went to
New York, where
he engaged in busi-
ness, and devot-
e<l his leisure to
art, attending the
drawing-school of
Archibald Kol)ert-
son. Subsequently
he went to Phila-
delphia, where he
spent some time in
tne studio of Gil-
bert Stuart, and
copie<i his pt)r-
traits of Aaron
Burr and Egl»ert
Itenson. Through
the generosity of Aaron Burr, who heard of the
young artist's difficulties. Vanderlyn wasenableil to
continue his studies. In 1796 he went to France,
where he remained for five years. After his return
in IMtKJ he painte<l two views of Niagara falls, which
were engrave<l and nublishwl (Ixtndon, 1 804), and
portraits of Burr and his daughter. The following
Bral years
for Joel
Barlow the " Death of Miss McCrea." In 1805 he
visite«i Rome, and there painted, in 1807, his " Ma-
rius amid the Ruins of Carthage." On his return
to Paris the following year he exhibited it at the
salon, where it gained for him the Napoleon gold
L^ 'll/lflSILr^^FX L«U1I mill 111'^ «tf»VI^II&\^t> ft i«^ i\
year he went abroa<l again, and spent sever
in England and Paris, where he painted
medal. This painting belongs now to Bishop Kip,
of Califoniia. He also executwl various copies after
the old masters, and in 1812 |)ainte«l his funious
" Ariadne." This picture was siit>s«.>4|uently Ixjught
and engraved by Asher B. Dunmd, and is now in
the Pennsylvania academy of fine arts. He re-
turned to the Unitetl States in 1815, an<l painted
i)ortraits of various eminent men, including Wash-
mgton (for the National house of representatives),
James Monroe, John C. Calhoun, Gov. Jos4'ph C.
Yates, Gov. George Clinton, Andrew Jackson, and
Zachary Taylor. At this time he nn)jected alsf> a
panoramic exhibition, at)d ere<-te<l in New York
the " I^>tunda." He exhibited there [lanoramas
of Paris, Athens, Mexico, Versailles (by himself),
and Mime Ijaltle-nieces; but the enterprise was
not successful, an«l the building |)assed out of his
hands. This, and the want of appreciation for
the arts in this country, seem to nave dispirite<l
and embittered him. flis last large composition-
picture, "The Landing of Columbus," i>ainte<l in
Paris for one of the panels in the capitol at Wash-
ington, is hardly more than resjK«ctable. It was
engraved for the United States five-dollar Imnk-
notes. Vanderlyn will always Ix; known as the
painter of " Marius" and " Ariadne," which latter,
though scarcely showing great originality, is a
noble work. The New York historical society owns
his portraits of Aaron Burr. Robert R. Livingston
(1804). Roger Strong, and Henry lienson (1823).
VANDERPOEIj, Aaron, congressman, b. in
Kinderhook, N. Y., 5 F'eb., 17l»9; d. in New York
city, 18 July, 1871. He was carefully e<lucated.
studied law," was admitte<l to the bar in 1820, and
began practice in his native town. He was in the
assembly in 1826-'30. and in congress in 1833-'7
and 1859-'41, having been chosen as a Demo-
crat. He then retiretVfrom [»olitical life, settled in
New York city, and was a judge of the superior
court in 1842-"50. During his congressional ser-
vice he acquired the soubriouet of the " Kinder-
hook roarer," on account of the j)ower of his voice
and his oratorical flights. — His nephew, Aaron J,
lawyer, b. in Kinderhook, N. Y., 18 Aug., 1825; d.
in I^aris. France. 23 Aug., 1887, was the son of Dr.
John Vanderpoel. a successful physician, and the
persf>nal and political frien<l of Martin Van Buren.
Aaron was graduate<l at the University of New
Y'ork in 1842, studiwl law under William Curtis
Noyes, settling in Kinderhook, and subsefjuently
in New York city. He forme<l a partnership with
A. Oakey Hall and Augustus L. Brown in 1853,
under the name of Brown, Hall, and Vandeq)oel
The firm had a large practice, especially as counsel
for the city in many municitml alTaii-s. In 1873,
by the witlbdrawal of Mr. Hall, the firm was re-
organize<l as Vanderpoel, Green, and Coining. Mr.
Vanderpoel was in constant practice liefore the
courts for more than thirty years, and perhaps ap-
peared in more cases than any other lawyer at the
New Y'ork Imr. He was an authority on corfxira-
tion law, for many years was sheriff's counsel,
counsel for the j)olice commi.ssioners. and engageil
in many important railroad suits. He declined a
nomination to the l)ench of the court of np|H'als in
188.5. In 1880 the University of New York gave
him the degree of LL. D. At the time of his death
he was president of the Manhattan club.
VANDERPOEL, Ann Priscilla, philanthro-
pist, b. in Ixjiidon, England. 25 June. 1815; d. in
New York city, 4 May, 1870. Her father. Robert
O. Barnes, came to this count rj- with his family in
183JJ. She married Dr. Edward Van<lerpoeI in
1837, and for many years was ideiitifi(>d with phil-
anthropic work in Kew York city. She founded
244
VAN DER VEER
VAN DORN
the Ladies' home U. S. hospital in 1861, and eave
her gratuitous services, for four years and a half,
as a nurse to the Union soldiers, her labors
being recognized by the government, especially
by President Lincoln, who sent her an engravecl
certificate as a memorial of her work. In July,
1803, during the draft riots in New York city, she
saved Mayor George Opdyke's house from fire and
pillage by driving ui an o{)en carriage from Fourth
street to Mulberry street, where the police office
was situated, and sending a company of soldiers to
his aid. To reach the office she exposed her life
by breaking through a dense mob. She has been
called tlie Floreufc Nightingale of New York.
VAN DER VEER, Albert, surgeon, b. in Root,
N. Y., 10 .July, 1841. He studied at Aibanv medi-
cal college, was graduated in 1862 at the National
medical college, Washington, D. C, and served
through the civil war as a surgeon. He then set-
tletl in Albany, where in 1869 he became profes-
sor of the principles and practice of surgery in the
Medical college. In 1882 he was given the chair
of surgery and clinical surgery. During this time
he was also connected with Albany and St. Peter's
hospitals. Dr. Van der Veer has achieved success
in abdominal surgery. He has been president of
the New York state medical society, and is a mem-
ber of various other medical societies at home and
abroad. Albany medical college gave him the de-
gree of M. D. in 1869, Williams that of A. M. in
1882, and Union and Hamilton that of Ph. D. in
1883. He has contributed to " Wood's Reference
Handbook of Medicine and Surgery," and to sev-
eral medical journals.
VAN DERVEER, Ferdinand, soldier, b. in
Butler county, Ohio, 27 Feb., 1823. He was edu-
cated at Farmer's college, Ohio, enlisted as a pri-
vate in an Ohio regiment during the Mexican war,
rose to the rank of captain, and headed one of the
assaulting columns at the capture of Monterey.
He subsequently practised law, and became sheriff
of Butler county, Ohio. At the beginning of the
civil war he became colonel of the 35th Ohio vol-
unteers, succeeded to the command of Gen. Robert
L. McCook's brigade, and led it till the autumn of
1864, when he was made brigadier-general of vol-
unteers, and assigned to the 4th corps. Gen. Van
Derveer saw much active service, and, among many
other engagements, participated in the battles of
Mill Springs, Chickamauga, and Mission Ridge.
Since 1870 he has been judge of the court of com-
mon pleas of Butler county. Ohio.
VAN 1)E VELDE, James Oliver, R. C. bishop,
b. near Termonde, Belgium, 3 April, 1795; d. in
Natchez, Miss., 13 Nov., 1855. He received his
early training from a refugee French priest who
had been sheltered by his family, was afterward
placed in a boarding-school near Ghent, and was
professor of French and F'lemish in Puerswhen he
was eighteen years old. He afterward entered the
Seminary of Xlechlin, where he taught Latin, while
studying logic and theology. In 1817 he came to
the United States and became a student in the
Jesuit novitiate at Georgetown. After two years
he was aprK)inted professor of belles-lettres in St.
Mary's college, and he was ordained a priest in
1827. He was chaplain of the Convent of the Visi-
tation till 1829, when he was given charge of the
missions of Rockville and Rock Creek, Md. In 1831
he was sent to St. Louis, and named professor of
rhetoric in the Jesuit college. In 1833, when this
college was made a university, he was appointed
vice-president and procurator. He was vice-pro-
vincial of Missouri in 1887, and in 1840 became
president of St. Louis university. He set out for
Rome the same year, to attend the congregation of
procurators, as representative of his province. On
nis return he resumed the presidency of his col-
lege, and he was named vice-provincial again in
1843. Under his administration the Jesuit insti-
tutions in the west became very prosperous. He
built several churches and novitiates, and created
new Indian missions. In 1848 he became socius of
the provincial, and in this capacity attended the
council of Baltimore. He was nominated for the
see of Chicago, and was consecrated bishop on 11
Feb., 1849. He at once made a thorough visitation
of his diocese, and founded two orphan asylums;
but his health soon gave way, and this, added to
the opposition he encountered from part of his
diocese, induced him to implore the pope to accept
his resignation. Not succeeding, he set out for
Rome in 1852, bearing the decrees of the plenary
council that was held in that year in Baltimore.
He was well received by Pius IX., who decided to
transfer him to a milder climate. While making a
circuit of his diocese after his return, he received
his brief of nomination to the vacant see of Nat-
chez on 29 July, 1853. During his administration
of the diocese of Chicago seventy churches had
been begun and the greater number of them were
completed, and he erected several other religious
and charitable institutions. On arriving in the
state of Mississippi, he visited the different congre-
gations, made efforts to procure additional priests,
founded schools, and tooK measures for completing
the cathedral and erecting a college. On 13 Oct.,
1855, he sustained an injury from a fall which
eventuallv led to his death.
VANDtWATER, Oeorge Roe, clergyman, b.
in Flushing, L. I., 25 April, 1854. He was gradu-
ated at Cornell in 1874, at the General theological
seminary. New York city, in 1879, ordained to the
priesthood in the latter year, and was rector of the
Protestant Episcopal church at Oyster Bay, Long-
Island, in 1878-'80, where he was instrumental in
building a church and founding a library. He
then became rector of St. Luke's church, Brooklyn,
N. Y., organized the church and congregation of
St. Bartholomew, was active in what is known as
the advent mission revival in 1885, and instrumen-
tal in organizing the Parochial mission society, of
which he became general secretary. He subse-
quently conducted missions in various parts of the
country with success, and on 1 June, 1887, was ap-
pointed general missioner of the Parochial mission
society of the Episcopal church for one year, still
retaining his pastorate. In 1888 he became rector
of Sti Andrew's church. New York city. He is
identified with the cathedral and the cathedral
schools in Garden City, Long Island, and is a trus-
tee of Cornell, and of the General theological semi-
nary. Nashotah seminary gave him the degree of
I). D. in 1886. He has published "Manual of
Church Music ". (Brooklyn, 1886); "The Hvran-
Book for Missions " (New York, 1887) ; and " Man-
ual of Church Praver " (Brooklyn, 1888).
VAN DORN, l!arl, soldier, b. near Port Gib-
son, Miss., 17 Sept., 1820: d. in Spring Hill, Tenn.,
8 May, 1863. He was graduated at the U. S. mili-
tary academy in 1842, assigned to the 7th infantry,
and served in garrisons. After his promotion to
2d lieutenant, 30 Nov., 1844, he took part in the
military occupation of Texas in 1845-'6, was made
1st lieutenant, 3 March, 1847, and brevetted cap-
tain on 18 April for "gallant and meritorious con-
duct in the battle of Cerro Grordo." He was at
Contreras and Churabasco, and was brevetted ma-
jor, 20 Aug., 1847, for gallantry in those actions.
He also took part in the assault and capture of the
VAN DYKE
VAN DYKE
340
city uf Mexico, and wait woun(le<l nt Ik>lcn f^t«.
Ho w»us aide-df-cKinp to Cii»n. Persifer K. Smith,
fnmi April. 1H47. till May, 184«, at liaUm Koajr.-,
I.ta. I^iiMit. Van Dorii i-iipipxl in the SciniiioU-
war in is4i>-'*i(), was mado captain in t)io 2d cav-
alry, -i Man-h, 1!S.Vj, took part in the Imttle with
the Conianchvs, 1 July, ItiJU, and coniniandi>d
the ux|M.*<lition apiinst those Indians near Washita
Villajfe, Indian territory, 1 Oct., ISoti, where he
was four tiine^ wounded, twice dangerously by ar-
rows. He was apiin enpiged with the Conianches
in the valley of S'essentunpi, 13 May, IX>\). He
became major of the 2«l cavalry, 2y June. 18W. but
resi^^nod on 'M Jan., 18U1, and wa» aj>|K>inted by
the le^rislature of Mississippi bri;;adier-general of
the state forces, afterward 8uccee<lin)f Jefferson
Davis as m^or-general. He waM apiK)inte<l colonel
of cavalry in the regular Confederate ariny, lU
March, isisi, took command of a body of Texan
Toluntoers, and on 20 April captured the steamer
"Star of the West "at Indianola. On 24 April,
at the head of 800 men, at Salaria, he received the
surrender of Maj. Caleb C. Sibley and seven com-
panies of U. S. infantry, and on 9 May he received
that of Col. Isaac V. D. Reeve with six companies
of the 8th infantry. He became brigadier-gen-
eral on 5 June, and major-general on 19 Sept.,
1801. and on 29 Jan., 18(i2, took command of
the Trans-Mississippi de|uirtment. He was de-'
feated at Pea Ridge on 0-8 March (see Curtis,
Samuel R.), and, being suiKjrsetled by Gen. The-
ophilus H. Holmes, joined tiie Army of Mississippi.
At Corinth, 3-4 Oct, where he was in command
with Gen. Sterling Price, he was again defeated,
and he was superseded by Gen. John C. Pember-
ton. On 20 Uec. he matle an attack on Holly
Springs, Miss., which was occupied by Col. Murphy
with a boily of U. S. troops, and captured a large
amount of valuable stores. On 10 April, 180;i, he
made an unsuccessful attack on Gen. Gordon Gran-
ger at Franklin. Tenn. In the following month
Gen. Van Dorn was shot by a f)hysician named
Peters, on account of a private grievance. Gen.
Van Dorn provoked many strictures at one time
by an onler restricting the comments of the press
on the movements of the army, though the step
was taken ia obedience to the commands of Gen.
Braxton Bragg. He possessed a cultivated taste,
and was a fine draughtsman. When stationed at
Newport, Ky., barracks, opposite Cincinnati, he
deviseil and successfully tried in that city an ele-
vated ele<'tri(' railway.
VAN DYKK, Hcndrick, pioneer, b. in Holland
about 1599 ; d. in New York in 1088. He came to
this country in 10:iO or in 1040, in the service of
the West India company, as ensign commander of
their tnxms. He was sent by Gov. William Kieft
on several expeditions against the Indians, and in
1648, under his onlers. destrove<l a large Indian vil-
lage on Long Island sound, killing about 500 per-
sons. He ri'turned t« Holland on 25 June, 1045,
was apiK>into<l Hscal or attt)rney-general of the New
Netherlands, and in 1040 sailed for New Amster-
dam with Peter Stuyvesant. the new governor of
the province. During the voyage he offendetl
Stuyvesiint, and when they reaclied New Amster-
dam the governor excluded him from the council
for twenty-nine months, and sucwede*! in depriv-
ing him of all his influence and dignities. In 1050
he made an earnest protest to the home govern-
ment " against the excesses of Director Stuyvesant."
but the latter influenced his dismissal in March,
1052. In 1(J55, at a time when the citizens were
entirely unprepare<l for an attack, the Indian tribes
that surrounded New Amsterdam landed within
the city limits with 500 warriors, broke into houses
abusi>d the iieople, and among others wounded
Van Dvke. wlio was seatcnl |>eiiccfully in his gar-
den. I'he citizens rushe<i to the fort, a struggle
ensued, and three Indians were killed. The sav-
ages t«M)k to their b«Mits, but in revenge laid waste
the farms on the Now Jersey coast, killed 50 of
the inlmbitantsof Staten island, and took 100 pris-
oners. This uprising is almost universally ex-
plained by historians on the theory that Van Dyke
had killeu an Indian woman who wa.s stealing fruit
from his garden : but the statement is not sul>^tan-
tiated by the earliest and most reliable authorities.
His closing years were passed in retirement. Ho
is described as a " thrifty man. dealing in real es-
tate, and loiiuing money." In 1075 he married the
widow of Jacob Van Couwenhoven. See " Colonial
New York," by George W. Schuyler (2 vols.. New
York. 1885). — ll is descendant in the fourth genera-
tion. Henry Herbert, financier, b. in Kinderhook,
N. Y.. in 1809: d. in New York city. 22 Jan., 1888,
was apprenticed to a printer early in life, and at
twenty-one years of age became editor of the Go-
shen " Indejjendent Republic^in." He was subse-
quently connected with the Allwiny " ArgJis," and
was active in state politics as a Free-soil Democrat,
following the lead of Martin Van Buren in the
revolt against the "Hunker" Democrats that re-
sulted in the eletrtion of Zachary Taylor to the
presidency as a Whig. He sul)se(iuently joined
the Republican party, and was a presidential elec-
tor on the Fremont ticket in 1850. He Ijocame
superintendent of public instruction for the state
of New York in 18a7, and in 1801 su{)erintendent
of the state banking department, holding ofTice till
1805, when he was chosen by President Johnson as-
sistant U. S. treasun^r. The failure of his health
compelled his n>signation of that fjost in 1809.
He was president of the American safe deposit
company in 188iJ-'8, and, among other business
offices, held the presidency of the Erie trans|K>rta-
tion company. — Henry's brother, Cornelias Van
Allen, clergyman, b. in Kinderhook. N. Y.. 13 Aug.,
1818. studied at Kinderhook academy, was gradu-
ated at Jefferson mwiical college in 1837, and the
same year became a missionary to Syria, under the
care of the American boanl. Having become pro-
ficient in Arabic, he was appointe<l principal of a
seminar)' at Abeih, on Mount TalK)r, Palestine, and
at the same time engaged in the prefiaration of
mathematical and scientific books in the Arabic.
He was ordained to the ministry of the Congrega-
tional church in 1840, and after the death of Dr. Kli
Smith was calletl by the American lK>ard to Bey-
rout to complete the latter's work on the Arabic
version of tne Scriptures. As there were certain
Firinciples in Dr. Smith's version that Dr. Van
)yke found it necessary to change, he rewrote the
whole, with the exception of the Pentateuch, in the
style of the Koran. He was invited by the Amer-
ican Bible society to come to New York in 18<}4,
and to superintend its publication. After two
years he complete<l an edition of the whole Bible,
and one of the New Testament alone, with vowel
points (New York, 1807). He was manager of the
mission press in IJeyn>ut in 1857-'80, subse<|uently
physician to St. John's hospital ami professor of
I>athology in the .Syrian Protestant college, and
since 18«2 has been physician to St. Georue's hospi-
tal. Rutg«>rs pive him the degree of D. 1>. in 1805.
He has publishe^l tracts, is the author in Arabic of
a series of mathematical, chemical, a.str(momi<-al.
and hygienic works, and has translated into tlntt
tongue the "Shorter Catechism" (Beyrout, 1843)
and "The SchOnberg-CotU Family'' (1865).
246
VAN DYKE
VAN DYKE
YAN DYKE, Henry Jackson, clerffjrman, b.
in Abingdon, Montgomery co.. Pa., 2 March, 1822.
He was graduated at the University of Pennsylva-
nia in iy43 and at Princeton theological seminary
in 1843, was ordained to the ministry of the Pres-
byterian church the same year, and was pastor in
Bridgeton, N. J., in 1845-'52, and in Germantown,
Pa., in 1852-'3. At the last date he was called to
the 1st Presbyterian church in Brooklyn, N. Y.,
which charge he continues to hold. The Univer-
sity of Missouri gave him the degree of D. D. in
1860. He is an effective speaker and lecturer, and
is popular as a pastor, occupying a high place in
the Presbyterian church as an authority on doc-
trine and discipline. He was active in 1^70 in the
movement for the reunion of the northern and
southern branches of that body, and moderator of
the General assembly in 1876. — His son, Henry
Jackson, clergyman, b. in Germantown, Pa., 10
Nov., 1852, was graduated at Princeton in 1873,
and at the Theological seminary there in 1877.
He became corresponding editor of the Philadel-
phia " Presbyterian " in 1876, edited the " Prince-
ton Book," and was licensed to preach the same
year. He studied at the University of Berlin in
1877, became pastor of the United Congregational
church, Newport, R. I., in 1878, and since 1882 has
been in charge of the Brick (Presbyterian) church.
New York city. Princeton gave him the degree of
D. D. in 1884. He has published " The Reality of
Religion " (New York, 1884). and many contribu-
tions to periodicals, including a series of articles
on "Gospel History in Italian Painting."
VAN DYKE, John, jurist, b, in Lamington,
N. J., 3 April. 1807; d. in Wabasha, Minn., 24
Dec, 1878. He was admitted to the New Jersey
bar in 1836, and iTnmediatdy rose to prominence
in the Suydam-Robinson murder trial. He held
many offices of trust and was the first president of
the Bank of New Jersey at New Brunswick. He
was elected to congress in 1847 and served two
terms, during which his course was marked by bit-
ter opposition to slavery. In politics he was a
Whig, and afterward one of the founders of the
Republican party in New Jersey. In 1859 he be-
came one of the state supreme court judges, which
post he held until 1866. Two years later he went
to Minnesota, and was there, by special appointment,
judge of the 3d judicial district. He published
some anti-slavery pamphlets and contributed to
magazines. — His son, Theodore Strong, author,
b. in New Brunswick, N. J., 19 July, 1842, was
graduated at Princeton in 1863, and admitted to
the bar in 1866. He practised law m Minnesota
from 1869 till 1876, when feeble health forced him
to remove to southern California. He chose lit-
erature in nature for his subject, and soon be-
came known through his letters on shooting, fish-
mg, natural history, and gun-rifling in sporting
journals. He was the first to make known the in-
ternal beauties and advantages of southern Cali-
fornia to the sportsman, settler, and invalid. In
1884 he travelled through Mexico as a special cor-
respondent for several New York papers. In ad-
dition to his magazine and newspaper contribu-
tions, he has published " The Rifle, Rod, and Gun
in California" (New York, 1881); "The Still
Hunter" (1883); "SDUthem California" (1886);
and "Southern California the Italy of America"
(San Diego, Cal., 1887). — Another son, John
Charles, author, b. in New Brunswick, N. J., 21
April, 1856, was admitted to the New York bar in
1877. but immediately abandoned the law for lit-
erature. ' He studied art in Europe in 1883, 1887,
and 1888, was editor of the " Studio " in 1884, and,
besides many articles in magazines and newspa-
pers, principally on art topics, has published
" Books, and how to use Them " (New York, 1888) ;
" Principles of Art " (1887) ; and " How to judge
of a Picture " (1888).
VAN DYKE, Joseph Smith, clergyman, b. in
Bound Brook, N, J., 2 Nov., 1832. Hewas gradu-
ated at Princeton in 1857, and at the theological
seminary there in 1861, was tutor in Greek while
studying theology, pastor of the 1st Presbyterian
church m Bloomsbury, N. J., in 1861-'9, and since
the latter year has held a charge in Cranbury,
N. J. In 1859-'60 he lectured on education.
Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1884.
He has published " Popery the Foe of the Church "
(Philadelphia, 1871) ; " Prohibition of the Liquor
Traffic " (New York, 1879) : " Through the Pnson
to the Throne, Illustrations of Life from the Biog-
raphy of Joseph " (1881) ; " From Gloom to Glad-
ness, Illustrations of Life from the Biography of Es-
ther" (1883); "Giving or Entertainment: Which t"
(1883) ; and " Theism or Evolution " (1886).
VAN DYKE, Nicholas, statesman, b. in New
Castle county, Del., 25 Sept., 1738 ; d. there. 19 Feb.,
1789. He was educated in his native county, stud-
ied law, was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in
1765, and attained eminence in the profession. He
took an active part in the military and political
affairs of his county, attaining the rank of major
in the militia. In 1774, when the freeholders of
New Casfcle county held a general meeting to con-
sider the Boston port bill, he was appointed on
the committee of tnirteen to correspond with the
other colonies. On this committee he was asso-
ciated with Thomas McKean and George Read.
He was a deputy from his county to the State con-
vention of July, 1776, which framed the first con-
stitution of the state. He was elected with James
Sykes, 22 Feb., 1777, to the Continental congress
in the room of John Dickinson and John Evans,
who declined to serve. He continued in congress
until 1783, and was one of the delegates that rati-
fied the articles of confederation. In 1781 con-
gress appointed him one of a committee of five to
confer with the people of New Hampshire relative
to the admission of that colony into the "federal
union of these states." In 1777 he was a member
of the council of the state of Delaware, and in
1779 its speaker. In 1777 he was also appointed a
judge of admiralty. He was elected president of
the state of Delaware in 1783, holding the office
until 1786. Gov. Van Dyke w^as a firm believer in
the sovereignty of the state. — His son, Nicholas,
senator, b. in New Castle, Del., 20 Dec., 1769; d.
there, 21 May, 1826, was graduated at Princeton in
1788. In his class were David Stone, afterward
governor and chief justice of North Carolina, Will-
iam Kirkpatriek, subsequently Federal judge and
a member of congress, and Smith Thompson, after-
ward secretary of the navy and justice of the U. S.
supreme court, yet President Witherspoon said of
him in a letter to George Read, 2 Oct., 1787: "If
you have any opportunity of seeing Mr. Van Dyke,
please assure him that his son is, 1 think, without
doubt, the first in his class." After his graduation
he studied law with his brother-in-law, Kensey
Johns, and was admitted to the bar at N«w Castle
in April, 1792. He was elected in 1799 to the
legislature of Delaware, and in 1807 to congress,
serving until 1811. In 1815 he became a member
of the senate of Delaware, and from 1817 till 1826
he was a member of the U. S. senate. Lafayette,
who was present at the we<lding of Mr. Van Dyke's
daughter to Charles 1. Du Pont, and gave away the
bride, was his personal friend, and declared that '' in
VANE
VAN ELTEN
247
his judgment Mr. Van Dyke was one of the first
stiito.stiH'n in rank whom ho knew in America."
William T. Ui>i*d said of him: "If sur|HiS8ed by
8ome of his cotitomporarios (inferior to fuw, if any,
memlH»ra of the bar throujfhout the Union) in pro-
found knowle<lKu of the law and in diak>ctieal
power, he wa-s a sound lawyer, and superior to
them all a.s a fluent, graceful, and successful advo-
cate ami in the skilful management of hi» CA-ses.
He never lost his nreililection fur general litera-
ture, and was remarkable for the ease and elegance
of his manners and conversational |M)wer8, for his
taste in architecture and his foruhjess for indulg-
ing in it. In the senate of the United States he
not only maintainetl but increased the high repu-
tation of the renresentatives of Delaware for states-
manshii) and aoility as a debater. He was of the
Federal tmrty."
VANE, Sir Henrjr, governor of Massachusetts,
b. in Hadlow, Kent, England, in 1612; d. in IjOU-
don, 14 June, 1662. He was the son of Sir Henry
Vane, comptroller of the household of Charles I.,
and was educated at
Westminster school
and Oxft)rtl. Through
his father's influence
he early entered the
diplomatic service and
visited Vienna, in
1631, with the Ene-
lish ambassador. It
is supposed that he
sjx>nt a short time in
Geneva, for he return-
ed to England a thor-
ough Puritan, and, re-
fusing the career that
was open to him as
the .son of a courtier,
sailed in 1^35 for New
England. An impres-
sive U'aring and great
abilities, joined to the
fact of his high birth, led to his taking an ac-
tive part in the afTairs of the colony of Massachu-
setts. Within a month after his arrival he was
admitted to meml)ership in the church of Boston,
and before three months ha<l expired, with Hu^h
Peters, he procured a meeting in Boston of the
principal magistrates and ministers of the colony,
with a view to healing some distractions in the
commonwealth and "effecting a more firm and
friendly uniting of minds." At this meeting Vane
declared in favor of a more rigorous administra-
tion of government than had thus far l>een pur-
sued. In May, 1036, notwithstanding his youth.
Vane was chosen governor of the colony, Acconl-
ing to John Winthrop, " the ships congratulated
his election with a volley of shot.' It was expedi-
ent before all things that the colonists should be
united, but Vane ha<l a horror of all forms of bij;-
otry. and he had no sympathv with the attacks of
the clergy on Anne Hutchinson, with manv of
whose opinions he agretnl. A strong op|)osition
was organized against him, and he was defeate<l at
the annual election in 1087. But he had gained
the affection of the people of Boston, and was at
once chosen by them one of their representatives
to the general court. The majority of that Ixxly
declared the election of Vane and his associates
void, whereupon the inhabitants returned them a
second time on the next day. In order to put
down the Hutchinson heresy, a law was passed by
the general court that no strangers should be re-
ceived within the jurisdiction of the colony except
such as should be allowe<l by some of the magis-
trates. This create<l such i)ublic discontent that
(iov. Winthrop put forwanl a " Defence." to which
Vane immediately replied with " A Brief Answer
to a certain I)eclaration made of the Intent and
E(juity of the Order of Court that none should l»e
received to inhabit within this JuriMJiction but
such as should be allowed by some of the Ma^s-
trates." Vane retume<l to England in Aujfust,
1037, and thereafter it is recorileflby Winthmp that
" he showed himsi^lf in later years a true friend to
New England, and a man of a noble and f;enerous
mind." He was elected to parliament in 1040. was
made treasurer of the navy with Sir William Rus-
sell, and during the same year he was knighted.
In November, 1040. he was chosen to the long par-
liament, and l>efore the assembly met he found
among his father's pajKirs (so it has been asserted)
notes that suljsejjuently formed the chief evidence
in causing the impeachment and execution of the
VmtI of Strafford. The use of this information
brought about a collision lietween father and son,
and it was several years before they were recon-
ciled. He became a zealous opponent of the royal-
ist party and tunied the fees of his office — £iiO,000
a year— ^ver to parliament, deeming such a reve-
nue too great for a subject. In July. 1043, he was
sent to Scotland as one of the commissioners to
negotiate an alliance, and by his persuasion the
" Solemn league and covenant " was adopte<l. Dur-
ing the progress of the war he was placed on all
commissions that were empowered to treat with
the king, and was also one of the parliament's com-
mittee that occasionally accomjmnied the army.
When the house of commons discussed the terms of
settlement that were offered by the king, he let!
the minority that favored their rejection, but yield-
ed to the majority, and retired. In 1049 he re-
turned to public life as a member of the council
of state, and had almost exclusive direction of
the navy and the conduct of foreign wars. The
forcible dis.solution of the parliament by Oliver
Cromwell in 1053 bnmeht him into open enmity
with that leader. He then went to Kabv castle
and devoted himself to writing theolopical works.
Certain of his publications l>eing repirtled as se«li-
tious, he was imprisone<l in Carisbrooke ciistle. but
was soon releasea. After the death of Oliver Crom-
well he returned to parliament, when he became
the leader of the Republican party. On the restora-
tion of the monarchy he was imprisone<l. and after
a trial for treason was behea<led. Sir Henry Vane's
labors in behalf of New England were arduous and
important. The charter for the colony of Rh(Kle
Island was procureil in great measure through his
influence, and Roger Williams declared that his
name ought ever to Ik* held in hoiiore<l remem-
brance by her people. See his biography by (ieorge
Sikes, a contemi>orary : " Life of Sir Henry \'ane,"
by Charles W. I pham, in Sparks's "American Biog-
raphy " (Boston. 18:{,5): "Statesmen of the Com-
monwealth." by John Forster (Ix)ndon. 1H40): and
"The Life of Voung Sir Henry Vane. (lovemor of
Ma.>isacliusetts Bay and Leatler of the lionp Par-
liament," bv James K. Ilosnier (lioston, 1888).
VAN FXTKN, Hendrlok Dirk Krnseiuan,
artist, b. in Alkman, Holland. 14 Nov., 1K25». He
lx»gan the study of art in his native town, and
in 1844 went to Haarlem, where he sfudie«l with
Cornells Sieste and other masters. His profes-
sional life has hocn spent in Holland and in New
Vork, in which city he has residiMl since 1865. He
is a raeml)er of various m-ademies and art socie-
ties in Holland and lielgium and in the United
States, and a chevalier of the Order of the Lion.
248
VAN HORNE
VAN NESS
In 1871 he was elpcted an associate of the National
aca<lemy, and in 1885 he became an academician.
He has received medals at Amsterdam (1860) and
Philadelphia (1870), and has contributed many
pictures to the exhibitions at the Academy of de-
sign. His "Clearing off, Adirondacks/' "The
Grove in the Heath," " Russell's Falls, Adiron-
dacks." and " Autumn in the White Mountains "
were nt the Philadelphia exhibition of 187(j.
VAN HORNE, nUliam C, railroad president,
b. in Will county, HI., in February, 1843. He
began his railway career as a telegraph-operator
on the Hlinois Central in 1856, was attacned in
various capacities to the Michigan Central and
Chicago and Alton railroads from 1858 till 1872,
was general superintendent of the St. Louis, Kansas
City, and Norttiorn line in 1872-'4, general manager
of the Southern Minnesota in 1874-'8, and president
in 1877-9, and in 1879 also filled the office of gen-
eral superintendent of the Chicago and Alton. He
was next general superintendent of the Chicago,
Milwaukee, and St. Paul road, then became general
manager of the Canadian Pacific railroad, of which
the section through the wheat-districts of Manitoba
had just been completed. He was elected vice-
president of the company in 1884, and in 1888
became its president.
VAN KOUCiHNET, Philip (van-ko'-net), Cana-
dian statesman, b. in Cornwall. Upper Canada, in
1789 ; d. there, 17 May, 1873. His father, Michael.
a United empire loyalist, removed to Canada at the
time o' the American Revolution. The son was
present at the battle of Chrysler's Farm, 11 Nov.,
1813, ivs a subaltern officer, and at the battle of the
Windmill, at Prescott, 13 Nov., 1837, as lieutenant-
colonel of the 5th battalion of incorporated mili-
tia, and remained in command till the regiment
was disbanded. He was a member of one or the
other branch of the legislature of Upper Canada
for more than thirty years, being in the legislative
council in 1840. when the union of Upper and
Lower Canada took place. At the time of his
death he was chairman of the board of government
arbitrators for the Dominion. — His son, Philip
Michael Scott, Canadian statesman, b. in Corn-
wall, Ont., 26 Jan., 1823; d. in Toronto in the
autumn of 18G9, was admitted to the bar in 1844,
began practice in Toronto, and in 1850 was ap-
pointed queen's counsel. In 1856 he became
president of the executive council and minister of
agriculture in the Tache-Macdonald government
in the place of Sir Allan N. MacNab, who had re-
signed. When the Cartier-Macdonald ministry
was formed he vacated the office of minister of
agriculture for that of commissioner of crown
lands. He resigned his portfolio in 1862, and was
appointed chancellor of Canada, in which post he
continued till his death. He represented Itideau
division in the legislative council of Canada, and
became and continued during his political career
leader of the government in that body. He was at
one time a delegate to England to confer with the
imperial government regarding the international
railway. — Another son, Laukence, b. in Cornwall.
Ont., 7 Oct., 1836, was educated at Trinity college.
Toronto, and in May. 1880, became deputy superin-
tendent-general of Indian affairs in the Dominion.
VAN LENNEP, Henry John, missionary, b. in
Smyrna, Asia Minor, 8 March. 1815 : d. in Great
liarrington, Mass., 11 Jan., 1889. His ancestors
were Dutch. In 1830 he was sent to this coun-
try, and he was graduated at Amherst in 1837.
After studying one year at Andover theological
seminarj', he was ordained to the ministry of the
Congregational church, returned to Asia Minor as
a missionary, and established new mission-posts in
European 'Turkey, Asia Minor, and Syria. He
subsequently was connected with coljegiate and
theological institutions in Constantinople, Smyrna,
and Tocat, and made many exploring expeditions
and travelled extensively in Egypt and the East.
He also became familiar with ten oriental dialects,
in five of which he was able to preach. He lost his
sight from cataract in 1869, returned to this coun-
try, was professor of natural sciences and modem
languages in Ingham university, Le Roy, N. Y.,
in 1876-'8, and subsequently a teacher in Great
Barrington, Mass. He published " Travels in Asia
Minor" (2 vols., London, 1870), and " Bible Lands"
(1879). — His wife. Mary Elizabeth, missionary, b.
in Hartford, Conn., 16 April, 1821 ; d. in Constan-
tinople, Turkey, 27 Sept., 1844, was a daughter of
the kev. Joel Hawes, and was educated in Hart-
ford and New Haven. She married Mr. Van Len-
nep in 1843, accompanied him to Asia Minor, and
established a school for native girls in Constanti-
nople. See an interesting " Memoir " by her mother
(Hartford. Conn., 1847).
VAN NESS, John Peter, congressman, b. in
Ghent, N. Y., in 1770; d. in Washington, D. C, 7
March, 1847. He studied at Columbia and was
prepared for the bar, but was prevented from
practising by delicate health. He was chosen to
congress as a Deitiocrat in 1800. After he became
major of the uniformed militia of the District of
Columbia the house of representatives declared
that he had forfeited his seat by accepting a com-
mission from the general government, and he was
relieved from office, 17 Jan., 1803. On the death
of his wife's father he came into possession of a
large fortune, built a fine mansion, and entertained
on a luxurious scale. He then became a citizen of
Washington, occupied many offices of trust, was
president of the Metropolitan bank, mayor of the
city, and a trustee of various institutions. — His
wife, Marcia Burns, philanthropist, b. in Wash-
ington, D. C, in 1782 ; d. there in September, 1832,
was a daughter of David Burns, of Washington,
and was married
in 1802. She was .. - — ,,
carefully educat-
ed, and, as the
wealthiest heiress
in her section of
the country, held
a conspicuous
place in Wash-
ington society.
While meeting all
the claims that
her large wealth
and high standing
could present, she
led a life of much
benevolence and
religious beauty. ^,
She established /^Z, • ^^ y„
the Protestant or- ^v^2««'*--«<-w- /^^E-^ <y7^
phan asylum, gave
the ground on which two churches were built, and
contributed liberally to charities. Mr. and Mrs.
Van Ness were buried in a mausoleum that was
erected after the pattern of t he Temple of Vesta at
Rome. It stood m the grounds of the Protestant
orphan asylum, and for many years was one of the
curious and interesting relics of old Washington.
It has since been removed to a cemetery. Mrs.
Van Ness was the only woman in Washington that
ever received a public funeral, which was awarded
her on account of her extensive charities, — His
VAN NEST
VAN NOSTRAND
249
brother, William IVter. jurist, h. in (Jhent, N.
Y.. in I77M: d. in N«'w Y«»rk city, « Sept.. 1820.
wan K'nulimtiHl at (Vilumltia in 1707. iuloj>t4>d the
profeMiiion of luw, and wttletl in Now \ ork city,
where he Imh-huic the dovoUtl friend and |)r«)te>f«'
of Aantn liurr. lie took Burr's challenge to
Hamilton, and whs one of his seconds in the duel.
Van Ness bi'came judge of the southern district of
Now York in 1812, Ix'inf? aniiointod liy President
Madison, ami held office until his death. .ludpe Van
Nt^ss suffere<l much opprobrium from his connec-
tion with the Murr- Hamilton duel, and is descriln^l
by the j»artisan8 of the latter as "a brilliant but
unscrupulous |)olitician." In his own party, how-
ever, he was popular and respected. Washington
Irving was nis intimate friend. He published
" Examination of (.'barges against Aaron Hurr,"
under the |>en-name of " Aristides " (New York,
180;{); with John Woodworth. " Ijaws of New
York, with Notes" (2 vols., Albany. 1813); "He-
arts of Two Cases in the Prize t'^ourt for New
York District" (1814) ; and "Concise Narrative of
Gen. Jackson's First Invasion of Florida" (1826). —
Another brother. Cornelinx Peter, jurist, b. in
Kinderhook, N. Y.. 26 Jan., 1782: d. in Philadel-
phia, Pa., 15 Dec., 18o2. was educated for the bar.
removed to Burlington, Vt., and practise<l his
profession with success until 1801). when he lie-
came U. S. district attorney. From that year un-
til his death he occupied public office. He was
collector of the port of Burlington in 1815-'18, a
commissioner to settle the U. S. Iwundary-lines
under the treaty of Ghent in 1817-'21. a member
of the legislature in 1818-'21. having l)eon chosen,
as a I)emo<-rat, chief justice of Verm<mt in 1821-'3,
governor from the latter date till 1829, and U. S.
minister to Spain in 1829-'37. In 1844-*5 he was
collector of the port of New York. The Univer-
sity of Vermont gave him the degree of LL. I), in
IteS. He published a " Ijetter to the Public on Po-
litical Parties, Caucuses, and Conventions " (Wash-
ington, D. C, 1848).— Their first cousin, William
W, jurist, b. in Claverack, N. Y., in 1776; d. in
Charleston, S. C, 27 Feb., 1823, was admitted to
the l)ar in 1797, practised in his native town and
in Hudson, N. Y., was a member of the assembly
in 1804-'6, and the lea<ler of the Fe<leralist part^.
He was appointed a judge of the supreme court in
1807, and helii office till 1822. In January, 1820,
he was tried before a committee of the legislature
on the charge of using his office to obtain the
charter of the American bank. The trial was
conducte<l withgri'at ability, and Judge Van Ness
was acquitted, l)ut he never recoveretl from the
effect of the charge, and fell into delicate health,
from which ho finally sank while on a southern
tour. He was removed from the bench in 1822,
under the act of the Constitutional convention of
that year, and resumed the practice of law. Dr.
Jalx.'z D. Hammond says of niin: " He was one of
the shrewdest and most sagacious men whom New
York ever produced, of fascinating manners, and
remarkable conversational poweix"
' VAN NEST, Rynier, dcrgvman, b. near North
Branch, N. J., 8 Feb., 1739; «l."in Sc-hoharie, N. Y.,
24 Feb.. 1776. His ancestor, Peter, came to this
<'ountry from Holland in 1647. Ilvnier was licensetl
to nreach in' the Reformed Dutch churi'h in 1773.
and was |>astor on Ivong Island and in New York
state from that date until his death. Ho was presi-
•It-nt of the (ieneral syiuxl in 1767-'88. He was de-
votetl to the Whig cause, and gave lilx>rally in sup-
port of the Continental congress. — His great-nepn-
ew, Abraham Rjrnier, clergyman, b. in New York
city, 1 Feb., 1823, was graduated at Rutgers in 1841,
at the New Rninswick theological ncminary in
1847, and was liwnse<l to jtreach in the Reformed
I)ut<'h chun-h. He was (lastor in N«w York city in
1848-'62. in charge of the American cha|M>l in Paris
in 186Jt-'4, of the American cha]M>| in Rome in
1864-'5, of the American Union church in Florence,
Italy, in 186(^'75. and of a church in Philadelphia
in 187»-'86. Ho receive<l the degree of D. L). in
1860 from the University of Pennsylvania, and
Rutgers. He was president of the evangelization
committee of the tree church «»f Italv in 1875. of
the General synod in 1879, and organize<l the Re-
formed Dutcfi church in Geneva, Switzerland. He
has published " Signs of the Times " (New York.
1854) ; " Reports of Unicm Church, Florence " ( 1868.
1870, 1872) ; •' Life of Rev. George W. Bethune "
(1869) ; and " Reports of the Florence Orphan Asy-
lum " (1876) ; ana edited James S. Cannon's " Pas-
toral Theology" (185:^) and (Jeorge W. liethune's
" Ijectures on the Hei<len)erg Cati't-hism " (1864).
VAN NIEl WENHl YSEN, Wilhelmus, cler-
gA'nian, b. in Holland about 1645; d. in New York
ci'tv, 17 Feb., 1681. He came to this country in
16tl as an iissistant to Samuel Drisius, and min-
istered with great success till after 1674. He
was subsequently involved in a struggle Ix'tween
the English governors and the non-conformist
churches, and successfully resisted an attempt to
install Nicholas Van Rensselaer, an Episco[>al cler-
gyman, over the Dutch church in Albany. Four
years later, by permission of Gov. F^lmiind An-
dros. Van Nieuwenhuysi'n convened the four Dutch
clergyman that were the'n in New York, and with
their elders organiztni a classis. This was the first
formal ecclesiastical iMxly among the Dutch in
this country, and the last foe about seventy years.
Their ortlination of a clergyman was subst«quently
ratified by the classis of Amsterdam. There was
a steady growth in the membership of his church
during his ministry in New York. He also sup-
plied the churches on Long Island during their
vacancy. Ilenricus Selpis, his relative and suc-
cessor, wrote a {)<x!m on his life and work, which
concludes with the lines
" Now is New Netherland, by Nieuwenhuysen's mis-
sion.
And Nieuwenhuysen, by New Netberland's con-
trition,
Ijcd to the New Jerusalem for new delights ;
What church more safety finds than in renewed
rites f "
VAN NORMAN, Daniel Ciimmlngs, e<Iucator,
b. in Nels«m. Canada West. 17 .Aug.. 1815; d. in
New York city, 24 June, 1886. He was graduated
at Wesleyan in 1838, joined the Canada Wesleyan
conference the next year, and was professor of
classics and physics in Victoria college, Coburg, in
1838-'45. He founded the Burlington ladies' acad-
emy, HamilUm, Ont., in 1845, was its principal till
1851, and in the latter year assumed the charge of
Rutgers female in.stitute. New York city, which
post he held till 1857. He then founded and be-
came principal of the Van Norman institute, a
school for young ladies. sucx*essfully conducting
that institution until his death. He rei'eiviHl the
degree of LIj. D. from Weslevan in 18<K). I^ate in
life Dr. Van Norman left the MethtHlist and united
with the Presbyterian chun-h. He was secretary
of the American foreign and Christian union for
many years, and a memU'r of scientific and literary
IxKlies, and. although he held no n'gular |>astorate,
had preachwl more than 4.(MM) st>rm<>ns.
VAN NOSTRAND. David, publisher, b. in
New York city. 5 Dec.. 1811: d. there, 14 June,
1886. He was educated at Union liall, Jamaica
250
VAN RENSSELAER
VAN RENSSELAER
N. Y., and in 1826 entered the publishing-house
of John P. Haven, who gave him an interest in
the firm when he became of age. In 18J34 he
formed a partnership with William Dwight, but
the financial crisis of 1837 led to its dissolution.
Mr. Van Nostrand then accepted the apfwintment
of clerk of accoxmts and disbursements under Cant.
John G. Barnard, at that time in charge of the
defensive works of Louisiana and Texas, with head-
3uarters at New Orleans. While so engaged he
evoted attention to the study of scientific and
military affairs, and on his return to New York
city began the importation of military books for
officers of the U. S. army, afterward receiving or-
dei-s from private individuals and from academic
institutions for foreign books of science. His place
of business was at first at the corner of John street
and Broaflway, and as his trade increased he began
the publication of standard works by American
authors on military and scientific subjects. This
extension, with the growing demands for books
on scientific subjects, led to his removal to 23 Mur-
ray street, where he continued until his death. In
1869 he began the publication of " Van Nostrand's
Engineering Magazine," a monthly journal, which
was devoteii to selections from foreign sources, but
also contained original papers on mathematics.
Mr. Van Nostrand was one of the founders of the
St. Nicholas and Holland societies, and was an
early member of the Century and Union league
clubs of New York citv.
VAN RENSSELAER, KlHiaii, colonist, b. in
Amsterdam, Holland, in 1595; d. there in 1644.
He was descended from a long line of eminent citi-
zens of Amsterdam, was carefully educated, and
became a wealthy pearl and diamond merchant in
his native town. He took an active part in the
formation of the West India company, placed sev-
eral of his vessels at the disposal of the corporation,
and twice advanced money to save its credit. He
sent an agent to the New Netherlands to trade
with the Indians for land on the west side of Hud-
son river, from twelve miles south of Albany to
Smack's island, " stretching two days into the in-
terior," soon afterward concluding the purchase of
all the land on the east side of that river, both
north and south of Fort Orange, and " far into the
wilderness." This great feudal estate included the
entire territory that is comprised in the present
counties of Albany, Columbia, and Rensselaer,
and was named Rensselaerswick. He colonized it
with laborers and emigrants, whom he sent out in
his own ships with provisions and implements of
warfare and industry. Van Rensselaer remained
in Holland, but managed his affairs through a di-
rector. In 1640 he sent Adrian Van der Donck to
be sheriff of the colony, and subsequently Dr.
Johannes Megapolensis "for the edifying improve-
ment of the inhabitants and Indians thereabouts."
To obviate, as much as possible, the dangers of
life among the latter, he required that all his colo-
nists, except the farmers and tobacco-planters,
should live near each other, so as to form a church
neighborhood. At his death his estate descended
to his eldest son, Johannes ; but the latter, being
under age, was placed under the guardianship of
Johannes Van Wely and Wouter Van Twiller. who
rendered homage to the states-general in the name
of their ward. But the colony had in reality l)e-
come an independent power, and was regarded as
injurious to the rights of the province. The West
India company became jealous for their privileges.
and in 1648 I'eter Stuyvcsant, then governor of
New Amsterdam, went with a military escort up
the Hudson river, ordered that no buildings should
be erected within a prescribed distance of Port
Orange, and in many ways attempted to cut off
the powers of the patroon of Rensselaerswick. A
bitter controversy with Brandt Arent Van Slecht-
enhorst. the director, ensued, but in 1674 the West
India company confessed that Stuyvesant's aggres-
sions were unwarranted and in violation of the
colony's charter. While this controversy was in
progress, Jan Baptist Van Rensselaer, the second
son of the first patroon, came to this country as the
representative of his brother Johannes, his com-
mission as director dating 8 May, 1652. He retired
in 1658, worn out by controversies with Stuyvesant,
and was succeeded by his brother Jeremias. Jan
Baptist built the Van Rensselaer mansion, and
brought from Holland massive and elaborately
carved furniture, laqje quantities of silver plate,
and many portraits of his ancestors. The manor
house, in internal improvements and finish, re-
sembled the Holland homestead. The lord of the
manor resided there with his tenantry, maintaining
the authority of a landed lord in Europe. The sec-
ond patroon, Johannes, never came to this country.
— Kulian's third son, Jeremias, b. in Amsterdam,
Holland, about 1632 ; d, in Rensselaerswick, N. Y.,
in October, 1674, was in charge of the colony for
sixteen years. He was treated with respect and
courtesy by Stuyvesant, by whom, when the prov-
ince was threatened by the English, he was invited
to New Amsterdam to preside over the convention
that assembled there, to take measures of defence.
When the English gained possession of New Neth-
erlands in 1664, he took the oath of allegiance to
the Duke of York. According to the terms of sur-
render, he was left in peaceable possession of the
colony, and conducted its affairs without interfer-
ence from the new government. He was confirmed
in most of his rights and privileges, and the colony
was erected into a manor and governed acconling
to English rule. The village of Beverwyck, which
had grown up under the shadow of old Fort
Orange, was detached from the manor, and incor-
porated into the city of Albany. Van Rensselaer
soon acquired reputation as an executive officer:
his correspondence, which is still preserved by his
descendants, is a valuable record of events, and at-
tests his great energy and business-like qualities.
He also wrote to Holland minute accounts of vari-
ous occurrences in this country under the pen-
name of the " New Netherland Mercury." He pre-
served peace with the neighboring Indians, and so
attached them to him that they guarded his estates
as carefully as they did their own. He married
Maria Van Cortland t. Jeremias was succeeded by
his nephew, Killian, son of Johannes. His pat-
ent was issued in 1685, under the title of first lord
of the manor, and third patroon. By this patent
the heirs in Albany relinquished to the heirs in Hol-
land all title and right to the land in Holland,
and the Hollanders gave up all the Albany settle-
VAN RENSSELAER
VAN RENSSELAER
251
ment. Killianiliiil without issue, and was succeeded
by JenMiiiMtt's son, Killian, second lord of the
manor, b. in Reomelaerswic-k in 1(MJ2; d. then; in
1719. lie was ai) officer of militia and a muKistmte,
rei»re!«'nte«l the manor in the assembly in 1(193-1704,
and wa8 a mcmbi>r of the council from the latter
date until his death. In 17UA he conveye<l C'laver-
ack, or the " lower manor." to his brother, Ilendrick.
He nmrrie«l Maria. dau>;htor of Ster)hen Van C'ort-
landt. — Jeremirts's brother. NicllolaM, clerjfvman,
b. in Amstenlam about UKiH; d. in Albany, N. Y.,
in 167W, was the fourth son of the first patro<m. He
was lilierally e<hK-ated in Holland, and studied
theoli>jfy there, but iK'jjan a tour of Kuroi)e before
taking his degree. In Brussels he met Cnarles II.
of Kngland. who was then in exile. an<l Van Itens-
selaer pre<licted to him that he would l»e restored
to the throne. He subsequently went to England
as chaplain to the Dutch emljassy. and the King,
recognizing him and recollecting his prediction,
gave him a gold snuff-box with his likeness in the
lid, which is still in possession of the Van Itens-
selaer family. After the Dutch ambassador left
Great Hritain, Van liensselaer was licensed by
Charles to preach to the Dutch congregation at
Westminster, was ordaine<l a deacon in the English
church, and appointed lecturer at St. Margaret's,
Ltithbury. When Sir K<lmond Andros was com-
missioned governor of the New Netherlands, in
1674, Van Rensselaer accompanied him to this
country, bearing a letter of recommendation from
the Duke of York, in which he requested that Van
Rensselaer be place<l in charge of one of the Dutch
churches in New York or Albany when there should
be a vacancy. He became colleague pastor of the
church in Albany shortly after his arrival, and in
September, 1675. was invited by the governor to
ftreach in the Dutch church in New York ; but
he pastor, William Van Nieuwenhuysen. al>sented
himself from the service, and forbade Van Rensse-
laer's baptizing any children that might be pre-
sented for that ordinance. Subsequent events
S roved that Van Nieuwenhuysen rejected his or-
ination as not being in conformity with the order
of the Dutch churches, nor with the terms of the
treaty. Van Rensselaer referred the matter to the
governor and council, and the trial was consid-
ered of much importance by Iwlh the church and
the civil authorities, since it involved their privi-
leges and rights as defined in the articles und«r
which the province was surrendered to the Eng- j
lish. Nieuwenhuysen and his consistory presented
a written answer, which was rather iii justifica-
tion of the former's conduct toward Van Rens-
selaer than a formal answer to the question why
he should not be allowed t<;i preach. The matter i
was passed over, and Van Rensselaer returnetl to !
his charge in AU»any; but in 1076 he was thrown |
into prison, *' for some dubious wonis spoken in a i
sermon." Jacob Leisler and Jacob Milburne making
the complaint. He a|i|H>aled to the governor and
council, and gave a Ixnul of 1.500 guilders to pros- :
ecute the matter to the end. Ix^isler failed to
furnish the lN>nd that was required of him, a war-
rant was issued for his arrest, and the churches
and jx-ople were thn»wn into a ferment. At last a
court was held at Albany, before which Van Rens-
selaer and Nieuwenhuysen ap|>eare4l with pii[>ers
ami witnesses. After a review of the whole case,
they were told by order of the governor " to be recon-
cile<l according to Christian love and duty." They
answered. "With all our hearts," and the tH)urt
ordered the parties to " forgive and forget," and
that Leisler and Jacob Milburne |iay the whole
oosts, as giving the first occasion for the differences.
Van Rensselaer again resumed his charge, but a
vpar later he was refuse<l a si>at among the elders.
\t was resolved that he have a suitable one liehind
the magistrates, but in 1677 he was deinxM^l by the
gt)vernor, "on account," say the Reformed church
authorities, "of his scandalous life " ; but this is not
substantiated by unprejudice<l witnesses. He left
no childn>n. — His wife, Aliua. was the daughter of
Philip Schuyler, and subsefjuently married Robert
Livingston. — Killian's gramlstm, Stkpiik.v, inher-
iteil the manor, removed the old house, and in
1765 built the present mansion, seen in the illus-
tration. He governe<l under the title of the seventh
patroon. He married Catherine Livingston, daugh-
ter of Philip. Livingston, signer of the Declaration
of Independence, and with his father-in-law
" sternly op|X)setl the encroachments of the crown."
— Their son, Stephen, eighth patroon. b. in New
York, 1 Nov., 1705; d. in Albany, N. Y., 20 Jan..
18^39, was graduated at Harvard in 1782. and the
next year married Margaret, daughter of Uen. Philip
Schuyler. He was
always addressed
by courtesy as the
patroon, although
with the establish-
ment of the colo-
nial government he
lost his baronial
rights. Afterleav-
ing college he en-
tered at once on t he
improvement of his
splendid although
somewhat dimin-
ished estates, and,
to induce farmers
to settle on his
lands, placed ren-
tals so low that
they yielded only
one per cent, at a
fair valuation. In
consequence he soon had 900 farms of 150 acres
each under cultivation. Having secured his patri-
mony, he entered jKtlitics, and. as a great land-
holder and at the same time an ardent patriot, was
destined to bridge the chasm Ijetween the two op-
posite iK)litical systems. He was chosen (o the
assembly in 1789 as a Federalist, Itecame a leader
of that jiarty, was state >enator in 1791-'6. lieuten-
ant-governor in 1795, and in 1798 and 1808-'10
was in the assembly. He l)ecame major of militia
in 1780, colonel in 1788. ami major-general in 1801.
He was one of the first to i>to|K>se the establish-
ment of a canal between Hudson river and the
great lakes, was appointed in 1810 a commissioner
to report to the assembly on the route, and made an
investigating tour of it the same year, the rejMtrt of
which was favorably receive<l in 1811 ; but the pn>-
ject was delayed by the U^ginning of the MH>ond
war with Great Hritain. In 1812 he wa-^ apiK>inted
to command the V. S. forces on the northern fron-
tier. Although he op|H)sed the war as premature,
he at once organized a militia force that was suffi-
cient in numliers to overrun the province of Upper
Canada But he had no regular soldiers, ana his
officers were deficient in both courage and militarv
skill. On 13-14 Oct., 1812, he fought the battle.of
(jueenston Heights. The im|)ortance of that place
arose from the fact that it was the terminus of the
portage l)etween I^ake Ontario and the upper lakes.
Gen. Van Renss(>laer had minute information as to
the situation and strength of each po«t of the ene-
my on the western bank of Niagara river, and his
262
VAN RENSSELAER
VAN RENSSELAER
force numbered fi.OOO men. The immediate com-
mand of the attacking party was assigned to
Lieut.-Col. Solomon Van Rensselaer, who. on the
morning of 13 Oct.. with 300 militia and 300 regu-
lars, under Lieut.-Col. John Chrystie, crossed the
river. After a brilliant attack by Van Rensselaer,
who received wounds that compelled him to with-
draw, Capt. John E. Wool assumed coininaml
and stormed and captured the heights. The next
day British re-enforcements, numbering 1,300 sol-
diers and 500 Indians, arrived under command of
Gen. Roger H. Sheaffe. The militia on the Ameri-
can shore could overlook the battle-fleld and see the
approach of Sheaffe ; but when Gen, Stephen Van
Rensselaer attempted to move them across the
river to the support of the American force, they
refused to stir. The law provides that militia shall
not be compelled to serve beyond the bounds of
their state against their will. They fell back on
this privilege, and Van Rensselaer was powerless
to induce them to fight. The Americans on the
heights were unable to hold their position, and on
the afternoon of 14 Oct. surrendered in a body. In
his official despatches Gen. V^an Rensselaer ascribes
the disaster to the refusal of the militia to go to
the aid of the captors of the heights. He was se-
verely censured for his tardiness in making the at-
tack, and the fact that he was a leader of the Fed-
eralist party, and opposed to the war, increased
public dissatisfaction. On 24 Oct. he resigned his
command and left the service. At the close of the
war he again became canal commissioner, and
chairman of the commission. When the Erie and
Champlain canals were completed in 1825 he had
been president of their boards for fourteen years.
He was chosen to the assembly in 1818, served in
the State constitutional convention in 1821 and in
congress in 1823-'9, having been elected to fill the
vacancy caused by the resignation of Solomon Van
Rensselaer. In that body he earnestly supported
John Quincy Adams for the presidency. He be-
came a regent of the University of New York in
18l!>. and was subsequently its chancellor until his
death. He promoted the interests of the State
agricultural society, and was its president in 1820.
Under his direction and at his expense Prof.
Amos Eaton matJe a geological survey along the
line of the canal from Albany to Buffalo, N. Y., in
1821-'3, and of another line that began in Massa-
chusetts. From the data collected in these sur-
veys he became convinced of the need for further
technical education ; to supply which he founded
Rensselaer polytechnic institute at Troy, defray-
ing for a long time half of its expenses. Yale
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1825. Gen. Van
Rensselaer was tall, of commanding presence, and
had dark, expressive eyes. He was the patron
of benevolent objects. His second wife, whom he
married in 1802, was Cornelia, daughter of Chief-
Justice William Paterson, of New Jersey. He pub-
lished "An Agricultural and Geological Survey of
the District adjoining the Erie Canal " (Albany,
1824). — His eldest son. Stephen, the last patroon,
b. in Albany, N. Y., 29 March, 1789; d. there, 25
May, 1868, was graduated .at Princeton in 1808,
ancl inheriting the manor by his father's will, at
his death became the last patroon. During the
anti-rent troubles in 1839 he sold his townships,
and at his death the manor passed out of tlie
hands of his descendants. He was an accomplished
gentleman of the old school, and served as ma-
lor-general of militia. He married Harriet Eliza-
beth, daughter of William Bayard, of New York.
— Another son of Gen. Stephen, Cortlandt, cler-
gyman, b. in Albany, N. Y., 26 May, 1808; d. in
Burlington. N. J.. 25 July. 1860. was graduated at
Yale in 1827. studied at Union theomgical serai-
nary. Prince Edward county, Va., and at Prince-
ton theological seminary. He was a missionary to
the slaves in Vir-
ginia in 18JJ3-'5,
was ordained the
latter year, be-
came pastor of
the Presbyterian
church in Bnrling-
ton, N. J., in 1837,
of the 2d Pres-
bvterian church,
VV^ashington, D.C.,
in 184i, and agent
of Princeton tneo-
logical seminary
in 1844, raising
1100,000 for its
endowment. He
was secretary of ^
the Presbyterian / /- //? U /?
board of eduea- ^' ^''-' CAc^p^c^cy^
tion in 1846-'60, »
and founded and edited the " Presbyterian Maga-
zine" and "The Home, the School, and the
Church." The University of New York gave him
the degree of D. D. in 1845. Much of his large
fortune was devoted to benevolent objects and to
the religious enterprises of the Presbyterian church.
After his death, selections from his published writ-
ings appeared under the title of "Miscellaneous
Sermons, Essays, and Addresses," edited by his
son, Cortlandt Van Rensselaer (Philadelphia, 1861).
— Another son of Stephen, Henry, soldier, b. in
Albany, N. Y., in 1810; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 23
March, 1864, was graduated at the U. S. military
academy in 1831, but resigned from the army the
next year and engaged in farming near Ogdens-
burg, N. Y. He was a member of congress in
1841-'3, having been chosen as a Whig, and in
1855-'60 was president of mining companies. At
the beginning of the civil war he was appointed
chief-of-staff to Gen. Winfleld Scott, with the rank
of brigadier-general, and he became inspector-gen-
eral with the rank of colonel on the retirement of
Gen. Scott, served in the Department of the Rap-
f>ahannock in April and August, 1862, subsequent-
y in the 3d array corps, and in the Department of
the Ohio from 17 Sept. until his death. — The elder
Stephen's brother. PhiHp S, mayor of Albany,
b. in Albany, 15 April, 1767; d. there, 25 Sept.,
1824, became mayor of Albany in 1799, and held of-
fice for nineteen years, the longest service of any
mayor of that city. He was a public-spirited, ener-
getic officer, and active in promoting educational,
moral, and religious interests. He married Ann Van
Cortlandt. He was president of the Albany Bible
society for many years, a trustee of Union, and a
founder of Albany academy. — Gen. Stephen's kins-
man, Jeremiah, congressman, b. in New York
in 1741 ; d. in Albany, N. Y., 22 Feb., 1810, was
graduated at Princeton, in 1758, actively sup-
ported the Revolution, and was a member of the
1st congress, serving in 1789-'91. He was a presi-
dential elector in 1800, and lieutenant-gpvernor of
New York in 1800-'4. He was active in the pro-
motion of schemes for internal improvement, and
a member of the Inland navigation company, of
which Philip Schuyler was the first president. — The
second son of the first Jeremias, Hendrick, land-
owner, b. near Albany, N. Y., about 1667 ; d. there in
July, 1740, was the founder of the Claverack branch
of the Van Rensselaer family. He received as his
VAN RKNSSKLAER
VAN SANTVOORD
253
portion of his graixlfalher Killitin's estate what
wax known a.** the Chiverack patent, containing
alnrnt 62.000 at-res of land in tV)liinil)ia county, ami
1.500 acres out of the manor i)rtHM'r, op|K)site the
city of Altwny. He built a substantial oi^irk house
on'tho latter" estate and one at Claverack, which
is still standing. He was employed in many pub-
lic capiK-ities. being mayor of Allmny, commis-
sioner of Indian affairs, and a representative in the
assembly. In UJS»H he lM)ught from the Schnghti-
coke Indians a tract of six stjuare nules on Hoosac
river, for which he pnK'ureii a patent. This pur-
chase interfere*! greatly with the city of Albany,
and. Van Rensselaer declining to sell his i>atent to
the council, the contn)versy l)ecame a state affair.
In 1(599 the dispute was amicably settled and he
passeil his patent over to the city. His wife was a
grantldaughter of Anneke Jans Uognrdus, through
whom their descendants became heirs to Trinity
church farm.— His grandson. Henry Klllian,
soldier, b. near Albany in 1744; d. in Grecnbush.
N. Y., 9 Sept., 1816, commande<l a New York regi-
ment during the Revolution, was wounded at tne
capture of Gen. Burgoyne, and carried the Imll in
his body for thirty-live years. In July, 1777, he
was attacked by a large force near Fort Ann, and
made a brave resistance, but, learning of the alwn-
donmentJof P'ort Ticonderoga. withdrew after re-
ceiving another severe wound. He was subse-
quently a general of militia. — His son. Solomon,
soldier, b. in Rensselaer county, N. Y., 6 Aug..
1774 : d. in Albany, N. Y., 23 April, 1852, entered
the service, 14 March, 1792, as a cornet of cavalry.
He became captain, raise<i a volunteer company,
and, pushing through tlie wilderness, joined Gen.
Anthony Wayne in Ohio in the Miami campaign.
At the battle' of Mauniee Rapids in August, 1794,
he made a brilliant and effective charge against
the savages, and
was shot, it was
supposed fatally,
through the lungs.
A litter was sent
to take him from
the battle-field. but
he refused to be
laid u|x)n it. " You
young dog, then
how are you go-
ing f" exclaimed
Gen. Wayne. " I
am an officer of
the cavalry, and I
shall go on horse-
back," was his re-
§ly. " You will
rop bv the road,"
^C/C^f^yn^^^f^£MJ&elai^ f jo. j „*t cover me
^ up and let me die
there," said Van Rensselaer. He was mounted on
his own charger, as he desired, and one of his own
dragoons, on either side, supi)orted him five or six
miles. When his cousin, Stephen, became briga-
dier-general of the fon-es of the north in 1812, he
liecame a<Ijutant-general of New York militia, and
negotiated the imjjortant agreement bv which Ijake
Ontario was grante*! bv the British during an
annistice as a public highway for purposes of
transportation of American troops and stores. At
the a.ssault of Queenston Heights, 13 Oct., 1812, he
commanded the attacking party, was the first to
spring ashore, on a large n>ck at the foot of the
rapids, and with 225 men. formed under a fierce
Are, climbed the bank and routed the enemy at the
Itoint of the bayonet, but fell with several wounds,
le served in congress in 18li»-*22, having Inn-n
chosen as a Federalist, and was postmaster at Al-
Iwny in lH22-'39. He accomi>anie<l Gov. CJeorge
Clinton to Ohio in 1H24 in the interest of the Krie
canal, and was one of the delegates from the state
of New York at its opening on 4 Nov., 1H25. In
1797 he married Harriet, daughter of ("ol. Philip
Van Rensselaer. He published a " Narrative' of
the Affair at Queenston" (New York. \XM\). .See
" A Jjegacy of Historical Gleanings," bv his daugh-
ter, Mrs. Catherine Van Rensselaer Bonnev (Al-
bany, N. Y., 1875). — Henry's brother, Nlcholati,
soldier, b. in Rensselaer county, N. Y., in 1754; tl.
in Albany. N. Y., in 1848. was a colonel in the Revo-
lution, and served with gallantry on the heights of
Stillwater. After the surrender of Gen. Burgoyne
he was despatched by Gen. Horatio Gates to an-
nounce the news at Albany. — Another brother of
Henry, Killian K, congressman, b. in Rensselaer
county, N. Y., in 176;{; d. in Albany, 18 June, 1845,
after receiving a thorough e<lucation entered the
law, and attained reputation at the l>ar. He was
chosen tocongressasa Demwrnt in 1800,and serve«i
by re-election till 1811. — .Vnofher grent-gmndsoii of
the first Jeremias. Robert, soldier, b. in Claverack,
N. Y.. in 1741 ; d. there. 11 Sept., 1802, was a gen-
eral of militia during the Revolution, and com-
manded the force that pursued and defeated Sir
John Johnson on his Mohawk valley raid in 1780.
For a full history of the Van Rensselaer family,
see " Colonial New York," by George W. Schuyler
(2 vols.. New York. 1885).
VAN RENSSELAER. Mariana Griswold,
author, b. in New York city, 23 Feb.. \K\\. She
is the daughter of George Griswold. of New York
city. She was educated at home, marrietl Schuyler
Van Rensselaer in 1874, and has devote<l herself
to the study of art and architecture, contribut-
ing on these subjects to magazines and newspapers.
She is the author of "American Etchers' (New
York. 1886). and "Henrv Hobson Richardson and
his Works" (Boston. 1888).
VAN RENSSELAER, Mannsell. dergvman,
b. in Albany. N. Y.. 15 April. 1819. He is the son
of Judge John S. Van Rensselaer. After gradua-
tion at Union college in lWi8. and at the Episco-
pal general theological seminary in 1841, he was
made deacon in St. Paul's chajiel. New York
city, 27 June 1841. by Bishop Benjamin T. Onder-
donk, and priest, in St. PauVs church. Whitehall,
N. Y., bv tne same bishop. He was rector of St,
Paul's church. Whitehall, N. Y., in 1841-5; of
Grace church, Albanv, N. Y., in 1846-'7; of St.
John's, Mount Morris, N. Y., in 1847-'53: of St.
Paul's, Oxford, N. Y., in 1853-'4 ; of St. Paul's.
Rochester, in 1854-'9 ; and of Emmanuel church.
Geneva, Switzerland, in 1877-'8. He receivetl the
degree of D. D. from Hol>art in 1859. and that of
LL. I), in 1874. Dr. Van Rensselaer was president
of De Veaux college. N. Y.. in 1851>-'69. professor
of ethics in Hobart in 187(>-'2. and its president in
1872-'6. Since 1886 he has been chaplain of the
House of the Holy Comforter in New York city.
He has publishe<I "Sister Ixiuise. the Story of her
Life Work " (New York, 18h:J), an<l has made large
contributions to religious literature.
VAN SANTVOORD. Cornelius clergyman,
b. in Holland in 16:{7; d. in SchemMtatly, N. Y., 6
Jan.. 1752. He studieil in the University of I^ey-
den, came to this country about 1718, and liecame
pastor of the Reforrntni Dutch church of Staten
island, organizeil in 16JK). He was here from 1718
till 1742, preaching U)th in French and in Dutch,
many of his hearers being French Protestant refu-
264
VAN SANTVOORD
VAN SCHAACK
gees, settled on the island. In the latter year he [
removed to Schenectady, and became |)»istor of the
Reformed Dutch church there, in which place he
remained until his death. His intimate friend,
Theodorus J. Frelinghuysen, who came to this
country from Holland two years after him, settling
at Raritan, N. J., and arousing much opposition
by his bold and earnest evangelism, found strong
support in Mr. Van Santvoord, who published in
his defence a small volume entitled "A Dialogue
between C'onsiderans and Candidus." He was a
friend and had been a favorite pupil of the eminent
Prof. John Marck, of Leyden university, two of
whose works he translated — one a "Commentary
on the Apocalypse," with a<lded notes and reflec-
tions, the preface being written by Prof. Wesselius
of the same university (Leyden, 173(5); the other
•' A Dissertation on the Slaughter of the Innocents
at Bethlehem," designed to establish the literal
interpretation of prophecy. — His great-grandson,
Staats, clergvman, b. in Schenectady, N. Y., 15
March, 1790; d. in New Baltimore, N. Y., 29 May,
1882, was gratluated at Union in 1811 and at New
Brunswick theological seminary in 1814, ordained
to the ministry of the Dutch Reformed church,
and was pastor of the church of Belleville, N. J.,
in 1814-'28. of the church in Schodack, N. Y., in
1829-'34, and thence removed to New Baltimore,
where he resided until his death. He retired after
completing his fiftieth year in the active ministry
of the Reformed Dutch church. In 1864 he was
in the service of the Christian commission at
Nashville, Tcnn. His last public appearance was
in his ninety-first year, when he attended the
200th anniversary of the Dutch Reformed church
at Schenectady, of which his ancestor was pastor,
delivering the benediction in Dutch. Union gave
him the degree of D. D. in 1876. He published
several sermons, and " A Spiritual Gift," a series of
fifteen discourses (New York, 1851).-^Staats's son,
Cornelius, clergyman, b. in Belleville. N. J., 8
April, 1816, was graduated at Union in 1835, and
studied at New Brunswick and Princeton theo-
logical seminaries. He became pastor of the Dutch
Reformed churcli in Canastota, N. Y., in 1838, sub-
sequently filled charges in New York state, wjus
chaplain in the U. S. army in 1861-'5, associate
editor of the '• Interior," Chicago, 111., in 1869-'71,
and commissioner of schools in Ulster county. N. Y.,
in 1871-'6. Rutgers gave him the degree of D. D.
in 1855. He was a special correspondent of the
"New York Times" during the civil war, has pub-
lished numerous magazine and newspaper articles,
"Discourses and Miscellanies" (New York, 1856),
and " Memoirs of Eliphalet Nott," with contribu-
tions by Prof. Tayler Lewis (1876). — Another son
of Staats, George, lawyer, b. in Belleville, N. J.,
8 Dec, 1819; d. in East Albany, N. Y., 6 March,
1863, was graduated at Union in 1841, studied law
in Kinderhook, and removed to Indiana, but re-
turned to the former town and practised there in
1846-'52. In 1852 and 1^56 he was a member of
the state assembly, and in 1860-'3 district attorney
of Rensselaer county. He was killed in a railroad
accident. He wrote for the " Democratic Review "
lives of French revolutionists, and is the author
of "The Indiana Justice" (Lafayette, 1845); "Life
of Algernon Sidney" (New York, 1851); "Prin-
ciples of Pleading in Civil Actions under the New
York Code " (1852-'4 ; enlarged edition, with addi-
tions, 1855; with appendix, notes, and references.
1858); "Lives of the Chief Justices of the United
States" (1854); "Precedents of Pleading" (1858);
and " Practice in the Supreme Court of New York
in Equity Actions " (Albany, N. Y., 186()-'l).
TAN SATLEE, Antony Jansen, pirate, b.
fTobably in Holland about 1600 ; d. on Long
sland, N. Y., in March, 1670. He was in New
Amsterdam as early as IWW, and resided there till
1639, when he was banished for his crimes and un-
ruly manner of life, having acquired the soubri-
quet of the " Turk " from his cruel and fierce char-
acter. He is found in the records under several
aliases, that indicate that he engaged in the pira-
cies on the coast of Morocco before coming to this
country. When he was banished from New Am-
sterdam he settled on the west end of Long Island,
obtaining a patent for 100 acres of land.
VAN SCHAACK, Peter, lawyer, b. in Kinder-
hook, N. Y., in March, 1747; d. there, 17 Sept.,
1832. His ancestors were early settlers of New
York state, emigrating from Holland. Peter was
graduated at Columbia in 1768, studied law under
William Smith the elder, and at twenty-six years
of age was appointed sole reviser of the colonial
statutes. He was conscientiously opposed to the
Revolution, and, notwithstanding nis personal
popularity and intimacy with the most eminent
men of the country, was summoned before the
committee on conspiracies at Albany in June, 1777,
and required to taxe the oath of allegiance to the
Continental congress. He refused, was ordered to
Boston within ten days, and from that time was
constantly restrained, the authorities even refus-
ing to permit him to take his dying wife to New
York, as she entreated. In October, 1778, he was
banished, went to England, and remained there
till the summer of 1785. During his residence
abroad he associated with the chief scholars and
statesmen of Great Britain. When he returned
to this country he was welcomed by his old asso-
ciates and by people of all parties, and, resuming
his profession, was eminently popular and suc-
cessful. From constant study his eyesight became
impaired early in life, and during his later years
he was totally blind. He also devoted much time
to his law-school, which numbered nearly one
hundred pupnls annually. Judge Van Sc^haack
was well versed in polite literature as well as legal
lore, a fine classical scholar, and a brilliant con-
versationalist, and his residence at Kinderhook,
which is still standing, was the resort of many
eminent persons of both England and this coun-
try. Columbia gave him the degree of LL. D. in
1778. He published " Laws of the Colony of New
York" (2 vols.. New York, 1773), and "Conductor
Generalis, or the Duty and Authority of Justices,
Sheriffs. Constables, etc., "Revised and Adapted to
the United^tates " (1788). See his '• Life, Journal,
Diary, and Letters," edited by his son, Henry C.
Van'Schaack (1842).— His son, Henry Cruger,
lawyer, b. in Kinderhook, N. Y., 3 April, 1802 ; d.
in Manlius, N. Y., 16 Dec, 1887, received an aca-
demic education at Hudson and legal instruction
from his father, and at twenty-one years of age
was admitted to the bar and l>egan practice at
Black Rock, near Buffalo. In 1827 he removed to
Manlius, N. Y. During his sixty years of profes-
sional life Mr. Van Schaack published the life of
his father, already referred to. and several pam-
phlets, including " Henry Cruger," an address read
before the New York historical society (New York,
1859); "History of Manlius Village" (Favette-
ville, N. Y., 1873) ; " An Old Kinderhook Mansion "
(New York, 1878); and "Captain Thomas Morris"
(1882). He was a noted collector of manuscripts,
and his collection of autograph letters — including
thost^ of most of the heroes and patriots of the
Revolution — was one of the most extensive and
valuable in the country.
VAN 8CHAICK
VAN TWILLKR
260
TAN SCHAICK. (Jozen, soldier, b. in Albany,
N. Y., in January. ITM ; d. thcrf. 4 July. 1787. Hi»<
father. .Sybrant. wa« mayor of Albanv in 1750-'6I.
(ti)zon was ap|N>int(Hl lieutenant in the oxpo<lition
s^iuKt Crown Point in 1750. in which the French
and Indians were defeated ht Sablwith Day Point,
iNx-ame captain in 17.%. took |>art in the ex|)edi-
tions apilnst Fort Fronteniu; and Fort Niagara,
and wju* apjMiinted major of a New York regiment
in nM. lie Ixvame lieutenant-colonel of the Isl
New York regiment in 1702. participated in the
battle of Tieonderoga. and received a severe
wound on the cheek from a French musket that
le<l to a cancerous disease of which he finally died.
At the Iwginning of the Revolution he became
colonel of the 2d New^ York regiment, and on 22
Nov.. 1775. he was appointetl to commantl the 1st
New York battalion. A few wwks later he was
sent on an eXf>edition to Cherry Valley to protect
the inhabitants from the incursions of the Indian
chief, Joseph Brandt. an«l did gcxnl service during
this campaign and the subsequent ones. At the
battle of Monmouth he acted as brigadier-general
under Lord Stirling. In 1779 he was appointe<I to
head a select detachment, with which he destroyed
the Onondaga settlements. For that service con-
gress gave him a vote of thanks. He was a rigid
disciplinarian, his regiment Ix'ing one of the best
in the service, and his {latriotism was freelv shown
in sacrificing his fortune to the public gooii.
VANSITTART, Henrj, British naval officer.
b. in Bisham AblKjy, Berkshire. England, in 1779;
d. in Woodstock, Canada, in 1844. He entered
the navy in 1791, was imwie a lieutenant in 1794.
and a.ssigned to the command of the shwp
"Hermes" in 1798, During the ensuing year he
was employwi in convoying merchant vessi'ls to
and fn)m IJritish America, and in 1800 he captured
several of the enemy's arme<l vessels on the Ja-
maica station, where, in the following year, he
ol)tained |)08t rank in the " Abergavenny," of
fifty-four gims. He was engaged in 1803 in block-
ading the rivers En>e and Weser, and in F'ebruary,
1804, sailed for the Jamaica station, where he was
actively eujployed during the succeeding four
years. While o{[ Havana, in the summer of 1800,
on Ixiard his frigate, the " P'ortunee," he succee<led.
with the aid of an armed schooner, in capturing
two Spanish gun-boats and twenlv merchant ves-
sels. Among others that the "hNirtunee" took
during her cruises in the West Indies were the
Fn-nc-n privateer " Ijo vautour" and the French
armed schooner " I^e grand Juge Bertolio." He
was afterward employed on channel service and
in the Med'terranean.'and in October, 1811, cap-
tured the famous French privateer " Le Vice- Ad-
miral Martin." He was ma<le a rear-admiral, 22
July. 18:{0. and vice-admiral. 23 Nov., 1841, In
Wi4 he ri'moved to Canada, lx)ught an estate near
WiHxlstock, and was instrumental in erecting
churches and s<'hool-hous»»s.
VAN TWILLER. Woiiter, or Walter, gover-
nor of New Netherlands, b. in Nieukirk, Holland,
aljout 1580; d. in Amsterdam, Holland, after 1040.
He was a clerk in the warehouse of the Dutch
West India company, and. having married a niece
of Kiltian Van Rensselaer, was employed by the
latter to shipc.ittie to his colony on Hudson river.
Van Twilier made two vtiyages to this coimtry in
that service, and was s<imewhat actpiaintetl with
the geography of New York and the c«mdilion of
its affairs, s<i that through Van R«'nsselaer's influ-
ence he was chosen in IftJ3 by the West India
comttany governor of New Netherlands, sailing
for Manhattan in the ship " Soutberg." He was
inexiieriencp*! in the art of government, slow in
speech, incompetent to decide imfxirtant aflaini,
and obstinate in minor matters. His chief busi-
ness seems to have been to maintain the commer-
cial ojwrations of the West India com|>any, but no
sixmer ha«l he arrive<I than he was involved in
({uarrels with the English. In 10:{2 the Dutch
purchas4><I from the Indians lands near what is
now Saybrr)f>k, Conn., erwting thereon the arms
of the states-genenil, and on 8 July. WiS, the
West India com|)anv Ijought the ground on which
the city ot Hartford now stands, erecting a fort
which they called the House of Gorxl Hope, and
defending it with two cannon. In Octol)er, 1038,
the Massachusetts colony laid claim to all the
river and countrv of Conne<-ticut, under the grant
of the king of I'^ngland. Van Twilier wrote a
"courteous and respin-tful letter" to Gov. John
Winthrop. renuestingthat the matter l>e settle<l by
the home authorities, meanwhile urging that un-
til these prof)er persons could determine what
should !« done, the Plymouth colony refrain
from sc'ttling there. But a few days later one
William Holmes, with a resolute crew and a com-
pany of Indians who hml been the original pro-
prietors of the soil, sailed up the river, and, though
threatened by fire from the Dutch cannon, reached
the present site of Windsor and erecte<l there the
first house that was built in Connecticut, V^an
Twilier served a process on Holmes as .soon as he
heard this news, and a few weeks afterwartl be-
sieged the trading-house with seventy soldiers, but
was forced to withdraw and leave tfie English in
j>eaceable |X)ssession. The next year he concluded
an advantageous treaty of peace with the Raritan
Indians. Meanwhile he spent large sums of
money in internal improvejnents, built a handsome
house for his own use and several for the officers
of the colony, laid out a cemetery, and changed the
name of the town from Manhattan to New Amster-
dam. He also l)ought large tracts of land, includ-
ing Governor's island and Blackwell's island,
stockctl them with cattle, and became one of the
richest land-iiwne*^ in the colony. In 10Ji5 a party
of colonists from Point Comfort, Va., under com-
mand of George Holmes, sailed to the Delaware,
with the intention of settling there, but was
forced to surrender to the Dutcn fort, and sent as
prisoners to New Amsterdam. Van Twilier re-
shiptied them " pack and sat-k for Point Com-
fort. * He was again unsuccessful the same year
with the Massachusetts colony. John Winthrop
the younger tore down the arms of the state-
general at Saybrook and took iH)ssession of the
settlement, naming it for Lord Say and Ijord
Brook, and, although Van Twilier sent a sloop
to dislodge them, Winthrop would not suffer them
to lan<l. Notwithstanding his losses in Connecti-
cut, the fur-tnwle increased during the last years
of Van Twiller's ailministration, and the Dutch
opened a profitable commerce with New England.
His private extravagances, however, inducetl the
vice-director. L»iblH>rtus Van Dincklager. to com-
plain of him to the honte authorities, and David
I>e Vries having ileridwl them for the " folly of
promoting a fix>T from a clerkship to a governor-
ship simply to act farces." Van Twilier was re-
move«l. and in Senteml>er. 16:i7. was succeeiled by
William Kieft. lie returne<l to Holland, and in
1044 became a guardian to Johannes, the eldest
son of the ))atnK)n Van Renssela«^r and was in-
volved in controversies with the West India com-
|>any, who descrilxMl him as an " ungrateful man,
who had sucked his wealth from the breasts of
Uie company which he now abuaea."
256
VANUXEM
VAN VLECK
VANUXEM, Lard ner, geologist, h. in Philadel-
phia, Pa.. 23 July, 1792; d. in Bristol, Pa.. 25 Jan.,
1848. He was graduated at the ficole des mines,
Paris, in 1819, and soon after his return to the
United Stat«s was called to fill the chair of chem-
istry and mineralojry in South Carolina college.
In 1826 he retired from the college and devoted
his attention exclusively to geology as a profession.
During that year he published in the newspapers
and in Robert Mills's '* Statistics of South Caro-
lina " reports on the geology of the state, and then
visited Mexico to examine mining property. In
1827-'8 he studied the geological features of the
states of New York, Ohio, Kentucky. Tennessee,
and Virginia, under the auspices of the state of
New York, and made his report to its legislature.
On the establishment of the geological .survey of
New York in 1836. Prof. Vanuxem was assigned
to the charge of the 3d geological district, and
continued in the active work of the survey until
1841. The rasults are given in "Geology of New
York, 3d District'" (Albany, 1842). At "the close
of the survey he spent some time in Albany in ar-
ranging the state geological cabinet, out of which
has grown the New York state museum. Prof,
Vanuxem's private collection of mineral and geo-
logical specimens was considered at the time of his
death as " the largest, best arranged, and most
valuable private collection in the country." He
was a meniber of the Philadelphia academy of nat-
ural sciences, and of other scientific associations.
It was the habit of those connected with the New
York survey to meet at Albany at the end of each
field season for the purpose of comparing observa-
tions and of becoming acquainted with each other.
In the autumn of 1838 Prof. Vanuxem suggested
that an invitation be given to the geologists of
Pennsylvania and Virginia for the purpose of de-
vising and adopting a geological nomenclature that
might be acceptable to all those that were then
engaged on the state surveys, and thus become the
nomenclature of American geology. This meeting
was finally held in 1840, and then the Association
of American geologists was organized, which is
now represented by the American association for
the advancement of science, probably the largest
scientific body in the world. In addition to the
report that has been mentioned, and numerous pa-
pers on scientific subjects in the "American Jour-
nal of Science," he published " An Essay on the
Ultimate Principles of Chemistry. Natural Philoso-
phy, and Physiology " (Philadelphia, 1827).
tAN VALKENBURO, Robert Bruce, con-
gressman, b. in Steuben county, N. Y., 4 Sept..
1821 ; d. at Suwanee Springs, f'la., 2 Aug., 1888.
He received an acailemic education, adopted the
Srofession of law. and served three terms in the
lew York assembly. When the civil war opened
he was placed in command of the state recruiting
depot at Elmira, N. Y., and organized seventeen
regiments for the field. He served in congress
in 1861-'o, having been chosen as a Republican,
and took the field in 1862 as colonel of the 107th
regiment of New York volunteers, which he com-
manded at Antietam. In the 38th congress he
was chairman of the committees on the militia, and
expenditures in the state department. He was ap-
pomted by President Johnson in 1865 acting com-
missioner of Indian affairs, during the absence of
the commissioner, and in 1866-'9 was U. S. min-
ister to Japan. He became a resident of Florida
when he returned from that mission, and was
chosen associate justice of the state supreme court,
which place he held at his death. Judge Van
Valkenburg was an able politician and jurist.
VAN VECHTEN, Abraham, lawyer, b. in Cats-
kill, N. Y., 5 Dec., 1702 : d. in Albany. N. Y.. 6 Jan.,
1837. He was educateil at Columbia, studied law
under John Lansing, and began practice in Johns-
town, Montgomery co.. N. Y., but soon removed to
Albany. He was known as the " father of the New
York bar," being the first lawyer admitted to prac-
tice after the adoption of the state constitution.
Mr. Van Vechten was city recorder in 1797-1808,
state senator in 1798-1805, member of the a.ssemblv
in 1805-'15, attorney-general in 1810 and 1813-15.
and a member of the Constitutional convention
in 1821. In 1797-18S3 he was a regent of the Uni-
versity of the state of New York. He declined a
seat on the supreme bench of the state that was
tendered him by Gov. John Jay. He was a learned,
eloquent, and successful lawyer, and as a legislator
was the author of many laws that have given in-
ternal improvements and educational a<l vantages
to New\ork state. — His nephew, Jacob, clergy-
man, b. in Catskill, N. Y., in 1788 ; d. in Auburn,
N. Y., 15 Sept., 1871, was graduated at Union col-
lege in 1809. at the Associate Reformed seminary in
1813, and at New Brunswick theological seminary in
1814. In 1815-'49 he was pastor of the Reformed
Dutch church in Schenectady, N. Y. He then re-
tired from the ministry, passing the remainder of
his life in intellectual and literary pursuits. He
published " Memoirs of Dr. John M. Mason " (2
vols.. New York, 1856), and "An Effective Min-
istry," a sermon (1868).
VAN VLECK, Jacob, Moravian bishop, b. in
New York city, 24 March. 1751 ; d. in Bethlehem,
Pa., 3 July, 1831. In 1772 he went to Germany in
order to complete his education in the Moravian
theological seminary of that country, and he re-
turned after an absence of seven years. He labored
among the young men of the church at Bethlehem,
and subsequently was appointed secretary of the
provincial or governing board. In 1789 he went
back to Germany as a delegate to the general syn-
od. On returning in the following year he accepted
the principalship of the girls' boarding-school at
Bethlehem, which post he resigned when he was
appointed senior pastor of the church at the same
place. Subsequently he served as pastor at Naza-
reth, Pa., as principal of the boys' boarding-school,
and as pastor of the church at Lititz. Pa. On 7
May, 1815, he was consecrated to the episcopacy at
Bethlehem, having been appointed president of the
executive board of the southern province. In this
office he continued until 1822, wnen failing health
constrained him to retire. He enjoyed universal
confidence.^and his influence among the voung
was very great. — His son. William Henry, "^Iora-
yian bishop, b. in Bethlehem, Pa., 14 Nov., 1790;
d. there, 19 Jan., 1853, was one of the three gradu-
ates of the first Moravian theological seminary in
America. He served with success in the Moravian
churches of Philadelphia and New York city, and
also as principal of the boys' boai"ding-school at
Nazareth, Pa. He was consecrated to the episco-
pacy, 20 Nov., 1836, at Bethlehem, and appointed
president of the executive board of the southern
proNince and pastor of the church at Salem. In
1848 he attended the general synod that convened
at Herrnhut, Saxony, and in the following^ year re-
signed the presidency of his district and retired to
Bethlehem. Bishop Van Vleck was a graceful and
captivating preacher, a wise and gentle ruler, and
a man of saintly character. He exercised a great
influence. — William Henry's son, Henry Jacob,
Moravian bishop, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 29 Jan.,
1822, for twenty-five years lalx)red as a teacher in
the schools of the church, and in 1864 entered the
VAN VLKCK
VARKLA
287
Moravian ministry. He was consocratwl bishop.
IH S'pt.. 1S«1, Hi' Ikahlchcni, Pa,, and rusiilt's at
(itiiuiciiliucttcn, Ohio.
VAN VLKCK, John Monroe, ecltuator, b. in
.Stmif liulfTv, N. Y.. 4 .Murth, IKHi. IIe.vra8 gratl-
unt»'<l in iKV) at Wcsieynn university, where he
oritfrtMl in the junior year, after studying at the
University of the eitv of New York. In 1850 he
taught niathematii^ in the Providence conferi'nce
seminary, and in the same year he l)ecame an assist-
ant in the nautical almanac ofllce in Cambridge,
Mass., where he then remained for three years.
He WHS ele<'ted adjunct professor of mathematics
in IHTyli in Wesleyan university, and since 1858 has
hehl the chair of mathemutics and astronomv there.
In 18?^-'3 and 1887-'tf he was acting president.
The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by
Northwestern university in 1870. He was a mem-
ber of the eX[iedition that was sent out under
the auspices of the nautical almanac ofldce to ob-
serve the total stilar eclijise at Mount Pleasant,
Iowa, in 18(J9. Prof. Van Vlcck is a memlxT of the
international Astronomische (Jescllschaft and a fel-
low of the American assmnation for the advance-
ment of science. His publications include " Tables
giving the Positions of the Moon for 1855-'6," and
for 1878-'91, and similar" Tables giving the Posi-
tions of Saturn for 1857 to 1877,' contributed to
the " American Nautical Almanac."
VAN VLIET, Stewart, sol.lier. b. in Ferris-
burg, Vt., 21 July, 1815. He was educated at the
U. h. military academy, being graduated ninth in
a class of forty-two in 1840, when he was pro-
moted 2d lieutenant in the 3d U. S. artillery. He
8er\'cd against the Seminole Indians and in garri-
son at severtil military posts in I^ouisiana. Georgia,
and South Carolina, until 1846, when, having be-
come 1st lieutenant and ca|>tain and assistant
quartermaster, he was present at the battle of
•Monterey and siege of Vera Cruz, Mexico, in com-
mand of his company. Capt. Van Vliet was in
charge of the construction of Fort Laramie, Fort
Kearny, and other frontier posts in 184 7- '51, was
actively employed in fitting out the Utah expedi-
tion under Albert Sidney Johnston, and with Gen.
William S. Harney at the battle of Hlue Water, 3
Sept., 18.'>5, against the Sioux. He was chief quar-
termaster of the Army of the Potomac with rank
of brigadier-gi>neral from August, 1801, till July,
1802, and rendered imj>ortJint ser\'ice in fitting
out troijps for the fielu. and accompanied Gtn.
George B. McClellan, serving under hira in all the
l>attles from Gaines's Mills to Malvern Hill. He
wjis promoted major, 3 Aug., 1861, and lieutenant-
colonel and deputy quartermaster-general, 29 July,
ism. He was on duty at New York city in 1862-'7,
furnishing trans|K)rtation and supplies, at Schuyl-
kill arsenal. Pa, in 1809, and was chief quarter-
master of the Division of the Atlantic in 1872 and
the Department of the Missouri in 1872-'5. Ho
was brevetted major-general. U. S. army, 13 March,
ISC)."), for "faithful and distinguished .services dur-
iii;,' the war," and pnimottnl to the full rank of
colonel and assistant ouarfermaster-general, 6
June. 1N72. On 22 Jan., 1881, Gen. Van Vliet was
retired from ac-tive service.
VAN WART, Isaac, i>atriot. b. in Greenburg.
N. Y., in 1760; d. in Mount Pleasant. N. Y., 23
May, 1828. He was a farmer in Westchester coun-
ty, N. Y., and an anient sympathizer with the
patriot causi" during the Revolution. On 23 Sept.,
1780, with John Paidding and David Williams, he
'■■''■rccpted Maj. John Andre on his return fn»nj
American lines. (See PAiLitiNo, Jons.) For
■ .- -orvico he received the thanks of congres.s, a
VOL. VI. — 17
pension of $200 per annum for life. an<l a sllvci'
nunlal Itearing on one side the word "Fidelity"
and on thee)ther the legend " Vincit Amor Patria*."
On 11 June, 1829. the citizens of Westchester coun-
ty erected a monument to his memory. He wa« an
active member of Greenburg church, and served it
as chorister until his death.
VAN WINKLE, Peter G., senator, b. in New
York city. 7 Se|>t., 1808; d. in Parkersburg, W.
Va., 15 April, 1872. He removed to Parkersburg.
Va, in 1835, and practised the profession of law
there till 1852, when he became treasurer and sul>-
.sequently president of a railroati company. He
was a memoer of the Virginia constitutional con-
vention in 1850, and of the Wheelin|f reorganiz-
ing convention in 1861, was in the West Virginia
legislature from the formation of the new state
till 180:^, and in that year became U. S. senator,
having been chosen as a Unionist for the term
that ended in 1869. He was chairman of the com-
mittee on pensions in that body, was a member of
those on finance, pensions, j)ost-offlces. and post-
roads, and in the im|)eachment of President John-
son was one of the meml)ers that vote<l for ac-
nuittal. In 1806 he was a delegate to the Phila-
ueli)hia loyalists' convention.
VAN WYCK, CharloH Henry, senator, b. in
Poughkeepsie. N. Y., 10 May. 1824. He was eratlu-
ated at Kutgers in 1843. adopted the profession
of law, and in 1850-'6 was district attorney of
Sullivan county, N. Y. He serve<l in congress in
1859-'03. having be<>n chosen as a Republican, and
while holding his seat in that body l»ecame colonel
of the 10th legion, or 50th regiment, of New York
volunteers. He served with Gen. (je<irge B. McClel-
lan in the peninsula campaign, and in 1865 was
made brevet brigatlier-general of volunteers. He
was again in congress in 1807-'71. and was chair-
man of the committee on retrenchments. He re-
moved to Nebraska in 1874, engagtnl in farming,
was a delegate to the Constitutional convention in
1876, state senator in 1876-'80, and in 1881 became
U. S. senator.
VAN ZANDT, Marie, singer, b. in "Texas. 8
Oct., 1861. Her mother, Mrs. Jennie Van Zandt. a
daughter of Antonio Blitz, was herself a sinp>r of
note, and a|)[K'an'd in o|iera under the direction of
Max Maretzek. Marie went with her mother in
1873 to London, where she stu«lied at a convent
school. While in that city she met with much en-
couragement fn)m AdeliuH Patti. whose style she is
said to have copie«l to a great extent. After study-
ing also a short time with FranceM>o Ijam|M>rti ni
Milan, she made her d^but in Turin, in 1879. as
Zerlina and appeare<l also in " I^ .Sonnambula"
She was engaged for Her Majesty's opera company
in Ixmdon in 1880, and in 1881 made her aibut
at the 0|)era Comic^ue. Paris, remaining there for
f(»ur seasons. She is a singer of muen promise,
and the iKi!ises.sor of a fine voice of great com|>ass.
VARELA. Florencio (vah-ray'lah). Argentine
publicist, b, in Buenos Ayres, 23 Feb., 1807: d. in
268
VARELA
VARELA
Montevideo. 20 March, 1848. He studiecl in the
college of his native city, and was graduated in
law in 1827 at the university. He was then em-
ployed under the secretary of the interior, and t«ok
part in the revolution of 1828 under Lavalle. who
made him chief clerk of the ministry. In August,
1829, at the fall of Lavalle and the accession of
Rosas, whom Varela had opposed, the latter went
to Montevideo, where he published some poems and
a drama in the magazines. In 1835 he was ad-
mitted to the bar of the supreme court of Uru-
guay, and in April, 1838, he was exiled by order of
President Oribe,. who accused him of complicity
in the revolutionary attempt of Rivem; but he re-
turned in October, after the installation of Rivera'
as president. In 1840-'2 he sojourned in Brazil on
account of his health, and returned in December
of the latter year, when the siege of Montevideo
had begun. In 184^3 he was sent as commissioner
of the Montevideo government to England to ne-
gotiate the withdrawal of the English blockading
forces, and on his return he abandoned his literary
studies and entered politics, founding the journal
" El Comercio de la Plata," which soon became a
powerful instrument of opposition to Rosas and
Oribe, and excited the patriotism of the l>esieged
city. It was generally reported that he was assas-
sinated by instigation of Rosas while returning
one evening from the press-rooms of his paper to
his home. He wrote " Rosjis y las Provincias"
(Montevideo. 1844), which was translated into
French under the title " Affaires de Buenos Ayres "
(Paris, 1844); "La Confederacion Argentina"
(1845); " Proyectos de Monarquia en America"
(1840) ; and " Biblioteca del Comercio de la Plata,"
a geographical, historical, and political magazine,
of which four volumes had appeared at his death.
His portrait is engraved on the notes of the pro-
vincial bank of Buenos Ayres. — His son, Hector
Florencio, journalist, b. in Montevideo in 1832,
after the assassination of his father removed his
mother and brothers for security to Rio Janeiro,
where he labored as a commercial clerk to sustain
his family, employing his leisure in acquiring other
European languages, and soon became an accom-
plished linguist. When Urquiza declared war
against the dictator Rosas in 1851, Varela returned
to Montevideo and founded the " Tribuna," which,
under his management and that of his brother,
Mariano, soon became one of the most popular
newspapers of South America. He became the
chief champion of the opposition to Urquiza and
of the independence of Buenos Ayres, ana took an
active though indirect part in the operations that
forced Urquiza to raise the siege of Buenos Ayres
in July, 1853. lie visited Europe in 1854, and was
appointed consul-general of Uruguay in Paris, but
was refused the exequatur by the French govern-
ment, on account of his severe criticism of the
coup d'etat of 2 Dec, 1851, in the columns of " La
Tribuna." On his return, and after the accession
of Venancio Flores, he was elected to the legisla-
ture of Montevideo, and formed part of that gen-
eral's cabinet. After Flores's resignation, Varela
left the cabinet, and when the former was assas-
sinated, 19 Feb., 1868, the latter returned to Bue-
nos Ayres. During the cholera epidemic that
desolated that city in 1871 he was one of the
first to call a meeting, on 10 March, for the pur-
pose of establishing a health and charitable com-
mittee, of which he was appointed vice-nresi-
dent, and when the president, Dr. Rogue Perez,
succumbed under his arduous duties, Varela as-
sumed the lead and made heroic efiforts for the
relief of fhe afQicted. One afternoon, when the
grave-diggers fled in the presence of 700 bodies
to be buried, he personally, with members of his
committee, undertook the task, and did not re-
tire until every coffin was covered. Toward the
end of 1871 he made a tour through Chili and
other Spanish-American republics to obtain sub-
scriptions for the foundation in Europe of a large
journal destined to defend the interests of the
Latin-American people, to make their civilization
and literature known in Europe, and to acquaint
his country with the progress of science in the Old
World. He was assisted by the authorities and pri-
vate persons, and. going to Paris, founded there the
t'ournal " El Americano," which soon became widely
:nown and was the means of attracting the interest
of European statesmen and merchants toward South
America. In 1873 he was appointed minister resi-
dent of Guatemala at Paris, and in the next year he
began the publication of a series of noteworthy
political essays, which were afterward collected in
book-form. In 1874 he founded in Turin another
journal, " La Italia y El Plata," having the same
object as " El Americano." He is a fluent orator
and writer, although his speeches as well as his
works suffer from verbosity. He is the author of
" Revolueion de Lima; resefia de los aeon feci mi-
entos de Julio," with introduction by Emilio Cas-
telar (Paris, 1872) ; " Perou devant les pays d'Eu-
rope " (1873) : " La republique de Venezuela et
son president Blanco (1874); "Elisa Lynch";
" A Alvarez Calderon " ; and " Emilio C'astelar "
(1874). — Another son, Mariano, b. in Montevideo
in 1834, assisted his brother on " La Tribuna," and
after the latter's departure for Europe continued
the journal. In 1869 he was secretary of foreign
relations under Sarmiento's administration, and in
1871 was sent as minister plenipotentiary of the
Argentine Republic to London, where he negotiated
a loan of $30,000,000.— Another son, Juan Cruz,
b. in Montevideo in 1843. although occupied in
mercantile pursuits, ha? given much time to lit-
erature and travel. He is a contributor to many
periodicals, a notable antiquarian, and author of
two dramas in verse, " La Pecadora arrepentida "
(Buenos Ayres, 1873), and •' Facundo,'' unpub-
lished.— Another son, Luis Vicente, author, b. in
Montevideo, 27 May, 1845, studied law, was editor
of " El Autonomista " and assistant on " La Tri-
buna," and is the author of " Estudios sobre la
constitucion de Buenos Ayres" (Buenos Avres,
1868); "El Ciego,"a drama (1871); " Concordan-
cias y Pundamentos del Codigo Civil Argentino "
(14 vols., 1873-'6); and " Organizacion del Regis-
tro del Estado Civil " (1874). — Florencio's brother,
Juan Crn2, journalist, b. in Buenos Ayres in
1794; d. in Montevideo, 15 Jan., 1839, studied in
Cordova and TuCuman, and was graduated in the
latter city in theology and law in 1816. When in
that year the congress of the United Provinces of
La Plata met at Tucuman, Varela was elected one
of the deputies for Buenos Ayres, and thenceforth
abandoned the church for politics. He took an
active part, in the direction of the papers " El
Mensajero Argentino," " El Tiempo," " El Centi-
nela," and " ElPortefio." held several public offices,
and from 1824 till 1827 was secretary of the Na-
tional congress. He suffered persecutions for his
political opinions after the fall of the go>»ernment
of Rivadavia. and. taking part in the revolution of
December. 1828, emigrated to Uruguay, whence he
was banished by Oribe, together with other politi-
cal enemies of Rosas, and returned only after the
former's fall. He is the author of the dramas
" Dido " (Buenos Ayres, 1823) and " Arjia" (Mon-
tevideo, 1834), and left a collection of unpublished
VAUELA Y MORALRS
VARGAS
250
patriotic poems, of which the poem celcbratinff the
victory of Itiixainjro. 20 Feb.. 1827, is the most
fnmous. — Another hn»ther of F'lorencio, Kiiflno,
b. in Buenos Ayres in IHOi : <1. in C^uebnwhito. 28
Nov.. 1840. W'ls Iwnishetl from Buenos Ayres t«-
^fther with his brothers, and in 1840 foll<iw'ed Oen.
Juan Ijftvalle in his invasion of the Ar^i^entine, and
fell in the battle of (juebrachito. — Huflno's son,
Pedro, b. in Montevideo in 18;J4, took an active
part in the politics of his cfmntry, and. after the
death of (Jen. Venancio Klores, was considere*! the
leader of his [»arty. He wjus deputy and senator,
and as president of the latter b<j<ly took charge of
the executive, 14 Jan.. IH?'). at I)r. Kllauri's fall.
He was then electe<l constitutional president, but
his povemment was overthrown, 10 March, 1876,
and Col. Lorenzo Latorre was his successor.
YARELA Y MORALES. F^Ux (vah-ray'-lah),
Cuban author, b. in Havana in 1788; d. in St. Au-
gustine, Fla.. in 18o:{. He studied in his native
city, WHS f;raduate<l in theology in 1810, and be-
came a priest in 1811. He was appointed pro-
fessor of philf>sophy in San Carlos seminary. Ha-
vana, and afterward of political economy, dividing
his time between the duties of the ministry and his
laliors as a teacher. He discarded completely the
old scholastic philosophy and manner of teaching,
and introduced the reforms that have changed the
science of education in the 19th century. In 1821
he was elected representative for the western prov-
ince of Cuba to the Spanish cortes. where he de-
manded political autonomy for Cuba. In 1823, with
the end of the liberal regime and the return of ab-
solute government, the cortes wjis forcibly dis-
solved : sixty-five of its members were condemned
to death, and Varela. to save his life, took refuge
with others at Gibraltar. Thence he saile<l for
New York in December, 1823, where he fixed his
residence after visiting the principal cities of the
Union. He devoted his time to literary, scientific,
and educational pursuits and to the duties of his
ministry as a Roman Catholic priest. In 1845 he
was ap[>ointe<l vicar-general for New York, and
e<lited a religious magazini> with Dr. Constantine
Pise. His health obliged him to go to St. Augus-
tine, Fla.. in 1840, where he resided from 1853 un-
til his di'ath. Vart>la's works include " Institu-
tiones Philosophia' Kilecticie" (2 vols., Havana,
1812-'13): '•fitica"(2vols..l814); "MiscelAneafilo-
siifica " (1818) ; *' Lecciones de Filosofia " (1819-'20) ;
" Observaciones sobre la Constitucion de la Mo-
narquia Esfrnflola " (1821); "Manual de PrActica
Purlamentaria '* (New York, 1826); " MAximas
Morales v Sociales" (1830); "Cartas & EInidio
sobre la rmpie<la<l, el Fanatismo " (18^35) : and nu-
merous nhilosophical and religious pamphlets.
Most of tnese works. esfK'cially " Lecciones de Filo-
8»tfia," have gone through many editions in Cuba,
Spain, and the United .Stales. His biography has
been written s«'veral timw, and an exhaustive
" Life of Vart'la " has ap{)eare(l in Spanish, by
Jose Igimcio Rodriguez (New York. 1876).
YARELA Y I'LLOA. Joh<i (vah-ray-lah-w-ool-
yo-ah). Spanish naval olTlcer, b. in Santiago de
Galicia, 14 Aug., 1748; d. in Havana, Cul>a, 23
July, 1704. He entered the navy in 1759, and j
afterward l)€came well known in learnetl circles
throughout Europe for his scientific mMpiirements.
In 1776 he was employed in assisting to measure
geometrically the jioak of Teneriffe and in deter-
mining the true position of islands and portn on
the .\merican and African coasts, among others
the island of .Santa Catharina in Bra/il and the
harlxtrs on the Rio «le la Plata. Alter discharging
various important commissions, he was selected by
the Spanish government to fix the houndarien of
the Siwnish and Portugiu>se possessions in Ameri(».
He gave proof of hif* abilities as a statesman and
philosopher by his exhaustive re|K»rt-H on the urn-
duct ions of the .Sjuinish- American colonies, Ineir
situation, relation to neighlxtring countries, and
the iulvantages that theS|)anish government could
derive fnjm them. On his return to Spain he was
promoted to the rank of rear-admiral. In 1794 he
sailed for South America in command of a miumI-
ron. and having put in at Havana, on 16 April, was
attwked there by the iliru-ss of which he died.
VARGAS, Jos6 Maria, Venezuelan president,
b. in Ija (luaira. 2 March, 178(5; d. in New York
city, 13 July, 1854. He studied in the University
of (Caracas, where he was graduated in 1806 in
philosophy and in 1808 in nu-dicine, and in 1809
he translate<l Rousseau's "Contrat stK-ial," which
he circulatwl privately among his friends for fear
of the authorities, l^arly in 1810 he Wgan the
practice of his profession in Cuniana, which prov-
mce sent him as re|)resentative to congress, and
he arrivwl in La Guaira just l)efore the earth-
quake of 26 March, 1812. which destroyed nearly
tne whole city and killed 4.000 persons. He wai
the only stirviving physician, ann his self-sacrific-e
in saving lives and attending the woumle<l was ac-
knowledged by the municipality and the national
executive. After the capitulaticm of Miranda in
the same year, Vargas was thrown by order of
Monteverde into the dunget)ns of La Guaira ; but
in 1813 he received permission to emigrate. He
continued his studies in the University of Edin-
burgh, was receive<l as a niemlK'r of the Royal col-
lege of surgeons of London, and travelled for some
time through England and France. Afterward he
practised his profession for several years in Porto
Rico; but he returned in 1825 to Caraca.s, where in
1826, by onler of Bolivar, he reorganized the uni-
versity and in 1827 was elected its rector. He
founded the chairs of anatomy, chemistry, and sur-
gery, and, besides teaching these branches for some
time in the university, gave private instruction to
the best students at nigtit in his home. In 1830 he
was elected by Caracas to the constituent congress
of Venezuela and oppose<l strenuously an<l with
eloquence the proscription of Bolivar and the an-
nexation of the province of Casjinare to Venezuela,
He was elected a member of the government coun-
cil, and in 1834 to the presidency of the republic,
which he was forced by public clamor to accept
after repeated declinations. On 9 PVb., \Sii5, he
t<x)k charge of the executive, and during his term
he gave his salary as president to hospitals, s<-hools,
and other In-neficent objects. When a mutiny of
the militant' party, which hated the first civilian
president. Itegan in Caracas, 8 July, 1835. Vargas
with the vice-president was exiled lo St. Thomas;
but before leaving he had time to convoke the
council and issue a decree a|)pointing Gen. Paez,
who was then living in retirement. comman«ler-in-
chief for the re-establi>hment of order. The latter
subdued the revoluti«m in a fortnight an<l recalle«l
Vargas, who administereil the executive with strict
impartiality: but. weary of {Milltical strife, he re-
Katedly handed in hLs resignation, which was at
it reluctantly accepteil by congn^ss, 24 April,
1836. He returned, notwithstanding his shattered
health, to his functions in the university and as
director of public instruction, from 1838 till 1846
was a member of the senate and almost ctmtinu-
ously its president, and in 1847 was ap^tointiil to
the government cojincil. but n>signe<l in 1849. His
anxiety, caused by the uninterrupted internal strife
in his country, injured his health, and in 1853 he
260
VARGAS-MACHUCA
VARLET
went to New York, where he died. He left his
anatomical collections and physical cabinet, part of
his library of 8,000 volumes, and two houses, to the
university, the rest of the library to the National
library, and his mineral and botanical collections
to the National museum of Caracas.
VARGAS-MACHUCA, Bernardo, Spanish sol-
dier, b. in Simancas about 1550 ; d. in Mexico about
1620. He took part in the wars of Flanders, rose
to the rank of captain, and was sent to Mexico,
where, according to his own statement, he became
commander-in-chief, although his name is not
mentioned in the official documents of the time.
He is noteworthy as the author of " Milicia Indi-
ana, y Descripcion Hidrografica y Geografica de
las Indias " (Alexico, 1599) ; " Compendio y Doc-
trina nueva de la Gineta, secretos y advertencias de
ella, seilales y enfrenamientos de Caballos, su cura-
cion y beneficio " (Madrid, 1619) ; and " Defensa
de las" Conquistas de las Indias." of which the origi-
nal manuscript is in a private library.
VARGAS Y PONCE, Juan Jos6, Spanish geog-
rapher, b. in Cadiz in 1755 ; d. in Madrid in 1821.
He entered the navy, was ordered in 1788 to assist
Vicente Tofifio in the publication of the great atlas
of the coast of Spain, and wrote a remarkable in-
troduction to that work. Vargas was attached af-
terward to the colonial department, prepared the
instructions for the scientific expeditions that were
sent to America between 1789 and 1820, and was
elected in the latter year a member of the constit-
uent cortes. His works include " Descripcion de
las islas Pytiusas y Baleares " (Madrid, 1787), and
" An Account of the Last Expedition to the Strait
of Magellan made by the Frigate ' La Santa Maria
de la Cabeza"'(Spanish edition, 1788; English trans-
lation, London, 1788). Among his manuscripts, in
the National library at Madrid, are " Descripcion
estatistica de la provincia de Guipuzcoa, " "De-
scripcion estatistica de la isla de Cuba," and "His-
toria de la isla de Santo Domingo."
VARICK, Richard, soldier, b. in Hackensack.
N. J., 25 March, 1753 ; d. in Jersey City, N. J., 30
July, 1831. The family name was originally Van
Vafick. He studied law and was practising in
New York city,
when, at the open-
ing of the Revo-
lution, he became
a captain in Alex-
ander McDou-
f all's regiment,
te afterward be-
came military sec-
retary to General
Philip Schuyler,
and on the lat-
ter's recommenda-
tion was appoint-
ed by congress
deputy muster-
mast«r-general, 25
Sept., 1776, to
which post the
rank of lieuten-
ant-colonel was
attached on 10 April, 1777. He remained with the
northern army till the muster department was
alx)lished after the capture of Burgoyne, and was
present at the battles of Stillwater and Saratoga.
He was inspector-general at West Point after 1780.
and first aide-de-camp to Gen. Benedict Arnold,
whom he greatly admired as a soldier. It is said
that when Arnold's defection was made known.
Col. Variek was almost insane for several days.
i;z'26^^^^%-2'^.<^^ J)
With Col. Pranks, the second aide, he was ex-
amined by a court of inquiry, which exonerated
both from suspicion of the least complicity in the
treason. Shortly afterward he became a member
of Washington's military family, acting as his re-
cording secretary till near the close of the war, and
taking charge of his confidential papers. Prom
the evacuation of New York by the British in
1783 till 1789 he was recorder of that city. In the
latter year he became attorney-general of the state,
and from 1791 till 1801 he was mayor of New York.
In 1786 he and Samuel Jones were appointed re-
visers of the state laws, and they published the re-
sult of their labors in a volume (1789). On the
organization of the state militia he was made colo-
nel of one of the regiments. Col, Variek was
speaker of the assembly in 1787, for many years
president of the Merchants' bank, and a founder
and liberal benefactor of the American Bible so-
ciety, of which he was president from the resigna-
tion of John Jay till his d6ath. He was more than
six feet high, and of imposing presence, and has a
fine monument in his native place.
VARICK, Theodore Rouieyn, physician, b. in
Dutchess county, N. Y., 24 June, 1825 ; d. in Jer-
sey Cit)', N. J., 23 Nov., 1887. He was graduated
at the medical department of New York univer-
sity in 1840, and, after practising for two years
in New York, removed in 1848 to Jersey City,
where he resided until his death. He made many
valuable additions to professional knowledge, and
was widely known as a surgeon. He was the first
to prove the usefulness of cocaine in capital ampu-
tations, and he introduced into the United States
Trendelenberg's method of amputating at the hip-
i'oint. Being dissatisfied with the results of the
jister method of dressing open wounds, he per-
fected a system for the employment of hot water
in surgery, and thereby secured the largest per-
centage of successful operations known, but three
deaths resulting from fifty-four capital amputa-
tions. He also was the first to use hot water to
control oozing in laparotomy. Dr. Variek was an
incorporator of the District medical society of
Hudson county, president of the New Jersey state
medical society, surgeon-general of New Jersey,
president of the New York medical society, director
of MoiTis Plains hospital for the insane, director
of St. F'rancis's hospital, surgeon of Jersey City
hospital, and a member of various medical societies.
Among the published records of his cases are
monographs on " Urticaria produced bv Hydro-
cyanic Aci(J,'* " Complete Luxation of the Radius
and Ulna to the Raaial Side," " Subperiosteal Re-
section of the Clavicle," " Distal Compression in
Inguinal Aneurism," " The Causes of Death after
Operations and Grave Injuries," " The Use of Hot
Water in Surgery," " The Protective Treatment of
Open Wounds," and " Railroad Injuries of the
Extremities of the Human Body."
VARLET, Doniin^iie Marie, French mission-
ary, b. in France in 1678; d. in Utrecht, Holland,
in 1742. He was ordained a priest in 1706, and
about 1712 was appointed superior of the priests
in the valley of the Mississippi by the directors of
the Seminary of foreign missions of Paris. After
his arrival in Canada he was named vicjw-general,
especially for Fort La Mobile and Fort Louis, by
Bishop Saint Vallier, of Quebec, with jurisdiction
over all priests along Mississippi river except
Jesuits. He spent six years on this mission, visit-
ing the country from Cahokia to the Gulf, He
returned to Europe in 1718, and was appointed
bishop of Ascalon and coadjutor to the bishop of
Babylon, When he was on his way to the East,
VARNHAGEN
VAUNUM
261
intollipripe was broucht tr '.he |)opc that he was
an a«liu'n.'rit of the aoctrines of Janst'tiius. He
wa!»atonc>u onlen»U ton'turn to Uoiiic ; but, instead
of (loini; so, he went to Utrecht and was one of the
|)rinei(>al a^'ents in founding the Jansfuist church
of that city. He consecrated four archbishops of
the Jansenist church in succession, and was sev-
eral times exc'oniniunicuted bv the pope.
VARNHAUEN, Francisco Adulpho de, Bra-
zilian historian, b. in San .loflo de Ypanema in
181(3. He ac(|uired his primary education in liio
Janeiro and went to Portugal to study in the Uni-
versity of t'oimbnv. When the ex-emperor of Bra-
zil, IVdro I., was trying to re-establish the govern-
ment of his daughter, Maria da Gloria, in 1884,
Varnhagen enlisted in the constitutional army, and
afterward re-entered college and completed his ca-
reer as a military engineer in 1840, when he de-
voted himself to poetry and literature. He was
appointed secretary of legation in Madrid, with the
commission to revise the documents in the govern-
ment archives concerning the b«iundaries of the
empire of Brazil. In 18o9 he returned to St^uth
America and was ap{K)inted minister-resident to
the republic of Paraguay; but, on account of the
despotic government of the dictator Lopez, he re-
signed his post and was commissioned to travel
through Venezuela, New Granada, Ecuatlor, and
the Antilles, and report on the agricultural prog-
ress of those countries. He executed this com-
mission satisfactorily, presenting reports on coffee,
sugar, and tobacco. Soon afterward, as minister
of Brazil to Chili and Peru, he protested against
the hostile attitude of the Spanisn government to-
ward the republics of the Pacific. While in Lima
he began to investigate documents about Amerigo
Vespucci, among which there is a letter from Peter
Martyr to Columbus, in which he says that the Bay
of Honduras had been visited before by others,
thereby confirming Oviedo's assertion in his " His-
toria de las Indias." He was sent to Vienna in
1868 as minister -resident, promoted plenipoten-
tiary in 1871. and created in 1874 Viscount of Porto
Seguro and member of the imperial council, con-
tinuing in Vienna till 1878, wnen he returned to
Brazil. He writes etjually well in French, German,
and Italian as in his own language, and is the au-
thor of "Noticias do Brazil," printed by the Royal
academy of science of Lisbon (1852); " Trovas e
Cantares" (Lisbon, 1853) ; " Historia geral do Bra-
zil," to the revolution against Portugal (2 toIs.,
1854-'8) ; *' Os Indios bravos c o Sr. Lisboa " (Lima,
1867) ; " Ije premier vovage de Amerigo Vespucci,
deflnitivement explique dans ses details" (Vienna,
1869) ; •' D»s wahre Guanahani des Columbus "
(1869); " Suir importanza d'un manoscritto inedi-
to della Biblioteca im{)erinle di Vienna per verifi-
care, quale fu la prima isola scoperta del Colombo,
ed anche altri punti della Storia della America"
(1869) ; " Nouvelles Recherches sur les demiers
voyages du navigateur Florentin, et le reste des
documents et ^claircissements sur lui, avec les
textes dans les langues originelles," with a fac-
simile of Ptolemy's chart of 1513 (1871) ; and
" L'origine Touranienne des Americains Tupis-
Caribes, et des anciens Kgyptiens, indiquee princi-
palemcnt par la philologie comparee; traces d'une
ancienne migration en Ameritjue, invasion du Brt*-
sij par li's Tupis, etc." (1876).
VARNUM, James Mitchel, soldier, b. in Dra-
cut, Mass., 17 Dec., 1748; d. in MariettA, Ohio, 10
Jan., 1789. His great-grandfather came to Massa-
chusettj* about 16JJ4. James was gnuluated at
Brown in 17(59. admitted to the bar in 1771. and
settled in East Greenwich, R. I., where he practiseil
his profession. In 1774 he became colonel of the
Kenti.sh guards, and at the beginning of the Revo-
lutionary war he was commissioned a.s colonel of
the 1st Rhoile Island infantry, 8 May. 1775. and
wtis present with his regiment at tiie shelling of
Roxbury, Mass.,
the siege of Bos-
ton, the action at
Harlem Heights,
and the battle of
White Plains. He
was sptH-ially rec-
ommended for re-
tention in the army
on its rearrange-
ment for the war,
was ap{K)inted
brigadier - general
of Rhode Island
troops, 12 Dec.,
1776, and to the
same rank in the
Continental armv,
12 Feb.. 1777. aiid
took part with his
brigade in numer-
ous engagements,
including that at
Red Bank, where he commanded all the American
troops on the Jersey side of the Delaware. He
rendered valuable services in the defence of the
forts on the Delaware, was at Valley Forge in the
winter of 1778, and afterward took an active part
at the battle of Rhode Island. In 1778 he aavo-
cated the raising of a battalion of negroes in Rhode
Island, and at his instance the legislature passe<l
an act offering freedom to all slaves that should
enlist in the army. He resigned his commission
and was honorably discharged, 5 March. 1779. and
resumed the practice of his proftssion at East
Greenwich, wnere he speedily attained the first
rank as a lawyer, took part in most of the chief
cases in Rhode Island, and was recognized as a
polished and eloquent orator. He was major-gen-
eral of the Rhode Island militia from 1779 till
1788, and in that capacity was in the service of the
United States in July anii August, 1780. under the
Comte de Rochamln-au. He was a meml>er of the
Continental congress from Rhode Island in 1780-'2
and 178(>-'7, and was there recognized by his col-
leagues as " a man of uncommon talents and most
brilliant eloquence." In October, 1787. he was ap-
pointed by congress one of the judges of the
Northwest territory, and removed to Marietta,
Ohio, in June, 1788. He was an original member
of the Society of the Cincinnati, and second presi-
dent of the ilhmle Island society of that order.
— His brother, Joseph Bradley, senator, b. in
Dracutt. Mass.. 29 Jan.. 1750; d. there. 21 Sept.,
1821. at the age of eighteen was commissioned cap-
tain by the committee of the colony of Massmhu-
setts bay, and in 1787 colonel by the commonwealth
of Massachusetts. He was made brigadier-general
in 1802, and in 1805 major-general of the state
militia, holding the latter office at his death in
1821. From 1780 till 1795 he was a member of
the house of representatives and senate of Massa-
chusetts, and in 1787 and 1795 he served as a
mend)er of the governor's council. From 1795 till
181 1 he was a member of the National house of
representatives, during which time he was chosen
speaker two terms, from 1807 till 1811. being the
immediate pretlecessor of Henry Clav. From 1811
till 1817 he was U. S. senator from Massachusetts,
being elected in op|H)silion to Timothy Pickering,
262
VARONA
VASQUEZ
uiid he was president pro tempore of the senate
and acting vii-e-president of the United States
from 6 Dec., 1813. till 17 April, 1H14. He was a
member of the State convention to nitify the con-
stitution of the United States in 1787, and that of
1820 to revise the constitution of Massachusetts,
acting as the presiding officer in the absence of
President John Adams and Chief-Justice Parker.
In 1813 he was a candidate for governor of Massa-
chusetts against Caleb Strong, the incund)ent of
that office, but was defeated. Gen. Varnum was
among the earliest patriots of the Uevolution, hav-
ing raised and commanded as captain a company
of minute-men from his native town, which par-
ticipated in engagements in Rhode Island and
New York. For his assistance in putting down
Shays's relx'Ilion in 1787 he received a personal let-
ter of thanks from Gen. Benjamin Luicoln, com-
manding the state forces, llcnry Wilson, in his
"History of Slavery," quotes him in the debate on
the bill for the government of the Mississippi ter-
ritory before the house in March, 1798, as having
been very strong and outspoken in his opj)osition
to negro servitude. In politics, unlike his brother.
Gen. James M. Varnum. who was a Federalist, he
was a Democrat, and a strong and consistent sup-
porter of the administration of Thomas Jefferson.
After his retirement iti 1817 from congress he was
again chosen to represent his district in the legis-
lature, and when lie died he was the senior mem-
ber of the senate of ISIassachusetts. Among the
portraits of the speakers of the National house of
representatives at the capitol in Washington there
is a fine oil-painting of Gen. Varnum by Charles L.
Elliott, a gift from the state of Massjichusetts. — A
grandson of Joseph B., Joseph Bradley, lawyer,
b. in Washington, D. C, 9 June. 1818 ; d. in Astoria,
N. Y., 31 Dec, 1874, was graduated at Yale in 1838,
studied law at Yale and with Roger B. Taney in
Baltimore, Md., and after admission to the bar
practised in that city for several years. He then
removed to New York city and acquired a large
f)ractice. He was a member of the New York
egislature from 1849 till 1851, being chosen speaker
of the a.ssembly for the latter year. In 1852 he
was the Whig candidate for congress in his dis-
trict. He was a member of the assembly again in
1857. In 1871 he took an active part in the agita-
tion against corruption in the government of New
York city. He was a contributor to magazines and
newspapers, and published in bo<jk-form " The Seat
of Government of the United States " (New York,
1848) and "The Washington Sketch-Book."
VARONA, Enrique Jos6 (vah-ro -nah). Cuban
author, b. in Puerto Principe, Cuba, in 1849. He
received his education in his native city and began
his literary career in 1864 as a contributor to re-
views. In 1874 he fixed his residence in Havana,
dividing his time between teaching and journal-
ism. In 1885 he was elected representative for
Puerto Principe in the Spanish cortes. In 1885
he founded the " Revista Cubana," a literary, sci-
entific, and nhilosophical review, which is consid-
ered one of tne best in the Spanish language. His
works include " Odas Anacreonticas " (Puerto
Principe, 1868) ; " Poesias" (Havana, 1878) ; " Pai-
.saies Cubanos " (1819) ; '" Conferencias filosoficas ;
Logica " (1880) ; " Conferencias filosoficas ; Psi-
cologia"(1881); "Estudios Literarios y filosoficos"
(1883) ; and " Seis Conferencias" (Barcelona, 1887).
His " Logica" has been translated into French.
YARRICK, James, A. M. E. Zion bishop, b.
near Newburg. N. Y., about 1760; d. in iaS6.
He with dght other members of the Methodist
church obtained permission from Bishop Francis
Asbury to hold separate meetings for his race.
They met in a shop in New York city for thret
years, atid in 1800 the society was incor|)orated
under the name of the African Methodist Epis-
copal Zion church, their first church being com-
pleted the same year. This was the origin of Zion
church in this country, of which James Varrick
was one of the earliest trustees. In 1820 he was
elected one of the first two elders of the church,
in the following year chairman of the New York
conference district, and in 1822 he was made the
fii-st superintendent or bishop, his term of service
expiring in 1828.
VASCONCELLOS, Andres de (vas-cone-thayl'-
los), Portuguese navigator, b. in Yelves about
the end of the 15th centurj'; d. in Portugal in
the first half of the 16th century. He was an
expert mariner, and sailed in 1538 in the ex-
pedition of Hernando de Soto as captain of the
" Buena Fortuna." After the landing of Soto at
Tampa, Vasconcellos explored the coast as far as
the bay of Appalachee, where he landed the rest of
his stores, and when Soto went into winter-quarters
in 1539, Vasconcellos sailed around the coast of
Florida, taking astronomical observations, and
landing often to explore the country. On his re-
turn to Appalachee, he found the adelantado gone,
sailed for Cuba, and thence for Europe, where he
wrote an account of his voyage, with accurate de-
tails about the formation of the coast and astro-
nomical observations on the position and distance
of many points, giving also an interesting descrip-
tion of the fruits, birds, and quadrupeds of the
countiT. His work "Relji(;ao da viagem do almi-
rante Dom Heniando de Soto. descrip^'So da pro-
vincia da Florida" is preserved in the original
manuscript in the library of the Duke de SesH.
An anonymous translation was published in French
under the title " Histoire de la Floride par le sieur
Andre de Vasconcellos " (Paris, 1685), and there is a
Spanish translation entitled " Historiade la Florida
del Hidalgo de Yelves " (Seville, 1545).
YASCONCELLOS, Simon, Portuguese histo-
rian, b. in CoimV)ra in 1599; d. in the province of
Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 1670. He early became a
Jesuit, was attached for about forty years to t"he
Brazilian missions, founded several convents in
the country, and became assistant visitor of the
order. He wrote three valuable works, " Cronica
de la Companio de Jesu en el Brazil " (Li.«:bon,
1663); "VidadeJoaoAlmeydo"(1665); and"Vida
de Jose Anchieta" (1666); and left several inter-
esting manuscripts, which are preserved in the
Brazilian state archives.
VASEY, George, botanist, b. near Sk'arborough,
Yorkshire, England, 28 Feb., 1822. He came to
this country when a child, and was graduated at
Berkshire medical college, Pittsfield, Ma<s., in
1848. Settling in the practice of his profession
in Illinois, he continued it for twenty years. In
April, 1872, he was appointed botanist to the de-
r)artment of agriculture in Washington. His pub-
ished works, issued imder government auspices,
include "A Descriptive t^atalogue of the Native
Forest Trees of the United States" (Washington,
1876) ; " The Grasses of the United States, a Synop-
sis of the Tribes, with Descriptions of the (Genera"
(1883); "The Agricultural Grasses of theTJnited
States" (1884); "A Descriptive Catalogue of the
Grasses of the United States" (1885); " Report of
an Investigation of the Grasses of the And Dis-
tricts" (2 parts, 1886-'7); and "Grasses of the
South" (1887).
VASQUEZ, Francisco (vas'-kayth). Central
American historian, b. in Guatemala about 1600;
VASQUBZ
VASSAR
263
(1. thorp alHiut 1000, He ontorwl the FranHscan
onler and Wiux nttachetl to tlie iiii-ssions in ('hiH|)a,
where he hiliorf<l with ^i\-ut sut-cesa for about
twenty - fivi- yt-ars. foundtHl several mi-Miions. l)e-
catne chronicler of his order, and estaMishwl the
Franciscan province of Ni<jira^m. He left a valu-
able manuscript, '* Cn'mica de la provincia del
Santisinio Nnnibre tie Jesus, del orden de San
Francisco de (fuatemala, y «le las niisiones en la
pmvincia de CliiHita" (2 vols., Guatemala, 1714
and 1710), in which he recounts the entrance of
the Spaniards into (tuatemalu, imrrutes the stages
of the conquest, and pivi-s valuable information
alK)Ut the foundation of Cliia[)a, and concerning
the nnssionaries that wrote in the aboriginal lan-
guages of (iuatemala and Chiana.
VASQIEZ, FranclM'o Pablo, Mexican R. C.
bishop, b. in Atlixco in 1701); d. in Cholula in 1847.
lie was e<lucated in the Palafoxiano seminary of
Puebla, where he studied philosophy, and in 1788
was gratluated at the University of Alexico, where
he obtnined in 1789 the chair of philosophy. He
was given the degree of doctor in theology in
171*5, appointed to the parish of San Geronimo
Coatepec, and made secretary of the diocese of
Puebla. In 1818 he was ele<'ted canon of the
cathedral, and in 1825 the government appointwl
him minister to the oo]^, to obtain the recognition
of the n^public ana arrange a convention. He
sailed for London, and afterward went to Paris,
and in December, 1828, received new instructions
in Florence. His negotiations with Pius VlII.,and
afterward with Gregory XVI., ended in a satis-
factory treaty between the apostolic see and the
government of the republic. He was consecrated
bishop of Puebla in Rome by Cardinal Odescalchi
in March, 1831, and returned to Mexico. He
founded the correctional asylum for women, ira-
pmved the hospital, and favored all the charitable
institutions of Puebla. He translated Clavigero's
"Storia Antica del Messico " and Voltaire's " Let-
tres de quelques juifs Allemands et Polonais " into
Spanish (Mexico. 1842).
VASSAR, Matthew, philanthropist, b. in the
parish of Tuddcnham, Norfolk, Englan<l, 29 April,
1792: d. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y.. 23 June, 1W08.
His father, James Vassar, of French ancestry,
who was a dis-
senter of the Bap-
tist coinmuiyon,
emigrated with
his wife and chil-
dren and an un-
married brother,
Thomas, to this
country. He
^^ ' reachea New
^^v • ^^ York in 1790,
"^ \ ^'^"^^S^^^fcv »nd, after siH>nd-
ing a few months
In exploring the
country, settled
in the spring of
1707 on a farm
in the neigh Ixir-
hood of Pough-
keepsie. Here the
Vassar family,
having brought the art with them from England,
began the brewing of ale first for their own con-
sumption and then to meet the demands of their
neignbors. These demands grew so ranitlly that in
1801 James Vassar removetl to Poughkeepsie and
there conductetl the brewing business on an exten-
sive scale. His son, Matthew, finally succeeded to
X^/rr^
this busin(>ss, and in it acquired the large fortune
that he ultimately devote<l mainly to the higher
education of women. In 1845, after many years of
diligent and pros()erouH lalmr. he visited F^uropeand
spent nearly twelve months in travelling over Great
Britain, Ireland, and the continent. Having no
children, he was alrea<ly me<litating as to the man-
ner in which he shouM dis[K>He of his f«irtune s*i as
best to promote the welfare of s<KMety. Circum-
stances nnally determineil him to erect and endow
a college for young women which should Ix- to
their sex what Harvard and Yale were to young
men. In the execution of this purpose Mr. Vas-
sar was a pioneer in a field that now abounds in
imitators. In January', 1801, he obtained from
the legislature an act to incor|K)rate Vassar col-
lege, and in PVbruary following, at a meeting of
the lK)ard of trustees which he seh^'ted, he trans-
ferred to their custtnly the sum of $4(K).(K)0. At
his death this was increased by the l)e<pie>Jt8 of his
will to more than $H(M).OfKJ. In the earlier years
of his career Mr. Vas-wtr gave much to various
charities. A handsr)me house of worship for the
Baptist church of Poughkeepsie. to whicn he was
warmly attached, was built mainlv by his contri-
butions. His death occurreil suddenly on com-
mencement-dav while he was engaged in reading
his annual address to the trustees. — His nephew,
Matthew, philanthropist, son of John Guy Vas-
sar, b. in Poughkeepsie. N. Y., 11 May, 1809; d.
there. 10 Aug., 1881. At the age of twenty-two he
accepted a partnership in his uncle's brewing
business, and laid the foundation of a large for-
tune. Though his earlv education was limited, he
became a well-informe«t man of sound judgment,
positive convictions, and res<ilute energy, and ex-
erteil a commanding influence in the community
in which he lived. He was active in various local
institutions and charities, but rendered especially
valuable service in his care of the college tnat his
uncle had foundetl. He was one of its original
trustees, and its treasurer until the time of his
death, devoting, without salary, to the dutii^s of
this oflUce and the general interests of the college
several hours of each day for sixteen years. He
endowed two profes8orshi[>s that bear his name in
Vassar college, contributing for this purpose $100,-
000. and also bequeathed to the college $50,000 as
a beneficiary fund. In conjunction with his
brother, John Guy, he built and equipi)ed the Vas-
sar brothers* lalH)ratorv connected with the college
at a cost of $20,000. In the city of Poughkeep.sie
he and his brother erectetl and endowed the \ as-
sar brothers' home for agetl men. the Vassar broth-
ers' scientific and literary institute, and the Va.ssar
brothers' hospital, of which the last named was
completed after his death. His various benefac-
tions amounted to alx)ut $500,000. By his exer-
tions a branch of the New York society for the
I)n!vention of cruelty to animals was established in
*oughkeepsie, and he became its president. He
also gave much to the Baptist church of Pough-
keci)sie, of which he was a life -long meml>er.
—The second Matthew's brother. John Gnjr, phi-
lanthropist, b. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y.. 15 June,
1811; d. there, 27 Oct., 1888. was eariy associ-
ated with his uncle in the brewing business, and
shanxl its prosperity. Infirm health prevente<l
his steady application to business, and he s{>ent
thirty years abroad, during which he travelleil over
a large part of the globe. Ho gave an account
of these travels in a published volume entitle<I
"Twenty Years Around the World" (1801). He
is one of the original trustees of Vassar college, be-
ing selected for that position by its founder. Be-
264
VATRY
VAUBLANC
sides his joint benefactions with his brother, which
are recorded above, he has made a conditional
gift of $20,000 to the college that bears the family
name. His later years have been earnestly devoted
to the completion and equipment of the Vassar
brothers' hospital. — The first Matthew's cousin,
John Ellison, lay preacher, b. near Poughkeepsie,
N, Y., 13 Jan., 1813 ; d. in Poughkeepsie, 6 Dec,
1878, was the son of Thomas Vassar. In early life
he was employed in the brewery of Matthew Vas-
sar, but, having become a religious man of very
earnest convictions, he left the service of his cousin
and devoted his entire life to self-sacrifteing labors
for the good of others. He was employed in 1850
by the American tract society as a colporteur, his
first missionary work being in Hlinois and other
western states. Subsequently New York and New
England were his field of service. During the
civil war he was at the front, engaged in religious
lal)ors of all kinds among the soldiers. Just be-
fore the battle of Gettysburg he was captured by
Gen. James E. 13. Stuart's cavalry, who were glad
to let him go to escape his importunate exhorta-
tions and prayers. At the conclusion of the war
he visited, in the service of the Tract society, Vir-
finia. North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida,
'ew men of his day travelled more extensively or
were more widely known than " Uncle John Vas-
sar," as he was everywhere called. His extraordi-
nary mental gifts, in connection with his zeal,
made him a lay preacher that was rarely equalled.
An account of his life has been published bv the
Rev. Thomas E. Vassar (New York, 1879).— John
Ellison's nephew, Thomas Edwin, clergyman, b.
in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 3 Dec, 1834. is son of
William Vassar. His plans for entering college
were frustrated by family misfortunes, and he was
ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1857, without
the advantages of a formal education. He has
been suecessivelv settled as pastor at Amenia,
N. Y., Lynn, Mass., Plemington, N. J., and
Newark, N. J., and is now in Kansas City, Mo. He
was for one year chaplain of the 150th New York
regiment, and was at several battles, including
Gettvsburg. He is the author of a memoir of his
cousin, John Ellison Vassar, entitled " Uncle John
Vassar" (New York. 1879), of which about 20,000
copies have been sold in America and England.
He has received the degree of D. D.
VATRY, Marc Antoine Bonrdon (vah-tree),
liaron de, French statesman, b. in Saint-Maur,
near Paris, 21 Nov.. 1761 ; d. in Paris, 22 April,
1828. He w;as secretary to Count De Grasse in
1780-'2, was at Yorktown, and wrote for the admi-
ralty an account of the naval operations in the
Gulf of Mexico and on the coast of North Ameri-
ca. After the battle of Dominica, 12 April, 1782,
in which he was wounded and where Count De
Grasse was made a prisoner, he became secretary
of Marquis Louis Philippe de Vaudreuil, who suc-
ceeded De Grasse in the command of tlie French
forces. He was charged with the embarkation at
Boston of Rochambeau's army for Santo Domingo,
and when peace was concluded in 1783 he was ap-
Sointed chief of the colonial bureau in the navy
epartment. He was employed later at Antwerp,
was secretary of the navv in 1798-1800, and was
then named minister to the United States. By a
subsequent decree he was appointed commissary-
f general of the Low Countries, and a few months
ater transferred to Havre as maritime prefect.
He opposed the expedition of Gen. Leclerc to San-
to Domingo, of which he foresaw the consequences,
and it is said that Bonaparte answered his objec-
tions and those of the engineer Fairfait with the
significant words : " I want to get rid of the 00,000
republican soldiers of Moreau's army." During his
administration as prefect of Avignon and afterward
of Genoa he built several monuments, constructed
bridges and dams, and opened high-roads. He be-
came under-secretary of the navy and colonies in
1814, and retired to private life after the second
restoration of Louis XVIII. in 1815. His works in-
clude " flxpos^ des operations de I'armee navale du
Comte de Grasse de 1780 k 1782 " (Paris, 1785).
VATTEMARE, Alexandre, founder of the sys-
tem of international exchanges, b. in Paris, 8 Nov.,
1796: d. there, 7 April, 1864. He became a sur-
geon, and in 1814 was sent to conduct Prussian
prisoners of war to Berlin. Afterward, being with-
out resources, he became a professional ventrilo-
quist, and under the name of Monsieur Alexandre
was well known throughout Europe and appeared
as such in this country. Subsequently^ he gave
up this occupation to urge the adoption of his
system of commercial exchanges. At first this
aimed simply at a systematic exchange of dupli-
cates between libraries, especially of government
publications, but he afterward extended it to in-
clude art-objects, maps, specimens of natural his-
tory, and other similar articles. He came to this
country in 1839 and again in 1847, and was granted
money by congress and by the legislatures of sev-
eral states to further his scheme, which met with
more success here than in Europe. His manners
were captivating, and in his addresses he indulged
in the most extravagant flattery of the United
States, promising that by his exertions " the veil
of ignorance which shuts out your country from
view will fall and she will stand in the eyes of Eu-
rope in her true dignity and glory." He also held
out the prospect that "a rattlesnake or a lizard
may procure a copy of the Venus de Medicis." He
was the means of adding 300,000 volumes to the
libraries of this country ; but he lacked judgment
and system, and his scneme was ultimately a fail-
ure. His plan of establishing a government bureau
in Paris in connection with it was not regarded
with favor, and he died a disappointed man. — His
son, HiPPOLYTE, who has contributed to current
literature in France, notably a series of biographi-
cal sketches of American soldiers in the " Revue
contemporaine," has unsuccessfully endeavored to
revive his father's project.
VAUBLANC, Vincent Marie Vi^not (vo-
blong), Count de. West Indian statesman, b. in Fort
Dauphin, Hayti, 2 March, 1756 ; d. in Paris, France,
21 Aug., 1845. He received his education at the
military schdolof La Fleche in France in 1770-'4,
and entered the army as lieutenant in the "La
Sarre " regiment. From 1776 till 1782 he served
in Santo Domingo, but he resigned in the latter
year, was returned to the legislative assembly in
1791, elected its president on 14 Nov., and in
1792 defended at the bar of the assembly Count de
Rochambeau, and secured his acquittal by recall-
ing the services that he had performed in the
United States. He strongly favored the motion
for the enfranchisement of the slaves in the French
colonies in America, and defending at the tribune
the conclusions of the commission, secured on 9
April, 1792, the passage of the law to that effect.
In 1790, as a member of the council of five hun-
dred, he assailed the colonial administration, and
secured the recall of Felicit6 Sonthonax from
Santo Domingo. Being outlawed after the coup
d'etat of 4 Sept., 1797, he went to Italy, and, after
his return to France in 1799, became a member of
the corps legislatif in 1800, and its president in 1804.
In 1805 he was appointed prefect of the department
VAUDREUIL
VAUDREUIL
266
of Moselle. ftn<l in 1H13 he was iimde a oount of the
empire, I'nder Ijouis XVIII. he was councillor
of state, and »ecretar>' of the interior in the Riche-
lieu cabinet from 24 Sept., 1815, till 8 May, 1810.
In 1820 he was retunn-d as a deputy Hy the de-
IMirtnient of Calvados, and /rom 1820 till IWiO he
was delejjate uf the colony of (ftm<lelou|)o to the
kinjf. He urped the estnblishment of a maritime
entrepot in the Antilles, and also advocated several
chan^>s in the jmliciary and administration of the
colonies. After the accession of Louis Philipiie
to the throne of France in 1*^0, he retired to pri-
vate life. His works include " l)u commerce mari-
time eonsidere sous le raprwrt des colonies " (1828) ;
*• Memoires et souvenirs' (2 vols., 1830); and " De
la navipjtion des colonies " (1843).
YAUDREUm Philippe de Rigaiid, Marrjuis
de, povernor of Canada, b. in the castle of\au-
dreuil. near Castclnaudary, P'rance, in 1(M0; d. in
(Quebec, 11 Oct., 1725. lie was a briijwlier-pen-
eral in the French army, and distinguished him-
self at the siege of Valenciennes. He was sent to
Canada as commander of the forces, and was then
known as Chevalier de Vaudreuil. With 3(X) men
he went to the relief of Montreal during the massa-
cre of Liu-hine, and served under Frontenac in his
expetlition against the Iroquois. He was engaged in
1690 in the defence of (Quebec against the attack
of Admiral Phipps. and m 1093 surprised and de-
feated La Chauuiere Noire, the most astute and ter-
rible of the Iroquois chiefs. In 1702 he obtained
a seigniory, and was apjwinted governor of Mon-
treal, and in 1703 he lK*canje governor of Canada
as successor to M. de C'allieres. In 1710 he en-
gaged in the defence of Quelwc, and at the same
time made preparations for the relief of Montreal.
After liouis XV. became king, Vau<lreuil effected
many reforms i,n the colony, and his measures,
civil or militar)'. were usually successful. — His
eldest son, LoiiIh Pliilippe de Rigaud, Marquis
de, French navah offlcer. b. in Quelx-c, Canada, in
1691 ; d. in Rochefort, France, 27 Nov., 1763, en-
tering the Canadian militia at the age of sixteen,
rose rapidly in the service, and held the rank
of major at the death of his father. He then
returned to p' ranee, joined the navy as lieutenant,
and was again employed in Canada for several
years. In 1738 he was post-captain and com-
manded the navv in Cana<ia. During the war for
the succession of Austria he fought at Cape Hre-
ton, and for his valor at the buttle off Cane Finis-
terre, 25 Oct.. 1747. was promoted chef cl'escmlre.
Ix>uis XV. caused Carl Van Loo to paint a picture
that represented Vaudreuil distmgaging the flag-
ship when it was surrounded by superior forces,
ana a copy was presented to the officer, while the
original is still pre8erve<l in the museum at Ver-
sailles. He was promoted lieutenant-general in
1753, foiight with credit in the seven years' war.
defended Marie-Oalante in the West Indies against
the English, and was governor of .Santo Domingo
in 1761-'2.— Another son, Pierre Frant^ois, Mar-
quis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, governor of Caniula,
b. in Quebec in 1698; d. in Paris, France 20 Oct.,
1765, founded the branch of Vaudreuil-Cavagnal,
and was first known as Chevalier de Cavagnal. He
entered the military service, and attained the rank
of major in the marine corps. In 17533 he was a{>-
iMjinted gc»vemor of Three Rivers, and in 1742 of
Ijouisianti, in which capacities he gained great jK)pu-
larity. In 1755 he was appointe<i governor oi Can-
iwla. His relations with Mtmtcalm, commander of
the troops in Cana<la were unfriendly, and this lack
of harmony between the highest civil and military
authorities in the colony doubtless tendeil to hasten
the end of French pcjwer in North America, In
SeptemU'r, 1759, the Hritish «lefeate«l Mont<>alm
and cai»tun>«l (^ueU-c, and in the spring of 1760
Vaudreuil capitulated to Gen. Amherst at Mon-
treal. Gen. Ix'vis, who was in command of the
tnM>ps at Montri'al at the time of the surrender,
oj)|Kjse«l the capitulation: but opiK)sition was use-
less. Such, however, was nf)t the view that was
taken of the capitulation and of s«ime other of
Vaudreuil's oflleial actions by the home authorities,
and on his return to France he wa.s imprisoned in
the Bastile on charges preferre<l by friends of Mont-
calm. He was afterwanl triwl before the Chatelet
de Paris, the result being that the allegations were
shown to Ix' baseless, an<l he was absolved from all
blame in his administration of the affairs of Can.-i-
du. lie wjis consefjuently released from imprison-
ment, but with the loss of nearly all his money and
proixjrtv. — Another son, Pierre FraiM^oin de Ri-
gaud, i'hevalier de Vaudreuil, b. in QueU'c in
1704; d. in Versailles, France, in 1772, was a
brave and capable ofTicer. He took Fort Massa-
chusetts from the British, gained a victory over
Col. Parker on Luke St. Sacrement, sunk twenty
Iwteaux, and to<ik five officers and 100 men prison-
ers. He visited France, prevailed on the gov-
ernment to desjjatch Montcalm, Levis, Bourla-
maque. and Bougjiinvilleto Cunatla, and assembled
at St. John the army that subsequentlv besieged
the forts at Oswego and Ontario, and made the
last attempt to detach the Iroquois from the Brit-
ish in 1757. Ho was successively lieutenant-gov-
ernor of (Quebec, and governor of Three Rivers
and Montival. — Louis Philippe's son, Louis Pliil-
ippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil, naval
officer, b. in Quebec, 28 Oct., 1724; d. in Paris,
France, 14 Dec.,
1802, entered the
navy as midship-
man in 1740, and
rose rapidly in the
service, lieing jiro-
moted ensign in
1747 and captain
in 1754. On 19
.May, 1759, he
fought a brilliant
engagement with
the English, and
was made Knight
of St. Louis. He
was pr< >moted j)ost
captain, adminis-
tered the govern-
ment of the island
La Desirade, in
the West Indies,
in 1765-'8, was made brigadier of the naval forces
in 1773, and chef d'escadre early in 1777. He com-
maniled a division under Count d'Orvilliers at the
battle of Ouessant, 27 July, 1778, and in I)ecemU»r,
1778, took charge at Brest of a stjuadron of two
ships of the line, two frigates, and three corvettes.
After storming Fort St. Louis, in Senegal, and se-
curing rich prizes on the African coast, he conveye<i
troops to Martinique and Simto Domingo, and, join-
ing Count d'histaing's armv, p»«rticipate<l in the
capture of Grena<la and in the attack on St. Lucia.
He assisted also in the siege of .Savannah in 1779,
and assununl command of the fleet when the ad-
miral letl the French columns to the assault. Re-
turning to Brest toward the close of the year, he
escortetl a con%'oy of troops to Santo D<.»mingo in
February, 1780, escaping by skilful mananivring
the superior fleet of Admiral Kcnipenfelt, and
^ac<c
c/~Z..€^OOc^
266
VAUGHAN
VAUGHAN
brought safely several prizes to Fort Roval, Mar-
tinique. Joining t'ount de Guichen's fleet, he
commanded the first division at the engagements
with the Ensrlish in the channel of Dominica on
17 April and 15 and 19 May. 1780. which resulted
in a victory for the French. In July following
he was given the grand cross of St. Louis and
made governor of .Santo Domingo, but he soon
resigned, as he preferred active service at sea,
and took command of a division in Count de
G rasse's fleet, assisting in the engagement with Ad-
miral Graves in Chesapeake bay and in the siege
of Yorktown. At the battle in the channel of the
Saintes islands, 12 April, 178'i. he escorted the
convoy that was destinetl to attack Jamaica, but
was unable to take part in the action, ('ount de
Grasse attributing his capture to Vaudreuil, the
latter was court-martialed at Lorient in March,
1784: but the finding of the court. 21 May. 1784,
was that " Vaudreuil's conduct during all the cir-
cumstances of the battle deserved nothing but
praise." He was promoted lieutenant-general, 14
Aug., 1782, and in December following carried
Rochambeau's army from Boston and Providence
to Santo Domingo. He was elected to the states-
general in 1789 by the nobility of Castelnaudary.
served as a member on the naval committee of the
assembly, and during the night of 5 to 6 Oct.,
1789. forcing an entrance in the palace of Ver-
sailles with a few officers, protected the royal
family from outrage and kept the mob at bay till
the arrival of succor. In 1701 he emigrated to
London, but he returned to Paris in 1800. and was
granted by Napoleon Bonaparte a pension on the
H'tired list of the navy. — Philippe's grandson,
Jean Fran<jois de Rigaud de Paiile, Count de,
better known as Count de Paule-Vauureuil,
French soldier, b. in Port au Prince, Santo Do-
mingo. 2 March, 1740; d. in Paris, 10 Jan., 1817,
was the son of Jean Paul Francois, governor of
Santo Domingo and other French possessions in
the West Indies for several years. The son en-
tered the navy and served during the seven years'
war, in 1756h-'C3, as aide-de-camp to Marshal
Prince de Soubise, attaining the rank of lieuten-
ant-general. He was a great favorite at court,
and was made grand falconer by Louis XVI. He
emigrated in 1789 to Turin with the Count d'Ar-
I tois, accompanying the latter everywhere till the
restoration of 1814, when he was created a peer of
France and appointed governor of the royal palace
of the Louvre. — Another grandson, Jean Loais
de RIgaud, Count de, French soldier, b. in Cape
Franyais in 1762: d. in Paris, 20 April, 1816,
entered the army in 1777 as lieutenant, went to
America with Rochambeau, served as aide-de-
camp to Chevalier de Chast«llux, and was at York-
town in October, 1781. He was promoted colonel
in 1785, emigrated to Germany in 1789, served in the
army of Conde, and after the restoration of Louis
XVIII. became master of the king's wardrobe.
VAUfiHAN, Benjamin, political economist, b.
in Jamaica, West Indies, during a temporary resi-
dence of his parents on the island, 19 April, 1751 ;
d. in Hallowell, Me., 8 Dec, 1835. He was the
eldest son of Samuel Vaughan, of London, a West
India merchant and planter. His mother was
Sarah Hallowell, daughter of Benjamin Hallowell,
a merchant of Boston, Mass. He was educated by
Dr. Priestley, and at the University of Cambridge.
As early as 1778 he wrote on political subiects. He
studied medicine at Edinburgh, taking n is degree
in May, 1781. »nd on 30 June married Sarah,
daughter Qf William Manning, of London, a West
India merchant and planter, grandfather of Cardi-
■idence j:P) , n.. y/->^ ^
lunica- C^ ^&ru . Vcui.^f'^Ca/n^
Paris. ^ V
nal Manning. lie became the partner of Mr. Man-
ning, and remained with the house in active busi-
ness until 1794. Through his American connections
and his scientific pursuits he early became intimate
with Benjamin Franklin. His t-elations witli
Franklin, his con-
nection with Hen-
ry Laurens (whose
son nmrried Miss
Manning), and his
friendship with
Lord Shelbume
brought him into
active participa-
tion in the conduct
of the negotiations
for peace between
England and the
United States in
1782. But he never
assumed any offi-
cial part in these ne-
gotiations. There
is some evidence
that commi
tions from Paris,
concerning the possibilities of peace, passed from
Franklin to Shelburne, through Jjaurens and
Vaughan, as early as March. 1,782, before Lord
North's resignation. Late in March, after the for-
mation of the Rockingham ministry. Lord Shel-
burne (then secretary for the colonies) requested
Vaughan to persuade Lajurens to go to Holland with
his brother, William Vaughan, to ascertain from
John Adams what means were necessary for peace.
By sending messengers in three directions at once,
Vaughan succeeded in finding Laurens, who was
persuaded to undertake the mission. Fox, secretary
for foreign affairs, desired to get these negotiations
into his own hands, being jealous of Shelburne, and
attempted to obtain the same service from Laurens,
but had been forestalled by Vaughan. At the same
time, being consulted by Lord Shelburne as to the
best person to send to Paris to open formal negoti-
ations with Franklin, Vaughan suggested Richard
Oswald, who was at once sent to Paris, crossing the
channel in the same packet with Laurens. Oswald
was afterward formally commissioned negotiator
for England, and returned to France ; Imt owing to
i'ealousies between him and Grenville, sent by Fox,
^'ranklin became very guarded in his intercourse,
and, before Lord Shelburne became prime minister,
Vaughan seems to have gone to Paris at his request
to attempt to allay Franklin's suspicions. After
Lord Rockingham s death, during the formation
of the Shelburne cabinet. Lord Shelburne offered
Vaughan an official appointment, which he de-
clined ; but he consented to go again to Paris in
July to see Franklin, to assure him of Lord Shel-
burne's genuine desire to conclude a peace, and to
remove any obstacles arising from Fox's attack in
the commons on Shelburne's sincerity. Being suc-
cessful in this, he remained in Paris, at Franklin's
reouest, and by Lord Shelburne's express desire, in
order to receive certain communications which
Franklin desired to make to Shelburne concerning
reconciliation. This, however, the coursg of the
negotiation rendered unnecessary, and they -were
never formally written out. Oswald was ignorant
that Vaughan was in Paris at Shelburne's request,
and, becoming jealous, he wrote Shelburne, accus-
ing Vaughan of meddling. Diplomatic require-
ments prevented Shelburne from permitting Os-
wald to know of his independent communications
i through Vaughan, and from clearly explaining to
VAUQHAN
VAUGHAN
207
him VftughRn'.H true position. Oswald theroforp
ri'maiiu'd in ignoraiK-c (apjMiri'ntly throuf;li life)
that (lurinfc the whole transaction Vauf^han was
actively enjjajjed in his work of removing obstaoler*
to the iioaec on l)oth »\ilo», at the express deiiire of
lK>th parties t« the negotiation. Hence the corre-
siKMKlenec of Oswald and Shelhurno gives, on both
sides, an erroneous impression as to \ aughan.
Vaughan lM«eame well actputinted with Jay, on the
latter's arrival in Paris, 2Ji June, and much com-
munication lx,'tween Franklin and Jay in Pans, and
Shelhurne in England, nasse<l through Vaughan.
On Vaughan's return to London in August, he was
again re«^ueste<l by Sheiburne to return to Paris and
continue his efforts. While there, Vaughan learned
of Itayneval's secret mission to Kngland.and wnite
to Sheiburne concerning it, 9 Sept. Two days
later he wrote Sheiburne a long letter, urging delay
with Itjivneval, and immediate and inde{)endent
action with the colonies, and showing the impor-
tance of separating America from France, and the
danger to peace of refusing to grant Jay's demand
for a new commission to Oswald which should
recognize the independence of the United States at
once, instead of reserving independence to be one
of the terms of the treaty itself. Following his
letter to Kngland a few hours later, at the urgent
request of Jay, he had an interview with Sheiburne,
and, being asked " whether a new commission was
absolutely necessary," renewed his assurance that
it was. The new commission was made out, and
Vauiihan was desired by Sheiburne to return to
France immediately. He set out at once, taking
with him in his chaise from London the royal
messenger with the new commission, which recog-
nized in its wording the independence of the United
States of America. Vaughan remained in Paris
during Octolx'r and part of November, becoming
acquainted with Adams, the fourth commissioner,
who arrived in Paris on 2.) Oct., and being the
medium of much informal communication between
the negotiators on both sides, especially concerning
the refugees. In Noveinl)er he again returned to
Lond(m, but was desired by Sheiburne to go back
to Paris. At this time Sheiburne appears to have
been dissatisfied with his course; and the king,
to whom Vaughan's letters were submitted along
with the olTlfial despatches, also expressed dissatis-
faction at his stay. But the result of his work
swms to have justified his course, for Franklin e^-
1)ressly declared that, had it not l)een for Vaughan's
etters and (tonversations, he would not have signed
the clause in the treaty concerning the refugees — a
subject which, more than any other. threatene<l to
wreck the whj»le negotiation. Sheiburne must
have become satisfied of this, for he again requested
him to remain in Paris. Vauiurhan spent over seven
months in these visits at Paris and in his journeys,
but refused to receive any pay or even the nMin-
bursement of his exi>enses.
From 1T8JJ to 1794 Vaughan liveil in liondon
and in the country, with long visits to Paris, di-
viding his time between active business and (>o-
litical and scientific studies. His letters show
Jerumv Bentham, Sheridan, Sir Samuel Romilly,
Orey, Wilbt^rforce, M. de Narlxjtine, the bishop of
Autun, and many others to have been among his
guests, while his general corresp»>n<lence em-
braced an even wider circle. His intimate relations
with Franklin continued unbroken during life. He
had long before edited the first publication of
Franklin's writings in Ijondon, and through his
influence in these later years F'ranklin was indiiceil
to publish his memoirs. During this time Vaughan
puolisbed papers under the signature of the " Calm
Observer." reprintwl in book-form (Ijondon, 1798),
and tninslated into French and German. He wa»
returned to {uirliament in 1792. and remained in
the house nearly two yean*. He was opjjosi-d to
any attempt to disturb the existing form of govern-
ment in his own country: but a-s the French revo-
lution devi'lo[ied. the popular tide in Kngland set
strongly against those men who had shown sym-
pathy with its earlier stapes, an<l more rigorous
laws were dcmande<l against those siisjHH-tetl of
sym()athizing with what were called revolutionary
ideas. Vaughan, from his place in parliament, was
well known to Pitt as one of the active opponents
of the administration. Under these circ-uinstances
he decided to leave Kngland for the continent until
times had again become settled, and Mcc(»rdingly
in 1794 he went to France, and afterward to
Switzerland. While in France he was several
times suspected of l^eing an English spy. In
Switzerland he devotetl himself to political corre-
spondence and literary pursuits. He was assured
by Pitt that he could at anv time return to Eng-
land with safety, but he had become so much inter-
ested in republican principles that he determined
to live in the United States. He accordingly went
direct to Boston, and lived for a short time at
Little Cambridge (now Brighton), whence he re-
moved to Maine, and settled on lands descended to
him from his mother, Sarah Hallowell, on Kenne-
bec river, in what is now the town of Hallowell.
Here he spent the remainder of his life, improving
his estate, advocating conservative political views,
working in his library, writing literary and polit-
ical articles, and carrying on an extensive con-e-
spondonce. Here, for the first time, he practise<l
his profession, visiting only among the poor, and
usually supplying me<licines as well as atlvice
without charge. Besides the articles written in
England on p<ilitical and scientific subject*, he als*)
Sublished. under the title of *' Klyogg. or the Rural
ocrates," the result of his researches in Switzer-
land, concerning the life of James Goiiver, the
agricultural philosopher (Hallowell, Me., 18()6). At
Hallowell he publishetl anonymously various polit-
ical articles, and also prt'pared two historical pa-
pers at President Adams's request — one concern-
ing the northeast boundary, tne other giving the
writer's surmises of the manner in whicli Turgot's
memoirs came into the possession of Ijord Shei-
burne several years lH?fore their publication. All
that he wrote was either published anonymously,
or over a fictitious signature, or was not written
for publication, and his lileniry labors have re-
mained generally unknown. He was an indefati-
gable worker, and spent much of his time during
his later life among his books, which, when he
came to Hallowell, were fewer by only two thousand
than the library of Harvard college at that time.
He receive<I the honorary degree of LL. I), from
HarvanI in 1807, and from Bowdoin in 1812— His
brother. Charles, merchant, b. in Kngland, 30
June, 1759: d. in Hallowell, Me., 15 May, 1839,
after stiending some years in Jamaica, came to
the United States in 1786. and settled in Hallo-
well. He had charge of large tracts of land
owned by his father and by his matenial grand-
father, lienjamin Hallowell'. and devoted himself
to encouraging the settlement of the Kennel)ec
region. In furtherance •)f this obiect ho visiteii
England in the autumn of 171H), and spent several
months in establishing business relations with
merchants in London and other jxirta. Returning
in June, 1791. he married, in Boston. Frances
Western Apthorp. established himself there as a
merchant, and had for several years an extensive
268
VAUGHAN
VAUGHAN
trade with ports of England and of the East and
West Indies, exporting chiefly the products of the
Kennebec region. He was one of the trustees of
Ilallowell academy, incorporated in 1791, and one
of the founders of the Boston library society, in-
corporated in 1794. Rebuilt, in Ilallowell, houses,
niills, stores, a distillery, a brewery, and a printing-
office, and established a seaport at Jones's Eddy,
near the mouth of the Kennebec, where he con-
structed a costly wet dock for ship-timber. In
Boston he was associated with Charles Bulfinch
(his brother-in-law) and William S<^ollay, in the
important Franklin street improvement in 1793,
where they drained and graded a boggy pasture,
and built a block of sixteen houses, known as the
*• Crescent," which wjis the first brick block erected
in Boston. A semi-oval space was inclosed in the
n)iddle of the street, which Mr. Vaughan, convey-
ing in 1794 a part of his interest in the block, pro-
vided should forever remain unoccupied by build-
ings. Meeting with serious reverses in 1798, he
surrendered his property to his creditors, and in
1799 returned to Ilallowell, engaged actively in
agricultural pursuits, being also employed as agent
for large non-resident owners of land in various
parts of Maine, and devoted his energies to pro-
moting the prosperity of the region. His impor-
tations of horned cattle, sheep, and swine, of the
most approved breeds, as well as of choice varie-
ties of wheat and other seeds, had a marked influ-
ence in the development of the agricultural and
stock-breeding interests of Maine.
VAL'CiHAN, Daniel, scientist, b. in Ireland
about 1821 ; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, in April, 1879.
He received an excellent education, and possessed
great mathematical ability. When about sixteen
years of age he came to this country and taught in
Bourbon county, Ky., nieanwhile studying the
higher branches of science by himself, but he sub-
sequently settled in Cincinnati, where he devoted
himself mainly to astronomy and the larger aspects
of natural phenomena. He mastered the German,
French, Italian, and Spanish languages, and also
ancient and modern Greek. He contributed nearly
fifty papers to the proceedings of learned societies
and to scientific periodicals at home and abroad.
The last work of his life was a series of astronomi-
cal articles that were published in the " Popular
Science Monthly." He issued in book-form " ropu-
lar Physical Astronomy, or an Exposition of Re-
markable Celestial Phenomena " (Cnicinnati, 1858).
VAUtrHAN, Sir John, British soldier, b. in
1738; d. in Martinique, W. I., 30 June, 1795. He
was the second son of Wilmot, 3d Viscount Lis-
burne, and entered the army in 1746 as cornet in
the 10th dragoons. He was captain in the 17th
foot in 175(j, and afterward, as lieutenant-colonel,
led a division of grenadiers with great credit at
the capture of Martinique. On 11 May, 1775, he
was made colonel of the 4(ith regiment, which had
been ordered to this country, and he served here
on the staff with the ranks of brigailier- and major-
general, and from 1777, with the latter commission
in full, in the British regular army. He led the
grenadiers in the battle of Long Island, and at the
landing at New York he was wounded in the thigh
and for a time disabled from active service. He
commanded the right column of attack at Fort
Clinton and Fort Montgomery, where his horse
was killed under him, and was particularly men-
tioned in orders by Sir Henry Clinton, who gave
the latter work the name of Fort Vaughan in his
honor. With Sir James Wallace he sailed up
Hudson -river in October, 1777, on a marauding
expedition on which he destroyed the town of
Kingston. In May, 1779. he captured Stony Point
and ver[>lancks; but after the campaign of that
year he returned to England, where, in December,
he was appointed comnmnder-in-chief of the Lee-
ward islands. On 3 Feb., 1781, with Admiral
Rodney, he took St. Eustatius, and in 1782 he was
made lieutenant-general. Gen. Vaughan had been
made governor of Fort William in Sc-otland, but
shortly afterward obtained the more lucrative post
of Berwick, which he represented in four successive
Sariiaments. In 1793 he received the order of the
lath. His death was sudden, and not without
suspicion of poison.
VAUGHAN, John, physician, b. in Uchland,
Chester co.. Pa., 25 June, 1775; d. in Wilmington,
Del., 25 March, 1807. His father, John, was a
Baptist minister. The son was educated at Old
Chester, studied medicine in Philadelphia under
Dr. William Currie, and at the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1793-'4, and in 1795-'9 practised in
Christiana Bridge, Del., after which time he re-
sided in Wilmington. He attained note in his
profession, and numbered among his intimate
friends and familiar correspondents Thomas Jeffer-
son, Aaron Burr, John Dickerson, Caesar A. Rod-
ney, and Dr. Benjamin Rush. He was a member
of many scientific bodies, and in 1799-1800 deliv-
ered a course of lectures on chemistry and natural
philosophy at Wilmington. After 1806 he officiated
occasionally as a Baptist preacher. Besides numer-
ous articles in periodicals, Dr. Vaughan published
an edition of Dr. Smith's " Letters." a '* Chemical
Syllabus," and *' Observations on Animal Electricity
in Explanation of the Metallic Operation of Dr.
Perkins," a defence of Dr. Elisha Perkins's " metal-
lic tractors," of which he was a zealous advocate.
VAUGHAN, John Apthorp, clergyman, b. in
Little Cambridge (now Brighton), Mass., 13 Oct.,
1795; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 June, 18(55. His
father, Charles, came from England to this coun-
try, and removed to Ilallowell, Me., where the son
received his first education. After graduation at
Bowdoin in 1815, he went to London, and was for
a time employed in the banking-house of his uncle,
William Vaughan. Subsequently he took charge
of a plantation that belonged to the Vaughan
family in Jamaica, W. I., but returned to Hallo-
well and opened there a school for girls, also study-
ing divinity. In 1833 he was ordained deacon, and
held charge of Trinity church in Saco, Me., and,
after receiving priest's orders in 1834, he became
rector of St. Peter's church, Salem, Mass. From
1836 till 1842 he was secretary of the Protestant
Episcopal aboard of foreign missions. Owing to
impaired health he resigned this post, went to
Georgia, and in 1844 settled in Philadelphia, where
he was superintendent of the Institution for the
blind in 1845-'8. In 1848 he established in that
city a school for girls, which he alwndonecl in
ia54. From 1861 until 1865 he was professor of
pastoral theology in the Philadelphia divinity-
school, to which he presented a library of 1,200
volumes. Kenyon gave him the degree of D. D.
in 1839. He publisheil pamphlets, including one
"On the General Missions of the Church " (1842).
VAUGHAN, Sir William, poet, b. in Wales in
1577: d. in Newfoundland about 1640. , He was a
physician, and in 1605 received the degree of LL. D.
from Oxford. After purchasing land in New-
foundland, he removed there about 1625. and es-
tablished a plantation which he called Cambriol.
To invite settlers from England he wrote his
"Golden Fleece" (London, 1626). This is dedi-
cated to King Charles I. and is written under the
pen-name of Orpheus, Jr. It is a curious produc-
VAUOHAN
VAUX
269
tion in prose and verso, and has lioen dotioriljed as
a "ixinitHisitioii of the I'liriUin way of tliinkini;
injjraftiHl on the t»ld chissic niafhinery of Anollo
and his court." He also puhlishod "T\\e New-
lander's ('ure," in whieh he jjives some account of
his Newftmndland settlement (KKU)), and "The
Church Militant," a lalH>red historical poem (1(W0).
VATOHAN, William, soldier, h. in Ports-
mouth. N. H., 12 Sept., 1703; d. in London, Enj;-
lantl. 1 1 Dec, 174tJ. His father. Georpe {U;7«-l?i4).
was ^ra4luated at Harvanl in lUlHI and was lieu-
tenant-governor of New Hampshire in 1715-'17.
The s«»n was prraduated at Harvard in 1722, be-
came concenied in the fisheries, and settled in
I)amariscotta. He is one of the claimants for the
honor of first suggesting the successful expedition
against Louisburg. It is said that ho made the
suggestitm to Gov. Henning Wentworth, of New
Hampshire, who referred him to Gov. William
Shirley, of Massachusetts. He took part as lieu-
tenant-colonel in the expeilition umler Sir William
Popnerell, and at the head of a detachment, chief-
ly or New Hampshire troops, he marched by night
to the northeastern part of the harbor, where he
bumetl the warehouses and destroyed a large quan-
tity of wine and brandy. The French were forced
bv'the smoke to desert the grand battery, of which
Vaughan took posst!Ssion next morning, and which
he held till the fall ot the citv. Ho considered
himself slighted in the distribution of awards, and
at the time of his death was asserting his rights in
England. His claim of priority in the suggestion
of the exjHHlition is unheld in the anonymous tract,
"The Importance ana Advantage of Cajie Breton "
(Ijondon, 1740), the authoi-ship of which is often
assigned to William liollan. but which some Iw-
lieve to have l)een inspired by Vaughan. Other
authors also say that common report gave him pri-
ority. See also "Col. William vaughan of Mar-
tinicus and Damariscotta" in the "Collections of
the Maine Historical S^wietv," bv William Goold.
VAl'GIRAl'D, PierreRen^ Marie (vo-zhe-
ro), Comte de. French naval ofTicer, b. in Sables-
d'Olonne in 1741 ; d. in France, 14 March, 18U).
He entenMl the navy at the age of fourteen, and
in 1781 was major-general in the fleet of the Count
de Grasse, and conlribute<l to the early successes
of that commander in the West Indies. While the
fleet was off Cape Haytien. a fire was discovered
on board the " Intn'pi<le," which was stationed in
the centre, close to the town. The sailors, panic-
stricken, mutinied and abandoned the vessel, and
V.iugiraud asked leave of the Count de Grasse to
aid the comuumder of the *' Intrepide " in saving
the fleet or to {lerish with him. He then made his
way to the vessel, which was already in flanies,
forced the mutineers to return, and ordered the
necessary measures. The fire was approaching the
powder-magazine, when the " Intrepide " was move<l
some distance from the fleet and town. Vaugiraud
and its commamler then onlered the crew to take
to the l)<)ats, an<l were the last to leave the ship,
which blew up five minutes after their denarture.
Vaugiraud afterward sailetl to Chesa|K>aKe l)ay,
and. returning with De Ora.sse to the .\ntilles, took
luirt in the battle of 12 April, 1782, against Ijord
Rodney, receiving from the king an autograph let-
ter of thanks and a pensi(»n of 12.0(M) livres. He
was in command of a ves«>l at Martiiii(|ue in 1789,
when an insurrection l»egan in the island. He sec-
onded the efforts of the governor, and both for a
time arrested the progress of the revolution. He
left France in 17SM. and returned with the Bour-
bons in 1814. He was made vice-admiral and gov-
ernor of Martinique, and soon afterward gover-
nor-general of the Antilles. When he arrived ho
found that the |M-ople had leanu>d of the return of
Najwleon, and were everywhere hoisting the tri-
color flag. He took energetic measures to preserve
Martinique and Guadeloupe to I^ouis XVIII., and.
when he saw that this was im|)ossible without as-
sistance, he formed a convention with the English,
in virtue of which he gave them control of the
colonies for the time. He goveniecl the colony
afterward with firmnes.H, and restored its finance's
to a sound condition, but he was charged with
being harsh and tyrannical, and was recalleil in
1818. The king forbade him his presence, and he
die<l broken-heart e<l. Vaugiraud |)ublished " Rap-
port au roi sur le gouveniement de la Martinique
et de la Guadeloupe" (Paris. 1822), which was de-
clared unauthentic by his family.
VAl'(|l'ELIN, French naval officer, b. in Caen,
France, in 1726: d. in France in 1703. At the age
of ten he entered the naval service un«ler his father.
In 1745 he gained a. victory over an English frig-
ate oflf Martinique, and in 1754 he was employed
in reconnoitring the English ports, and performed
this mission with such sagacity that he was given
the command of the " Arethuse," and sent with
re-enforcements and military stores to Jjouisburg,
Ca|)e Breton. He was entirely successful, but he
determined to do more for the F'rench colony,
and, seeing that advantage could \>e derived from
the possession of a Iwiy in front of which English
vessels had to pass, he took up a position in it. He
was attacked ny a superior force, but fought his
ship until most of his crew were wounded. Then
he retired under the cannon of the fort, repaired
his vessel, and, having with difficulty obtained the
governor's consent, he escaped through the English
fleet and sailed for F'rance to obtain aid for the
colony. This feat excited the admiration of the
English officers, and especially of Admiral Bos-
cawon, but met with no ade<{uate reward in France,
where the highest commands in the army and
navy were considered to In'long to the nobility
solely. However, he was ijiven command of three
frieates, and. in spite of the vigilance of the Eng-
lish fleet, .sailed up St. Lawrence river, placed his
vessels in a position of sec-urity, and. with part
of the crew, re-enforced the garrison in Quebec.
This succor delayed the capitulation for several
days, but after the French reverses of 13 Sept. he
foresaw that the city must soon surrender, and he
resolved to make an effort to save his frigates.
Escaping from Quebec with a few followers, he
reached his vessels safely, and at once set sjiil. He
had scarcely reached the mouth of the St. Law-
rence when he was attacked bv a su|)erior force.
After a heroic defence, his ship became unmanage-
able. Determined to sink with his vessel rather
than surrender, he allowed his crew to esca|)e, and
remained alone on Iward his ship, which he set on
fire, but the English coinman«ler. moved by his
heroism, savetl him. When he returned to France
he was prom<»ted to the rank of lieutenant. But
he had enemies who were jealous of his elevation,
and after an important mission on which he was
sent to India, he was arresteil and confined to his
house. He was released after four months' deten-
tion, and was about to ap|M'ar U'fore the king in
order to defend himself, when he was assassinated.
VATX, Calvert (vawks). lands<a|>e an-hitect,
b. in Ij4^ndon. England. 20 D«v.. 1824. He was
eilucated at the Merdiant tailors' school, and was
a pupil to I^wis N. Cottingham. architect in Lon-
don. In 1848 he came to this country at the sug-
gestion of An«lrew J. Downing, whose architec-
tural partner he became, and with whom he was
270
VAUX
VAWTER
associated in laying out the grounds that surround
the eapitol and Smithsonian institution, Washing-
ton, D. C, and other work of landscape gardening.
On his suggestion, public competition was invited
for the plans of Central park, and, in connection
with Frederick L. Olmsted, he presented a design
which was accepted, and f)ossessed among its origi-
nal features that of transverse tradic roads. Dur-
ing the completion of the work Mr. Vaux held the
ofnce of consulting architect to the department of
parks. In 18(i5 he presenteil a design lor Prospect
park, Brooklyn, which was ac- , ,
cepted. Subse(iuently he was
ass<iciated with Mr. Olmsted
in designing the parks in Chi-
cago and Buffalo, and the state reservation at
Niagara Falls, They also designed the plans for
Riverside and Moniingsido parks in New York
city, and Mr. Vaux is now landscape architect of
the department of public parks, with charge of the
improvements of city parks. Meanwhile he has
been exceedingly fertile as an architect, designing
country residences in Newport and elsewhere, also
dwellings and public buildings in New York city.
The Belvedere in Central park, which is shown in
the accompanying illustration, wjis designed by
him. He has published "Villas and Cottages
(New York, 1860).
VAUX, Roberts, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa.,
25 Jan., 1780; d. there, 7 Jan., 183(5. He received
his education at private schools of Philadelphia,
was admitted to the bar in 1808, and rose rapidly
to prominence in his profession. In \SSi) he be-
came judge of the court of common pleas of Phila-
delphia. He was one of the originators of the
public-school system of Pennsylvania, and for
fourteen years held the first presidency of the
board of public s<'hools of Philadelphia. He was
also one of the founders of the Deaf and dumb
asylum, the Blind school and asylum, the Phila-
delphia savings fund, the Historical society, and
other benevolent societies of Pennsylvania. Early
in life he became interested in pris<in matters, and
as a penologist he acquired his greatest distinction.
He was om of the commissioners to adapt the law
of Pennsylvania to the separate system of impris-
onment, and also to build the eastern state peni-
tentiary, and labored zealously in the cause of
prison-reform. He was a member of scientific so-
cieties in Europe, and of the Philosoi)hical society
of Pennsylvania. He refused several public posts
that were offered him by President Jackson, among
which was the mission to St. Petersburg. He pub-
lished " Eulogiiim on Benjamin Ridgway Smith''
(Philadelphia, 1809); "Memoirs of the Lives of
Benjamin Lay and Ralph Sandiford " (1815) ;
" Memoirs of the Life of Anthony Benezet" (1817;
with alterations, York, 1817: French translation,
Paris, 1821); and " Notices of the Original and Suc-
cessive Efforts to improve the Discipline of the
Prison at Philadelphia" (1826).— His son, Rich-
ard, lawyer, b, in Philadelphia, 19 Dec., 1816. was
educated by private tutors, studied law with Will-
iam M. Meri'dith, and was a<lmitted to the Phila-
delphia bar in 1836. Shortly thereafter he became
the bearer of despatches to the U. S. minister to the
court of St. James, by whom he was ap[K)inted
secretary of legation on his arrival. He held this
post for one year until he was relieved by Iknja-
min Rush. Declining a similar post at St. Peters-
burg, he went to Brussels to aid in reorganizing
the American embassy there, made a tour of the-
continent, returned to London, and accepted the
post of private secretary to the U. S. minister,
Andrew Stevenson. Returning to Philadelphia in
1839, he was nominated as candidate for the lower
house of the Pennsylvania legislature. In March,
1840, he was a delegate to the convention that
nominated Martin Van Buren for president of the
United States. In 1842 he was appointed recorder
of deeds of Philadelphia, holding this post, though
it was bare of emolument, for seven years. His
"Recorder's Decisions" (Philadelphia, 1845) made
him known, and is now an authority. It is note-
worthy that no decision by him during this incum-
bency was ever revei-sed by a higher court. In
1842 he was the Democratic candidate for mayor,
and, though failing of election, greatly reduced
the Whig majority. In 1843 the supreme court
appointed him inspector of the state prison, and
shortly thereafter he was elected comptroller of
public schools, to succeed his father, and thus
filled three important posts at the same time. He
resumed the practice of law after resigning the
office of recorder. In 1854 he was again defeated
in the mayoralty contest, but was successful at the
next election, and as mayor effectetl a complete
reorganization of the city government. He is one
of the chief i)enologists in the United States, and,
like his father, has achieved his highest renown
in this branch. He has been a most voluminous
writer on the subject. Besides about fifteen pub-
lications on general penal matters, he has written
forty-five volumes of " Reports of the Penitentiary "
(1842 et seq,). He was largely instrumental in the
framing and passage of the act of 1885, which is
now the charter of the city of Philadelphia, having
laid the first plan for this reform charter in 1857,
in his message to the city councils.
VAUX, William Sansom, mineralogist, b. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 19 May, 1811 ; d. there. 5 May.
1882. He was a great-nephew of George Vaux, of
London, a noted medical practitioner, who died in
the early part of the century. When a boy he
acquired a strong taste for minenilogy, an^ ho
pursued the study of that science and later that of
archaeology with enthusiasm throughout his life.
He acquired extensive mineralogical and archieo-
logical collections, which he beoueathed to the
Philadelphia academy of natural sciences, with
a handsome endowment for their preservation.
These collections are arranged in the academy in
a sef)arate department, and are known as " the
William S. Vaux collection." Mr. Vaux was presi-
dent of the Zoological society of Philaticlphia, and
from 1864 until his death, with the exception of
1874-'5, was vice-president of the Philadelphia
academy of natural sciences. He was one of
eight founders of the Numismatic and antiquarian
society, its senior vice-president, and from 1871
till his death treasurer oi the American association
for the advancement of science, of which society
he had been a member since its foundation.
VAWTER, Jolin, pioneer, b. in Orange (now
Matlisoii) county, Va., 8 Jan.. 1782; d. in Morgan-
VEATCH
VEINTIMILLA
^71
town, Ind., 17 Aug., 1862. IIv was licenwyl as a
Itantist iiiiniHtor in IMM, ami in 1N07. with his
fatluT. rfinovcil to the sjiarsely inhabited territory
of Indianii, and !H>ttle<l in Miulison, of which he
was the first magistrate. He was s4M>n afterwanl
eleeted sheriff of .Jefferson and Clarke counties,
and in IMIO was a|)|M)inted U. S. marshal for the
state. He serve<l «w a frontier ranger during the
Indian camjmif^n of 1811-'i;i, was electetl colonel
of militia of Jennin^ count v in 1817, and founded
Vernon, the ctiuntv-seat. lie was pastor of the
Raptist church in Vernon in 1821-'48, a member of
the legislature in 18in-\'), and in WH\ of the senate,
where he was instrumental in s«»curing the adop-
tion of a iK)licy of internal impn)vem«>nt by the
state. He removed to Morgan county in 1848.
founded Morgantown, and pri'sente<l a brick church
to the Itotrtist congregation of that place.
VEATCH. James Clifford (veech), soldier, b.
near EliziilK'thtown, llarris<in co,, Ind., 19 Dec.,
IHU). Ho was etlucated in c<immon schcxils and
under private tutors, was a^Imitted to the bar,
practised for many years, and was auditor of Spen-
cer county, Ind., from 1H41 till 18.55. He was in
the legislature in lN(Jl-'2, became colonel of the
SSth regiment of Indiana volunteers, 9 Aug., 1861,
brigadier-general of volunteers, 28 April, 1862, and
brevet major-general in August, 1865, at which
time he retired from the army. He was engage<l
at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the sieges of Corinth and
Vicksburg, the Atlanta campaign, the siege and
capture of Mobile, and many other actions during
the civil war. lie became adjutant-general of In-
diana in 1869, ami was collector of internal revenue
fnmi April, 1870. till August. 188:3.
TEDDER, Ellhu, artist, b. in New York citv,
26 Feb., 1836. He had his first instruction in art
in his native city, and later studietl with Tompkins
H. Matteson in Sherbourne, N. Y., and Francois
£douard Picot in Paris. In 1856 he went to Italv,
and subsecjuently he ojR'ned a studio in New York.
He was theri» elected an associate of the National
academy in 1868, and an associate two years later.
Subsequently he removed to Home, Italy, where he
still resides. His works, while naturalistic and
vigorous in treatment, are ideal in motive, and
b«jar witness to the fertility of imagination and
versatility of the artist. In manv of his pictures
he aims, as one critic has said, "to give to the un-
real and impossible an air of plausibility and real
existence," One of the Iwst Known of his imini-
ings is the " I^air of the .Sea-Ser|>ent," now in the
Boston museum of fine arts, where are also " The
U<x:'8 Egg" (two paintings), "Fisherman and
Djin," " Dominican F riars." and "An Italian Wom-
an." His other works include "The Monk upon
the Gloomv Path": "The Crucifixion": "The
I»stMind": "Death of Alwl" (1869); " A Sc-ene
on the Medilernmean " (1874) ; " Greek Actor's
Daughter," exhiliited at Philatlelphia in 1876;
"Old Madonna," "Cumean Sibyl," now l>elonging
to Wellesley college, Mass., ami " Younjf Marsyas. '
the three exhibiteil at the Paris ex|»osition of 1878;
•• A (Questioner of the Sphinx " ; " Sleeping (lirl " ;
" A \ enetian Mo<lel " ; "A Pastoral," exhibited in
Boston in 1878; " Nausicafl and her Companions";
"Waves off Pier Head" (1W2); and " U« Mistral "
(1884). His i«l"al works have given rise to much
criticism and discussion as to their conception an<l
intent. He has also executed an "accompaniment
of drawings" for KdwanI Fitzgerald's translation of
the " Kul>aiyat of Omar Khayyam " (lioston, 1884).
VElJA, FoUciaiio de (vay'-gah), Peruvian K.
C. bishop. I>. in Lima in liif**); d. in Mazatlan.
Mexico, in 1640. He was noted for his knowledge
of canon and civil law, hehl the office of judge in
Peru, and is saiil to have rendennl mon- than 4,000
decisicms, not one of which was rescindi*d on ap-
|H>al to the higher court.H. He was ap|N)inte4l bishop
of Popayan in 1628. of I^ Paz in 165W, and an-h-
bishop of Mexico in 16:{9, but fell sick on his ar-
rival at Acapulco in 1((40. and was transfKirted to
Mazatlan. wnere he ditnl of yellow fever He puli-
lished several works on canon and civil law, among
them " De adquirenda ha>reditate " (Lima, 1605)
and " Uelectiones Canonical in Secundum Decre-
talium libntm " (U>^).
YEtiA, Ventura de la, Argentine poet, b. in
Buenos Ayres, 14 July, 1807: d. in Madrid, Spain,
in 1865. His father, president of the royal treas-
ury court, remained after the declaration of inde-
pendence in Buenos Avres, where his wife po»-
8esse<l large pro[H>rty, but he died in 1812, and
young Vega went to S])ain in 1818 for his edu-
cation. His paternal uncle sent him to study
Latin in the Jesuit college of San Isidro, and he
afterward entered the College of San Mateo. He
founded the fMilitical society of Numantinos. which
the government dissolved, notwithstanding the
vouth of its members, and imprisoned seven of the
leaders from January till June, 1825, when they
were sentence<l to three months' seclusion in dif-
ferent convents. After his release Vega finished
his studies with Allterto Lista. and in 1826 pub-
lished some of his fKn-try. For his siipjjort he l»e-
pin in 1827 to translate French jilavs. which led
nim afterward to Wcome a playwright. In Janu-
ary, lKi6, he was appointe<l chief clerk of the min-
istry of the interior, and he s<^>on afterwanl became
secretary of Queen Maria Christina. In 1838 he
was the teacher of the young oueen and her sister,
and in 1856 he was appointe<l director of the Boyal
conservatory. He is considered one of the best
modern Spanish poets. Although he spent the
greater part of his life in Spain, he is claimed by
the Argentine Keiuiblic as a citizen, aiid it is pro-
fosed to erect a statue of him in Buenos Ayres.
le wrote "Kl Cantar de los Cantares" (Madrid,
1826); "Cantata epitalimica" (1827): "Al Rio
Pusa"(183(n; "La Agitacion," an txle (1834); "El
18 de Junio ' (1837): " La Defensa de Sevilja," an
ode (1838): "El Hombre de Mundo," a comedv
(1840); and the tragedies "La muerte de Cesar''
(1842) and " Don Fernaiulo de Antequera" (1H45).
VEKjL, Franz Xavier, missionary, b. in Gratz.
Austria, 1 Dec., 1723; d. in Klagetifurt. in the same
country, 19 April, 1798. He entered the SiK-iety
of Jesus at Vienna in 1738, and for several years
was profess^)r in the Jesuit college there. He was
sent to the American missions in 1753, and labored
among the South American Indians until 1777.
when he n-turned to Europe, and was a[>iMiinte<i
Srofessorat Judenburg. He wrote "Kiisen einiger
I itsionfirien der Ge^ell^t•haft Jesu in Amerika"
(Nuremljerg, 1785) and "Franz Xav. Veigl's vor-
maligen Missionars der (Jesellschaft Jesu. grOnd-
liche Nachrichten ftWr die Verfa.>-sung der I^and-
8<'haft Mavnas m Sftd-Amerika bis zum Jahr 1768"
(1798; in'l^itin. 1792). No. 773 and No. 774 of
StfVklein's " Welt-Iktte" (Gratz, 1727 el »eq.) con-
tain his".Summa epistolanim duarum ad cognates
suos in itinere scriptariim 175;} et 1755 quibus
id ipsum et qu«» in eo otiservavit des<Tibit " and
" Epistola ad eosdem ex Quito 1 S»ptembris 1755
qua horribilem term* in civitate hac, et statura
missionnm ad fiuinen Muragnoti des<Tibit."
VEINTIMILLA, Ignnrio de(vay-een-te-meer-
yah), Siuth American dictator, b. in Cuenca. Ecua-
dor, al>oui IKM). He entered the military M'rvice,
rose to the rank of general, and as commander ol
272
VELASCO
VELASCO
Guayaquil led in September, 1876, a revolution
against President Borrero. He defeated the govern-
ment troops at Galte on 14 Dec, and on the 25th of
that montli entered the capital, and was proclaimed
president by the Liberal party. In 1877 he defeated
a rising of the Clerical party, but, as he retained
many Conservative members in his cabinet, he was
soon suspected by the Liberals of a leaning toward
the clergy. The convention of Arabato, " packed "
in Veintimilla's interest, declared him in 1878 dic-
tator for an unlitiiited period, and he issued a de-
cree abolishing religious liberty and suppressing
four opposition newspapers, one of whose editors
he cast into a dungeon. Ilis rule was arbitrary, his
chief aim seeming to be to aggrandizp and enrich
himself and his personal followers. When the end
of his constitutional term approached in 1882 he
instigated several mock pronunciamentos, and for
their suppression proclaimed himself supreme chief.
But soon his terrorism became so unbearable that
there were genuine revolutions under Gen. Alfaro
and Gen. Salazar. The government stronghold of
Esmeraldas was captured in January, 1883, by the
latter, and the garrison of Quito by Col. Reynaldo
Flores, forcing the dictator to take refuge in his
last stronghold, Guayaquil. He was there hemmed
in by the combined forces of the different revolu-
tionary leaders, re-enforced in May by the arrival of
Antonio Flores, and, after a protracted struggle,
the city was occupied on 9 July by the insurgents,
and Veintimiila fled to the steamer "Santa Lucia,"
which conveyed him to Peru. On 21 July he
reached Lima, where he has since resided.
VELASCO, Jos§ Miguel de (vay-las'-co), Bo-
livian soldier, b. in Santa Cruz de la Sierra about
1790; d. there in 1859. In early life he entered
the military service and espoused the cause of in-
dependence, and after the oattle of Ayacucho he
was promoted colonel by Bolivar. After the mu-
tiny of Chuquisaca in April, 1828, and by the
treaty of Piquiza, Santa Cruz was elected pro-
visional president and V'elasco vice-president, the
latter taking charge of the executive on account
of the former's absence. In December, Gen. Blanco
was elected constitutional president, but he was
deposed and murdered by a revolt on 31 Dec, and
Velasco took charge again, delivering the executive
in 1829 to Santa Cruz on his arrival. He took
part in the campaigns against Peru and the bat-
tles of Yanacocha and Socabaya, but when Santa
Cruz marched against the Chilians in 1838, Velasco
led a revolution against him in the south, and after
the former's fall the latter was proclaimed presi-
dent in 1839. His administration was a continuous
struggle against the revolutions of Santa Cruz's
followers, and in 1841 he was captured by the lat-
ter and banished, but soon afterward he returned
and pronounced for Jose Ballivian, who was elected
president. On the resignation of Ballivian in De-
cember, 1847, Velasco was proclaimed president,
but, instead of re-establishing the constitution of
1839, according to his promise, he governed at his
own discretion, discontent and revolutions follow-
ing. Manuel Isidoro Belzu defeated him on 5 Dec,
1848, at Jamporaez. and was proclaimed president.
Velasco then retired to his native city, where he died
when he wjis preparing a new revolution against
the government of Dr. Linares. He was a well-
meaning man of undoubted bravery, but of little
talent and feeble character, permitting his follow-
ers to commit many arbitrary acts in his name.
VELASCO, Juan de, South American his-
torian, b. in Riobamba, Ecuador, in 1727; d. in
Verona, Italy, in 1819. He was educated at Quito
and Lima, entered the Jesuit order, and occupied
for many years the chair of theology in the Uni-
versity of San Marcos in Lima. After the expul-
sion of the Jesuits from the Spanish dominions,
Velasco went to Italy, where he settled in Faenza,
and devoted his time to jMwtry. He afterward
went to Verona for the publication of his works,
but died before concluding arrangements. His
history, although defective on account of the au-
thor's excessive credulity, is valuable for the facts
that it gives about the reign of the Shyris, before
the first invasion by the incas of Peru. The work
was often consulted by writers on American his-
tory, but was not generally known in Europe until
its translation into French by Henri Temaux-
Compans, and shortly afterward it was published
in the original language in Quito, with notes by
Agustin Yerovi, who had obtained a copy of the
manuscript. Velasco's works are "Colleccion de
Poesias, hecha por un ocioso en la ciudad de Fa-
enza," in five manuscript volumes; a large map of
the kingdom of Quito, remarkably correct for that
epoch, the publication of which is shortly to be
undertaken by the government of Ecuador; and
"Historia del Revno de Quito" (3 vols., Quito,
1841-4 ; French translation, Paris, 1840).
VELASCO, Luis de, Count of Santiago, viceroy
of Mexico, b. in Toledo, Spain, about 1500; d. in
the city of Mexico, 31 July, 1564. He was descend-
ed from the no-
ble family of
the constables
of Castile, and
had acquired
such fame as a
just and impar-
tial magistrate,
that Charles v.,
when he or-
dered Antonio
de Mendoza to
Peru, resolved
to send Velasco
to Mexico as
his successor.
On 5 Dec, 1550,
he arrived in
Vera Cruz, and,
after confer-
ring with Men-
doza at Cholu-
la, began his ad-
rainistrationby
emancipating 150.000 Indians, who until then had
been no better than slaves. When he was remon-
strated with about this measure, which his counsel-
lors said would ruin the mines, he answered that the
liberty of the Indians was more valuable than the
mines of the whole world. In 1553 the University
of Mexico was founded, and he also instituted a hos-
pital for the natives. When the Chichimec Indians
revolted in 1555, Velasco founded the towns of San
Miguel el Grande and San Felipe de Ixtlahuacn, and
sent Capt. Francisco Ibarra to the north, who found-
ed the towns of Durango and Nombre de Dios. He
sent in 1558-'9 expetlitions under Guido de Labe-
zares and Tristan de Luna y Arellano to explore and
conquer Florida, but without favorable results, and
in 1564 he wa.s preparing an expedition unaer Miguel
L. de Legazpi for the conquest of the Philippine isl-
ands, when he was overtaken bv death. lie was
greatly mourned bv the people of Mexico, who called
niin " father of New Snain." — His son, Luis, Mar-
quis de Salinas, b. in Matlrid, Spain, in 1535: d. in
Seville in 1614, came to Mexico with his father in
1550, occupied several posts in the municipality of
VELASCO
VELAZQUEZ
273
the capital, and wa-s tnavor of Zempoala. About
1686 ho returned to Spain and was ati|M>inted am-
bawador in Florence, but i-ontinueii to consider
Mexico his country, and when the differences lje-
twei>n the vic»roy (the Manuiis de Villa- Manri(|^ue)
and the audiencia of (iuadulujara occurred, I'hilip
II. thought V'elasco the most appropriate jwrson
to re-establish order. He 8aile<l for Mexico in
1589, with ortlers to land in Panuco. where he
arrived in I)eceml)er, as it was feared that the de-
pose«l viceroy's partisans in Vera Cruz might
opixtse him. He took charge of the government,
5 Feb., 1590, and one of his first measures was to
open factories of woollen cloth. In 1691 he re-
ceived a deputation of the bellicose Chichimecs,
with whom he adiuste<l a treaty, and, to secure
their subjugation, he established around Zacatecas
four colonies of Tlaxcalte<; Indians, the constant
allies of the Spaniards. In 15!>3 he laid out the
public walk or alameda, and in 1595 he was pre-
i Miring an exoedition under Juan Oflate for the
abuluus kinguom of Quivira, or New Mexico, when
ho was promoted to the viceroyalty of Peru, and, on
the arnval of his successor, Count de Monterey, left
Mexico ii' Xoveml)er, 1595. He arrived in Lima on
24 July, .59(5, and t<H)k charge of the government,
which he admitiistered for eight years with abil-
ity. At last, weary of the cares of office, he re-
peatedly solicited his relief, and delivering up the
government on 8 Nov., 1604, he retired to his com-
manderies of Teutitlan and Azcapotzalco in Mexico,
to live with his family. But in June, 1607, he re-
ceived the royal order to assume again the govern-
ment of Mexico, to succee<l the Marquis de Montes-
claros, who had been promoted to Peru. Notwith-
standing his age and desire for retirement, he
obeyed, and on 20 July took charge of the execu-
tive. In the same year continued rains threatened
to inundate the capital again, by the rising of the
lakes, and the viceroy determined to execute the
plan of Enrique Martinez (o. r.), of draining the
valley by a cut through the hills of Nochlstongo.
The w ork was l)egun 28 Nov. of the same year, and
on 7 May. 1608, the first section of the canal was
completed. He sent an embassy to Ja{)an in 1611,
and, l)eing promoted president of the council of
the Indies in the same year, left Mexico on 17 June
for Spain, where he died. He is esteemed one of
the principal benefactors of Mexico. — The younger
Luis's nephew, Pedro de, clergyman, b. in' Mexico
in 1581 ; d. there. 28 Aug., 1649.'l)ecame a Jesuit in
1596, and labored among the Indians for fourteen
Tears. He was then professor of sacred scripture,
tield several high offices in the order, was procura-
tor for Mexico at Kome and Madrid, and was made
provincial of Mexico in 1646. During his term oc-
curred the troubles between Bishop Palafox and
the Jesuits of Puebla, 1647. He wrote " Varias car-
tas y representaciones sobre los ruidosos asuntos
•de los Jesuitas con el Sr. Palafox " ; " Apologia j)or
las Doctrinas v Curatos de los Keligiosos"; and
"Arte de una Ae las leiiguas de ("inaloa."
VELASCO, Lnis Vicente, Spanish naval ofn-
•cer, b. in Villa de Noia, Santander. about 1710; d.
in ilavana, Cuba, 31 July. 1762. He hml obtained
the rank of post-captain and eommandeil the ship-
of-the-line " I^a Keina" at Havana when the
British expedition under the Duke of Albemarle
was threatening the island of Culia in 1782. Ve-
lasco was anpointe<l by the council of war com-
mander of Morro Castle, and when the British army
landed, on 7 June, on the lx?ach of Cojimar, he
pre|iarcd to defend the out|josti», but, by the al>an-
aonment of the works of Cal^aflas by order of the
council of war, he was soon reduce<l to the walls
VOL. TL — 18
of the castle, and could ni>t prevent the establish-
ment of siege lotteries at Cabaflas. The bom-
bardment liegan on 1 July, but Velasco defended
the castle obstinately, and his lotteries caused
great loss to the besiegers. On 16 July he was
dangerously wounded and carrii*d to Havana, but
on the 24th, hearing that the besieging works
were advancing, he insisted on returning to his
post. On the 30th a mine o[)ened a breach in the
walls, and the enemy capture<l the outer battery of
San Nicolas, but in the attempt to storm the cas-
tle the^' met with a heroic resistanc-e, the defend-
ers bemg led by Velasco, although he had not
fully recovered. Not until the latter fell and
more than 1,000 Spaniards had perishe<I did the
British capture the castle. Velasco die<I the next
day, and Lord AHiemarle susr»ende<l ho^tilitiesand
sent his remains with a guaru of honor to Havana.
VEIiAZQL'EZ, Diego de, Spanish officer, b. in
Cuellar alxiul 1460; d. in Santiago, Cuba, in 1X12.
He was of noble birth, had served in the wars
against the Moors, and came to this country in
Columbus's second voyage in 1493, where he took
part in the conquest of Hispaniola, and was left by
the adelantado Bartolome Columbus in charge of
the government during his expedition to the inte-
rior in 1497. Nicolas <le Ovando, who iK'came
f governor in 1502, also favored Velazouez, and the
atter took an active part in the subjugation of
the provinces of Jara^ua and Iliguev. He found-
ed the towns of Jaquimo (Jacmel), Maguana, and
Azua, was appointed substitute bv Ovando, and
sf>on was one of the principal settlers of the col-
ony. When Diego Columbus, the new governor
of Hispaniola, resolved in 1511 to conquer the isl-
and of Cuba, he selecteti Velazquez as commander
of the expedition, which consiste<l of four vessels
with 300 men, and the latter lande<l toward the
end of the year in the port of Palmas, bringing in
his retinue Bartolome de las Casas and Ilenian
Cortes. He found but little resistance except
from the cacique Ilatuey (q. v.), a fugitive from
Hispaniola, who was soon captured and burned at
the stake. In Februarv, 1513. he foundeil the first
town at Baracoa, anti with the re-enforcement
that was brought by Panfilo de Narvaez he con-
quered Camaguey and sfM»n subjugated the whole
island, founding, in November, 1518, the town of
Bayamo, and in the following year Trinidad,
Santo Kspiritu, Puerto Princij)e, and Santiago de
Cuba, where he established his goveniment on ac-
count of its proximity to His^Miniola. Soon the
fame of the riches of the island attracted numer-
ous atlventurers, and Velazquez began to distribute
land and Indians among his followers. On 25
July, 1515, he founded on the banks of Maya-
beque river the town of San Cristobal, which in
1519 was removed to the present site of Havana,
In the same year he sent the treasurer, Miguel
Pasanonte, to Spain with a map of the island
(which still exists in thearchivt»sof the Indies). and
to solicit further privileges. To occupy the sur-
plus of atlventurers, he approved an ex|)edition
under Francisco Hernandez de Cordova to capture
slaves in the Bahamas in 1517, who, imnelled by
contrary winds, accidentally discovered Yucatan.
The favorable reports about that countr>' encour-
aged Velazquez to seuil an exfKHlition for its con-
miest, and on 1 May, 1518, a fleet under Juan de
Grijalva left Santiago de Culia ami visited the
Mexican coast from Ca|)e Catoche to Panuco river.
The news of the rich country, which Grijalva de-
spatche<l to Cuba by Pedro ile Alvara<lo, incited
\ elaz<|uez to form a new expedition for its con-
quest, the command of which he gave, after much
274 VELAZQUEZ CIRDENAS DE LEON
VELLOSO
hesitation, to Ilernan Cortes. Afterward, mis-
trusting his lieutenant's intentions, he sought to
f)revent his sailing, but his emissaries arrived too
ate in Havana. When he heard that Cortes had
sent commissioners to Spain to obtain the title to
the newly discovereil country, he sent a powerful
expedition under Panfilo do Xarvaez in March,
1520, to capture Cortes and take charge of the
government in the name of Velazquez. After the
unfortunate result of Xarvaez's expedition, Velaz-
quez intended to march himself, but his age and
tlie small-pox, then desolating the island, prevent-
ed him from executing his design, and disappoint-
ment at Cortes's success contributed to the sick-
ness of which he died.
VELAZOUEZ CARDENAS DE LEON, Joa-
quin (vay-lath'-keth), Mexican astronomer, b. in
Santiago Aubedoda, near Tizicapan, 21 July, 1782 ;
d. in Mexico, 6 March. 1786, lie lost his father in
childhood and was taken charge of by his uncle,
the parish priest of Jaltocan, who educated him,
and causeti him to be instructed in Mexican his-
tory and mythology. He thus became familiar
with several Indian languages, and with the hiero-
glyphic writing of the Aztecs. He was afterward
placed in the Tridentine college of the city of
Mexico ; but this institution was so poorly equipped
with teachers, books, and instruments tnat he
was almost self-educated in mathematics and the
classics. Having met by chance with the works of
Sir Isaac Newton and Francis Bacon, he became
attracted by the discoveries of the one and the
philosophic methods of the other. He had been
graduated in law, and what he gained by his la-
bors in this profession he spent in the purchase of
instruments in England. After being appointed
a professor in the university, he was sent on a mis-
sion to California, where he made a great number
of astronomical observations. He was the first to
notice that all the maps of that country had been
for several centuries strangely in error with regard
to its longitude, and made it extend several de-
grees too far to the west. He built an observatory
of mimosa logs at Santa Ana, with the assistance
of the Abbe Chappe, a French astronomer, and
predicted that the eclipse of the moon of 18 June,
1769, would be visible in California. Unaided, he
made a very correct observation of the transit of
Venus on 5 June, 1769. In 1774 he was charged
with the execution of the topographical and geo-
detic survey of the valley of Mexico, and his la-
bors, with this aim, have formed the basis of all
those that have been undertaken since. After his
return from California he placed before the gov-
ernment a project for the foundation of the School
of mines. The greatest service that he rendered
to his country was the establishment of this insti-
tution, of which he was director-general till his
death. He wrote " Sobre el beneficio de las Minas
del sur de California y demds de la N. EspaJla"
and " Conocimientos interesantes sobre la Historia
Natural de las cercanias de Mexico," manuscripts
which were formerly in the library of the catne-
dral. and are now in the National library.
VELAZ^UEZ de la CADENA, Mariano,
Mexican grammarian, b. in the city of Mexico, 28
June, 1778 ; d. in New York city, 19 Feb., 1860.
He was sent at the age of seven years to Madrid,
and there admitted into the Royal seminary of
nobles, where he was graduated in philosophy and
law in 1799. Although lacking the legal age, he
was admitted in 1800, by special royal order, as
notary of the council of tne Indies, and appointed
curator *of the estates of minors and intestate es-
tates for the viceroyalty of Mexico. During his
administration ho lx?came intimately connected
with Baron von Humboldt, and in 1802 he was re-
called to fill the post of private secretary to King
Charles IV. As such he was sent in 1804 to rep-
resent the king at the coronation of Napoleon, and
during the follow-
ing year made a
t«ur through west-
ern and central
EurojKj. After the
imprisonment of
the king bv Napo-
leon in 1809, Ve-
lazquez resigned
his office, and was
making arrange-
ments for return-
ing to Mexico,
when news of
the revolutionary
movement of Hi-
dalgo arrived. Un-
willing to identify
himself witheither
of the contend-
ing parties, Velaz-
quez resolved to
retire to the United States, and settled in New-
York, where he became a teacher of Spanish, and
founded a collegiate institute, in which a great
number of young men from the Latin-American
countries were educated. From 18J30 till his death
he was professor of the Castilian language and lit-
erature in Columbia college. He was a inemlier of
learned societies in P^urope and the United States.
He was the author of Spanish school-books and &
large " Pronouncing Dictionary of the Spanish and
English Languages" (New York, 1852).
VfiLEZ-HERRERA, Rani6n (vay -leth). Cuban
author, b. in Havana in 1808; d. there in 1887.
He was left an orphan when in childhood, but was
educated by his uncle, Desiderio Herrera, a learned
man, author of various scientific works, and fin-
ished his studies in San Carlos seminary, Havana.
In 1829 he was graduated in law, but he left thi.*
study to devote himself to literature. The first '
collection of his poems was published in one vol-
ume (Havana. 1833), a seconu in 1837, and a third
in 1838. He also published "Elvira de Oquendo,"
a pastoral in verse (1840) ; " Los dos novios," a
comedy (1843) ; " Flores de Otoflo," a collection of
poems (1849) ; " Romances Cubanos " (1856) ; " Na-
pole6n en Berlin," a tragedy (1860) ; and " Flores
de inviernX)," poems (1882).
VELLOSINO, Jajrme Andrada (vail-lo-se'-no),
Brazilian physician, 1). in Pernambuco in 1639; d.
in Leyden, Holland, in 1712. His father, an officer
in the service of Maurice of Nassau, sent him to
Holland after the surrender of Brazil to the Portu-
guese in 1654. Young Vellosino, after his gradu-
ation in medicine at Leyden, entered the service
of the Indian company, and held high offices in
Guiana. He was an expert in Indian dialects, and
formed a valuable herbarium of the South Ameri-
can flora. His works include, Iwsides several me-
moirs on Indian languages, " Flora Brasiliana, etc.'*
(2 vols.. Levden. 17(M5).
YELLOSO, Jos^ Mariano da Conceicao (vail-
lo'-so), Brazilian scientist, b. in Rio das Mortes in
1742; d. in Rio Janeiro in 1811. After studying
in his native province, he was sent to Rio Janeiro,
where he finished his education in the convent of
Sfio Boarentura in 1761. and entered the order the
next year. He then Ix-gan the study of philosophy
in the convent of Santo Antonio, and in 1766 was
VENABLK
VENANT
275
CTiuiuatod as Ph. U., and reccivMl HM^rtnl orders.
Ill 1768 he was sent as preai'tier to Sio I'aulo, in
whifli city he was a|i|H>iiiti*U in 1771 profossor of
l^>4)nK>trv, and obtained tho chairs of rhetxiric in
1779 anil natural history in 17H<J. Soon "the vice-
n)y, Ijuizdv Vjisconi'«llos, callinl him t« Kio Janei-
ro and comniissiontHl him, with Francisco Solano,
to make a botanical expioratum of the province.
After many years of work he finishtMl in 1790 his
celelinited work on the flora of the pn)vince of
Kio Janeiro, which containtnl ulone 1,U4U i>laut.s of
new and formerly unclassifle<i »|)ecies. The vice-
roy onlere<l him to present his work |K»rsonally at
court in Lisbon, where the manuscript was lost in
the archives, but it was discoveretl in 1H24 in the
royal library by Antonio de Arrabida,and the Em-
r)en>r I'e<lr«) I. obtained a copy, which was jmblished
oy his onlers. Velloso was honored in Lislxtn with
the friendship of the prince rejjent, and by him
appointe<l director of the to|>ofjniphy of the " Arco
do Cego," which in 1798 was incorjiorated in the
royal printing-ofllce. Velloso contmued as one of
the directors, was a corresponding member of the
K4^yal acatlemy of science and many other scien-
tific societies, and pmvincial of his order, but. de-
siring to return to his country, he was in 1H09
nominated sufwrior of the convent of Santo An-
tonio in Rio Janeiro, where he died two years after.
A plant of the Kuohorbiie family has been named
in his honor Vellosia jabanesia princeps. He
wrote '• O Fazendeiro do Brazil," a work on agri-
culture (11 vols., Lisbon, 1794); " Ornothologia
Brazileira, ou enumerav&o de muitas aves uteis"
(1»04): "I-iitudo sobreacoch<milha" (1807): "S<v
bro 6 Ijavra<lor nratico, contendo a historia da
canna de assucar ' (Kio Janeirf>, 1810); and a great
natural liistory," Flora Fluminense, ou descriiK/ilo
das plantas que nascem es[>ontaneas no Kio de
Janeiro" (11 vols., 182.')).
VENABLE, Abraham B, senator, b. in Prince
Edward county, Va., in 1760; d. in Richmond, Va.,
26 Dec., 181 1. His ancestors were among the earli-
est settlers of Virginia, receiving from Charles H.
a grant of lands at the Manikin town on James
river. His grandfather wa.s a surgeon in the first
regiment of troops that was sent to Jamestown,
under the command of Sir John Harvie. Abra-
ham wa.s gra«luated at Princeton in 1780, settled
as a planter in his native county, and in 1791-'9
was a meraljcr of congress. In 1803-'4 he wa»
U. .S. senator, but he resigned at the latter date,
returned to private life, and exerted a controlling
influence in public affairs. He was the intimate
friend and {)arty atlviser of Thomas Jefferson, by
whom he was ap[K>inted president of the Rank of
Virginia, which enterjirise was under that states-
man's control. Mr. V enable jHjrishetl at the burn-
ing of the Kichnumd theatre. — His nephew, Abra-
ham >VoodHon, congressman, b. in i*nnce Edward
county, Va., 17 Oct., 1799; d. in Oxford, X. C, 24
Feb., 1876, was^ graduated at Ilamixlen Sidney in
1816, Hud at Princeton in 1819, in the mean time
studying nuNlicine. ' He was admitteii to the bar
in 1821, removed to North Carolina in 1828, and
establisheil a large practice. He was a presidential
elector on the JacKson ticket in 1832, and on the
Van Buren-Johnson ticket in 1886, was chosen to
congress in 1846, and served by re-election till
1853, but was defeate<l in the next canvass. Dur-
ing his service in that Ixnly he gaine^l reputa-
tion as an able debater and an oi>|tonent of the
free-soil or anti-slaverv policy and ttiat of nullifica-
tion. He was a presidential elector on the Breck-
inridge and Lane ticket in 1860, and in 1861-'4 a
member of the Confederate congress. — Abraham's
nenhew, CharleR Krott, educator, b. in Prince
h^iward county, Va., 19 April, 1H27, was gra4luHled
at Ham|Hlen .Si<lney in 1^^2 and at the UniverMty
of Virginia in 1H48, and 8tu<lie<l at lierlin in 1853
and at lionn in 18.'>4. He was professtir of inatbe-
matic-s at Hampden Sidney in 184*i-'56, of phvsics
and chemistry in the University of («e<jr^ia in
1856, and of mathematics and astronomy in the
University of South Carolina in 1H.')H-'61. He be-
came captain of engineers in the Confe<lerate army
in the last-name<i year, and in 1862-'5 was lieu-
tenant-colonel and ai«le-de-canipto Gen. Robert
E. Lee, f>articipating in all the im|>ortAnt battles
in which the Army of Northern Virginia t«)ok part.
He l)ecame professor of mathematics in the Uni-
versity of \ irginia in 1865, and still holds that
chair. In 1870-'3 he was chairman of the facultv,
and in 1887 whs again chosen to that office, fn
1860 he was one of the five ccmimissioners appoint-
e<l to visit Labrador to ol^serve the solar etrlipse.
The University of Virginia gave him the degree
of LL. I), in 18(i8. He has published a series of
mathematical text-l)ook8 (New York, 1869-'75). —
His son, Frank Preston, chemist, b. at Ixtng-
wood. Prince Edward co., Va, 17 Nov., 1856, was
educated at the University of Virginia, and then
studied chemistry at the universities of Bonn and
Gottingen, receiving the degree of Ph. D. from the
latter in 1881. He nas held the chair of chemistnr
at the University of North Carolina since 1880,
and, in addition to various scientific pat)ers, has
published " A Short Course in Qualitative Chemical
Analysis" (Raleigh. N. C, 1883).
y£NABLE, William Henry, author, b. in
Warren county. Ohio, 29 April, 1836. He began
to teach at seventeen years of age, and during his
vacations attendcHl teachers' institutes in C)xford,
Ohio, being one of the first teachers in the state
upon whom the Ohio board of examiners conferreti
a life certificate. He was graduate<l at the Normal
school at Ijebanon, Ohio, in 1862, l)ecaine professor
of natural science in Chickering classical and sci-
entific institute. Cincinnati. Ohio, in the same year,
was its princiiml and pnmrietor in 1881, organized
and was first j)resideiit of the Cincinnati s«K'iely of
political education, and in 1882 founde<l and con-
ducted in that city the Afternoon school of {popu-
lar science and history. He retirwl from teaching
in 1886, has since devoted himself to literary work
and to lecturing, and is an etlitor of the "Ohio
Archaeological and Historical Quarterly." He is
actively connecte<l with many educational associa-
tions, and is a meml)er of several learne<l boilies.
The University of Ohio gave him the degree of
LL. I), in 188d. He has publishinl "June on the
Miami, and other Poems' (Cincinnati, 1871); "A
Schwl History of the United States " (1872) : " The
Scluxil Stage,'* a collection of juvenile acting plays,
original and adat>te<l (1873); "The Teacher's
Dream," a poem (New York. 1880); "Melodies of
the Heart, and other Poems" (Cincinnati. 1884);
" FfM>t prints of the Pioneers in the Ohio Valley "
(18«8): "Biography of William D. Gallagher"
(188M); and " Histo'rical Sketch of Western Peri-
odical Literature" (1888). He has also published
several pamphlets, a<ldresses, etc., and eilited " The
Dramatic Actor," a collection of plays (1874); and
" Dnimatic Scenes from the Best Authors" (1874).
VENANT, Jean Barrf de (vay-nong) (some-
times written .Saixt-Vkna.nt), FriMich agricultur-
ist, b. in Niort in 1787; *\. there in February,
1810. He came in his y«)Uth to .Santo Domin-
go, founded there a motlel farm, and was a|>-
pointe<l president of the coli>nial board of agri-
culture and trade, which post be retained for about
276
VENEGAS
VENNOR
twenty jrears, contributing in many ways toward
developing the resources of tlie colony. He found-
etl at Capo Fratiyais the Academy of the Phila-
delphes, which under his auspices published many
valuable manuscripts concerning the early history,
discovery, and natural history of the island, sent
out several scientific expeditions, and greatly fos-
tered national education. After his return to Eu-
rope in 1788, Venant wrote, at the solicitation of the
Paris societe d'agriculture, memoirs on the culture
of cotton, coffee, indigo, tobacco, and sugar-cane,
and urged the introduction of such occupations in
southern Prance. His works include " Des colo-
nies modernes sous la zone torride, et particuliere-
ment de celle de Saint- Domingue" (Paris, 1802).
VENEGAS, Francisco Javier de, viceroy of
Mexico, b. in Ecija, Spain, about 1700 ; d. in Madrid
about 1830. He entered military life, and in 1805
retired on half-pav as lieutenant-colonel. When
Spain was invaded by the French troops in 1808,
he returned to
active service,
participated in
the victory of
Baylen in July
of that year, and
under the pro-
tection of the
minister Saave-
dra obtained rap-
id promotions.
He held the rank
of major-gener-
al, and had been
sent as viceroy
to New Granada,
when the Span-
ish council of
regency in 1810
resolved to ap-
fyrT^€>^-C:Ud/ roy of Mexico,
^ as his energetic
character seemed adapted to quell the popular com-
motion that hatl begun in that country. He received
news of his promotion in Carthagena shortly before
his departure for Bogota and arrived in Vera Cruz,
25 Aug., 1810. On the road to the capital he heard
of a threatened outbreak in Queretaro, and two days
after his arrival in Mexico the revolution of Miguel
Hidalgo took place in Dolores, 16 Sept., 1810. With
great activity Venegas gathered forces to oppose
the advancing host of the insurgents, and after the
defeat of Gen. Trujillo at Monte de las Cruees, 29
Oct., he sent two brigafles against the retiring
Hidalgo, who was defeated at Aculco on 7 Nov.
He was greatly assisted by the energy of Gen.
Felix Maria Calleja, who on 17 Jan., 1811, totally
defeated the insurgents at Calderon, and in the
same year took Zitacuaro from Ignacio Lopez
Rayon. Continued success made Calleja believe
himself superior to Venegas; from that time he
began a secret opposition to the viceroy, and the
latter, to keep him from the capital, sent him
against Morelos's forces in Cuautla. But when the
latter town was abandoned by Morelos after a
seventy days' defence, on 2 May, 1812, and Calleja
with his tired forces did not pursue the enemy,
Venegas censured him severely, and the former
resigned. In the same year Venegas took the oath
on the new constitution, and repressed a seditious
movement in the capital with the utmost cruelty,
orderii)g the execution of several accused persons
for whom the prosecutor had only demanaed im-
prisonment. In other instances he had acted
against the decrees of the Spanish cortes, and this,
together with the intrigues of Cal leva's friends,
caused the regency to order his recall m February,
1813. He delivered the executive to Calleja on 4
March, and left Mexico on the 13th of that month,
with the reputation of an honest and energetic but
haughty and cruel ruler. In Spain he submitted
to the French government, and was rewarded with
the titles of Marquis de la Reunion and member of
the supreme council of war. After the restoration
of Ferdinand VII. he retired to private life.
VENEGAS, Miguel (vay-nay'-gas), Mexican
author, b. in Puebla, 4 Oct., iG80 ; (I. near the city
of Mexico in 1764. He entered the Society of
Jesus at Tepozotlan on 30 Aug., 1700, was a pro-
fessor of Latin and rhetoric in 1708, and of moral
theology in 1714. and was subsequently a mission-
ary among the Indians of Mexico and California.
He rendered important services to his order in the
administration of the latter country, and collected
a large number of documents on its history, geog-
raphy, and on the lives of its missionaries. At
length he was forced by feeble health to liA'e in re-
tirement, and spent the remainder of his life on
the estate of Chicomocelo in literary occupations
and the practice of religious exercises. He wrote
many works, among them : " Hymnus in laudem
B. Mariae Virginis de Guadalupe," in Latin and in
Spanish (Mexico, 1765); "Manual de Parrocos
para administrar los Sacramentos a Indios y Espa-
fioles" (1768); '"Templo mistico de la Gracia, de-
lineado en la admirable vida y virtudes heroicas
del Ven. P. Juan Bautista Zappa, misionero de la
Nueva Espafia " (Barcelona, 1754) ; and " Vida ad-
mirable del P. Juan Maria Salvatierra, Conquista-
dor de Californias " (Mexico. 1755). The work on
which his reputation rests is " Noticia de la Cali-
fornia y su Conquista temporal y espiritual hasta
el tiempo presente" (3 vols., Madrid. 1757). It is
full of details on the manners of the Indian tribes
and the lives of the missionaries. He availed him-
self of the manuscripts of his predecessors and con-
temporaries, and the interest the work excited is
shown by the fact that it was translated into the
principal modern languages. The English transla-
tion bears the title "Natural and Civil History of
California " (2 vols., London, 1759). The French
and Dutch translations were made from the Eng-
lish, and do not give the author's name. His life
was written by Salvador Granada (Mexico, 1765).
VENNOR, Henry George, Canadian mete-
orologist, b. in Montreal, 30 Dec. 1840 ; d. there, 8
July, 1884. He was graduated at McGill uni-
versity ii\ 1860, taking the zoological and geo-
logical courses under Sir William Dawson, studied
civil engineering, and took a course of chemistry
in Montreal medical college. For five years after
leaving the university he was in business, but
found time to make a large collection of the birds
and fossils of Montreal island, and also made a
study of the weather. In 1865 he became assistant
to Sir William Logan, of the geological survey of
Canada, with whom he spent a season in examining
Manatonlin island in Lake Huron. There he con-
tributed letters to the Montreal " Witness," made
a collection of the birds of Lake Huron, and pre-
pared a list of all that bred on the island. He
was placed on the permanent staff of the geological
survey in 1866, was elected a fellow of the Royal
geological society of England in 1870, and con-
tinued his geological surveys till 1881, when he
left the service of the government and opened a
mining agency in Montreal. While employed on
the survey he traced the rivers Lievre, Reuge. and
Gatineau to their sources, and succeeded in direct-
VENTADOUR
VERBECK
27T
ing public attention to valuable phosphato-mines.
He ilrst attnu'tiHl notice as a nieteorolo^st in the
autumn of 1876, when he pre<lirte«l a "green"
Christmas and a rainy New-^ ear's day, which pre-
diction was verifitHi. At the same time he began
the publication of "Venncr's Almanac," which he
continue<l till his death, and which, it was claimed,
attaine<l a larger cin-ulation than that of any simi-
lar publication in the world, lie made a study of
the course of storms for many years, and attained
his results chiefly by comparing atmosjtheric con-
ditions at the time with similar ones m the past.
Ho published "Our Binls of Prey" (Montreal,
1875). The remainder of his writings appear in
the " Reports" of the geological survey, the "Ca-
nadian Naturalist," and the " British American
Magazine." In 188iJ-'3 he supplemente<l his al-
manac with " Vennor's Weather Bulletin."
VENTADOl'K, Henry de L^vis-La Yonte,
Duke de, third viceroy of Canada, b. in the castle
of Moustier Ventadour, near Tulle, Correze, alx»ut
1595; d. in Paris in 1651. He was the second
Duke of Ventadour, and, after serving for several
years in the army, retiri'd and took holy orders.
In 1635 he bought for 20.000 livres from liis uncle,
Henry, Duke de Montmorency, the viceroyalty of
Canada. According to the historian, " it was no
worldly motive that prompted this young noble-
man to assume the burden of fostering the infancy
of New France. For trade and colonization he
cared nothing; the conversion of infidels was his
sole care. The Jesuits had the keeping of his con-
science, and in his eye they were the most fitting
instrument for his purpose." The Recollet friars
that hml arrived in Canada a few years before had
already established five missions. To please De
Ventadour they applied for the assistance of the
Jesuits, and the uuke sent to Canada, in 1625,
Charles Lalemant, ^^nemond Mass^, and Jean de
Br^l)euf. They were followed in 1626 by Noirot de
la None and iwenty other laborers, fimery de
Caen had then the mono()oly of trade and com-
merce in Canada, but, as he was a Huguenot, Ven-
tadour endeavore<l to limit his privilege, and went
so far as to prohibit femery's followers from prayer
and singing. Ventadour sent one ship to Canada
in 1626 to explore his new dominion, but denied
the colonists any support, under the pretence that
they were Protestants, and when Richelieu in
1627 compelleil Ventadour to sell his viceroyalty U)
the newly organized company of the Hun<lre<l assf)-
ciatcs, the fifty inhabitants of Quebec were nearly
starving;. I\)inte Ix'vis had l)een named after the
third viceroy of Canada. Ventadour continued to
the end of his life to interest himself in the conver-
sion of infidels, and he sent succor several times to
the missions that had lMH>n established by the
Jesuits in New France.
VERA-CRrZ. .\loiiHO de la, Spanish monk,
b. in Caspiu'fias, limulalajara, in 1504 ; d. in Mexi-
c«i, 6 July, 15S4. He studitni at the universities of
Alcala and Salamatica, and was from 15^^i till
1537 tutor of the children of the Duke del Infan-
tado. In 1537 he accompanied Father Francisco
de la Cruz to New S|min. and in 1538 entered the
Augustinian order at Vera Cruz. He was provin-
cial of the order in 1550, and founded in lo51 the
University of Mexico, being its first prof«»ssor of
Holy .Scripture. When Vasco de Quiroga, bishop
of Michoacan, went to the council of Trent, he
left Vera-Cruz in charge of his diocese and asked
him for a full report of the missions in New Spain
to lay before the council. This report was long
discumed in that body, as it severely criticised the
Spanish administration and beggetl the king to
prevent onielty towanl the Indians. Vera-Cruz
was in conswpience ortlered to apt>ear at court in
bVU, but he justified himself anu became visitor
of the order in New Castile. He refused in 1565
the bishoprics of Tlaxcala and Michoacan, and.
l)eing jHTmitteil to return to New Spain in 1573,
brought with him seventeen friRrs, and estai)lishetl
successful missions among the Tara.scos. He waa
thoroughly acouainted with the native languages,
and left, besides many published works, M'veral
valuable manuscri[)ts, wnich are mentioned by
Jose Mariano Beristain in his " Biblioteca Hispano-
Americana Setttentrional."
VERAMmYE, Pierre Uantier de Varen-
nCH de la, Canatlian explorer, b. in Three Hi vers,
Ijower Canada, 17 Nov., 1685; d. in Quebec, 0
Dec., 1749. His father, Reni; Gautier de Varennes,
a native of France and lieutenant in the regiment
of Carignan, was governor of Three Rivers. The
son entered the French army, fought in the war
with Great Britain, received several wounds in the
liattle of Malpla^juet, and was left for dead on the
field. After his recovery he returne«l to Canada,
and in 1712 married the daughter of the seignieur
of He DuiMis. Like many others, Verandrye cher-
ishe<l the noj)e of discovering a northwest passage
to Cathay, and on his im^mrting his lielief to Father
Gonor, the latter persuaded De Ii<'auhamois, then
governor of Canada, to give Verandrye fifty men
and a missionary to carry out his intended explo-
rations. In 1731 he crossed I^ac de la Pluie 160
miles west of Lake Superior, built Fort St. Peter
near the present Fort Francis, and in 1732 erected
Fort St. Charles on the westeni shore of the I^ake
of the Woods. In 1733 he jwisse*! down Winnipeg
river into the lake of that name, and is supposeu to
have erected a fort south of Assiniboine river near
its junction with Red river, from which the pres-
ent Fort Rouge is named. He and his sons shortly
afterward built For^ de la Reine upon the site that
is now occupied by Portage la Prairie, and subse-
quently continued their explorations westward un-
til they had discovered the Rockv mountains. In
1736 one of his sons, the Jesuit Pere Anneau, and
twenty others were massacred by Sioux on an isl-
and of the liake des Bois. In 1749 Verandr^'e as-
cended Saskatchewan river to the forks, where he
erected Fort Dauphin, and afterward returned to
Quebec, hoping to obtain a further pecuniary grant,
but died as he was about to n-sume his iourney.
While on his tour of exploration he found among
massive pillars a small stone that bore on two si«les
graven cnaracters of an unknown language. The
stone was afterward sent to Paris, and tnere the
resemblance the characters were thought to bear to
Tartaric was regarded as supporting the hypothesis
of an Asiatic emigration into America. Ihe king
of France c«nferred the cross of St. Louis upon
Verandrye, and at the time of his death he was
about to resume, by the king's desire, his attempt
to reach the Pacific ocean. Alexander Tache. the
first lU^man Catholic archbishop of St. Boniface,
Manitoba, who was a relative of Verandrye, laid
in 1885 the foundation of a monument to com-
memorate him at St. Boniface.
VERBECK, (Jaldo Fridolln, missionary, b. in
Zeist, near L'trecht, Holland. 23 Jan., 1830. He
was graduated at the Moravian academy in Zeist
in 1848. at Aubuni theological seminary in 1859,
and was licenstnl by the presbytery of Cayuga the
same year. Ho went to Japan in May, 1859, as
a missionary of the Reformed church, was con-
nected with the government of that country in it*
education and translation departments in 1869-'78,
and early in 1869 was invited to Tokio to help in
278
VER BRYCK
VERE
forming a national university. He was one of a
staff of writers employed in the production of "An
Outline History ot Japanese Education " for the
United States centennial exhibition in 1876, and
was engaged in the production of other important
publications in Janan. Dr. Verbeck was one of a
select committee tnat brought out the translation
of the Bible into the Japanese language in 1887,
after many missionaries had labored upon difficult
parts of the work for fifteen years, lie is presi-
dent of the University of Tokio, and received the
Japanese order of the " Rising Sun " in 1877, and
the decree of D. D. from Rutgers in 1875.
YER BRYCK, Cornelius, artist, b. in Yaugh
Pauch, N. J., 1 Jan., 1813 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y.,
31 Mav, 1844. He studied in 1835 under Samuel
P. B. Morse, and in 1837 went to Mobile. In 1839
he visited London, England, whence he soon re-
turned. He was elected an associate of the Nation-
al academy in 1838, and an academician in 1841.
He exhibited at the academy during 1837-'42 va-
rious landscapes, figure-pieces, and portraits, and
in 1839 "Charles I. in the Studio of Vandyck."
His health gave way soon after his art studies be-
gan, and in 1843 he went again to Europe, with
the hope that a voyage might restore him, but
so<in. returned, and his early death terminated a
promising career. The New York historical so-
ciety owns his " The Old Dutch Bible." Among his
portraits is^one of William Cullen Bryant (1842).
YERCHEREH, Mary Madeleine de, b. in
Canada in 1678; d. after 17()0. She was born in
the fort on her father's seigniory on the St. Law-
rence, about twenty miles below Montreal. In the
autumn of 1692 she was on the river-bank, some
distance from the fort, when suddenly she heard
several shots fired, and discovered that the Indians
were killing and carrying off the settlers who were
working in the fields. She describes the scene in
the narrative afterward written at the request of
the governor of Canada. A servant shouted to her
to run, and, on turning round, she saw about fifty
Iroquois rushing at her. Pursued by the savages,
and crying " To arms ! " she entered the fort just in
time to shut the gate in their faces. Besides women
and children, there were only two soldiers, an old
nuin, and her two little brothers in the fort. Seeing
that the soldiers were demoralized, she seized a
rifle, put on a military cap, and ordered all to take
their places and by heavy firing alarm the country.
She placed her two brothers — the one twelve years
old, the other fourteen — on* the bastions, saying :
" Let us fight till death ; we fight for our country
and religion." The third bastion was defended by
the old man, while she took charge of the fourth,
after placing the women and children in charge of
the two soldiers in a redoubt. The Iroquois made
several attacks, but were repelled, and eventually
retreateil with loss. The siege lasted two days,
during which she neither ate nor slept. After
another eight days the fort, was relieved by an
officer and forty men from Montreal. She after-
ward married De Lanaudiere, Sieur de la Perade.
VERDEN, Karl von (vair.'-den), German mis-
sionary, b. in Schweidnitz, Silesia, about 1620; d.
in Buenos Ayres in 1697. He became a Jesuit, was
attached to the South American missions, and
labored for about twenty years among the Indians
of Tucuman. Afterward he was librarian of the
convent of Buenos Ayres. His works include
"Geografia y Misiones del Rio de la Plata"
(Madrid, 1710); "Informe de las Misiones del Tu-
cuman ".(1711); and " Informacion sobre las Misi-
ones y Establecimientos de la Compafiia de Jesus
«n la America meridional " (2 vols., 1715).
YERDl, Tnllio Suzzara, physician, b. in Man*
tua, Italy, 10 Feb., 1829. He is of a noble family,
was educated in the College of art, literature, and
sftiences of Mantua, and in 1847 entered the Sar-
dinian army. After its defeat at Novara in 1849
he was exiled from Italy by the Austrians, came
to the United States, and in 1852 became pn)fes-
sor of modern languages in Brown university.
He was graduated at Hahnemann medical col-
lege at Philadelphia in 1856, and in 1857 re-
moved to Washington, D. C. In 1871 he was ap-
B)inted a meml)er of the Iward of health of the
istrict of Columbia, of which in 1876 he was
elected president, and he was appointed in 1879 a
member of the national board of health. Dr. Verdi
became president of the medical staff of the Na-
tional homoeopathic hospital in June, 1887. He was
appointed in 1873 special sanitary commissioner to
the principal cities of Europe from the District of
Columbia. He was physician to William H. Sew-
ard while the latter was secretary of state, and the
assassin that nearly killed Seward gained admission
to the secretary by the pretence that he was the
bearer of a professional message from Dr. Verdi.
He has published " Maternity, a Popular Treatise
for Young WMves and Mothers" (New York, 1869);
" Mothers and Daughters : Practical Studies for
the Conservation of the Health of Girls" (1877);
and "The Infant Philosopher " (1886).
VEROUGO, Vicente (vair-doo'-go), Peruvian,
historian, b. in Cuzco about 1690; d. in Rome,
Italy, in 1775. He became a Jesuit, and was su-
perior of their houses at Cuzco and Lima, canon
of Cuzco, and professor of history at Quito. After
mastering the Quichua language and several other
Indian dialects, he collected an important library
of ancient documents concerning the early histofV
of South America and its conquest. Toward 1750
he was sent to Rome and became librarian of the
Roman college. His works include " Historia de
las guerras civiles en Peru en el tiempo del Inca
Atahualpa " (Rome, 1754) ; " Cronica veridica de
la conquista de la provincia de Cuzco" (2 vols.,
1756); and "Informacion de lo obrado en la pro-
vincia del Cuzco," a manuscript which is preserved
in the Roman college.
VERE, Maximilian, Preiherr von Schele de,
scholar, b. near Wexio, Sweden, 1 Nov., 1820. He
was educated in Germany, and entered the military
and afterward the diplomatic service of Prussia.
He came to the Uniteu States in 1842, and in 1844
accepted the chair of modern languages in the Uni-
versity of yirginia. At the beginning of the civil
war he entered- the Confederate service as a captain,
and was afterward appointed commissioner to
Germany, to explain and further there the cause of
the Confederacy. He lived for some time in
Europe, mainly in Italy, devoting himself to liter-
ary and social studies, but returned to this country
after the war and resumed his professorship. Prof.
De Vere is a member of various historical and
scientific societies, and was one of the founders of
the American philological society. »Besides contri-
butions on historical, literary, and scientific subjects,
to English, American, and German fwriodicals, he
has published " Outlines of Comparative Philologv "
(New York, 1853); "Grammar of thfe Spanish
Language" (1854); "Stray Leaves from the Book
of Nature " (1856) ; " Studies in English," " First
French Reader," and " Grammar in French " (1867) ;
" The Great Empress," a novel (Philadelphia, 1869) ;
" Wonders of the Deep " (New York, 1869) ; " Intro-
duction to the Study of French " (1870) ; " Romance
of American History" (1872); " Americanisms, or
the English of the New World " (1873) ; and " Mod-
VEROARA Y ZAMORAL
VERMILYK
279
en» Ma^c" (1874). He h»i» translate*! into English
Spiflhajci'n's" I*ri)bleM>at ic CharafterH" (New \ ork.
IHIHM; "Through Ninht to Linht" (1H<M>): and
"TIk' Hohenstoins" (IHTO); and has (mIiUhI an edi-
tion de luxe of Sointinc's " Mytluj of the Rhine,"
illustrated bv lX)re, and several volunies of the
" Illustrated "Library of Wonders." Ho has re-
cently i)e);un a revised and annotated edition of
some'of the nuisterpieces of Fn-nrh litt-niture.
yER(JAHA Y XA.MORAL, DIejfo Herniindoz
de, S|«inish missionary, b. in Jaen, Andalusia,
Spain, in 152«; d. in Mexico in 1503. He was of
noble birth, early entered the military service and
fought in Italy till 1549, when ho became a Jesuit
to escaiH? punishment for having killo<l a fellow-
oflleer in a duel. In the following year he was
sent to Santo Domingo, where ho studied theology
and waa ordained priest. He lalwnnl afterward
in ('uiM^ in the Tierra Kirme, and in Mexico, where
he became prior of a convent, librarian and pro-
curator of his order, and was twice sent to Rome
to report to the holy see on the American mis-
sions. He left two Valuable manuscripts, which
are preserved in the Vatican library at Rome.
They are entitled "Litteno annua*, ad pneposituin
generalem S<x?ietatis Jesu, quie statum in provincia
Antillensi exponunt," and " Kpistohu tres de qua-
ilraginta Jesuitis interfectis in Nova Hisnana,"
which recounts the a<lventures of the first Jesuits
that were sent to Mexico.
VERUENNES, Charles Grarler, Count de,
French statesman, b. in Dijon, 28 Dec., 1717; d. in
Versailles, 13 Feb., 1787. He was the second son
of a president of the parliament of Dijon, and, after
receiving his educa-
tion at the Jesuit col-
lege, entered the dip-
lomatic service, and
accompanied a rela-
tive to Lisbon in 1740.
In the following year
he particijMited at
Frankfort in the nego-
tiations that brought
al)out the ekH'tion to
the empire of the elec-
tor Of liavaria, Charles
VII., but he retume«l
to Lisbon in 1745, and
in 1750 was appoint-
ed minister at the
court of the elector of
Treves. He assisted
in the congress at
Hanover in 1752, and
in 1753 preventetl at
Mannheim the conclusion of a treaty Iwtween
Maria Theresa and the Emperor Charles VII. He
was amliassador to Constantinople in 1754-'»W, and
in 1771-74 at the court of Swe<len, assisting at
Stockholm in the revolution in favor of Gustavus
III. liouis XVI. ap{K)inte<l him secretary of for-
eign relations. 8 June, 1774. Out of frieiu^ship for
Benjamin Franklin, he gave secret aid to the colo-
nists through the agency of C'aron de Bcaumarchais,
and exerted his influence to induce the king to sign
a treaty of commerce and alliance with the United
States. His task wa.s the less easy as he had to
overcome the scruples of the king, the ot)|M>sition
of the queen and of the prime minister, Count de
Maure|>as. and es|H'cially the obiectitms of the sec-
retary of the treasury, Necker, who priMlictiHl l«nk-
ruptcy and a revolution for its consequence. Ver-
gennes, supported bv the young nobility and the
philosophers, furnished Caron de Beauraarchais
^je/?iy^/eoo^\ilJ
with funds, arms and ammunition, and supnlies
for the colonists, sent to Philadelphia Gi^ranl de
liayiieval as amlxassador. and wrote the articles of
the" treaty of alliance that was signeil, 0 Feb., 1778.
He coin[)osed also the famous manifesto to the for-
eign powers in which Louis XVI. iustifled his ac-
tion in recognizing the so-called rewlsof America,
and negotiated also the articles of the tn-aties of
I)eace that wen? signed at Paris, 3 Sept.. 1783, l»e-
tw«H'n (treat Hritain on the one han(l and France
and Spain on the other. Ik'sides these treaties, Ver-
gennes negotiate<l those of Soleuro with the confed-
eration of Switzerland, 28 May, 1777; of Teschen
with Emperor Joseph II., 13 May, 1779, which settled
the question of succession \m (Bavaria; of 10 Nov.,
1785, with Germany, which saved Holland from an
invasion; and the treaty of commerce with Englan<l,
25 Sept., 1786. He addressed to Ix)uis XVI. a
" Memoire historique et i>oliti(iue sur la Louisiane,"
which was published after his death (Paris, 1802).
VERHITEN. Jacobus (vair-oo-en), Dutch his-
torian, b. in Leyden in 1709; d. there in 1777. He
was e<lucatetl in the university of his native city,
entered the Jesuit order when he was twenty-five
years old, and was sent to Mexico, where, after
learning the Indian dialects, he lalwred for alnrnt
twenty-five years in the northern missions. When
the Jesuits were ex|>elled from the Sjianish do-
minions ho returned to his native city, where he
died. He wrote in Dutch a valuable narrative,
which is preserved in manuscript in the lil»rary of
Leyden. A French translation was published
under the title "Notice sur les missions (Stabiles
par la Compagnie de Jesus dans la province du
Mexique, suivie d'un essai historique et gi'-ogra-
phiquc sur la Califomie, et de plusieurs documents
originaiix" (2 vols.. AmstonlHMi. 1782).
VERMILYE, Thomas Edward, clergyman, b.
in New York city, 27 Feb.. 180:i. He studied at
Yale and at Princeton theological seminani*. but
was not graduatetl. He was licensed to preach by
the presbytery of New York in 1826, was |)astor of
a Presbyterian church in New York city, then of
the Congregational church at West Spriniffield,
Mass., in 1829-34, and of the Reformed l)utch
church at Albany, N. Y., in 1834-"9. Since 1W9
he has hatl charge of one of the Collegiate Re-
formed churches in New York city. — His son,
Ashbel Green, clergyman, b. in Princeton. N. J.,
in 1822, was graduated at the University of New
York in 1840 and at New Brunswick theological
seminary in 1841. He was ordaintni by the presby-
tery of Allmny in 1845, and was |>astor at Little
Falls, N. Y., in" 1845-'.50. at Newburyport, Mass., in
1850-'63, at Utica. N. Y., in 1803-'7'l, and at Sche-
necta<Iy in 1871-'6. Having l)een appointetl chai>-
lain of the Marine chapel, Antwerp, Belgium, he
went to that country in March, 1879. Among
other sermons he published " Historical Sermon at
Centennial of First Presbyterian Church, New-
buryport" (18.56). — Thomiis Fklwanl's brother,
Robert George, whicator. b. in New York city, 8
March, 1813; d in Lyme, Conn., 5 July, 1875. was
grmluate<l at Columbia in 1831. He was a teacher
of classics in the College grammar-school for sev-
eral years, and, with Dr. Charles Anthon, was ap-
pointwl adjunct professor of Greek and I^tin in
Columl)ia college in 18:J7. In the mean time, hav-
! ing studied theology, he was license<l by the pres-
bytery of New York" in April. 18:W, preache<l in the
I I)uan"e street church. New York, in 1838-'9. was
pastor of a Pri'sbyterian church at (terman Valley,
N. J., in 184ii-'6. and of the Congregational church
at ClinUm. N. Y., in 1840-'57. He was a member
of the board of trustees of Hamilton college in
280
VERMONT
VEROT
1850-'7, and in the latter year Ijecame professor of
theology in East Windsor theological instittite,
which chair he retained till his death. He pub-
lished a few sermons and addresses, and left in
manuscript his courses of theological lectures.
VERMONT, tlol Lemercier Beansuleil
(vair-mong), Marquis de, West Indian soldier, b. in
Basse-Terre, Guatleloupe, in 1702; d. in Paris,
France. 21 Sept., 1832. He became ensign in the
Santo Domingo regiment in 1778, and served in
the war of 1778-83, being at the capture of Tobago
and in the division of the Duke de Saint Simon at
Yorktown in 1781. He was promoted colonel,
commanded the French forces in Guadeloupe from
1788 till 1793, and repressed with the utmost sever-
ity the revolutionary troubles in the island. Being
besieged in Pointe i\ Pitre by the insurgents, he
sustauied their attacks for several months, but
when he fell short of ammunition the city was
taken. Vermont and his principal officers were to
be shot on the next day, when a British squadron
appeared off the coast and the admiral demanded
their surrender. After much discussion this was
agreed to by the chief of the rebels, Gen. Pelagaud ;
but, as the' feeling of the negroes ran extremely
high against Vermont, extraordinary precautions
were taken to prevent his murder, lie was dis-
guised and placed on board a boat entirely covered
with black cloth, which was towed through the
French fleet. Armed boats lined the way, and the
sentries repeated the cry, " Bv order of the rep mblic,
let the covered boat pass." ^his dramatic episode
has been selected as a subject by both English and
French painters and poets. Vermont was trans-
ported to England, where he rejoined the royal
family. He returned to Guadeloupe in 1812, was
promoted major-general and commander-in-chief
of the island in 1815, lieutenant-general in 1826,
and appointed governor of Guadeloupe in 1827,
but declined. He died unmarried, and his enor-
mous fortune was divided among his numerous
heirs, thus scattering one of the largest estates in
South and ('entral America.
VERNON, Edward, British naval officer, b. in
Westminster, England, 12 Nov., 1684; d. at his
seat of Nacton, Suffolk, 29 Oct., 1757. His father,
James Vernon, had been secretary of state under
William and Mary from 1697 till 1700. Edward was
educated at Westminster school and at Oxford, and
obtained a commission in the navy in 1702. He was
engaged in the expedition under Admiral Hopson
which destroyed the
French and Spanish
fleets off Vigo, 12
Oct., 1702; in the
capture of Gibral-
tar, 23 July, 1704;
and in the sea-fight
off Malaga on 13
Aug. of the same
year. He became
a rear-admiral in
1708, and was in ac-
tive service till 1727,
when he was elected
to parliament for
Penryn. In the suc-
ceeding parliament,
lasting from 1734
till 1741, he repre-
sented Portsmouth.
He distinguished
himself in the ranks of the opposition, and. declar-
ing in jmrliament, in 1739, that Puerto Bello, on
the Spanish main, could be taken with six ships,
^.^
en^Aum.
the ministry took him at his word and gave him
the command of six men-of-war, with the rank of
vice-admiral of the blue. He appeared before
Puerto Bello with his small fleet, 22 Nov., 1739,
which he captured after an assault of one day, with
a loss of only seven men. This success secured
him unbounded popularity. He next took and
destroyed Fort Chagres, on the Isthmus of Darien,
and in January, 1741, sailed from Jamaica with
twenty-nine ships of the line and eighty smaller
vessels, having on board 15,000 sailors and 12,000
soldiers, four battalions of which were from the
British colonies north of Carolina. After cruising-
in search of the French and Spanish fleets, Vernon
determined to attack Cartagena, the most strongly
fortified port in South America, and, appearmg
before it on 4 March, was repelled with great loss,
which was augmented by a pestilence. He attrib-
uted the failure of the expedition to the fact of
his not being in sole command, which opinion the
public evidently shared, as the disaster did not
seem to diminish his popularity in England. He
planned an expedition against Panama in 1742»
was maile an admiral in 1745, and was charged
with guarding the coasts of Kent and Sussex
against an expected attack by Prince Charles Ed-
ward Stuart. His name was stricken from the list
of admirals, 11 April, 1746, in consequence of a.
quarrel with the admiralty. In 1741 he was elected
to parliament from Penryn, Rochester, and Ips-
wicn, but chose to stand for the last-named place,,
for which he was again returned in 1747 and 1754.
Tobias George Smollett served in the Cartagena
expedition as a surgeon's mate, and gave a graphic
description of it in " Roderick Random " and in
his " History of England." Lawrence Washington,
elder brother of Gen. Washington, who also par-
ticipated in the expedition, regarded Admiral Ver-
non with great friendship, and named his estate iu
Virginia, Slount Vernon in his honor. The word
" grog " is said to have been first applied by the
sailors of his fleet to the diluted rum with which
they were served, in allusion to his ^0|^am trou-
sers. During the closing years of his life he lived
in retirement. He published "New History of Ja-
maica, from the Earliest Account to the Taking-
of Porto Bello " (London, 1740); "Original Papers
relating to the Expedition to Panama" (1744);
and pamphlets on naval subjects (1746). See "The
Life of Admiral Vernon by an Impartial Hand"
(London, 1758), and "Memorial of Admiral Ver-
non, from Contemporary Authorities," by William
F. Vernon (1861).
VERNON, Jane Marchant Fisher, actress, b.
in Brighton, England, in 1796; d. in New York
city, 4 June, 1869. Her maiden name was Fisher.
She made her debut at Drury Lane theatre, Lon-
don, in 1817, in " Lilliput," and, coming to the
United States in 1827, made her first appearance
on 11 Sept. at the Old Bowery theatre, New
York, as Cicely Homespun in " The Heir at Law."
She afterward became attached to the Old Chat-
ham theatre, and in 1830 to the Park, where she
remained till 1847, and gained great popularity.
She was long connected with Wallack's company,
making her last appearance as Mrs. Sutcliffe in
"School," 5 April, 1869. She was a fa^vorite, an
excellent personator of old women, and possessed
a cultivated mind. On 6 Oct., 1827, she married
George Vernon, who died, 13 June, 1830.
VEROT, Augustine, R. C. bishop, b. in Le
Puys, France, in May, 1804; d. in St, Augustine,
Fla., 10 June, 1876. He received his preparatory
education at a classical school in Le Puys and in
1820 entered the Seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris.
VERPLANCK
VERPLANCK
281
He was ordainod a priest on 20 Sept., 1828, and
shortly afterward became a member of the Sulpi-
tian order. He came to the Unite<l States in 1880
and was appointed im)fe8»or in St. Mary's colleee,
lialtimore. In 1853 he was made jmstbr of Klli-
cott's Mills, where ho l)ecame notetl for his devo-
tion to the interests of the slaves. Ho was nomi-
natc4l vicar a{M)St<ilic of Flast Florida and conse-
crated bishop of Danabe in partibtm on 25 April,
1858. He arrived in St. Augustine on 1 June, and
at onoe proceeded to organize congregations.
Bishop Verot was among the first to make known
the aavantages of Kloriila as a field for emigration,
and, by letters, public atltlresses, and answers to in-
quiries, he did much to attract settlers, from other
states and from Kurojie. As there were only three
priests under his jurisdiction, he souglit clerical
aid from other (juarters and s<x)n ha<l i)riests enough
for his new congregations. He built the Church
of St. Ix>uis at Tampa and restored the cathedral
of St. Augustine, the chapel of Nuestra Seflora de
la I^che. and the old Snanish cemetery, also en-
larging the Church of St. Mary at Key West, be-
sides founding churches at .Mandarin and Orange
Spring. He was translated to the see of Savan-
nah in July, 1H61, retaining at the same time the
vicariate of East Florida. He replaced the Roman
Catholic church at Jacksonville, which had been
destroyed by fire during the occupation of the city
by the U. S. soldiers in the civil war. He foundeti
many missions, and at St. Augustine organized
several societies among the colored people. He
openetl academies for young girls at St. Augustine,
Jacksonville, Fernandina, Mandarin, and Palatka,
under the care of the Sisters of .St. Joseph, and in-
troduced the Sisters of the Holv Names, who es-
tablished an academy at Key VVest. In Georgia
he made successful efforts to repair the ravages of
the civil war. Ho built the Church of the Holy
Trinity in Savannah, and also a church at Allmny.
He ojjened an Ursuline convent and school in Ma-
con, a house of the Sisters of Mercy in ('olumbus,
and established an orphan asylum at Savannah.
Bishop Verot had a high reputation as a theolo-
gian and scholar, and his influence in moulding the
decrees of the councils of Baltimore and in the
council of the Vatican was far-reaching. A series
of letters that he published during and after the
civil war in the " Pacificator " were effective in
promoting peace and reconciliation. He \|'as
transferre<l to the bishopric of St. Augustine on
his return from Rome in 1870. His new diocese
had not recovered frf)m the disasters of the war,
and he made several lecture-tours through the
north in order to obtain monev for the relief of
his people. Bishop Verot published a catechism
which 18 accepted as an authoritv by the Roman
Catholics of the United States, llis manuscripts
on philosophy, theology, and saoriHl scripture
would, if pulilishfd. form wveral large volumes.
VEKFLANCK. Uaniel CromnieUn, meml^er
of congress, b. in I)utchess countv, N. Y., in 1761;
d. near Fishkill, N. V.. 2JI March, 1834. He re-
ceived a g<x)d etlucation, serve«l in congress from
17 Oct.. 1803, till 3 March, 1809, and was first
judge of the ctiurt of common f>leas for Dutchess
county, from 11 March, 1828, till 16 .Jan., 1830.
He tt>ok great interest in agriculture. His estate
at Fishkill had In-en in the |H>ssession of the family
since l<t82, and the house, which was erectetl m»v-
eral years later, is still standing. It is a one-story
building of stone and wood, in the Dutch si vie.
This place was the headquarters of Baron Steuiien
at one time, and in it Col. I^ewis Nicola pro|>osed
to make Washington a king. (See illustration.) —
His son, GnUan CrommeHn, author, b. in New
York city, 6 Aug., 1786; d. there, 18 March, 1870,
was fn^uated
at Columbia in ^
1801, Iwing the
youngest liache-
lor of arts that
everreceiveclhis
diploma from
that col lege. He
afterwanf stud-
ied law, was ad-
mitted t^i the
Iwr and began
practice in New
V'orkcity. Soon
afterward he
went to Euro|>e,
where he passed
several years in
travel. On his
return he took
an active part
in state pr>litics,
and became a
meml»er of the legislature in 1820. In 1821 he
was appointed professor of the evidences of re-
vealed religion and moral science in the Protest-
ant Episcopal general theological seminary. New
York city, and n-tuined this chair four rears. He
was a memlwr of congress from 1825 till 1833. was
a member of the state senate in 1838-'41, and was
for many years j)resident of the board of commis-
sioners of emigration. He was one of the vestry-
men of Trinity church. New York city, a governor
of the City hospital in 1823-'65, and vice-chancellor
of the State university from 1855 till his death.
F'or many vears Mr. Verplanck was president of the
Century cfub, and prominent in tne annual con-
ventions «)f the diocese. He published an anni-
versary disctiurse on the earlv Euror»ean friends
of America (New York. 1818): "The Bucktail
Bards: containing the State Triumvirate, a Po-
litical Tale: and the Epistles of Brevet Major
Pindar Puff," l>eing {xditical |iamphlets chiefly
aimed at De Witt Clinton, mayor of New York
city (1819); " Proces Verbal of the Ceremony of
Installation " (1820); "Address liefore the Ameri-
can Academy of Fine Arts" (1824); "Essays on
the Natun> and Uses of the Various F^vidences of
Revealed Religion" (1824); " hi«say on the Doc-
trine of Contracts" (1825); "Discourses and Ad-
dresses on .Subjects of .American Hist on*. Arts, and
Literature" (18iW); " Shakesiieare's Plays, with
his Life, with Critical Introdm-tion and' Notes"
(8 vols., 1847); and several college orations, the
l)est known of which is " The American St-holar,"
delivered at Union college in 1836. He prepared
also for fifteen years nearly all the annual reporta
of the commissioners of emigration, and, with Will-
282
VERRAZANO
VERREN
iam C. Bryant and Robert C. Sands, edited the
" Talisman," an annual, which continued three
years, beginning with 1827. These volumes, con-
taining some of the choicest productions of their
authors, were republished in 1833 with the title of
"Miscellanies first published under the Name of
the 'Talisman.'" — His cousin, Isaac A., jurist, b.
in Coeymans, Albany co., N. Y., 10 Oct., 1812; d.
in Buffalo, N. Y., 16 April, 1873, was graduated at
Union in 1831, studied law, and began practice in
Batavia, N. Y., in 1834. He went to Buffiilo in
1847, was elected a judge of the superior court of
that city in 1854, and twice re-elected, and by the
choice of his associates was made chief. As a
member of the convention of 1867-'8 he a»ssisted
materiallv in the revision of the state constitution.
VERRAZANO, VERAZZANI, or VERRAZ-
ZANO, Giuvaimi de (vay-rah-tsah'-ne). Floren-
tine navigator, b. in Val di Greve, near Florence,
in 1470 ; d. either in Newfoundland or Puerto del
Pico in 1527. At the age of twenty-five he entered
the French mari-
time service and
was employed in
voyages of dis-
covery. It is as-
serted in the
French annals
that he visited
the northern
coast of Ameri-
ca as early as
1508, but no ac-
count of his dis-
coveries is known
to exist. Later
he was employed
in ravaging the
Spanish and Por-
tuguese posses-
sions in the East
and West Indies,
and soon became famous as a corsair. In 1521 he
secured valuable prizes in the West Indies, and he
captured in 1522 the treasure-ship in which Hernan
Cortes was sending home the rich spoils of Mexico.
Toward the end of 1523 he left Dieppe on the frigate
" La Dauphine " with a mission from Francis I.,
king of France, to explore the coast of North Ameri-
ca. He sailed from Madeira, 17 Jan., 1524, and ar-
rived in February off the coast of North America.
For three months he explored the coast from 30° to
50° north latitude, landed at a point near Cape Fear,
and, coasting northward, discovered New York
and Narragansctt bays. He landed on Newfound-
land, of which he took possession in the name of
the king, and endeavored to find a passage to the
East Indies by the northwest. On his return to
Dieppe he wrote, on 8 July, a memoir to Francis
I., relating his discoveries, of which he gave a
somewhat confused description. Very little is
known of the remainder of Verrazano's life.
References to the French annals make it possible
that he was killed by Indians in Newfoundland
during a subsequent voyage of exploration. It is
known that he communicated to persons in Eng-
land a map of his discoveries, and a document
found at Rouen in 1876 proves that he executed a
power of attorney to his brother, Geronimo (Jeras-
me de Verasenne), 11 May, 1527, before sailing to
the East Indies, by virtue of an agreement with
Admiral Philippe Chabot and the famous mer-
chant of Dieppe, Jean Ango. It is claimed that
during the voyage he was captured on the southern
coast of Spain, and executed at Pico as a privateer.
^OMAS \emrya/nLuS
His exploits, capture, and execution are narrated
by Pietro Martire d'Anghiera, Bernal Diaz del
Castillo, and others, who call him Juan Florin. In
the 18th century, on the authority of Andres Gon-
zalez Barcia, in his " Ensayo Cronologico, etc. "
(Madrid, 1723), Juan Florin was identified with
Verrazano, but more modern authors contest the
identification. Ramusio published in his collec-
tion in 1550 an Italian version of Verrazano's let-
ter to King Francis I. ; and Antonio de Herrera, in
his " Decades," gives extracts from the letter, say-
ing that he had seen the original. The authentici-
ty of the letter was attacked in 1864 by Bucking-
ham Smith, who claimed that Esteban Gomez,
pilot of Magellan, was the first to visit the coast of
Carolina in 1525. But James Carson Brevoort, in
"Verrazzano, the Navigator" -(New York, 1874),
maintains the authenticity of the letter, which
Henry C. Murphy rejects as spurious in his " Voy-
age of Verrazzano, a Chapter of the Early Maritime
Discoveries m America (New York, 1875). The
conclusion is not yet definitive, as George W. Greene
discovered in the Strozzi library at Florence a
manuscript copy of Verrazano's letter, varying
somewhat in text from the Ramusio version, and
containing some additional paragraphs. It was
Kublished in the transactions of the New York
istorical society for 1841. Brevoort gave also an
account of a planisphere that is preserved in the
Strozzi library, dated 1529, signed by Geronimo
Verazzano, in which he calls the land "Nuova
Gallia, quale discopri, 5 annos fa, Giovanni de
Verazzano, Fiorentino." The French archives,
recently searched by Ramee for his " Documents
inedits sur Jacques Cartier et le Canada," afford
proof that Verrazano discovered the northern coast
of North America.
YERREAU, HospiceAnthelme Jean Bap-
tiste, Canadian educator, b. in L'Islet, Quebec. 6
Sept., 1828. He was educated at the Seminary of
Quebec, taught there in 1847-'8, was principal of
Sainte Therese college in 1848-'56. and has been
principal of Jacques Cartier normal school, Mon-
treal, since 1856. He was ordained a priest in
1851, in 1873 was commissioned by the provincial
government to make investigations in Europe re-
garding Canadian history, and made extensive
notes of his travels and researches, which were
published in 1875. He was appointed an officer of
public instruction by the French government. He
has published "Invasion du Canada" (Montreal,
1873), and prefaces and notices of memoirs of the
historical society.
VERREN, Antoine, clergvman, b. in Mar-
seilles, France, 14 Feb., 1801 ; 6.. in New York city,
17 March, 1874. He studied philosophy and the-
ology, was graduated in Geneva, Switzerland, or-
dained a minister in the French Protestant church
in August, 1825, and was in parochial charge at
Fernev, Switzerland, in 1825-'7. He' came to the
Unite<i States in September, 1827, and was called
to the rectorship of L'figlise du St. Esprit, New
York city, which post he held during his life. He
was ordained deacon and priest in September, 1828,
by Bishop Hobart, and was professor of French
literature in Columbia in 1832-'44. A new church
edifice was built on the corner of Franklin and
Church streets in 1834 ; the interior was d*estroyed
by fire in 1839, but was restored in 1840. Services
were discontinued in this building in 1862, and a
new building was erected in West Twenty-second
street, between Fifth and Sixth avenues. He re-
ceived the degree of D. D. from Hobart college in
1860. Dr. Verren in 1831, by appointment, revised
and corrected the " Book of Common Prayer " in
VERRILL
VE8EY
288
French, for the use of con^jratlons in the United
States that have s«>rvic-e8 in that language. This
book was rcpublisiiocl in Paris.
VERKILIi, AddiKon Eiiiorj, naturalist, b. in
Greenwootl, Me.. U Feb., lH«>y. He was graduated
at the Ijawreiice st-icntiflc school of iiarvard in
1862, where he siMMjiallv studied natural history
under I^ouis Agassiz. In 18((4 he was called to
the chair of zoOlogy in Yale, which he still retains,
and he was also professor of entomology and com-
parative anatomy in the University of Wisconsin
in 1807-'70. The instruction on geology in the
Sheffield scientific school of Yale is under his
care, and since 1867 he has been curator of zo-
ology in the Peabody museum. The zfwlogical
collection has been created bv him, and it now
ranks as one of tho In^st in this country. Since
1860 he has devotetl part of every summer to col-
lecting and studying the marine animals of the
Atlantic coast, and since 1871 he has had charge
of the dredging of marine invertebrates of the
United States under the auspices of the U. S. fish
commission, to whose reports he has annually con-
tributed an account of his work. Prof. Vefrill is
a memU>r of various scientific societies, and in 1872
was elected to the National academy of sciences.
The degree of A. M. was conferred on him by Yale
in 1867.' He has made original investigations on
corals, mollusca, annelids, echinoderms, tunicata,
and bryozoa, and of the gigantic cephalopods of
Newfoundland. His bibliography is quite large
and includes papers in the "American Journal of
Science " and the pnweedings of various societies
of which ho is a memlior.
VERSCHOOR, JiiUus Wilhelm Van (fair-
shore), Dutch navigator, b. in Dordrecht about
1575; d. there in 1640. He sailed as rear-admiral
of a fleet that was equippe<l by order of the states-
general of Holland and Prince Maurice of Nassau
for an expedition against Peru, under command of
Admiral Jacob L'Hermite Clerk, which left Am-
sterdam, 29 April, 1623. They stopped at the Cape
"Verde islands, where rich prizes were secured, and,
on 1 Feb., 1624, made Ca{X! Pefias on Tierra del
Fuego. The admiral was already very sick, and
after July, 1623, the fleet was virtually commandiMl
by Vice-Admiral Gheen Huygen Schapenham and
Verschtwr. On 2 Feb. they entered the Strait of
Le Maire, and, the fleet being dispersed bv winds,
Verschoor discovered Nassau bav, Ix'twcen ffavai^n,
Hoste. and Wolhiston islands. His mathematician,
Johan von Walbeck, made a chart of the south-
eastern coast of Tierra del Fuego and the Strait of
Le Maire, which was at that time the most authen-
tic map of the extremity of South America. In
March, 1824, Verschoor was detached with a divis-
ion for the American coast, while the admiral
sailed for Juan Fernandez. Verschoor joine<l him
there, and the fleet attacked Callao on 12 May,
burning thirty merchant vessels in the harbor, (in
23 May, Verschoor was sent to attack Ouavaquil,
which he partly burned, but he was repelle<l there
and again at Pisco. After Hermite's death, 2 June,
1624, ^^cha{)enham took the command-in-chief, and,
in opposition to Verschoor's atlvice, refuse<l to
attacK Callao again, which could have lx»en easily
carrie<l, and a new ex|KHlition against Pisco was
decided upoli: but the Dutch were driven Iwck on
26 Aug., owing to Scha|>enham's ill-concerted
measures. When the fleet reacheti the coast of
New Spain, Verschot^r secured several rich prizes
and was ordered to sail for the VmrI Indies, Schap-
enham returning by wav of Cape Horn to the
Atlantic. Verscnoor arrfved on 2 March at Ter-
nate, in the Moluccas,and, the vessels being assigned
to other services, he returned to Holland to report
to the .states-general. His secn^tary, Hessel Ger-
ritz, published "Journal van de Naasauche Vloot"
(Amstenlam, 1626). A German version, with ad-
ditional reuiarks, was made by Adolf Decker, who
had served as captain of marines in theex|)edition.
It is entitled "Journal oder Tag- Register der Na»-
sauischen Flotte" (Strasburg. 1629). De Bry pub-
lished a later version of it in his " Historioj Amer-
icans " (1634), but the best-known version was
Sublished in French in the " Recueil des voyages
e la Compagnie des Indes." Des Brosses gave
also an account of the expedition in his " Voyages
aux terres aust rales," and Capt, James Burney
published an English translation in his " Voyages
to the South Sea (London, 1811).
VERTIN, John, R. C. bi.shon. b. in Rudolfs-
werth, Carniola, 17 July. 1844. He emigratetl to
the United States in 1863 with his father, and,
having resolved to study for the priesthood, en-
tered the theological seminary of St. Francis at
Milwaukee, Wis. He was ordained a priest on 31
Aug.. 1866, by Bishop Baraga, in Marquette. He
was then appointed pastor at Houghton, and in
1871 transferred to Negaunee. He was consecrated
bishop of Marquette on 14 Sept., 1879. The dio-
cese has made considerable progress under his ad-
ministration. It contains 40 priests, 36 churches. 4
chapels, and 68 stations. There are 11 convents,
an academv. 10 parochial schools, and 2 orphan
asylums. The Catholic f»opulation is almut 40,000.
VERY, Jones, poet. b. in Salem. Mass.. 28 Aug.,
1813; d. there. 8 Mav. 1880. He was graduated
at Harvard in 18Ji6. In his youth he made several
voyages to Europe with his father, a sea-captain.
He was a teacher of Greek at Harvard from 1836
till 1838, was licensed as a preacher by the Cam-
bridge (Unitarian) association, and, though never
ordained over a congregation, nreachetl cx^casion-
ally. He published "Essays ana Poems" (Boston,
18JJ9). A complete edition of Mr. Very's essays
and poems, with a biographical notice of the au-
thor by James Freeman Clarke, was published
(Boston, 1886). His poetry is characterized by re-
markable purity and aelicacy of thought and great
ease and simplicity of style. — His brother, Washing-
ton, clergyman, b. in Salem, Mass., in 1815 ; d. there
in 1853, wrote hymns and poems for the press. —
His sister, Lydia I^onisa Anna, poet. b. in Salera,
Mass., 2 Nov., 1823, from 1845 till 1875 teught in
the schools of her native city. She shares the po-
etical gift of her familv, and contributed poems to
various Boston and J^alem newspapers while en-
gageil in teaching. As an artist Miss Very has
produce<l excellent pictorial illustrations for chil-
dren's stories. Shenas published " Poems" (An-
dover. 1856) and children s IxMiks.
VESEY. Denmark, conspirator, b. about 1767;
d. in Charleston. S. C, 2 July, 1822. He was an
African of groat physical strength and energy, who
hatl lieen i)urt'hase<l in St. Thomas, when fourteen
years old, by a sea-captain of Charleston, S. C.,
whom he accompanied in his voyages for twenty
years, learning various languages. He purchased
his freedom in 1800. and from tnat time worke<l as
a carpenter in Charleston, exercising a strong in-
fluence over the negroes. For four years he taught
the slaves that it would \te right to strike a blow for
their liberty, comparing their situation tothat of the
Israelites in Iwndage. ami re|ieating the arguments
against slavery that were made in congress by
speakers on the Missouri c4improtnise bill. In con-
junction with a negro named Peter Poyas, he or-
ganizeil a plot for a general insurrection of slaves
in and about Charleston, which was disclosed by a
284
VESEY
VETCH
negro whom one of the conspirators approached on
2.') May, 1822. Several thousand slaves from neigh-
boring islands, organized in military formations
and provided with pikes and daggers, were to ar-
rive in canoes, as many were accustomed to do on
Sunday, and with one stroke take possession of
the city, the forts, and the shipping m the harbor.
Nearly all the slaves of Charleston and its vicin-
ity, many from remoter plantations, and a large
number of whites, were in the plot. The leaders
that were first arrested raaintamed such secrecy
and composure that they were discharged from
custody, and proceeded to develop their plans. An
attempt was made to carry them out on 16 June,
but tne insurrection was promptly suppressed.
At length, on the evidence of informers, the chief
conspirators were arrested and arraigned for trial
on 19 June. The two courts were organized under
a colonial law, and consisted each of two lawyers
and five freeholders, among whom were William
Dravton, Robert Y, Hayne, Joel R. Poinsett, and
Nathaniel Hay ward. Denmark Vesey showed much
dialectic skill in cross-examining witnesses by coun-
sel and in his final plea. He and five of the ring-
leaders were hatigecl first, and twenty-nine others
on later dates, all save one keeping up to the end
their calm demeanor and absolute reticence, even
under torture. On the day of Vesev's execution a
second effort was made to rouse the blacks, but
two brigades of troops, on guard day and night,
were sufficient to deter them from action. The
slaves were ready, however, to embrace the first
opportunity, and re-enforcements of United States
troops were sent in August to guard against a re-
newal of the insurrection.
VESEY, William, clergyman, b. in Braintree,
Mass.. in 1674; d. in New York city, 18 July, 1746.
He entered Harvard, and was graduated in 1693,
after which he began the study of theology in Bos-
ton. He officiated as lay reader in Hempstead,
Queens co., N. Y., during 1695-'6, and was mvited
by Gov. Fletcher and the magistrates, vestrymen,
and wardens to become rector of the new congre-
gation in New York, known as Trinity church,
and " to have the care of souls in the city of New
York " so soon as he took orders. The vestry en-
gaged to pav his expenses, and he embarked for
¥]ngland early in 1697. He was ordained in Au-
gust of the same year, and returned immediately
to this country. He was inducted into the new
church as soon as it was finished, 13 March, 1698.
Gov. Fletcher made a grant to the church of a tract
of land for a term of years, known as " The King's
Farm," subject to rent, which, however, was not
exacted. Fletcher's successor, the Earl of Bello-
mont, by recjuiring the rent, stirred up a violent
controversy with Rector Vesey; but Lord Corn-
bury, who succeeded as governor in 1701, restored
the farm to the church. About 1712 the bishop
of London, Dr. Compton, appointed Mr. Vesey his
commissary, which proved to be a laborious and
troublesome office, and led to several protracted
and unpleasant controversies. He discharged his
various duties with zeal and earnestness, and as
the Venerable society for the propagation of the
gospel furnished him with assistant ministers,
school-masters, and teachers, he was able to give an
impetus to the Church of England in New York
city, which placed it in the foremost rank, and
secured to its successor, the Protestant Episcopal
church, the strong position that it holds to the
present day. His last report as commissary to the
Venerable society in 1746 showed the result of long
and faithful labors, and spoke of "twenty-two
churches flourishing and increasing in his juris-
diction." Mr. Vesey was an able preacher, but he
left nothing in print. His portrait is among the
collections of parish rectors in the vestry-room of
Trinity chapel. New York city. Vesey street, in
the same city, was named in his honor.
VEST, George (jraham, senator, b. in Prank-
fort, Ky., 6 Dec, 1830. He was graduated at Cen-
tre college in 1848, and in the law department of
Transylvania university in March, 1853. Begin-
ning practice in central Missouri, he was chosen a
presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in
1860, and in the same year was elected to the Mis-
souri house of representatives. In the legislative
debates of the session of 1861 he was an ardent
supporter of southern views. He relinquished his
seat in order to take his place in 1863 as a repre-
sentative from Missouri in the Confederate senate,
of which he was a member for two years. After
the downfall of the Confederacy he resumed the
practice of law in Sedalia, Mo., whence he re-
moved in 1877 to Kansas City, Mo. He was
elected to the U. S. senate, taking his seat on 18
March, 1879, became prominent by his powers as
a debater and orator, and was re-elected for the
term ending 3 March. 1891.
VETCH, James, British engineer, b. in Had-
dington, Scotland, 13 May, 1789; d. in London,
England, 7 Dec, 1869. He was educated at Wool-
wich military academy, served as an officer of en-
gineers in the peninsular war, and after conduct-
ing the ordnance survey in the Shetland, Orkney,
and Hebrides islands for three years, went to
Mexico in 1824, and for the next eleven years
managed the silver-mines of Real del Monte and
Bolailos. While a resident of Mexico he con-
structed roads and other public works, and began
to survey and map the country. After his return
to Great Britain he was employed in important
drainage works and harljor improvements, and
held high offices under the government connected
with his profession.
VETCH, Samuel, colonial governor, b. in Edin-
burgh, Scotland, 9 Dec, 1668 ; d. in London, Eng-
land, 30 April, 1732. He was the son of William
Vetch, a minister
in Edinburgh, was
educated there and
at the College of
Utrecht, Holland,
and accompanied
William, Prince of
Orange,to England,
5 Nov., 1688. He
afterward ^served
with credit in Flan-
ders in the war
against France, re-
turned to England
at the peace of Rys-
wick in 1697, and in
1698 was appointed
one of the seven
councillors of the
" colony of Caledo-
nia " at Darien and
proceeded thither.
(See Paterson, William.) He accompanied Pat«r-
son as far as New York when the latter was on his
way to England to report to the directors of the
Darien scheme, and afterward went to Albany,
engaged in trade with the Indians, and on 20 Dec,
1700, married Margaret, daughter of Rol>ert Liv-
ingston. In 1705 Tie was sent as a commissioner
from Gov. Joseph Dudley, of Massachusetts, to
Quebec with proposals for a treaty between Cana-
o/am. ^e/j^
VETHAKR
VEUILLOT
285
<Ia and New Knfrland ; but, having failed, he went
to Kngiand in 17UN, and with the full authoriza-
tion of the coh>ny of Now York pro|M>»ed to (^ueen
Anne the seizure ot Canada. Trie queen reptnied
the i)ro|)osaI with favor and forwartl^ by (*ol.
Vetch her instructions to the colonial governors to
aid in rcnclcrin^ the project elTwtivo. On landing
at liostun he laid his instructions before the gov-
ernor and council of Massachusetts, and also for-
wardetl similar dtwuments to the governors of
Kh<xle Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jer-
sey, and Pennsylvania. In consetjuence of the
non-arrival of the fleet that wa.s promised by the
oueen. the expedition against Canada was al)an-
<lone«l. Returning to Boston, he called a meeting
of pn>minent citizens, at which it was decided to
fit out an ex[)edition for the capture of Port lioyal
<now Anna|>oli8), Nova Scotia, and at the same
time a recjuisition was maile for men-of-war to as-
sist in the enterprise. The expedition was com-
manded by Sir Francis Nicholson, Col. Vetch l)e-
ing atljutant-gcncral, and after the capitulation
of Port Royal. 2 Oct., 1710, the latter remained
as governor of the conquered colony. Gov. Vetch
next sent a delegation to the French governor-
general at Quebec, the Marouis de Vaudreuil, to
announce that Acadia had fallen into the hands of
the Kritish and to offer an exchange of prisoners
that had been captured at Annapolis for British sub-
jects that were then in Montreal and Quebec. Noth-
ing came of this ; but Vetch and his small garrison,
who hat! held precarious possession of the conquered
province, were finally relieved from the fear of re-
prisals on the part of the French and Iroijuois by the
treaty of Utrecht, 11 April, 1713. Shortly afterward
he was removed from the governorship of Nova
8cotia in consequence of his great zeal for George I.,
soon after whose accession he was restored to his
post ; but he was soon remove<l again. The cause
•of his second removal is unknown, though it is
surmised that his harsh treatment of the plotting
priests and the people of the province was the
■chief reason. After nis departure from Annapolis
he went to Boston, annoyeu the war and state de-
partments with his claims for Iwck-pay, and peti-
tioned the kin^to be allowed £3,000 a" year till he
had been provided with a post in America as had
been |)r<>inised. Receiving neither the post nor
the money, he returned finally to England, where
he was H'siding in 1719. He was a man of gfeat
natural ability and formed for command, but preju-
diced in (Mtlitics and religion. A manuscript jour-
nal covering the Port Royal period is in the pos-
session of Mrs. James Speyers, of New York, as is
also the portrait by Sir Peter Lely, which has been
«ngraveu for the first time for this work. See
**An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova
Scotia," by Thomas C. Haliburtcm (Halifax, 1829);
** Journal of the Voyage of the Sloop Mary " (1701 ;
new ed., with introduction and notes by Rtlraund
B. O'Callaghan, New York, 1866) ; " Historv and
<JeneraI Description of New France," by Pierre
Francois Xavier de Charlevoix, translated with
notes by John G. Shea (New York, 1866-'72) : and
•" An .Acadian Governor," by James Grant Wilson,
in " Int«'mHtionnl Review" (November, 1881).
VETHAKE, Henry, educator, b. in Rssetpiilx)
•countv (now uiiitt-d with I )emerara), British Guiana,
in 1792; d. in Phila«lelphia, Pa.. 16 Dec., 1866. He
was brought to the I'nitwl States by his parents at
the age of four years, was graduatetl at Columbia
in 1808, and afterwanl stuoitxi law. In 1813 he lie-
came instructor in mathematics and geography at
Columbia, and later in the same year professor of
mathematics and natural philosophy in Queen's
college (now Rutgers). He went to Princeton in
1817 as professor of the same sciences, and for the
first year of chemistry als<^), resigning in 1821 in
order to take the chair of mathematics and natural
philosophy in Dickinson a>llege, when* he remained
till 1829. He taught the same subjects in the Uni-
versity of the city of New York frc»m 1832 till
1835, and then filled for a year the ofllce of presi-
dent of Washington college, Ix>xiiigtr>n. Va., taking
the chair of intellectual anil moral philosophy. lie
was professor of mathematics from 1836 till' 1855,
and subsequently till 1859 of intelk>ctual and
moral philosophy in the University of Pennsyl-
vania, l)eing chosen vice-provost in 1846, and pro-
vost in 1854. From 1859 till his death he (x-cujiied
the chair of the higher mathematics in the Phila-
delphia polytechnic college. He received the de-
ffree of LL. D. from Columbia in 1836. He pub-
ished "Principles of Political Economy" (Pnila-
delphia, 1838; 2d ed., 1844), besides' contribu-
tions to perimlicals. He editetl, with additions,
John R. McCullo<'h's "Dictionary of Commerce"
(Philadelphia, 1843), and a supplemental volume of
the " Encyclopanlia Americana," which was in
great part written bv himself (1847).
VETROMILE, |-!ugene, Italian mis.sionarv, b.
in GallijKjli, Itnlv, 22 Feb., 1819; d. there, 21 Aug.,
1880. lie came 'to the United States in 1840 and
entered Georgetown college, Georgetown, D. C.,
where he finished his studies and obtained his first
knowledge of the Abnaki language. He was then
ordained a priest, and a.ssigned to missionarj- duty
at Port Tobacco. Md. He was afterward professtjr
in a college at Washington, and in 1858 was given
charge of the mission of Old Town, Me. His labors
among the Penobscot Indians for more than a
quarter of a century affected his health, and he re-
turne<l to Italy shortly before his death. He pub-
lished " Travels in Europe, Eg>-pt, Palestine, and
Syria," and "The Abnaki and their History." His
knowledge of the Indian dialects made him widely
known. Rev. Edward Ballard, of Brunswick, Me.,
says, in the "Collections of the Maine Historical
Society," that Vetromile was the only person who
could"reada verse of John Eliot's Indian Bible with
a true understanding of the words of that tran.«la-
tion." His chief Indian works are " Aln'amby Uli
Awikhigan," a volume that comprises devotions and
instructions in various Abnaki dialects; "Ahiami-
hewintuhangun," a c«)llection of hymns set to
music; "Vetromile Wewessi Ubibian," an Indian
Bible ; and an " Abnaki Dictionary " iu three folio
volumes, which (x-cupieil him twenty-one years.
VEUILLOT, hMr^ (vuh-yo), French ex-
f)lorer, b. in Cahors in 1653 ; d. in Ix)ndon, Eng-
and, in 1732. He was employed till 1684 as in-
spector-general of the establishment of the West
Indian com{)any in the Antilles, Ix>uisianii, and
Alaluima, and made an exploration of Mississippi
river in 1683, {»enetrHtingas far as the Missouri, and
returning by way of Arkansas. As he was a Prot-
estant, he was lorcetl, after the revocation of the
etlict of Nantes in 1685, to renounce the land-grant
that he had obtaineil in upper Mississippi and for
the settlement of which he was prejmriiig an ex-
peditit)n. and eventually he left France and took
refuge in I>ondon, where he obtained employment
in the office of the secretary of foreign ri'lations.
He wrote " Description des cfites de la I>ouisiane,
avec un voyage fait le long du cours du fleave
Mississipi" (2 vols., Ixmdon, 1708), and "Notice
histori(iue sur la Com[»agnie du Mississipi et sur
les etablissementjt fondes (wr les Fran^ais en
Ix>uisiane" (2 vols., 1714X which was translated
into English (1715).
286
VEYTIA
VICK
VEYTIA, Mariano (vay-ee'-te*ah). Mexican his-
torian, b. in Puebla in 1718; d. there in 1779. He
was a precocious child, and at the age of fifteen
years tooit his first degree in philosophy. Three
years afterward he was graduated in civif law, and
In 1737, notwithstanding his youth, he was admitted
as lawyer of the audiencia by a special permission
of the viceroy. In May. 1737, he sailed for Spain,
and at that time he began to write a detailed nar-
rative of his travels. In two \ears he visited
Spain, France, and Holland, and afterward he
went to Italy, Portugal, England, and Palestine.
In 1742 he became a member of the military order
of Santiago in Madrid, and he entered the convent
of San Agustin in Puebla in 1768. About that
time he devoted himself to the study of the ancient
history of Mexico, but at the time of his death he
had finished only three volumes of his work, em-
bracing the period from the earliest occupation of
Anahuac till the middle of the 15th century, which
are noteworthy for the fidelity of his researches.
Clavigero, who by this time hail finished his "Storia
Antica del Messico," wrote to Veytia to obtain notes
on the period anterior to the beginning of his his-
tory. Veytia's work was published under the title
of " Historia Antigua de Mexico " (Mexico, 1836),
by Jose Ortega. Vevtia left also a manuscript en-
titled "Historia ecclesiastiea," which has not yet
been published, and translated the " Cartas provin-
ciales de Pascal."
VEZIN, Hermann, actor, b. in Philadelphia,
Pa., 29 March, 1829. He was intended for the bar
by his father, a German- American merchant of
Philadelphia, and was graduated at the University
of Pennsylvania in 1847. Desiring to follow the
stage, he \yent to England, and, after some prepa-
ration, obtained, through the recommendation of
Charles Kean. an engagement at a theatre in York.
He appeared in London under Kean's management
in 1852, and two years later played principal parts
in a tour through Great Britain. He visited the
United States in 1857-'8; but his style of acting
was not popular. Returning to England in 1859,
he played Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, King John,
Louis XI.. and Shylock in 1859. After his mar-
riage to Mrs. Charles Young in 1863, he travelled
with his wife, and in the following year thev pro-
duced Westland Marston's comedy of " f)onna
Diana " at the Princess's theatre, London. He was
successful in "The Man o' Airlie," " The Rightful
Heir," " Life for Life." and various comedies, new
and old, and in 1875 added greatly to his reputation
by his rendering of Jacques in " As You Like It."
On 4 Feb., 1876, he played Macbeth at Drury Lane
theatre for the benefit of the Philadelphia centen-
nial exhibition, and subsequently he played Dan'l
Druce in William S. Gilbert's drama of tliat name,
created the part De Talde in " The Danicheffs "
and Schelm in " Russia " in 1877, and was success-
ful in the characters of Sir Giles Overreach, the
Duke of Alva in " Fatherland," and lago in a re-
vival of "Othello" in March, 1878. In 1885 he
plaved the Shepherd in an open-air representation
of John Fletcher's " Faithful Shepherdess."
YIALE, Agostinho (ve-ah'-lay), Brazilian ex-
plorer, b. in SSo Paulo about 1620 ; d. in the
Aymores country in 1667. In 1664 he wjts named
by Afonso VI. administrator-general of the mines
in Brazil, with power to pardon all offenders that
had sought a refuge in the forests. The general
belief, since justified, was that rich mines existed
in the interior of Brazil, and the government, in-
tending to make use of the geographical knowledge
that haid been obtained by the outlaws during their
wandering through the forests, had decided to win
their services by the oflfer of a complete ))ardon.
Viale left Sfio Paulo at the head of 50 soldiers and
150 Indians, and entered the vast forests of the
province of Matto Grosso, but, after journeying with
great difficulties for thirteen months through the
territory of the warlike Aymores, he wrote to SHo
Paulo in 1666 for re-enforcements, announcing
that he soon hojK'd to reach the mueh-talked-of
emerald mines. He was joined by a few more
soldiers, and, resuming the inarch, entered marshes
where the greater part of his host die<l from ma-
larial fever, and Viale fell a victim to the dis-
ease just in sight of the Serra das Esmeraldas.
His lieutenant, Barbalho Bezena. brought back the
remnants of the expedition to Sfio Paulo. Viale's
journey afforded some knowledge of the vast coun-
tries of the interior.
VI ANA, Francisco de (ve-ah'-nah), Spanish mis-
sionary, b. in the province of Alava about 1530 ; d. in
Coban, Guatemala, in 1609. He entered the Domini-
can order at Salamanca, and al)out 1560 went to
New Spain, where he was attached to the missions
of the province of Chiapa. For more than forty
years he labored among the natives of the sur-
rounding district, whose language he acquired, and
became superior of the convent of Coban. rebuild-
ing that and the one at Zacapula. He left some
valuable manuscripts, which were preserved in the
library of the order at Chiapa. The principal are
" Arte de la Lengua de Vera Paz," " VocaiKilario
de la Lengua de Vera Paz," numerous religious
works, sermons, and a catechism in that language,
and a "Tratado de los deberes de la Justicia,
para gobierno de Alcaldes mayores de Indias," all
of which were translated into Quiche by Friar
Dionisio Zuiliga, of the province of Guatemala.
VIANA, Miguel Pereira (ve-ah'-nah). Viscount
da, Brazilian author, b. in Evora, Portugal, in
1779; d. in Bahia in 1838. He received his edu-
cation in the college for nobles at Lisbon, and
afterward obtained a place in the office of the sec-
retary of state, whom he accompanied to Brazil
with the royal family in 1806. There he was ap-
pointed secretary of the commission to mark the
frontier between the Portuguese and the Spanish
possessions, became councillor of state, sioed in
1822 with the party of Dom Pedro,* who made him
a viscount, and was appointed in 1828 civil judge
at Bahia. He wrote " Romanceiro historico do rio
Amazonas " (Bahia, 1825) ; " Ensaio historico e de-
scriptivodo rio Amazonas '* (1829) ; and " Descrip^So
geral da provincia da Bahia " (1832).
VICENTE Y BENNAZAR, Andres (ve-then-
tay), Spanish ^geographer, lived in the second half
of the 15th century. He published at Antwerp
in 1476 four charts, representing the four conti-
nents of the world. Unlike Columbus, he did not
imagine America to be part of Asia, but repre-
sented it as a distinct continent and, what is more
remarkable, as a continent divided into two parts
by an isthmus. This publication, at so early &
date, and before Columbus's discovery, has caused
much discussion. Some authorities think that
Vicente y Bennazar had arrived at the conclusion
that Anaerica existed as a distinct continent ;
others, that such an opinion was general among-
scientific circles in the 15th century ; ami .still
others, that he only intended to reproduce the lost
Atlantis spoken of by Plato and the ancients.
VICK, James, horticulturist, b. in Portsmouth,
England, 23 Nov., 1818 ; d. in Rochester, N. Y.,
16 May, 1882. He received a common-school edu-
cation, came early to the United States, gained a
practical knowledge of gardening and floriculture,
wrote on these subjects, and in 1850 became pub-
VICKERS
VICTOR
287
lishor of the "OcnesMH* Farmer" in Roche*t«r, and
in 1W3 a!** of tho " Morticulturis't." JRsuod in Al-
Iwny. He soverwl his connection with these pe-
ritxlicAls in 1855 in onler to eml>nrl< in the novel
enterprise of retailing seetls thnnigh the .medium
of the U. S. mails. This Itusiness prew to hirge
pn>|»ortion8 and found many imitators. In con-
nection with it he published *' Vick's Monthly
Magazine " in 1878-'82. the " Flower and Vegetable
lianlen," and an annual " Floral Guide." lie de-
velojKHl new varieties of plants by cultivation or
cross-fertilization, notably double phlox, white
gladiolus, and fringed [)etunia. Mr. Vick was a
corresponding membi»r of the Knglish royal horti-
culturul society, and for several years secretary of
the American fx^imological convention.
VICKERS, (lieorge, senator, b. in Chestertown,
Kent CO., Md., 19 Nov.. 1801 : d. there, 8 Oct.. 1879.
He acquired a classical education, was emploved
in the county clerk's office for several years, studied
law, was admitted to the bar in 185^2, and practised
in Chestertown. He was a delegate to tne Whig
national convention of 1852. W hen the civil war
U'gan he was appointed maior-general of the state
militia. He was a presidential elector on the
McC'lellan ticket in 1864. and one of the vice-presi-
dents of the Union convention of 1866. In 1866-7
he was a member of the state senate. In 1868 he
wa.«« elected U. S. senator for the term that ended
on 3 March. 18~i in the place of Philip F. Thomas,
who had l)een denie«l the seat. He took a con-
spicuous part in the delate on the 15th amendment
to the Federal constitution.
VICO, Domingo de (ve'-co), Spanish mission-
ary, b. in Ubeda, Andalusia, in 1485: d. in 1555.
He became a Dominican in his native city, studiefi
in .Salamanca, and in 1516 came to this country
with Bartolome de las Casas. He first labored
among the Indians in Cuba, but later pa.ssetl to
New S|>ain, and accompanied I^as Casus in his
iourneys through Nicaragua, fiuatemala, and Peru.
When the latter was appointeil bishop of Chiafvt
in 1544, Vico Ixt'ame his vicar-general and sec-
ondetl him in his zeal for the welfare of the In-
dians. I^ater he vtas prior of the convents of
Guatemala, Chiapa, and Coban, founded the city
of San Andres, and l)ecame in 1552 the first bishop
of Vera Paz. He was killed, during a jouniey
through his diocese, by liaoandon Indians. His
works include several treatises on theology in the
Vera Paz, Cakchiri^uel, Quiche, and Lacandon (fia-
lects, and '* Historia de los Indios, sus fabulas, su-
persticiones, costumbres, etc.," which the historian
Antonio Remesal says is remarkable for its pictures
of Indian life, but the manuscript of which was
not found when the libraries of the convents came
into the i)ossession of the state.
VICTOR, OrvUle James, atithor, b. in San-
dusky, Ohio, 23 Oct., 1827. He w.is graduated at
the seminary and theological institute in Norwalk,
Ohio, in 1847. After contributing to "Graham's
Magazine" and other publications for several
jeara, he a<lopted journalism as a profession in
1851, l»ecoming ass«K'iate editor of tne Sandusky
" Daily K«'gister," which he left in 1856 to edit
the "Cosmopolitan Art Journal." Removing to
New York in 1858, he a><sumed charge also of the
" United States Journal," conducting l)oth perio«li-
cals till 1860. He next edited the " Dime Bio-
graphical Library," to which he contribute<l lives
of John Paul ilones, .\nthony Wayne. Ethan
Allen, Israel Putnam, WinfieM Scott, Abraham
Lincoln, and Oius4>p|x^ GarilMtldi, and wrote for
aewBpn|iers and pernxlicals in New York city. In
1868-'4 he visited England, and there published a
Pftmphlet pntitle<l "The American Itebellion : its
aust>s and Objects: Facts for the F^nglish Peo-
ple." He editwl in lH6ft-'7 " Ik^atUe's Magazine
of To-Dav," in 1H7(>-'1 the weekly "Western
World." and in 1872-'80 the " New York .Satur-
day Journal." He publisheil during the civil war,
in annual volumes, a " History of the .Sf>uthcm
Rel)ellion " (4 vols.. New York. 1862-'5). whi< h for
several years he has been engagml in revising for
republication in two volumes. His other works
are "Incidents and Anecilotes of the War" (1868),
and a "History of American Conspiracies" (1804).
— His wife, Metta Victoria, author, b. near Erie,
Pa., 2 March, 18:^1 : d. in Hohokus, N. J.. 26 June.
1886, was educated in the female seminary at
Wooster, Ohio. When thirteen years old she
fiublished a story calle<l "The Silver Lute," and
rom that time till her eighteenth year was a con-
tributor to the "Home Journal "under the \ten-
name of " Singing Sibyl " or in connection with her
elder sister, Frances A. Fuller, the two l)eing
known as "The Sisters of the West," In IWiO
she married Mr. Victor, and in 1859-'61 she edited
the "Home Monthly Magazine." A volume of
poetry by the two sisters was published under the
title of "Poems of Sentiment and Imagination,
with Dramatic and I>escrip)tive Pieces" (New
York, 1851). She published individually " Fresh
Leaves from Western Woods" (HufTalo, 1853);
"The Senator's Son : a Plea for the Maine I^aw"
(Cleveland. 1853). which had a large circulation in
England as well as in the Unite<I .States: and
"Two Mormon Wives: a Life-Storv " (New York.
18.56 ; London, 1858). She was the author of " The
Gold-Hunters." " Maum Guinea," and others of
Beadle and Co.'s "Dime Novels." Among her
numerous contributions to the periodical press
were series of humorous sketches under the signa-
ture of " Mrs. Mark Peabo<ly," entitletl, " MissSlim-
mens' Window" and "Miss .Slimmens' iioanling-
House," which were issued in book-form iNcw
York, 1859). The story of "Too True" was re-
printed from "Putnam's Mac:azine"(1868). Her
novels " Dead-Jjetter " and "Figure Eieht " were
issued under the pen-name of " Seeley Recister "
(1868). Her last novel was " Passing the Portal"
(1877). She subsequently wrote humorous books en-
titled "The Bad Bov's Diar>- "(1880), " The Rasher
Family " (1884), " The Naughty Girl's Diar>- " (1884),
and "Blunders of a Bashful Man" (1885), which
were issued anonymously. — Her sister, Franren
A nretta, author, h. in Rome, N. Y., 23 May, 1826,
was educate<l at the seminary in Wooster, Ohio,
and s{)ent some time in the eastern states in [>re[)a-
ration for a literary life, but after her return to the
we.st and her marriage in 18.53 to Jackson Barrett,
of Michigan, she rarely wrote for publication. In
1S62 she married for her second huslmnd Henry C.
Victor, a 1st assistant engineer in the U. S. navy
and a brother of Oreille J. Victor, and in the follow-
ing year emigrated to the Pacific coast, where novel
scenes impelled her to resume literary work. She
contribute*! to the news|>aiH>rs of >vin Francisco
and Sacramento, and to the " Overland Monthly"
from its first publication. After removing to Ore-
con in 186.5, she published "The River of the
West: Life and Anventiin-s in the Rt>cky Moun-
tains and Oregon" (Hartfonl, 1870). which was
followe<l by " All Over Oregi>n and Washington "
(San F'rancisoo, 1870). She has also published
"The New Peneloiw. and other .Stories" (1877),
and furnished to Ilubert II. liancroft 's " Pacific
Coast Histories" chapters on Oregon and other
states and territories of the northwest, besides
parts iif t)i.. •• History of California."
288
VICTORIA
VICUSfA
Z^C^^^T-^t^i^
VICTORIA, Ouadalnpe, Mexican president, b.
in Tiiniazula, Durango, in 1789; d. in Pe rote, 21
March, 1843. His real name was Manuel Felix
Fernandez, but after the death of Father Ilidaigo
in 1811 the young
man abandoned the
College of San 11-
defonso, where he
was studying, and
joined the patriotic
rank.s, adopting as
a symbol oi victory
. and in honor of the
Virgin of Guada-
lupe the name by
which he is known
in history. He first
took part under
Morelos in the siege
of Oaxaca in 1812,
and in 1814 was ap-
pointed by the con-
gress of Chilpanzin-
go to organize the
revolution in the
province of Vera Cruz, where he soon became
feared by the Spaniards, as his guerillas captured
nearly every supply-train that left the port for
Jalapa and the interior. In 1817, when the insur-
rection was nearly everywhere subdued, and only
Gen. Guerrero held out in the southwest, Victoria,
unable to reach the latter chief, hid for nearly four
years in the mountains of Vera Cruz, till the
Eroclamation of the plan de Iguala in 1821. Then
e joined Iturbide, but, as an ardent lover of lib-
erty, was coldly received by the latter, who was
already maturing his plan of monarchy, and after
its establishment Victoria was imprisoned. In
December, 1823, when Santa-Anna proclaimed the
republic in Vera-Cruz, Victoria, who had escaped,
jomed him and was appointed commander of the
city. After Iturbide's fall, Victoria was elected
on 1 April, 1823, to the executive council, but,
being occupied in the siege of San Juan de Ulua,
he did not take his seat till July, 1824. Shortly
afterward he was elected the first constitutional
8 resident of Mexico, taking possession on 10 Oct.
[is government was specially notable for the rec-
ognition of the republic by England, the aboli-
tion of slavery, which took place on 16 Sept.,
1825, the surrender of the Spanish garrison of the
castle of San Juan de Ulua, 18 Nov., 1825, and the
first arrival of American settlers, under Stephen
Austin, in Texas in the beginning of 1828. The
last year of his administration was disturbed by
several revolutions that were caused by the rivalry
between the Scotch and York lodges, and the weak-
ness of Victoria gave them free play. On 1 April,
1829, he delivered the executive to his successor,
and retired from public life without appearing
again in politics. He was a well-meaning and
honest man, but of feeble character and easily con-
trolled by his political followers.
VICTORIA, Pedro de, b. in Seville, Spain, in
the latter part of the 10th century. He entered
the Jesuit order, and was sent when young to
America. The perils to which he was exposed in
a shipwreck on the coast of Peru, and his subse-
quent adventures among the natives, form the
subject of his work " Naufragio y peregrinaeion en
la costa del Peru" (1610). A Latin translation
was published in 1647 under the title of " Argo-
nauticorum Americanorum Historia."
VICTORIA, Tomfts, Spanish missionary, b. in
Victoria, Alava, early in the 16th century ; d. in
Guatemala in 1600. He entered the Dominican
order and came to New Spain, where he learned
the Tarasco language, and was employed in the
missions of the Pacific coast. Soon he acquired
the Zapotec language and went to the province of
Oa.xaca. and later to that of Guatemala, where he
obtained such success that he was called the Elias
of Guatemala. He left "Arte y Sermones doc-
trinales en lengua de Zacatula," and several relig-
ious tracts in manuscript in that dialect and the
Quiche language.
VICUSA, Manuel (ve-coon'-yah), Chilian arch-
bishop, b. in Santiago, Chili, in 1778; d. in Val-
paraiso in 1843. After acquiring his primary edu-
cation, he entered the College of San Carlos, and in
a short time was graduated in theology. Soon
afterward he entered the church, and, being or-
dained priest, travelled through the country as a
missionary with other young ecclesiastics. After
the battle of Maypu he visited the hospitals and
personally assisted the wounded and dying. Hav-
ing inherited a fortune, he employed a part of it in
the construction of a house of retirement. In 1825
the bishop of Santiago, Jose Santiago Rodriguez,
was exiled, and in 1830 Pope Leo All. promoted
Vicufia to the bishopric, in which office he labored
for the re-establishment of the theological semi-
nary. When Santiago was declared a metropolitan
see, the government presented Vicufia as tue first
archbishop, and in June, 1840, Pope Gregory XVI.
confirmed him. Afterward he was elected to con-
gress and was a member of the council of state.
VICUSA, Pedro Felix, Chilian journalist, b.
in Santiago in 1806 ; d. there in 1874. He received
an excellent education, in early life began to write
for the newspapers, and at the age of twenty-one
years was one of the founders and the first editor-
m-chief of " El Mercurio," of Valparaiso. After-
ward he successively belonged to the editorial staff
of " El Telegrafo " (1827) ; " El Censor " and " La
Lev y la Justicia" (1828); "La Paz Perpetua"
(1834) ; " El Elector " and " El Verdadero Liberal "
(1841) ; " El Republicano" (1845) ; and " La Refor-
ma" (1847). He was elected to the senate of the
nation in 1865, and in that body was the author of
the law that abolished imprisonment for debt in
1870. He published " Unico asilo de las Repiibli-
cas Hispano-Americanas" (Santiago, 1837); "El
Porvenir del Hombre " (1858) ; and " La Hacienda
Piiblica" (1864). — His son, Benjamin Vicufia-
Mackenna, Chilian historian, b. in Santiago in
1831 ; d. in Santa Rosa del Colmo. 25 Jan., 1886,
attended the Lyceum of Santiago and the National
institute, and studied law in the University of
Chili, but in 1849 he was expelled for his refusal
to sign a congratulatory address to the secretary of
justice. There was such indignation at this arbi-
trary act that the rector reinstated him against the
desire of the government. When a revolution be-
gan in Santiago, 20 April, 1851, he took an active
part in it, and, in an attempt on the armory of the
Chacabuco regiment on 28 April, he was made a
prisoner and condemned to death, but escaped and
fled to the north in July. He participated in the
outbreak in Serena on 7 Sept., and was appointed
revolutionary governor of Illapel. The revolution
was subdued in November, and, after hiding for a
year and being again condemned to death, fie sailed
m 1852 for California. He travelled through the
United States and Mexico, visited Canada, and
in July, 1853, went to Europe, where he remained
a year at the Agricultural college of Cirencester,
studying natural science. In 1855 he travelled
through Europe, and in the next year returned to
Chili, where in 1856 he was admitted to the bar
VI DAL
VIDAURRI
289
and began practice. In 1858 he fuunded " I^a
A.Hamblna Const it uyente," in which ho Ht tacked the
arbitrary nieasureM of the p)vernmpnt, and in De-
cember he was arn>.ste<l in a public tneotinK and
imprisoned for about six months in the |H-nitentiarv,
where he wrote his unpu))lish(.>d work " I)ie>fo de
Ahnagro." In June, IHTiO, he was exiled by the
government with three others, who had taken an
active part in the op{K)sition. He visit**d France
and Spain, 9ean.'hinjf the libraries for historical
manuscripts, and in IH(U went to Lima, but re-
turnwl soon afterward to Chili. In 1M(W he was
appointeil chief etlitor of the *• Mercnirio," of Val-
paraiso, and in 1864 he was elected deputy to the
National congress for Valdivia. In 18tt{>, after the
declaration of war by Spain a^inst the renublic,
VicuAa-Mackenna was sent to Peni and the United
States on a confidential nussion, founding in New
York the paper " I^a Voz de Americii," in defence
of the South American republics. Returning to
his own country in 1867, he was again elected to
congress for Talca, and became secretary to the
chamber of deputies. In 1870 he again went to
Europe, where lie acte<l during the Franco-German
war as correspondent of the " Mercurio" in Berlin
and Paris. Afterward, in the archives of the In-
dies in Seville, he copied documents on colonial
history, acquiring in Valencia the manuscrij)t of
Father Rosales's " II istoria de Chile." On his re-
turn in 1872 he was appointed intendant of the
province of Santiago. At the opening of the war
with Peru he U'came editor of *' El Nuevo Ferro-
carril," and, as president of " La Stx;ieda<l Protec-
tora," became the friend of the soldiers and their
widows and orphans. After the conclusion of the
strife his descriptions of it became well known
for their impartiality. He wrote " El Sitio de Chil-
ian en 1813" (Santiago, 1849); "La Agricultura
Eun>i)ea aplicada & Chile" (Ijondon, 1854); " Le
Chili^' (Paris, 1855); "Tres artosde Viajes" (Santi-
ago, ^HTid); "Ostracismo de los Carreras" (1857);
"Revoluci^i del Peru "(Lima. 1861); "Ostracismo
de O'Higgins" (Santiago, 1862); " H istoria de la
Administracic'Jn de Montt " (5 vols.. 1862-'3) ; " Vida
de Diego Portales " (2 vols., 1862-'3) ; " H istoria de
Santiago" (2 vols., 1868) ; " Historiade Valparaiso"
(2 vols., 1868); " Francisco Moven, 6 lo que fue la
Inquisicion en America" (1866; English transla-
tion, Ix)ndon, 1869) ; " I^a Ouerra & Muerte " (1869) :
"Ilistoria de la Joma<la del 20 de Abril 1851"
(1878); " n istoria de las Cammfias de Arica v
Tacna" (1881); "Ilistoria de Tarapaca" (1881)':
"Mr. Blaine" (1881); " lia Ouerra con Esnafia"
(1888) ; several books on the mineral riches of Chili
(1883); "Album de la Gloria de Chile" (1883);
"Dolores" (1883); "Seis afios en el .Senmio tie
Chile" (1884); " Ijas Islas de Juan Fernandez"
(1884); "Viaje & trav^ de la I m mortal idad"
(18S.5) ; and " Al Galoi)e " (1885).
TIDAL, Alexander, Canadian senator, b. in
Berkshire, England, 4 Aug., 1819. He accom-
itanied his father, a captain in the roval navy, to
Canada in 1834, and settlwl in Stimia. fie was man-
ager of the Samia branch of the liank of UpjH'r
Canada in 1852-'66, and held a similar f)ost in the
service of the Bank of Montreal from 1866 till
1875, when he resigned. He is also county treas-
urer of Lambfon, lieutenant-colonel of militia, was
electe<l chairman of the Dominion prohibiti<mary
convention at Montreal in September, 1875, and
is president of the Domini<m alliance for the total
suppression of the liepior trafllc. He represented
the St. Clair division in the legislative council of
Canada from SeptemlxT, 1863, till 18<(7. and became
a member of the Canadian senate, 15 Jan., 1878.
TOU VI. — 19
TIDArRRE, Mannel I^renzo de (vedah-
oor'-ray), Peruvian statesman, b. in Lima in 1773;
d. there, 9 March, 1841. He was graduated in law
at the University of San Marcos, and U-came audi-
tor of the Royal audiencia of Cuzco in 1810, but
was transferred in 1820 to the audiencia of Puerto
Principe in Cuba, an<l s<Km afterwani sent to .Spain,
as he began to write in favor of South American
independence. lieing iH>rs*'cuted for his lil>eral
ideas, he escaped to the Unitwl States in 1822, and
on his return to Peru was a|>|>f>inted by Simon
liolivar. in April. 1824, first president of the 8U[»e-
rior court of Trujillo, and in 1H25 promote<l presi-
dent of the supreme court of ju.stice of the repul>-
lic. He was ap(Hnnted minister plenipotentiary of
Peru for the general American assemoly of Pana-
ma in 1825, and several times was minister of for-
eign relations. In 185^8 he was appointe<l bv Presi-
dent Orbegozo minister to E<uador to negotiate her
neutrality in the struggle of the Peru-Iiolivian fed-
eration against Chili and the plots of Agustin Ga-
marra, and on the accession of the latter, in 1889,
was deprived of his post in the supreme court. He
was the author of the Peruvian civil and penal codes
and of " Plan de Peru, dedicado al LiU'rtador
Simon Bolivar "(Paris, 1822); " Cartas A mericanaa,
piliticas y morales. (|ue contienen muchas reflex-
lones sobre la guerni civil de las Americas " (2 vols.,
Philadelphia. 1823) ; and " Efectos de las facciones
en los (lobiernos" (Lima, 1828).
VIDAURRI, Santiago (ve-dah-oor -ree), Mexi-
can soldier, b. in the i)n)vince of Nuevo Jjcon in
1803 ; d. in the city of Mexico. 8 July. 1867. He
was descended from a wealthy family of Indian
extraction, received a goo<l education, and in 1826
was admitte<l to the bar. but he soon entered poli-
tics, and. after filliiic some minor offices, took |>art
in the civil wars in 3lexico. He had obtainetl the
rank of colonel when, toward the close of 1852. he
was elected governor of the state of Nuevo I.ieon,
and when, in April, 185.3, Santa-Anna returned to
Mexico and declared himself dictator, Vidaurri
proteste<l. As he
was ^thcring the
militia. Santa-An-
na appointed Gen.
Petlro Ampudia
military chief of
the northern states;
but Vidaurri re-
fuse<l to recognize
his authority, and
whey the revolu-
tion of Ayutla be-
gan, in March.
1854, he joined in
the campaign for
the overthrow of ^ -
Santa-Anna. While (^ ^y^
Juan Alvarez was />/ y Cfl
contendingagainst \^_^^^^ffZ^eaA<? uii/<e?U4^x*y
the latter in the yf
south, he t(x>k the U
field in the north, acting independently as com-
manding general. After the uownfall of Santa-
Anna he was a candidate for the presidency in the
iunta of Cuemavaca, 4 Oct, 1855; but Alvare*
having l>een preferred to him, he assume<l a semi-
independent position and decreed the confiscation
of church pn>perty in the northern central states.
He also refustnl t«> submit tt» Alvarez's successor,
Ipiacio Comonfort. and decreed, in February, 1866,
the union of Coahuila and Nuevo I^eon, proclaim-
ing himself their governor. This union was dis-
approved by Comonfort, who ordered an army of
290
VIEIRA
VIEL
observation under Gen. Parrotli to the north, when
Vidaurri. under pretence of protesting against the
tariff and the tobacco-privilege, recalled the depu-
ties of Nuevo Leon from congress, and was ac-
cused of an intention to form the independent
republic of Sierra-Madre, consisting of the north-
western states. Being defeated by the government
troops at Mier, he retired to Saltillo ; but after re-
signing the executive of Coahuila, in September,
1856, he was re-elected by a packed legislature.
Afterward he was more successful, and Comonfort
signed a treaty, on 18 Nov., 1856, which left Vi-
daurri in undisputed possession of the two states,
which position was sanctioned by the constituent
congress of 1857. Vidaurri held the northern
states against Zuloaga and Miramon during the
war of reform. In the summer of 1861 he entered
into friendly relations with the secessionists of
Texas, and on the invasion of Mexico by the allied
powers in December, 1861, he declared his adhesion
to the national cause, and served for some time
against the French. But when the Republican
government abandoned the capital, on 31 May,
1863, and established itself in San Luis de Potosi,
differences arose between Juarez and Vidaurri, and
when Juarez, in December of that year, retreated
before the advancing French toward Monterey,
Vidaurri opposed his entry by force. Soon after
the Frencli forces occupied Monterey in 1864, Vi-
daurri was induced to give his adhesion to the
empire, and he was rewarded with honors and ap-
pointed a member of the imperial council. In
the latter capacity he assisted in the assembly of
Orizaba, 26 ]Sov., 1866, where he was the leader of
the party that opposed Maximilian's abdication,
and by his flattering representations induced the
emperor to return to Mexico. He accompanied
Maximilian to Queretaro, but in March, 1867, was
sent to Mexico with Leonardo Marquez as presi-
dent of the ministry and lieutenant of the empire.
Disapproving of Marquez's harsh measures, he re-
signed, and, unable to escape at the occupation of
the capital by the Liberal forces, 21 June, 1867, he
remained in hiding, but was discovered and ar-
rested. He was tried by a court-martial, quickly
sentenced to death as a traitor, and shot in the
square of Santo Domingo.
VIEIRA, Antonio (ve-ay'-e-rah), Portuguese
author, b. in Lisbon, 6 Feb., 1608 ; d. in Bahia, Bra-
zil, 18 July, 1697. He went early to Brazil, stud-
ied with the Jesuits at Bahia, and entered their
order in 1635. He learned the Indian dialects, but
was refused by his superiors permission to engage
in missionary work, and in 1641 accompanied to
Lisbon Fernando de Mascarenhas. son of the vice-
roy of Brazil. He preached with remarkable suc-
cess before the king, was appointed member of the
privy council, and employed in several diplomatic
missions. In 1652 he obtained the king's consent
to return to Brazil, and on his arrival engaged im-
mediately in missionary work among the Indians
of the province of Para and of the basin of the
Tocantins. He endeavored to free the Indians, and
denounced the labor that they were compelled to
ferform for the Portuguese, The latter opposed
im bitterly, and, being threatened with imprison-
ment by the local authorities, he sailed for Lisbon.
There he justified himself before the king, who is-
sued peremptory orders to the viceroy, and Vieira,
on his return to Brazil in 1655, was henceforth
supported by the governor of Maranhfio. During
the following six years the Indians enjoyed rela-
tive freedom, but at the death of Jofio IV. the set-
tlers obtained Vieira's arrest, and he was taken to
Lisbon in 1661. The regent, Luisa de Gusman,
approved his conduct, but for the sake of policy he
was exiled to Coimbra by order of the state secre-
tary, Castelmenor. Vieira in his exile constructed
an ideal Portuguese empire in a remarkable work,
" O Quinto Imperio do Mundo," of which he cir-
culated a few copies. They were seized by the tri-
bunal of the Inquisition, and the author was im-
Crisoned from 1665 till 1667. when he was released
y order of Pope Alexander VII. and greatly hon-
ored in Rome. But he longed to return to Brazil,
and in 1681 obtained permission to labor again
among the Indians. He was appointed visitor and
Provincial of the Brazilian missions, which posts
e retained till his death. Vieira was the most
celebrated preacher of his age, and is considered as
the purest and most eloquent of the Portuguese
classic authors. His works include " Sermoes "' (16
vols., Lisbon, 1683); "Historia do futuro" (1718);
"Cartas" (3 vols., 1736): and "Ecco dos voces
Saudosos" (1757). The original and only known
copy of " O Quinto Imperio do Mundo, is pre-
served among the manuscripts in the National
library of Paris. " Arte de lurtar " (Amsterdam,
1652). one of the most curious and popular works
of the seventeenth century, is also attributed to
him. Biographies of Vieira were written by Fran-
cisco de Fonseca (Lisbon, 1734) and Antonio de
Barros (1746).
YIEIRA, Joao Fernandes, Brazilian patriot,
b. in Olinda about 1600 ; d. in Pernambuco about
1660. He was one of the richest proprietors of the
province of Olinda when that port was captured
in Februarj', 1630, but when the East India com-
pany sent out Prince Maurice, of Nassau, as gov-
ernor-general, Vieira. with other proprietors, qui-
etly submitted to the new government, as it was
only a change in foreign masters, Portugal being
then under Spanish rule. But Portugal recovered
her independence in 1640, and after the recall of
the Prince of Nassau in 1643, when the Dutch be-
gan to pursue the native owners with vexatious
measures, discontent became general. Taking ad-
vantage of this sentiment, Vieira put himself at
the head of a revolutionary movement, and in
June, 1645, with a small army of badly equipped
country people, attacked the outposts of Recife,
but after a short struggle was defeated. The in-
surrection, however, spread over the whole coun-
try, Vieira employed his resources in procuring
arms and ammunitions for the revolutionary forces,
and with untiring energy and ^reat natural tal-
ent harassed the Dutch forces m numerous en-
counters. He was not well supported by the home
government and the governors of the other Bra-
zilian colonies, and but for his unwavering reso-
lution the province would have been conquered
again. Amid great hardships he held out until
he received succor from Andre Vidal de Negrei-
ros. Soon he took the offensive, and after the
two battles of Os Guarapes, in 1648-'9, the Dutch
no longer dared show themselves outside the forti-
fications of Recife, which place, after the capture
of Fort Milhon, capitulated, 26 Jan., 1654, thus
ending the Dutch dominion in Brazil. Vieira,
as the first instigator of the insurrection in the
province of Pernambuco, was greatly honored by
the people and court, but refused all recfcrapense,
retiring to private life. Lately a monument in
honor of his memory and that of Negjeiros's has
been erected in Pemambuco.>
VIEL, £tienne Bernard Alexandre, clergy-
man, b. in New Orleans, La., 31 Oct., 1736; d. m
the College of Juilly, France, 16 Dec,, 1821. He be-
came a member of the Society of Jesus, and labored
for many years at Attapakas, La. He translated
VIELE
VIOER
201
FYnelon's "Telemaquo" into liAtin veracand pub-
lished " Misoplhtiioa I>atin(>-(iallica " (IHIU) and
French traiiwlations of the "An* I'octica" of Hor-
ace and of s«>!iie of his epistles.
VIKLK, Arnaiid ('orneliiiH, colonist, h. in
Bmlmnt. Netherlands, alwut l(i20; «1. in New York
city alK)ut 17(M). lie canio to this country with
his father aliout 1030, and the latter erecte<l an
Indian tradinp-hous*! at Fort Oranjfe(now AHiany,
N. Y.). Arnaiid prew up with the younj; Indians
that jwcoinnanitHl their chiefs on the trading expe-
ditions, and the friendships that he formed with
them continued for half a century, and proved a
la.stinp benefit to the colonists. lli.s familiarity
with the dialect and character of the Indians le<l to
his beconune an inter[)reter Ijetween the govern-
ment and the natives, and nearly all the treaties
with the Indians for many vears lK?ar his signature.
Gov. Thomas Dongan sent Vicle as a six-cial envoy
to the IriHiuois. and Gov. Jacob IxMsler made him
governor of the Six Nations. He was at the coun-
cil of Onondaga when, at the instigation of the
Canadian authorities, the Iroquois tribes were as-
sembled to decide whether the English or French
should have their allegiance. Upon the decision
dejK'nded the fat« of the colony, and had it not
Ijeen for the long friendship of the Indians with
Viele, they would have transferriHl their supj)ort
tc the French. — His kinsman, John LudovioKiis,
lawyer, b. in Washington county, N. Y., 6 June,
1788; d. in Albany, S. Y., 1» Oct., 1««. entered
Union, but left to serve in the war of 1812, then
studied law. was admitted to the bar in 1812, and
practise<l in Washington. Hensselaer. Saratogji, and
Albany counties. He was elected to the state sen-
ate, and was associated with I)e Witt Clinton in
the legislation concerning the Krie canal. In 1821
he was made judge of the court of errors, and in
the caM; of the Dutch church of Albany against
John M. Bradford, then its minister, Samuel Jones,
E resident of the court, whose decisions had never
efore been questioned, delivered an elalwrate
opinion with the confident expectation that, as
usual, it would be concurred in. Several other
Judges ^ve long opinions to the same eflFect.
iidge \ iele. the youngest meml)er of the court,
differetl from them and the chancellor, and, much
to the surprise of the latter, who often referred to
the case as his only legal defeat, the court decided
with Judije Viele. He was appointe<l inspector bf
the New York stat« militia m 1819. and regent of
the University of the state of New York in 1832.
On the visit of Lafayette to America, Judge Viele
was chosen as the orator to receive him on his visit
to the l>al tic-field of Sjiratogiu His judicial opin-
ions are published in Cowan's n'|K)rts. — .John K's
son, Effl»ert Ludovlckus, eiigint^er. b. in Water-
ford, N. Y., 17 June. 1825, was gradual wl at the
U. S. military academy in 1847, assiginnl to the 2d
infantry, and. ioining his regiment in Mexico, served
under (ten. VVinfield Scott. He was then given
duty on lower Kio (trandc river, and was statione4l
at Ringgold liarracks and afterward at Fort Mcin-
tosh. In 1H,W he n-sigiied. after attaining the rank
of 1st lieutenant on 20 Oct., IHTM. He then settknl
in New York city, where he entered on the pnu-tice
of civil en^neoring. and in 1854'-0 Wa* state engi-
neer of New Jersey. In IKW he was apftointed
chief engineer of Central park. New York, and nre-
{wred the original plan that was adopted, hour
years later he Ixvame chief engintH>r of Prosin-ct
park. Brooklyn, for which he }»n'|>an><l the original
plan, but resigned at the beginning of the civil
War. He responded to the first call fiir volunteers,
and conducted an expedition from New York to
C^/e^^^^^A
Washington, forcing a {tassage un Potomac river.
After serving in the elefences of Wa-nhington as
captain of engineers in the 7th New York n-giment.
he was commissioned brigadier-general of volun-
teers on 17 Aug.,
1801. and direct e<l
to form a camp
of instruction in
.Scanwlale, N. Y.
In April. 1862, he
joinwl the South
Atlantic ex{»edi-
tion and had
charge of the
forces in Savan-
nah river. Gen.
Viele command-
ed the movement
that resulted in
the capture of
Fort Pulaski, and
also t<M)k Norfolk
and its navy-yard,
becoming military
governor of that
city from its capture in May. 1862, until October,
1863. After sujK'rintending the draft in northern
Ohio, he resigned on 20 Oct.. 180iJ. and re.sume<l his
engineering practice. In 188;{ he was ap|M>inted
commis.sioner of mrks for Now York city, and in
1884 he wjis iiresicient of the deiiartment. He wa.s
electe<l as a I)enuKTat to congress in 1884. but he
was defeated in his canvass for re-election in 188(5.
Gen. Viele is president of the Equitable home
building association, for building nouses in the
vicinity of PntsjK'ct park. Br<K>klyn. to bt> sold to
tenants who agn»e to use them as homes only. Be-
sides papers on engineering, sanitation, and physi-
cal geography, he has published a " Hand-Ii«M>k for
Active Service" (New York. 1861), and a "Toik>-
gra|)hical Atlas of the City of New York " (IWJo).
\ KtER, Denis Benjamin, Canadian nienil>er
of f)arliainent, b. in Montreal, 19 Aug., 1774: d.
there, 13 Feb., 1861. He was a lawyer of good
standing. wa.s elected to the legislative chanil)t'r in
1808. t<Hik an active part in the controversy that
leii to the insurrection of 18JJ7. and hml U'en a
delegate to Ix>ndon in 1828 and 18^51 to lay the
grievances of his countrymen before the im|>erial
parliament. At the oi>ening of the rebellion he
was arrested on the cnarge of sedition, and im-
prisoned, but soon afterward was lil)erated without
trial, and electe<l to parliament. After the dismis-
sal of the Lafontauie-I^ildwin cabinet in 1843,
LonI Metcalfe aske<l Mr. Viger to become a mem-
ber of the new c«binet, which he did, assuming
the post of premier. He was afterward for s<-\eral
years a mend>er of the legislative council of Can-
iida. Mr. Viger gave the city of Montreal a piece
of land now known as Viger square and garden.
VI(jER. James, Canadian archa:H)logist, b, in
Montreal. Canada, in 1787; d. there in 1858. He
was ediicate<l in the College of St. Raphael. Mon-
treal, an<l servt-il as an ofllcer under IK* SalalH-rry
in the war of 1812. In 1*^2 he was ehite*! first
mayor of Montn^al. and recommended by I>inl
Oosford. the governor-general, for a seat in the
executive council. As an anti<|uarian and areho*-
ologist he was devoted tf> the investigjition of
early Canadian history. He wrote twenty-eight
volumes, entitled the " SalnTtache." and forme<l an
invaluable collin-tion of manuscripts, having given
years to the examination of historic monumentji,
the clearinjf up of oliscure {>oints, %'erifying dates,
and restoring the correct orthography of names,
292
VIGIER
VIGNE
Parts of the " Sabertache " appeared in the " Biblio-
theque Canadienne " and the " Encyclopedic Cana-
dienne." The greater part is unpublished, but
has been consulted by scholars interested in Cana-
dian history, both in America and Europe. Mr.
Viger was first president of the National society
of St. John the Baptist, and was also for several
yejirs lieutenant-colonel of militia. His published
works are " Relation de la mort de Louis XV., roi
de France " (Montreal, 1812) ; " Observations en
amelioration des lois des chemins tellesqu'en force
<lans le Bas-Canada en 1825 " ; '• Rapports sur les
chemins, rues, ruelles, ponts de la cite et paroisse
de Montreal, avec notes" (1841); " Archeologie
religieuse du diocese de Montreal " ; and " Sou-
venirs historiques sur la seigneurie de Laprairie"
(1857). His best writings have been for reviews.
VIGI-ER, George (ve-zhe-ay). Central Ameri-
can traveller, b. in Havana, Cuba, about 1710 ; d. in
Bordeaux, France, in 1779. He was for several
yeai"s a merchant in Havana, afterward founded a
mercantile house in San Juan, Nicaragua, and, be-
fore returning to France, explored the province.
He wrote " Notes et esquisses de voyage a travers
le Nicaragua" (Bordeaux, 1768); " Description des
antiquitcs ot des mines dans la province de Nica-
ragua" (1772) ; and " Manuel du commer9ant dans
les Antilles et I'Amerique Centrale " (1775).
VIGNAN, Nicolas, French soldier, b. in Sain-
tonge about 1587; d. in Canada about 1630. He
went to New France with Baron de Poutrin-
court in 1606, participated in Samuel de Cham-
plain's second voyage of discovery, and in 1610
volunteered to join the Indians on their homeward
journey and winter among them. He embarked
m the Algonquin canoes, passed up Ottawa river,
and was seen no more for a twelvemonth. In 1612
he reappeared in Paris, bringing a tale of won-
ders, averring that at the sources of the Ottawa
he had found a great lake ; that he had crossed it,
and discovered a river flowing northward ; that
he had descended this river and reached the shores
of the sea; that there he had seen the wreck of an
English ship, whose crew, escaping to land, had
been killed by the Indians ; and that this sea was
distant from Montreal only seventeen days by
canoe. The clearness, consistency, and apparent
simplicity of his story convinced Champlain, who
had heard of a voyage of the English to the
northern seas, coupled with rumors of wreck and
disaster (evidently the voyage of Henry Hudson
in 1610-'12, when he discovered Hudson straits).
The Marechal de Brissaxs the President Jeannin,
and other persons of eminence about the court
urged Champlain to pui-sue a discovery that prom-
ised such important results, and in consequence,
early in the spring of 1613, Champlain crossed the
Atlantic again and sailed up St. Lawrence river,
accompanied by Vignan as a guide. On 27 May
he left the island of St. Helen, opposite Montreal,
with Vignan, three soldiers, and one Indian in two
canoes. They crossed the Lake of Two Mountains,
and advanced up Ottawa river as far as the rapids
of Carrillon, Carrying their canoes across the rap-
ids, they passed the cataracts of the Chaudiere, the
lake of the same name, left the river at the Fall of
the Chats, and crossed to Lake Coulonge, up which
they sailed to Tessouat, the village of a powerful
Ottawa chief. Here Champlain learned tnat Vig-
nan had remained the whole winter of 1610-'ll at
Tessouat. and that the map he had made of his
pretended discoveries was valueless. Vignan fell
on his knees, owned his treachery, and begged for
mercy. Vanity, the love of notoriety, and the
hope of reward seem to have been his induce-
ments, yet, but for this alleged discovery, Cham-
plain would not have been given the means of re-
turning to New France, and thus Vignan's treach-
ery was greatly beneficial to the exploration and
colonization of Canada. Champlain pardoned Vig-
nan for these reasons, and the party returned to
Montreal, where Vignan engaged in business and
afterward rendered efficient services as an inter-
preter. He died among the Ottawas.
VIGNAUD, Jean Henry (veen-yo), author, b.
in New Orleans, La., 27 Nov., 1830. He is de-
scended from an ancient Creole family, received his
education in his native city, and was a teacher in
the public schools of New Orleans in 1852-'6, be-
ing at the same time connected with " Le Courrier,"
of New Orleans, and other publications. In 1857
he established in the town of Thibodeaux, La., a
daily entitled " L'Union de Lafourchu," which he
edited till 1860, when he aided in founding in New
Orleans a weekly review, " La renaissance Louisi-
anaise," which did much to encourage the study of
French literature in the state. In 1861 he pub-
lished '• L'Anthropologie," a work partly scientific
but mainly philosophical. He became a captain in
the 6th Louisiana regiment. Confederate army, in
June, 1861, and was captured in New Orleans in
April, 1862. In March, 1863, he was appointed as-
sistant secretary of the Confederate diplomatic
commission in f*aris. At the same time ne was a
contributor to the " Memorial diplomatique," and
in charge of the theatrical criticisms in several
dailies. In 1869 he became secretary of the Rou-
manian legation in Paris, and in 1872 he was offi-
cially connected with the Alabama commission in
Geneva, for which he translated nearly all the pa-
Eers presented to that tribunal in behalf of the
'nited States. In 1873 he was U. S. delegate at
the International diplomatic metric conference, re-
ceived the appointment, 14 Dec. 1875, of second
secretary of the U. S. legation in Paris, in 1882 was
U. S. delegate at the International conference for
the protection of sub-marine cables, and on 11 April,
1882, was promoted first secretary of legation at
Paris. Mr. V'ignaud has acted frequently as chargS
d'affaires of this country. He contributed numer-
ous memoirs to several learned societies of France,
and has in preparation a " History of the Forma-
tion of the American Union" and a "History of
the Discovery and Occupation of the Territory of
the United States."
VIGNE, Charles de la (veen), French soldier,
b. in southern France about 1530 ; d. in Fort Caro-
line, Fla., 20 Sept., 1565. He accompanied Jean de
Ribaut in his expedition to Florida in 1562. and in
1564 returned thither with Rene de Laudonniere
and assisted in building Fort Caroline. He after-
ward proved a stanch supporter of the governor
during the mutinies that nearly brought about
the ruin of the first colony in Florida. During the
winter he made a voyage of discovery to Cape
Cafiaveral and induced the Indians of the coast to
supply the colony with fish. After Ribaut's ar-
rival in August, 1565, he was one of the few that
supported Laudonniere in the council of war and
opposed Riljaut's plan for attacking the Spaniards
by sea. Ribaut having prevailed. La Vigne be-
came chief of the night-watch that was charged to
guard the fort, but through carelessness neglected
to post sentries. When Menendez de Aviles aj>
proached at early dawn of 20 Sept., he easily car-
ried the fort and slaughtered its defenders. La
Vigne being among the first killed, and Laudon-
niere escaping with only a few men to the ships.
La Vigne wrote an interesting account of the
foundation of the French colony in Florida, which
VIGO
VILLALOBOS
293
has liecn reprinted bf Henry Ternaux-Compans in
his " K4.*cucil (le pidoes sur la Floride." It is en-
titlwl " Copie d'une lettre venant tie la Floride"
(I'uris, 1505). It is the rfiore valuable as, except
IjO Moyne's and Ijaudonniere's, it is the only nar-
rative that exists of the colony that was destroyed
by Meiietnlez de Aviles.
' VKiO, Francis, fur-tra<ler, b. in Mondovi, Sar-
dinia, in 1747; d. near Vincennes, Ind., 22 March,
1835. He entered the Sjianish army as a i)rivate
and served at Havana and New Orleans. He left
the army and went to St. Ix)uis when he was about
twenty-five years old, and engaged in the fur-trade
with the Indians, with whom he was on very
friend! V terms. When Col. George R(.E:ers Clark,
with his scantily supplied army, visited Kaskaskia,
Vigo funiished them with food and clothing to
the value of $20,000, taking his jmy in Virginia
Continental money. By the depreciation of the
latter and the confiscation of his property by or-
der of Gov. Hamilton, the British commandant, he
became p«x)r. When Col. Clark was at Ktuskaskia,
Gov. Hamilton left Detroit with the pur{X)se of
capturing him and his army. They procee<le<l as
far as Vincennes and were quartered at Fort Sack-
ville. Clark determined to capture Hamilton, and
sent V'igo, accompanied by one man, to reconnoitre
the fort. Vigo was arrestetl as a spy when he was
within seven miles of it, but, being a Spanish sub-
ject, was discharged, returned to St. Louis, and re-
Ioined Clark, who soon afterward took the fort,
n 1786, Vigo employed Pierre Menanl, afterwanl
the first lieutenant-go venior of Illinois, as an In-
dian-trader. Thev betratne great friends, and in
1789 l)oth visited 6en. Washington at Carlisle, Pa.,
and consulted him in reference to the best means
of defending the country.
VILAS, William Freeman (yy'-las), postmas-
ter-general, b. in Chelsea, Vt., 9 July, 1840. He
went to Wisconsin, when eleven years old, with his
parents, who settled in Madison. He was gradu-
ated at the State university in 1858, and at the
Albany law-school in 1860. He practised in Madi-
son till the civil war began, when he entered the
army as a captain in the 23d Wisconsin volunteers.
He rapidly rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel,
and commanded his regiment during the siege of
Vicksburg and for two months afterwanl. Re-
signing his commission in August, 1863, he re-
turned to the practice of his pmfe.ssion. He Ije-
came a lecturer in the law dejmrtment of the
University of Wisconsin, and a regent of the insti-
tution, de was appointed by the supreme court
in 1875 one of the noard that for three years was
engaged in revising the state constitution. He
declined to be a candidate for governor in 1879.
In 1884 he was elected to the legislature. The
same year he attended the Democratic national
convention as a delegate, and was chosen perma-
nent chairman. On 5 March. 1885, President
Cleveland made him postmaster-general, and in
December, 1887, he was transferred to the portfolio
of the interior to succeetl Lucius (^. C. Lamar, ap-
pointed to the U. S. supreme court. In January,
1891, he was elected to the U. S. senate.
TILLADARIAS, Manoel Dnarte Caldeirag
Centenera de (veel-lah-dah-ree -as), Portuguese
administniU/r. b. in Alentejo, Portugal, in 1690;
d. in Lislxm in 1759. He was ap{>ointed assistant
g<ivemor of MaranhSo, and in 1745 captain-general
of the provinces of Itamaraca. Parahiba, and Rio
Grande do Norte in Brazil, which greatly im-
proved under his administration, as he developed
agriculture and opened roads to facilitate com-
merce. He built the government palace in Para-
hiba, constructe<l a hospital, collected and claasi-
fied all documents that relate to the discovery of
those provinces, and wrote two valuable works,
which were published after his death, " RelacSo das
capitanias de Itamaraca, Parahiba, e Rio Grande
do Reino do Brazil "' (Coimbra, 1761), and " Rela^:io
das Victorias que alcan<;Hnim as annas p)rtugueza8
contra as de Mauricio de Nju^sau " (1761).
VILLAFASE, Anjfel de (veel-jah-fahn -yay),
Spanish navigator, b. in the beginning of the 16th
century ; wrecked on the Florida coast in 1548.
He was a skilful navigator, and hml made voyages
to Santo Domingo and to Mexico when he was
appointed toward the end of 1547 commander of
an ex{H>dition that sailed from San Juun de I'lua to
explore the coast of Florida. He l^egan the first
Spanish settlement in that country, but hatl diffl-
culties with the Indians, and, being short of pro-
visions, re-embarked to find a more convenient
place to plant a colony. During the voyage he
was wicked, and perished with most of his men,
only a few of whom found their way to Santo Do-
mingo. The papers relating to his exite<lition
have been published by Henry Ternaux-( ompans
in his " Recueil de pi^*ces sur la Floride." See
also Francis Parkman's " Pioneers of France in
the New World " (Boston. 1865).
YILLAORA, Caspar de (veel-yah'-grah). Span-
ish soldier, b. in Alcala about 1550; a. in Mexico
about 1620. He served in Mexico, and as captain
of infantrj' participated in the expedition that was
sent by the viceroy, the Count de Monterey, in
1600, to conquer N'ew Mexico, under command of
Juan de OfJate. He was an educate*! man, and on
his return to Mexico, where he lived after retiring
from service, he wrote an account of the expedi-
tion in verse, under the title "Historia del Nuevo
Mexico " (Alcala, 1610).
VILLACJUTIERREZ T SOTOMAYOR, Jnan
de (veel-yali-giH)-te-air'-reth), Sitanish soldier. lived
in the end of the 17th and the beginning of the
18th centuries. Very little is known alx)ut his life
exce{»t that he participated in 1697 as an officer in
the ex|)edition that, under Gen. Melchor de Men-
cos marched from Guatemala against the province
of Peten, and conquered the capital of the Itzas, on
an island of the Lake of Peten. Villagutierrez
wrote a history of this expedition, under the title
of " Historia tie la Conciuista de la Provincia del
ItzA " (Madrid, 1701), wnich is valuable, and re-
lates the interesting fact that in one of the tem-
ples were found the bones of Cortes's war-horse,
which was left sick in the custtxiy of one of the
caciques, and after its death was worshipped Ly
the natives. Thejr also sculpturetl a colossal statue
of the animal, which is still to be seen, partly sub-
merged in the lake.
VILLALOBOS. Rny Lopez de (veel-yah-lo -
bos), Spanish navigator, b. in Toletlo alK)ut 1500 ;
d. in AmiKiina, Moluccas, in 1544. Little is known
of his early life, but in 1540 he was famous in Mexico
as a skilful navigator, and therefore was cht>sen
by the viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, to cH>mmand
t&e expedition to discover Spice islands, that
were stul untxicupied by the Portuguese. He left
Acapulco in 1542 in command of four vessels, dis-
covered the Caroline and Pelew groups, and
sighted a large island, which he called Ca'sarea
Caroli, and which is sup|)ose<l to be Luzon. Fi-
nally ho found an islantl which he f>alle<l Antonio
or baragan, and there established a colony, not-
withstanding the strenuous opposition of the na-
tives. Soon his provisions anti ammunition began
to fail, and he despatcheti three of his vessels for
a supply to Mexico; but they were wrecked in
294
VILLALPANDO
VILLA ROEL
sight of the port of departure, and, driven by
hunger, he abandoned the settlement and sought
refuge in Anjboina. where he and the survivors
were imprisoned bv the Portuguese. One of the
number, Guido de Labezares, escaped in 1549 and
carried to Mexico the report of the expedition.
VILLALPANDO, Luis de (veel-yal-pan -do),
Spanish missionary, b. in New Castile about 1480;
d. in Yucatan about 1560. He entered the Fran-
ciscan ortier, and going to Mexico in 1548. with
the monks sent by order of Charles V, for the prov-
ince of Yucatan, he was the first missionary to
visit Cami)oachy. and founded the earliest mis-
sion among the Indians of Yucatan. He wrote a
valuable grammar of the Maya dialect, which, ac-
cording to Leon Pinelo in his " Epitome de la
Biblioteca oriental y occidental," has been printed
under the title "Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua
Maya," although no copy is known to exist. The
original manuscript is still preserved among the
arcliives of Simancas.
yiLLAKD, Henry, financier, b. in Spire, Ba-
varia, 11 April, 1835. His name was originally
Gustavus Hilgard. He was educated at the uni-
versities of Munich and Wiirzburg, and came to
the United States in 1853. He studied law for a
time in Belleville and Peoria, 111., then removed to
Chicago, and wrote for papers. In 1859 he visited
the newly discovered gold region of Colorado as
correspondent of the Cincinnati "Commercial,"
and on his return published a volume entitled
" The Pike's Peak Gold Regions " (18(50). He also
sent statistics to the New Y^ork " Herald " that
were intended to influence the location of a Pacific
railroad route. He then settled in Washington as
political correspondent for eastern and western
newspapers, and during the war was an army cor-
respondent. He married Fannv, a daughter of
William Lloyd Garrison, at Washington on 3
Jan., 1866, went to Europe as correspondent of
the New Y'ork "Tribune," returned to the United
States in June, 1868, and shortly afterward was
elected secretary of the American social science
association, to which he devoted his labors till
1870, when he went to Germany for his health.
While living at Wiesbaden he engaged in the ne-
gotiation of American railroad securities; and,
when many companies defaulted in the payment
of interest, after the crash of 1873, he joined sev-
eral committees of German bond-holders, doing the
major part of their work, and in April, 1874, re-
turned to the United States to represent his con-
stituents, and especially to execute an arrange-
ment with the Oregon and California railroad
company. On visiting Oregon, he was impressed
with the natural wealth of the region, and con-
ceived the plan of gaining control of its few trans-
j)ortation routes. His clients, who were large cred-
itors also of the Oregon steamship company, ap-
proved his scheme, and in 1875 Mr. ViUafd Imj-
came president of both corporations. He was ap-
pointed in 1876 a receiver of the Kansas Pacific
railroad as the representative of European cred-
itors, and was removed in 1878, but continued the
contest he had begun with Jay Gould and finally
obtained better terms for the bond-holders than they
had agreed to accept. The European investors in
the Oregon and San Francisco steamship line, after
building new vessels, became discouraged, and in
1879 Villard formed an American syndicate and
purchased the property. He also acquired that of
the Oregon steam navigation company, which op-
emted fleets of steamers and portage railroads on
the Colunabia river. The three companies that he
controlled were amalgamated, under the name of
the Oregon railway and navigation company. He
began the construction of a railroad up Columbia
river, and failing in his effort to obtain a perma-
nent engagement from Ihe Northern Pacific com-
pany, which had begun its extension into Wash-
mgton territory, to use the Columbia river line as
its outlet to the Pacific ocean, he succeeded, with
the aid of a svndicate which was called a " blind
pool," in acquiring control of the Northern Pacific
property, and organized a new corporation that was
named the Oregon and Transcontmental company.
After some contention with the old managers of
the Northern Pacific road, Villard was elected
president of a reorganized board of directors on
15 Sept., 1881. The main line to the Pacific ocean
was completed, with the aid of the Oregon and
Transcontinental company ; but at the time when
it was opened to traffic with festivities, in Sep-
tember, 1883, the " bears " of the stock market ar-
ranged an attack on the securities of the allied
companies, and Villard, in the vain endeavor to
support ihe properties, sacrificed his large fortune,
and on 4 Jan., 1884, resigned the presidency of the
Northern Pacific railroad. After spending the in-
tervening time in Europe, he returned to New
York city in 1886, and has since purchased for
German capitalists large amounts of the securities
of the transportation system that he was instru-
mental in creating, becoming again director of the
Northern Pacific company, and on 21 June, 1888,
again president of the bregon and Transconti-
nental company. He has given a large fund for
the State university of Oregon, liberally aided the
University of Washington territory, founded a hos-
Sital and school for nurses in his native town, and
evoted large sums to the Industrial art school of
Rhenish Bavaria, and to the foundation of fifteen
scholarships for the youth of that province.
VILLARET DE JOYEUSE, Louis Thomas,
(veel-ah-rav) Count, better known as Villaret-
JoYEUSE, I^rench naval officer, b. in Auch Gers in
1750 ; d. in Venice, Italy, 24 July, 1812. He early
entered the life-guards, but in 1766 joined the navy
as midshipman, and served in the West Indies and
South America. He was promoted post-captain,
was in Santo Domingo at the opening oi the troubles
of 1790, and aided in quieting the disturbance, tak-
ing part in the following year in the second expe-
dition to Santo Domingo, after which he command-
ed the station of the Antilles. He was made rear-
admiral in September, 1793, and sailed from Brest,
16 May, 1794, to escort a convov of wheat-ships
from the United States under Admiral Vanstabel.
On 28 and 29 May and 1 June he engaged Admiral
Howe's fieet, and, although both squadrons suffered
heavily, the convoy passed safely and anchored at
Brest, thus saving I^ ranee from famine. In 1801
he was appointed commander-in-chief of the naval
forces for Santo Domingo, and arriving, 6 Feb.,
1802, off Cape Fran§ais, succeeded, by well-con-
certed measures, in extinguishing the confiagration
that had been begun by the retreating rebels. On
3 April, 1802, he was appointed governor-general
of Martinique and St. Lucia, which post he re-
tained with great efficiency for seven years. After
the battle of Trafalgar, in 1805, his communica-
tions with France were severed, but he Jield the
English invaders at bay till 1809, when, after sus-
taining a terrible bombardment in Fort Bourbon,
he was compelled to sign an honorable capitula-
tion. In 1811 he was appointed governor-general
of Venice, where he died.
TILLAROEL, Gaspar de (veel-yah-ro-ail), Pe-
ruvian K. C. bishop, b. in Quito, Ecuador, in 1587;
d. in Arequipa in 1671. He became an Augustin-
VILLARS
VILLKOAIONON
295
ian monk, going aftorwnnl to Kumpo on a minion
of his onier. While in Snain he wrote "StMnana
SHnta" (ListM)n, Um, and Mtulriil, l(Ci2 and 1683).
ami " Judices," another ri'lifrioiis work (KUW). lie
returned to Aineriea in KKiM, us hishonof Santiago,
Chili, and duriiii^ the earthciuake of May, 1647, Al-
though severely iiiiuri'd by the fall of his cathedral,
he was trans|K)'rte<l to the pulilic sr^uare. where he
consoled the panic-stricken iKjpulation during the
night. Ho assiste<l the sufferers and rebuilt the
cathe<lral out of his own resources. In KWl he was
promoted archbishop of Are<iuipa, in Peru. Ho
was the author of "Gobienio eclesiistico pacifico"
(Arequipa. 1050), and " Primera jMirtc de las his-
toriius siigrnihis" (Mmlrid. 1070).
VlLli.\KS, Charles French surgeon, b. in Ba-
yonne about 1700; d. in Mexico in 1814. He was
a marine surgeon, servinl in Santo Domingo and
several of the West Indies, afterward practise<i
me<Iicine with success in Porto Rico, and about
1800 lM>gan a journey through the West Indies
and South America to popularize vaccination, visit-
ing also Central America and Mexico, and meeting
everywhere with great success. It may be said
that he introihiced vaccination where it was alto-
gether unknown or distrusted. He wrote " Traite
et art de la vaccination" (Havana, 1804); " Me-
moire sur les pwpriet^s antisyphilitioues de eer-
taines solan^s de TAm^rique du Sud, ' addresseil
to the Paris academy of sciences in 1808; and
"Traite du quina" (1^14).
YILLASE^OR Y SANCHEZ, Jos^ Antonio
Seel-yah-sain'-yor), Mexican geographer, b. in
exico about 1700 ; d. there aljout 1700. He
studied in the College of San Ildefonso, and was
employed successively as chief clerk of the comp-
troller of taxes and as comptroller of the quick-
silver revenue. Ijater he was appointed cosmog-
rapher of New Spain, and as such commissioned
in 1742, by the viceroy. Count de Ftiendara, to
write a descriptive history and geograj)hy that had
been ordere<i by King Philip V. He is the author
of " Ol)servacion del Cometa, que apareci6 en el
hemisferio de Mexico en Febrero y Marzo " (Mexico,
1742); "Teatro Mexicano; descri|)ci6n general de
los Reinos y Provinciasde la Nueva Ksnafia"(1746);
*' Matematico CV)mpiito de los Astros (1750) ; and
of a geographic map of the Jesuit province of New
Spain, from Honduras to California, designed in
1<51. and engraved and published in Rome (1754).
VILLA VERDE, Clrilo (veel-yah-vair-day),t'u-
ban autlior, b. in San Diego de Nuflez in 1812.
In 1823 his parents took him to Havana, where he
was graduated in law in 185^2, but he devoted him-
self to teaching and literature. On account of his
liberal ideas in politics, and being implicated in a
conspiracy to overthrow the Spanish government,
he wa.s arrested in 1849 and condemiuHl to death,
but escaped and fled to the United States. He
fixed his residence in New York, where he pub-
lished for some time a newspaper in aid of the
revolutionary party of Cuba. Subsequently he
was also the editor of literary magazines. In early
life he had published in the jwipers short sketches
of Culmn life and customs, and brief romantic
narratives, and afterward he wrote the no\'els " El
espeton de oro." " Los dos amores." and " I^a joven
de la flecha de oro " (Havana, 1837) ; " El Guajiro "
(1840) ; " El Penitente": " Im {H>incta calada"; "La
tejedora de sinnbreros'' (184()-'5); and "Cecilia
Vald<?9 " (New York. 1881). The last is his master-
piece, a genuine Cuban novel, which has been de-
servedly praiseil bv the most competent critics in
S{»ain and S|tanish America. Some of his works
have bei'n translated into German and French.
YILLEFRANTHE. CharlpH Pierre de (veal-
frahnsh), historian, b. in .Mobile, Ala., in 1756; d.
in Havana, Culm, in 180l». He was of French de-
scent, received liis tnlucation |>artly in New Or-
leans and in Havniia, flnish(>d his studies at the
I'niversitv of S'ville, and entered the colonial a<l-
ministration in 1778. He held posts successively
in Venezuela, C^uba, Porto Rico, Jamaica, anil
Ijouisiana, but, having becxtme nearly blind, he
was retired on a |>ension and settlwl in Havana,
devoting his time to historical researches and to
classifying the notes and documents that he had
collecte<l m the colonial offices where he had l)e<'n
employed. He i)ublishcd several valuable works,
among them " Historiadores primitivos de las In-
dias Occidentales " (Havana. 1797), which corrected
and completed Barcia's history (Madrid. 1749). and
for whicn Villefranche received a present from the
secretary of state, and " Historia de la fundaci6n
de la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba" (1804).
VILLEGAIGNON, or VILLE«AONOX, Nico-
las IMirand (veel-gan-yong), Chevalier de, French
naval oflicer, b. in the castle of Villegaignon. St^ine
et Marne. in 1510; d. in lieauvais, near Nemours.
9 Jan., 1571. In 1531 he entered the Order of
Saint John, of which his uncle, the Marquis Vil-
liers de I'lsle-Adam, was grand-master. He served
against the Turks, Algiers, and Tri|>oli. and was
made vice-mlminil of Brittany. It has l»een as-
serted that he was then converted to the Reformed
faith; but this is denied. In 1555 he obtained
through Admiral Gaspard de Coligny the privilege
of founding a tVench colony in Brazil as an
asylum for the persecuted Huguenots, while he
persuatled the king that the Spanish forces would
thus be divided. On 12 July, 1555, he saileil from
Havre with two ships, carrving a nearly equal
numlier of Protestant and ftoman Catholic emi-
grants, several young volunteers of noble families,
and four Roman Catholic priests. On 13 Nov. he
anchored in the Bay of Rio de Janeiro and took
t>ossession of an island near the shore, which
le named Coligny island. He built a fort and
openetl negotiations with the Indians, who con-
tinued friendly to the ln»t. A convoy of emigrants
arrived on 10 March, 1557, among them four
Protestant ministers, and Jean de Ix'ry. Religious
controversies l>egan, and Villegaignon Anally for-
bade the Protestants to celebrate divine service ac-
cording to John Calvin's teachings. S<ime of them
re-emljarked on 4 Jan., 1558, and Villegaignon,
fearing for his safety, transported the remaining
Protestants to remote |)arts of the Brazilian coast.
The colony lx>ing thus retluced to about 200 men,
he sailed for France early in 1550 for the purpose
of collecting re-onforcements, and take the com-
mand of a fleet that had l»oen promisetl by Coligny.
withwhich he intended tocapturethe Sjw'iiish treas-
ure-vessels and destroy the Portuguese settlements
along the Brazilian coast. But the French Prot-
estants refuse<l their support, charging him with
treason to their cause, anct named him the " Cain
of America." His former relations with them
procured him likewise a cool recepti<»n at court,
and he retired to his commanderv. Villegaignon's
colony subsisted for a few years longer, but. U'ing
abandoned by the goveniment. the French were
finally exjielled, 20 Jan.. 1507, by Men de Saa {q. v.),
Villegaignon was reputed one of the most skilful
navigators of the 10th century, and he acquired
distinction also as a historian and in his theologi-
cal controversies with Calvin al>out his interference
in religious matters in South America. His works
include "Caroli V. imp. oxwditio in Africam et
Algieram" (Paris, 1542); "De bello luelitensi et
296
VILLEGAS CORAS
VILLERAYE
ejus eventu Francis imposito, ad Carolum V. com-
raentarius"(1553); and "Ad ArticulosCalvinianae,
de Sacramento Eucharistia3, traditionis, ab ejus
ministris in Prancia Antarctia evulgatae respon-
siones," which contains a relation of the founda-
tion of the French colony in Brazil (1500).
VILLEGAS CORAS, Jos^ Antonio (veel-vay'-
gas), Mexican sculptor, b. in Puebla in 1713 ; d.
there, 14 July, 1785. He was graduated in philoso-
phy at the Jesuit college, and devoted himself to
sculpture and architecture. His works are dis-
tinguished for correct anatomy, good drapery, and
the sweet sympathetic expression of the Virgin's
face. The best known are " La Purisima," in the
church of San Cristobal ; the virgins of the con-
vents of Carmen and Merced ; and a " San Jose,"
in the convent of San Pablo — all in his native city.
VILLENEUVE, Alexandre Louis Dnerest
de, French naval officer, b. in Theil, near Vitre, 7
March, 1777 ; d. in Paris, 22 March, 1852. He en-
tered the naval service as a midshipman in 1791,
took part in an expedition to the Pacific ocean, and
in the following year joined a privateer and won
reputation for his bravery. Re-entering the navy
in 1796, he participated in 1802 in the expedition
to Santo Domingo under Gen. Leclerc, and he was
with Admiral Pierre de Villeneuve in the Antilles
in 1805, and at Trafalgar. In 1806 he was sent by
Napoleon on a special mission to carry the latter's
orders to the French, Dutch, and Spanish colonies,
and he was employed afterward m the Gulf of
Mexico, and promoted to post-captain in 1814.
From 1815 till 1818 he commanded the station of
the Antilles, where he made valuable charts of those
parts. He was sent in 1821 on a scientific mission
to Havana and La Plata, assumed command of the
station of the Gulf of Mexico in 1825, and pre-
pared a chart of the Bay of Vera Cruz and the
Isthmus of Panama. He was recalled in 1827, sent
to the Mediterranean sea to chase the Tunisian and
Algerian corsairs, was promoted rear-admiral in
1829, commanded the division that blockaded An-
vers in 1832-'3, and was afterward maritime pre-
fect at Lorient, retiring from active service in 1838.
The charts of the American coast that Admiral
Villeneuve prepared have long been standard au-
thorities in the French navv.
VILLENEUVE, Jules fcdmond Fran<jois de,
French author, b. in Paris, 27 Feb., 1804 ; d. there,
5 Aug., 1863. He emigrated with his parents to
Brazil after the fall of Napoleon I., was admitted
to the Brazilian naval school, and served after-
ward in the fleet, attaining the rank of lieutenant-
commander, but he resigned in 1832 and devoted
himself to literary labors. In the same year he
bought the " Jornal do Commercio " at Rio Janei-
ro, which under his management became the chief
periodical in the country. He was the first to
publish reports of the deliberations of the Brazil-
ian parliament, and to advocate the enfranchise-
ment of the negroes. Villeneuve returned to Paris
in 1844. He published articles on Brazil in the
Paris magazines, and " Coup d'ceil sur I'empire
du Bresil " (Versailles, 1849) ; " La guerre civile
dans I'Amerique du Sud" (1858); and an opera,
'• Paraguassii, represented at Paris in 1855.
VILLENEUVE, Pierre Charles JeanBap-
tiste Silvestre de, French admiral, b. in Valen-
soles. Basses Alpes, 31 Dec, 1763; d. in Rennes, 22
April, 1806. He entered the navy in 1778 and
served in the American Revolution with De Gui-
chen off Dominica, with De Grasse at Yorktown,
with Bouille at Tobago, and afterward in Guiana.
He rose r^idly in the service, and, after several
scientific cruises in the Gulf of Mexico and along
the coast of North America, was promoted rear-
atlmiral in 1797. On 30 Mav, 1804, he was made
vice-admiral, and through the protection of his
old-time friend, Decres, the secretary of the navy,
was intrusted with the execution of Napoleon s
plan for an invasion of England. The choice was
unfortunate, as Villeneuve, although a reputed
tactician, was more efficient when he acted as lieu-
tenant. He was to sail with Gravina's Spanish
division to the West Indies, rally Missiessy s and
Magon's divisions and the forces at Cayenne, and,
returning to Europe, unite with the Spanish fleet at
Ferrol and Gautheaume's division at Brest, and come
to Boulogne to escort Napoleon's army of invasion,
with 75 ships of the line and upward of 80 frigates.
This well-concerted plan failed through Ville-
neuve's slow movements, and the most powerful
naval armament that was ever collected was not
utilized. After rallying Gravina's division at Ca-
diz, Villeneuve sailed, in April, 1805, to the West
Indies, joined the Antilles squadron, under Admi-
ral Magon, stormed Fort Diamant in Martinique,
which was before considered impregnable, and ob-
tained re-enforcements in Martinique and Guade-
loupe. But he had lost precious time, and Missi-
essy had already left for France, for which reason
he resolved to return to Europe, and on 23-24 July
engaged successfully Sir Robert Calder's division
off Cape Finisterre. But, instead of proceeding to
Ferrol and Brest with his superior force, he en-
tered Cadiz harbor on 20 Aug., and remained there
till 20 Oct. Napoleon despatched Rosilly to super-
sede Villeneuve ; but the latter, on hearing the re-
port, resolved to give battle. On 21 Oct. he en-
countered Lord Nelson's British fleet off Trafal-
gar, and was defeated after ten hours' engagement
and taken prisoner. On his release he went to
Rennes, but, justly fearing Napoleon's resentment,
committed suicide.
VILLEPIGUE, John Bordenare, soldier, b.
in Camden, S. C, 2 July, 1830 ; d. in Port Hudson,
La., 9 Nov., 1862. He was graduated at the U. S.
military academy in 1854, and served on the west-
ern border as a lieutenant of dragoons until the
secession of South Carolina. Joining the Confed-
erate army, he was made a captain of artillery, and
soon afterward promoted colonel and placed in
command of Fort McRae, Pensacola, Fla. At the
bombardment of this post he was severely wound-
ed. He was transferred to Mobile, and a few weeks
later to Fort Pillow, which he strengthened for the
ensuing bombardment of fifty-two days, which was
sustained until he was ordered to evacuate. His
brigade opened the attack and covered the retreat
of the army at Corinth. He was ordered to Port
Hudson soon afterward with a major-general's com-
mand and the assurance of promotion to that rank,
but reached his post only to die of fever.
VILLERAYE, Charles Stanislas, Viscount de,
French adventurer, b. in Provence about 1820 ; d.
in Guaymas, Mexico, 13 July, 1854. He fought in
Spain for the cause of Don Carlos, but squandered
his inheritance, and, after taking part in the troubles
in southern France during the revolution of 1848,
emigrated in the following year to California, where
he labored in the gold district with little success.
He was among the first to join Count de Ry>usset-
Boulbon, his kinsman, became his secretary, and
wrote the articles of incorporation of the " Restau-
roda " company, founded in Mexico in 1852 with
the aid of French bankers, which obtained from
the Mexican authorities a grant of gold-mines that
had been abandoned on account of their proximity
to the territory of the warlike Apaches. While
Raousset completed his preparations in Mexico,
VILLERft
VIN
207
VfUeraye went to organize the expe<lition In San
FYnncisco, whore he was 8ut>s«>(iuently joinetl by
KHotiiiisk't, and un 1 June, 1H53, they mnded at
Uuayinas with 270 armed men, mostiv F'renchmen.
and two fleld-guns. Gen. lilunco. the Mexican com-
mander in Sonora, pnthibitod their entrance into
the country: but tnev marche<l to Hermosillo,
stormeii the place, and pluiideri'd stores and pri-
vate houses, thus causine the whole country to rise
in arms against them. Ilaou&set sent Villeraye to
negotiate the withdrawal of the expedition from So-
nora, but Uen. Blanco demanded an unconditional
surrender. The French attacked the Mexican
lines at the rancho of Sjin Jose. 4 Nov., but were
driven back after a desperate action, and compelle<l
to capitulate. Itaousset, Villeraye, and a few offi-
cers retume<l to San Francisco, but afterward went
back to Mexico, where they were well receiveil bv
Santa-Anna. Villeraye sought to enter the Mexi-
can military service, but the successful expedition
of William ^'alker to Ijower Califoniia induced him
to join Ilaousset in San Francisco in November,
18iW, where he t(X)k the command of the re-enforce-
ments that were sent by the latter to Walker. He
landed at Guaymas, where he was surrounded and
compelled to capitulate to the Mexican forces; but
his party was released through the intervention of
the commander of the Hritish sloop " Dido," on
the plea that they had arrived in a British mer-
chant vessel. Nearly the whole party was after-
ward shi[>ped l)ack to San Francisco, but Villeraye
and a few others entered a battalion of foreigners
that had t)een mustered by the Mexican authori-
ties for the protection of the state. The strength
of this battalion was afterward increased by re-
cruits sent purposely by Raousset, and when the
latter landed, 1 July, 1854, at Algodones, near
Guaymas, Villeraye was commander of one of the
companies of the foreign battalion. Being secretly
devoted to the cause of his former commander, he
went over to him with the foreign legion at his at-
tack on Guaymas. 13 July, 1854, and was killed in
the midst of the action.
YILLERE, Joseph Philippe Roy de (vil-rav ),
soldier, b. in France: d. in Louisiana in 1769. lie
was an officer in a French regiment that was sta-
tioned in Cana^la, hLs father ha\'ing come to Ijouisi-
ana with Iberville's first exiHHlition. Afterward he
was naval secretary of Louisiana. In 1709 he headed
an insurn»ction against the .Siwuish authorities, ajid
was arrested, and killeil. — I lis son, Jacques, gov-
ernor of Ijouisiana, b. near New Orleans, La., 28
April, 1761 ; d. there in 1831, was a major-gen-
erol of volunteers under Gen. Andrew Jackson in
1814-'15, and counselled him to accept the prof-
fered services of Pierre Lafitte and his outlaws, and
to flood the ground on which the British troops
were encam{>e<l by cutting the dikes of the Mis-
sissippi. He was the second governor of Louisi-
ana, succeeding William C. C. Claiborne in 1818,
and continuing in office four years, and did much
to diminish the friction between the French popu-
lation and the U. S. authorities and English-speak-
ing emigrants. — .latujues's son, tiabriel, soldier, b.
in Louisiana, 15 March 1785 ; d. in New Orleans,
Ija., 6 July, 1852, held a major's commission in the
militia, and at the time of the British invasion was
detailed to watch the Bayou Bienvenu. The ene-
my, landing at Fisherman's Village, capture<l him,
but he escaped and reached New Orleans, giving
Gen. Jackson warning of their approach.
YILLERMET, Jiiles (Juillaume Ferdinand
de (veel-air-mav), French scientist, b. in Ijan-
derneau in IHOij ; d. in La I'nion, Salvador, in
1859. lie held for several years an office in the
colonial department at Paris, and in 1854 was
given a mission to Mexico and Central America.
After exploring southern Mexico and Ix>wer Cali-
fornia, wnere he sufTered great hardshiiHi, he tried
to enter Sonora, but was i)revented bv tne ptilitical
condition of the state. He visited I^anama, Cf»sta
liicji, and Salvatlor, studied the volcanoes of Que-
y^ltenango, Izaico, and San Miguel, and pre{>ared
a valuable geological chart of Central America.
He died from yellow fever just before leaving for
France. Villermet's explorations were continued
by the scientific ex[)edition of Auguste Dolfus
and Eugene de Montserrat, and, from his notes
and the materials he had collecte<l, his brother
Sublished " V'oyage dans le San Salvador, suivi
'une etude sur les volcans de TAinerique Cen-
trale" (2 vols.. Geneva, I860).
VILLI ERS, Jean Pierre (veel-yair), French
missionary, d. in Cayenne in 1672. He sailed in
1664 with Ijefevre de la Barre and established the
first missions in Guiana. In 1669 he returned to
France for supplies, and. arriving in the follow-
ing year, he founded a convent in Cavenne, with
seven missionaries, and built a church in that city.
He came into collision with the French company
by interfering in their transactions with the
Indians, and was imprisoned, but obtained his
release on promising not to offend again. Villiers
wrote " £taDlissemcnts de la foi fondes dans la Nou-
velle France du Sud, des sauvages qui I'habitent,
etc., avec un vocabulaire de la langue de ces \x;u-
ples"(Beauvais, 1690).
VILMOT, Charles Stanislas (veel-mo). French
author, b. in St. Nazaire in 1749; d. in Nantes
in 1794. He held an office in the quartermas-
ter's department of Count Rochambt>au's army in
1780-'2, and when Marquis de Vnudreuil embarked
the French contingent for Santo Domingo, he
chose to remain in the United .States, and after-
ward engaged in business in Philadelphia. He re-
turne<l to France in 1786, and came again to this
country to establish a ship-building yard at Phila-
delphia for French speculators, but the sc-heme
failed, owing to the French revolution. During
the reign of terror he was accused of being a party
to the noted " pacte de famine," and was drowned
in Nantes in one of the famous " noyades " organ-
ized by Jean Baptiste Carrier. He wrote " Ol)ser-
vations sur les s<'rvicesadministratifsdu gouveme-
ment des fetats-Unis de I'-Amcrique du Nord "
(Nantes. 1786) ; "Journal de campjigne, notes prises
pendant la guerre de I'independance de rAmerique"
(1789); and "Notes et esauisses sur les Etats-
Unis do I'Amerique du Nora " (1792).
VIN, Moyse Van, Flemish buccaneer, b. in
Flanders about 1627; d. in Panama in 1678. He
was a sailor on a Flemish vessel trailing with
Santo Domingo, but desert e<l about 1650, joined
the buccaneers in Tortuga, and rose rapidly
through his valor. But his total want of euuca-
tion prevented him from commanding large expe-
ditions, and he acted as lieutenant of Grandmont,
Van Graaf, Morgan, and Jacques Nau, with whom
he was successively assoc-iateu after 1660. He fol-
lowe«l the la.st-named in all his expeditions after
1666, but early in 1070 abandoned him, when he
was planning the attack on Guatemala, and, join-
ing Ilenry >l()rgan, he served in the division which
carrieil the fortress on Chagres river, and assisted
in the capture of Panama. After Morgan's flight
with the spoils, Van Vin mustered al>out 200 men
and five vessels, made a raid on Puerto del Prin-
cipe, and even attacked Porto Ik>llo. He ravaged
the coast of Cam(>t>achy, and acquired enormous
riches ; but he did not^ liowever, enjoy them, as,
298
VINCENNES
VINCENT
having entered Panama in disguise, he was recog-
nized, arrested, and, after a short trial, hanged be-
fore the palace of the audiencia.
VINCENNES, Jean Baptiste BIssot, Sieur
de. Canadian explorer, b. in Quebec in January,
1G88; d. in Illinois in 1736. He was the tenth
son of Frangois Bissot, a rich merchant of Quebec
and owner of a Canadian seigniory, and a near
relative to the explorer Louis Joliet — some say his
nephew, others his brother-in-law. He fought
against the Iroquois at Mackinaw at the age of
ten, entered the Canadian army as ensign in 1701,
and was employed in the west. In 1704 he was
sent to the Miami country, where he rendered valu-
able services to the crown, rescuing some Iroquois
Eioneers from the Ottawas, and otherwise greatly
efriending the Indians. In 1713 he saved De-
troit from the invasion of the Fox Indians, but
came aftenvard in collision with La Motho Cadil-
lac, the commander of that place, who asked for
his recall. Vineennes's fault was overlooked, ow-
ing to his services, and, becoming reconciled with
Cadillac, he became afterward the latter's most
trusted lieutenant. He was employed successively
in the Miami country, in Ohio, and in Michigan,
but toward 1725 resided on the present site of the
city of Vincennes, which is named in his honor,
and built there an earth fort and a trading-post.
Early in 17;}G he was sent to assist in the expedi-
tion against the Chickasaws. Mustering about 100
Miami Indians, he joined D'Artaguette and they
entered the territory of the Chickasaws by way of
Illinois, and were to co-operate with an invading
column from Louisiana. The latter expedition
failed, but D'Artaguette and Vincennes, unaware
of the danger, pushed forward. Meanwhile the
Chickasaws collected all their forces and attacked,
but were repelled with great loss, and the French
captured several villages. But the Chickasaws
brought about the desertion of the Miamis, and
the invaders were finally defeated, nearly all being
killed or taken prisoners. D'Artaguette, Vincen-
nes, Father Senat, and others were burned at the
stake in theprincipal village of the Chickasaws.
VINCENT, Charles (van-song), Baron de St.,
West Indian soldier, b. in Jeremie, Ilayti, in 1739:
d. in Leogane in October, 1794. He entered the
military service, fought in this country under
Rochambeau in 1780-'l, and after the conclusion
of peace commanded a regiment in Tobago and
Martinique. In 1787 he was appointed governor
and commander-in-chief at Cape Frangais, where
he took an active part in the civil wars that deso-
lated the colony, put down the rebellion of Vin-
cent Oge and Cfhavannes, and checked the revolu-
tionary movement that was led by Jean Francois
and Jean Biassou. He sided afterward with Gov.
Galband against Commissioner ^fetienne Polverel,
and was taken prisoner at Cape Frangais, but par-
doned by Polverel on account of his military tal-
ents. St. Vincent was sent to oppose the progress
of the British, who had landed at Jerdmie, 19 Sept.,
1793, and drove them from Tiburon, but was de-
feated at L6ogane, and killed in the action.
VINCENT, Francis, journalist, b. in Bristol,
England, 17 March, 1822 ; d. in Wilmington, Del.,
23 June, 1884. He was partly educated in Eng-
land, emigrated at an early age to Dover, Del.,
where he acquired a knowledge of the classics,
was apprenticed to the proprietor of the *' Dela-
ware Gfazette" in 1839, and on 22 Aug., 1845,
began the publication in Wilmington of a news-
paper which he called the " Blue Hen's Chicken,"
from a designation that was given to the Delaware
soldiers in the Revolution on account of their
fighting qualities. He advocated representation
according to population, election of all officers by
the people, simplification of legal procedure, the
abolition of the whipping-post and of lotteries,
universal common-school education, the submis-
sion of important laws to the popular vote, exemp-
tion of household goods and tools from seizure
for debt, the ten - hour working-day, and other
changes in the constitution and statute law of
Delaware. His projects met with opposition from
the leaders of parties, but gained ground among
the people. In 1850 the Democrats accepted his
proposition for a constitutional convention, which
met on 4 March, 1853. and adopted the elective
principle and other reforms, but left representa-
tion uispronortionate. Many who approved re-
vision voted against the instrument, with the ex-
pectation of ultimately securing a better one, but
after Vincent sold his paper in 1854 the agita-
tion ceased until he temporarily revived the ques-
tion in 1862, when he had purchased the "Com-
monwealth," and changed its name to the " Blue
Hen's Chicken." He ,was a member of the Re-
publican party from its first organization in Dela-
ware, and strongly supported the government in
his journal until he disposed of it in September,
1864. He began the publication of "Vincent's
Semi- Annual Register in 1860, but discontinued
it at the beginning of the war. He addressed to
the Cobden club an "Essay recommending the
Union of Great Britain and her Colonies and the
United States, and the Final Union of the World
into One Great Nation " (Wilmington, 1868). This
scheme he discussed further in a paper that he pre-
sented to the European league of peace at its meet-
ing at Paris in 1870. In July, 1871, he published
a plan for a railroad from New York to London by
way of Bering strait, which he also laid before
the New York chamber of commerce and the Na-
tional board of trade in Baltimore. He wrote a
" History of Delaware " (Philadelphia, 1870-1),
VINCENT, Frank, traveller, b. in Brooklyn,
N. Y., 2 April, 1848. He was educated at Yale,
from which college he received the honorary de-
gree of A. M. in 1875, and was engaged during a
period of eleven years in travel and exploration in
all parts of the world. Mr. Vincent is a member
of many geographical, ethnological, and archaeo-
logical societies, and has received decorations from
the kings of Burmah, Cambodia, and Siam. His
valuable collection of Siamese and Cambodian anti-
quities and art and industrial objects he presented
in 1884 to the Metropolitan museum of art. New
York city. ^ The ruined temples and palaces of
Cambodia and Cochin China were described for
the first time in his book entitled " The Land of
the White Elephant " (New York, 1874). Among
his other works are " Through and Through the
Tropics " (1876) ; " Two Months in Burmah " (1877) ;
" The Wonderful Ruins of Cambodia " (1878) ;
"Norsk, Lapp, and Finn" (1881); "Around and
about South America " (1888) ; and " The Republics
of Central America " (1889).
VINCENT, John, British soldier, b. in Eng-
land in 1765; d. in London. England, 21 June,
1848. He entered the British army as ensign in
July, 1781, was made a lieutenant in August of
the following year, and became a captain in Octo-
ber, 1786. He attained the grade of major in May,
1795, in January, 1800, that of lieutenant-colonel,
in July, 1810, that of colonel, and in June, 1813,
was made a major-general. He was one of the
ablest British officers in Canada during the war
of 1812-'15. He was commandant of Fort George,
and when compelled to evacuate that post, in 1813,
VINCENT
VINCENT
<zrtyAu^^ ChAj^cjLcctr
took position at Stony Croek, where he was over-
taken by (len. John Chandler. He attempted to
8urpris«»' the Anierieun canjp at nijjht, l)ut was uti-
8U('ce.s.sful. He was made a lieutenant-jjeneral in
Mav, IH'jr), and a full jreiionil in NovemU'r, 1H41.
VIXCKNT. John Heyl. M. K. bishop, b. in
Tuscal(H)sa. Ala., "l'-\ Feb. 1*}2. He was educated
at a«-a<lemies in Milton and Lewisburg, Pa., began
to preach at the age of eighteen, completed his
training for the
ministrvat Wesley-
an institute, New-
ark, N. J., and in
the four years' the-
ological course of
the New Jersey
conference, into
which he was re-
ceived in 1853. He
was ordained dea-
con in 1855 and el-
der in 1857. when
he was transferred
to the Hock River
conference, serv-
ing as pa-stor in
Galena, Chicago,
and elsewhere till
1865. In that year he established the *' Northwest
Sunday-School Quarterly," and in 1866 the ''Sun-
day-School Teacher." lie was appointed general
agent of the Methotlist Episcopal Sunday-school
union, and in 1868 was elected bv the general con-
ference corresponding secretary both of the union
and of the tract society, in which posts he was con-
tinued till 1884. He was the editor of the Sunday-
school publications of his denomination, conduct-
ing the " Sunday-School Journal," published in New
York city, with such success that its circulation rose
from 16,.500 io 160,000, while that of his lesson-books
has IxH-n nearly '2,500,0(X) conies. In 1873, with
Ijewis Miller, of Akron, Ohio, ne projected a Sun-
day-school teachers' institute for the pur|K)se of pre-
paring teachers for their work by means of lectures
and drills. The institute first met at Chautauqua,
N. Yi, in August, 1874, and has since assembled
each year in the same place. It has extende<l be-
yond the limits of its original design, and given
rise to allied institutions, which, as well as the
Sunday-school assemblies and the internal ioyal
lessons, extend their l)enefits to members of all
Christian Inxlies. The Chautauqua literary and
scientific circle, which prc8cril)es courses of rea<l-
ing for all classes of people, was founded in 1878,
and within a few years had 100,000 students on its
rolls. In connection with this the Chautauqua uni-
versity was established, a summer .school in which
lectures on most of the arts and sc-iences are given,
and of which Dr. Vincent, who receive<l the degree
of D. I), from Ohio Wesleyan university in 1870, and
that of LL. I), from Washington and Jefferson in
1885, has Ix'en chancellor from the t)eginning. At
the general conference of 1888 he was elected a
bishop. Among his published works are " Little
Footprints in Bible Lands" (New York, 1861);
" The Chautauqua Movement " (1886) ; " The Home
Book" (1886); "The Modem Su n da v - School"
(1887); and "Better Not" (1887).— His cousin.
Strong, soldier, b. in Waterford. Erie co.. Pa,
17 June, 1837; d. near Gettysburg, Pa, 7 July,
1863, after passing through Erie academy and
working for two years in his father's imn-foundry,
entere«l the scientific school at Hartford, Conn.,
next l)ecame a student of Trinity college, and.
leaving that, was gnuluated at Harvard in 1859.
He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in
1860, and U'gan practice in Erie. When the civil
war l)egan he enliste<l as a private for three months
in the voluntwr army, was chos(?n 2<1 lieutenant,
and S(M)n afterward was ap|H)inte<l adjutant. He
re-enlisted for three years, wa«* ma<le major, and
promoted lieutenant -colonel of the 83<l Pennsyl-
vania infantry in September, 1861. He was en-
gaged in the construction of siege-works at York-
town, and soon after the battle of Hanover Court-
House was prostrated with swamp fever. He re-
turned to his regiment in Octowr, 1862. as its
colonel, and at !• redericksbure temporarily cora-
mande<i a brigade in a difficult retreat. He de-
clinetl the aT)|x>intment of judge-advocate of the
Army of the Potomac, in April, 18(J3, took command
of his brigade as ranking colonel, and effectively
supported Gen. Alfred Pleasonton's cavalry at
Aldie. At Gettysburg, orders having come from
the front from Gen. George Svkes, at the sugges-
tion of Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren, for a brigade
to occupy Little Round Top, Vincent, in the ab-
sence of the divisicm commander, assumed the
responsibility of taking up his own brigade. On
reaching the hill, he quickly selected a position,
posting his men on the left-hand crest of Little
Round Top, and in the hollow between it and
Round Top. where the Confederates made their
first attempt to ascend the ravine and turn the
left flank of the National army, ni withstanding
which his force was supi>orted by the command of
Gen. Stephen H. Weed and the battery of Capt.
Charles E. Hazlett cm the middle crest of Little
Round Top, and by the regiment of Col. Patrick
H. O'Rorke, which was sent up by Gen. Warren
just in time to frustrate the flank movement of
the enemy. Vincent was shot while cheering on
this regiment as it faltere<l liefore the fire of the
Confederate infantry. — Strong's brother, Boyd,
P. E. bishop, b. in ferie. Pa, 18 Mav, 1845, was
graduated at Yale in 1867. studied theology, and
after serving in 1871-'2 as assistant minister of St.
Paul's Protestant Episco|)al church in Erie, Pa,
became rector of a new church in that town, which
he left in 1874 to assume charge of Calvary churc-h
in Pittsburg, Pa. He was elected bishop of Dela-
ware in 1887 by the clergy, but was not confirmed
by the laity, and in October, 1888, was chosen as-
sistant bish<>p of southern Ohio.
VINCENT, Marvin Richard$ion, clergyman,
b. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 11 Sept., 1834. He is
the son of a Methodist clergyman, and was gradu-
ated at Columbia in 1854, and for the ensuing; four
years was associated with Charles Anthon m the
clirection of Columbia college grammar-school. In
1858 he went to Troy, N. Y., as professor of lan-
guages in the Methtxlist university, where he re-
mained four years. He studied theology privately,
entered the Methoilist Episcopal ministry in 1860,
and in 1863 l)ecame j»astor of a church in Br<x)k-
lyn, N. Y. His religious views having changi'd, he
attached himself to the Presbyterian church, and
on 18 June, 1863, he was installed as pastor of a
church of that denomination in Troy. This he
left in May, 1873, to enter upon the pastorate of
the Churcii of the Covenant in New York city,
which he left in 1888 to accept a nrofessorship in
the Union theological seminary. New York city.
He receivetl the degree of D. D. from Tnion college
in 1868. Dr. Vincent, while in Trt>y university, in
collalxiration with his colleague. Charlt<m T. Lewis,
translated into English Johann Albret>ht Bengel's
" Gnomon of the New Testament " (2 vols., Phila-
flelphia 1860-'2). He hjis siiic»» published, besides
single sermons, tracts, and review articles, "Amuse-
800
VINCENT
VINES
ment a Force in Christian Training " (1867) ; " The
Two Prodigals" (1876); "Gates into the Psalm-
Country," a series of discourses (1878); "Stranger
and Guest," a book of tracts (1879); "Faith and
Character" (1880); "The Minister's Handbook"
(1882); " In the Shadow of the Pyrenees," a vol-
ume of travels (1883); "God and 6read," sermons
(1884): "The Expositor in the Pulpit" (1884):
"Christ as a Teacher" (1886) ; and " Word-Studies
in the New Testament" (3 vols., 1887-'9).
VINCENT, Mary Anne, actress, b. in Ports-
mouth, England, 18 Aug., 1818 ; d. in Boston, Mass.,
4 Sept., 1887. She made her first appearance on
the stage, under her maiden name of Mary Farley,
at Cowes, England, on 25 April, 1835, as Lucy in
George Colman's farce of " The Review," and in
August of the same year married James R. Vin-
cent, a comedian, with whom she appeared in Eng-
land, Scotland, and Ireland, till 1846, when they
came to the United States, first playing in the Na-
tional theatre, Boston, on 11 Nov., in "Popping
the Question." After her husband's suicide, 10
June, 1850, she played in the same theatre till it
was burned in 1852, and then joined the company
of the Boston museum, with which she remained
connected thenceforth. She played a great variety
of comedy characters, and till the close of her life
was a favorite with the audiences of Boston, and
did much to elevate and dignify her profession in
the eyes of the public. Her best-known roles were
Mrs. Hardcastle, Lady Duberly, the Widow Green,
and Mrs. Malaprop.
VINCENT, Philip, English clergyman, b. near
Conisbrough, Yorkshire, England, 20 Nov., 1600 ;
d. probably in England after 1638. He studied
at the University of Cambridge, receiving the de-
gree of A. M., was ordained in 1625, and was
rector at Stoke d'Abemon, Surrey, till 1629, when
he resigned his living. After the death in 1630 of
his wife, who was a daughter of Sir Christopher
Heydon, a writer on astrology, he began a wander-
ing life, and about 1632 sailed for Guiana. He
subsequently travelled in Germany, and in 1637
was in Massachusetts. He published " The True
Relation of the Late Battle fought in New Eng-
land between the English and the Pequot Sal-
vages " (London, 1638), which has been reprinted
in the " Collections " of the Massachusetts histori-
cal soi'ietv. 3d series, vol. vi.
VINCfiNT, Tliomas McCnrdy, soldier, b. near
Cadiz, Harrison co., Ohio, 15 Nov., 1832. He was
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1853,
and on 8 Oct., 1853, became 2(1 lieutenant in the
2d artillery. During the three years that followed
he served with his company in Florida during ac-
tive operations in the field against hostile Indians,
and from severe exposure in the line of duty be-
came dangerously ill in May, 1855. During his
convalescence Lieut. Vincent compiled a " Sketch
of South Florida," which was used by troops in the
final operations pending the removal of the In-
dians, and for which he received the thanks of the
general-in-chief. During the years 1855-'6 he per-
formed the duties of assistant adjutant-general and
quartermaster and commissary of subsistence. He
served with his company at Fort Hamilton and
Plattsburg, N. Y., until August, 1859, when he was
detailed as principal assistant professor of chemis-
try at the military academy. Declining the ap-
pointment of captain in the 18th infantry, he was
appointed assistant adjutant-general in July, 1861,
and assigned to the Army of Northwestern Vir-
finia, being engaged in the battle of Bull Run.
n August, 1861, he became captain, and in July,
1862, major of staff. From 1861 till 1865 he was
constantly on duty in the adjutant-general's office
at Washington, particularly in charge of the " or-
ganization and miscellaneous business of the vol-
unteer armies of the United States," persistent ap-
Elications for service in the field being disapproved
y Sec. Stanton for the reason that " the public
interests demanded his presence in the war depart-
ment." Not only did tlie responsibility for fram-
ing all the rolls and instructions issued for the
government of the volunteer forces in service dur-
ing the war, and the charge connected with a per-
sonnel of more than 90,000 commissioned officers,
devolve upon Gen. Vincent, but the preparation of
the plan (of which he was also the sole author), and
the immediate general direction of the work
under it, for the muster-out and disbandment of
the volunteer armies, numbering 1,034,064 officers
and men, distributed to 1,274 regiments, 316 inde-
pendent companies, and 192 batteries. This plan
was prepared in advance of any notification from
the secretary of war, and was put into execution
immediately upon submission to that officer and
Gen. Grant. Since the war Gen. Vincent has been
identified with all important changes in the
methods of transacting tne business of the war de-
Eartment, the revision of army regulations, and he
as served as adjutant-general of various depart-
ments, and in September, 1888, was ordered to
Washington on duty. He became lieutenant-
colonel and assistant adjutant-general in July,
1881, and was brevetted to the grade of brigadier-
general, U. S. army, " for faithful and meritorious
services during the rebellion." Gen. Vincent has
made several reports to congress on "army or-
fanization," and is the author of "The Military
'ower of the United States during the War of the
Rebellion" (New York, 1881).— His brother, Al-
bert Oliver, soldier, b. in Cadiz, Ohio, 7 Feb.,
1842 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 9 Dec, 1882, was edu-
cated at common schools, and at the age of nine-
teen was about to establish himself as a printer,
when, at the opening of the civil war, he was tend-
ered by Sec. Cameron a commission as 2d lieuten-
ant in the 2d artillery. From 1861 till 1866 he
served with his battery, part of the time command-
ing it during all the operations of the Army of the
Potomac, principally with horse artillery in con-
i 'unction with the cavalry, comprising thirty-five
tattles and minor affairs, besides continuous and
rapid marches. He was commissary of musters
and superintendent of volunteer recruiting service
in 1865, and served with his regiment in California
and Washington territory in 1865-'7. He was
brevetted captain for Antietam, maior for Gettys-
burg, and lieutenant-colonel for faithful and meri-
torious services, 13 Nov., 1865, and declined the ap-
gtintment of captain, 38th infantry, in July, 1866.
e served as major of the 4th Arkansas cavalry in
1864-'5, and was retired from active service in 1869.
VINES, Richard, colonist, b. near Bideford,
Devonshire, England, about 1585 ; d. on the island
of Barbadoes 19 April, 1651. He was educated as
a physician, and was sent, with others, to Maine in
1609, to explore the country and effect a settle-
ment, by Sir Ferdinando Gorges, who appointed
him his confidential agent and steward-general of
the province. The settlement was estab^shed at
Winter Harbor, near the mouth of Saco river, in
1616-'17. In 1629 Vines and John Oldham re-
ceived a patent of lands, that are now occupied by
the town of Biddeford. Me., from the council of
Plymouth, England. He was the principal super-
intendent of the plantation until the arrival in 1635
of William Gorges, who appointed him a coun-
cillor, and left the government in his hands onoe
VINOUT
VINTON
801
more on retuniinjf to Kniirland in 1648. In 1645
the Kcneral court, not having; lioAnl from the prt>-
nrictor for more than a^enr, «>nstituto<l a provis-
ional p)vt>runu'nt, makinic Vines «lcpuly - (fover-
nor, with authority to take j>o»»esKion of the pro])-
•rtv of (}or^o» and to |my liis debt*. The rival
claims to the proprietorship of the province raiseil
by Alexander Uij;l>y. a lawyer fn)m Kuji^land. who
bt>longe<l to the jmrty of |mrliament, caused Vines
such trouble that before the close of 1045 he re-
8i>rne<l his office and retume<i to Knglund. Soon
afterward he settled in Barbadoes, where he be-
came a planter and practistnl his profession.
VINOl'T, FranclHco Javier, t^lucator, b. in
CuliH in 182^1 He came to the Tniteil States about
1848, and for many vears was professftr of the
Spanish lanpuace and literature in the University
of the city of New York. He tnlited paiiers called
"Ija Aurora" and "I^a Indiana" in Spanish and Eng-
lish, and published grammars and phrase-btioks for
learning the Spanish. Knplish. and French lan-
guages.— His wife, (jertriide, author, b. in Phila-
delphia, Pa., about 18:i0, was a daughter of Sum-
ner L. Fairfield, the jxx't. Her first work was
" Irene, or the Autobiography of an Artist's Daugh-
ter "(Boston, 1854). She edited "Gems of Span-
ish Poetry," in conjunction with her husband (New
York, 1855), and afterward published two novels
entitled " Madeline " and " Naomi Torrente : the
History of a Woman " (1864).
VISING, John, senator, b. in Dover. Del., 23
Dec.. 1758; d. there in February, 1802. He was a
member of the Continental congress from 1784 till
1786, and was electe<l to the 1st Federal congress
as the only representative from Delaware, and re-
elected for another term, serving from 6 May, 1789,
till 2 March, 1793. He was then sent to the U. S.
senate, taking his seat on 2 Dec., 1793, and serving
till 6 March, 1798, when he resigned.
VINTON, Frederic, bibliographer, b. in Bos-
ton. Mass.. 9 Oct.. 1817; d. in Princeton, N. J.,
1 Jan.. 185K). He was graduated at Amherst in
18;i7, and studied theology at Andover. Having
trained himself in a private library during five
f'ears. he entered the service of the fioston public
ibrary in 1856 as first assistant He entered the
new building on lioylston street, with the 30,000
volumes that had l)eeti given by Joshua Bates, and
organized the arrangement that now exists. He
assisted in preparing the " Index to the Catalogue
of liooks in the Bates Hall " (1861) and the " First
Supplement" to it (1866). He remove<l to Wash-
ington, in January, 1865, to become first assistant
in the libran' of congress, and held the post eight
years. He tliere preiiared six annual supplements
to the " Alphaljetical C'atalogxje of the Librarj' of
Congress" and the " Index of Subjects" (2 vols.,
Washington, 18<J9). In 1873 he l)ecame librarian
of Princeton college, of whose library he printed
the "Subject Catalogue" (New York, 1884).
VINTON, Frederick Porter, painter, b. in
Baii^ror, Me., 29 Jan., 1846. He went abroad in
1X7"). studietl for some time under Ij^n Bonnat in
Paris, and then<!e went, in 1877. to Munich, where
he studied for a year in the academy under Ferdi-
nand Wagner and Wilhelm Diez. Returning to
Paris, he bifame a pupil in the school of Jean Paul
Laurens. At the salon of 1878 he exhibited " Ital-
ian Girl," and in the Paris exposition of the same
year he also had two paintings. In 1878 he re-
tumetl to the United States and opened a studio
in Boston. He was elected an associate of the
National academy in 1882. His works (tainted
since he settle<l in B<iston are mostly portraits, in-
cluding tliose of Sir Lyon Playfair and Alexander
n. Vinton (1880); Wendell Phillips (1881); Will-
iam Warren (1882); Francis Parkman (1883); An-
drew P. Peabody ami (»en. Charles Devens (1884);
and (reorge F. ('hoate and George F. Hoar (1885).
VINTON, John AdaniH, genealogist, b. in Bos-
ton, Ma-ss., 5 Feb., 1801 ; d. ir> Winchester, Mass.,
13 Nov., 1877. He was graduattnl at Dartmouth
in 1828, and at Andover theological .seminary in
1831, onlained as a Congregational minister, 16
May, 1832, and held various {mstorates in Maine,
Vermont, and Ma-ssachusetts. In 1846-'7 he was
agent of the American .society for ameliorating the
condition of the Jews, and in 1859-'60 he was
chaplain to the state almshouse at Monson, Mass.
After the latter date he held no charge, but resided
at South Boston and then at Winchester, and de-
voted himself to genealogical researches. He con-
tributed many articles to periodicals, including
" Reminiscences of the Park Street Church " in the
lioston " Reconler" (1849), and was the author of
"The Vinton Memorial" (lioston, 1858; abridged
ed., entitled "Sketches of the Vinton and other
Families," 1858); "The Giles Memorial" (1864);
" The Sampson Family in America " (1864) ; " Deb-
orah Sampson, the Female Soldier of the Revolu-
tion," a n-print, with introduction and notes, of a
rare work that was published at De<lham in 1797
(1866); "The Symmes Memorial," containing an
autobiography of the author (1873) ; " The Upton
Memorial' (printetl privately, Bath, Me., 1874);
and "The Richanlson Memorial" (Portland, 1876).
VINTON, John Rogers, soldier, b. in Provi-
dence, R. I., 16 June, 1801 ; d. near Vera Cruz,
Mexico, 22 March, 1847. He was graduated at the
U. S. military academy in 1817, served in Florida
and Mexico, and was killed by the windage of a
cannon-ball, at the siege of V*era Cruz. He had
become captain in the 3d artillery on 28 Dec., 1835.
He was brevetted major on 28 Sept., 1846, for gal-
lantry at Monterey, and the degree of A. M. was
given him by Brown in 1837. — His brother, David
lamniond,' soldier, b. in Providence. R. I., 4 May,
1803; d. in Stamford, Conn., 21 Feb., 1873, was
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1822,
was commissioned to the 4th artillery, and in 1^8
transferred to the infantry. After a tenn of gar-
rison and special duty, he was sent to Florida in
1836, where tie was employed on (juartermaster duty,
and in 18JJ7 was made quartermaster-general of
Florida. He continued in this service until 1846,
in which year he was made chief (juartemiaster on
the staff of Gen. John E. Wool, with the rank of
major, and serve<i in Mexico. He was chief quar-
termaster of the De|tartment of the West in J852-'6,
of the Department of Texas in 1857-'61, and was
taken prisoner upon the surrender of Gen. Twiggs
to the Confederates in February, 1861. Being ex-
changed after a few months, in August, 1861, he was
made deputy quartermaster-general and chief quar-
termaster at New York, where until 1866 he ren-
dere<l valuable services. In 1864 he was brevetted,
for faithful an<l meritorious services, colonel and
brigadier-general. In 1866 he became assistant
quartermaster-general, and in the same year was
placed u|)on the retired list. — Another brother,
Alexander Hamilton, clergyman, b. in Provi-
dence, R. I.. 2 May. 1807: d. in Philadelphia, Pa..
26 .\pril, 1881, studie<l at Brown and was graduated
at the medical department of Yale in 1828. He
settled in Pomfret. Conn., and there practised his
firofession for three years. Then entering the
ieneral theological seminary of the Protestant
Episcopal church he was graduated in 1835 and
oniaine<l deacon on 28 June, 1835, by Bishop Ben-
jamin T. Ondcrdonk. He bad charge of St. Paul's
302
VINTON
VINTON
in Portland, Me,, in 1835, and was made priest by
Bishop Griswold on 5 Oct,, 1836. Ilis successive
parishes thereafter were Grace church. Providence,
R.I.(l836-'42); St. Paul's, Boston (1842-'58) ; Holy
Trinity. Philadelphia (1858-'61); St. Mark's, New
York city (1861-'9) ; and Emmanuel church, Boston
(1869-77). Returning to Pomfret. where he had
retained his home, he continued during the winters
to lecture on systematic divinity at the Episcopal
divinity-school in Cambridge, Mass. The degree of
S. T. D. was conferred on him by the University of
the city of New York in 1843, and by Harvard in
1853. i)r. Vinton was a candidate for the bishopric
of Pennsylvania in 1845. but was defeated by Alonzo
Potter. He was among the most active of the " low
church " party of the Protestant Episcopal church.
Dr. Vinton was the author of a volume of "Ser-
mons" {Phila<lelphia, 1855): "Lectures on Evi-
dences of Christianity" (1855); and "Sermons"
(Boston, 1867); besides which he published single
sermons and contributed to reviews and maga-
zines. — Another brother, Francis, soldier and
clergvman. b. in Providence, R. I., 29 Aug.. 1809 ;
d. in "Brooklyn, N. Y., 29 Sept., 1872, was graduated
at the U. S. military academy in 1880, and commis-
sioned 2d lieutenant in the 3d artillery. Shortly
afterward he was placed in charge of a detachment
of troops destined to form part of the garrison of
Fort Snelling, Minn., near where the city of St.
Paul now stands. He served against the Indians
in Georgia and Alabama, receiving with other
officers the thanks of congress and a grant of land
in Indiana. He was next stationed at Fort Inde-
pendence, Boston harbor, occupied his leisure in
studjfing at the Cambridge law-school, and was
admitted to the bar at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1834.
In 18J56 he resigned from the army and entered
the General theological seminary of the Protestant
Episcopal church. On 30 Sept., 1838, he was or-
dained deacon, and on 8 iVIarch, 1839, priest, by
Bishop Griswold. The chief churches of which he
was successivelv in charge were St. Stephen's, Provi-
dence. R. I. (1840-'2); Trinity, Newport, R. I.
(1842-'4); Emanuel, and Grace, Brooklyn, N. Y.
(1844-'C) : and Trinity, New Y^ork city (1855-72).
(See accompa-
nying illustra-
tion.) He was re-
peatedly called
to other par-
ishes, and in
1848 was elect-
ed bishop of In- ■
diana; but to
none of these
invitations did
he yield assent.
In 1852 he was
a candidate for
the provision-
al bishopric of
New York, but
was defeated by
one vote. In
1869 he was
elected profes-
sor of ecclesias-
tical law and
polity in the
General thet)-
logical seminary. In all the parishes of which he
had charge his oratory attracted large congrega-
tions. He was also widely known as a lecturer,
and during the civil war was a frequent public
speaker. He received the degree of b. T. D. from
j Columbia in 1848, that of D. C. L. from William
and Mary in 1869. Dr. Vinton published "Ar-
thur Trefnaine. or Annals of Cadet Life" (New
York, 1830); "Evidences of Christianity" (Phila-
delphia, 1855) ; " Oration on the Annals of Rhode
Island and Providence Plantation" (New York,
1863); "Manual Commentary on the General Can-
on Law of the Protestant Ei)lscopal Church " (New
York, 1870); and manv pamphlets and sermons. —
Francis's son, Arthnr l)iidley, lawyer, b. in Brook-
lyn, N. Y., 23 Dec, 1852, was educated at the Brook-
lyn polytechnic institute, was graduated at Colum-
bia college law-school in 1873, and entered the law-
office of Evarts, Southmayd and Choate, where he
remained six years. In 1879 he formed a law part-
nership with Perry Belmont and George G. Fre-
linghuysen. under the firm-name of Vinton, Bel-
mont and Frelinghuvsen. In 1881 Mr. Freling-
huysen withdrew and in 1884 Mr. Belmont was
elected to congress, and Mr. Vinton retired with a
fortune; but he had become an investor in rail-
roads, which proved insolvent, and for which he
had indorsed largely. He is now assistant to
the editor of the "N'orth American Review," and
has published two novels, " The Pomfret Mvsterv "
(New York, 1886), and " The Unpardonable Sin "
(1888). — John Rogers's son, Francis Lanrens, en-
Eneer, b. in Fort Preble, Me., 1 June, 1835; d. in
eadville, Col., 6 Oct., 1879, was graduated at the
U. S. military academy in 1856, and assigned to the
1st cavalry, but did not join his regiment, and on the
expiration of his graduating leave of absence re-
signed on 30 Sept., and entered the fieole des mines
at Paris, where he received the degree of engineer
of mines in 1860. He was then an instructor in
Cooper union, New York city, and afterward in
charge of explorations in Honduras till 5 Aug.,
1861, when he was commissioned captain in the
16th infantry. On 31 Oct. he became colonel of the
43d New Y^ork regiment, with which he served in
the peninsular campaign, and after a month's leave
of aosence he took command of a brigade on 25
Sept., 1862, having been commissioned brigadier-
feneral of volunteers on the 19th, and led it in the
laryland and Rappahannock campaigns till the
battle of Fredericksburg, 13 Dec, 1862, where, his
men being reluctant to advance, he himself headed
the charge, and received a disabling wound that
forced him to resign from the army on 5 May, 1863.
His appointment as brigadier-general had expired
on 3 March, 1863, but had been renewed ten days
later. On 14 Sept., 1864, on the organization of
Columbia school of mines, Gen. Vinton became pro-
fessor of milling engineering there, and in 1870 the
duties of his chair were extended so as to include
civil engineering; but he was retired on 15 Aug.,
1877, and from that time till his death acted as a
consulting mining engineer at Denver, Col. He
was not only an accomplished mathematician, but
a good draughtsman and musician. Many of his
contributions to mining journals, notably those to
the " Engineering and Mining Journal," of which
he was staff correspondent after he went to the west,
and his professional reports, were illustrated by his
own hand. He was the author of " The Guard-
ian." a poem (New York, 1869) ; also " Lectures
on Machines," lithographed from notes (1809); and
" Theory of the Strength of Materials " (1874).
VIN'tON, Jnstus Hatch, missionary, b. in
Willington, Conn., in 1806 ; d. in Kemendme, Bur-
mah, 31 March, 1858. He was graduated in 1833 at
Hamilton literary and theological institution (now
Madison university), and in July, 1834, sailed as a
missionary of the American Baptist board to Bur-
inah, where he labored among the Karens till his
VINTON
VIVANCO
808
(lc««th, beinf; sUtionwl Miccessively at Chummerah,
Newvillo. Mauliimin. when* he had fhurjro of the
Knn«n thoological seininarv in lS.'>l-'2, and finally
at Koint»ndin«>, a suburh of Uanf;o<»n. At one time
ei(;htcH'n stalionH. with fifteen churches." were un-
der his can\ — His wife. Calesta Holman. niis-
sionnry, h. in I'nion. Conn., in IHOU : d. in KaiipM.n.
liuniuih, 20 I )»■<•.. 1SG4, was o«hicftted at Wesli-yan
ucadeniy. WiUirahani, Mass., and married Mr. Vin-
ton in l'S84. She wa.s successful in t<'aching the
Karen women, and was the author of several hynin-
Ixxtks in their language,
VINTON, Saniupl FInlejr, congressman, b. in
South Hadley, Mass., 25 Sept., 1792; d. in Wa.sh-
ington. D. ('., 11
May. 1H02. He was
^niduateil at Will-
iams in 1H14, stud-
ied law, was admit-
ted to the bar in
1816. and began to
f tract ise in Gallipo-
is, Ohio. He was
chosen to congress
as a Whig, serving
from 1 Dee., 1823,
till 3 March. 1837,
was a presidential
elector on the Har-
rison ticket, and
served again in con-
gress in 1843-'51.
His last public ser-
/p . vice was in 1862,
^.^ / ^ .^/P/ '-^ when he was ap-
^■-^'Uftui^ dr 'C/i(^tZim- pointed by Presi-
dent Lincoln to ap-
praise the slaves that had been emancipated in the
District of Columbia by act of congress. He pub-
lished numerous congressional and other speeches,
including " Argument for I>efendants in the Case
of Virginia va. (Jarner and Others for an Alleged
Abduction of Slaves " (1865). His daughter, Made-
leine, married Admiriil John A. Dahlgren.
YIOM^NIL, Antoine Charles du Honx (ve-
o-may-neel). Baron de, French soldier, b. in Fau-
concourt, V'osges, 30 Nov., 1728; d. in Paris, 9
Nov., 1792. He was descended from an ancient
family of Ij<^rraine, entereti the army when he was
twelve years of age as su>>-lieutenant in the re|fi-
ment Limousin, was promotetl captain in 1747,
and was severely wounded at the capture of Ber-
gen-op-Zoom. During the seven years' war in
1756- 63 he served with credit as colonel of the
Dauphinois volunteers, and he was commander of
the light troops in Conde's army in the campaign
of Hanover. He was promoted brigadier- general
in 1762, commariiled the Hainaut regiment during
the Corsican camitaign in 176H-'9, and assisted in
the pacification of the island. He was made major-
general, 3 Jan., 1770, and sent t(t Poland, where he
captured for the confeileration of Bar the fortress
of Cracow. In 1780 he was ap|tointe<l second in
command of the army that was sent under Count
de KfK,-hamU>au to assist the American colonists in
their struggle fftr indejM^ndence. He was pronjoted
lieutenant-general, 13 June. 1781. and for his gal-
lant conduca at the siege of Yorktown in OctoWr.
1781. where he led his troo|>s in the storming
of the redoubt, was given the grand cross of St.
Louis. After the conclusion of (K>ace he was gov-
ernor of La Iloohelle in 1783-'9, and at the time
of Ix>uis XV'^I.'s flight in 1791 was named to ac-
com[>any the royal family. At the attack on the
Tuileries palace, 10 Aug., 1792, he was so severely
wounded in defending the king thai he died a few
weeks later. See " Ix'ttres narticuli^'res du Baron
do Viomenil sur les affaires ae P<»logneen 1771-'2*'
(Paris. 1808).— His brother. CharleM Jmteph Hya-
cinthe dii Hoiix, Manmis de, F'rench soldier, b.
in the cjislle of I{up|>es, Vosges. 22 Aug.. 173i4; d.
in Paris. 5 March. 1827. entered the inilitary ser-
vice in 1747, was present at the l«ttle of I^w-
feld and at the siege of Bergen-oi)-Zoom. and in
1757, as aide-de-camp to Gen. Chevert, a.ssisted
in the taking of Prague. He commande<l a bri-
gade in Corsica in 1768-'9, and was promoted
brigadier-general in 1770 and major-general. 4
March, 1780. He came with HochamlM>au to this
country as commander of the French artillery,
took a commendable part in the capture of Yorfc-
town, and was granted a jHMision of 5,(X)0 francs
for his valor in the siege. From February, 1789,
till Novemljer, 1790, he was governor general of
Martinique, where he vigorously repressed the
revolutionary uprisings. He emigrated in 1791,
served in the anny of Conde in 1 «92-*7. and went
afterward to Russia, where he became general of
cavalry and commander-in-chief of the army of
Samogitia. In 1801 he went to Portugal at the
invitation of King JoSo VI.. and ^as commander-
in-chief of the Portuguese army till 1808, when he
removed to England. After the restoration of
Louis XVIII. he was made a peer of France and
lieutenant-general, 4 June, 1814; field-marshal, 3
July, 1810; and a manjuis, 31 Aug., 1817. Before
this he ha<l been known as the Chevalier de Vio-
menil.— His cousin. Antoine I^nls du Houx,
Chevalier de. French soldier, b, in Fauconcourt in
1745; d. in Dijon in 1788, enteretl the army in
1760, serveil with distinction in Germany and Po-
land as colonel, accompanied in 1780 his cousin
Antoine to this country as his first aide-de-camp,
and was severely wounded at the capture of York-
town hi Octolier. 1781, For his services during the
war he was matle a knight of St. Louis, and granted
a pension and a i>ettv goveniment in Burgundy.
TIROT, Claude "Francis (ve-ro), French mis-
sionary, b. in France, 16 Feb.. 1721 ; d. near Fort
Niagara in July, 1759. He became a Jesuit in
1738, and in 17JiO was sent to Canada, where he
laltored for several years among the Abnaki In-
dians with great succes.**. He was then sent to
Ohio river, where he founded a mission among the
Delawares at Sakunk on the mouth of the Big
Beaver. The infiuence that he was gaining over
the tribe excited the iealousy of Pakanke, chief of
the Wolf tribe, and he was forced to leave. He
afterward acted as chaplain to a body of French
soldiers, and was kille<l when he ])articipated in an
attempt to relieve Fort Niagara.
VIVANCO, Manuel Ignacio de (ve-vahn'-co),
Peruvian soldier, b. in Lima in IWMJ; d. in Santi-
ago, Chili, in 1873. He was destined by his jiar-
ents for a literary career, and was a student in the
College of San Oarlos, of Lima, when San Martin
landt^ with the lilx'ratingarmy. I^'aving college,
he enti?red the patriotic ranks, and after 1821 took
|>art in all the campaigns for indejiendence, lieing
present in the battles of Junin and Ayacucho.
After the war he continued in the army, and waa
appointed director of the militarj' college. At
different times he was prefect of several of the de-
partments of the republic, including Aret^uipa,
where he was idolizeil by the people. After the
death of Gamarra and the strife lietween Gen.
Torrico and Gen, Vidal. Vivanco proclaimetl him-
self, on 20 April, 184ii. supreme director of the
nation. But the anarchy aixl intestine strife con-
tinued; Castilla overthrew Vivaiico's government
304
VIVIER
VOGDES
in 1845, and the latter was exiled. In 1851 he
was proclaimed presidential candidate by a mili-
tary rising in Arequipa, but his followers were soon
defeated. In 1856 he returned secretly from exile,
and the whole population of Arequipa rose under
his banner agamst the dictator. Castillo marched
against Arequipa, and, although Lizardo Montero.
who had mutinied with the frigate " Apurimac "
and declared for Vivanco, occupied Islay and in
1857 Arica, thus cutting oflf the dictator's com-
munications, Vivanco was besieged, and in 1858
defeated at Arequipa and again sought exile.
After Castillo's fall in 1862 Vivanco returned to
his country, and was appointed by San Roman
minister to Chili, whence he was recalled by Gen.
Pezet to negotiate with Spain the treaty of 27
Jan., 1865. When the government of Pezet was
overthrown in November, 1865, Prado exiled Vi-
vanco again ; but he returned in 1868 and was
elected senator for the department of Arequipa.
The Spanish academy appomted him a correspond-
ing member. In 1873 he went to Chili for the res-
toration of his health, and died there. He was a
brilliant and accomplished statesman, but his turbu-
lent spirit kept him in continuous strife, and by
his repeated revolutions he contributed to the de-
moralization of his country.
VIVIER, Jacques du (veev-yay), French natu-
ralist, b. in Lorient, France, in 1720 ; d. there in
1793. He studied botany in Paris, held an office
in the laboratory of the Academy of sciences, and
sailed as secretary of a commission that was sent
to South America to measure an arc of the meridian
under Charles Marie de la Condamine. When the
authorities of Lima induced some of the mathe-
maticians to stay in South America, Vivier re-
mained with Jean Godin, was employed in opening
sulphur-mines at Cochabamba, and held for some
time the chair of botany and mathematics in the
College of Lima. In 1781 he obtained permission
to return, and he embarked at Cayenne in 1782.
On his arrival at Paris he vainly sought to recover
his former place in the laboratory of the Acade-
my of sciences, and for some time lived in pov-
erty, until he obtained a place in the library of the
Duke of Penthievre. His published works include
" Nova genera et species plantarum quas in Ameri-
ca, Jac. Vivierus collegit" (3 vols., Paris, 1788-'90)
and " Sertum Peruanum " (2 vols., 1792) ; and his
manuscripts contain a " Flora chilensis," which has
never been published.
VIZCAINO, Sebastian (veeth-cah-ee'-no), Span-
ish navigator, b. in Huelva about 1550 ; d. in Aca-
pulco in 1615. He followed the sea early in life,
and, acquiring a great reputation, was made chief
pilot of New Spain. Toward the close of the 16th
century the general impression in Spain was that
California contained great riches, especially in
pearls, and orders were given in 1595 to the viceroy
of Mexico to arm an expedition for the purpose of
exploring that country. Vizcaino was chosen
commander, and leaving Acapulco in 1596 with
three ships, accompanied by missionaries, he en-
tered the Gulf of California, establishing his head-
quarters in the port of La Paz, where he built bar-
racks and a church. He despatched expeditions
to the interior; but the resistance of the natives,
lack of provisions, and the burning of the barracks
disheartened his men, and in October of that year
he returned to Acapulco. In 1602 he was appointed
captain-general of a new expedition that was de-
spatched by the Count de Monterey, by order of
Philip III., to explore the Pacific coast north of
Cape Mendocino, and to establish in the neighbor-
hood a suitable harbor of refuge for vessels from
Manila. He sailed from Acapulco, 5 May, 1602,
with three vessels, accompanied by the cosmog-
rapher Geronimo Martin, and in June discoverwl
in latitude 36° 40' N. a bay, which he named Mon-
terey, in honor of the viceroy. He began to sur-
vey the coast, taking observations of every notable
point and inlet with such care that Alexander
von Humboldt, in his '• Essai sur le rovaume de la
Nouvelle Espagne," said that " no pilot had ever
performed his duty with such zeal. After pass-
ing Cape Mendocino he arrived at Cape Blanco de
San Sebastian (now Cape Orford), and from that
Eoint despatched the frigate " Tres Reyes," under
lieut. Martin Aguilar, to the north, who re|>orted
on his return tliat he had reached 46° N., where he
discovered the mouth of a large river, probably
the Columbia, which foggy weather had prevented
him from entering for anv distance. Having lost
many of his crew by sickness, Vizcaino resolved
to return, and entered Acapulco in March, 1603.
His report was forwarded to Madrid ; but, although
he urged upon the council of the Indies the advan-
tage of colonizing the countries that he had dis-
covered, as he had failed to find precious metals,
little attention was paid to his advice. In 1610 he
commanded an expedition to Manila, and. being
carried out of his course, discovered near Japan a
group of islands which he called Islas Ricas. At
last his representations about colonizing California
were heeded, and a new expedition under his com-
mand was preparing in Acapulco when he died.
From the observations that were taken by Viz-
caino and his staff, thirty-two charts were designed
in Mexico by the cosmographer Enrique Martinez,
which are preserved in the archives of the council
of Indies, and are remarkably exact for the time in
which they were made. Vizcaino's reports of his
two voyages to California were published bv Tor-
quemada in his " Monarquia Indiana " (Madrid,
1615), and that of the second voyage appeared as
an appendix to the French edition of Miguel Vene-
fas's " Histoire de la Californie " (Paris, 1767). Leon
'inelo, in his " Biblioteca Oriental y Occidental "
(Madrid, 1629), gives extracts of a manuscript of
Vizcaino's report of his vovage to Manila, dated
1611, under the title of " Relaci6n del viage y des-
cubrimiento de las Isl&s Ricas, que estdn cerca del
Japon," which was discovered in the library of
Barcia, the author of " Historiadores primitivos de
las Indias." Hubert H. Bancroft often quotes
from him, in his historical works. The greater
Eart of Vizcaino's narratives has been published
y Martin Fernandez de Navarrete in his " Colec-
cion de Viajes y Descubrimientos, etc." (Madrid,
1625-9), and by Capt. James Bumey in his " Collec-
tion of Vovages to the South Sea " (London, 1811).
VOGDES, Israel, soldier, b. in Willistown,
Chester co.. Pa., 4 Aug., 1816 ; d. in New York, 7
Dec., 1889. He was graduated at the U. S. military
academy, and promoted 1 July, 1837. For the next
twelve years he was assistant professor and principal
assistant professor of mathematics in the academy,
being promoted 1st lieutenant in 1838, and captain
in 1847. He was stationed in Florida from 1849
till 1856, and took part there in the hostilities
against the Seminole Indians. After being in com-
mand at Fort Moultrie, S. C, and connected with
the artillery-school for practice at Fortress Monroe,
Va., in 1858-'61, he was ordered to re^ienforce Fort
Pickens, Fla., but he was virtually interdicted from
carrying out his orders by instructions received
from Washington subsequent to his arrival, and it
was not until after the inauguration of President
Lincoln that he was finally allowed to proceed
with the work. He was promoted major, 14
VOODES
VOLK
806
May, 1801. On 9 (M. he wm enmged in repelling
the ConfiMlcrato attHck on Santa K<>«a islanu. Fla.,
(luriuf; which ho was c-aplure<l. After his reh»ase
in Auaiist. 18<J2, ho served on tlie staff of CJen.
John r. lieynolils in the Maryland cani{>ai);n of
that vear. He was eominis8ione<l bripMlier-fjeneral
of volunteers in the following Noveml>er, and was
in command of Folly island, S. C„ from April till
July. 1H<W, when he took j>art in the construction
of ihe Itatteries on Li^'htiiouse inlet for the pnn
p<>si><l attack on Morris island. He t<M)k part in
that enpttgement, and also in the one on Folly
island. From August, 186;^, till July, 1804, he wals
occupied in the operations against Fort Sumter
and the citv of (.'narleston. On 1 June, 1864, he
was maile lieutenant-colonel, and on 1 Aug. he
Itecame colonel. After seeing further service in
Florida, he had charge of the defences of Nor-
folk and Portsmouth, Va., from May, 1864, till
Ajjril, DMiT). in which month he was brevetted briga-
dier-general in the regular army for gallant and
meritorious services in the field during the civil
war. On 1.5 Jan., 1866, he was mustered out of the
volunteer service, and from that date until 2 Jan.,
1881. when he was retired at his own request, after
forty-three years of active service, he was in com-
mand of the 1st regiment of artillery.
VO<iI>ES, Williain. lawver, b. in Philadelphia.
Pa.. 29 Dec, 1802 ; d. there,'29 Jan., 1886. He be-
fan life as a teacher, but, after studying law in
'hiladelphia, was admitted to the bar In 1832, and
in 18^16 was auditor of Philadelphia county. In
1838 he was appointed professor of mathematics
in I he Central nigh-school, I'hiladelphia. where he
remained till he resumetl his law-practice in 1861.
In his later years he l)ecame widely known by his
decisions of legal points in insanity cAses. He
published "Uniteil .States Arithmetic" (Philadel-
phia, 1845), and " Elementary Treatise on Mensu-
ration and Practical Arithmetic" (1847).
VOCU'fi, Jean Plerrp do, Flemish adventurer,
b. in Mulines in 1570: d. in Brazil in 16^30. He
was a cantain in the Sftanish army when, hearing
the fabulous description of the country of the Ks-
meraldas, he went to Espiritu Santo, in Brazil,
and succeetled to the command of the colony
that had l)een founded there. The establish-
ment soon dissolve<i, as the adventurers were only
anxious for riches ; and Vogu»'>, having announccfi
that he knew the location of the Mountain "ot
Wealth, was soon at the head of a host, and led
an exjwdition to the interior of the Mamalucos
country, wandering for several years through cen-
tral and south Brazil, and suffering many mis-
fortunes. His confidence in ultimate success was
never shaken, but he was atjandoned by his follow-
ers, and fell at last into the hands of the C'harcas
Indians. It is suppose<l that he died during his
captivity, although the "Colleccao de alguns manu-
scriptos curiosos " credits to him the work "Jor-
nada iMir el descobrimento de las Serras Esme-
ralda-s^' (S.'ville, 1690).
VOISIN. CharleM Antoine (vwah-zang), Span-
ish missionary, b. in Charlevoix. Belgium, in 1698;
d. in Panama in 1764. He e«rly l)ecaine a Jesuit,
and was attached to the South American missions,
laboring in Venezuela, Central America, Peru, and
Chili. In 1749 he was rector of the College of
Uuito, and later he was su{)erior of the Convent of
ranamik His works include " AntigQedades del
Peru" (Anvers. 1762); " Informacion & la Real
Audicncia de Quito s*>bre el descubrimiento de
muohos ▼ grandes rios.<' infinitas naciones lidrbaras
tue lot* haoitan " (2 vols., 1764) : and " Pro[)agaci6n
el Evangelio en la America meridional" (1766).
VOL. Tl. — 20
VOISIN, Plerrp Joneph, P'rench naturalist, b.
in Toulouse, I^nguedtK-. in 1759; d. in Cayenne,
Guiana, in 1821. He early entered the colonial
service, and was assistant treasur<«r of (iuiana in
1792, when he was ordered to France to answer for
his administration In-fore the Mm vent ion. but he
went instead to Dutch Guiana, and ))egan farming
on Esseouilxi river. I^ater he remove*! to Parama-
rilni, ana was commissione<l to survey the south-
eastern counties of the colony, where he ex^ieri-
ence<l difliculties of all kinds, U-ing once detamed
as hostage by marroon negroes. After the sur-
render of French Guiana to the Portuguese he re-
turned to Cayenne in 1812, and was em])loye<l in
the central administration till he was pensione<l in
1818. His works include " Statistique des parties
l)a.sses de la Guiane Hollandaise, suivic d'un relev^
du cours till fleuve Essequibo " (2 vols., Demerara,
1806); '• Petite histoi re naturelle pittoresque de la
Guiane Fran<;aise" (1808); "Traite des legumi-
neuses de la Guiane Hollandaise " (1810) : and
" Monographic de la Oovave " (Cayenne, 1814).
VOITl'RE, Nicolak Angrns'te (vwah-tewr).
South American explorer, b. in .Santiago, Chili,
about 1764 ; d. in Lima, Peru, in 1821. He was the
son of a FnMich merchant of Santiago, receivwl his
earlv education in Chili, and finished his studies in
Paris, where he was a journalist during the revo-
lution, but in 1794, after the fall of the Girondists,
returned to South America. Inheriting an inde-
pendent fortune by the death of his father, he lie-
gan to travel, and at the suggestion of a German
hunter, who had travelle<l through Patagonia and
could speak some of the Indian dialects, resolved
to visit that country. He left Monte vi«leo in De-
cember. 1801, but. after frequent landings on the
desolate coast of Patagonia. al>andone<l his idea of
visiting the interior. He made valuable nautical
observations on the coast and at the entrance to
the Strait of Magellan, visited Tierra del Fuego.
doubled Cape Horn, and anchored at Valparais«j in
Octoljer, 1803. Soon afterwanl he removwi to
Lima, and devoted his later years to literature and
science. He published " Ensjiyo sobre el arte de
navegar" (Lima, 1809); "Journal d'un voyage aux
cotes de Patagonie, dans le detroit de Magellan,
k la Terre de Feu, et k la cote de Chili " (3 vols.,
Paris, 1812) ; " Ensayo sobre la Patacnnia " (Lima.
1814) ; and " Ilistoire litteraire de 1 Amerique du
Sud"(2 vols., Paris, 1818).
YOLK, Leonard Wells, sculptor, b. in Wells-
town (now Wells). Hamilton co., N. Y.. 7 Nov.,
1828. At the age of sixteen he l)egan the trade of
marble-cutting in his father's shop at Pittsfield,
Mass. In 18^ he went to St. Louis, Mo., and in
the following year he undertook mtxlelling in clay
and drawing without instructors. He was subse-
quently engaged in business. In 1855 Stephen A.
r)ouglas, who was his wife's cousin, aided him to
go to Italy for study. Volk remained there until
1857, when he settleJl in Chicago. His first sitter
for a portrait-bust — the first that was ever nicHlelled
in that city — was his patron, and he subse(|uentlv,
in 1858, made a life-size statue of Mr. Douglas in
marble. In 1860 he executetl a j»ortrait-bust of
Abraham Lincoln, the original marble of which
was burnt in the Historical society building dur-
ing the great fire of 1871. He revisited Italy for
study in 1868-*9 and 1871-'2. He was elected an
academician of the Chicago academv in 1867. and
was for eight vears its pn*sident. llis prim-ipal
works are the Douglas monument in Chicago, sev-
eral soldiers' monuments, the statuarr for the
Henry Keep mausoleum at Watertown, K. Y.. life-
size statues of Lincoln and Douglas in the state-
306
VOLLMERING
VON SCHRADER
house, Springfield, III. (1876), and portrait-busts
of Henry Clay, Zachariah Chandler. Dr. Daniel
Brainard, Bishop Charles H. Fowler. David Davis,
Thomas B. Bryan, Leonard Swett, Elihu B. Wash-
burne, and many others. — His son, Stephen Ar-
nold Duugrlas (Ivnown as Douglas), artist, b. in
Pittsfteld Mass., 23 Feb., 1856. studied in Italj
during 1871-'3, and was the pupil of Jean L. Ge-
rome, in Paris, in 1875i-'5 and again in 1876-'8. In
1875 he exhibited at the salon " In Brittany," and
his " Vanity " was at the Philadelphia centennial
exhibition of 1876. His other imj)ortant works are
" In the Studio " (1880) ; " The Puritan Maiden "
(1881); "The Puritan Captives" (1882): "Accused
of Witchcraft" (1884); and "The Bride " (1886).
In 1880 he was elected a member of the Society of
American artists, and he is organizing the Minne-
apolis school of fine arts, of which he is director.
VOLLMERING, Joseph, artist, b. in Anholt,
Westphalia, 27 Aug., 1810; d. in New York city,
24 Sept., 1887. He was a pupil of the academy in
Amsterdam in 1826-30, after which he travelled
for several years in Germany. During 1835-'44 he
studied with Barend Cornells Koekkoek, and in
1847 he removed to the United States. He opened
a studio in New York and was elected an associate
member of the National academy in 1853. Among
his works are "Indian Falls, hear Cold Spring,
N. Y." (1848); "View on the Ilud.son"; "Holy
Shrine at Sunset " (1852) ; " Study of Trees " (1865) ;
"Sunset Landscape and Adirondack Mountains"
(1869) ; " The Hudson from Garrison's" ; and " New
York from Weehawken Heights" (1872).
VOLNEY, Constantin Francois Chasseboenf
Boisgirais, Count de, F'rencfi author, b. in
Craon, Maine-et-Loire, 3 Feb.. 1757; d. in Paris,
25 April, 1820. He was the son of Francois Chas-
sebceuf, a barrister of Craon, and was known until
the age of twenty-five by the name of Boisgirais,
but in 1782 he adopted that of Volney. After re-
ceiving his education at the colleges of Ancenis
and Angers he was given his inheritance at the
age of seventeen. He then went to Paris, where he
studied medicine, philoso])hy, and chronology, and
became a frequenter of the philosophical salons
of Baron Holbach
and Madame Hel-
vetius, where he
made the acquaint-
ance of Voltaire,
Diderot, D'Alem-
bert, and Benja-
min Franklin, with
whom he main-
tained a long cor-
respondence. Af-
ter travelling in
the East and writ-
ing accounts of his
journeys, he found-
ed in 1788, at Ren-
nes, the journal
" La Sentinelle,"
was elected to the
states - general in
5» 1789, and in 1792
s» accoinpanied Poz-
zo-di-Borgo to Cor-
sica. Being driven away by the revolution, he re-
turned to Franco and published " La loi naturelle "
(Paris, 1793), in which he advocated those theories
by which he is now l)est known. During the reign
of terror he was imprisoned for ten months, and
on his release in 1794 he l)ecame professor of his-
tory in the Normal college at Paris. That same
year he dissuaded Bonaparte from entering the
Russian service, and obtained his reinstatement in
the French army. In 1795 he came to the United
States with the intention of settling in this coun-
try, and was welcomed by George Washington.
He visited Pennsylvania, Virginia, Kentucky, and
Louisiana, engaged in a controversy with John
Adams concerning the latter's work on the con-
stitution of the United States, and afterward
answered Dr. Joseph Priestley, who had attacked
Volney's infidel theories. Volney's letter was. pub-
lished in English (Philadelphia]! 1797). While in
this country volney predicted, day after day. the
operations of Bonaparte's campaign in Italy, point-
ing out the places where the Austrians were to be
defeated. Tnis astonished every one, while many
looked on Volney as a French general in disguise.
Washington asked Volney for an explanation, and
he replied: "In 1792 I met at Marseilles and in
Corsica a young lieutenant of artillery, and, being
much struck by his convei-sation, invited him to
my house. I was soon satisfied that he was a man
of extraordinary genius. . . . The conversation fell
on the war. Bonaparte developed a whole plan of
operations to be pursued either in Italy or m Ger-
many. I took down his words, and he now follows
the plan of campaign that he explained to me years
before." Volney snowed his notes to Washington,
who became also convinced of the great future of
the new commander. He returned to Paris early
in 1799. refused, after the coup d'etat, to be con-
sul with Bonaparte or secretary of the interior,
and was created senator. He was made com-
mander of the Legion of honor in 1804, count of
the empire in 1808, and a peer of France by Louis
XVIII. in 1814. Volney. who was a member of
the French institute after 1800 and of the Aca-
demie Fran^aise after 1803, founded the Volney
prize of $240 to be awarded every year by the
academy to the author of the best work on the
foundation of the study of language. He had in-
tended to write his impressions of the United States
and a work on democratic institutions as they are
understood here, but he was dissuaded on political
and private considerations, among them being his
friendship for Franklin and his respect for Wash-
ington, whom he did not care to criticise, but he
wrote "Tableau du elimat et du sol des Etats-
Unis d'Amerique " (2 vols., Paris, 1803 ; English
translation by Charles Brockden Brown, Philadel-
phia, 1804). His other works include " Sur la chro-
nologie d'Herodote" (Paris. 1781); "Voyage en
Egypte et en Syrie" (Paris, 1787; revised ed.,
1822) ; " Considerations sur la guerre des Turcs et
des Russes" (London, 1788); "Chronologic des
douze siecles anterieurs au passage de Xerxes en
Grece" (Paris, 1790); "Les mines, meditations
sur les revolutions des empires" (Geneva, 1791),
a philosophical work that gave Volney a great
reputation ; " Precis de I'etat actuel de la Corse "
(1793) ; " Lemons d'histoire ancienne " (1799) ; " Re-
cherches nouvelles sur I'histoire ancienne " (3 vols.,
1814); " L'alphabet Eumpeen applique aux langues
Asiatiques " (1819) ; " Histoire de Samuel, inventeur
du sacre des rois " (1819) ; and " Discours sur I'etude
philosophique des langties" (1820). Adolphe Bos-
sange edited " CEuvres completes de Volnay," with
a biography (8 vols., Paris, 1820-'6).
VON iSCHRADER, Alexander, soldier, b. in
Germany about 1821 ; d. in New Orleans, La., (J
Aug., 1867. He wa*: graduated at the military
academy in Berlin, and became 2d lieutenant in
the army of the duke of Brunswick, in which his
father was a lieutenant-general. After twenty
years' service in Europe he came to this country
VOORnEES
VOSE
807
£0^^
xJjU
rtt the openinj? of the civil wnr. and wan fn8«lo
licutt'nRnt-oolnni'l of the 741 h Ohio n-jriment. Ho
wjis s4H)ii nft«Twiinl xwwXv iissisitaiit insiieft<)r->f«'ii-
oral on tlio staff of Ueii. (}forjfe II. Tnonias, and
scn't^ with cretlit at ('hickanmuga. Stone river,
Chat tHn<K)ga, the Atlanta (.ani|iaign, and Nashville.
On \'^ March, llWi. ho was brevetted briffadier-
penoral of volunteers. In 1867 he was commis-
sioncil major of the 23*1 rcirtilar infantry and as-
sipnod tociuty as arting asMstnnt ins|KX'tor-generaI
of the district of Louisiana.
VOORHEES, Daniel Wolser, senator, b. in
Butler county, Ohio, 2(t S^-pt., lH2t. Ho was taken
to Indiana in infancy by his parents, was graduate*!
at Indiana Asburv (now Do Pauw) universitv in
1849, studied "law,
was admitted to
the l)ar in 1851,
and iH'gan to prac-
tise in Covington,
Ind., in the same
year. He was
an unsuccessful
Democratic can-
didate for con-
gress in 18o6, and
m 1858 wjus ap-
pointed U. S. dis-
trict attorney for
Indiana, which of-
fice he held until
1861. In ia59 he
went to Virginia,
at the request of
Gov. AshWl P.
Willard, of Indi-
ana, to defend John K. Co<ik, the governor's broth-
er-in-law, who had l>een put on trial for {»artici|)a-
tion in John Hrown's raid. He was then chosen to
oongrejis and served from 1861 till 23 Feb., 1866,
when his st>at was contested successfully by Henry
D. Washburn, but he sat in that Unly again in
186j>-'73. During his service in the house he was
a member of the conimittees on elections, appro-
priations, the judiciary, the revision of laws, and
the IV'iftc railrt)ad. On the death of Oliver P.
Morton. Mr. Voorhees was appointe<l to fill his seat
in the U. S. senate, serving from 12 Nov.. 1877,
and he was elected for a full term in 1879, and
re-electe«l in 1885. In early life Mr. Voorhees ob-
tained the name of "The Tall Sycamore t>f the
Wabash," l)y which he is still frecjuently called.
He has made a nM>utution as an orator.
VOORHEES, Philip Falkernon. naval officer,
b. in New Hrunswick, N. J., in 1792; d. in An-
napolis, Mtl., 26 Feb., 1W52. lie entered the navy
as a midshipman, 15 Nov., 18()9. and wjis engaged
in the second war with Great Britain, taking part
in the capture of the " M»icedonian " by the *' Unitetl
States," and of the " Epervier" by the " Peacock,"
for which he received a moflal from congress*. He
was promote<l to commander. 24 April. 1828, and ,
to caotain, 28 F'eb., 18;J8, and in 1842-5 was as-
signed the frigate "Congress" on her first cruise, i
during which he assisted in rescuing the stranded \
British steamer "Gorgon " in I^a Plata river. In \
1844 Capt. Voorhees captured an armetl Argentine j
squa<lron and an allie<l cruiser which had fire<l
into his convoy, a Boston bark, where some flsh-
ennen, chased by the <-niis<«r. had taken refuge.
Ca|)t. Voorhees released this s^piadron after an
apology had l)een ma<le. but detaitunl the cruis<T.
which ha«l aggravateil the a.ssault by firing under
a false flag. Com. Daniel Turner afterward re-
iMwed the cruisier, but justified Capt Voorbees's i
action in a letter to the Argentine commander,
an<l Voorhws was also highly pniise<l by l'. S.
di[>lomatic and consular representatives and for-
eign naval ofllcers in Soutn America. Vet thi»
captJire was made the m-casion for a series of
charges on which he was trie<l by crnirts-martial in
1845. The sentences of these courts were not ap-
Srove<l. and after a few months' suspension Pre«i-
ent Polk, in 1847, restore! Capt. V<K>rhees to his
full nuik in the navv, and gave him c<inimand of
the Ym)>\, India s<{umlron — the i>ost of an admiral
at the present day, that grade not having In-en es-
tablisheil at that time, " in manifestation of his
complete rehabilitation in honor as well as in rank
in the judgment of the government" as de<-lare4l
in the official opinion of Attorney-General Caleb
Cushing, which also de<-lared the procee<lings of
the courts-martial "null and void." He returned
in 1851 in his flag-ship, the " Plvmouth," and in
1855 was place<I on the reserved list. He regarded
this as an injustice, and appealed to congress for
reinstatement, but a court of intpiirj' naflTirmed
the decision of the board. On a second apiK-al
President Buchanan referre<l the whole matter to
Attorney-General Jeremiah S. Black, who. in an
opinion dated 15 Oct., 1858, said : " The historj*,
even of the American navy, hardly contains an-
other instance where one man has Ix'en the victim
of so many blunders." President Buchanan, with
the consent of the .senate, therefore restori-d him
to the leave pay-list, and at the opening of the civil
war Capt. Voorhees urged his a.ssignment to active
dutv, but he died a few months afterward.
VOORHIES, John StovenH. imblisher, b. in
New York citv,9 Mav. 1809 : d. in Brooklvn. N. Y.,
19 Nov., 1865.' He was a clerk for Oliver Halsted.
who had established a law-bot»k store in New York
city in 1820, became his partner, and finally suc-
ceedetl him in 1842, becoming well known as a
publisher of legal works. He wa,s sjieciallv kind
to young lawyers in furnishing books on liberal
terms, and great reliance was placed on his judg-
ment and knowle<lge in the selection of law ]il)ra-
ries. After his death his business was continued
by the firm of Baker, V<Hirhies, and Co. Hei)ro-
jected and publisluxl " Stnlgwick on Damages "(>ew
York, 1848); "Voorhies's Code of Civil Pnx-edure"
(New York, 1851); " Burrill's Voluntary Assign-
ments" (185;i); "Greenleafs Overruleil Cases"
(1856); " Burrill's Circumstantial Evidence " (1856);
"Ablx)tt'8 Digest" (5 vols., IWW); "Cleveland's
linking Ijiws" (18W)): and manv other works.
VOSE, («eorge I<ennard. civil engineer, b. in
.\ugusta. Me.. 19 April. IHiJl. He was educated in
Augusta and in Salem. Mass. During 184S>-'50 he
studiitl at the I^awrence scientific school of Har-
vard, then Wgan his career as assistant enginwr
on the Kennebec and Portland railroad, anauntil
1859 was engaged on various railn^ads. From
1859 till 186;i he was associate e<litor of "The
American Railway Times" in Boston, and then for
three years he resiibnl in Salem. Mass. In 1H66
he riMiioved to Paris. Me., and was tx"cupi«-<l with
projtx'ts in Maine and New Hampshire. He was
firofessor of civil engineering in IJowdoin college
rom 18?2 till 1881, and held a similar chair in the
Massachusetts institute of technology from 1881 till
1886. His larger works include "HandlKX)k of
Railroad Construction" (Ik>ston, 1857): "Oro-
graphic (Jeology. or the Origin and .Stnicture of
Mountains" (18<MJ); " Manual for Railnwd Engi-
neers and Engineering .Students" (1873): "A
Graphic Methfxlfor solving .Algebraic Problems"
(New York, 1875); " Elementary Course of Geomet-
ric Drawing " (Boston, 1878) ; " Memoir of George
308
VOSE
VROOM
W. Whistler" (1887); and "Bridge Disasters in
America: the Cause and the Remedy" (1887).
VOSE, Joseph, soldier, b. in Milton, Mass., 26
Nov., 1738 ; d. there, 22 May, 1816. He was chosen
colonel of militia in 1774, in 1776 went to Canada,
and in 1777, as colonel of the 1st Massachusetts
regiment, joined the main army in New Jensey,
serving at Monmouth and in Gen. John Sullivan's
campaign in Rhode Island. He closed his services
in Lafayette's corps at Yorktown, when he was
hrevetted brigadier-general. His brothers, ?]lijah,
Moses, and William, also served through the
Revolutionary war. — His son. Col. Josiah Howe,
rendered important service in the war of 1812 at
Portsmouth, at Sackctt's Harbor, and in Canada.
VOSTEY, or yOtEY, Gabriel Henry (vo-tay).
Count de, Ilaytian historian, b. in Cape Franyais
about 1768; d. there in 1831. He was a mulatto,
son of a French officer, and was first known under
the name of Gabriel Henry. After receiving his
education in France, he returned to Hayti and be-
came lieutenant in the colonial militia, but subse-
quently he joined the national army and fought
under Jean Francois and Toussaint I'Ouverture.
The latter gave him his father's estates in 18(X),
after which he took the name of Count de Vostey.
In 1802 he was among the first to submit to Gen.
Victor Leclerc, but afterward he joined Dessa-
lines with a regiment that he raised among his
laborers, and assisted in the campaign that ter-
minated in November, 1804. Afterward quarrelling
with Dessalines, he took refuge in the Spanish part
of the island till the elevation of Henry Christophe,
when he returned to Hayti and became a courtier
and the historian of the negro king. He published
" Essai sur I'invasion Franyaise de 1802 (2 vols..
Cape Frangais, 1811); '* Le systeme colonial de-
voile " (1814) ; " Reflexions politiques sur I'etat
f)resent des noirs et des blancs " (1817) ; " Essai sur
es causes des revolutions de Hayti " (2 vols., 1819) ;
and " Memoires pour servir h Tadministration de
Toussaint I'Ouverture " (2 vols., 1824).
VOTAN, founder of the euipire of Xibalbay. He
lived, according to Ramon de Ordofiez y Aguiar,
in his manuscript " Ilistoria del cielo y de la tierra,"
about 955 b. c, or, according to Francisco Nufiez
de la Vega, in his " Constituciones Diocesanos para
el Obispado de Chiapas" (Rome, 1702), about 600
B. c. Votan appears to have been a generic name
for sovereigns of the valley of Chiapas. According
to Ordofiez, Votan sailed from Cuba with his peo-
ple, and, after coasting Yucatan, entered the Lar
guna de Terminos, went up Usumasinta river, and
on one of its branches, the Chacamas, founded the
city of Nachan or Culhuacan, near the present site
of the ruins of Palenque. He conquered the coun-
try with little difficulty, and lx?came its legislator,
building at Nachan a temple, where he deposited
the archives of the nation, which were guarded by
priests and nuns, and established also religious
mysteries, which were celebrated with great pomp
and splendor in the spring and autumn. Votan
founded also the cities of Zacatlan or Ciudad Real,
Matlan or Quiche, and Huehuetlan or Soconusco.
It is also asserted that he promulgated a code of
laws for his empire, which attained great prosper-
ity, but it is generally conceded that the legislator
of Xibalbay was Balum-VotAn, who lived about
four centuries after the founder of the empire.
He is said to have written the national co<le of the
Quiches. " Popol-Vuh," the original of the " Teo-
maxtli," or divine book of the Toltecs. The " Po-
pol-Vuh " was first translated into Spanish about
16.50 by Friar Francisco Ximenes {q. v.), and Bras-
seur de Bourbourg published the original text and
French translations (Paris, 1861). The traditions
of the Tzendales in regard to the Votans are con-
firmed by Francisco de Burgoa, in his '• Palestra
Historica: 6 Historiade la provincia de San Hipo-
lito de Guaxaca" (Mexico, 1670); by Bernardino de
Sahagun, in his " Historia de las cosas de la Nueva
Espafla": by an anonymoixs Mexican author of
Cuahutitlan, a contemporary of Montezuma II., in
" Historia de los reynos de Culhuacan y Mexico,"
a manuscript in the Nahuatl language, which was
dis(!overed in 1850 by Brasseur de Bourbourg in
the library of the convent of San Gregorio ; and by
many other authors. Ordofiez asserts that he pos-
sessed a manuscript history of the reign of Balum-
Votan in the origmal language; but it is now lost.
VREDENBURGH, Peter, jurist, b. in Read-
ington, N. J., 31 Oct., 1805; d. in St. Augustine,
Fla., 24 March, 1873. He was graduated at Rut-
gers in 1828, admitted to the bar as counsellor in
1832, and began practice in Freehold, N. J. Sub-
sequently he was a meml)erof the legislative coun-
cil under the old state constitution. In 1837-'52
he was prosecuting attorney of Monmouth county,
and in 1855-'69 he was associate justice of the su-
preme court of New Jersey. The degree of LL. D.
was conferred on him in 1866 by Rutgers, of which
he was a trustee for twenty-four years. Judge
Vredenburgh's opinions are contained in the New
Jersey reports between 1855 and 1870. One of the
most notable was delivered in the case of Proprie-
tors of Bridges vs. the Iloboken land company.
VROOM, Peter Duinont, governor of New Jer-
sey, b. in Hillsljorough township, N. J., 12 Dec.,
1791 ; d. in Trenton, N. J., 18 Nov.. 1873. He was
the son of Col. Peter D. Vroom. a Revolutionary
officer. He was graduated at Columbia in 1808,
admitted to the bar in 1813, and practised in vari-
ous counties of New Jersey. He was a member
of the legislature in 1826-'9. and in the latter year
was elected governor of New Jersey as a Jackson
Democrat by joint ballot of the two houses, which
was the method of election at that time. He was
re-elected in 1830-1 and 1833-'6, and in 1837 was
appointed by President Van Buren a commissioner
to adjust the claims of the Indians in Mississippi,
was a member of congress in 1839-'41. having been
chosen as a Democrat, and a member of the State
constitutional convention in 1844. In 1852 he was
a presidential elector, and in 1853-'7 was minister
to Prussia. lie was appointed reporter of the su-
preme court of New Jersey in 1865, and in 1868
was again a presidential elector. The degree of
LL. D. was confeiTed on him by Columbia in 1887
and by Prinbeton in 1850. He published " Reports
of the Supreme Court of New Jersey " (6 vols..
Trenton, 1866-'73).— His son, Peter Dnniont, sol-
dier, b. in Trenton, N. J., 18 April, 1842, was grad-
uated at Rensselaer polytechnic institute, Troy,
N. Y., in 1862. He served in the civil war, being
wounded at South Mountain, was promoted major
of the 2d New Jersey cavalry in 1863, and bre-
vetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel of volunteers
for meritorious services during the war. He be-
came 1st lieutenant in the 3d U. S. cavalry in July,
1866.— Another son. Oarret Dorset Wall, law-
yer, b. in Trenton, N. J., 17 Dec, 1843, was gradu-
ated at Rutgers in 1862, admitted to the D»r in
1865, appointed district attorney in 1870, and re-
Eorter or the supreme court of New Jersey in 1873.
[e was elected mayor of Trenton in 1881, and re-
elected for the two succeeding terms. Mr. Vroom
possesses one of the finest libraries in New Jersey,
and is an authority on questions of national and
state political history. He has published " Supreme
Court Reports" (15 vols., Trenton, N, J., 1873-88).
WACKERHAOEN
WADDKIX
S09
W
WACKERHAOEN, Aii^tiHtns, flerffymnu. b.
in the eloctonit*? of Unnover, (ierinaiiv. 22 Mav,
1774; (1. in Clermont, N. Y., 1 Nov.,' 1805. He
was o<lu<.'ate<l at the University of OOttingen, Ger-
many, and, after the completion of his theolopcal
course, was for some time employed as an instruc-
tor in a seminary for younj; ladies, and later as
private tutor in a nobleman's family. In 18()1 he
came to this country, where for thret< years he was
Private tutor to the only son of a merchant of
hiladelphia. He was pastor of Lutheran con-
gregations at Schoharie and C'obleskill, N. Y., in
180S-'15, and at Germantown and Livinjjston Man-
or. Columbia county, N. Y., from 1810 till his death.
During this time he also preached at Ghent,
Athens, West Camp. Pine Plains, Green Bush,
Ancram and other distant places, doing pioneer
work from which resulted the establishment of
numerous flourishing congregations in the state of
New York. In addition to his pastoral duties, he
also had charge for several years of the academy
at Clermont, N. Y., where he resided, midway be-
tween his two princi|»al congregations. He was a
flnishe<l classical scholar and a diligent and criti-
cal student of the Bible. In 1825 he received the
degree of D. I), from Union college. Dr. Wacker-
hagen was for many years the recognizetl leader
of the Lutheran church in New York, and occu-
Sie<l many posts of honor and tnist, being presi-
ent of the New York ministerium for twelve
years and trustee of Hartwick seminary for thirty
years. Though he was one of the most learned
men of his time, his retiring modesty prevented
him from publishing the results of his studies.
Except an <K'casi(inal sermon, he issued only one
work. •• Inl)egri(T des Glauben^ and Sittenlehre "
(Phihid.'li.hia, 1S()4).
WADDEL, JaineH, preacher, b. in Newry, Ire-
land, in July, 17;W; d. in Louisa county, Va., 17
Sept., \S05. His parents emigrated to this coun-
try in the son's infancy, settling in southwestern
Pennsylvania. James was e<lucate<l at Notting-
ham, untler liev. .Stimuel Finley, l)ecame an assist-
ant teacher in Kev. Robert Smith's academv in
Pecjuea, Ijancaster co., afterward emigrate*! to
Virginia, and, under the influence of Samuel
Davies, decided to stud^' for the ministry. He
was licensed to preach m 1701. the next year l)e-
came pastor of Presbyterian churches in the north-
em neck of Virginia, removed to the Tinkling
Spring church, Augusta county, in 177*i, also
preached in Staunton, and in 1785 settltnl on an
estate in Ijouisa county, where he supplied vacant
milpits and was principal of a classical school.
He became blind alxnir 1787. but continued his
labors without interruption, writing as well as
preacliing with gn^it industr>', and was known as
"the blind preacher." Before liis death he or-
dered that all his manuscripts be burned, so that
his elof|uence has Ufome a matter of tradition.
The lH?st i«lea of him as a pulitit orator is to lie
ffatheretl fr<mi the sketch of Dr. Waddel as the
blind preacher in William Wirt's " British Spy."
This was written in 180!^. when Dr. Waddel was
old and infirm. It has been questioned how far
the author gave himself the license of fiction in
his description, but Dr. Waddel's biographer. Dr.
James W. Alexander, says: "Mr. Wirt state<l to
me that, so far from adding ct)lors to the picture
of Dr. Waddei's eUxjuence, he had fallen below the
truth. In person he was tall and erect, his mien
was unuliually dignified, and his manners graceful
and el(K|uent Under his preaching, audiences
were irresistibly and simultaneouslv moved, like
the wind-shaken forest." James Madison, who
had lx?en his pupil, said : "He has sjxjilwl me for
all other preaching," and Patrick Henr)' classed
him with Samuel Davies as one of the two greatest
orators he had ever heard. Dickinson cave him
the degree of I). D. in 17U2. One of his daughters
marri^ the Rev. An-hibald Alexander. See a
" Memoir" of him by the Rev. Jomes W. Alexan-
der, in the " Watchman of the South " (1846).
WADDELIi, Hiif^h. soldier, b. in Lisbum.
County Down, Ireland, in 17514: d. in Castle
Haynes, New Hanover co., N. C, 9 April, 1773.
He emigrated to North Carolina in 1753, was clerk
of the council in 1754-'5, lieutenant in Col. James
Innes's regiment in the Virginia campaign of
1754, became captain in 175.5, built Fort Dobbs,
and commanded there in 175e-'7. He led the
North Carolina detachment with the rank of
major in the ex|)edition to Fort Du Quesne in
1758, and became colonel the next ve«r. In No-
vember, 1705. he letl the armed resistance to the
landing at Bninswick of the English sloop-of-
war " Diligence," which contained the government
stamps, seized the ship's boat, and forced Gov.
Tryon to deliver to the people William Houston,
the stamp- master, from wnora they exacted a
f)ledge. which he signed in the market-place, that
le would " never receive any stamjKHl paj>er which
might arrive from England, nor officiate in any
wav in the distribution of stamps in the province
of North Carolina." This act of {mtriotism was of
not less imiK)rtance in the history of pri'-Revo-
lutionary movements in North Candina than the
Boston tea-party in Massachusetts. In 1771 he
commandetl the exinnlition against the Regulators
with the rank of major-general. During the in-
tervals of his militarv career he freouently servetl
in the legislature. — flis grandson. Hugh, lawver,
b. in Newflelds, Bladen co.. N. C, in 1799; «f. in
Wilmington. N. C, 1 Nov., 1878, was graduated at
the University of North Carolina in 1818, and
studied me<licine, but alwndonetl it for law, attain-
ing high rank in that pmfession. He represented
Orange county in the legislature in 1828, was
s[)eaker of the state senate in 1830-'7. and again
a memU'r of that Unly in 1844-'0. He was an
eloquent delmter and an accomplished man of
letters. — His son. Alfred Moore, lawyer, b. in
Hillsborough, N. ('.. 10 Scj)t.. 1834, was gradu-
ated at the University of North Carolina in
1853. studied law, and was admitted to the bar.
He became clerk of the court of etjuity of New
Hanover county, N. C. edited the " Wilmington
Herald" in 18^). and the same year was a dele-
gate to the Conservative-Union convention which
nominated John liell for president. During the
civil war he served in the Confetlerate army
as lieutenant-colonel of cavalrj". He was chosen
to congress as a Democrat in 1870, serve«l by re-
election till 1879, and was chairman of the com-
mittee on ix)st-offices and {K>st-roads in the 44th
congress, lie was defeated in the next election,
and resumed the pmctice of law. He has in manu-
script " A Colonial Oflicor and his Times." — The
second Hush's nephew. James Iredell, naval offl-
c-er. b. in Pittsl)oro'. Chatham co.. N. C., in 1884;
d. in Anna{K.lis. .Md.. 15 .Manh. 1880, on 10 Sept.,
1841, was appointed a midshipman in the U. S.
310
WADDELL
WADE
navy, and in May, 1842, he received a wound in a
duel which incapacitated him from service for
eleven months and lamed hira for life, lie did
good service in the war with Mexico, was gradu-
ated at the naval academy at Annapolis in 1847,
and while on a cruise on the Brazilian station in
September, 1855, was promoted from passed mid-
shipman to 2d lieutenant and navigator of the
" Germantown." He was detached and served on
the store-ship " Release " at Aspinwall during the
building of the Panama railroad, where he con-
tracted the yellow fever. The ship went to sea
and day by day the officers and crew were stricken
down by the disease, until Lieut. Waddell was the
only officer left to command her with a few convales-
cent seamen. The vessel finally reached Boston.
He afterward was on duty at the naval academy,
as assistant professor of navigation, until 11 July,
1859. In the spring of 18G0 he sailed in the " Sagi-
naw " for the China station, where he led a suc-
cessful expedition. On 20 Nov., 1861, he forwarded
his resignation to the secretary of the navy, but
on 11 Jan., 1862, when he arrived in New York, he
was offered a command in the U. S. bomb-fleet,
then being fitted out for an attack on New Orleans,
which he declined. In February, 1862, he ran the
blockade from Annapolis to Richmond, where he
entered the Confederate navy, his commission as
lieutenant being dated 27 Afarch, 1862. He was
assigned to duty on board the ram '* Louisiana " at
New Orleans, and when the Confederate fleet at
that port was dispersed by Farragut, Lieut. Wad-
dell was sent back to destroy the " Louisiana,"
which he did by blowing her up. He then served
at Drewry's Bluflf, on James river, as ordnance of-
ficer, and afterward at Charleston, S. C, and sub-
sequently was ordered to England to take com-
mand of one of the cruisers that was fitting out at
Liverpool. He arrived there in May, 1863, and on
5 Oct., ^864, was ordered to the command of the
'• Shenandoah " for a cruise in the Pacific ocean.
She was originally a British merchant steamer.
The " Shenandoah " was commissioned off Madeira,
19 Oct., 1864, and steered for Australia. Before
arriving at Melbourne, 25 Jan., 1865, Commander
Waddell made nine captures. The " Shenandoah "
left that port, 8 Feb., 1865, and in three months be-
gan her destructive work among the whalers in
the Okhotsk sea. Bering sea, and the Arctic ocean.
Long after the fall of tne Confederate government
he captured and sank or burned vessels until
2 Aug.. 1865, more than three months after the
surrender of Gen. Lee, when he met with the Brit-
ish bark " Barracouta," from whose captain he
heard of the close of the war. After this he stowed
away his guns in the hold and at once sailed for
Liverpool, where he surrendered the ship to the
British government. He and his crew were lib-
erated, and on 10 Nov., 1865, the " Shenandoah "
was delivered to the U, S, consul at Liverpool.
The sultan of Zanzibar afterward bought her, and
several years later she went down in a gale with all
on board. The " Shenandoah," while under Com-
mander Waddell, captured thirty-eight vessels, of
which she released six on bond and destroyed
thirty-two. She was the only vessel that carried
the flag of the Confederacy around the world.
After the release of Waddell he remained in Liver-
pool, and then went to Paris to reside. He after-
ward returned to the United States, and in 1875
was made commander of the "San Francisco," of
the Pacific mail line between Yokohama and San
Francisco. On 16 May, 1877, his steamer struck
on a rock and sank. All the passengers were saved,
and the captain was the last to leave the ship.
WADDELIj, Moses, clergyman, b. in Rowan
county, N. C, 29 July, 1770; d. in Athens, Ga,, 21
July, 1840. His father, William, emigrated from
the vicinity of Belfast, Ireland, about 1764, settling
in Charleston, S. C, and subsequently in Nortn
Carolina, Moses taught to obtain means to enter
college, was graduated at Hampden Sidney in 1791,
and ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian
church, and subsequently taught in South Caro-
lina, He established a classical school in Willing-
ton, S, C, in 1804, where among his pupils were
Hugh S, Legare, John C, Calhoun, and James L,
Petigru. In 1819-29 he was president of the Uni-
versity of Georgia. The College of South Caro-
lina gave him the degree of D. D. in 1807. As an
instructor of youth, Dr. Waddell was one of the
most popular and successful men of his day. Alex-
ander H. Stephens says of him : " In his insight
into the character of boys, the constitution of their
minds, their capacities and aptitudes, and in draw-
ing out and developing their faculties by proper
training, discipline, and government, he had few,
if any, superiors in the United States." He pub-
lished " Memoirs of Miss Catherine Elizabeth
Smelt " (Augusta, Ga., 1819). — His first wife, Cath-
erine, was a sister of John C. Calhoun, and his
second wife was Elizabeth W, Pleasants, of Vir-
ginia.— Their son, James Pleasants, educator, b.
in Willington, S. C, 5 Jan., 1801 ; d. in Athens,
Ga., 28 May, 1867, was graduated at the University
of Georgia in 1822, became principal of Richmond
academy, taught belles-lettres and oratory in the
University of Georgia in 1836-'40, and at the same
time filled the chairs of Latin and Greek, which he
held till 1856. — Another son, John Newton, edu-
cator, b. in Willington, S. C, 2 April, 1812, was
graduated at the University of Georgia in 1829,
entered the ministry of the Presbyterian church
in 1841, was professor of Latin and Greek in the
University of Mississippi in 1848-'57, and from the
latter date till 1860 occupied a similar chair in La
Grange college, Tenn. He was then president of
that institution till 1862, when, the town being
occupied by the National army, the college was
disbanded, and he became general superintendent
of Presbyterian missions in the Western Confed-
erate army, and was chiefiy instrumental in found-
ing the asylum for the orphans of Confederate
soldiers in" Tuskegee, Ala. In 1865-'74 he was
chancellor of tlic University of Mississippi, and in
1879-'88 he occupied the same post in the South-
western Presbyterian university, Clarksville, Tenn.
The University of Nashville gave him the degree
of D. D. in 4851, and the University of Georgia
that of LL. D. in 1873. Since 1874 he has been
secretary of the board of ministerial education of
the Southern Presbyterian church,
WADE, Benjamin FrankHn, senator, b. in
Feeding Hills, near Springfield, Mass., 27 Oct.,
1800 ; d. in Jefferson, Ohio, 2 March, 1878. His
ancestor, Jonathan, came from Norfolk, England,
to Massachusetts in 1632. His father, James, a
soldier of the Revolution, removed to Andover,
Ohio, in 1821. The son's education was received
chiefly from his mother. He shared in the pioneer
work of his new home, and in 1823, after aiding in
driving a herd of cattle to Philadelphia, j*ent to
Albany, N, Y,, where he spent two years in teach-
ing, also l)eginning the study of medicine with his
brother, and at one time working as a common
laborer on the Erie canal to obtain funds. On his
return to Ohio he began the study of law, was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1827, and began practice in
Jefferson, He formed a partnership with Joshua
R, Giddings in 1831, and in 1835 was elected
WADE
WADIIAMS
811
xO^^T^^^rc-*^^
proflocuting attorney of Ashtahtila county, which
office he held till 1H87. In that vear he was chosen
as a Whig to the stAte senate, where, as a member
of the judiciary committee, he presented a reiK)rt
that put an ena to
the granting of di-
vorces l>y the legisla-
ture. In 18;J9 he was
active in opp«isition
to the passage of a
more stringent fugi-
tive-slave law, which
commissioners from
Kentucky were urg-
ing on the legislature.
The law imssed, but
his forcible s[K»ech
against it did much
to arouse state pride
on the sutnect and to
make it a dead letter.
His action cost him
his re-election to the
senate, but he was
chosen again in 1841. In February, 1847, he was
elected by the legislature president-iudge of the
8d jiulicial district, and while on the bench he
was chosen, on 15 March, 1851, to the U. S. sen-
ate, where he remaine<l till 1869. He soon be-
came known as a leader of the small anti-slavery
minority, advocated the homestead bill and the
repeal of the fugitive-slave law, and opposed the
Kansas- Nebraska bill of 1854, the mluiission of
Kansas under the Lecomnton constitution of 1858,
and the purchase of ('uoa. After the assault on
Charles Sumner, Robert Toombs avowed in the
senate that he had witnesse<l the attack, and ap-
proval it, whereupon Mr. Wade, in a sf>eech of
great vehemence, threw down the gage of |K'rs<inal
combat to the southern senators. It was expected
that there would \>c an immeiliate challenge from
Tooinlw. but the latter soon nuule peace. Subse-
?uontly Mr. Wade, Zachariah Chandler, and Simon
•ameron made a compact to resent any insult
frouj a southerner by a challenge to fight. This
agreement was madt^ public many years afterward.
Wa«le was present at the battle "of Bull Run with
other congn'ssmen in a carriage, and it is related
that after the defe-at seven of them alighted, at
Wjide's pro{K)stil, being armed with n^volvers, %nd
for a cjuarler of an hour kept back the stream of
fugitives near Fairfax Court-House. This incident,
as narrated in the journals, ma<le a s(*nsation at
the time. Mr. Watle labored earnestly for a vigor-
ous prosecution of the war, was the chairman and
foremost spirit of the joint committee on the con-
duct of the war in 1861-'2, and was active in urg-
ing the passage of a confiscation bill. As chair-
man of the committee on territories, he re|M)rted
a bill in 1802 to atntlish slavery in all the terri-
tories. He was instrumental in the advancement
to the portfolio of war of Edwin .M. Stanton, whom
he recommende<l strongly to President Lincoln.
Though he cordially supported the administration,
he did not hesitate to (criticise many of its acta,
and after the adjournment of the 38th congress he
issueil, with Henrv Winter Davis, what became
known as the Wade-Davis manifesto, condemning
the president's pro|x)se<l reconstruction policy.
Mr. Wa<le liecame president pro tempore of the
senate, and thus acting vice-president of the
United .States, on • 2 March, 18«7, 8ucc«e<ling I^a-
fayette S. Foster. He adviseil President Johnson
to put i>n trial for treason a few of the Confe«ler-
«te leaders and pardon the rest, and was radical in
his Ideas of reconstruction. In the imf>eachment
of President Johns^m he voted for convicti<»n. In
1869, at the close of his sec-ond term, he was suc-
ceeclwl in the senate by Allen (i. Thurman. and he
then returned to his home in Jefferson, Ohio. He
was one of the chief memliers of the Santo Domingo
commission in 1871. and then became attorney for
the Northern Pacific railroa<l. He was chairman
of the Ohio delegation in the Cincinnati national
convention of 1876, and earnestly advocated the
nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes, but after his
accession to the presidency Mr. Wade bitterly con-
demned his course in relation U) the southern
states. Though Mr. Wade ha<l l)een called '• Frank
Wade" in Ohio, from his middle name, he was
known in congress and throughout the country as
lien or "Old Ben" Wade. He was |M»pularly
looked u[Km as one of the bulwarks of the National
cause in the darkest hours of the civil war. and
was widely admired and respected for his fearless-
ness, independence, and honesty. His rugged and
forcible style of oratory always commantled atten-
tion. See his " Life," by Albert G. Rid<lle (Cleve-
land, Ohio, 1888). — His sou, James Fraxklin. en-
tered the army on 14 May, 1801, as 1st lieutenant
of the 6th U. S. cavalry, and rose in rank till at
the close of the war he was major and brevet
brigadier-generjil of volunteers. lie liecame lieu-
tenant-colonel on 20 March, 1H79, and colonel of
the 5th cavalry on 21 April, 1887.
WADE, Melancthoii Smith, merchant, b. in
Cincinnati, Ohio, 2 Dec., 1802; d. in Avondale,
near Cincinnati, Ohio, 11 Aug., 1868. His father,
David E. Wade, removed to Ohio from New Jer-
sey in 1789. The son was etlucatwl in his native
place, and became a dry-go<Hls merchant, but re-
tired from business in 1840. He was active in
militia matters, holding successively the offices of
captain, colonel, and brigadier- general, and on 1
Oct., 1861, was commissioned a brigjidier-general
of U. S. volunteers. He was the first post-com-
mander of Camp Dcnnison, Ohio, but resigned
from the army, 18 March, 18<J2, on account of
feeble health. He devotetl his leisure to the culti-
vation of fruit, and was an active member of the
Cincinnati horticultunil socictv.
WADHAMS, Edgar Philip, R. C. bishop, b. in
Lewis, Essex co., N. Y., 21 May, 1817. His parents
were Protestants,
and destined him
for the ministry
of the Episcopal
church. After f S^^
studying at Mid-
dlebury college,
Vt., hewasgrauu-
ate*! at the Gen-
eral theological
seminary. New jr^ ^ -fnr^
York city, receiv- ^^^^ 'j^I/j
ed deacon's or- At^^^^^^^^KSu^^f^^^S^
ders, and was sta- '^^^^^^^^■■■fc-aiv
tioned for some
time near Port
Henry. He wa.s
re<!eived into the
Roman Catholic
church in June,
1846, enteretl St
Mary's si>minary.
Baltimore, immediately afterwanl, to prejiare for
the priesthood, and was ordaine<i on 15 Jan.. 1850.
He wa"* apfxiinte*! assistant at the cathtnlral of Al-
l)any, anu continued in this post till 18t>5. when he
was'apjMjinted pastor of the catheilral and vicar-
7^^.
^J^A^a4^
312
WADLEIGH
WADSWORTH
general of the diocese. In 1872 he was nominated
to the new see of Ogdensburg, and on 5 May he was
consecmted bishop. He was installed in his diocese
on 16 May, and at once began an energetic adminis-
tration, building many churches and about twenty
chapels for the smaller missions. The numerous
and heavy debts that were incurred for these build-
ings were paid after a few years. He founded schools
in Ogdensburg, which he placed in charge of the
Clerks of St. Viateur. Franciscan sisters opened
others in Croghan and Mohawk Hill, a boys' college
was established at Watertown by the Fathers of the
Sacred Heart, and other schools were established
in various places. The improvement of the clergy
has also been an object with Bishop Wadhams, and
with this view he established annual retreats and
conferences, with periodical examinations for the
younger priests. In 1888 there were 98 churches
in the diocese and 58 stations, 77 priests, 5 religious
communities of men, and 13 of women.
WADLEKiiH, Bainbridge, senator, b. in Brad-
ford, N. H.. 4 Jan., 1831. He received a limited
education, studied law, was admitted to the bar in
1850, and practised in Milford. For eight terms,
between 1855 and 1872, he served in the legislature,
where he was conspicuous as a debater. He was
elected to tlie U. S. senate, as a Ke{)ublican, to
succeed James W. Patterson, serving from 4 March,
187a, till S March. 1879. In that body he was a
meml)er of the committees on patents, military
affairs, and elections. After his retirement from
the senate, he resumed the practice of law.
WADSWORTH, Benjamin, educator, b. in
Milton, Mass., in 1G69; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 16
March, 17-57. He was the son of Capt. Samuel
Wadsworth. who fell in battle with the Indians at
Sudbury, Mass., on 18 April, 1676, and the spot
where he fell is designated by a monument that
this son erected to his memory. After graduation at
Harvard in 1690 he studied theology, was licensed
to preach, became assistant teacher in the First
church in Boston in November, 1693, and on 8
Sept., 1696, wjis made its colleague pastor. On 7
July, 1725, he was inaugurated president of Har-
vard college, and he held this post until his death.
John Eliot says: "The general opinion, however,
was that he was better fitted for the pastor of a
church than to be master of the school of the
prophets. He had confined his studies to theology,
and was not a man of extensive erudition, or much
acquainted with the sciences." He published nu-
merous essays and sermons, which include "An
Artillery Election Sermon" (1700) and " Five Ser-
mons" (1711), the first, dated 30 Sept., being the
last sermon that he delivered in the old meeting-
house, which was burned on 2 Oct., 1711, and the
last a " Thanksgiving Sermon for God's Goodness
in providing a New Meeting-House for the Old
Church," an account of the fire.
WADSWORTH, Charles, clergyman, b. in
Litchfield, Conn., 8 May. 1814; d. in Philadelphia,
Pa., 1 April, 1882. After graduation at Union
college in 1837 he was pastor of the 2d Presbyte-
rian church in Troy, N. Y., in 1842-'50; of the
Arch street Presbyterian church, Philadelphia, in
1850-'62; of a Presbyterian church in San Fran-
cisco in 1862-'9 ; of the 3d Reformed Dutch church,
Philadelphia, in 18G9-'73; of the Clinton street
Presbyterian church, Philadelphia, in 1873-9: and
of the Clinton street Immnnuel church, Philadel-
phia, in 1879-'82. Dr. Wadsworth was among the
m(«t eloquent divinas of his day. The University
of the city of New York gave him the degree of
D. D. in 1857. His sermons were published, with a
memoir (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1882-'4).
WADSWORTH, James, soldier, b. in Durham,
Conn., 6 July, 1730; d. there, 22 Sept., 1817. He
was graduated at Yale in 1748. From 1756 till
1786 he was town-clerk of Durham, and at the be-
ginning of the Revolution he became a member of
the committee of safety. In 1776 he was colonel
and brigadier-general of Connecticut militia, and
in 1777 he was appointed 2d major-general. In
the latter year he was ordered to New Haven to
defend the towns on the coast. Subse(^uently he
,was a justice, and afterward presiding justice of
the New Haven county court of common pleas, was
a delegate from Connecticut to the Continental
congress in 1783-'6, and from 1785 till 1790 a mem-
ber of the executive council. — His nephew, James,
philanthropist, b. in Durham, Conn., 20 April,
1768; d. m Geneseo, N. Y., 8 June, 1844, was
graduated at Yale in 1787, and in 1790 removed
with his brother, William, to Genesee river, pur-
chasing a large tract of land in what is now the
town of Geneseo, and becoming one of the most
wealthy land-proprietors in the state. At his per-
sonal expense he printed and circulated publica-
tions on education, employed lecturers on tnis sub-
ject, and offered premiums to the towns that should
be the first to establish libraries. In 1811 he pro-
posed the establishment of normal schools, and in
1838 he procured the enactment of a school-library
law, and founded a library and institution for sci-
entific lectures at Geneseo, which he endowed with
$10,000. In his sales of land he always stipulated
that a tract of 125 acres in each township should
be granted free for a church, and another of the
same size for a .school. — James's brother, William,
soldier, b. in Durham, Conn., in 1732 ; d. in Gene-
seo, N. Y., in February, 1833, was also an early
settler in western New Vork. At the beginning of
the war of 1812 he was brigadier-general of New
York militia, and he served in the U. S. army from
26 June till 15 Nov., 1812. took part in the assault
on Queenston Heights, 13 Oct., 1812, where he was
in command when the Americans surrendered, and
gave up his sword in person to Sir Roger Sheaffe.
— James's son, James Samnel, soldier, b. in Gene-
seo, N. Y., 30 Oct., 1807; d. near Chancellorsville,
Va., 8 May, 1864,
was educated at
Harvard and
Yale and studied
law in Albany,
completing his
course with Dan-
iel Webster. Al-
though he <was
admitted to the
bar in 1833, he
never practised
his profession,
but devoted him-
self to the man-
agement of the
family estate in
western New
York, which
amounted to 15.-
000 acres. In ^^ ^ y^
the State agricul-
tural society, in which he was interested during his
life. He promoted education and the interests of
the community in which he lived. He founded
a public library in Geneseo, was a 8ubscril)er to
the endowment of Geneseo college, aided in estab-
lishing the school-district library system, and was
WADSWORTH
WADSWORTU
818
at'tiro in philanthropical lalK»n». Although a Fed-
rraiist by inlufation ami a l>eniocnit by conviction,
he su[)|Kirt«i the Kree-»oil j>arty in 1H48. and con-
tinued t<i act in defence of the'anti-slavery move-
ment. He was a presidential elector on the Re-
publican ticket in 185(J and 1800. In 1861 he was
a deleffate to the Peace convention in Washington,
and at the beginniti>; of the civil war he was among
the first to offer his services to the govenunent.
In April, 1861, he was commissioneil a major-gen-
eral by Gov. Kdwin I). Morgan, but the a|>|>oint-
ment was 8ul)sequently revoked. When communi-
cation with the capital was cut ofT, he chartered
two ships upon his own responsibility, loaded them
with pn>vision8, and went with them U> Annapolis,
where he su|x>rintende<l the delivery of the sup-
plies. He wjis volunteer aide to Gen. Irvin Mc-
U«»well at the first Iwittle of Bull Run, where he
was commendetl for bravery and humanity. After-
ward he was maile briga«lier-general of volunteers,
9 Aug.. 1861, as.signeu to a command in the ad-
vance under Gen. George B. McC'lellan. and guard-
ed the city of Washington. On 15 March, 1862, he
became military governor of the District of Colum-
bia. In the autumn of 1862 he was the Republi-
can candidate for governor of New York, but was
defeate<i bv Horatio Seymour. In the following
December lie was assigned to the command of a
division in the -Vrmy of the Potomac under Gen.
Ambrose E. Burnside, and participateil in the bat-
tle of Fre<lericksburg, 13 Dec., 1862. He displayed
Sreat military skill in the command of the 1st
ivision of the 1st armv corps under Gen. John F.
Reynolds. At Gettysburg his division was the
first to engage the enemy on 1 July, 1863, and on
that day lost 2,400 out of 4,000 men. During the
second and third days' fighting he ren<lered goo<l
service in maintaining the heights on the right of
the line. At the council of war held after the vic-
tory he was one of the three that favoretl pursuit
of the enemy. Early in 1864 he was sent on spwial
service to the Mississippi valley, and made an exten-
sive tour of ins|)eclion through the southern and
western states. Un the reorganization of the Army
of the Potomac in 1864, he was assigned to the com-
mand of the 4th division of the 5th corps, com |>ose<l
in |)art of his old command. While endeavoring
to rally hi* troops during the battle of the Wilder-
ness, 6' May, 1864, he was struck in the hea«l by a
bullet, and Ijefore he could be remove«l the ene^ny
hiul gained possession of the ground where he-lay.
Although unconscious, he lingennl for two days.
It is saiil that his troops were inspired by his he-
roic bearing continually to renew the contest, when
but for him they would have yielded. He was
brevetted major-general of volunteers on 6 May.
18<i4. Horace Greeley, in his *' American Conflict "
(Hartford, 1864-'6), says: "The country's salvation
claimiHl no nobler sacrifice than that of James S.
Wjulsworth, of New York. ... No one surren-
dennl more for his country's sake, or gave his life
more joyfully for her <leliverance." In 1888 a
movement was in progn>ss ft>r the erection in
Wa«hiiigton of a monument to his memorv.
>VAI>S>VOKTH. Jeremiah, congn>ssm'an, b. in
Hartford, Conn., in 174.} ; d. there, 30 April, 1804.
He wius the originator of numerous plans for the
improveujerit of his native town, ana held several
local oflices. During the war of the Itevolution he
was commissary-general «»f the C<»ntinental army.
In 1786-'8 he was a delegate to the Continental
congress, and he was elected a representative from
Connecticut to the Ist congress as a F'e«leralist.
serving bv successive elections from 4 March, 1789,
till 3 March, 1799.
WADSWORTH, MarHhman Edward, geolo-
gist, b. in Livernxjre Falls, Me., 6 May, 1847. Ue
was graduate<l at liowdoin in 1869, and' then taught
in Minnesota and Wisconsin. In 187:3 lie waa
elected professor of chemistry in the lioston dental
college, and in 1874 he became instruct<jr in niathe-
inatics and mineralogy in Harvard. He held an
assistantship iti litholocy at the .Museum of com-
parative zc^logy, Cambridge, Mat>s., in 1877-'85,
and was professor of mineralogv and ife<ilogy in
Colby university in 188.'S-'7. Prof. Wa<lsworth
was callwl in 1887 to the directorship of the .Michi-
gan mining-school, with the chair of mineralogy,
petrography, and geology, and in 1888 he was ap-
pointed stale geologist of Michigan. The degree
of Ph. I), was conferred on him by Ilarvanl in
1879 for f)<>st-gra<luate studies, and he is a fellow
of the American association for the advancement
of science, and a menjlH«r of the lioston so<'iety of
natural history and other scientific bodies. His
bibliography embraces nearly 100 titles of (laperg
on geology, lithology, and similar subjects, includ-
ing the following books, "Geologv of the Irrm and
Copper Districts of Lake Superior " (Cambridge,
1880); "The Azoid System and its pro[K*sed .Sul>-
divisions." with Josiaii I). Whitiiev(lK84): " Litho-
logical Studies" (1884) ; and " Preliminary Descri|>-
tion of the Peridotytes, Gabbros, Dialmses, and
Andesites of Minnesota" (St. Paul, 1887).
WADSWORTH. Peleg, soldier, b. in Duxbury.
Mass., in 1748; d. in Hiram. Oxford co.. Me., 18
Nov., 1829. He was graduatinl at Harvard in 1769.
taught in Plymouth with .Vlexander Scammell, and
then engaged in commercial pursuits. Early in
the Revolutionary struggle he entered the army as
a captain of minute-men in Roxbury and lHK*ame
aide to (Jen. Artemas Wanl. Afterward he waa
made atljutant-general for Massachusetts, and was
r resent at the battle of Ixing Island, 1 Aug.. 1776.
le became brigadier-general of militia in 1777, and
was second in command of the Penobscot expedi-
tion in 1779, on which occasion he displayetl great
courage and was taken prisoner. He was again
captured in his house by a party of British soldiers
in February. 1781, and' imprisoned in the fort at
Castine, whence he escajKHl in June. In 1784 he
established himself in business in Portland, Me.,
where he was much employed in surveying. In
1792 he was in the state senate, and was elected to
coni
I80t
ford county. Me., to improve a large tract of land
that had Ikh'u granted to him liy the government
for his services. He dcvelope<l the resoun-es of
that region, and was appointed major-general of
Maine militia, — His son, Henry, naval officer, b,
about 1783; d. in Tripoli harbor, 4 Sept., 1804. en-
tered the navy as a midshipman, 28 Aug., 1799.
He was attacfieil to the frigate "Constitution."
which sailnl from Boston as Preble's flag-ship in
August, 1803. to the Mediterranean for the TriiK)li-
tan war. He was Hp|K>inte<l an acting lieutenant
in that shiii, and took i>art in the encagements
with the Tri[K)litan fleet and forts. When the
ketch •' Intrepid " was flttetl out as a flirting mine
to explode in the harbor among the Tri|M)litan ves-
sels, tie volunteered to serve in that enterprise
(see SoMERs. Richard), and perishwl with his c<»m-
|tanions. His sister Inx-ame the mother of the
[Kwt Ixngfellow. who WHS namml for him. — .\nother
son. Alexander Sramniell. navnl ofllcer. b. in
Portland. .Me., in KSKJ; d. in Wjishington. I). C. 5
April, 1851, entered the navy as a midshipman, 2
April, 1804, and was promoted to lieutenant, 21
April, 1810. Ue was 2d lieutenant of the frigate
igress, serving froni 2 I>e<*., 1793. till 3 March,
)i. In the last-named vear he removed to Ox-
314
WAFER
WAGNER
" Constitution " during her memorable escape from
the British fleet, and also took part in the engage-
ment with the frigate "Guerriere," 19 Aug., 1812,
for which he received a silver medal and was in-
cluded in the vote of thanks to Hull and his offi-
cers. He was 1st lieutenant of the corvette " Ad-
ams" during her cruise in 1814 when she captured
ten prizes, but was chased by a British fleet into
Penobscot bay. There she ran ashore, and, to pre-
vent capture, was destroyed by her crew, who
erected a fort armed with the guns from the Ship,
and drove the enemv away. He was promoted for
his services during tlie war to master-commandant,
27 April, 1816, and commanded the brig '* Prome-
theus" in the Mediterranean squadron after the
Algerine war in 1816-'17. and then the sloop '* John
Adams " in the West Indies, suppressing piracy in
two cruises— in 1818-'19 and 1821-'2. He served at
the Washington navy-yard in 1823-'5, and as in-
spector of ordnance in 1825-'9. He was promoted
to captain, 3 March, 1825, surveyed Narragansett
bay, R. I., and commanded the frigate '* Constella-
tion," of the Mediterranean squadron, in 1829-'32.
He was commodore commanding the Pacific squad-
ron in 1834-'6, a member of the board of navy
commissioners in 1837-'40, and inspector of ord-
nance from 1841 till 1850,
WAFER, Lionel, British surgeon, b. in Wales
about 1640; d. in London, England, about 1705.
He made several voyages to the South sea as sur-
geon on board merchant vessels, and in 1676 visited
the Malay archipelago. In 1677 he settled in
Jamaica, where he practised his profession for
some time, but in 1679 he acceptecl the appoint-
ment of surgeon on the fleet of two noted bucca-
neers, named Cook and Linen, who were joined by
others while cruising along the coast of South
America. They met, in Carthagena, William Dam-
()ier, who induced Wafer to enter his service. The
atter participated in Dampier's raids in the West
Indies and on the Atlantic coast, and accompanied
him in the expedition across the Isthmus of Darien
in 1680. But they quarrelled, and Wafer was aban-
doned on the road with four mutineers. They
were surrounded by hostile Indians; but one of the
soldiers, who understood their language, told the
natives that Wafer was a great magician, and he
lived with the Indians for several years, till he ob-
tained permission to visit his own country, on
promising to return and marry the chief's sister
and to bring with him some dogs from England.
He sailed away in 1684 on hoard a French bucca-
neer. He afterward wa.s reconciled with Dampier,
and sailed with him till 1685, when he became sur-
geon on board Capt. Nathaniel Davis's ship, and
continued to lead a privateer's life in the South sea.
In 1688 he came to North America and was among
the first settlers of Philadelphia, where he resided
in 1688-'90, returning in the latter year to Lon-
don. He wrote " A New Voyage and Description
of the Isthmus of America" (London, 1699), which
was translated into French (Paris, 1706), and Ger-
man (Halle, 1759). It contained the fullest descrip-
tion that had been published of the Isthmus of
Darien, the Indians that inhabited it, and its natu-
ral productions, and also interesting facts regard-
ing Mexico, communicated to him by a Spanish
captain. The Swedish version (Upsala, 1789) con-
tams also an interesting description of New Spain
that is attributed to Wafer.
WAGGAMANN, George Augustns, senator, b.
in Somerset county, Md., in 1782; d. in New Orleans,
La., 22 March, 1843. He was educated in Mary-
land, and practised law in New Orleans, w^as in-
terested in sugar-planting, and held various offices.
including that of secretary of state of Louisiana in
1830-'3. He was elected tJ. S. senator in place of
Edward Livingston, resigned, and served as a Whig
from 3 Jan., 1832, till 3 March. 1835. He died from
the effects of a wound that he received in a duel.
WAGNER, Daniel Christian, Alsatian navi-
gator, b, in Mulhouse about 1501 ; d. in Patagonia
m 1552. He early entered the Spanish service,
and acted as chief pilot in Mexico and Peru. In
1539 Gutierrez de Vargas, bishop of Placencia,
sent Admiral Camargo to explore the Strait of
Magellan. The fleet sailed from Seville in Au-
gust. 1539, Wagner acting as chief pilot, anchored
on 20 Jan., 1540, near Cape Virgins, and, after en-
tering the strait, stopped at Port Famine, but was
forced out by a hurricane and two vessels sank,
the crew seeking refuge on shore. A few days
later Admiral Camargo returned to search for the
shipwrecked, and Wagner went in a boat to re-
connoitre ; but a new tempest carried Camargo out
to sea, and he entered I slay, in Peru. Wagner,
thus abandoned on the shore, met a part of the
shipwrecked crews, and with their help built bar-
racks in which they wintered, suffering greatly
from cold and famine. In the summer they built
a boat and they arrived in Islay in December, 1541.
In 1552 Wagner was appointed to the command
of a new expedition to explore the strait, but died
during the journey. The " Collection des grands
et petits voyages" (50 vols., Paris, 1750-'75) at-
tributes to Wagner a narrative entitled " Relation
de I'expedition de I'Amiral Camargo au detroit
de Magellan en 1539-'40, du naufrage de deux na-
vires de la flotte, et des souffrances, aventures, et
miraculeuse echappe des nauf rages."
WAGNER, John, surgeon, b. in Charleston,
S. C, 7 July, 1791 ; d. there, 22 May, 1841. He
was graduated at Yale in 1812, studied medicine
in New York, went to England in 1815, where
he became the pupil of Sir. Astley P. Cooper for
three years, and, while attending his lectures, was
employed as a dresser in Guy's hospital, London.
Two large manuscript volumes on surgery and
anatomy remain as a register of the important
cases that he studied during this period. He re-
ceived a degree from the Royal college of surgeons,
and also studied in Paris under Dupuytren. On
his return he settled in Charleston, S. C, where he
soon rose to eminence as a surgeon. He success-
fully performed the third operation for osteo-
sarcoma of the lower jaw. In 1826 he began a
course of dissections and demonstrations in practi-
cal anatomy. In the art of making and preserv-
ing anatomical preparations he was rarely excelled,
and his specimens, which still remain, are models;
In 1829 ne was elected professor of pathological
and surgical anatomy in South Carolina medical
college, which is said to have been the first college
to establish this department. In 1832 he succeeded
Dr. James Ramsey in the chair of surgery.
WAGNER. Moritz Friedrich, German ex-
plorer, b. in Baireuth, Bavaria. 3 Oct., 1813. He
received his education at the University of Augs-
burg, was afterward clerk in a mercantile house in
Marseilles, and in 1834 went to Paris, Erlan^en.
and Munich, to study natural science. He visited
Algiers in 1836-'8, studied geology at Go^tingen
in 1838-'42, explored the Cauca.sus and Armenia
in 1842-'6, at the expense of the Berlin academy
of sciences, and visited Italy in 1846-'9, and Asia
Minor, Persia, and Kurdistan in 1850-'l. In
1852-'5,. with Karl von Scherzer, he visited the
United States, Central America, and the West
Indies, and he went again to America in 1857, at
the invitation of King Maximilian II. of Bavaria.
WAU^KR
WAINWRIQHT
810
lie explorwl the province of C'hiriqui, on the Isth-
mus of PuiiHUia. till 1858, viniting in 185U the
western Ancles «»f F2ciiador, and forming rich col-
lections in natural history. On his return to Ger-
many in 180() he was ap|>oiiite(l professor of ge-
ogmphy in the University of Munich, elected an
asMK'iate memlx-r of the >runith and IJerlin acade-
mies of sciences, fountlinl and l)ecame dire<;tor of
the Ethnographical nuiseum of Munich, and dis-
covered prehistoric habitations in some of the lakes
in liavana, principally that of Starnberg, Wagner
has since devoted his labors exclusively to science.
His works, l)eside8 those that descriln? his travels
in the Old World, include "Reisen in Xordamerika"
(3 vols., Leipsic, 1854), " Die Re|)ublik von Costa-
Rica in Central- Amerika " (18i>0), both written
with Scherzer; " Ueberdas Vorkommen von Pfahl-
bauten" (Munich, 18G7); and " L'el)er Tof)ogra-
nhie, Zweck und Alter der Pfahlbauten" (1807).
He contributed also many patnirs describing his
travels to Petermann's monthly collection and to
the journal of the (Jeographical society of Berlin.
WAGNER, Webster, inventor, b. near Palatine
Bridge, X. Y., 2 Oct., 1817; d. near Spuyten Duy-
vil, X. Y., V'i Jan., 1882. He received a common-
school education and became a wagon-maker. Sub-
sequently he received the appointment of freight
agent on the Xew York Central railroad, and then
invented the sleeping-car. In 1858 he had four of
these cars in operation, and their use gradually ex-
tended until they were adopte«l on all the lines of
the Vanderbilt system. In 1807 he manufacturetl
the first drawing-r(K)m car, and founded the Wag-
ner i)alace-<'ar company, of which he was president
until his death. He also invented the oval car-
roof, and patented the elevated panel. Mr. Wag-
ner was elected as a Republican to the New York
assembly in 1870, and from 1871 till 1882 he was
state senator. In 1880 he was a delegate to the
liepublican national convention. He was killed in
a railroad disaster on the Hudson river road.
WAliNKR, Williuni, philanthropist, b. in
Phihidelphia, Pa., 15 .Jan., 17%; d. there, 17 Jan..
1885. He received an academic etlucation, and
was desirous of studying medicine, but his parents
decided otherwise, and he entered the counting-
room of Stephen Girard. In 1810 he was sent as
an assistant supercargo on a trading voyage that
lasted nearly two years. On this voyage he matle
largo collections of shells, plants, and fossils, which
formed the Ix'ginnings of his museum. Subsi»-
queutly ho engaged in various busint»ss enterprises,
but finally retired in 1840. After a residence
abroad of two years in 1841-'2 he returned to
Philadelphia and devote<l himself to arranging his
collections. In 1847 he begtin to deliver scientific
lectures to those that were interested, and in 1852
his audiences had grown so large that he was com-
pelled to secure the use of a hall. The Wagner
free institute of science was inaugurated on 21
May, 1855, with a corps of lecturers. Ten years
later an edifice was dedicated, and .Mr. Wagner
transferretl the building and its collections, cabi-
nets, ap[)aratu8. and library to trustees on condi-
tion that the property shall forever be usetl for
instruction in natural science. It is estimated that
his entire l>enefa<-t ion for this purpose was not
less than Irnlf a million dollars, lie continueil
president of the institute until his death, and was
a memlwr of learned s<H!ieties, to whose proceed-
ings he contributed scientific papers.
WAINWRUiHT. Jonathan Marhew, P. E.
bishop, b. in Liverpool. England. 24 Feb., 1793;
d. in New York city, 21 Sept., 1854. He was of
American parentage, his mother being a daughter
of Rev. Jonathan Mavhew, of Boston. He was
graduated at Harvard in 1812, where he was after-
ward tutor, onlered deacon in the Protestant Epis-
copal church in Trinity church, B^>ston, 13 April,
1817, ordainwl priest in ChrUt church, Hartford,
Conn., 2» May, 1818, and becanie rector of the lat-
ter. In Novemlx,'r, 1819, he removed to New York,
and l»ecame a.ssistant minister in Trinity church.
He was ma<le rector of Grace church in 1821, and
remained in that charge until 1834, when he be-
came rector of Trinity church, Boston. In 1887
he returned to
Trinity parish.
New \ ork, as as-
sistant in charge
of St. John's
chapel, which
post 'he retained
until he was ele-
vat ed to the epis-
copate. He re-
ceived the de-
gn-e of D. D.
from Union col-
lege in 1823, and
from Harvard in
18;i5. The de-
gree of I). C. L.
was conferred
upon him bv the yfyTiAiy^ • v'.^
IniversityofOx- ^ //l/y^^c.o^.'*^.*'^-'^.^^^^^^^
ford. England. ^
in 1852. I)r. Wainwright was conset-rated provis-
ional bishop of New York in Trinity church, Xew
York, on 10 Xov., 1852. He was for many years sec-
retary of the houst? of bishops, aided in the estab-
lishment of the University of New York, and was
considered one of the first pulpit orators of his day.
Bishop Wainwright wielded great stK-ial influence,
was a rijK? scholar, and was a devoted lover of
music, contributing towanl its improvement in the
churches of his denomination. He was secretarj'
of the Ixiard of trustees of the General theological
seminary in 1828-'34, and a tnistee or ofllcer of
many other institutions and societies. In 1844 he
engaged in a controversy with his friend Rev. Dr.
(Jeorge Potts, which grew out of an as.«erlion that
Rufus Choate made at a celebration of the Xew
P^ngland society. The orator said that the Pilgrim
fathers had founded a "state without a king and
a church without a bishop." At the dinner that
followed. Dr. Wainwright. in res|>onding to a sen-
timent, said in renly that "there is no church
without a bishop.' The subse<juent discussion
with Dr. Potts, which was carriwl <m in nineteen
letters in the New York "Connnercial Advertiser,"
wius afterward publishetl in pamphlet-form (1844).
His other works include "Four Sermons on Re-
ligious Etlucation" (New Y^ork, 182J»): " Ix'ssons
on the Church "(18JJ5); "Order of P'amilv Praver"
(1845); "Short Family Prayers" (1850): "The
Pathway and Abiding-Places of our Lord, illus-
trated in the Journal of a Tour through the I>and
of Promise" (1851); "The Land of Ik>ndage:
InMug the Journal of a Tour in Egypt" (1852);
single st>nnons; and papers in (>eriodicals. He
also prei)are<l three books of music : a " Book of
Chants,' adapted to services of the Epistvpal
church (1819) ; " .Music of the Chun^h " (1828) ; and
"The Choir and Family Psalter." in connection
with Rev. Dr. William A. Muhlenberg (1851): and
edited Bishop Ravenscroft's "Sennons," with a
memoir (2 vols., 1830), and " Life of Bishop Heber,"
by his widow (2 vols.. 1830). Sec a "Memorial
V'olume," containing thirty-four of his sermons
316
WAINWRIGHT
WAIT
and a memoir by Bishon Doane (1856), and " Life
of Bishop Wainwright, by Rev. John N. Norton
(1858). After his death a church was erected to
his memory in New York city. — His son, Jona-
than Mayhew, naval officer, b. in New York
city, 27 July, 1821 ; d. near Galveston, Tex., 1 Jan.,
1863, entered the navy as a midshipman, 30 June,
1837, attended the naval school at Philadelphia in
1843-'3, and became a passed midshipman, 29 June,
1843. He was appointed acting master, 10 Nov.,
1849, and commissioned lieutenant, 17 Sept., 1850.
He was on special duty at Washington in 1861,
and commanded the steamer " Harriet Lane,"
which was Admiral Porter's flag-ship in F'arragut's
fleet during the engagements with Fort JacKson
and Fort St. Philip and the capture of New Or-
leans in April, 1862. He took part in the opera-
tions of the fleet below Vicksburg, and in October,
1862, commanded the " Harriet Lane " in Com-
mander Renshaw's squadron at the capture of
Galveston. While he was holding possession of
Galveston, Gen. Magruder attacked the " Harriet
Lane," then lying above the city. Wainwright
was killed while gallaiftly leading his men to re-
pel the Confederate boarders, and in ten minutes
after half the crew of the " Harriet Lane " were
shot down and the vessel was captured by the Con-
federates.— The second Jonathan Mayhew's son,
Jonathan Mayhew, naval officer, b. in New York
city, 29 Jan., 1849; d. at sea, 19 June, 1870, was
graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1867,
was promoted to master, 21 March, 1870, and
while serving in the " Mohican " he had command
of the boat expedition to cut out the pirate
steamer " Forward," which was operating on the
coast of Mexico, manned by a crew of filibusters.
The " Forward " was lying alongside of the beach
in the lagoon at San Bias when Wainwright at-
tacked and attempted to capture the ship by board-
ing. Tlie pirates fired on the boat's crew, and
shot Wainwright. The crew burned the steamer,
and Wainwrignt wjis carried on board ship, where
he died the next day. — The second Jonathan's
daughter, Marie, now Mrs. Louis James, has at-
tained some reputation as an actress.
WAINWRIGHT, Richard, naval officer, b. in
Charlestown, Mass., 5 Jan., 1817; d. near New Or-
leans, 10 Aug., 1862. He entered the navy as a
midshipman, 11 May, 1831, attended the naval
school at Norfolk in 1837-'8, and became a passed
midshipman, 15 June, 1837. In 1838-41 he served
on the coast survey in the brig " Consort." He
was commissioned lieutenant. 8 Sept., 1841, com-
manded the steamer " Water-Witch " on the home
station in 1848-'9, served again on coast survey in
1851-'7, and cruised in the steam frigate " Merri-
mack " in 1857-'60. He was stationed at the Wash-
ington navy -yard on ordnance duty in 1860-'l,
promoted to commander, 24 April of the latter
year, and given the flag-ship " Hartford " of Ad-
miral Farragut's fleet, fitted out for the capture of
New Orleans. During the passage of the forts
the Confederate tug " Mosher " pushed a fire-raft
alongside of the " Hartford," which threatened
the destruction of the ship. Wainwright distin-
guished himself in this conflict with the flames
and continued to fight the forts on 24-25 April.
He participated in the operations of Farragut's
fleet below Vicksburg, and was highly commended
by the admiral. At the time of his death he still
commanded the " Hartford."
WAIT, Benjamin, patriot, b. in Markham town-
ship. Upper Canada, 7 Sept., 1813. He engaged in
the Canadian rebellion, and was appointed a colonel
in the insurgent forces that had their headquarters
on Navy island. On a raid into Upper Canada he
was captured, brought to trial for high treason, and
condemned to be hanged on 25 Aug., 1838. Only
a fortnight intervened between his sentence and its
intended execution ; but in that short time his wife,
Maria Wait (n^e Smith), surmounting almost im-
possible difficulties and the strong opposition of
Sir George Arthur, governor of Upper Canada, ob-
tained from Lord Durham, the governor-general,
a commutation of his sentence from death to trans-
portation for life to Van Dieman's Land. She then
went alone and almost penniless to London to ob-
tain his pardon. The case was laid before the
queen's council, but they opposed any clemency so
long as the disturbances continued to exist in
Canada. Mrs. Wait supported herself at first by
acting as companion to a wealthy lady, and then
as teacher in an infant-school, meanwfiile making
constant efforts for the release of her husband.
After two years, her health broken hy long-con-
tinued suspense and privation, she decided to join
her husband in his banishment. She was about to
embark for Van Dieman's Land when the ministry
had decided to grant a pardon to her husband and
his six surviving companions in exile if it should
be recommended by the governor-general of Can-
ada. She set out at once for Toronto; but she
received from the governor only a kindly refusal.
Not disheartened by this, she besought the mem-
bers of the legislature to exercise their influence,
and succeeded at the end of a year in securing the
signatures of fifty of the number to her petition.
With this she again waited upon the governor,
who a^ain declined her request. She then induced
her friends in the legislature to introduce a resolu-
tion recommending the governor to urge upon the
queen a pardon to Wait and his associate exiles.
The resolution was passed, and then the governor
yielded. In March, 1842, an order was issued for
their absolute release. Meanwhile Wait had been
allowed unusual freedom in Van Dieman's Land,
and at the very time when the British ministry
were signing the order for his release, he succeeded
in escaping from Hobart Town. He had arranged
with an American whaler to take him and a single
companion up at sea from a small 'ooat : but they
were missed in the darkness, and then for thirteen
days they were tossed about with no food but raw
fish. At last they were seen by an American vessel
homeward bound. The ship was wrecked on the
coast of Brazil, but none perished. Seven months
afterward, ragged and penniless. Wait reached the
United States, and rejoined his devoted wife, who
was teaciiing at Niagara Falls. But, worn out with
her efforts in her nusband's behalf. Mrs, Wait's
health had given wav, and soon after his return she
died. Wait is still living in Grand Rapids, Mich.
WAIT, Samuel, educator, b. in Washington
county, N. Y., 19 Dec, 1789; d. in Wake Forest,
N. C, 28 July, 1867. He was graduated at Colum-
bian college, Washington, D. C., and served there
for a short time as tutor. In 1827, having already
been ordained to the Baptist ministry, he removeJl
to North Carolina, and became pastor at New
Berne. The remainder of his life was devoted to
the promotion of the educational and religious in-
terests of that state, and few men have accom-
plished more for these interests, espe(flally as con-
nected with the Baptist denomination. Mainly
by his exertions the Baptist state convention of
North Carolina was organized in 1830. The first
Baptist newspaper published in the state owed its
existence to his labors. He was active in estab-
lishing Wake Forest school, wliich subsequently
became Wake Forest college, and was president
H B H»U, Jr
.^. ^z^..^-
r.APPLfiT'j;; * ■
WAIT
WAITE
817
of it from ita foundation to 1846. a period of four-
teen voars. In IMl-'O he ha<l chHrjr'' of a school
for girls in Oxfonl, N. C. He has rpcoived the
deflrrL>« of I). I). fn)in Wake Forest in 1849.
WAIT. William, lawyer, b. in Kphratah. N. Y..
2 Feb.. 1K21 ; d. in .Johnstown. N. Y.. 21) iX^x. 188().
He studied law, was admitted to the Imr in IH4G,
anil U-oaine district attorney of Fulton count v,
N. Y., in 1H4«. In 1856 he held the oflUe of schoiil
conunissioner. As a law-writer Mr. Wait was {tains-
taking and accurate. Few legal works have been
nuire widely known or more g«'nerally cited a-s
authority than his. He was the author of "The
Ijaw and Practice in C'iyil Actions and Proceed-
injfs in Justices' Courts and on Appeals to the
County Courts in the State of New \ ork " (2 vols..
AllwinV, 186.5); "New York Annotate<l Code of
Proctnlure" (1871); "A Table of Cases affirmed,
revised, or cite<l in the Reports of the State of
New York " (1872) ; " The Practice in Courts of
Record of the .State of New York" (1872): and
" Wait's Actions and Defences at I^aw and in
Equity" (7 vols., 1876-'9). Mr. Wait also edite<l
an American edition of Herbert Broom and Rlward
A. Hadley's "Commentaries on the Jjaw of Vmg-
land " (2 vols., Albany. 1875). and prepared a con-
tinuation of Clinton's " Digest of New York Re-
ports," which was publishe<l as " Clinton and Wait's
Digest of New York Rcjxjrts" (187(J).
WAITE, Carlos Adolphus, soldier, b. in 1800;
d. in Platlsburg, N. Y.. 7 May. 1866, He entered
the U. S. army as 2d lieutenant of infantry, 28
Jan., 1820, became 1st lieutenant, 1 Mav, 1828, and
captain. 3 July. 1886. From 7 July, 'l838. till 8
May, 1845. he was captain and assistant quarter-
master. He was appointed major of the 8th in-
fantry, 16 Feb.. 1847. and served in the Mexican
war, receiving the brevets of lieutenant-colonel, 20
Aug., 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at
Oontreras and Churubusco, and colonel. 8 Sept.,
1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Mo-
lino del Rey. where he was severely wounded. He
was made lieutenant-colonel of the 5th infantry on
10 Nov., 1M51. and colonel of the 15th infantry on
5 June. 1860. In 1M64 he was placed on the re-
tirtvl list, owing to impaired health, ami he resided
in Piattsburg until his death. He was brevetted
brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865,
for long and faithful service in the army.
WAITE, Ciiarle» Biirlingaine, jurist, b.. in
Wayne county. N. Y.. 29 Jan.. 1H24. lie was edu-
cated at Knox college. 111., studitnl law at Gales-
burg and Rock Island, and was adrnittetl to the
bar in 1847. After fifteen years' successful prac-
tice, chiefly in Chicago, he was ap{M)inted by Presi-
dent Lincoln in 18<J2 ass<K'iate justice of "the su-
preme court of Utah. In 1865 he resigned this
post and became district attorney of Idaho, and a
year later he returne<l to Chicago, sim-e which time
he has devote<l himself to literary pursuits. Judge
Waite has publisheil a "History of the Christian
Religion to the Year A. D. 200" (Chicago, 1881),
and mmle numen>us contributions to the press on
suffrage and other jiolitico-legal (|uestions. — His
wife. Catharine Van Valkenburg, author, b. in
Dumfries. Cana4la West, in 1829. was graduated
at Ul)erlin in 185:i. and marriwl Mr. Waite the next
year. In 18.59 she established Hyde Park si>minar>'.
She is a gnuluate of thi* L'nion college of law and
a memlK>rof the Illinois bar. In 1886 she founded
the "Chicago Ijaw Times." a ouarterlv magazine,
of which she is the e<litor. >irs. Waite is active
in all movements for the advanivment of her sex.
At the International council of women at Wash-
ington she was elected president of the Woman's
j international bar association. 26 March, 1888. She
is chief manager of the publishing-flrm of C. V.
, Waite and Co.. an<l ha-s published "The Mormon
i Prophet and his Harem" (Cambridge, 186.5).
WAITE, Henrr MatHon, jurist, b. in Lvme,
Conn.. 9 Feb.. 1787: d. then'. 14 Deo., 1869. ' His
ancestor, Thomas, who came from England to Ma.**-
sachuscttsatxnit 16<W. is lielieve*! to have \>oeu a son
of Thomas Waite. one of the judges that signed
the death-warrant of Charles I. Henry was gradu-
I atetl at Yale in 1809. studie<l law with Judge
Matthew Oriswold and his brother. Gov. Roger
Griswold, was admitte<i to the Imr in 1812. and
! practiseil law in Lyme. In 1815 he was elected
\ to the legislature, serving several years as rep-
resentative and as state senator in' 1832-'3. He
was apfMiinted a judge of the supreme court of
errors of Connecticut in 18Ji4, and held that place
I and that of judge of the suf)erior court for twenty
I years. In 1854 he was made chief justice of the
j state by the unanimous vote of the legislature. In
I 1855 Yale gave him the degree of LL. D. — His
son. MorriHon Reniiok, jurist, b. in Lyme, Conn.,
29 Nov., 1816 ; d. in Wa.shington, I). C.! 23 Manh,
1888. He was graduate<l at Yale in 1837. where
he was a classmate of William M. Evart.s. lien-
jamin Silliman. and Samuel J. Tilden, and Ik?-
gan the study of law in his father's office, but in
I 1838 travelled extensively, and then completed his
legal education with Samuel M. Young in Maumee
j City, Ohio. In 1839 he was admitted to the Xmt,
I and formed a partnershiji with Mr. Young. He
S roved him.self capable of grasping all the minute
etails of legal controversies and rose rapidly,
i The firm removed to Toledo in 1850. and contin-
ued until his youngest brother, Richartl, came to
the bar. when the two bn)thers fonned a partner-
shin. Mr. Waite in the mean time had become
! widely known for his successful management of
I difficult cases, and his studious habits and upright
j character. Opposing counsel often said that nis
I a.ssertion on any question of law was unanswer-
I able. During more than three deca<les he was the
I acknowledged leader of the Ohio Ijar. Politically
I he was a Whig until the dislmndnient of that par-
I ty, after which he was a Republican. But he took
no part in political affairs, although re^ieatedly so-
licited to accept a nomination to congress, and he
declined a seat on the bench of the supreme court
' of Ohio. In 1849 he was a member of the Ohio
legislature. He first attracted national attention as
counsel for the Uniteil States Iwfore the tribunal
of arbitration at Geneva. Switzerland, in 1871-'2,
his a-ssix-iales l)eing Caleb Cushing and William
M. Evarts. He assisted in the pre|wration of the
case, and was chosen to argue tlie liability of the
English government for {K-rmitting Confederate
steamers to be supplieil with coal in British (Kirts
during the civil war, the robust clearness and di-
rectness of his logic carrying conviction on all
the points he raised. His argument was pub-
lishwl (Geneva, 18?2). When he returne<l in 1872.
the ilegree of LL. D. was conferretl ujKin him by
Yale. In 1874 he was the choice of Uith political
parties as a delegate to the Ohio constitutional con-
vention, and on its assembling in Cincinnati he was
unanimously electeil its president. When the death
of Chief-Justice Chase had created a vacancy in the
highest judicial office of the United States, two or
three eminent jurists were successively nominateil
for the post, but their names were withdrawn. On
19 Jan.. 1874, the president S4>nt to the senate the
name of Mr. Waite. The nomination met with
general approval, and the nominee received every
vote that was cast. Mr. Waite took the oath of
318
WAITE
WAKEFIELD
oflSce on 4 March, 1874, and immediately entered
upon its duties. He rigidly enforced the rules and
precedents of the court in all matters of practice,
watched the docket, and pushed the business rap-
idly. The second great period of constitutional
interpretation began with his first year on the
bench. The amendments were coming up for ju-
dicial exposition, and questions were to be settled
as to the powers of congress, the rights of states,
and the privileges of citizens. Some of the most
important corporation eases that were ever argued
in the United States came before him, involving
the most intricate questions of interstate com-
merce. One of his associates on the bench says:
" His administrative ability was remarkable. None
of his predecessors more steadily or more wisely
superintended the court or more carefully ob-
served all that is necessary to its workings. He
has written many of the most important opinions
of the court — too many to be particularized."
Among these opinions are the decision on the
head-money-tax cases in 1876, on the polygamy
cases in 1879, on the election laws in 1880, on the
powers of removal by the president, and the Vir-
ginia land cases in 1881, on the civil-rights act
m 1883, on the Alabama claims, the legal -tender
act, and the Virginia coupon - tax cases in 1885,
on the express companies and the extradition cases
in 1886, and on the Kansas prohibition cases, the
Virginia debt cases, the national banks, and the
affair of the Chicago anarchists in 1887. A
marked feature of C^ief-Justice Waite's judicial
career was the pronounced advocacy of the doc-
trine of state rights in his opinions. His concep-
tion of our novel and complex theory of govern-
ment, and his independence of political considera-
tions, are clearly shown in the Ku-klux, civil rights,
and other decisions, in which he did not hesitate
to set aside Republican legislation if he deemed it
necessary ; nor was he deterred, by fear of being
accused of friendliness to large corporations, from
Eronouncing decisions in their favor — for example,
is decision on the validity of the Bell telephone
patents, which was his last official action, ife was
assigned to the 4th circuit, which included Mary-
land, Virginia, West Virginia, and the Carolinas,
and also acted as circuit judge in New York in
consequence of the disability of Justice Ward
Hunt. He often was known to hurry away from
a state dinner, to bestow conscientious labor upon
some important opinion, working late into the
night. It will be remembered to his honor that
he never allowed any whisperings of ambition to
divert his attention from his duties. He made it
clear to the country in the most emphatic lan-
guage in 1876 that he would not be considered a
possible candidate for president. He also declined
to serve on the electoral commission. Judge Waite
was from 1874 till his death one of the Peabody
trustees of southern education, continuously served
on one of the standing committees of that body,
and was also on the special committee of three that
urged on congress the bestowal of national aid for
the education of the southern negroes. Robert C.
Winthrop, chairman of the trustees, at their an-
nual meeting in 1888, in the course of remarks on
Judge Waite's life and character, said of him :
"Coming to the office without the prestige of
many, or perhaps of any, of those whom he fol-
lowed, he had won year by year, and every year,
the increasing respect and confidence of the whole
country, and the warm regard and affection of all
who knew him." Services were held in the capitol
by the two houses of congress txjfore the removal
of his remains to Toledo. In the U. S. circuit
court in Charleston, S. C, where he had often pr».
sided, members of the bar of that citv spoke in his
praise, especially alluding to his kindliness of man-
ner and impartiality during the reconstruction pe-
riod. " Fortunate, indeed," said one of the speak-
ers, " that there was a man who, amidst the furious
passions which rent the country and shook the
land, could hold in his steady arid equal hand the
balances of justice undisturbed." The degree of
LL. D. was given him by Kenyon in 1874. and by
the University of Ohio in 1879. Chief-Justice Waite
was of medium height, broad-shouldered, compact-
ly built, and erect. His step was light and firm,
and all his movements were quick and decisive.
His well-poised, classically shaped head was mas-
sive and thickly covered with handsome grayish
hair. His manners were graceful and winning, but
unassuming. He was one of the most genial of
men, and his whole bearing commanded instant
respect. His private character was singularly pure
ana noble. Judge Waite was a memt)er of the
Protestant Episcopal church, and a regular at-
tendant on its services. Mrs. Waite, four sons,
and one daughter survive him.
WAITE, Henry Randall, editor, b. in Copen-
hagen, Lewis CO., N. Y., 16 Dec, 1845. Aft«r
graduation at Hamilton in 1868, he was on the
staff of the Utica " Herald " in 1869-'70. In 1873
he was graduated at Union theological seminary,
New York city, where he had edited the " Univer-
sity Quarterly Review." In 1871-'4 he was pastor
of the American church in Rome, Italy, and he
was on the staff of the New Haven " Journal " in
1875. In 1876-'7 he edited the "International
Review," and in 1876-'80 was pastor of the Pres-
byterian church in Pelham, N. Y. In 1876 he
organized the National reform league, and in
1876-'7 was president of the Political science as-
sociation of New York. In 1880-'3 he was a spe-
cial officer of the U. S. census. In 1885-'6 he
edited " The Citizen " in Boston, and he afterward
became editor of "Civics" in New York. In 1885
he founded the American institute of civics, of
which he has since been president. He was the
first to employ the term "civics" to designate
those branches of science that pertain to the ele-
vation of citizenship. He has published " The Mo-
tive of St. Paul's Life " (Rome. 1873) and " Illit-
eracy and the Mormon Problem " (Boston, 1885).
WAKEFIELD, Cyrns, manufacturer, b. in
Roxbury, Cheshire co., N. H., 7 Feb., 1811; d. in
Boston, Mass., 26 Oct., 1873. About 1827 he went
to Boston, where he engaged in trade. He origi-
nated the rattan business in this country, and dis-
covered several methods of utilizing the rattan
waste, while of the split rattans he made furniture
and carriage-bodies. He established a large fac-
tory for these manufactures in South Reading,
Mass., where his rat tan- works cover seven acres of
ground. In 1868 South Reading voted to change
its name to Wakefield, in recognition of his bene-
factions, particularly the gift of a town-hall that
cost $100,000. He also gave |100,000 to Harvard,
and left lnrg(> bequests to benevolent objects.
WAKEFIELD, Nancy Amelia Woodbnry
Priest, poet. b. in R<jvalton, Mass., 7 Dec., 1836 ;
d. in \\inchendon, >Iass., 21 Sept., 1870. Her
maiden name was Priest, and in 1865 she married
Lieut. Arlington C. Wakefield. Her fame rests on
the popular poem "Over the River." which first
appeared in the Springfield, Mass., " Republican "
in 1857. A collection of her poems was published
by her mother, Mrs. Francis D. Priest, with a
memoir by the Rev. Abijah P. Marvin, of Lan-
caster, Mass. (Boston, 1871).
WAKELEY
WAIX;OT
819
WAKELEY. JoHenh B., clerKrman. b. in Dan-
bury, (.'onn., ill 1S04 ; d. in Now York city. 27
A|>ril, 1H70. At an earlv ajre he was npprvnticiHl
to a hat-manufaj'ttin'r ui his native t»»wn, but
studitnl fi>r the ministry, and was a4iniitted to the
Methtxlist Kpisfopal eonferenee of New York in
1S*2M. Ill 1857 he settlwl in I'oujfhkeejwie, but he
was siiliMHjuently anpointtnl pastor of a cliurch in
Ijexiii^ton avenue. Sew York. He was the author
of "Tlie Heroes of Methodism" (New York, IfWO)
an«l " liOst Chapters recovered from the Early
History of American Methmlism" (IMH); e<lite<l
•* Keminiscenoes," by the Kev. Henry Boehm, Bish-
op Asburv's travellinj; com|>anion (IHJVi) ; and also
nublisheti " .Vrnt-dotes of the Wesleys," with an
intnxluction bv John Mt-('liiit(K'k (1M<>J).
WALBACri, John Baptists de Barth, Baron
DE Walbaoh, soldier, b. in Mlinster. valley of St.
Gregorv, upiK>r Rhine. Germany, 3 Oct.. 1760; d.
in iSiltimore, Md., 10 June. 1857. H» was the third
son of Count Jf)seph de Barth, and received his
milit«rv education at Strasburg. In 178<J-'ft2 he
was a lieutenant in the I^auzun hussars. He re-
turned to his native land to join the army of the
Comte d'Artois, brother of Louis XVI. He was
present during the cami>ai}fn of 171>2 in ("hampapne
m the advance of the Prussian army until it was
disbanded at Maestricht, on 6 Jan., 1793, partici-
pated in the attack on Erankfort. and subs«Hpiently
servtMl durinir the campaij^i of 1793 in attacks on
the French lines at (iermersheim, lijtngenkandel,
and Weissenburg. In Octoln'r, 1793, he acceptetl a
captaincy in the Hussars de Kohan in the German
8er>'ice, and took part in covering the retreat of
the Duke of York ui>on Holland and Germany. In
1798 he obt«ine<I a six months' leave of absence,
with a view of visiting his father, who ha<l come to
the I'nited States at the opening of the French
revolution. But the father had dicil in Philadel-
phia, an<l his estate had l)een soUl by the sheriff.
Resigning his commission in the Hussars de Rohan,
in April, 1798, he was apfKiinted aide-<le-<'amp to
Gen. William Macpherson. He l)ecame 1st lieuten-
ant of I'. .S. cavalry and adjutant on 10 Jan., 1799.
was aide-de-cam{) to Gen. Alexander Hamilton in
May. assistant adjutant-general to Gen. William
North in Septemln'r, and in Decemln^r wasassigtuHl
to the staff of Gen. Charles C. Piiickney, whom he
assist e<l in preparing regulations for the cavalrv.
In February, 1801, he was made 1st lieutenant in
the regiment of artillerists and engineers, and on
25 Oct. following he was a|ipointe<l aide-de-camp
to Gen. James Wilkins<m. He wa.s retained in
April, 1802, as Ist lieutenant of artillery, and l>e-
came adjutant, 1 Dec, 1804. He w»is promoted
captain, 31 Jan., 1806. ma«le assistant deputy quar-
termaster-general in March, 1812, assistant a<lju-
tant-geiieral, with the rank of major, in June, 1813,
and on 6 Aug., 1813. adjutant-general. He took
Sart in the battle of Chrvsler's Field, Canaila, 11
lov., 1813, Gen. George VV. Cullum, in his "Cam-
paigns and Engineers of the War of 1812-'15,"
Bays that the enemv, " discovering our disorrler and
slackened fire. j)Us)uhI vigorously forwanl and en-
deavon'd by a flank movement to capture our can- j
non. when Adjutant-General Walljai-h, a German
veteran in our army who hatl seen much foreign j
servic«\ gave the order to ' charge mit de dragoons,'
and thus saved the ni«>ces." On 1 May. 1815, he re-
ceived the brevet of lieutenant-colonel " for meri- j
torious services." He l>ec«me major of aitillery, !
25 April. 1818. brevet colonel for " ten years' favor-
able service," 1 May, 1825, lieutenant-colonel in
the 1st regiment of artillery, 30 Mav, 1832, and colo- .
net of the 4th artillery, id March! 1^42. In May, 1
1880, he received the brevet of brigadier-general, to
date from 11 Nov., 1823. (ten. Walbach poaaaned
mental and nhvsical vigor till an advanced age. He
marrietl in t'hiladelphia in 1807. and had two sons,
John de Itarth. who entered the navy, and Ix)ais
Augustus de liarth, who was graduate<l at West
Point in 18:i4, and died a captain of ordnance, 26
June. 1853.
WALBKIUGE, Arthur Dewev. musical com-
poser, b. in Gaines, Orleans co., N. Y.. 10 April,
1843; d. in Rochester. N. Y., 14 Dec.. 1872. After
gra<luation at Princeton in 1867 he studieil law,
was admitted to the bar in 1871. and practise<l in
Rochester. He was the author of the words an<l
music of several popular stmgs. including " Now I
lay me down to Sleep" (1806); "Sleeping where
the Daisies grow " (18 «0) ; " Baby meets me on the
.Stairs" (1871); and college songs.
WALBRIlHiE, Hiram, lawver, b. in Ithaca,
N. Y., 2 Feb.. 1821; d. in New York city.fl Dec.,
1870. He removeil to Ohio with his imrents at an
early age. was educated at the university of that
state, studied law, was ailmitte<l to the Imr in 1842.
was elected colonel of militia the same year, and
in 1843 he was ap[K)inti>d briga<lier-j»eneral. With
others he formetl a plan to establish four news-
papers in Texas, to advtx-ate the independence
of that country, and to create an anti-annexation
sentiment; but the annexation of Texas rendered
their enterprise futile, and Walbridge retiirne<l to
Toledo, whence he removed to New York in 1847
to engage in commercial transactions. He was
elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 5
Dec. 1853, till 3 March, 1855, and advocating a
Pacific railn)a<l bill and the introduction of a
bill to regulate the militia of the seas, which at-
tractetl public attention. He was a personal friend
of President Lincoln, and during the war he fre-
quently atldress*><l the boards of trade in western
cities, advocating a supjK)rt of the government. He
was vice-president of the National commercial con-
vention at Chicago, and subwcpiently presided at
similar conventions in Detroit and Louisville. At
these meetings he a<lvocated free Imnking. a re-
ductiim of taxation. an«l the development of ihe
resources of the west. — His brother. Hknrv S. (1809-
18(J9), serve*! in congress as a Whig from 1 Dec,
1851. till 3 March. 18.53. and was a judg«» of the
supn>me court of New York. He was killed in a
railroad accident in the Bergen tunnel, near Ho-
boken. N. J.
WALCOT. Charles Melton, actor, b. in Ix>n-
don, England, in 1815; <1. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 10
May. 1868. He was educate<l at Eton, and became
an architect, but left his profession for the stage,
came to this country. ma«le his first appearance in
1839 in Charleston. S. C, and acquiriMl popularity.
He frequently playe<l at the old OlymiMc theatre
and at WallacK's,'but in 18<J6 removed to Phila-
delphia. He was particularlv excellent in eccentric
come<iy. and was also a pwliAc playwright. Among
his original and arranp^l plays are " The Course of
True I»ve " (185J9); " Washington, or Valley Forge"
(1842); "TheCustom of the Country- "(1H48>; "The
Haunted Man" (1848); "David Copj>erfield"
(184«) ; " IIoU)ken " (1849) ; " VaMWi " (1849) ; " One
Cast for Two .Suits" (1^54); " Hiawatha " (1855);
and "A Good Fellow" (1857). His Mings include
" My Ix)ve is a Sailor Boy " and " My own Little
Roee."— His son, CharleH Melton, actor, b. in
Boston, Mass.. 1 Julv. 1H40. was gntdiiated at St,
John's college. Foniham. N. Y.. in 1858, and in
that year matle his di'(>ut in Charleston. He is
successful in light comwly and is a member of the
Lyceum theatre company of New York.
320
WALCOTT
WALDEN
WALCOTT, Charles Doolittle, mlaontolo-
gist, b. in New York Mills, X. Y., 31 March, IbSO.
He was educated in public schools in Utica, N. Y.,
and in 1870 turned his attention to geological work
in the central part of the state. In 1876 he became
assistant to James Hall, the state geologist, and in
1879 he was appointed assistant geologist on the
U. S. geological survey. His first work was in
southern Utah, and in 1882 he was engaged in the
survey of the Eureka district in Nevada. In 1883
he investigated the geology of the Grand caflon of
the Colorado, and in 1884 devoted his attention to
the Cambrian geology of New York and eastern
Vermont. Subsequently he was engaged in ex-
amining the deposits of Deer creek coal-field in
Arizona and the palajozoic area in central Texas.
In June, 1883, he was appointed palaxjntologist in
charge of the palaeozoic division of invertebrate
palaeontology of the U. S. geological survey. He
IS a member of scientific societies, and since 1882
has lieen a fellow of the American association for
the advancement of science. His bibliography in-
cludes papers in scientific journals, the transactions
of learned societies, and the volumes of the U. S.
geological survey.
WALDECK, Jean Frederic de, archaeologist,
b. in Paris, France, 16 March, 1766; d. there, 30
April, 1875. When nineteen years of age he went
with Levaillant to the Cape of Good Hope, and
made explorations in South Africa. On his return
to Paris in 1788
lie began to study
art under the guid-
ance of David and
Prud'hon, and this
experienceenabled
him to make au-
thentic records of
his travels, espe-
cially those in Cen-
tral America. He
was present at the
siege of Toulon in
1793, and in 1794
joined the army in
Italy. In 1798 he
followed the expe-
dition to Egypt,
but did not serve,
and, when Napo-
leon's plans failed,
he deeidetl to travel in Africa. With four com-
panions, he left Assouan, crossed the desei't of
Dongola, and passed the Dji bel-el-Eumery. The
four travellers, however, succumbed to fatigue and
sickness, and De Waldeck alone lived to reach the
coast, after four months of weary travel, danger,
and privation. He returnetl to t'rance, and sub-
sequently embarked for the Mauritius, going from
there to the Indian ocean. In 1819 he visit«d
Chili with Lord Cochrane, and went upon an
archaeological ex|)cdition to Guatemala. He re-
turned to England in 1822 and settled in Lon-
don, where he was engaged in making the litho-
graphs to illustrate a work by Capt. del Rio on
the ruins of Palenque and Chiapas. From his
own observations he was led to believe that these
designs were incorrect, and he determined to visit
the ruins. He left England for Mexico, as engineer
for the silver-mines of Tlalpujahua, and, after re-
maining there a short time, visited the Toltec and
Aztec ruins. The French government had granted
him a pension of 2,000 francs in 1826. and with this
encouragement he sj^nt several years in studying
the details of the Palenque ruins, making drawings
<;Li- «i fyjJ..Ji.
of them and maps of the countrj-, and collecting
specimens of the flora and fauna. Having lost the
^^ater part of his sketches and note-books, he was
obliged to give up his researches, and returned to
Europe after twelve years spent in America. On
bis return lie pursued his archaeological studies,
and sold his drawings of the Palenque ruins to the
French government. They were published in 1863,
and De Waldeck was engaged to make the litho-
fraphs, though he had passed his hundredth year,
'wo of his Mexican pictures were exhibited in 1869,
under the title of "Loisir du centenaire." In the
same year he sent the senior editor of this work
the original picture from which the accompany-
ing portrait and autograph are taken. In 1870 he
exhibited " Ruins of the Province of Tzendales."
While in Mexico he discovered in a convent of
nuns the unique copy of a work of Aretino, with
illustrations by Jules Romain and Marc Antonior
Raimondi, which had caused the banishment of
the two artists, and had been confiscated and de-
stroyed by the Inquisition, the copy depositeil in
the archives being afterward abstracted and find-
ing its way to Mexico. M. de Waldeck was made
a member of the Council of American archaeology.
He spent the last forty years of his life in Paris,
retivining his faculties to the end. He published
" Voyage arch»ologique et pittoresque dans la Yu-
catan " (Paris, 1837), and, with Brasseur de Bour-
bourg, " Monuments anciens du Mexique, Palenque,
et autres mines de I'ancienne civilisation " (1866).
WALDEN, John Morgan, M. E. bishop, b. in
Lebanon, Warren co., Ohio, 11 Feb., 1831. lie was
graduated at Farmers' (now Belmont) college, near
Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1852, and engaged in educa-
tional work for two years and in editorial work for
four years, during the last year and a half of which
he was editor and publisher of a free-state paper
in Kansas. He was also a member of the Topeka
legislature, and of the Leavenworth constitutional
convention at the time of its adoption of a consti-
tution in 1858, under which he was elected super-
intendent of public instruction. In September of
that year he left Kansas and entered, as a minister,
the (Jincinnati conference of the Methodist Flpis-
copal church, where he occupied several important
posts. After a few years he was elected correspond-
ing secretary of the Freedmen's aid commission, an
undenominational society. He remained in this
oflBce until August, 1866, when, on the organization
of the Freedmen's
aid society of the
Methodist Episco-
pal church," he was
chosen its first cor-
responding secre-
tary, and he has
been officially con-
nected with it ever
since, being its pres-
ident at the present
time. In 1868 he was
elected one of the
publishing agentsof
the Western Meth-
odist book concern,
and he held that
Fost sixteen years,
le was a member of
till 1884, when he
was elected bishop. He is a man of great in-
dustry and capacity for business, giving atten-
tion to everything that is committed to nis care.
WALDERSEE
WALDO
321
r7Lit^ci*-ulQ,£/t*.^k.^*,^
WALDERSEE, M«rj, t'mmtow von, b. in New
Yurk city, 3 (X-t., 1K<7. She is the duuKhter of
David Iah>, n Ni-w York iiiorchaiil, who left his
widow and live children a large fortune. The
seoond daughter,
Blani-hc, married
Augustus Charles
Murray, a com-
mander in the
Britihh navy, and
the third. Jose-
phine, married
baron August von
Waechter, ambas-
sador oi the king
of WQrtemberg to
the French court.
The baroness sent
for her youngest
sister, Mary, to
live with her in
Paris, where she
met and married
Prince Frederick
of Schleswig-Hol-
stein-Sonderburg-
Augustenburg-Noer. who had been driven into exile
by the A ustro- Prussian army in 1^04. Miss Lee,
however, not wishing to Ikj trammelletl by the ex-
acting etiquette that attaches to high rank, induced
the prince to renounce his rights and titles as a
member of the royal house of Denmark. He subse-
quently accepted from the emperor of Austria the
title of Prince of Noer, the name of his principal
estate. The prince died shortiv after his marriage
while on a visit to the Holy liand, 2 July, 1805,
and the princess then returniHl to Paris, where she
residetl with the liaroness Waechter until the be-
ginning of the Franco- Prussian war, when she ac-
coiD|)anied the latter to WQrtemljerg. In 1871
she marrieil Ck)unt von Waldersee, the successor of
Field-Marshal von Moltke, and lived with him for
some time at Hanover. There she soon lH>came
widely known through her interest in local chari-
ties. Since she has resided in Berlin she has l)een
e({ually zealous in ginnl works. She was for years
the friend of KmtH'ror Frederick William, of Ger-
many, and of the Kmpress Victoria.
Waldo, Albl^encet surgeon, b. in Pomfret,
Conn., 27 Feb., 1750: d. in Windham county.
Conn., 29 Jan.. 1794. He was edijc^ted by the
clergyman of his native town, studietl mecficine,
and acquired an extensive practice. On 1 July,
1775, he was ap|>ointed surgeon's n>ate of the 8th
regiment, under Col. Je<le«liah Huntington, which
was then stationed in Uoxbury, but, owing to im-
paire<l health, he was discharged on 0 Sept., 1775.
On 14 Dec., 1776. he was ap(K)inteil by the com-
mittee of war of Connwticut chief surgeon of the
ship "Oliver Cromwel,.*' and on 3 April, 1777, he
joined Col. Huntington's new;ly raised regiment as
surgeon, and si'rviil in the campaigns in New
Jersey and Pennsylvania. At Monmouth and
Valley F'«irge his professional service in the inwu-
lation for small-(M)x gained him much reputation.
He was a friend of David Humi>hreys, wno in his
" Life of (teneral Putnam," ackn«»wletlges Dr. Wal-
do's aid in its compilation. He was a founder of
the Medical society in Windham county, which
was the first society in Connecticut, Dr. W'aldo left
numerous mcilical and surgical treatises in OMnu-
script, illustrated by well-executwl drawings, and
also a l*rge collection of valuable historical docu-
ments. His diary at Valley Forge was published
in the " Historical Magazine" (New Y^ork, 1861).
VOL. TI. — 21
WALDO, DanioL clergyman, b. in Windham.
Conn., 10 .S'pt., 17«2: d. in Syracuse, N. Y., 30
July, 1804. Ills early years were s|>ent on his
father's farm, and in 1778 he entered the Bevolu-
tionary army for a month's service during a time
of imminent peril in New lA>ndon. Afterward he
enlisteil as a volunteer in the service <if the state.
He Wiis cantureil at the battle of Horseneck. and
imprisoneu in the sugar-house in New York, where
he endured many hardships, but after two months
he was exchanged, and then resumed his labors on
the farm. After graduation at Yale in 1788 he
studied theology, was licensed to preach by the
association of Windham county, and frf)m 1792
till 1809 was pastor of the Congregational church
in West Suffolk, Conn., with the interval of a few
months of missionary lalM>r in Pennsylvania and
New York. He then preached in Colchester, Sa-
lem, and Cambridge|K)rt, Mass., and went to Rhode
Island to labor in the cause of education under the
1)rotection of the Society for promoting Christian
inowledge. He was al.so pastor in Harvard, Mass.,
and at Kxeter, K. I., where he lalwred twelve
years, after which he retired. In 1855, at the age
of ninety-three, he was made chaplain of the house
of representatives. He was familiarly known as
" Fattier Waldo." and is one of several undoubted
centenarians mentioned in this work.
WALDO, Leonard, astronomer, b. in Cincin-
nati, Ohio, 4 March, 1853. He was graduated at
Marietta in 1873. and, after s(K-nding a few months
at the Cincinnati observatory, enten-u the Colum-
bia college school of mines and Itecame assistant
in astronomy in 1873. In the following year he
was a|)[K>inted a.ssistant astronomer on the ex|>edi-
tion that was sent to Holmrt Town, Tasmania, to
obsen'e the transit of Venus. He was appointed
assistant at the Harvard observatorv' in 1875. and
continued there until 1880, after which, until 1887,
he was a.strononier in charge of the horoiogical
bureau of the Winchester ol)servatory of Yale,
where his work includwl the comparison of ther-
mometers with standard instruments. He was
also active in causing the intnKluction of a uni-
form time system in Connecticut. The degree of
S. I), was ctmferreil on him by Harvard for origi-
nal investigations in 1879, and he received tne
decree of A. M. from Yale in 1880. He has con-
triouted reports of his astronomical researches to
scientific journals, ami is the author of cyclofHiHlia
articles and |K)|iular imfK'rs on technical subjec-ts.
WALDO, Samuel, soldier, b. in Itoston, Mass..
in 109(); d. on Penol»scot river. Me.. 23 Mav. 1759.
His father, Jonathan, was a wealthy merc))ant of
Boston, and was a brigadier-general at the capture
of I/ouisburg. The son was a landed projtrietor, re-
side<l at Falmouth, Me., and cominandetl a regi-
ment at liOui-sburK- There were remarkable coin-
cidences lic'tween his life and that of his friend. Sir
William Pepfierell. They livinl in Maine, were
councillors together, ctunmande*! regiments, and
wen* together at Ijouisburg. |)ass«'d a year toirether
in Kngland, were iMirn the same year, and die<l
nearly at the same time. His family exercised
much influence in Maine on account of their im-
mense estate. — His son, Samuel, jurist, b. in
Maine in 1?21 ; d. there, 10 April. 1770, was grailu-
ated at Harvard in 174^1, and settle<l in Falmouth,
where he was electe«l a memU'r of the general
court in 1744. In that vear he was also commis-
sioneil a colonel in thu British army. In 1753 he
went to Kuro|>e with authority from his father to
pntcure emigrants to settle the Waldo patent, and
wassui-cessful in this inLision. In 1760 be was ap-
pointed judge of probate for Cumberland county.
322
WALDO
WALDSTEIN
retaining this office until his death, and thus hold-
ing the first probate courts in Maine. For eight
years he was a member of the legislature. — An-
other son, Francis, b. in Falmouth, Me., in 1723;
d. in London, Kngland, in 1784, was graduated at
Harvard in 1747. He was appointed collector of the
first custom-house in Maine in 1758, his authority
extending from Cape Porpus to the Kennebec,
and held this post until 1770. In 1763 he issued,
" in pursuance of strict orders from the surveyor-
general, a proclamation against smuggling rum,
sugar, and molasses, which had previously been
winked at, and the officers were directed to execute
the law with rigor." In 17G2-'3 he was a repre-
sentative to the general court from Falmouth, but,
forfeiting the favor of the popular party, he was
not re-elected. After the burning of Falmouth he
went to England, and never returned, for in 1778
he was' proscribed and banished as a loyalist, and
his property, which passed to the state under the
confiscation act, was sold in 1782.
WALDO, Samuel Lovett, artist, b. in Wind-
ham, Conn., 6 April, 1783; d. in New York city, 16
Feb., 1861. He had art instruction in his native
state, and painted in Charleston, S. C. He went to
London in 1806, and three years later opened a
studio in New York, where he remained until his
death. He was successful as a portrait-painter, and
was elected an associate of the National academy
in 1847. His likeness of Peter llemsen is owned by
the New York historical society, and several of his
portraits are in the city-hall. New York. About
1812 William Jewett came to him for instruction,
but proved so useful that they formed a partner-
ship. They jointly executed several works, in which
they were successful. Among these is one of John
Trumbull, the painter, and another of Chief-Jus-
tice Andrew Kirkpatrick, of New Jersey.
WALDO, Samuel Putnam, author, b. in Con-
necticut in 1780 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., in March,
1826. He was the author of " Narrative of a Tour
of Observation made during the Summer of 1817,
by James Monroe, President of the United States,
with Sketch of his Life " (Philadelphia, 1818 ; Hart-
ford, 1820) ; '* Memoirs of Gen. Andrew Jackson "
(Hartford, 1820) ; " Life and Character of Stephen
Decatur " (2d ed., Middletown, Conn., 1821) ; and
•' Biographical Sketches of Com. Nicholas Biddle,
Paul Jones, Edward' Preble, and Alexander Mur-
ray" (Hartford, 1823). He also prepared for pub-
lication Archibald Robbins's " Journal of the Loss
of the Brig ' Commerce ' upon the Western Coast
of Africa." (See Riley, James.)
WALDRON, Richard, soldier, b. in Alcester,
England, 2 Sept., 1615; d. in Dover, N. H., 27
June, 1689. He came to this country first in
1635. and, remaining two years, made some land
purchases and returned to England. There he
married, and came in 1640 to reside permanently
at Cocheco (now Dover), N. PL He was elected a
representative to the general court at Boston in
1654-'76, and in 1666-'8 was speaker of the house,
also in 1673, 1674, and 1679. In 1672 he was given
commission as ca{)tain, and in 1674 he was made
sergeant-major in the military forces of the prov-
ince. In 1680 he became major-geneml. In Janu-
ary, 1680, he was elected one of the first council-
lors of the province. In 1681, upon the death of
President John Cutts, Waldron was chosen as
deputy president to fill the place made vacant. His
command over the military forces threw him into
constant association with the Indians. . Owing to
trouble in 1676, they treasured up a grudge against
him, whifch culminated in his death thirteen years
later in a barbarous manner. — His son, Richard, b.
in Dover, N. H.. in 1650; d. there, 30 Nov., 1730,
was deputy to the first a.ssembly in 1680, a coun-
cillor in 1681, chief justice of the court of common
pleas, judge of probate, and for many years chief
military officer of New Hampshire. He repre-
sented Portsmouth, N. H., at Boston in 1691. In
1681 he married Hannah Cutts, a daughter of
President Cutts, who died with her infant son
the following year. In 1693 he married Eleanor,
a daughter of Richard Vaughan, and grandniece
of John Cutts. — Their son, Richard, b. in Ports-
mouth, N. H.. 21 Feb., 1694; d. there in 1753,
was graduated at Harvard in 1712, was a jud^e
and councillor and secretary of the province in
1737. He was for many years widely known as
Secretary Waldron. He married' Elizabeth West-
brooke, daughter of Col. Thomas Westbrooke, 31
Dec, 1718. — Their great-grandson, Edmund
Qnincy Sheafe, clergvman, b. in Dover, N. H., 6
July, 1812; d. in PikesviUe. Md., 16 April, 1888,
was graduated at Dartmouth in 1833, and was for
many years a professor in New York and Phila-
delphia. Later he read law, and went into practice
in Cincinnati in 1842. On 15 Dec., 1847, after be-
coming a convert to the Roman Catholic faith, and
studying divinity under Bishop Kenrick, he was
ordained priest. Before his ordination he was
professor of belles-lettres in the University of St.
Louis. His first pastorate was the southern half
of New Jersey, and next the Cathedral church of
Philadelphia, where he remained eight years, found-
ing a Magdalen home, and St. Vincent's asvlum
for the care of infants. From 1857 till 1860 he had
charge of St. Matthew's church at Washington,
D. C. From 1860 till 1869 he was president of
Borromeo college, PikesviUe, Md. He resigned his
office in 1869, and the last nine years of his life
were spent in the seclusion of a home for aged and
infirm clergvmen in PikesviUe.
WALDSEEMOLLER, Martin (valt -zay-muel -
ler). German geographer, b. in Freiburg about 1470 ;
d. after 1522. lie published an " Introduction to
Cosmography, with the Four Voyages of Americus
Vespucius " (1507), in which he advocated the ap-
plication of the name America to the New World.
WALDSTEIN, Charles, archa?ologist, b. in New "
York city, 30 March, 1856. He studied at Colum-
bia in 1871-'3 and at the University of Heidelberg
in 1873-'5, where he received the degree of Ph. D.
on completing his course. In 1876 he was at
Leipsic, but in October of that year he went to
London, where he studied in the British museum.
He delivered a course of art lectures in the mu-
seum duritig that winter, then spent the greater
part of the years 1878-'9 in Italy and Greece, and
was present at the German excavation at Olympia.
On his return to England in 1880 he delivered lec-
tures in various places, becoming university lec-
turer in classical archaeology in Cambridge in that
year. His influence was soon felt by the art stu-
dents there, and in 1882 he was made " reader" in
Greek art in the university (a new form of profes-
sorship). He turned his attention toward founding
a new archjeological school, and for its purposes
a museum of art has lieen created in connection
with the Fitzwilliam museum, of which latter in-
stitution he has since 1883 been a director. In
1888, while still holding his appointments in Cam-
bridge, he was called to the directorship of the
American school of archaeoloffy at Athens. His
reputation has been gained chiefly by his discov-
eries, among which are that the so-called "A pol-
ios" are simply athletes, the identification of a
head found in the Louvre as the work of Pheidias,
and that of a Hermes in Ephesian silver-work on a
WALES
WALKE
828
(Mitora from Bernay in Franco. In April. 1888, he
(lelivcriMl n coufhc' «>f iiftiiri's l)efore the Iloyal in-
stitute of Ctrvnt Britain, and in 1880 he lecturiHl at
l'ohunl)ia I'ollejje, New York citv. The. Iionorarv
tiej;r«'rt of A. M. in 1882 and of' L. H. I), in 188*7
were confernMl on him bv C'oluniliia. and those of
A. M. in 1882 and Lilt. D. in 1887 by Cainbridjre.
Dr. Waldstein is one of the foreign inlitors of the
"American Journal of Arc-ha*olopy," and he has
contributed on his s(>i>eialties to journals on Ixith
8i«le8 of the Atlantic. He ha.s also published "The
Balance of Kmotion and Intellect " (London, 1878)
and " Kssjivs on the Art of Pheidias" (1885).
WALE>^, JameH Albert, caricaturist, b. in
Clyde. Ohio, 30 Auj;.. 18.52: d. in New York, 6
Dec., 188rt. After leaving school, he apprenticed
himself to a w<Kxl-engraver in Toledo, out stMin
afterward went to Cincinnati, and thence to Cleve-
land, where ho drew cartoons for the "Ijoader"
during the presidential canvass of 1872. After
working for some time in Chicago and Cleveland,
he went to New York in 1873, and two years later
secured an engagement on an illustrated news-
pafMjr. Afterwaixi he was employed on " Puck,"
m which some of his best works apjieared. In
1881 he went abroad, and after his return he be-
came one of the founders of " The Judge." and was*
for some time its chief cartoonist. He returned to
" Puck " in 1885. Wales was the only prominent
caricaturist of the newer school who was a native
American. He was clever at {xjrtraiture. and pro-
duced some excellent cartoons.
WALES, Philip Skinner, surgeon, b. in An-
na|K)lis, Md., 27 Feb.. 1837. He was educated at
the University of Maryland, and. after a course of
studv in the me<lical de^iartment there, settled in
Baltimore, and Anally in Washington. He en-
tered the navy as an assistant surgeon. 7 Aug.,
1856, was commissioned sureeon, 12 Oct., 18G1,
and served in the steamer " Fort Jackson." of the
North Atlantic and Western Gulf squa«lrons, in
18(J2-"5. He was a member of the l)oanl of exam-
iners in 187;i-'4. commissione*! meilical inspector.
30 June, 1873, and apfK)inte<l surgeon-general of
the navy and chief of the bureau of metlicine and
surgery on 20 Jan.. 188(). serving until 27 March,
1884. When President Garfield was shot he as-
sisted in attendance for a short time. While he
was chief of the bureau of medicine, unscrupu-
lous clerks in his office contrived to defraud the
government, and he was tried by a c«mrt-martia!
and susjxdided for five years for neglect of duty,
though actpiitted of all re^l resjMjnsibility for the
acts of his sulx)rdinates. He is a meml)er of va-
rious me<lical societies, and the author of "Me-
chanical Therapeutics" (Philadelphia, 18<17): "A
New Method of c(mtrolling the Velum Palati "
in the New York " Medical Record " for Novem-
ber, 1875; "A New liec^tal Dilator and Explorer"
(Washington, 1877): and jjajters in the " American
Journal of Medical Science " and in the " Phila-
delphia Medical and Surgical Hejiorter." He has
in preparation a large work on me<lical science.
WALES, Salem Hone, journalist, b. in Wales.
HamixK-n co., Mass., 4 Oct., 1825. He was edu-
cated at common 8chot)ls and in L'tica (N. Y.) acad-
emy, engag^ in journalism, antl was a.ss<x;iated in
the publication of the "Scientific American." He
was president of the deiiartinent of parks. New
York citv. in 1873, the Uepublican candidate for
mayor of New York in 18,4, president of the de-
partment of d<x*k8 in 1870, and of the |iark com-
mission in 1880-'5. He wrote a series of letters on
European travel in 18.55 and 1807 for the Now York
" Sun " and " Scientific American."
WALE8, ttemnel, e<lucatnr, b. in Raynham,
Mass., 2 March. 1748; d. in New Haven. C<Inn., 18
Feb., 1794. He was di'scended from Nathaniel
Wales. (Ill emigrant from England, who lande<I at
I^)ston. Mass.. in 10:^5. .Samuel was graduat4.*d at
Yale in 1707. was minisU'r of Milford in 1770- '82.
and in the latter year n'ceived the degree of D. I),
from Yale, where he w»is professt^r of divinity from
12 June. 1782. till his death. He publLsbed "Dan-
gers of Our National Prosperity." an election ser-
mon (Hartfortl. 1785). — His son. John, senator, b.
in New Haven. Conn., 31 July, 178Ji; d. in Wil-
mington, Del., 3 Dec, 1803. wajj graduated at Yale
in 1801. studied law. was admitted to the bar. and
Itegan practice in his native state. After practis-
ing for two years in Baltimore, ho remove<l in 1815
to Wilmington, Del., where he continue<l to follow
his |»rofession for alx>ut thirty years. He was one
of the original promoters of Delaware college,
president of one of the oldest Ijanks in Wilming-
ton, and lx)re a princijial |>art in obtaining the city
charter, and in the earlier steps to construct the
railway l)etween Philadelphia and Baltimore by
way of Wilmington. In 1845 Mr. Wales was ap-
Dointed secretary of state of Delaware, and in
March. 1849, he was elected to the V. S. senate to
fill the unexpired term of John M. Clayton, who
had entered tlie cabinet of President Taylor. Mr.
Wales served in the senate till 3 .March, 1851, when
he was succeeded by James A. Bayard.
WALES, William, English astronomer, b.
alx)ut 1734: d. in London, England, in 1798. He
was sent by the British government to Hudson
Ijay to observe the transit of Venus in 1709, and
afterwanl accom|«nied Capt. James Cook on his
seconil and tliinl voyages, iHvoming on his return
to England mathenmticul master of Christ's hos-
pital and secretary to the iKwinl of longitude. Be-
sides other works, he published "(Jeneral Observa-
tions made at Hudson's Bav " (Ijondon. 1772).
WALKE, Henry, naval officer, b. in Princess
Ann county, Va., 24 Dec., 1808. He was ap-
{K)inteil from
Ohio a mid-
shipman in the
navy, 1 Veh.,
1827, became a
passe<l mid-
shipman, 10
June, 18*1 and
a lieutenant, 9
Feb.. 18:19, and
during the
Mexican war
servwl in the
Gulf squadron
as executive
of the lH)mb
brip " Vesuvi-
us, ' was pres-
ent at the onp-
ture of Vera
Cruz and \mr-
ticipatcd in the
ex|KHlitions to Alvarado. Tobasco. and Tuspan.
He was promoted to commander. 14 Sent.. 1855,
and during the secession excitement in tne south-
ern states ho was at Pensacola navy-yanl. where
he assistoil in the removal of Lieut. Atlam J. Slem-
mer's command to Fort Pickens, by which that
fort was savtHi to the Union. In January'. 1861,
he was onlered to Vera Cruz, but took the res|Kin-
sibility of conveying the loyal officers, seamen,
and marines, with their families, to New York,
when the navy-yard was seized by the seoessionists.
5? ''^
324
WALKEM
WALKER
He was court-martialed for this disobedience of
orders, and reprimanded by the secretary of the
navy ; but as this reprimand was published by Sec.
Gideon Welles, it was more of a compliment to
him for his good judgment than a censure for the
disobedience of orders. He commanded the steamer
"Mount Vernon " from May till September, 1861,
after which he was assigned to duty in the Mis-
sissinpi river flotilla, where he served with ability
until S«'ptember, 1868. He commanded the gun-
boat '• Taylor " and the squadron of gun-boats at
the battle of Belmont in co-operation with Gen.
Grant, by whom he was complimented for his ser-
vices in protecting the retreat. He had the gun-
boat " Carondelet " in the engagement and capture
of Fort Henry, 6 Feb., 1862, for which he, with
other officers of Flag-Officer Foote's squadron, re-
ceived a vote of thanks from congress and the
state of Ohio. With the same vessel he was in the
capture of Fort Donelson, 13-16 Feb., 1862, during
which he bore the brunt of the engagement. In
this ship he ran the batteries of Island No. 10, 17
March, 1862, a feat that had never been performed
before by the Mississippi river flotilla. It was done
at night during a violent storm with only the light-
ning and the flashes of the enemy's guns to indi-
cate the course down the river. After this he
led in the " Carondelet " at the battle at Fort
Pillow, 11 May. 1862, and at Memphis, 6 June,
1862, when the Confederate gim-boatswere captured
and sunk, during which contest he chiefly engaged
the ram " Arkansas." lie was commissioned a
captain, 16 July, 1862, and took command of the
iron-clad ram " Lafayette," in which he ran the
batteries at Vicksburg, and served in the battle of
Grand Gulf, Miss., 29 April, 1863. He dispersed
Gen. Richard Taylor's army at Simmsport, La.,
and blockaded the mouth of Red river, 4 June,
1863. He was transferred to the steamer " Fort
Jackson," 24 July. 1863. and continued to render
valuable services on the Mississippi river until 24
Sept., 1863, when he was detached and placed in
command of the steamer " Sacramento " to chase
the " Alabama." He was promoted to commodore,
25 July, 1866, and to rear-admiral, 13 July, 1870,
and voluntarily went on the retired list, 26 April,
1871. He is the author of " Naval Scenes in the
Civil War" (New York, 1877). He is a good artist,
and his sketches of the scenes in the civil war are
valuable additions to the above-mentioned work.
WALKEM, Oeorge Anthony, Canadian jurist,
b. in Newry, Ireland. 14 Nov., 1834, and came to
Canada with his father, Charles, who was on the
Royal engineer staCf in Canada. He was educated
at McGilT college, studied law, and was admitted
to the bar of Lower Canada in 1855. He settled
in British Columbia in 1862. was a member of the
legislature for several years preceding the union
in 18()7, appointed a member of the executive coun-
cil, 12 Jan., 1872. and was chief commissioner of
lands and works from that date till 23 Dec, of the
same year, when he became attorney-general. He
held this portfolio till 11 Feb., 1874, when he be-
came premier. He occupied the latter office again
in 1878, was appointed puisne judge of the supreme
court of British Columbia in 1882, and became re-
vising-offlcer in 1885. In June, 1874, he was a
delegate from British Columbia to England to pre-
sent the case of that province on the subject of
the differences between it and the Dominion gov-
ernment relative to the construction of the Cana-
dian Pacific railway, which differences were ami-
cably settled bv the friendly intervention of Lord
Camarvorf. Mr. Walkem is president of the Law
society of British Columbia, a fellow of the
Royal geographical society, and a member of the
British association for the advancement of sci-
ence.— His brother, Richard Thonian, lawyer,
b. in Waterford, Ireland, 30 Sept., 1840, was edu-
cated at McGiil college, studied law, was admitted
to the bar in 1865, and began practice in Kings-
ton. He became oueen's counsel in 1880, the same
year was apnointeu professor of equity in Queen's
university, Kingston, which chair he still fills, and
since 1884 has been vice-president of the art-school.
He has been a delegate to the synod of the diocese
of Ontario for twenty years, and for fifteen years
to the provincial synod. He published a work on
" Wills " (Toronto, 1874), and " The Married Wom-
en's Pronertv Acts" (1875).
WALKED, Abraham Josenh, jurist, b. near
Nashville, Tenn., in 1818; d. in Montgomery. Ala.,
25 April, 1872. He was graduated at Nashville
university in 1838. admitted to the bar in 1841,
and began practice at Jacksonville, Ala., in 1842.
He became a successful lawyer and Democratic
legislator, and in 1852 removed to Talladega. He
was appointed one of the state chancellors in 1854.
was judge of the state supreme court in 1856-'9,
and its chief justice in 1859-'68.
WALKER, Alexander, journalist, b. in Fred-
ericksburg. Va., 13 Oct., 1819. He received a good
education, taught while pursuing legal studies, was
graduated at tne law department of the University
of Virginia, and removed to New Orleans, La.,
where he practised law and became a journalist at
the same time. He was the editor of the " Jeffer-
sonian," which was established as the organ of
the Louisiana Democracy, and afterward of the
*• Delta," the " Times," the " Herald," the " Pica-
yune," and for some time of the Cincinnati " En-
quirer." He was appointed judge of the city
court of New .Orleans bv the governor, and in
January. 1861, was a member of the secession con-
vention of Louisiana. He has published "Jackson
and New Orleans " (New York, 1856) : " Life of
Andrew Jackson " ; and, during the civil war, " His-
tory of the Battle of Shiloh " (New Orleans) and
" Butler at New Orleans."
WALKER, Amasa, political economist, b. in
Woodstock, Conn., 4 May, 1799; d. in Brookfield,
Mass., 29 Oct., 1875. He' received a district-school
education in
North Brook-
field, where
among his fel-
low - students
was William C.
Bryant. InT814
he entered com-
mercial life, and
in 1820 formed
a partnership
with Allen New-
ell in North
Brookfield. but
three years later
withdrew to be-
come the agent
of the Methu-
en manufactur-
ingcompany. In
1825 he formed
with Charles G.
Carleton the
firm of Carleton and Walker, of Boston, Mass.,
but in 1827 he went into business independently.
In 1840 he withdrew permanently from commer-
cial affairs, and in 1842 he went to Oberlin, Ohio,
on account of his great interest in the college
'^^.
^>^.,..,<^^ ^^^::^*£
WALKER
WALKER
839
there, and g&ve lectures on political economy at
thnt institution until 1848. After tterving in tliu
i«'>;islMt»r»'. lu' liecanie the Kn-e-soil anil iK'UKM-ratic
cHti(ii<lHti> for s|H*ak«'r, and in 1841) was chosen to
the MassHchusctt-s senate, where he intiVxlucud a
|)1hu for H .stMik-d-lwllot law, which was enacted in
1851, and carried a bill providing that Webster's
Dictionary should Iw intrtnluced into the com-
mon schools of Massachusetts. He was elected
secretary of state in 1851, re-elected in 1852, and
in 1853 was chosen a meml>er of the convention
for revising the state constitution, becoming the
chairman of the committee on suffrage. lie was
appointed in 1853 one of the examiners in politi-
cal economy in Harvard, and hold thai office un-
til 18({(), and in 185U he lx>gan an annual course
of lectures on th?t subject in Amherst, which he
continueil until 18(J9. Meanwhile, in 1859, he was
again elected to the Massachusetts legislature, and
in 18(M) he was chosen a member of the electoral
college of that state, casting his Itallot for Abraham
Lincoln. Ho was also elected as a Republican to
congress, and served from 1 Dec., 18(52, till 3 March,
1863. Mr. Walker is best known for his work in
advocating new and reformatory measures. In
IKW he urged a continuous all-rail route of com-
munication Iwtwecn Hoston and Mississippi river,
and during the same year he became president of
the Hoston tem|K'rance society, the first total al>
stineuce asscx-iatiim in that city. He was active
in the anti-slavery movement, though not to the
extent of- recommending unconstitutional methods
for its abolition, and in 1848 ho wjis one of the
founders of the Free-soil |»arty. Mr. Walker was
H niemlwr of the first international |M'ace congress
in Ix>ndon in 1843, ami was one of its vice-jiresi-
dents, and in 1849 he held the same office in the
congress in i'aris. The degree of IjL. D. was con-
ferred on him by Amherst in 1807. in 1857 lie
began the publication of a series of articles on
political ec«moiny in " Hunt's Merchant's Maga-
zine," and he was accepted as an authority on
questions of finance. Hesides other contributions
to magazines, he pul)lished " N&ture and Uses of
Money and Mixed Currency" (iJoston. 1857), and
" Science of Wealth, a'Manual of i^ilitical tlcono-
my " (18*16), of which eight e<litions have been sold,
and it has l>cen translated into Italian. With
William H. Calhoun and Charles I^ Flint he issued
" TransjK'tions of the Agricultural Societies of
Massachusetts "(7 vols., 1848-'54). — His son, Fran-
cis AmaMI, statistician, b. in Hoston, Mass., 2 July,
184U, was graduated at Amherst in 18((0. and be-
San the study of law under ('harles Devens, and
feorge F. iloar in Worcester. Ho ioined the
15th Massachusetts volunteers. commande<i by Col.
Devens, on 1 Aug., 1861, as sergeant-major, and
became assistant mljutant-general of the brigade
under Gen. Darius N. Couch on 14 Sept., 1861,
with the rank of captain. On 11 Aug.. 1862. he
was made adjutant-general of Gen. Couch's divis-
ion, with the rank of major, and he was prcmiot«vl
colonel on the staff of the 3d army corps, 23
Dec.. 1862. Thereafter he continued with that
corps as adjutant-general, serving successively on
the staffs of Gen. Gouvemeur K. Warren and Gen.
Winfield S. Hancock, and was severely wounde<l
at Chanc«lloh>viIlc, 1 May. 1863. and captured at
Ream's Station, 25 Aug., 1864. He was conflneii in
Libbj prison, in conse<juence of which his health
was unpaired, so that he rt'signeil on 12 Jan., 1865.
The brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers was
conferred on him on 13 March. 1865. He taught
Latin and Greek at Williston seminary during
1865-'7, and then was assistant editor of the
"Springfield Republican." In 1869 he became
chief of the bureau of statistics in the treasury d»-
(jarlraent at Wjihhington. and in 1870-'2 he held
the office of su|H-riiiteiident of the 9th census.
During 1871-'2 he was also commissioner of Indian
affairs. He was called to the [>rofesson«hii> of po-
litical economy and history in the Sheffield scien-
tific school of V'ale in 1873, and held that chair till
1881, when he was electe<l to the presidency of the
Massachusetts institute of tw;hnology. Meanwhile,
from .May till November, 1876, he was chief of the
bureau of awanis at the Worhl's fair in I'hiladel-
phia, and during 1879-*81 ho was sujx-rintendent of
the 10th census while on leave of absence tram Yale.
He held the lectureship on tenure of land at Har-
vard in 1883. While residing in New Haven he was
a nieml)er of the city and state l)oards of education,
and on his removal to Boston, Mass., he was called
on to serve similarly in that state. The degn*e of
A. M. was conferred on him by Amherst in 18651
and by Yale in I87:i, that of Ph. I), by Amherst in
1875, and that of IjL. D. by Amherst and Yale in
1881, by Harvard in 188:^, by Columbia in 1887,
and by St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1888. He was
U. S. commissioner to the International monetary
conference in Paris in 1878, and was electe<i in
1878 to the National academy of .sciences. He is
president of the American statistical society and
of the American economic association, and is an
honorary fellow of the Rf)yal statistical society of
London. His writings include annual reports as
superintendent of the 9th census (3 vols.. Wash-
ington. 1870-'2), as commissioner of Indian af-
fairs (1872), as superintendent of the 10th census
(3 vols.. 1879-'81). and as president of the Massa-
chusetts institute of technology (5 vols.. Boston,
1883-'8) ; and he has compikti •• Commerce and
Navigation of the Unite<l States " (2 vols.. Wash-
ington. 1868-'9) : " Ninth Census " (4 vols., 1872-'3) ;
"Statistical Atlas of the United States" (1874);
"Judges' Reports on Awards" (8 vols., Philatiei-
phia, 1878) ; and " Tenth Census " (24 vols.. Wash-
ington. 1883 et /wfl.). I'resident Walker is the au-
thor of "The Indian Uuestion" (H«»ston, 1874);
" The Wages Question '^ (1876): " Money " (1878);
" Money, Tra4le. and industry" (1879); " I^and and
its Rent" (1883); "Political Economy" (New
York, 1883) ; and " History of the Second Army
Corps "(1886).
WALKER. Bonjaniim soldier, b. in England in
17.W; d. in Utiiii, N. Y.. 13 Jan., 1818. He sett let!
in New York at an early age, iKK-nme a merchant,
served in the Revolution as captain in the 2<l New
York ri'giment, and was aide-de-camp to Baron
Steul>en, and in 1781-'2 to Gen. Washington. Af-
ter the war he was secretar}' to the governor of
New York, and then IxK-ame a broker in New York
city. He was naval officer of New York under
Wa-shington's administration, and was a representa-
tive in congress from New York in 1801-*3. In
1797 he became agent of the vast estates of the
VMr\ of Bute in central New York, and he was
identifle<l with the progn-ss and gn>wth of Utica.
WALKER, Charles Manning, journalist, b. in
Athens. Ohio, 25 i)e<'.. 1m:J4. lie wius gradtiattHi at
the University of Ohio in 18,54, was clerk in the
U. S. treasury dejiartment fn»m May, 1861, till
NovemlH«r. 1S62; 5th auditor U. S. treasury fnmi
November, 1H62, till July. 1869; and chief clerk
in the i>ost-office deimrtment from July. 18K}. till
July, \**M. He has U'en for many years an edito-
rial writer on the indianai>olis " Journal," and has
publishe<i "History of Athens County, Ohio, and
incidentally of the Ohio Ijand Com|)ahy," and the
" First Settlement of the State at Marietta, with Per-
326
WALKER
WALKER
sonal antl Biographical Sketches of the Early Set-
tlers" (2 vols., Cincinnati, 1869); "Life of Oliver
P. Morton " (Indianapolis, 1877) ; " Life of Alvin
P. Hovev " (1888).
WALKER, Cornellns, clerffvinan, b. near Rich-
mond, Va., 12 .Tune, 1815). His education and
training were obtained at the Episcopal high-school
at Richmond. He was ordained deacon in St. Paul's
church, Alexandria, 12 Julv, 184o, by Bishop
Meade, and priest in Grace church, Lexington, 23
Sept., 1846, by the same prelate. He was minister
in Amherst county, Va., in 1845-'7, assistant min-
ister in St. Paul's church. Richmond, in 1847-8,
rector of Christ church, Winchester, in 1848-'60.
of Christ church. Alexandria, in 1860-'l, and of
Emmanuel church, Henrico, in 1862-'6. He was
appointed professor of church history in the Theo-
logical seminary of Virginia in 1866, and served
for ten years, when he was made professor of sys-
tematic divinity and homiletics. The degree of
D. 1). was given him by William and Mary college
in 1859. Dr. Walker has been a frequent contribu-
tor to reviews and magazines, and has furnished
articles on " Liturgies," '* Evidences of Christian-
ity," " Ecclesiastical History," and other similar
subjects for religious cvclopjcdias. He has pub-
lished " Biography of Rev. William Duval. City
Missionary " (Richmond. 1854) ; " Life and Corre-
spondence of Rev. William Sparrow. D. D.. Pro-
fessor in the Theological Seminary, Va." (Philadel-
phia, 1876) ; " Biography of the Rev. Charles W.
Andrews, D. D." (1877) ; and " Sorrowing not with-
out Heme" (New York, 1887).
WALKER, Freeman, senator, b. in Charles
City county, Va., 25 Oct., 1780; d. in Richmond
county, Ga., 23 Sept., 1827. He removed to Georgia
in 1797, was admitted to the bar, and began prac-
tice in 1802 in Augusta, soon becoming eminent
in his profession. In 1807 he was a member of the
legislature, and in 1819 he was elected United States
senator from Georgia, but in 1821 he resigned. His
speech on the Missouri compromise question at-
tracted general attention.
WALKER, (ieorge, senator, b. in Culpepper
county, Va., in 1768: d. in Nicholasville, Ky.. in
1819. ' He was an early settler in Kentucky, where ,
he held a leatling place at the bar, and was a member
of the legislature. He was appointed U. S. senator ,
from Kentuckv in phvce of George M. Bibb, re- j
signed, serving from 10 Oct., 1814, till 2 Feb.. 1815. |
WALKER, George, diplomatist, b. in Peter- i
borough, N. H., in 1824 ; d. in Washin^toYi, D. C, I
15 Jan., 1888. He was educated at \ale and at |
Dartmouth, where he was graduated in 1842, and
studied law at Harvard, where he received his de- |
gree in 1845. He was admitted to the bar at
Springfield, Mass., practising law there from 1847
till 1875, was elected to the Massachusetts senate
in 1857, was re-elected, and in 18(>8 was a member
of the lower house. He was instrumental in intro-
ducing the national s^'stem of banking into the
state, engaged in business in Springfield, Mass.,
and became president of the Third national bank
of that city. In 1865 he was sent to P^urope on
a confidential mission by Sec. Hugh McCulloch,
and wrote an article on the public debt and re-
sources of the United States, which was published
in the "R«vue des deux mondes" and republished
in German papers. In 1869 he visite<l Euro{)e on
business connected with the state of Massachu-
setts, and on his return settled in New York city,
engaged in banking, and was elected vice-president
of the Gold and stock telegraph company. In
1879 he was .i^ent to Europe on a confidential
mission by Sec. William M. Evarts, visited Eng-
land, France, and Germany, and made investiga-
tions with special reference to the question of s
bimetallic monetary standard. He was consul-
general in Paris from 1880 till 1887, when he re-
sided, returned to this country, and resided in
W a.«ihingtnn. I). C, till his death.
WALKER, (jilhert Carlton, congressman, b.
in Binghaniton, N. Y., 1 Aug., 18J32; d. in New
York city, 11 May, 1885. He was graduated at
Hamilton college in 1854, admitted to the bar
in 1855, and settled in Oswego, N. Y. He re-
moved to Chicago, 111., in 1859, and engaged in
politics while practising his profession. In 1864
ne settled in Norfolk, V a., where he became presi-
dent of the Exchange national bank, and in July,
1869, he was elected governor of Virginia by a
majority of 18,000 over Henry H. Wells, who was
at that time military governor of the state. At
the expiration of his service he was chosen to
congress as a Conservative, serving from 1875
till 1879. He resumed his profession in 1879, and
removed to New York city.
WALKER, Hender$ion, governor of North
Carolina, b. in North Carolina in 1660: d. near
Edenton, N. C, 14 April, 1704. He adopted the
profession of law, and became a judge of the su-
preme court and president of the council, introduc-
ing many judicial reforms. From 1699 until his
death he was governor of North Carolina, assum-
ing that post by virtue of his office as president of
the council, and not under any appointment as
deputy by the governor-general at Charleston.
George Bancroft says of his rule, " While Eng-
land was engaged in world-wide wars, here the in-
habitants multiplied and spread in the enjoyment
of peace and liberty." The stone that marks
Walker's grave also records that " North Carolina,
during his administration, enjoved tranquillitv."
WALKER, Sir Hovenden, feritish officer, "b. in
Somersetshire, England, about 1660 ; d. in Dublin,
Ireland, in January, 1726. He entered the navy in
his vouth, became a captain in 1692, and rear-
admiral of the white in 1710, and in 1711 was
knighted by Queen Anne. In the last-named year
he commanded the fleet that sailed from Boston
on 30 July, for the conquest*of Canada. Delays, a
badly organized method of supplies, and the in-
competency of its leadere made the expedition a
failure. Half of Walker's ships were wrecked in a
storm on Isle aux ffiufs, on St. Lawrence river,
and Walker returned to England, w^here he charged
that his troubles had been due to want of proper
co-of)eration on the part of the New-Englanders.
These charges were answered by Jeremiah Dum-
mer in a " Letter to a Noble Lord concerning the
Late Expedition to Canada" (Lpndon, 1712). In
1715 Walker's ship, the "Edgar," of seventy-four
guns, blew up at Spithead, and nearly all the crew
perished. He was blamed for negligence in the
matter, and, his Canadian experience being still
fresh in the public mind, he was dismissed the
service. He tnen settled on a plantation in South
Carolina. Admiral Walker published in his vindi-
cation " A Journal or Full Account of the Late
Expedition to Canada" (London, 1720).
WALKER. Isaac P, senator, b. in Virginia in
1813; d. in Milwaukee, Wis., 1 April, 1872. He
adopted the profession of law, removed to Wiscon-
sin in 1841, practised in Milwaukee, and took an
active part in early political events in the state.
He served in the territorial congress in 1847-'8,
and in the latter year was chosen to the U. S. sen-
ate as an Anti-slavery Democrat. His policy in
that body was deemed timid by his constituents,
for, although he wished to preserve the Union, he
WALKER
WALKER
327
dul not properly rpprpwnt their Httitmle on the
Wilinot provis*!.' lie was not ri'tunuHl in the next
(•U'«'ti<>n. n'tirr<l fmrn ixdititrst, ami resunuHl the
prnt'tice i)f law in Milwaukee.
WALKKR. Jamos. president of Ilarranl. b. in
Burlinjrfoii. Mass,. U) Aur.. 1794; d. in ('ambridpe.
Mas!^. 28 IKh'.. 1874. U<^ was fjnMluatiMl at Harvard
in 1H14. »tudie<l thtKilojfv at Cainbridjro, and was
piwtor of the I'nitarian churt-h in Chariest own for
twenty-<me years. Diirinf; this |R>rio<l he was ac-
tive in his {vinH-hial <liitii>s and in advocating the
(*au.>ic of s4-hool and (•olle)fe education, lectured ex-
tensively and with success, and was a dose »itudent
of literature and philosophy. In 18yi-*9 he was
an editor of the "Christian Kxaminer." He re-
8i(fne«l his pastorate in July, 18539, the following
.SeptenilH'r Ix'camo nn>fessor of moral and intel-
lectual philosophy in Harvard, was electe<l its
president in lK.>8."and held <jfflt'e till his resifjna-
tion in 18<H). He devote«l the remainder of his life
to scholarly pursuits, and left his valuable library
and $15.0(M) to Harvard. That colleije gave him
the degree of D. I), in 18:15. and Yale that of LL. I),
in 1860. He publisheil numert>us sermons, ad-
dresses, and lectures, including thn»e series of lec-
tures on *• Natural Religion, ' and a course of
liowell institute lectures on "The Philosophy of
Religion"; ".Sermons preached in the Cha|)el of
Harvanl College" (Boston, 1861); a " Memorial <)f
Daniel Appleton White" (IWW); and a " Memoir
of Josiah Quincy " (1867). After his death a vol-
ume of his " Discourses" ap|)eared (1870). He also
editeil, as college text-books, Dugald Stewart's
" Philosophy of the Active and Moral Powers "
(1849), and Dr. Thomas Keid's " Essays on the In-
tellectual Powers, Abridge<l, with Notes and Illus-
trations fmm Sir William Hamilton and Others"
(1850). See " Memorial " (Cambridge. 1875), and
"Services at the Dedication of a Mural Monu-
ment to James Walker in the Harvard Church in
Charlestown"(lK84).
WALKER, James Barr, clergyman, b. iti
Philatlelphia, Pa.. 29 Julv, 1805; d. in Wheaton.
III., 0 March, 1887. His father dietl when the son
was a child, and he and his widowed mother re-
side<l near Pittsburg, where James worked in a
factory, was erran<l-boy in a country sloix', and
then faboreil four years in a print ing-offlce. At
the ago of twenty he walked to New York, where
he became clerk in the oflice of Mordecai ^I. Noah,
and he was afterwanl a teacher in New Durham, I
N. J. He then studied law in Ravenna, Ohio, was |
grmiuate<l at Western Reserve college in 1831, and
then edited successively the "Ohio Ol>server"at
Hudson, the " Watchman of the Valley" at Cin-
cinnati, and the " Watchman of the Prairies" at
Chicago (now the " Atlvance ") — all religious news-
(>apers. He also engaged in the publication and
sale of books, but al)an<loned it for the ministry,
and in 1841 was licensed to preach by the presby-
tery of Chicago. He then reside<l in Man>field,
Ohio, where he establishe<l a private asylum tor
orphans, and he wa.s for some time acting |>astor of
a cliun-h in Sandusky. He w»is lecturer on the
harmony U'tween science and revealed religion at |
Oljerlin college and Chicago theological seminary.
Western Reserve college gave him the degree of
D. I). Dr. Walker was the author of "The Phi-
losophy of the Plan of Salvation," published anony-
mously under the e<lit<>rship of Prof. Calvin fc.
Stowe (Boston, 1855), whicli went through several
editions in England, and has been translated into
five foreign languaj;es, including Hindustanee ;
**0od revealetl in Nature and in Christ." in op-
position to theories of development (1855); " Phi-.
looophy of .Scepticism and Ultraism " (1857) ; •* Phi-
losophy of the Divine Operation in the Redemption
of ,Man"(Iiondon. 1862); " Poems"(1802): "Living
Questions of the Age" (Chicaifn. 1WJ9); and " Doc-
trine of the H(»lv Spirit " (isTO).
WALKER. J'amett Bradford Richmond, cler-
gyman, b. in Taunton, Mass.. 15 April, 1821. He
was gra<luate<l at Brown in 1841. and at Andover
theological s<>minary in 1846, was onlainui the
next year, an<l in r847-'53 servo<l as tiastor of a
Congregational church in BucksjKirt. Me. He oc-
cupie<l a charge in Holyoke. Mass.. in 18.55-'64, in
Hartford in 18<M-'7, and sul)so<juently luis devoted
himself to literary pursuits there, and in It<Mton,
where he now resides. He has publishe<l " Memo-
rial of the Walkers of the Old Plymouth Colony"
(Northampton, Mass., 1861); and "The Genealogy
of John Hichmond " (1H(M5).
WALKER, JunioH DanieL senator, b. in Lo-
gan county, Ky.. 13 Dec., 18510, He removed to
Arkansas in 1847, was e<lucatetl in private schools
and at Ozark institute. Ark., studiett law, and was
atlmitted to practice in Fayetteville, Ark., in 1850.
During the civil war he served as colonel of an
Arkansas regiment in the Confe<lerate army. After
the war he resumetl the practice of his profession,
was solicitor-general of the state of Arkansa.<>, a
presidential elector in 1876 on the Tilden and Hen-
dricks ticket, and in 1878 was chosen to the U. S.
senate as a Democrat, serving till 3 March, 1885.
WALKER, James Mnrd«M*k, lawyer, b. in
Charleston, S. C., 10 Jan.. 1813 ; d. there, 18 .Sept,
1854. He was graduated at the College of South
Carolina in 1830, stutlied law under Mitchell King,
and in 1834 was admitted to the l)ar, where he at-
tained high reputation. He served several terms
in the legislature, and was active in l)enevolent and
tnlucational enterprises. Mr. Walker publishetl
"The State vs. The liank of South Carolina"
(Charleston, 18516) ; " An Inquiry concerning the
Use and Authority of Roman Jurisprudence in
the Jjaw concerning Real Estate" (1850); "The
Theory of Common Law" (1852); and a "Tract
on Government" (18551).
WALKER, James Perkins, publisher, b. in
Portsmouth, N. H.. in 1829; d. in Boston, Mass.,
10 May, 1868. He engaged in literary pursuits
at an early age, becoming a contributor to the re-
ligious press, and etliling the "Oriental Annual"
in New York in 1857, the "Religious FMucator"
in 1860-'l, "The Altar at Home," and suliseouently
was a member of the publishing-house of Walker.
Wise, and Co. in Boston, Ma.ss. He published
"Faith and Patience," a story for bovs (Boston.
1860); "Book of Itaphael's ^Ia«^mnas" (I860):
and "Sunny-F]ye<l Tim" (18(51). See a " Memoir"
of him. with selections from his writincs (1869).
WALKER, Jesse, missionary, b. in N'orth Caro-
lina about 1760; d. in Cook county, III., 5 Oct.,
18515. He emigrated to Tennessee aix)ut 1800, be-
came a travelling preacher in the westeni confer-
em-e of the Metluxlist Episcopal church in 1802,
and served in Tennessee and Kentucky till 1806,
when he was ap|M>iiite<l a missionary to Illinois.
He engaged in revival work in that state with great
success, erecte«l churclu's, and e>tablishe<l congrega-
tions. He was then ap|H>inte*l to Missouri, where
his lessons of tem|ienin(v and intlustry exercised a
lienetlcial influence on the pionitT community. Ho
iHH-ame presiding elder of the Illinois district in
1812, conference missionarv in isiu. and in 1820
built the first MethiMlist V]pisco|>ul church and
formetl the first Methodist Episc-opal congregation
in St. Ix>uis, Mo. At that time there were only
three persona of that denomination in the town.
328
WALKER
WALKER
He went on a mission to the Mississippi river In-
dians in 1823, established several schools, and is
credited with many converts. " Father Walker,"
as he was called, was without early advantages of
education, but by his shrewd common sense, and
by ignoring all personal needs, as well as difficul-
ties, di(l efficient work in the pioneer ministry.
WALKER, John, Canadian manufacturer", b. in
Inverary, Argyllshire, Scotland, 24 Jan., 18JW. He
was educated at his native place and at Stirling
academv, and came to Canada in 1864. He served
in the f^^ort Erie Fenian affair of 1866, and after-
ward was attached to the militia, from which he
retired in 1884 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel.
Mr. Walker was vice-president of the first Canada
Pacific railway company, and president of the
School of art and design, is active in various finan-
cial and industrial societies, and was one of the
founders of the London, Ont., Protestant orphans'
home. In 1865 he purchased for Scotch capitalists
the large tract of oil-nroducing land that belonged
to George Brown, ancl afterward he erected chemi-
cal works and an oil-refinery at London, Ont. In
1874 he was chosen to the Canadian parliament ;
but his election was contested in the courts, he
was unseated, and in the second appeal to the con-
stituency failed of election. He was afterward
registrar of deeds for ^liddlesex county, Ontario.
WALKER, John (wriines, naval officer, b. in
Hillsborough, N. H., 20 March, 1835. He was
graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1856,
nromoted to master, 22 Jan., 1858, and became
lieutenant, 23 Jan.. 1858. During the civil war
he served on the Atlantic coast blockade in the
steamer "Connecticut" in 1861, and was trans-
ferred to the steamer " Winona " of the Western
Gulf blockading squadron in 1862. In this vessel
he participated in tne engagements that ended in
the capture of New Orleans, with the subsequent
operations against Vicksburg in 1862. He was
promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862,
and had command of the river iron-clad "Baron
de Kalb" of the Mississippi squadron in 1862-'3,
in which he participated in the attacks on Vicks-
burg and operations in Yazoo river in the winter
of 1862-'3, co-operating with Gen. William T. Sher-
man and the army. He participated in both attacks
on Haines's Bluff, in tne Yazoo river expedition
against the (Confederate gun-lx)ats, in the capture
of Fort Hindman and Yazoo City, and in the at-
tack on Fort Pemberton. For these services he
was highly commended by Admiral Porter in his
report, and also in his " Naval History of the Civil
NVar." After he had forced a passage through
Yazoo pass, he took command of the naval battery
with cannon from the gun-boats in the bombard-
ment of Vicksburg from the rear, which contrib-
uted greatly to the final surrender. After the fall
of that place he had command of the naval expe-
dition against Yazoo river in co-operation with
5,000 troops in transports. Walker led in the " De
Kalb," and while engaging the batteries his vessel
ran foul of a torpedo, which exploded and caused
the vessel to sink almost instantly, a second tor-
pedo exploding under her stern as she went down.
He commanded the steamer "Saco" on the North
Atlantic blockade in 1864. and the " Shawmut" in
1865, in which he participated in the capture of
forts near Wilmington. He was promoted and
advanced over others for his services during the
war to the grade of commander on 25 July, 1866,
served at the naval academy in 1866-'9, and com-
manded the frigate " Sabine " on a special cruise
in 1869-'70. He was promoted to captain. 25 June,
1877, appointed chief of the bureau of navigation
and office of detail, 22 Oct., 1881, for four years,
and reappointed in 1885 for a second term. He
is the senior captain on the list, and is entitled to
lie promoted to commodore upon the first occur-
rence of a vacancv.
WALKER, John Williams, senator, b. in
Virginia in 1789; d. in Huntsville, Ala., 23 April,
1823. He was graduated at Princeton in 1806
with the valedictory, and studied law. In 1810 he
settled in Huntsville, Ala., where he followed his
f)rofession, and was several times elected to the
egislatures of Mississippi and Alabama. He pre-
sided over the convention that framed the first
constitution of Alabama, and was elected its first
U. S. senator, but resigned after a vear on account
of the failure of his health. — His son, Leroy
Pope, lawver, b. near Huntsville, Ala., 8 July,
1817 ; d. there, 22 Aug., 1884. studied law, attained
a high place at the bar of northern Alabama, early
entered public life, was speaker of the Alabama
house of representatives in 1847-'50, and served as
judge of tne state circuit court in 1850-'3. He
became well known as an advocate of the policy
of internal improvement and of secession, and in
1861-'2 was Confederate secretary of war, direct-
ing the military operations by which the civil war
was begun. He was also commissioned brigadier-
general in the Confederate armv, but resigned,
1 March, 1862. After the war he resumed the
practice of law at Huntsville.
WALKER, Jonathan, reformer, b. on Cape
Cod, Mass., in 1799; d. near Muskegon, Mich., 1
May, 1878. He was captain of a fishmg vessel, in
his youth, but about 1840 he went to Florida, where
he became a railroad-contractor. He was interested
in the condition of the slaves, and in 1844 aided
several of them in an attempt to make their escape
in an open boat from the coast of Florida to tne
British West Indies. After doubling the capes, he
was prostrated by illness, and the crew being ig-
norant of navigation, they would all have been
drowned had thev not been rescued by a wrecking-
sloop that took \Valker to Key West, whence he
was sent in irons to Pensacola. On his arrival
there he was put in prison, chained to the floor,
and deprived of light and proper food. Upon his
trial in a U. S. court, he was convicted, sentenced
to be heavily fined, put on the pillory, and
branded on his right hand with a hot iron with
the letters "S. S.," for " slave-stealer," a U. S.
marshal executing the sentence. He was then
remanded to iail, where he was confined eleven
months, and released only after the payment of his
fine by northern Abolitionists. For the subsequent
five years he lectured on slavery in the northern
and western states. He removed. to Michigan
about 1850, where he resided near Muskegon until
his death. A monument was erected to his mem-
ory on 1 Aug., 1878. He was the subject of John
G.' Whittier's poem " The Man with the Branded
Hand." See " Rise and Fall of the Slave Power
in America." by Henrv Wilson (Boston. 1874).
WALKER, Joseph Reddeford, guide, b. in
Knoxville, Tenn., in 1798; d. in Ignacio valley,
Contra Costa co., Cal., 27 Oct., 1876. He removed
to Jackson county. Mo., in 1818. Ijegan his career
as a guide on the frontier in 1822, served in that
capacity with Capt. Bonneville's expedition to the
Rocky mountains in 1832, conducted a party from
Great Salt Lake to California in 1833, when he dis-
covered the Yosemite lake and valley and the
river that bears his name, found Walker's pass in
1834, and made many subseqiient trips across the
plains. He resided in Contra Costa county, Cal.,
•during his later life.
WALKER
WALKER
WALKER. Katherine Kpnt Child, authnr. b.
in I'iltsfi)nl. Vt., ulxmt 1«40. She is a dauphUT
of the K««v. Willani Child, I). I)., and in 18<W niar-
rie<l the Itev. h^lward Ashley Walker, who was
fraduattHl at Yale in IH.W.and die<l in IHIMi after a
rief |>astorate at the Old South church, Worcester.
Mass. She wrote a famous article on the " Total
Depravity of Inanimate Thinjfs." which ap[H.'are<l
originally in the " Atlantic Monthly " for S-ptem-
Iht, 1S04. hji-s c<»ntributed to various ma^ra/ines,
and published a version of Bunran's " I'ilfjrim's
[•rojrress," for children (New York, 1809): "From
the Crib to the Cross" (1869): and a "Life of
Christ" (1860). She has also made translations
from the (Jernmn.
WALKER. Robert John, statesman, b. at
Northumlvrland. Pa.. 2:{ July. 1801 ; d. in Wash-
ington. I). C, 11 Nov., 1869. Mis father was a sr)l-
dier of the Revolution, and a judge of the common
pleas, of the high
court of errors and
appeals of Penn-
sylvania, and of
the U. S. district
court. After his
graduation in Au-
gust, 1819, at the
state university at
Phila<lclphia, with
the first honor of
a large class, he
began the practice
of law at Pitts-
burg, Pa., in 1822,
with great success.
In 1826 he remov-
wl to Mississippi,
where he entered
vipirously into law
and jKilitics. taking an acti\-e part m 1802 and \SiiS
against nulliflcntion and secession. In January,
IftW. in the Natchez "Journal," he made an ex-
tended argument against the doctrine of disunion
and in favor of coercion against rel)ellious states,
which was highly extoll»'d by James Madison. In
Januarv, 18JJ6, he was Union candidate for the V. S.
senate in opposition to 0«H>rge Poindexter, and was
elected, and at this time he influenced the legisla-
ture of Mississippi to adopt resolutions denouncing
nullification and secession as treason. In 1840 he
was re-electetl to the U. S. senate bv a two-to-one
majority over the orator .Sergeant S. I'rentiss. Dur-
ing his service in the senate he took an active part
in its debates, especially in op|)osition to John C.
Calhoun. Ho supporte*! the administrations of
Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren : but
when the latter disapproved of the annexation of
Texas, Walker opp<Jse<l him, and in the Baltimore
convention of lo44 labored for the nomination of
James K. Polk to the pri'sidency. By Mr. Polk he
was appointe<l secretary of the treasury', which office
he held till 5 March. 1849. In his course in the
nenat« Mr. Walker onpistHi the Bank of the Unitetl
States and the distrimition of the surplus revenue
among the states, lulvocating, instead, its applica-
tion to the public defences. He onjK)se<i a protec-
tive tariff, and in a sj)eech on 8 March, 1886, pro-
posed the celebrate«l Homestead bill. He sustaine<l
with much energy the tn>aty for suppressing the
African slave-tnule. and throughout his political
career always and consistently a«lvocated gradual
emancipation, exhibiting his sincerity in 1888 by
manumitting all his own slaves. He sustaineil
New York in the McLeod case, and intnxluced and
carried the resolution of 1W7 recognizing the in*
dependence of Texas. He was the first to propose
the annexation of Texas by a letter in the public
prints in January, 1844. recommending, as a con-
dition, a scheme for gradual emancipation and
colonization, which was fiercely attacke<l by John
C. Calhoun. While secretary of the tn'as'ury he
prepared an<l carried the tariff of 1846, %'arious'li«n
Mills, the warehousing system, the Mexican tariff,
and the bill to organize the defwrtmcnt of the in-
terior. After leaving the tre^isurj-, he was offered
by President Pierce in 18.'>8 the |K>st of commis-
sioner to China, which he declined. The part that
he took in the events that imnunliately preceded
the civil war was active. He op[M>sed ttie repeal
of the Missouri compn>mise, though after it be-
came a law he supported it on the ground that
was assumed by Stephen A. Douglas. In 1857 he
accepted the post of governor of Kansas on the
pledge of President Buchanan that the state wm-
stilution should be submitted to the vote of the
people ; but after rejecting the forged and fraudu-
lent returns in Kansas, and opfK)sing the l..ec(mi|>-
ton constitution, Mr. Walker resignetl. and, going
l)efore congress, defeated the attempt to force the
corrupt measure on the territory. After Abraham
Lincoln's cle^-tion Mr. Walker took ground, ear-
nestly and imn)e<liately, in favor of re-enforcing
the southern forts and of sustaining the Union by
force if necessary. In April, 1861. he addressed a
great meeting in Union s^juare. New York, a<lvo-
cating prompt and vigorous measures, and he did
this when many of the best men of l»oth t>arties
deprecate<l a resort to extremities. His decided
course had great infiuence in sha|>ing the iH)licy of
the goveniment. Early in 186:J he joined James
It. Gilmore in the conduct of the "Continental
Monthly," which the latter ha<l established the
year before to advocate emancipation as a f)oliti-
cal necessity, and he wrote for it some of its ablest
political articles. In the same year he was ai>-
pointed by the government financial agent of the
United States in Euroj)e, and succeede<l in nego-
tiating $250,000,000 of the 5-20 Ixinils. Keturning
to the United States in Noveml>er. 1864, he de-
vote<l himself theri'after to a large law-practic-e in
Washington, and to writing for the "Continental
Monthly "articles on financial and political topics,
in which he was undersUKxl to present the vtews
of the state and treasury departments. During
this period he was infiuential m procuring the rati-
fication of the Alaska treaty and in securing the
passage of the bill for a railroa<l to the Pacific.
During his public life of nearly forty years Mr.
Walker exercise*! a strong and often controlling
infiuence on affairs. He had a broad and compre-
hensive mind, and a |>atriotism that embrace<l the
whole country. As a financier he takes high rank.
WALKER. Thomas, planter, b. in Gloucester
county, Ya.. 25 Jan., 1715: d. at Castle Hill, Albe-
marle CO., Va., 0 Nov., 17U4. His progenitor,
Thomas, was an early .settler of Yirginia ami a
memlier of the Provincial council in 16<J2. The
younger Thomas was educated at William and
^Iary, atlopted the profejtsion of me<licine, and
settled in Fredericksburg, Va. In 1T50 he went
on an expe<iition to the west, and was probably
the first white man that entered Kentucky, pre-
ceiling Daniel Rxjneby thirtj-en years. His hatchet
with which he markinf the tre«*s that dividetl the
lands that he ha<l tN)Ught from the Indians was
discovere<l a few years ago, and is pr««serve<l in the
Louisville, Ky.. museum. Walker mountains in
southwestern Virginia are naminl in his honor.
He was commissary -general of Viixinia troops
under Qeorge Washington in Bradaock's armj,
330
WALKER
WALKER
and was at that general's defeat in 1755. In 1768
he was a commissioner with Andrew Lewis on the
fart of Virginia to treat with the Six Nations of
ndians at Fort Stanwix, N. Y. He was a mem-
ber of the Virginia house of burgesses in 1775,
organized a plan of defence, and served on the
second general committee of safety. With his
son, Col. John Walker, he was commissioned to
treat with the Pittsburg, Pa., Indians in 1777, in
ortler to conciliate them toward the colonists dur-
ing the Revolution, and in 1778 he was president
of the board of commissioners to determine the
boundary-line between Virginia and North Caro-
lina. Gen. Walker was the intimate friend of
Gen. Washington, both his wives being near kins-
women of the latter, and he was the guardian of
Thomas JeflPerson. By his marriage with the wid-
ow of Nicholas Merriwether he came into posses-
sion of one of the most valuable landed properties
in V^irginia, known as the Castle Hill estate, which
subsequently became the property of his relative,
William C. liives. — His son, John, senator, b. at
Castle Hill, Albemarle co., Va, Vd Feb., 1744; d.
in Orange county, Va., 2 Dec, 1809, was carefully
educated, settled on his estate, Belvoir, Albemarle
CO., and engaged in planting. During the Revo-
lution he was extra aide to Gen. Washington, who,
in a letter addressed to Patrick Henry, dated Mor-
ristown, N. J., 24 Feb., 1777, explains his post as
one of great trust and importance, and recom-
mends him for " ability, honor, and prudence."
In 1790 he was appointed by the governor U. S.
senator in place of William Grayson, deceased,
serving from 4 May, 1790, to 6 Dec. of the same
year, when the senator that was chosen by the
legislature took his seat. He married Elizabeth
Moore, granddaughter of Gov. Alexander Spots-
wood. See the " Page Family in Virginia, by
Richard C:. M. Page (New York, 1883).
WALKER, Timothy, clergyman, b. in Wobum,
Mass., 27 July, 1705 ; d! in Concord, N. H., 1 Sept.,
1782. He was graduated at Harvard in 1725,
studied theology, and was settled on 18 Nov., 1730,
as first minister of the plantation of Penacook
(now Concord, N. H.). He was soon called to lead
his parishioners in a legal defence of the title to
their farms, which thev had paid for and wrested
from the wilderness. f*enacook, twenty-five miles
beyond its nearest white neighbor at the time of
its settlement, had been granted in 1726 by Massa-
chusetts to 100 carefully selected settlers from her
towns of Bradford, Andover, and Haverhill, who
had at once improved their grant. The boundary-
line between tnat province and New Hampshire
was then undetermined, and the latter, claiming
the same territory, granted it in 1727 to "the Pro-
prietors of Bow," among whom were influential
members of its government, who took no possession
and made no improvements. When, in 1740, the
settlement of this line threw the township into
New Hampshire, the Bow claimants sought pos-
session of it through suits brought in interested
courts, which were uniformly decided in their favor,
leaviti^, as their only hope, to the defendants of
retainmg their homes an appeal to the king in
council. Mr. Walker, to prosecute an appeal, went
to England three times, first in 1753, a second time
in 1755, and a third in 1762, urging his cause as
best he could until December, 1762, when the king
in council decided that a change of provincial
boundaries did not affect the title to private prop-
erty that had been acquired in good faith. This
decision substantially ende<I a controversy which
had distressed his people for thirty years. Until
the treaty of Paris in 1763 the situation of the
town had exposed its inhabitants to the atrocities
of the French and Indian wars. At times they
lived in garrisons, and went armed to church, where
their pastor preached to them with his gun in the
pulpit. In his religious views Mr. Walker was a
moderate Calvinist, approving the "haif-wav cov-
enant " then in use, and opposing George VVhite-
field, against whom he preached a sermon (Boston,
1743). His scholarship was more than respectable,
and his sermons and diaries show that he retained
through life his early actquaintance with the clas-
sics. He acquired from necessity some knowledge
of the law, and many of the early legal papers of
his people are in his handwriting. He was an
ardent patriot in the Revolution, and it was one
of his greatest griefs that his son-in-law, Benjamin
Thompson (afterward Count Rumford), embraced
the Tory cause. He was the sole minister of Con-
cord for flfty-two years. — His son, Timothy, jurist,
b. in Concord, N. H., 26 June, 1737; d. there, 5
May, 1822, was graduated at Harvard in 1756,
studied theology, and preached several years, but
was never settled. At the opening of the Revolu-
tion he became an active participant in the resist-
ance to British rule. lie was a member of the
4th and 5th New Hampshire provincial congresses
and of the first house of representatives in 1776
under the state constitution, and was one of the
committee of the council and house to draft a
declaration of independence. He was a member
of the committee of safety from July, 1776, till
January, 1777, a state councillor in 1777, and a
senator in 1784. In 1788 he did his utmost to ren-
der operative the constitution of the United States
by its ratification by New Hampshire as the ninth
state. Upon the reorganization of the state courts
in 1777 he was made a justice of the court of com-
mon pleas for Rockingham county, which office
he held for twenty-three years. He took an active
part in the conventions of 1778, 1781, and 1791,
for amending the state constitution, and was four
times elected a delegate to the Continental con-
gress, but never took his seat. He was an early
member of the Republican party, and its first can-
didate for governor. As his judicial duties per-
mitted, he shared the business activities of his
town, serving twenty-one years as moderator of its
annual meetings, twenty-four years as chairman
of its board of select-men, and forty-three years as
clerk of its proprietary. He loved agriculture, and
was continually improving his paternal estate. —
The first Timothy's great-grandson, Joseph Bur-
been, agriculturist, b. in Concord, N, H,, 12 June,
1822, was graduated at Yale in 1844, studied law
at Harvard, and was admitted to the New Hamp-
shire bar in 1847, Subsequently he left the pro-
fession and devoted himself to the care of inherited
estates, an extensive farm, and general business.
Mr. Walker has been a director in various financial
companies, and in 1847 was appointed a member of
the board of trustees of the New Hampshire asylum
for the insane, and subsequently became its secre-
tary and financial agent. He has been vice-president
of the New England historic-genealogical society,
and took deep interest in founding the New Hamp-
shire college of agriculture and the mechanic arts.
He represented his city in the legislatures of i866-'7.
As chairman of a special committee, he drew and
reported the bill that established the college, and
he has been a trustee and lecturer before tne stu-
dents on drainage and irrigation, to which subjects
he gave observation and study during extended
travel in Europe. He has contributed much to
historical research and to the agricultural interests
of the state, and has published " Land Drainage "
WALKER
WALKKR
881
(NiuhuA, 1871); " F«»rp«tii of New IIain|whire"
(Cont'onl, 18?J): " Krekiol Welwtor IMmond "
(1M77) : " Histi.ry <»f Town MwtinK-Housi' " ( IHHl ) ;
" I*nts|XH'tive Ajfriculture in New Ilainpshire "
(lHs;{); " l^)K(•r!^, the HanjrtT " (IHM); "Oatu"
(.Muiichi'stt'r. 1HH7); Hn<l other tnonof^ninhit.
WALKKK. Tiniothjr, jurist, b. in VVilmiiieton.
Mhxs., 1 I)»f.. IHOO; (I. in Ciiu'innati, Ohio. 15 Jan..
1KV5. He WH-s ^nuliinttHl at Harvanl in 182H.
tuii;.'ht iiiathemati(*s at the itoiind Ilill sehiMtl,
Northampton. Mat^s., in 1H2<^'U, studied at Harvanl
law-sfh<H)l in the hitter year and in IKM)^ an<l re-
move<l to C'ineinnati in IK^l, where he was ad-
niitte<l to the l>ar and settled in practice. With
Judj^e John V. Wright he establisncHl the Cincin-
uati law-sehotil in 1838. and when in IHJW it was
unite<i with Cincinnati college he a^umed entire
charge of that department, and was profeswir of
law there till 1H44. He was president-judge of
Hamiiton count v court of common pleas in 1843-';i.
foundwl the " Western Law Jounial " in 184J1, ami
wjis its e<litor for several years, at the same time
practising his profession. Harvard gave him the
degree of LL. I), in 1854. He translated Fischer's
" Elements of Natural Philosophy " (Boston. 1827);
was the author of " Klements of Geometry " (1828)
and " An Intnnluction to American Law, ' for stu-
dents (Philadel|)hia, Pa., 1837: revised ed., by J.
Bryant Walker, 1869); and delivered several dis-
courses, including " The Dignity of I^aw as a Pro-
fession "(Cincinnati. Ohio. 1837); "On the History
and General Character of the SUteof Ohio " (1838);
"John C^uincy Adams" (1848); "The Reform Spirit
of the Day," delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa
society of Harvanl (Boston, 1850); and "Daniel
Webster," a memorial (1852). — His brother. Sears
Cook, mathematician, b. in Wilmington. Mass.. 28
March, 1805: d. in Cincinnati, Ohio. :^0 Jan.. 1853.
was graduated at Harvard in 182.5. and taught near
Bofiton, and subsequently in Philadelphia, whither
he removtHl in 1827. He built an ol)s*'rvatory for
the Phila<lelphia high-school in 18:^7, which was
the first of im|K)rtance in this country except that
at Hudson. Ohio, and intro<luce<l a sujierior class
of instruments. From its equipment in 1840 until
1852 he publishe«l in the " Pnx'ee<lings" of the
Philosophical sfx-iety and in the " American Jour-
nal of fM'ience" the astronomical ol)servations and
investigations that he matle there. He was em-
ploye<l in the Washington observatory in lH45-'7.
where, on 2 Fel).. 1847, four months after the dis-
covery of the' planet Ne|)tune. he identified it with
a star that ha<l lH?eii ol>s«'rve<l by Ijalande in May,
17«5. From 1847 until his death Mr. Walker had
charge of the longitude computations of the V. S.
coast survey. With Prof. Alexander D. liache he
developeil the methtnl of determining diffen-nces
of longitude by telegraph, which wa.s put in suc-
cessful of>eration in 1841>. and intHwluced the
chronographic method of re<tjnling observations.
His parallactic tables, first prt>iiare«l in 18;i4, gn'atly
ri^iuced the time in computing the phases of an
o<«cultation. He publishetl various astronomical
and mathematical imtH'rs of value, including " A
Memoir on the PerUMiical Meteors of August an«l
Novemlier " (Philadelphia, 1841); " Resean-hes rela-
tive to the Planet Neptune" (1850); and " Ephem-
eris of the Planet Nei»time for 1848-"52" (1852).
S-e an "Address in Commemoration of JM*ars C<Hik
Walker, delivennl l)efore the American Ass«»ciation
for the Atlvanceinent of S<'ience. 19 Anril. 18.54."
by lieniamin A. (Jould. Jr. (Cambridge. Mass.. 1854).
WALKER, William. Canadian merchant, b.
In Scotland in 179;^ ; d. in (jueU'C. Canada. 18 May.
1868. He went to Canada in 1815, engaged in biuu-
nem, and was a partner in the firms of Forsyth.
Richardson and Co.. Montreal, ami of Forxyth.
Walker and Co.. Quelx-c. He was fwrt owner and
one of the building committee of the oi-ean steamer
" Royal William." which was c<»nHtructed at (Que-
bec and was the first steam vesi-nel that cn:>sse«l the
Atlantic from British Ameri<'a. In 1848 he retired
from business. In 18;{9 Mr. Walker was a|)|M>inte<l
a meml)er of the spe<>ial council of Canada, and in
1842 he iKH'ame a life memlM-r of the legislative
council by royal mandamus. He rais^nl and com-
manded the Queliec volunteer rifle corjw. was the
first prt'sident of the (^ueljec ami Riviere du lioup
railway company. prt*sident of the QucIkv IxMiru
of trmle. and deputy ma.ster of Trinity house. He
was the first chancellor of the Tniversity of Bish-
op's college. Ijennoxville. Cana<la hlnst, which con-
ferred on hmi the honorary degree of I). C. L.
WALKER. William, adventunr. b. in Nash-
ville. Tenn.. 8 Mav. 1824 : d. in Trujillo. Honduras,
12 Sept., 1860. lie studied law in Nashville and
me<licme in Heidellierg, Germany, was a journalist
in New Orleans and
San PVanciseo, and
finally settled in the
practice of law in
Marysville, Cal. In
Julv, 185;i, he organ-
ized an expedition
for the concjuest of
the state of Sonora,
Mexico, and, elud-
ing the vigilance of
the aut horit ies of the
port of .Sjin Francis-
co, early in Novem-
l)er landt>d at Ija
Paz, Ij<iwcr Califor-
nia, with 170 men
an(l three field-guns.
He then issutnl a
manifesto to the jieo-
ple, proclaimed him-
s<'lf president of the
Pacific republic.and,
having n*ceived re-enforcements, set out in Janu-
ary, 1854, fi>r Sonora. He was jmrsuetl by a
strong force of Mexicans, and. as he was near the
frontier, he surrendennl to the U. S. commander
at San Diego, Cal. In May, 1854, he was tried at
San Francisco for violating the neutrality laws, and
was acquittetl. He continuiHl to i)lan exjKHlitions
! auainst Sonora, but was compelle<l to aiiandon
them, and in 1855 he was iniuu*ed by American
s|x?culators in Nicaragua to interfere in the intes-
tine troubles in that country, ostensibly in aid of
the DenHx-ratic j«rty there. He landeil at Realejo
on 11 June, with sixty-two followers, was joinetl by
a small native force, and endeavore<l to take jios-
session of the southern transit route. He was de-
featwl at Rivas, but, U'lne n'-enforce»l with 170
native soldiers, routed the Nicaraguan army of 540
men at I<a Virgen on 1 Sept.. took i»oss«'ssion of
the city of (trena^la on 15 Oct.. ana by a treaty
with (Jen. Ponciano Corral, the op|>osihg Icatlef,
was matle secretary of war and commander-in-chief.
Recruits rapidly arrive*! from the I'niteil States,
and on 1 March'. 185<J. Walker had 1.2<K) men. In
the mean time he charge<l Corral with ctmspiracy.
preside<l over a court-martial for his trial, and sen-
tence<l him to U* shot on 8 Nov.. 1H.V>. War liogan
with Costa Rica, and Walker was defeate<l at Gu-
ana4-aste on 20 March. 185<5. but routed the enemy
at Rivas on 11 April, and hostilities ceastnl. He
was then in undisputed control of Nicaragua, but
332
WALKER
WALKER-MARTINEZ
to replenish his treasury he broke up the inter-
oceanic transit route by confiscating tlie property
and revoking the charter of the Vanderbilt steam-
ship company. He caused himself to be elected
president, and in September, 1856, annulled the
existing prohibition of slavery. His minister, whom
he sent to Washington, was recognized by Presi-
dent Pierce. Walker's arbitrary acts soon provoked
an insurrection, which was assisted by several sur-
rounding states and by agents of the Vanderbilt
company. He was defeated in several encounters,
burned the city of Grenada, which he was unable
to hold, and on 1 May, 1857, surrendered with six-
teen officers, at San Juan del Sur, to Com. Charles
H. Davis, of the U. S. sloop-of-war " Mary," which
conveyed him to Panama. Thence he went to New
Orleans and was put under bonds to keep the
feace, but returned to Nicaragua in November.
le soon organized a new force, but in December
Cora. Hiram Paulding, of the U. S. navy, compelled
him and his 182 men to sun-ender, and took
them to New York. President Buchanan declined
to recognize Walker as a prisoner, on the ground
that his arrest on foreign soil was illegal. He
sailed with a new expedition from Mobile, Ala., in
October, 1858, but was arrested at the mouth of
Mississippi river and tried at New Orleans and
acquitted. In June, 1800, he again set out with
a small force from that city, intending to create
a revolution in Honduras, He reached Trujillo
and issued a proclamation against the govern-
ment; but his arrest was demanded by the com-
mander of the British man-of-war " Icarus," and
he was forced to retreat to Tinto river, where
he surrendered on 3 Sept., 1860. The commander
of the "Icarus" delivered him to the Honduras
authorities on their demand, and he was tried by
court-martial and shot. He published " The War
in Nicaragua " (Mobile, 1860). See also " Walker's
Expedition to Nicaragua" by William Vincent
Wells (New York, 1856) and " Reminiscences of
the Filibuster War in Nicaragua," by Col. Charles
W. Doubleday (1886).
WALKER, WilUam David, P. E. bishop, b.
in New York city, 29 June, 1889. He was gradu-
ated at Columbia in 1859, and at the General theo-
logical seminary. New York, in 1862, was ordered
deacon by Bishop Horatio Potter in the Church of
the Transfiguration, 29 June, 1862, and ordained
priest in Calvary church, 29 June, 1863, by the
»>ame prelate. lie passed the entire term of his
priesthood as assistant minister of Calvary church
m special charge of the chapel connected with that
church. He was consecrated missionary bishop of
northern Dakota in Calvary church, 20 Dec, 1883.
The degree of S. T. D. was conferred upon him by
Ratnne college in 1884. He is the author of sev-
eral published addresses.
WALKER, WiUiain H. T., soldier, b. in Georgia
in October, 1816; d. near Decatur, Ga., 26 July,
1864. He was graduated at the U. S. military
academy in 1837, served in the Florida war, was
wounded three times at the battle of Okeechobee,
25 Dec., 1837, and was brevetted 1st lieutenant
for services in that action. He resigned from the
army in 1838, was reappointed in 1840 a«» 1st
lieutenant of infantry, served in the Florida war
of 1840-'2. and became captain in 1845. During
the Mexican war he participated in all the im-
portant battles, and was brevetted major in the
U. S. army for gallant conduct at Contreras and
Churubusco, and lieutenant-colonel for Molino del
Rey, where he was severely wounded. He was on
recruiting service in 1849-'52, became deputy gov-
ernor of the E^ast Pascagoula branch military asy-
lum in the latter year, and in 1854-'6 was com-
mandant of cadets, and instructor in military tactics
at the U. S. military academy. He became major
in 1855, served on the frontier, and in 1860 resigned.
He entere<i the Confederate army in 1861. Ijecame
a major-general, served nrincipally in the west,
and was killed at the battle of Decatur.
WALKER, William Johnson, benefactor, b.
in Charlestown, Mass., 15 March, 1790; d. in New-
port, R. I., 2 April, 1865. He was graduated at
Harvard in 1810, studied medicine, and successfully
practised his profession in his native town. Late
m life he came into possession of a large fortune,
of which he gave to benevolent objects about
$400,000 during his life-time, and by his will left
nearlv $1,000,000 to institutions of learning.
WALKER, William McCreary, naval officer,
b. in Baltimore, Md., 2 Sept., 1813 ; d. in New York
city, 19 Nov., 1866. He entered the navy as a mid-
shipman, 1 Nov., 1827, became a passed midship-
man, 10 June, 1833, and was promoted to lieuten-
ant, 8 Dec, 1838, serving in Lieut. Charles Wilkes's
exploring expedition in command of the "Flying
Fish." in which he participated in the discovery
of the Antarctic continent in 1838-'42. He com-
manded the steamer " Union " on the home station
in 1843-'4, and cruised in the Mediterranean squad-
ron as aide in 1844-'6. He was promoted 14 Sept.,
1855, and commanded the frigate "Constellation "
in 1856, He served on special duty on boards and
inspecting duty until the beginning of the civil
war, was commissioned a captain, 16 July, 1862,
and commanded the steamer " De Soto " through-
out the civil war. He was one of the most success-
ful blockaders during the war, and captured more
prizes than any other vessel. Capt. Walker died
of heart disease at the naval hospital in New York.
He was the author of a work on •' Screw Propul-
sion " (New York, 1861).
WALKER, William S., naval officer, b. in New
Hampshire, 6 Dec, 1798; d. in Boston, Mass., 24
Nov., 1863. He entered the navy as a midshipman,
30 Nov., 1814, was promoted to lieutenant, 13 Jan.,
1825, and to master-commandant, 8 Sept., 1841,
and commanded the sloop " Concord " on the coast
of Africa in 1841-'2, and the receiving-ship at
Boston in 1843-'6, He saw no service during the
Mexican war. He commanded the sloop "Sara-
toga," on the Asiatic station, in 1850-'4, was pro-
moted to captain, 14 Sept,. 1855, and served at the
receiving-ship at Boston in 1854-'5, after which he
was on leave until the civil war began, when he
was ordered to command the steam sloop " Brook-
lyn," but his failing health compelled him to de-
cline to go to sen. He was placed on the retired
list, and promoted to commodore, 16 July, 1862,
WALKER-MARTINEZ, Carlos, Chilian poet,
b, in Valparaiso in 1842, In September, I860, he
was studying law at the University of Chili, when
war with Spain began, and he enlisted in the navy,
participating in the engagement of Abtao, 7 Feb,,
1866, In the same year he founded the literary
magazine " La Republica Literaria," at the heaa
of which he remained while he was in Chili, He
was appointed in 1867 secretary of the legation in
Bolivia, was gra<luated in law in 1868, and travelled
through Europe and the United States, •On his
return in 1870 he was elected to congress for the
department of Vallenar, and became secretary of
the chamber of deputies. In 1873 he was appointed
charge d'affaires of Chili in Bolivia, and in 1874
he became minister in the same republic During
the war of 1879-'80 he was president of the "So-
ciedad Protectora." and in 1880-'2 he was an editor
of the journal " El Nuevo Ferrocarril." During
WALK-IN-TIIE-WATER
WALL ACE
883
the cholera cpulemic of 1886-7 he wm founder
and pn>sid«'nt of the Kinl Crow-s society. He i»f»till
a nieinl»er of e^mffn'ss. where he is* well known a.**
a parlinmentary orator. He ha-s written " pH^iniLs
de viaffe" (Santiajjo. 1871): ** Poesia-s Iiricas"(3
voIh., 1H?2); " KonmneeM Americanos" (i voI«.,
1874): "Manuel Rodriguez," a hist4»ric drama in
verse (1874): " Kl Proscripto" (1875); and " Diego
Portales" (1H77).
WALK.INTHE.WATER,orMY.EERAH.In.
dinn chief, d. alM>ut 1817. He wjis a llunm of the
Wyandot triU', and at the iH'ginninj; of the war of
1812 offered his services to Gen. William Mull : but
they wen» declined, owing to the unwillingness of
that officer U^ employ savages. He was afterward
forced by circumstances to join the British at Mai-
den, but' he was instrumental in |)ersua<ling several
triltes to remain neutral, and in a council at that
place he vindic«te<l his course in a sfK?ech that was
called bv his enemies " American talk." After
this WalV-in-the- Water and his associates, openly
breaking with Tecumseh and the Prophet, declined
to remain with the Hritish, and deserted from Gen.
Henry Proctor at Chatham, Canada. At the bat-
tle of the Thames he offered his services, with those
of sixty warriors, conditionally, to Gen. William
Henry Harrison, who declined them, and the In-
dians returnetl to Detroit river.
WALL, Garret Dorset, senator, b. in Middle-
town. Monmouth co., N. J., 10 March, 1783: d. in
Burlington, X. J., 22 Nov., 1850. He received an
academical education, studied law at Trenton, and
was licenseil in 1804 as an attorney, and in 1807 as
a counsellor at law. At one time during the war
of 1812 he commanded a volunteer comi«iny from
Trenton at Sandy Hook. He was clerk of the
state supreme court in 1812-'17, and quartermaster-
general of New Jersey in 1815-*37. In 1827 he
was chosen to the legislature and in 1820 he
was electeti governor, but declined the office to ac-
cept that of U. S. district attorney. From 1835
till 1841 he sat in the V. S. senate, and from 1849
till his death he was a judge of the court of errors
and appeals. — His son Janien Walter, senator,
b. in TrenUm. N. J.. 2G May. 1820: d. in Klizalwth,
N. J., 9 June. \H72. was gnuluate<l at Princeton in
18:W, stutlied law with Daniel Haines: was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1841, and Wgan to prac-
tise in his native place, holding the office of
commissioner in Ijankniptcy. He removed to Bur-
lington, N. J., in 1847, and devotetl himself to
literary pursuits, becoming mayor of the city in
1854. During the early jwrt of the civil war he
atta<-ked the administration for interfering with
the liberty of the press, writing a s«'vere letter to
Montgomery Blair, ami he was imprisone<l for sev-
eral weeks in Fort l>afayette. It is said that he
offere<l to furnish 20,(KK) Belirian rifles to the so-
calleil '• Knights of the Golden Circle " for use
against the V. S. government. He was chosen to
the U. S. senate in \H(Ki to fill the unexpire<l term
of John K. Thomsfjii. decease«l. and 8erve<l from
21 Jan. till 3 .March of that vear. In 18fi9 he re-
movwl to KlizalM'th. Mr. Wall's publications in-
clude "Foreign Ktchings" (Burlington, 1856): "Es-
says on the VMr\y English Poets.* which ap|>eared
in the " Knickerlx)cker Magazine " ; and various
essavs and addresses.
Wallace. Alfred RnH.Hel. English natural-
ist, b. in Usk, Monmouth, 8 Jan., 1822. He re-
ceive«l his e<lucation at the grammar-school of
Hertfonl. was for some lime a laml-sur>evor, and
assistant to his elder brother, an architect, engag-
ing afterwanl in the study of natural sciences.
In 1848 he visited South America, explored the
basin of Amazon and Rio Negro rireni, and re-
sided for several months in Para. He formed ex-
tensive colliH-tions in ornitholr»gy and Ixdany, and,
thnnigh a long Mjjourn among the Indiana of the
I'pfter Amazon, obtained valuable information
concerning their dialect-s, habits, and manni'rs.
Most of tlK>se collections were lost at sea when he
returnetl to Englaml in 1H52. From 1854 till 18^12
he visite<l the Malay an-hiin-lago. studieil the flora
and fauna of Molucca, CeleU-s. and New (iiiinea,
and arrivwl, indetx-ndently of Charles K. Darwin's
researches, at a tne<iry of natural selecti<in. which
he develoj)ed in a |>a{K*r that he sent to Sir Charles
Lyell entitled "On the Tendencies of Varieties to
depart Indeflnitelv from the Original Ty|»e" (Ijon-
don, 1858). Besides works on his eastern travels
and the theory of natural selection, Wallace is the
author of "Tra^'els on the Amazon and Kio Negro,
with Remarks on the Vocabularies of the Amazo-
nian Languages" (Ix)ndon, 1853): " Palm-Trees of
the Amazon and their Uses" (1853); "On the(ieo-
graphicnl Distribution of Animals," which was is-
sued simultaneouslv in English. French, and Ger-
man (2 vols., 187«'): "Island Life" (1880); and
"Ijind Nationalizittion" (1882).
WALLACE, David, congressman, b. in I^ancas-
ter county. Pa.. 4 April, 1799; d. in Indianapolis.
Ind.. 3 Sept., 1859. He n-move*! with his father's
family to BriKikville, Ind., in 1817. was gradu-
ated at the U. S. military academy in 1821, and was
assistant professor of mathematics there for two
years, but resigne<l from the army, studitnl law,
and establishetl a lucrative practice in Franklin
county, Ind. He servwl several terms in the legis-
lature, was a memlter of the Constitutional con-
vention, lieutenant-governor in 1831-"4, and gov-
ernor in 1837-'40. Durinu: that service he was
active as an advocate of internal imiirovements
and in establishing a s<'h«)ol system. He was cho-
sen to congress as a Whig in 1840. served one term,
and, as a meinl)er of the committee on commerce,
gave the ca.sting-vote in favor of an appropriation
to develop Samuel F. B. Morse's magnetic tele-
graph, which vote cost him his re-election. 'He re-
turned to practice in 1842, and from 1856 until his
death was judge of the Marion county i-ourt of
common pleas. He was a popular political s|)eak-
er and a lalx>rious and impartial jurist. — His son,
Lewis, sohlier. b. in Brookville. Franklin co., Ind.,
10 April, 1827. receive<l a common-school educa-
tion, and at the
lieginning of the
Mexican war was
a law-student in
Indiana. At the
call for volunteers
he entere<l the
army as a l.st lieu-
tenant in compa-
ny H, 1st Indiana
infantry. He re-
sumtnl his profes-
sion in 184*^, which
he practised in
C-ovington and sub-
sequently in Craw-
fonlsville, Ind..
and servetl four
years in the state
.senate^ At the l>e-
ginningof thecivil
war he was apjtointed adjutant-general of Indiana,
soon afterwanl btK^miing colonel of the 11th Indi-
ana voluntef'ps, with which he serve<l in W««st Vir-
ginia partici|«ting in the capture of Rotnner and
c^Cl^. hroM^cx^eje,.
334
WALLACE
WALLACE
the ejection of the enemy from Harper's Ferry.
He became brigadier-eeneral of volunteers, 3 Sept.,
1861, led a division and the centre of the Union lines
at the capture of Fort Donelson. and displayetl
such ability that his commission of major-general
of volunteers followed on 21 March, 1802, The day
before the battle of Shiloh, his division was placed
on the north side of Snake creek, on a road leading
from Savannah or Crump's landing, to Purdy. He
was ordered by Gen. Grant, on the morning of 6
April (the first day of the battle), to cross the creek
and come up to Gen. William T. Sherman's right,
which covered the bridge over that stream, that gen-
eral depending on him for support ; but he lost his
way, and did not arrive until tne night. He rendered
efficient service in the second day's fight, and in the
subsequent advance on Corinth. In November,
1862, he was president of the court of inquiry on
the military conduct of Gen. Don Carlos Buell in the
operations in Tennessee and Kentucky. In 1863
he prepared the defences of Cincinnati, which he
saved from capture by Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith,
and was subsequently assigned to the command of
the middle department and the 8th army corps, with
headquarters in Baltimore, Md. With 5,800 men
he intercepted the march of Gen. Jubal A. Early
with 28,000 men on Washington, D. C, and on 9
July, 18G4, fought the battle of the Monocacy.
Although he was defeated, he gained sufficient
time to enable Gen. Grant to send re-enforcements
to the capital from City Point. Bv order of Gen.
Henry W. Halleck, he was removed from his com-
mand, and superseded by Gen. Edward O. C. Ord;
but when Gen. Grant learned the particulars of the
action, he immediately reinstated Wallace, and in
his official report in 1865 says : •' On 6 July the
enemy (Early) occupied Ilagerstown, moving a
strong column toward Frederick city. Gen. Wal-
lace, with Ricketts's division and his own com-
mand, the latter new and mostly undisciplined
troops, pushed out from Baltimore with great
promptness and met the enemy in force on the Mo-
nocacy,near the crossing of the railroad bridge. His
force was not sufficient to insure success, but he
fought the enemy nevertheless, and, although it re-
sulted in a defeat to our arms, yet he detained the
enemy and thereby served to enable Wright to reach
Washington before him." Returning to his com-
mand. Gen. Wallace was second member of the court
that tried the assassins of President Lincoln, and
firesident of that which tried and convicted Capt.
lenry Wirz, commandant of Andersonville prison.
Gen. Wallace was mustered out of volunteer ser-
vice in 1865, returned to the practice of law in
Crawfordsville, was governor of Utah in 1878-'81,
and in 1881 became U. S. minister to Turkey, serv-
ing till 1885, when he again resumed practice in
Crawfordsville. He has lectured extensively in
this country, and is the author of two successful
novels, entitled " The Fair God," a story of the
conquest of Mexico (Boston, 1873). " Ben-Hur, a
Tale of the Christ," of which 290,000 copies have
been sold (New York, 1880) ; a " Life of Benjamin
Harrison " (1888) ; and " The Boyhood of Christ "
(1888). — His wife, Snsan Arnold Elston, author,
b. in Crawfordsville, Ind., 25 Dec., 1830. was edu-
cated there, and married Gen. Wallace in 1852.
Her maiden name was Elston. She has written
many articles for newspapers and magazines, her
short poem, " The Patter of Little Feet," attaining
wide popularity. Her other publications are " The
Storied Sea "(Boston, 1884); "Ginevra, or the Old
Oak Chest" (New York, 1887); the "Land of the
Pueblos," with other papers (1888) ; and " The Re-
pose in Egypt " (1888).
WALLACE, Sir James, British naval officer,
d. in London. England, 6 March, 1803. He be-
came a lieutenant in the roval navy, 11 March,
1755, was promoted commander in 1762, and was
made post-captain in 1771. He was stationed at
Newport, R. I., in 1774-'5, in command of the
" Rose." a twenty-gun frigate, and greatly annoyed
the people of Rhode Island by tne detention of
their shipping and attempts to carry off their
property. On this account there was a spirited
correspondence between Wallace and Gov. Nicho-
las Cooke. To Com. Abraham Whipple, whose
leadership in the attack on the " Gaspee " was now
avowed, Wallace wrote : " You, Abraham Whipple,
on the 10th of June, 1772, burned his Majesty's
vessel, the 'Gaspee,' and I will hang you at tW
yard-arm " ; to which Whipple replied : " To Sir
James Wallace, Sir : Always catch a man before
you hang him." Not long afterward he bombard-
ed Bristol, R. I. Inl777 he had the "Experi-
ment," of fifty guns, and he afterward served in
the " Nonesuch," of sixty-four guns. In October,
1777, he ascended Hudson river on a marauding
expedition, burned the town of Kingston, where
the legislature was then in session, and plundered
other places, wantonly destroying private property.
At Livingston Manor they heard of Burgoyne's
surrender, and returned to New York. He saw
much service on the coast during the war, and was
detested for his severity. On 24 Sept., 1779, he
was captured in the " Experiment " by Count D'Es-
taing. He commanded the " Warrior " in Rod-
ney's victory over De Grasse. Sir James became
a rear-admiral, 12 April, 1794, vice-admiral, 1 Jan.,
1795, and admiral of the blue, 1 Jan., 1801. In
1793-'5 he was governor of Newfoundland.
WALLACE, James Hope, British officer, b. in
Rankeilour, Fifeshire, Scotland. 7 June, 1807; d.
in Featherstone Castle, Northumberland, England.
7 Jan., 1854. He was the second son of Gen. John
Hope, fourth Earl of Hopetoun, entered the Cold-
stream guards in 1821, and served in that regi-
ment till 1844, when he retired with the rank of
lieutenant-colonel. He went to Canada with his
regiment in 1838, and in November of the same ,
year was selected by the governor-general. Lord
Seaton, to raise volunteers for service in the prov-
ince. In less than a week after receiving the com-
mission he had succeeded in organizing the
"Queen's volunteers," a regiment of 1.000 men,
ready to perform garrison duties in Quebec, which
enabled tlie Grenadier guards to be moved up the
country. ^ Soon after leaving Canada, Col. Hope
succeeded "to the estates of his uncle. Lord Wal-
lace, whose name he took, but not the title.
WALLACE, John Bradford, lawyer, b. in
Somerset county, N. J., 17 Aug., 1778; d. in Phila-
delphia, Pa., 7 Jan., 1837. He was graduated at
Princeton in 1794. adopted the profession of law,
and in 1797 was admitted to the bar of Philadel-
phia, where he practised with eminent success.
He wrote ably in defence of the Federal party.
His publications include " Remarks on the Law of
Bailment " (Philadelphia, 1840) and editions of
"Reports of Cases of the Third Circuit Court"
(1801), and "Abbot on Shipping" (1802). See a
"Memoir" by his wife (printed privatifelv, 1848).
— His son, John William, author, b. in f*hiladel-
phia. Pa., 17 Feb., 1815; d. there. 12 Jan., 1884,
was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania
in 1833, studied law in Philadelphia and in the
Temple, London, became the standing master in
chancery in the supreme court of Pennsylvania
in 1844, was reporter of the 3d circuit of the
U. S. circuit court in 184a-*53, and in 1863-'76
WALLACE
WALLACE
-.va:)
Ja/.xJ^^^^^€Ll^J
was rpp«>rter of the suproine court of the United
Stati's. In 18<J0-'84 he was pru^idtMit of the histori-
cal «K'ietv of Pennsylvania. He piililishe«l " Re-
porters, chronolojfically arrangi^d. with (k-casion-
al Ki*ntark8 upon
their He»f»ectjve
Merits " (Phila-
delphia, \VAA) :
"Cases in the Cir-
cuit Court «)f the
Unite<l States for
the 3d District"
(2voIs.. 1849-'53);
•* Cases ar^ed
and abrid)^ in
the U. S. Supreme
Court" (23 vols..
1H(M - '7«) ; and
"An Old Phila-
delphian. Colo-
nel William Brad-
ford, of 177« '•
(1884). He also
etlited " British
Crown Cases Re-
served " (6 vols.,
18;i9-'r>3); an a<ldress delivere<l at the celebration
of the New York historical society. 3 May. 18<W, of
the 2(X)th anniversary of the death of William Brad-
ford (AllMiny, N. Y.. 18G:j); and. after the death of
Horace Binney Wallace, revised the 4th edition of
John William Smith's '* Leading Cases " (2 vols.,
1857); and "American Leading Cases" (2 vols.,
1857).— Another son. Horace Binney, scholar, b.
in Philadelphia, Pa,, 2G Feb.. 1817: d. in Paris,
France, Ifi Dec.. 1856. was graduatinl at Princeton
in 1835. studied medicine, chemistry, and law. the
latter under his father and Charles t'haunccy. biit
never adopted a profession, devoting himself to lit-
erary pursuits. lie travelled in Euro|w in 184U-*5()
and in 1852. giving a.ssiduous study to philosophi-
cal subjects. In a fit of insanity, prfnluceil by over-
work, he committed suicide. Auguste Comte said of
him : " In him heart, intellect, and character unite<l
in s<i rare combination and harmonv that, hatl he
liveil, he wouhl have aidtnl powerfully in advanc-
ing the difllcult transition through which the lUth
century has to na.ss." He was the author of a novel
entitle<l " .Stanley, or the Recollections of a Man of
the World" (Philadelphia, 1«W); aided Rufus W.
Griswold in the preparation of his " N'a|>oleon and
the Marshals of the Empire" (2 vols., 1847): and
also wrote " Art, .Scenery, and Philosophy in Eu-
rope, with other Pa|)ers" (1855): anci "Literary
Cnticism. and other Pafjers" (mW). With J, 1.
Clarke Hare he editetl " American Ijea<ling Cases
in liaw" (2 vols., 1847); John William Smith's i
" Ijeading Cases" (2 vols., 1852): and White and
Tudor's " Ijciuling Cases in Equity" (2 vols.. 1852).
WALLACE, William, Canadian member of
narlianjent. b. near (talston. Ayrshire, S<><)tland. 4
Feb., 1H20. Ho was e<lucate<l at the parish sch(X>l.
emigrate«l to Canada in 1840. founde<i the " British-
Canadian " newspa|ior at Simcoe in 1801, and has
been its eilitor and proprietor ever since. He was
elected for South Norfolk to the (^anadian parlia-
ment in 18?2. re-elected in 1874 and 1H78, and re-
tire<l in 1882. He has Ix^n reeve of Simc«»e, a
member of the county council, and was electe<i
mayor of Simcoe in 18H4. He favors imperial fe<l-
eration, and intrrMluce<l to the Cana<lian fwriia-
ment in 1873} res<^»li»tions ))earing on that «|ue>tion.
WALLACE. William A. senator, b. in Clear-
field, Pa.. 28 Nov., 1H27. He n»cpi%'e«i an academic
education, was admitted to the bar in 1847, and
devoted himself to his pnifetwion till his entraoc«
into politics in 18(12 as a meml»er of the state sen-
ate. He servtnl five successive terms in that Unly,
was it-8 s|>eaker in 1871, senatorial delegate and
chairman of the Pennsylvania delegation to the
National Demtx^ratic convention in 1872, chairman
of the Democratic state committee of i'ennsylvania
for five years, and a memU-r of the commission
to suggest amendments to the state constitution
in 1874. In 1875-'M1 he was U. .S. MMiator. having
been chosen as a DennK-rat. He was n'turm-d to
the state S4>nate in 1882. and was the author of
the arbitration statute and several amendments to
the Pennsylvania railruatl laws. He became in-
terested in developing the mineral res«)urces of cen-
tral Pennsylvania in 1881, and was president of the
Beech Creek railn)ad.
WALLACE. William Harvey Umb. soldier,
b. in Urlttuia. Ohio, M July. 1821 ; d. in Savannah.
Tenn.. 10 April, 1MG2. He removetl with his father
to Illinois in 18^32. and adopted the profi>ssion of
law. which he wa.s licenseci to practise in 1846, but
the same year volunteered as a private in the Ist
Illinois regiment for the Mexican war. He n»se to
the rank of adjutant, participated in the Iwittle of
Buena Vista and other engagements, and after the
peace resumed his profession. l»ccoming district
attorney in 1853. In May. 1861. he was appointed
colonel of the 11th Illinois volunteers, and at the
battle of Fort Donelson. in February, 18452. he com-
mandeil a brigade in Gen. John A. McClernand's
division, with ability that led to his ap|)ointmcnt
as brigadier-general of volunteers. In the suc-
cee<ling Imttle of .Shiloh he commanded Gen.
Charles F. Smith's brigade, which for six hours
withstotHl the a.ssault of the enemy, and was the
last to leave the field. Wallace fell, mortally
wounded, in an ineffectual attemtit to resist the
enemy. See James Grant Wilsons "Sketches of
Illinois Ofllcers " (Chicago. 1862).
WALLACE, William JanieH. jurist, b. in Syra-
cuse, N. Y., 14 April. IKJJi). He was e<lucated under
private tutors, studied law in Hamilton college,
and was admitted to the bar in 1K51>. He was
mayor of Syracuse in 1873-'4. l'nite<l States district
judge for northern New York fn)m 1874 till 1S82,
and since the last-name<l year has lH?en I'nitetl
States circuit judge for the 2d judicial cin-uit,
which includes the states of New York, Vermont,
and Connecticut. Syracuse university gave him
the degree of LL. D.'in 1882.
WALLACE. William Roh.s (X)et, b. in Lex-
ington, Ky.. in IKISJ; d. in New \ork city, 5 May.
lHi81. He was educated at Blooniington and South
Hanover college. Ind.. studied law in Lexington.
Ky., and in 1841 n'nu>vtxi to New York city, where
he practiseil his profession, and at the same time
engaged in literary pursuits. His first work that
attracted favorable criticism, a y^vm entitleil " Per-
dita," published in the " Union Magazine," was
followtnl by " Alban." a |)oetical romance (New
York, 1848), and "Meditations in Amerita. and
other Poems " (1851). Other fugitive vers«'S that
attaineil popularity include " The .SwonI of Bunker
Hill," a national hymn (1861); "Keen Step with
the Music of the Union" (1861): and "The Lib-
erty Bell " (1862). William Cullen Bryant said of
his writings: "They are marked by a splendor of
imagination and an affluence of diction which show
him the Imrn p<x't."
WALLACE. William Vinrent. musician, h. in
Waterfonl. Ireland, 1 June. 1814; d. in Haute Ga-
ronne, France, 12 Oct.. 18(ys. Under the tuition
of his father he early wrt>te oi^-es for the itands
and orchestras of his native place. When eighteen
336
WALLACK
WALLACE
years of age, for the purpose of recovering his
health by a voyage, he saileci for Sydney. Australia,
remaining during several years and leading a life
of adventure. From Australia he went to New
Zealand, made a whaling-voyage in the South seas,
and finally landed in the East Indies. He visited
most of the interior provinces of Hindostnn and
spent some time in tiger-hunting. P^rom llindo-
stan, Wallace sailed for Chili, and in turn visited
Peru and Buenos Ayres, giving concerts in the
large cities of those countries. This musical
progress was gratlually extended to Mexico and
the West Indies. His earliest appearance in the
'United States as a virtuoso wjis in New Orleans.
Thence he travelled through the Union for several
years, giving entertainments in the large cities.
Later Wallace went to England, turning his atten-
tion to the composition of operas. In London he
produced in succession " Maritana" and " Matilda
of Hungary." The first named readily found its
way to the chief opera-houses of the European
continent. Later the composer brought out " Lur-
iine," " The Maid of Zurich," •' The .\mber Witch,"
" Love's Triumph," and " The Desert Flower." AJf-
ter a short stay in Paris, for the restoration of his
health, he again crossed the Atlantic, landing at
Rio Janeiro. Thence he sailed for New Orleans,
whence he continued a prolonged concert tour in
the principal cities of the Union. As a performer
on the violin and piano-forte Wallace was more
than respectable, and free from sensationalism.
His compositions for the piano-forte are melodious
and effective. As an opera-composer he was de-
ficient in the science of instrumentation, but he
well understood how to write for the voice, and
many of his melodies combine fluency and grace
with the charms of originality. This is particu-
larly the case with his first two lyric dramas. His
earliest works continue to hold the stage.
WALLACK, James William, actor, b. in Lam-
beth, England, 24 Aug., 1794; d. in New York
city. 25 Dec, 1864. His parents were comedians,
who performed at the London minor play-houses
and in the British provinces. His first appearance
on the stage was as a child at the Surrey theatre
in London. Soon afterward he performed in ju-
venile characters at Drury Lane, and at the age
of eighteen entered on a permanent career at the
same house as Laertes in " Hamlet." He also
acted in the British provinces and in Ireland,
gradually winning his way to popularity as a use-
ful representative of drama and comedy. In 1824
Wallack became stage-manager at Drury Lane,
and rose to the performance of secondary roles in
tragedy. Later he played at the Haymarket, and
officiated as stage-manager at the Princess's thea-
tre. For about twenty years his attention was
divided between the theatres of the United States
and those of his native land. He made numer-
ous voyages to this coimtry, where ho was always
received with favor. On the occasion of his first
visit to the United States, in 1818, he boldly ad-
vanced himself to the interpretation of Macbeth.
Romeo, Shylock, Coriolanus, Hamlet, and Rich-
ard III., without making any favorable impression.
But in the principal roles in " The Stranger."
" Pizarro," and " The Gamester," closely copied in
the manner of Kemble, he attracted favorable con-
sideration. From 1818 until 1845 Wallack per-
formed at intervals in all the principal cities of
the Union. Among his best renderings were the
chief characters in " The Brigand," " The Rent-
Day," " The Wonder." " Don Cffisar de Bazan,"
" Wild Oats," and the refined comedy parts of
Mercutio, Jaques. and Benedick. "Love's Ritor-
nello," as sung by him in " The Brigand," was
hummed from one end of the land to the other.
In 1822 Wallack met with an accident, in which
his leg was fractured by the overturning of a stage-
coach between New York and Philadelphia. This
mishap retired him from active life for about
eighteen months ; from its effect he never en-
tirely recovered. From 1837 until its destruc-
tion by fire Wallack conducted the New York Na-
tional theatre. There he presented a repertory of
the best plays in the English language, rendered
by a company such as never before had been seen
iii this country. In 1852 he assumed the manage-
ment of Wallack's lyceum, and in 1861 established
Wallack's theatre. As a performer he was en-
dowed with a fine personality ; his voice was highly
melodious, set off by flexibility and careful elocu-
tion, and his knowledge of sta^e-effect was unex-
celled. In refined and eccentnc comedy Wallack
had few superiors. Some of his roles in the
romantic dramas of his own creation were en-
tirely unequalletl, and have passed away with him,
— His son, John Lester, actor, b. in New York
city, 1 Jan., 1820; d. in Stamford, Conn., 6 Sept.,
1888, spent his in- .
fancy and boyhood
in England. At the
age of twenty he was
entered as lieuten-
ant in the British
army, but after two
years' service he
abandoned his mili-
tary career. Ambi-
tious of following in
the footsteps of his
father, he began his
new experience on
the Dublin stage in
the part of Don Pe-
dro in " Much Ado
about Nothing." He
remained there two
seasons, which were
followed by an en-
gagement at Edinburgh and a brief connection
with the Haymarket theatre in London. In this
countrv Mr. Wallack at first became known as
John W. Lester, making his first a{)pearaiice as
such at the New York Broadway theatre, 27 Sept.,
1847, as Sir Charles Coldstream in Dion Boucicault's
adaptation of " Used Up." After two years' con-
nection with this establishment he appeared in suc-
cession at several other houses — the IJowery, Bur-
ton's, Niblo's, and Brougham's lyceum. In 1852
he joined the company at his father's theatre,
where he acted as stage-manager and played lead-
ing parts. On the death of the elder Wallack. in
1864. he succeeded him as proprietor of Wallack's
theatre, which he conducted with more or less suc-
cess for twenty-four years. On 21 May, 1888, af-
ter his managerial retirement, Mr. Wallack was
the recipient of a brilliant dramatic testimonial
that nette<l the beneficiary the unexampled pro-
ceeds of $20,000. Among the actor's best per-
formances were Don Felix in " The Wonder,' St.
Pierre in " The W^ife," Alfred Evelyn in ".Money."
Charles Surface in " The School for Scandal,"
Young Marlowe in "She Stoops to Conquer," Harry
Dornton in "The Road to Ruin," and Claude
Melnotte in " The Lady of Lyons." In his youth
Mr. Wallack had a pleasing t*nor voice, which he
often used to atlvantage. In many respects his
abilities were similar to his father's. But. unlike
him, he never aspired to the leading roles in trage-
otLii^^4fa,
oM^iC^
WALLimiDOR
WALLER
337
dj or thnoe of the heavy nentimentikl dninia, hut
wisely conflnc<l his offnria to f^ntccl c<»iiUHly and
romantic! youthful fhanu'tors. He wrote* for the
stage "The Veteran " and " K*>sedale," Uithof which
were dewrveillv popular, and i)n»pare«l throi? paiwrs
that were pul>Iisho<] in " Sorinner's Mapizine ' in
()ctol)»«r and followin;; months aft^'r his death.
WAliLltKIlM^K. LenK ( nmulian jurist, b. in
IJelleville, Ont., 27 Nov.. 1810. lie studied law.
was admitt«Ml as a barri-stcr in 18^30, and b(>came
(lueen's counsel in 1856. Ho wa-s elwted to the
Canadian (uirliament in 1857. became a meml>er
of the executive council in 1861}, and speaker of
the Canadian a.'<sembly the same year. In 1882 be
was apjMiinted chief justice of Manitoba.
WALLEN, HenrT Davios, soldier, b. in .Sa-
vannah, (ui., 15) .\prif, 1819; d. in New York citv.
2 Dec. IKHr.. He was jjnuluated at the U. S. mili-
tary academy in 1H40 in the class with William T.
Sherman and (ieorge H. Thomas, and was as-
signed to the 4th infantry. His first service was
in the Florida war in 1840-'2, and, after garrison
duty during 1842-'5. he was engaged in the mili-
tary occupation of Texas and in the war with Mex-
ico, being wounded at Palo Alto. After five years
of frontier duty at Detroit and Plattsburg. he was
sent to the Pacific coa.st. where he remained until
the beginning of the civil war, serving in various
forts, with the Yakmia ex{)edition in 18.5.5. and in
command of the exploring exi>etlition to Salt Lake
in 1859. Meanwhile he had been promoted captain
on 3f Jan., 1850, and major on 25 Nov., 1861. He
was acting assistant inspector-general of the De-
partment of New Mexico from June, 1862, till
June, 1864. and in command of a regiment at Fort
Schuyler. N. Y.. thereafter until May. 1865. The
brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel were given
him on 23 Feb., 18<J5. and that of brigmlier-general
on 13 March. 1865. while the actual rank of iieu-
tenAnt-c*olonel was conferred on him, 30 July, 1865.
For a year ho served in the west, and ctimmanded
successively the district of the Gila and the district
of Arizona, but in 1867 he was given command
of Governor's island. New York harl»or, which
post he held until 1869. In 1872 he was on the
Yellowstone exjH'dition. and on 19 Feb., 1873, he
was made colonel of the 2d infantry. He was
retire<l from active fcrvice on 18 Feb., 1874, and
sul>sequentlv resided in New York city.
WALLER, Frank, artist, b. in New York city,
12 June, 1842. During 1863-'8 he was engagecl
in business in New York. In 1870-'l he studio<l
under John G. Chapman in liome. The following
j-ear he travelled inKgypt with Edwin White, mak-
ing many studies and sketches for future works.
He was one of the founders in 1875 of the Art-
students' league, of which he was also the first
S resident, and for which he wrote " Iteport on Art
chools " (New York, 1879). His paintings include
"Toml« of the Caliphs" (1874); " Interior of my
Studio ;"" Caravan on the Desert" (1878); "In-
terior of Metropolitan Museum of Art "(1879);
♦♦Temple of Kom Ombos " (1881); "Eventide.
Venice " {\mi) ; " Testing his Tole<lo " (1884) : and
♦'Hop-Picking "(1885). Of the last three he has
also made etcTiings. lie has a<lopto4l architecture
as a profession, and now devotes his attention
Erinci[uilly totliatart. — His brother. Elwyn, cliem-
(t, b. in N'ew York city. 22 March. 1846. w»is grad-
uated at Harvard in 1867. and at the Columbia
school of mines in 1870. with the degr«> of enginwr
•of mines. In 1871 he became an assistant in the
department of analvtical chemistry in the School
of mines, in 1871 \ie became an instructor, and
since 1885 he has been profeator of analytioJ
VOL. VI.— 22
chemistry. He was aimointed amistant sanitary
inspector on the New lork hi^lth Uiard in May.
1872. and in 1875 be<«me its chemist, which place
he flIliHl until 1885. The degree of Ph. D. was
ctmferred on him for post-gnuluate n*s(>arches by
Columbia in 1875. He is a memljcr of various
scientific IxHlies and a fellow of the I»ndon
chemical scK-ietv. Dr. Waller was connet-ted edi-
t^)rially with "Yhe American Chemist." and has
contributed articles on water. UkhI. and sanitary
and analytical chemistry to scientific journals.
The chapter on " Disinfection " in Buck's " Treatise
on Hygiene "(New York. 1879). and that on " Wa-
ter" in Parkes's "Manual of Practical Hygiene"
(1883), were written by him. He has edited Cainis's
"Manual of Quantitative Analysis" (New York.
1879), and has contributed a " Ke(K)rt on Butter"
to the New York state dairy commissioners' report
published in 1885.
WALLER, Juhn, clergvman. b. in Spottsvlvania
county. Va.. 23 Dec. 1741 '; d. in Abbeville. "S. C.,4
July. 1802. By reason of his notorious wickedness
in earlv life, he was stvled " Swearing Jack Waller "
and "^riie Devil's Acljutant." He was especially
hostile to the Baptists, and was one of the grand
jury that prosecuted the Rev. Ijcwis Craig, of that
denomination, for preaching. Craig's address to
the jury deeply impressed him, and was the means
of his conversion. He soon Ijccame a Itaptist
preacher, travelling extensively, and attracting
crowds of hearers to his zealous ministrations.
But the intolerant spirit that he had once shared
now made him its victim. Ha lay 113 days in
four different jails of Virginia, and was re|)eatedly
scourged. He was one of the most laborious ani
us«?ful of the pioneer preachers of the south.
>VALLER, John Lightfoot, clergyman, b. in
WfXKlford county, Ky.. 23 Nov.. 1809: d. in Louis-
ville, Ky.. 10 Oct., 1854. He was educated under
private tutors, and became an accomplished scholar.
After teaching for several years, he took in 1835
editorial charge of the " liaptist I^nner." and sub-
sequently he etlited that pa|)er when it was com-
bined with the "Western Pioneer" in Ix>ui.sville,
Kv. In 1840 he was onlain«.><l to the Christian
ministry, and he was for a time nastor of a church
in Woodford countv. In 1845 lie established the
" Western Baptist Ueview." afterward callecl the
"Christian Re|)ositorv," of which he remained etli-
tor until his death. He was a meml)er of the con-
vention that in 1849 formecl the present constitu-
tion of Kentucky, and in that Inxly displayed
delating talent of a high onler. In 1842 he en-
faginl in a celebrated delwte with the Kev. Nathan
1. Uice on the subie<"t of bautism. He resumed
in 1850 editorial charge of the "Baptist Banner
and Western Pioneer." The degree of LL. D. was
conferre<l on him by Madison university in 1852.
WALLER, Tho'uiaM McDonald, governor of
Connecticut, b. in New York city aUnit 1840. He
was left an orphan at the age of nine, and was a
newsl»ov for some time, but he attracted the atten-
tion of a citizen of New I^ndon. Conn., who
adopted him. and whosi^ name he assumed. He
studied law. was admitted to the Connecticut bar
in 1861. and attaine<l note as an advo<.-ate. He
early entered politics, became well known as a pub-
lic stK-aker.and servwl in the legislature in 1867. 1868,
1872. and 187(5. Ix'ing chosen as a DenuHTat. Dur-
ing his last term he was speaker of the house. In
1870 he was secri'tary of state, and in 1873 he be-
came mayor t»f New Ijondon. He served as state's
attorney in 1876- '83. and in 1882 was electetl gov-
ernor o^ Connecticut, after canvassing the state in
his own behalf, contrary to custom. On the ex-
338
WALLERTON
WALLIS
Biration of his term he was appointed, in 1885,
^ S. consul-general at London, Kngland.
WALLERTON, Charles Louis Aii^nste,
French naturalist, b. in Sainte-Menehould in 1721 ;
d. in Nancy in 1788. He was sent to Mexico in
1759 to study the botany of that country, at the
suggestion of the Academy of sc^iences of Paris,
and obtained a special privilege to enter the Span-
ish dominions. Landing in Vera Cruz in October.
17G0, he explored the province of Michoacan,
where he formed a rich herbarium of medicinal
plants, and afterward he searched the public libra-
ries and the convents for information about the
remedies that were formerly used by the Aztecs.
He then visited the Isthmus of Panama, Santo Do-
mingo, and Cuba, and made a thorough explora-
tion of the latter island. On his return to h ranee
in 1705, with an herbarium of 1,500 medicinal
plants, he was elected corresponding member of
the Academy of sciences, and secretary of the
Academy of Nancy, where he settled. He wrote
"Traite explicatif d'un herbier de plantes medici-
nales recueillies dans un voyage h la Nouvelle Es-
pagne, dans I'isthme de Darien et a I'ile de Cuba"
(3 vols., Nancy, 1767-'70); " Monographic des mala-
dies syphilitiques et des simples en usage ehez les
anciens Indiens du Mexique" (1770); and "Ta-
bleau de la flore du royaume de la Nouvelle Es-
pagne, et en particulier de la province de Mechoa-
can " (2 vols., 1775-'9).
WALLEY, John, soldier, b. probably in Lon-
don, England, in 1044 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 11
Jan., 1712. Ho was a son of the Rev. Thomas Wal-
ley. On 12 Feb.. 1089, he commanded the first ex-
pedition against the French and Indians in Canada,
and in August, 1(590. he sailed from Boston as the
lieuloiuiiit of Sir William Phips in a second ex-
pedition. He landed near Quebec with about
1,200 men, and after some courageous but ineflFect-
ual fighting, and an unsuccessful bombardment
by Phips's licet, he re-embarkod. Walley was one
of the principal founders of the town and church
of Bristol, became a member of the eoimcil in
1687, and was captain of the Ancient and honorable
artillery of Boston. His journal of the Canadian
expedition is printed in Thomas Hutchinson's
"History of Massachusetts."
WALLINdr, Henry Francis, cartographer, b.
in Buniilville. R. I., "ll .June, 1825; d. in Cam-
bridge, Mass., 8 April, 1888. He was educated at
public schools and was fitted for college, but be-
came assistant librarian in the Providence athe-
naMun. While so engaged he studied mathematics
and surveying, and entered the office of Barrett
Cushing, a civil engineer in Providence, whose
partner he became in 1846. He began topographic
work in 1849, and prepared atlases containing full
maps and scientific destTiptions of most of the
northern states and the Dominion of Canada. In
1867 he wa.s called to the chair of civil engineering
in Lafayette, which he filled for three years, and
then resigned to accept an appointment jis assist-
ant on the U. S. coast survey. Subsequently he
became connected with the U. S. geological survey,
and in 1884 was a.ssigned to duty in connection
with the geodetic survey of Massjichusetts, on the
preparation of the state maps, on which work he
was engaged at the time of his death. He was a
fellow of the American association for the advance-
ment of science, and of the American society of
civil engineers, to whose proceedings he contributed
papers of value. It was said that "to him more
than to any one else is due the better appreci-
ation of *goo<l maps, which is now bearing fruit in
the work of the national survey."
WALLIS, Gnstav, German botanist, b. in Lune-
burg, Prussia, 1 May, 1830 ; d, in Cuenca, I-k-iiador,
20 July, 1878. Little is known of his early life.
In 1860 he began his search for botanical rarities
in tropical America for a horticultural house in
Brussels. His explorations were confined chiefly
to Amazon river and its tributaries, the mountain-
ous coast-line, and the Isthmus of Panama. He
also visited the Philipnine islands for a Ijondon
house, and before his death began to ex[)lore the
Pacific coast of Ecuador at his own expense. He
enriched horticulture with 1,000 new species.
WALLIS, Samael, English navigator, b. about
1720; d. in London in 1795. He entered the navy,
commanded a division of cutters in Canada in
1760, and after the conclusion of peace was charged
with the completion of the discoveries of Capt.
John Byron in the Pacific. Sailing from Plym-
outh, 22 Aug., 1766, he anchored in the following
November near Cape Virgins on the coast of Pata-
gonia, where he had intercourse with the natives,
and discovered that they were not giants, as had
been asserted by former navigators. On 17 Sept.
he entered the Strait of Magellan, which he ex-
plored for four months. Leaving the strait on 11
April, Wallis discovered Pentecost island on 3
June, 1767, and later Queen Charlotte island. He
returned to Dover, 19 May, 1768, and in 1780
was appointed commissioner of the admiralty,
which post he retained till his death. Wallis's
narrative was published in John Hawkesworth's
collection, entitled " An Account of the Voyage*
undertaken for making Discoveries in the South-
ern Hemisphere" (3 vols., London. 1773).
WALLIS, Severn Teaclile, lawyer, b. in Balti-
more. Md., 8 Sept., 1816. He was graduated at St.
Mary's college. Baltimore, in 1832, studied law
with William Wirt and John Glenn, and in 1837
was admitted to the
bar. Mr. Wallis early
developed a taste for
literature and con-
tributed to periodi-
cals many articles of
literary and histori-
cal criticism, also oc-
casional verses. He
became a proficient
in Spanish literature
and history and was
elected a correspond-
ing member of the
Royal academy of
history of Madrid in
1848. ■lnl846hewt»s
chosen a fellow of
the Royal society of
northern antiquaries
of Copenhagen. In
1847 he visited Spain and in 1849 the U. S. govern-
ment sent him on a s|)ecial mission to that coun-
try to examine the title to the public lands in east
Florida, as affected bv royal grants during the ne-
gotiations for the treaty of 1819. From 1859 till
1861 he contributed largely to the editorial columns
of the Baltimore "Exchange," and he has also
written for other journals. He was a 'Whig till
the organization of the American or Know-Noth-
ing party, after which he was a Democrat. In 1861
he was sent to the house of delegates of Maryland,
and took an active part in the proceedings of
the legislature of that year at Frederick. He was
chairman of the committee on Federal relations,
and made himself obnoxious to the Federal au-
thorities by his reports, which were adopted by the
^Ty^z^
WAIiLON
WAI^sn
legislature, and which took atrong ground against
the civil war, as w«<ll an u^in»t tho then pn'vniling
doftrino of inilitHrv netH'«sity. In Septt'iiilMT of
that yvHT Mr. Walliii wiw arrctstcil with many
membt'rs of tho lef^isluturo and other citizens of
the state, and iinprisonwl for more tlian four-
teen months in various forts. lie was releas(>d
in Novemher, 1H02, without conditions and with-
out being informo«l of the cause of his arrest, lie
then returne<l to tho practice of tho law in IJalti-
more. In 1870, <m the death of John I*. Kennetly,
he was electe<l provost of the University of Mary-
land. In December, 18?2, as chairman of the art
committee of private citizens ap[M>inted bv the
Maryland legislature, he delivered the uldress
upon the unveiling of William H. Rinehart's statue
of Chief-Justice Taney. lie has contributed to pe-
rio<licals, and has published " Glimpses of Spain "
(New York, 1849); "Sj)air>: her Institutions, Poli-
tics, and Public Men" (lioston, 1853); a "Dis-
course on the Life and Chanu'ter of George Pea-
body " (lialtimore, 187(>); and numerous pamphlets
on legal and literary subji»cts.
W ALLON, Lonis Florentin (vol-long). mission-
ary, b. in Bourges, France, about 1670; d. in Peru
in 1725. After serving in the army he became a
Jesuit at Saint-Acheul, and went to Peru in 1714,
after visiting Paraguay, Chili, and the West Indies,
lie intended to take charge of a mission in the
Philippine islands, but remained in Peni instead,
and rounded a prosperous mission in the plateau
of Quito, where he died. He wrote several inter-
esting accounts of his travels, which were printed
in the "Collection des lettres 6diflantes et curi-
euses, envoy^es des missions «^trangeres" (Paris,
1715-'80). Among them are " Voyage aux Indes
Orientales, jjar le Paraguay, le Chili et le P^rou,
fait en 1712, '13-'14," which descril)es the con<lition
of the Indians in South America at the beginning
of the 18th century ; and " fttat des missions de la
Compagnio de Ji»sus dans le Perou.'"
WALN, Robert, merchant, b. in Philadelphia,
Pa., 22 Feb., 1765; d. there, 24 Jan., 1836. His
great -great-grandfather, Nicholas, an English
Quaker, came to this country with William Penn
in 1682, and bought a tract of land in what is now
the citv of Philadelphia. He took an active part
in public affairs, wa* a memlier of the first cnmd
jury that was called in 1083, and repn>sented Bucks
county in tho first legislature of Pennsylvania
from that year till 1695, when he removed to
Philaflelphia, and in 1711 Ixx-ame a director in the
first public school of that city. He died there in
1721. K^jliert was educated at tho F'riends' aca<le-
my in his native city. He inherite<l a large estate,
and with his brother Jesse continueil the business
that had been esfablishe<l by his father, which 1h?-
came widely known in the East India and China
trade, and almost e<|ualled that of Stephen Girard
in the comprehensive character of its enterprises.
He served in the legislature several years, and in
congress from 171)8 till 1801 as a Federalist, and
was a member of the common council of Phila-
delphia. During the war of 1812 he built one of
the first cotton-fai'tories in the country, and. being
also largely intereste<i in iron-work.s, he became a
strtmg protectionist. He was the author of an
" Answer to the Anti-Protective Keport of Henry
Lee," while the excitement on the tariff Question
was at its height, and of " Seven liOtters to Elias
Hicks," which attractc*! great attention. — His son,
Robert, jx>et. b. in Philatlelphia, Pa., 25 Oct.,
1794; d. in Providence, H. I., 4 July, 1825, was
liberally educated, and devoted himself to litera-
ture. He published " The Hermit in America on
a Visit to Philadelphia" (Philadelphia, 1819; 2d
Mfries, 1821); "American lianls," a satin* (1820);
" Sisvphi Opus, or Touches at the Times, with oth-
er P(H'ms" (1820) ; " Life of I^fayette" (lH25-'6);
" History of China " (1825) ; and numerous contri-
butions to perioilicals. He edite<l John .Sanderson's
" Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of In-
dependence" from the third volume, contributing
several of the sul»sequent lives (7 vols., 1820-'7).
WALSH, Benjamin llann, entomologist, b.
in Frome, Worcestershire. Englaml, 21 Sept.,
1808; d. in Rock Island. III.. !8 Nov., 1869. lie
was graduated at Cambridge, and it was the de-
sire of his parents that he should study for the
ministry, llis own inclinations led him into lit-
erary work, and he wrote extensively for periodi-
cals, including a pamphlet on university reforms,
almost all the suggestions in which he lived to see
practically carried out. In IHUH he came to the
United States and settled in Henry cr>unty, III.,
where for thirteen years he led a secluded life, de-
voted to the care fif his farm. His health Ix^com-
ing impaire<l, he removed to Rock Island in 1851,
and there followed the lumber business for seven
years. His active entomological career began after
his retirement from business, and thereafter he
contributed regularly from his observations and
exj>erience to various journals and proceedings of
societies. In Octol)er. 1865, the " Practical Entf>-
mologist " was founde<l in Philadelphia, his name
ap|)eared as its as.sociate editor from the west, and
ultimately the editorial management passed entire-
ly into his hands. During the session of 1866-'7
the legislature of Illinois authorized the appoint-
ment of a state entomologist, and Mr. \\alsh's
name was presented for confirmation. Although
final action was deferrevi by the state senate until
its next session, he discharge<l the duties of the
office, and as acting state entomologist issue<l his
first annual re|K)rt for 1867. He wa.s a member
of various scientific societies, and was regarded as
a stamlanl authority on his s|)ecialty. His more
im{K)rtant entomological works were published in
the " Procee<ling8 of the Philadelphia Entomo-
logical Society." Mr. Walsh was ass4»ciate<l with
Charles V. RiJey in founding the " American En-
tomologist " in \S(\S, and was its senior editor until
his death. In additicm to the works that have l»een
mentioned, he published " Walsh's Comedies of
Aristophanes" (Ijondon, iSiiT).
WALSH, John, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in
Mooncoin, County Kilkenny, Ireland, 24 May, \8S0.
After completing his classical studies he entered
St. John's college. Waterford, where he took a
course of theology. Res<ilving to devote hittiself
to foreign missions, he went to Canada in 1852,
entered the Seminary of St. Sulpice. Montreal, and
was ordaine<l a priest on 1 Nov., 1S.">4. He was sta-
tioned for two years at Brock, and was then ap-
pointed pastor of St. Mary's jwrish, Toronto. lie
was afterwanl transferred to St. Paul's, and sub-
sequently was made rector of the cathe<lral, but
was reappointe<l jiastor of St. Mary's. He was then
nominated to tho see of .Sandwich, and c<insecrate«l
bishop on 10 Nov.. 1867. In 1S(W he removed his
episcopal residence fmm Sandwich to I^)ndon, and
in 1869 he procure<l from the Pro|wganda a decree
that made London the titulur diocese. He at once
entered on tho task of removing the enormous
debt that weighed on his fl(x-k. and in a few
months succeetled in paying |;40.000. He began
with zeal to build churches and found schooLs,
academies, and convents, but at the end of two
years his health failc<l. and he was not able to at-
tend the Vatican council. In 1875 he published a
340
WALSH
WALSH
work on the questions that were discussed in that
body. In 1876 he paid his first visit to Rome, and.
after his return in the following year, the tenth
anniversary of his consecration was appropriately
celebrated. In 1881 he laid the corner-stone of the
new cathedral of London, which is now nearly fin-
ished, and is unequalled among Canadian churches.
In 1882 he visited Ireland, returning the same
year. In 1884 he took part in the deliberations of
the third plenary council of Baltimore at the spe-
cial invitation of the American bishoos. During
Bishop Walsh's episcopate twenty-eight churches
were built and five were enlarged, and more than
$500,000 were spent on church improvement.
Three convents were built, and a new orphanage
was founded and placed under the care of the
Sisters of St. Joseph. The College of Sandwich was
opened by the Basilian Fathers, and nine academies
and nine convents were established. The number
of priests have increased to seventy-seven, and the
Roman Catholic population to about 70,000.
WALSH. John Johnson, missionary, b. in
Newburg, N. Y.. 4 April, 1820; d. in Amenia, N. Y.,
7 Keb.. 1884. He was graduated at Union college
in 18:}9. and at Princeton theological seminary in
1843, was ordained, and sailed the same year as a
missionary under the American board for India,
where he occu{)ied stations at Futtehghur, Myn-
poorie. and Allahabad till 1873. Returning home
m 1874, he was pastor at Millerton, N. Y., for two
years, and subsequently lived in Amenia. Mr.
Walsh had just left India for the United States,
and thus escaped the massacre of the mission at
Futtehgiiur by the Sepoys in 18.57. He published
" A Memorial of the Futtehghur Mission and her
Martyred Missionaries " (Philadelphia, 1859).
WALSH, Michael, educator, b. in Ireland in
1703; d. in Amesbury, Mjiss., 20 Aug., 1840. He
came to America when a youth and became a
teacher in Marblehead academy about the time of
its organization in 1792, where Judge Joseph Story
was one of his pupils. Harvard gave him the
degree of A. M. in 1803. He was the author of
a " JMercantile Arithmetic " (Xcwburyport, 1801),
and a " Xew System of Book-keeping" (1826).
WALSH, Michael, politician, b. in Youghal,
Irelan<l, 7 March, 1810; d. in New York city, 17
March, 18-59. He went to Baltimore in his youth,
received a good education, and became a lithog-
rapher. Removing to New York, he entered the
assembly in 1839, and continued for many years
to be a leader of the Democratic party. He estab-
lished in 1840 "The Knickerbocker," which was
stooped after two years' existence by his conviction
and imprisonment for the publication of a libel.
On his release he began "The Subterranean," an
abusive and scurrilous sheet, that came to an end
in a few years. On his release he served in con-
gress, having been elected in 1853-*5 as a Demo-
crat, and was then sent on a confidential mission to
England and to Me.\ico by the government. Mr.
Walsh visited the camps of the great contending
powers in the Crimea, and was for a time the guest
of Carroll Spence, then U. S. minister in Constan-
tinople, havuig reached there from Sebastopol pen-
niless and without suitable clothing. He had great
talents, independence, and honesty, and wa.s a keen
satirist, and his letters from abroad were unrivalled
in their vein. He was found dead in the area of
a house in New York city. He published his
" Speeches, Poems, and other Writings " (New
York. 184:3).
WALSH, Robert, author, b. in Baltimore, Md.,
in 1784; d. in Paris, 7 Feb., 1859. His father, a
native of Ireland, was a merchant of Baltimore.
J(v-(yCnA lAkjJj^
He was educated at the Roman Catholic college at
Baltimore and at the Jesuit college at Georgetown,
1). C., where in 1796 he delivered a poetical ad-
dress before Gen. Washington, who was then presi-
dent. He afterward spent a number of years in
Europe, and, returning to this country in 1809,
studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began
practice in Philadelphia. In consequence of deaf-
ness he abandoned law and engaged in journal-
ism. In 1811 he began the publication of the
first quarterly that was issued in the United
States, "The
American Re-
view of His-
tory and Poli-
tics," which he
continued two
years, and in
1817-18 edit-
ed the "Ameri-
can Register."
In 1819 he es-
tablished the
" National Ga-
zette" at Phil-
adelphia, and
remained con-
nected with it
till 1836, when
he sold it to
William Fry.
He also edit-
ed the " Maga-
zine of For-
eign Literature," and resuscitated the "American
Review" in March, 1827, which he continued to edit
with much ability for ten years. About 1836 he
went to reside in Paris, where he was U. S. consul
in 1845-'51, and remained there till his death. He
was at one time a writer for Dennie's " Portfolio,"
wrote biographical prefaces to an edition of the
English poets in fifty small volumes, and biographi-
cal sketches for " Delaplaine's Repository " and
for the " Encyclopaedia Americana," and while in
Europe he corresponded with the "Journal of
Commerce " and the " National Intelligencer."
He was a member of the American philosophical
society and the Royal Spanish academy of history.
His " Letter on the Genius and Disposition of the
French Government " (Philadelphia, 1810) was re-
published in England, where it was very popular,
and passed through four editions. Mr. Walsh's
other book« include "Correspondence respecting
Russia," with Robert Goodloe Harper (1813) ; " Es-
say on the Future State of Europe" (1813): "Ap-
peal from the Judgment of Great Britain respect-
ing the United States" (1819): "The Museum of
Foreign Literature and Science " (1822) : and " Di-
dactics : Social, Literary, and Political " (2 vols.,
1836). He also issued "The Select Speeches of
George Canning" (Philadelphia. 1835) and "The
Select Speeches of Windham and William Huskis-
son " (1841), for lx)th of which he wrote biographical
sketches. — His grandson, William Shepard, au-
thor, b. in Paris, France, 1 Feb., 1854, is the son of
Robert M. Walsh, who was secretary of legation
in France, and held various other diplomatic posts
in Europe and in S<juth America. He spent his
iKiyhood in Italy. In 1867 he came with his fam-
ily to this country, studied at Georgetown college,
I). C. was graduated at the law department of the
University of Pennsylvania in 1876, and in the
siime vear accepted a post as reader and critic
with J. B. Lippincott and Co., during which con-
nection he has compiled, edited, or written about
WALSH
WAliTKR
341
twenty juvenile, historical, and scientific books,
under vnrinus pon-iiamcs, chioflv und«"r that of
•* William ShfpHrd." In ItWrt he lM-cain«' «'<lititr of
" lii|i|)incott's Mu^azinp." lie has |iiil)li,shi-<l un-
der his own name "Faust: the li«-p'n<l and the
PiK'ni," a critical commentary (I'hilmlelphia, 1887),
and " Parndoxesof a Philistine" (1888).
WAIiSH, William. Canadian II. (\ archbishop,
b. in Waterford. Ireland, in Noveml)er, 1804; d.
in Halifax. Nova Scotia, 10 Aug., 18.'>8. He was
educated in thitilogy and philosophy in St. John's
colleffe. Waterfonl, and was ortlainwl a priest on
25 March, 1828. He exercised his ministry for
the following: ten years in the archdiocese of Dub-
lin, where he was nominated bishop of (,'alcutta.
He wa.s ^rmitte<i to decline the appointment, but
in 18JJ4. in ol)e<lience to the command of his supe-
riors, he consentetl to become coatljutor vicar apos-
tolic of Nova Scotia. On the creation of the see of
Halifax in 184,5 he became bishop, and in 1852 he
was made archbishop of the same diocese. He not
only contributed to the advancement of the Ro-
man Catholic church in Nova Scotia, but did much
to incn>ase the general well-being of the prov-
ince. He labored to create a Roman Catholic
literature, and for this purpose published transla-
tions of the works of St. Alphonsus Liguori, Grif-
fet's *' Meditations," Bcrthicr's " God and I," and
the "Spiritual Maxims "of St. Vincent de Paul.
His original works are " Lenten Manual" (New
York, 1855): "Catholic Oflfering " (1855); and
" Eucharistica " (1850).
WALTER, Nehemiah, clergyman, b. in Ire-
land in December, 1063; d. in Roxbury, Mass., 17
Sept., 1750. He was of English pjirentage, and
came with his father, Thomas, to this country in
1679, settling in Boston. He was graduated at
Harvard in 1684. and, after living for a time in
Nova Scotia, l)ecame colleague to John Eliot, the
apostle to the Indians. He was minister of Rox-
burv, Mass.. from 17 Oct., 1688, till his death. Mr.
Walter married a daughter of Increase Mather.
He published " An E.ssay on the Sense of Indwell-
ing Sin in the Regenerate" (Boston, 1707); " Prac-
tical Discourses on the Holiness of Heiiven "
(ITZG): and a posthumous volume of "Sermons
on Isaiah LV. " (1755).— His son, Thomas, clergy-
man, b. in Roxbury,. Mass., Vi Dec.. 1006; d. there,
10 Jan., 1725. was graduated at Harvard in 1713.
and ordained as his lather's col league, 19 Oct., 1718.
He published " Grounds and Rules of Music Ex-
plained" (Boston, 1721); "A Sermon at the Bos-
ton Lecture " (1723); and " Infallibility may Some-
times Mistake." an essay (1724).— Thomas's nephew,
William, clertjvman, b. in Roxbury, Mass., 7
Oct., 1737; d. in Ik^ston, 5 Dec.. 1800. was gratlu-
ated at Harvard in 1756, onlained by the bishop
of London in 1704 as a minister of the Anglican
church, and on 22 Julvof the same year installed
rector of Trinity church, Boston. He' sympathized
with the loyalists, and, resigning the rectorship of
Trinity church, 17 March. 1776, accom[tanied Gen.
Howe to Halifax, Nova S<'otia, with his familv and
many others. He afterward went to New Vork.
actea for some time as chaolain of a British regi-
ment, and, returning to Nova Scotia, received a
grant of land from the crown as com|)ensation for
his losses, which amounte<l to £7,000. He re-
tained to Boston in 1791, and the next year became
rector of Christ churc-h in that city, where he
ministered till his death. In 1796 he' was inWtetl
to deliver the Dudleian lecture at Harvard col-
lege, and in 1798 he pronounced the anniver-
ttmr discourse before the Massachusetts humane
Bocdetj-, which was published. The degree of D. D.
was conferred on him by King's college, Aberileen,
in 1784. — William's grandson, Lynuk Mixshall.
journalist (1799 — 1842). wa.s gniduate^l at Harvard
in 1817. establishe<l the "Boston Trans<Tipt " in
1830. and was editor till 1M42. — Another grandson
of William, William Bicker, author, b. in lios-
ton, 19 April, 1796; d. in ChaHeston, .S. C., 23
April, 1822, was graduate<l at liowdoin in 1818, and
studied divinity at Cambridge, but did not prewh.
He jK)8sessed an active fancy and great facility of
versification. Mr. Walter contributed o<les, "son-
nets, and translations to the newspapers ond maga-
zines, and in 1822 went to the southern states to
give lectures on poetrv. He publishe<l "Poems"
(Boston, 1821), and"Sukey"a i»oem (1821). The
latter was suggested bv Fitz-CJreene Halleck's
" Fannv," which ap|K'ared in 1819.
WALTER, Thomas botanist, b. in Hampshire.
England, about 1745: d. near Charleston, .S. C.
about 1800. He received a lil>eral educ^ttion in
England, but, emigrating to this country, s«'ttle<I
on a plantation in St. Stephen's parish, S. C. There
he followed the business of a planter and devoted
his leisure to botany. In his garden he cultivated
the plants that he subsequently described, and sev-
eral species have since been named after him. His
principal publication is "Flora Caroliniana. se-
cundum Svstema Vegetabilium (>crillustris Linnei
digesta" (London, 17HH).
WALTER, Thomas Tstlok. architect, b. in
Philadelphia. Pa., 4 Sept., 1804 ; d. there, 30 Oct.,
1887. His early etlucation was liberal but not col-
legiate, and at the age of fifteen he entered the
omce of William Stricklaml, the architect of the
mint and the custom-house, Philadelphia. After
acquiring a knowledge of linear drawing and a
genend ac(|Uaiiitunce with the professional prac-
tice of architects, he resumed his general studies,
prosecuted them for seven years, and after two
more years with Mr. Strickland he Ix-gan practice
as an architect in 1830. His first imixtrlant work
was the new county prison (1881), which is now gen-
erally known as Movamensing jail, and in 18Ji3 he
inmle the original designs for Girard college, and
was sent to Europe by the building committee of
that institution, tnat He might studv there. On his
return he took charge of the col lege building, which
was completed in 1847, and which it is claimed is
the finest sj)ecimen of cla.ssic architecture on this
continent. Mr. Walter's next great work was the
breakwater at Laguayra for the Venezuelan gov-
cniment; in 1851 his design for the extension of
the capitol at Washington was adopted. Having
been appointed government archite<'t. he removed
to Wa-Miington. and remaine<l there till the comple-
tion of the work in 1865. (Sec illustration.) Wnile
in Washington be also designeil the extensions of
the patent-office, treasury, and post-office build-
ings, the dome on the old capitol, the congressional
342
WALTER
WALTHALL
library, and the government hospital for the in-
sane. Among the works of his private practice in
Philadelphia were the designs for St. George's hall,
the Preston retreat, and the Biddle and Cowper-
thwaite places on Delaware river. He assisted the
architect of the new Public buildings at Philadel-
phia in their erection, and was so engaged till his
death. He was a memlierof the Franklin institute
after 1829, held its professorship of architecture,
and in 1860 delivered a course of lectures on that
subject in Columbia college. New York. He was
a member of the American philosophical society
after 1841, and was one of the origmal members
of the American institute of architects, of which
he was president at the time of his death. He re-
ceived the degree of D. C. L. from the University
of Lewisburg, Pa., in 1853, and that of LL. D. from
Harvard in 1857.
WALTER, WUIiam Henry, musician, b. in
Newark, N. J., 1 July, 1825. He removed to New
York in 1842, was appointed organist in Trinity
parish in 1847, and placed successively in charge
of the music at St. John's chapel, St. Paul's, Trin-
ity church, and Trinity chapel, where he remained
until 18G9. He studied composition under Dr.
Edward lludges, was apiHiinted organist at Colum-
bia college, New York, in 1856, and in 1865 re-
ceived the honorary degree of Mus. Doc. from that
institution, with which he is still connected. His
published works are " Manual of Church Music "
(New York. 1860); "Chorals and Hvmns" (1866);
" Common Prayer with Ritual Song'' (1868); " Les-
sons in Music" (1882); and "Mass in C," with
Latin and English text (1886). — His son, (Jeorg'e
WiHiam, organist, b. in New York city, 16 Dec,
1851, at the age of eleven was placed under the
musical instruction of John K. Paine, of Boston,
and subsequentlv under Samuel P. Warren, of New
York. In 1869 Ke went to Washington, D. C, and
was given the degree of Mus. Doc. by Columbian
university of that city. His compositions are rather
for the virtuoso than for the popular ear. As an
organist he is known for his powers in extemporane-
ous performance and novelty in registration. His
musical librarv contains more than 8,000 works.
WALTER," William Joseph, author, b. in
England ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 9 Oct., 1846. He
was a professor in St. Edmund's college. Ware,
England, till 1839, when he emigrated to this
country, and settled in Philadelphia, where, at the
time of his death, he acted as secretary to the
British consul. His chief publications were '* Ac-
count of a Manuscript of Ancient English Poetry,
entitled ' Clavis Scientia?, or Bretayne s Skyll-Kay
of Knawing,' bv John de Wageby " (London. 1816) ;
editions of •' Marie Magdalen's Funerall Teares "
and others of Robert Southwell's poems ; " Sir
Thomas More: his Life and Times "(Philadelphia,
ISSd) ; " Beauties of Sir Thomas More " (Baltimore,
1840): "Mary, Queen of Scots: a Journal of her
Twentv Years' Captivity, Trial, and Execution"
(Philadelphia, 1840) ; " St. John Chrysostom "
(1841) ; and " The New Following of Christ " (1841).
WALTERS, William Thompson, merchant,
b. on the Juniata river. Pa., 23 Alay, 1820. He is
of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and his father, Henry
Walters, a banker of l^ennsylvania, sent him to
Philadelphia to be educated as a civil engineer.
He was placed in charge of a large smelting
establishment in Lycoramg county. Pa., where
under his management the first iron that was
manufactured in the United States from min-
eral coal was made. In 1841 he removed to Bal-
timore, Md., and engaged in the general commis-
sion business, and in 1847 he established the
firm of W. T. Walters and Co.. wine-merchants.
When the first line of steamers l)etween Baltimore
and Savannah was established he was chosen its
president, and from that time he has been a direc-
tor in every line from Baltimore to the south. Af-
ter the civil war he aided in the reorganization of
the southern steamship lines. For many years he
has been a director of the Northern Central rail-
way company, and he is also interested in many
southern lines. From 1861 till 1865 he resided in
Europe, where he became the personal friend of
many prominent continental artists, and travelled
extensively to study the history and development
of art and to purchase pictures for the collection
that he had begun at an early period. He was
art commissioner from the United States to the
Paris exposition of 1867, that in Vienna in 1873,
and that in Paris in 1878. He is one of the per-
manent trustees of the Corcoran art gallery in
Washington, D. C. and is also chairman of' the
purchasing committee, a trustee of the Peabody
institute, and chairman of its committee on art.
He is also a trustee of the estate left for art
uses by the sculptor William H. Rinehart, who
was enabled to procure his art education largely
through the generosity of Mr. Walters. Albert
Wolff, the French critic, says that Mr. Walters's
private collection is the most complete gallery of
French pictures in the world with a single excep-
tion. He owns a large and rare collection of
Bonvin's water-colors, and many Barye bronzes.
His collection of Oriental porcelain, and ceramics
numbers 3,000 pieces. For many years Mr. Wal-
ters has annually opened his gallery to the pub-
lic, and the proceeds are devoted to the Poor
association of Baltimore. He has given to the
city of Baltimore several bronzes, which adorn
the four public squares adjoining the Washington
monument. They are the great lion, a master-
piece made by Antoine Louis Barye, in 1847,
for the Tuileries ; four groups — " War," " Peace,"
" Strength," and " Order " — productions of the
models made by Barye for the exterior decoration
of the Louvre; and a reproduction in bronze by
Barbedienne of " Military Courage," made by Paul
Dubois for the Lamoriciere monument in Nantes.
He has also given to the city a reproduction in
bronze of the statue of Chief-Justice Taney in An-
napolis, Md., made by Rinehart. During his visit
to Europe, Mr. Walters became interested in the
Percheron horses ; he brought eighteen of them to
the United States in 1866,and extended the importa-
tion of this^tock. To increase an intelligent inter-
est on this subject, he published " The Percheron
Horse," from the French of Charles Du Hays, with
artistic etchings (printed privately. New York,
1886). He has also published " Antoine Louis
Barye, from the French of Various Critics " (Balti-
more, 1885), and " Notes upon Certain Masters of
the XIX. (Century" (New York, 1886).
WALTHALL," Edward Cary, senator, b. in
Richmond, Va., 4 April, 1831. He was educated
at Holly Springs, Miss., studied law, was admitted
to the bar in 1852, and practised at Coffeeville,
Miss. In 1856 he was elected district attorney of
the 10th judicial district of Mississippi, and he
v/as re-elected in 1859. but resigned in 1861 and
entered the Confederate army as a lieutenant in
the 15th Mississippi infantry. He was promoted
to lieutenant-colonel, and commanded the regi-
ment in the battle of Fishing Creek, or mill
Springs, Ky., 19 Jan., 1862. Subsequently he be-
came colonel of the 29th Mississippi regiment,
and he was promoted brigadier, 13 Dec, 1862,
and major-general, 6 June, 1864. His service was
WALTIIER
WALTON
848
in the wosUrn army. At the Iwttle of Mission
Ui(i>;i'. ftfler tlie Nntinnal forces had ix'netraled
tlie Confederate lines, (ten. Walthall, under direc-
tion of Uen. ik>njarnin P. Cheatham, threw his
brigade acniss the
ridge and held the
advancing troops
in ch(>ck until
darkness enabled
the Confederates
to make their es-
cape. He com-
marided the rear-
guard of General
John H. IItK)d'8
army after that
general's disas-
trous defeat at
Nashville, and
firotected them
rom capture by
the pursuing
forces of General
George H. Thom-
as. In January,
1871, Gen. Walt-
hall resumed the practice of law at Grenada,
Miss., which he continued until March. ISb.'i. He
was delegate at large to the National Demo-
cratic conventions of 1868, 1876, 1880, and 1884.
He was ap^Kiinte<l to the V. S. senate as a Demo-
crat t^) fill the vacancy caused by the resignation
of Lucius Q. C. Ijamar, t«x)k his seat on 12 March,
1885, and was elected by the legislature in January,
1886, for the unexpired term, without op|x»sition.
He was unanimously chosen in January, 1888, for
the term that will end in IS}).!.
WALTHKK, Carl Ferdinand Wil helm, theo-
logian, b. in Ijangenchursdorf, Saxonv, 25 Oct.,
1811 ; d. in St. Ix>uis, Mo., 7 May, 1887. He was
the youngest son of Rev. Gottlieb Heinrich Wil-
helm Walther and a descendant of a long line of
Lutheran clergymen. He received his classical
♦nlucation in the gymntisium at S<;hneel)erg, in the
Marz mountain, and his theological training at the
University of Ijeipsic, where he was graduateil in
18*1. In the same year he became tutor in the
family of a councilman at Kahla, and in 1837 l>e-
came pastor at Brftunstlorf. During his residence
at Kania he was acquainted with Hev. Martin
Stephan in Dresden, who w»is at that time at the
height of his jiopularitv, but with whom Walther
could not always agree. When. in 18J18, Stephan gave
the signal for emigration to this country, Walther,
with a number of his members, decidec) to accom-
[)anv them, and they arrivetl at New Orleans. lia..
on h Jan.. 1839. On the way Stephan dis<!losed
his true nature as a religious fanatic, and Walther
separated from him. Some of the emigrants set-
tled in St. Louis, while others went to the interior
of the state, estKH-ially in Perry county. Among
the latter w»is Walther, who locateil atAltenburg,
88 a Luthenin [uistor, and after the de|>osition of
Stephan l)ecame the deliverer of his deluded fol-
lowers. In 1841, after the death of his brother
Herman, he accepted the (tastorate of the Lutheran
congregation of Saxons in St. Ixjuis, Mo., where he
restored harmony among the |)eople and gave
them a proper form of government. His labors
were so successful that in the fall of 1842 he detli-
cated the first Lutheran church of the Holv Trin-
ity in St. Ijouis. He l>ecame the recognizej leader
among his countrymen, who settled in large num-
bers in Missouri, and was chief in the movement
that resulted in 1847 in the organization of the
synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other states, of which
he was the first president, and which is now the
largest Lutheran syntxl in the country. In 1849
the theological seminary that was organized at
Altenburg in a log-hut, 9 Oct., 1839, wa.s removed
to St. Ijouis,and Mr. Walther was ele<.-t»Hl its presi-
dent, which |M)st he held until his death. He was
ore-eminently the leatler of the so-calle«l Missouri
Lutherans. In 1H72 the symnlical conference of
the Kviuigelical Lutheran church in North Amer-
ica was organize<l, of which he was also the rec-
ognized leader and in which he exercise*! a con-
trolling influence throughout his life. He was an
earnest and faithful student of the writings of
Luther and the confession of the Evangelical Lu-
theran church, a fine classical strholar, a profound
theologian, an able leader and organizer, and a
prolific author. In 1844 he liegan the publication
of " Der Lutheraner," a semi-monthly, in St. Ix)uis,
Mo., of which he was the wlitor until 1887. and
in 1855 he established there " Lehre und Wehre,"
a monthly, which he conducted until his death.
He published a large numl^r of sermons, ad-
dres.ses. and criticisms, many of which appeared
in German and Knglish. and which are widely cir-
culated in the United States and KurojK;. He has
also issued several works, among which are "Dr.
M. Luther's kleiner Katechismus ausgelegt von
Dr. J. C. Dietrich, mit Zuslltzen " (St. Louis, 1858);
" Amerikanistrh-Luthcrische Kvangelien-Postille "
(1871 ; 0th eil., 1883); '• Amerikanisch-Lutherische
Epistcl-Postille" (1871); "Amerikanisch-Luther-
ische Pastoral Theologie" (18?2): " Haieri, J. G.,
Compendium Theologian Positiva* : Editio auctior
et emendatior" (3 voU., 1879).
WALTON, Georgre, signer of the Declaration
of Indef)endence, b. in P>e<lerick county, Va., in
1740; d. in Augusta, G a., 2 Feb.. 1804. He was
entirely self-taught, and was early appriMiticed to
a caritenter. His employer would not permit
him tne use of a
candle to read at
night, but in his
zeal for knowledge
he found a substi-
tute in pine-knots.
At the expiration
of his apprentice-
ship he removed
to (jeorgia, st udied
law with Henry
Young, was admit-
ted to the Iwr in
I 1774. and began
I practice at Augus-
ta. He was one of
four |>erson8 that
calleil a public
meeting at Savan-
nah, Ga., 27 July,
1774, for the con-
siderat ion of public grievances, and was one t»f a com-
mittee that was ap|>ointe<l on that occasion to insti-
tute a corres|K)ndence with the different (larishes,
inviting them toco-operate with the other provinces
in North America in opi)osition to the arbitrary
exercise of jiower by the British government. On
12 Jan., 1775, another meeting of the citizens was
convened, but the majority wrre op|H>MHi to taking
any decisive measures against the mother country,
though Mr. Walton eliwjuently urgtnl such action.
He was one of the committee that pre|»ared a |)eti-
tion to the king, and drew up the (>atriotic resolu-
tions that were adoi>te<l on that occasion ; was ac-
tive in promoting tne Revolution in Georgia, and
^%^>^^^i^»^.
344
WALTON
WALWORTH
from February, 1776, till October, 1781, was a dele-
f^ftte to the Continental congress, signing the Dec-
aration of Independence in the former year. In
December, 1778, he was appointed a colonel of
militia, commanded a battalion on the right of
Gen. Robert Howe's army when Savannah was
taken by the British, was severely wounded in the
thigh, and. having been taken jirisoner. was not
liberated till September, 1779. In October of the
same year, and again in 1789, he was chosen gov-
ernor of Georgia. Ho was appointed chief justice
of the state in 1783, and in 1787 was elected a dele-
gate to the convention for framing the constitution
of the United States, but did not take his seat. In
1793 he was again a judge of the supreme court,
and in 1795-'G he was U. S. senator. He was also
one of the U. S. commissioners to negotiate a treaty
with the Cherokee Indians in Tennessee, and was
several times a member of the legislature of Geor-
gia. Gen. Mcintosh, then in command of the
militia in Georgia, accused Mr. Walton of indirect
Sarticipation in the production of a forged letter,
ated 30 Nov., 1779, which was transmitted to the
president of congress, requesting his removal from
the command of the troops in the state. This ac-
cusation was considered by the legislature of Geor-
gia in January, 1783. A vote of censure was passed
on Mr. Walton, and the attorney-general was rec-
ommended to institute such proceedings against
him as the case required. This action of the legis-
lature seems strangely inconsistent with Mr. Wal-
ton's appointment by the same body as chief justice
of Georgia on the preceding day. — His son, George,
held the office of secretary of state for West Florida
under the administration of Andrew Jackson.
WALTON, George Edward, physician, b. in
Cincinnati. Oliio, 25 Dec, 1839. He was gradu-
ated at Bellevue hospital medical college, New
York, in 18G4, and, after serving as acting as-
sistant surgeon in the National army, visited Eu-
rope for study in 186.5, and, returning in 1866, be-
gan practice in Cincinnati. He afterward became
professor of the principles and practice of medicine
in Cincinnati college, took the chair of medicine
and surgery in 1880, and was president of the Cin-
cinnati academy of medicine m 1880-'l. In addi-
tion to monographs on European and American
climatic resorts, and contributions to periodicals,
he has published " Mineral Springs of the United
States and Canada" (New York, 1872).
WALTON, Williuin, British author, b. in Eng-
land in 1784; d. at Oxford in 1857. He was Brit-
ish resident at Santo Domingo, and, in addition
to articles for reviews and magazines, published
" Present State of the Spanish Colonies (2 vols.,
London, 1810) ; " Historical Account of Peruvian
Sheep" (1811); "Sketch of the United States of
America, 1800-1810, by Le C. F. de Beaujour,"
translated (1814) ; " Expose of the Dissensions of
Spanish America " (1814) : " Reports on Mines in
Ilay ti " (1825) ; " Memoir on Slavery in Brazil,"
translated (1826) ; and " Spain ; or Who is the Law-
ful Successor to the Throne t" (1834).
WALTON, William Claiborne, clergyman, b.
in Hanover county, Va., 4 Nov., 1793 ; d. in Hart-
ford, Conn., 18 Feb., 1834. He was the son of a
blacksmith, and received but few advantages of
early education, but afterward studied at Hamp-
den Sidney college, and was licensed as a preacher
of the Presbyterian church, 22 Oct., 1814, at Fred-
ericksburg. He afterward preached at Smithfleld
and Berryville, Va., at Wa>jhington, D. C, for a
short period in 1821, and in P^ebruary, 1823, became
fastor of 'the 3d Presbyterian church, Baltimore,
n May, 1827, he was installed as pastor of the 2d
Presbyterian church at Alexandria, which charge
he retained till 1832. In November. 1830, he was
deputed by the presbytery of the District of Co-
lumbia to attend the annual meeting of the synod
of Virginia, and in 1832 he was chosen missionary
agent and evangelist for the presbyteries of East
and West Hanover. Subsequently he became pas-
tor of the Free church, Hartford, Conn. He was
remarkably successful as an evangelist, and con-
tnibuted in a considerable degree to the revival of
religion in the Presbyterian, Congregational, and
other churches during 1831, whereby more than
100,000 persons were brought into church com-
munion. He published a small volume of sermons,
besides separate discourses, and a sketch of the life
of his daughter, Margaret Ann. A poem com-
memorative of him was written by Mrs. Lydia H.
Sigoumey after his death, and his life was pub-
lished bv Joshua N. Danforth (New York, 1837).
WALWORTH, Jeannette Ritchie Hader-
inann, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Feb.,
1837. She removed to Natchez, Miss., while a
child, with her father, Charles Julius Hadermann,
a German baron, who was afterward president of
Jefferson college. On his death the family re-
moved to Louisiana, and when she was sixteen
vears old Miss Hadermann became a governess.
Having married Maj. Douglas Walworth, of Nat-
chez, she accompanied him to his plantation in
southern Arkansas, thence removed to Memphis,
Tenn., and finally to New York city, where she
now resides. In addition to contributions to the
periodical press, the " Continent," and other maga-
zines, she has published '* Forgiven at Last " (Phila-
delphia, 1870); "The Silent Witness "(1871); "Dead
Men's Shoes" (1872); "Heavy Yokes" (Boston,
1874); "Nobody's Business" (New York, 1878):
" The Bar Sinister " (1885) ; " Without Blemish "
(1885); "Alice and Scruples" (1886); "At Bay"
(New York, 1887); "The New Man at Rossmere"
(1887); "Southern Silhouettes" (New York. 1887);
"True to Herself" (New York, 1888); 'That Girl
from Texas " (New York, 1888).
WALWORTH, John, pioneer, b. in Groton,
Conn., in 1765; d. in Cleveland. Ohio, 10 Sept.,
1812. He settled at Painesville, Ohio, in 1800, and
in 1802 was made justice of the peace for Trum-
bull county. In 1803 Gov. Tiffin appointed him
associate fudge of the superior court. In 1806 he
held simultaneously four distinct offices — those of
inspector of the port of Cuyahoga, collector of the
district of Erie, associate judge of Geauga county,
and postmaster at Cleveland, to which place he
had removed in 1805. The post-office at Cleve-
land was kept in the upper story of a small build-
ing on Superior street, and the total receipts of the
office for the first quarter were only $2.83. The
place had then a population of less than fifty, and a
mail came to it only twice a week. When it arrived
Mr. Walworth delivered the letters personally,
carrying them around in his hat ; and that duty
performed, it is said that he would lock up his
office and " go a-fishing with the bovs." He held
the offices of associate judge and collector of cus-
toms till his death, and was much esteemed. — His
wife. Julianna Morgran. b. in Groton, Conn., 81
Dec, 1769: d. in Cleveland, 2 March, 1859; was one
of the three women that refused to leave their
homes when the stampede occurred at Cleveland
on the occasion of Gen. William Hull's surrender.
She was an accomplished horsewoman, and often
took long horseback journeys with her husband,
once crossing the Alleghanies with him, and go-
ing in this manner to the eastern states by way of
Pittsburg and Philadelphia.
WALWORTH
WALWORTH
845
"-Is.
(PMMZi.,.-^^
WALWORTH. Roiiben Hyde, jurist and the
last of tho fliHiicollors <»f Nt'W York 8tat««, b. in
Iiozr«h.('onn..2«()(t.. 17WS:<1. inSaratopiSprinp*.
N. Y.. 27 Nov.. 1H(57. Ho was the ihinl son of
Benjamin VCalworth.
who in the early part
of the Revolutionary
war was quartertniu<-
ter of Col. Nicholl's
New York rejfiment.
and actiMl as adju-
tant at the battle of
White Plains. The
family was original-
ly of London, Eng-
land, the American
branch desoendiniEr
from William Wal-
worth, who emigrat-
e<l from that city in
1«{71 and settled on
Fisher's island, and
afterward in New
London, Conn. His father removed to Hoosick,
N. v., during the son's early childhood, where the
latter acquired the mere rudiments of an educa-
tion by great industry, and at the age of sixteen
taught in a sc-hool. At seventeen he began the
study of law at Troy, N. Y., and in 1809 he was
admitte<l to the bar. In January, 1810, he settled
at Plattsburg, N. Y., where he speedily rose to
eminence in his profession, and m 1811 he was
appointed a master in chancerjr, and one of the
county judges. At the invasion of Plattsburg
by the British army in Septetnl)er, 1814, Mr. Wal-
worth, who since 1812 ha(l held the post of adju-
tant-general of the New York militia, was aide to
Gen. Benjamin Mooers, and witnesse«l Com. Mc-
Donough's battle and victory on the lake, having
been deputetl to watch the contest from the shore
and re|X)rt the result to his chief. He was a mem-
ber of congress in 1821-'H, and in April of the
latter year was appointed judge of the 4th judicial
district of New lork state, which office he held
for five years. In (X-tol)er of the same year he re-
moved to Saratoga Springs. He presi(lp<l in his
circuit until 1828, when he was appointe<l chan-
cellor of the 8t4ite pf New York. This office he
held for twenty years, when the new constitution
of 1848 abolished the court of chancery. In 1838
he remove<l to Albany, but in the spring of 1833
he retume<l to Saratoga Springs and to his resi-
dence at Pine Grove, where he remained until his
death. Pine Grove (seen in the accompanying
illustration) was for many years a much-fre-
quented place, few residences in the land seeing
more of the great celebrities of the country, es-
pecially jurists and statesmen, among them I)e
Witt Clinton, Martin Van Bur'u, Silas Wright,
Daniel D. Tompkins, William L. Marcy, Francis
Granger, William H. Sewanl, Stephen A. Douglas.
Millard Fillmore, James Buchanan, Chancellor
Kent, Judge Story, Washington Irving, PVnimore
Cooper, and Gon. Winfleld S<'ott. Chancellor
Walworth may justly Iw regar«le<l as the gn-at
artisan of our ecjuity laws. In some sense he was
the lientham of America, without the lx>ld sjiecu-
lations and fantastical theories which, to a certain
extent, characterized the ^reat British jurist.
What Bonthamdid in removmg defects in English
jurisprudence Walworth did in renovating ancl
simplifying the equity laws of the United States.
Justice Storj' pronounce<l him " the greatest eouity
jurist living." Before his day the court of chan-
oery in New York state was a tribunal of ill-de-
fined powers and uncertain jurisdiction, in a meM-
ure subservient to the English court of chancery
in its itroccnlure. Chancellor Walworth abf)lishe<]
much of that subtlety, many of thf>se prolix and
lK»wildering formalities whic)i had their origin in
the middle ages. He re<luce«l the {tractice of his
coiirt to standartl rules, which he prepare<l with
great industry. These rules greatly imprtived the
old system of equity practice, and though he ha."
l)een charge<l with thus comf)lic4iting the court of
chancery with expensive mwhinery. it cannot be
gainsaid that with Chancellor Walworth equity
was the soul and spirit of law. "creating positive
and defining rational law, flexible in its nature,
and suited to the fortunes, cases, and reciprocal
obligations of men." The contents of fourteen
volumes of Paige and Barbour's "Chancery Re-
ports." containing the adjudications in his own
court, and a large part of the matter of the thirty-
eight volumes of Wendell. Hill, and Denio's "Re-
ports," consisting of the opinions he prrmounced
m the court of errors, attest his va.st judicial la-
l)ors. All widows and orphans in the state were
wards of the court of chancery. The chancellor
constnied this tutelage in the most simple sense
and acted accordingly. His wards had easy ac-
cess to him without any formalities of red tape.
He listened to their stories patiently, instituted
inquiries after his own fashion, and often made
some prompt order in their favor upon such in-
formal appli-
cation. Chan-
cellor Wal-
worth was of
such a genial,
winning man-
ner that who-
ever came in
contact with
him was at
once placed at
ea.se. He was
also very l)e-
nevolent, and
was constant-
ly looking
about him for
some deserving object upon whom to exercise his
kindness. He was for many years an elder in the
Presbyterian church, and took it upon himself to
care especially for the poor of the congregation.
He was an early and stanch friend of temperance,
and for a long period was pn\«ident of the Ameri-
can temperance union. He was also vice-president
of the Bible society and the Tract soc-iety. Prince-
ton gave him the degree of LL. I), in 1835. He
was the author of " Rules and Orders of the New
York Court of Chancery " (Albany, 1829; several
revised eds.). and " Hyde Genealogy " (2 vols.. 1864).
— His son, Clarence Alphonnus, author, b. in
Plattsburg, N. Y., 80 May, 1820. was graduated at
Union college in 1888. and studied law. first at
Canandaigua. N. Y.. an<l afterward at Allwiny. He
was admitte<l to the l>ar in July. 1841. and prac-
tise<l one year at Rochester. Afterward he was a
student at the General theological seminary of the
Protestant Episcopal church. New York city, for
three years, and then, uniting with the Roman Cath-
olic church, went toUelgium. spending three years
with the Reflemptionists, and at the College of
WittemlH?rg. where he was ordained priest. He
was then sent to England, taking charge, while
there, of a new church at Upton on Severn, and
acting as a missionary in Ix>ndon. Liverpool, and
Manchester. He returned in March, 1850, and
346
WALWORTH
WANTON
was a travelling missionary throughout the United
States for fifteen years. He was also one of the
five founders of the order of Paulists in the United
States. (See Hecker, Isaac T.) In 1864 his health
compelled him to relinquish his work as a mission-
ary and return to his home at Saratoga Springs,
and he was afterward made rector of St. Mary's
parish, Albany, N. Y., in which post he has since
remained. Father Walworth has ever been an ad-
vocate of the cause of temperance, and has for
several years been vice-president of the Law and
order league of the state of New York. He is the
author of " The Gentle Skeptic," a work on the
authorship and inspiration of the Old Testament
(New York, 1860); "The Doctrine of Hell, venti-
lated in a Discussion between Rev. C. A. Walworth
and William H. Burr, Esq." (1874); and "Andia-
tarocte. or the Eve of Lady Day on Lake George,
and other Poems, Hymns, and Meditations in
Verse " (1888). He has also contributed to " Brown-
son's Review " and to " The Catholic World," and is
well known as a lecturer. — Another son, Mansfield
Tracy, novelist, b. in Albany, N. Y., 3 Dec, 1830;
d. in New York city, 3 June, 1873, was graduated
at Union college in 1849 and at Harvard law-
school in 1852, and admitted to the bar in 1855.
After practising in Albany with his father for some
time, ne abandoned his profession for that of lit-
erature, began writing for the " Home Journal,"
and subsequently composed many sensational ro-
mances. He was intentionally shot and killed by
his son, whose trial for the crime is celebrated in
American law annals. The son was acquitted on
the ground of mental aberration, and placed in an
insane asvlum. Mr. Walworth's books, which at
one time had a large circulation, include " Mission
of Death " (New York, 1853) ; " Lulu " (1860) ; " Hot-
spur" (1861); "Stormcliff" (1865); "Warwick"
(1868) ; " Delaplane, or the Sacrifice of Irene "
(1873) ; and " Beverly, or the White Mask " (1873).
At the time of his death he was engaged on the
"Lives of the Chancellors of New York State,"
and had just completed a "Life of Chancellor Liv-
ingston." After nis death two works were pub-
lished from his manuscripts : "Married in Mask"
(1888), and " Tahara, a Leaf from Empire " (1888).
—His wife, Ellen Hardin, author, b. in Jackson-
ville, 111., 20 Oct., 1832, is the daughter of Col. John
J. Hardin, who was killed at Buena Vista. She
has been a member of the board of education for
three years in Saratoga Springs, and principal, for
six years, of a school for young ladies. She is an
active trustee of the Saratoga monument associa-
tion, and through her instrumentality about twen-
ty spots of historic interest on the battle-fields
have been recently marked by granite tablets.
Mrs. Walworth has published an account of the
Burgoyne campaign, with several original maps
(New York, 1877), and has contributed to the
" Magazine of American History " an account of
the battle of Buena Vista — a chapter of the work
on which she is now engaged, " The Life of Col.
John J. Hardin, and a History of the Hardin
Family." She has also written several patriotic
and other poems, and has ready a volume of essays
on literary, artistic, scientific, and eilucational top-
ics.— Their daughter, Ellen Hardin, author, b. in
Saratoga Springs, 2 Oct., 1858, has published " An
Old World, as seen through Young Eyes " (New
York, 1875), and has now ready a work entitled
" The Lily of the Mohawks, or the Life and Times
of Katarie Tegokwithi," the first Iroquois convert
to the Christian faith. — Another daughter, Ren-
bena Hrde, b. in Louisville, Ky., 21 Feb., 1867,
has published poems in magazines, and is the au-
thor of a comediette entitled "WTierewas Elsie f
or the Saratoga Fairies" (New York, 1888).
WANAMAKER, John, merchant, b. in Phila-
delphia, Pa., in 1838. He was educated in the
common schools, and engaged early in business.
In 1861 he established a clothing-house, to which
he afterward added other branches of business, and
he now has one of the largest retail stores in the
United States. In 1887 Mr. Wanamaker adopted
the system of co-operation in his store, and dur-
ing the first year of its operation over $100,000
was paid to employes in excess of salaries. He
has also organized a savings-bank for employes,
a building association, classes for instruction, and
a library. In 1858 he began a Sunday-school
in southwest Philadelphia, out of which has grown
Bethany Presbyterian church, and he was one of
the founders of the Christian commission, and
president of the Young men's Christian asso-
ciation of Philadelphia in 1870-'83. Mr. Wana-
maker was chairman of the bureau of revenue and
of the press committee, which rendered efficient
service in aid of the Centennial exposition in Phila-
delphia in 1876.
WANUENHEIM, Frederick Adam Julius
(vong'-en-hime). Baron von, German scientist, b. in
the castle of Wangenheim, near Waltershausen,
duchy of Coburg-Gotha, in 1747; d. in Gumbin-
nen, Prussia, 25 March, 1800. He received his
education at Waltershausen, and in 1766 entered
the service of the duke of Coburg as lieutenant.
He passed afterward to the Prussian army and at-
tained the rank of captain. He came to the United
States in 1777 in the Hessian contingent in the
British service, commanded a squadron of light cav-
alry in New York and Pennsylvania in 1778-^83, and
won a reputation for his successful raids. On his
return to Germany he was given the cross of the
Hessian military order, ana later re-entered the
Prussian service. He had studied while in North
America the natural history of the country, and
especially the trees and shrubs, and in 1785, in a
memoir to the Berlin academy, showed the im-
mense advantages that would be derived from the
naturalization of several species of American trees.
On request of the academy he was then sent to
Gumbinnen as director-general of the waters and
forests of eastern Prussia, where he carried on ex-
periments on a large scale and planted a great
number of American trees. His works include
" Beschreibung einiger Arten von Bfiumen die in
Nordamerika wachsen, mit Bezug auf ihren Ge-
brauch in den deutschen Wfildern, nach den Be-
obachtungeh in den nordamerikanischen Provinzen
von 1778-1783" (GOttingen, 1781); "Supplement
zur Waider- Kultur- Wissenschaft, mit Anwen-
dung auf die Umpflanzung der Baumarten die in
Nordamerika wacnsen " (1787) ; " Beschreibung der
verschiedenen Ilolzarten die in Nordamerika
wachsen " (1788) ; " Betrachtungen tlber die Tan-
i\en von Preussisch-Litthauen" (1789); "Betrach-
tungen liber die WeichhSlzer die in Nordamerika
wachsen " (1795) ; and several memoirs in the
" Transactions" of the Berlin academy of sciences.
WANTON, Joseph, governor of Rhode Island,
b. in Newport, R. L, in 1705 ; d. there, 19 July,
1780. His father, William (1680-1737), was gov-
ernor of Rhode Island in 1732-'4. The son was
graduated at Harvard in 1751, acquired wealth as
a merchant, and in 1769 was elected governor. In
June, 1775, the assembly of Rhode Island deprived
Gov. Wanton of all power, in conse(juence of his
opposition to the will of that body and his sup-
posed svmpathy with the royalists, and from that
period beputy-Governor Nicholas Cooke acted as
WAR BURTON
WARD
347
tho executive authority. Among the chief cnuscs
that iiulucwl the j>oonle to ri'jjanl (»ov. Wanton
with suspicion was, aoubtiess, his «cc«'ptance, in
1773, of an ap|x)intnu'nt, under the .jrreat wal of
Kngland. to in(|uiro into tho Imrninf; of the kind's
ship, the "Ga*ince,"hy the Whijfs. While New-
port was occupie<l by tho Hritish he was sufn'riu-
tendent of the troops, and at the evacuation he
followed the royal army to New York. He was a
man of aniiahlo disposition, defiant manners and
handsome imtsoii.
WARIirRTON, Oeorrp, British author, b.
near Tuilaniore. County Galwav, Ireland, aJ)out
1812: d. in IMT. Me entered tllie Hritish army,
attained the rank of major, and reside<l in Canada
for some time. After his return to Knpland he
was a meml)er of parliament for Harwich. He
die<l by his own hand. Mr. Warburton published
" Hochelapi, or Kngland in tho New W«>rld" (2
vols., London, 184(5); "The Conquest of Canada"
(2 vols., 1849); and "A Memoir of Charles Mor-
daunt, Earl of Peterborou>fh " (3 vols., 1K.53). His
books w»>re edited by his brother Eliot, who became
distin);uishe<l tis an author.
WARD, Aaron, congressman, b. in Sing Sing,
N. Y., 5 July, 1790; d. in Georgetown, I). C.. 2
March, 18«i7. He receive<l a classical education,
and Itegan the study of law, which he relinquished
to join the army at the age of eighteen. He served
as a lieutenant under Gen. Wade Hampton in the
expetlition against Montreal, and was promoted
captain in 1814. After the close of the war with
Great Britain he resumed his legal studies in
Oxford, N. Y., was admitted to the l>ar, and began
Snuitice in Sing Sing. He married in 1820 a
aughter of Elkanah Watson, and shortly afterward
was ap|K)inte<l district attorney for Westchester
countv. He entered congress on 5 Dec., 1825, and
served till 3 March, 1829. After an intermission
of one term he was again elected for three consecu-
tive terms, serving from 5 Dec;., 1831. till 3 March,
1887, and four yejirs later retumetl for a single
congreits, which closed its sessions on 3 March,
1843. He was a supjHjrter nt the mlministrations
of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, took
an active part in commercial legislation and in all
measures that affected the interests of New York,
and also concerned himself with the framing of
military bills, and was the special advocate of state
education for soldiers' children. In 1840 he was
a member of the State constitutional convention,
and in ISSI) he was defeated as a candidate for
secretary of state of Now York. He was a major-
general of militia from IKW till 1853. Gen. Ward
was the author of " Around the Pyramids," de-
scribing travels in Europe and the East (New
York, 1863). He died at the home of his son-in-
law, Samuel J. Kandall. Another daughter married
John li. Thompson, l'. S. senator from New Jersey.
— His nephew. Klljali, congressman, b. in Sing
Sing, N. v., 10 .S,i)t., IHIO; d. in I^>slyn, L. I., 7
Feb., 1882, received a classical e<lucation, engaged
in commen-ial pursuits in New York city, an«l was
chosen president of the Mercantile library associa-
tion in 1S;J9. Afterward he studied law. was a«l-
raitted to the l)ar in 184^3, and practised in Now York
city. Ho was judgo-advocate-eeneral of the state in
185.*J-'5, and wf.s elwt*d as a DemtK-rat to congres.H,
serving from 7 Dec., 1857. till 3 Manh. 1859. He
was defeated at the next elcc'tion, but was successful
in the following two. serving fnnn 4 Julv, 1801, till
8 Mar<;h, 1805. On being again defeated, he spt-nt
two years in Europe, and wtis not again a candidate
till 1874, when he defeat«4l his Republican com^K-ti-
tor, but he was beaten in tho succeeding election
by a rival Democrat. In congress he took jwirt in
the discussion of commercial questions, ad vcM-Ating
an interocoanic canal, uniform Imnknipttty laws,
t>ostitl 8ul»sidies to steamships, and retriprocity with
Canada, and op|M»sing a paper currency. In March,
1801, he a<ldress«'d commenrial Ijodies in New York
city in favor of free canals, and in 1871, in res|»onse
to a request from members of congress for an ex-
pression of his views, pro|)os«'d fnt'dom of com-
mercial intercourse l*etwe<H>n the Unitwl States and
Canada, on which subject he publislunl two reports.
Besides single speeches on commercial relations
with Canacia, the Geneva award, the Hawaiian
tri'atv. and the shipping act. there has been pulv
lished a volume of nis ".Spee<-hes on Commercial,
Financial, and other Subjects " (New York. 1877). —
His cousin, Horatio, banker, b. in New York city
about 1810: d. in London. England, in Anril, 1808,
resided in London for manv vears before nis death.
He betjuoathed fl0O.(X)0 to 'the National soldiers*
and sailors' home. W'ashington, D. C.,and an equal
sum for the education of soldiers' orphans.
WARD, Andrew HenHhaw, antic^uarv, b. in
Shrewsbury, Mass.. 20 May. 1784; d. \n Jfewton-
ville, Mass., 18 Feb., 1804. He was graduated at
Harvanl in 1808. studied law. was admitted to tho
l)ar at Northampton, Mass., in 1811, and practised
till 1829 at Shrewsbury, where, while filling the
office of town-clerk, he transcrilx»d all the records
of births, deaths, and marriages, and was active in
putting an end to the custom of " farming out "
the town's poor. For the periotl l)etween 1829
and 1853. except during two years, he was employed
in the custom-house at Ik«ton, and from 11^37,
when a general bankruptcy law went into force,
till 1840. when it expired, he wa-s U. S. commis-
sioner of insolvency for the district of Massachu-
setts. He was a delegate from Newton to the con-
vention of 1853 for revising the constitution of
Massachusetts. For more than fifty years he was
a justice of the peace, either in Shrewsburj', Bos-
ton, or West Newton, where he settled in 1842.
Mr. Ward was an active member of the New
England historic-genealogic«l society almost from
its first organization, and a frequent contributor
to its " Register." He published a " History of the
Town of Shrewsbury " (Boston, 1847), containing
a "Family Register,' which was also issued m-yta-
ratelv; "NVaru Family: Desc-endants of William
Ward" (1851); and "Genealogical History of the
Rice Family " (1858). See his " Memoir," by Will-
iam B. Trask " (Boston, 1803).
WARD, Artema.H, soldier, b. in Shrewsbury,
Ma.ss., in 1?27: d. there, 28 Oct., 1800, He was
graduated at Harvanl in 1748, entered public life
at an early age as a representative to the general
assembly, and was afterward chosen to the execu-
tive council. In 1752 he was a justice of the peace
in his native town. In 1755 he served as major in
Col. Abraham Williams's regiment, and in 1758
he was major in the one that was commandetl by
William Williams. He accomjwnied the ex|>e«li-
tion under Gen. James Abercrombie against tho
French and Indians, attaining the rank of lieuten-
ant-colonel, and succee<le<l to the ci>mmand of the
•ii\ regiment. Afterwanl he repre-sontwl his native
town in tho legislature, where he ttK)k an active
part in the controversies U'tween the colonial gor-
ernors and the house of repres^'iitatives and was
one of tho regularly chostMi meml)ers that weredis-
placwl by the "mandamus councillors" in 1774-
On 27 Oct., 1774, he was ap|M>intetl a brigadier-
general by the Provincial congress of Massachu-
setts, to which he was a delegate, and on 19 May,
1775, he was made commander-in-chief of the
348
WARD
WARD
Massachusetts forces. lie was in nominal com-
mand at the battle of Bunker Hill, though he re-
mained at head(juarters in Cambridge and had no
share in determining the events of that day. On
17 June he was appointed by the Continental con-
gress first on the
list of major-gen-
erals, and he was
in command of the
forces besieging
Boston until the ar-
rival of Gen. Wash-
ington,after which
he was second in
command, being
stationed with the
right wing on Rox-
bury heights. In
consequence of im-
paired health he
resigned his com-
mission in April,
177G, but at the re-
questofGen.Waish-
ington he contin-
ued to act until the
end of May. He was elected chief justice of the
court of common pleas of Worcester county in 1776,
was president of tlie Massachusetts executive coun-
cil in 1777, and a member of the legislature for six-
teen years, serving as speaker in 1785. In 1779 he
was appointed a delegate to the Continental con-
gress, but, owing to failing health, did not take his
seat. Being afterward elected to congress as a Fed-
eralist, he served from 4 Oct., 1791, till 3 March,
1795. He possessed integrity and unyielding prin-
ciples, and his judicial conduct, especially during
Shays's rebellion in 1786, was highly commended.—
His son, Arteiiias, jurist, b. in Shrewsbury, IMjiss.,
9 Jan., 1762; d. in Boston, Mass., 7 Oct., 1847, was
graduated at Harvard in 1783, studied law. was ad-
mitted to the bar. and practised in Shrewsbury un-
til 1809. when he removed to Boston. He served in
the legislature, was a member of the council, and
was elected to the 13th congress as a peace candi-
date, serving from 24 May, 1813, till 3 March,
1817. From 1820 till 1839 he was chief justice of
the court of common pleas. Harvard gave him
the degree of LL. I), in 1842.
WARD, Christopher Longstreet, lawyer, b.
in New Milford, Susquehanna co.. Pa., in 1807 ;
d. in Towanda, Pa., 14 May, 1870. His father,
William Ward, emigrated from Litchfield county.
Conn. Christopher was apprenticed to a printer,
and from January, 1831, till March, 1836, publishecl
the " Susquehanna Register" at Montrose, Pa. In
1832 materials that he had collected for a history
of Susquehanna county were destroyed by fire. In
1837 he was admitted to the bar. In 1840 he removed
to Towanda, Bradford co., where he lent his aid to
many enterprises of lasting benefit to the town.
He was agent for many of the large landed estates
in northern Pennsylvania, was president of the
Atlantic and Great Western railway during its
construction through the state, and through his
instrumentality the means for its early completion
were obtained in Europe. He was a personal friend
of Andrew Jackson, and active in the counsels of
the Democratic party, but never held office. Mr.
Ward collected a library of about 10,000 volumes,
which contained, it is said, more rare works than
any other private library in the state. His collec-
tion of autographs was unusually complete. This
library, with his pictures and collections of art.
was presented by his family to Lafayette college.
WARD, Dnrbln, lawyer, b. in Augusta, Ky.,
11 Feb., 1819; d. in Lebanon, Ohio. 22 May, 1886.
He removed with his family to Fayette county,
Ind., where he was brought up on a farm, entered
Miami imiversity at the age of nineteen, remain-
ing two years, then studied law with Thomas Cor-
win, and, on being admitted to practice in 1842,
became his partner. From 1845 till 1851 he was
prosecuting attorney of Warren count v, Ohio. He
was elected to the first legislature under the pres-
ent constitution in 1851, was defeated as a Demo-
cratic candidate for congress in 1856. also as nomi-
nee for the office of attorney-general of Ohio in
1858, and in 1860 was a meml»er of the Democratic
national convention that met at Charleston, S. C.,
and reassembled at Baltimore, Md., in which he
supported the candidacy of Stephen A. Douglas.
He enlisted in the National army as a private,
served in West Virginia under (len. George B.
McClellan, and subsequently took part in the cam-
paigns of Gen. George H. Thomas, being appointed
major of the 17th Ohio infantrv on 17 Aug., 1861,
and lieutenant-colonel on 31 t)ec., 1862. He re-
ceived a disabling wound at Chickamauga and was
mustered out without his knowledge ; but he ob-
tained the recall of the order, was made colonel of
his regiment on 13 Nov., 1863, and with a crippled
arm served through the remainder of the war, be-
ing brevetted brigadier-general on 18 Oct., 1865.
In November, 1866, he was appointed U. S. district
attorney for the southern district of Ohio, but he
was removed when Gen. Grant became president.
He entered the state senate in 1870. The plan of
the present circuit-court system of Ohio was drafted
by him. Gen. Ward was a political orator, and at
the Democratic national convention of 1884 pre-
sented the name of Allen G. Thurman as a candi-
date for the presidencv. He began, but did not
live to complete, a work on constitutional law, to
be entitled " The Federal Institutes." A volume
of his speeches has been published by his widow
(Columbus, 1888).
WARD, Frederick Townsend, soldier, b. in
Salem, Mass., 29 Nov., 1831 ; d. in Ningpo, China,
21 Sept., 1862. He was educated at the Salem high-
school, became a sailor, served in the French army
during the Crimean war, was in business for s<^)me
time as a ship-broker in New York city, and about
1860, at the period when the Taeping rebels were
everywhere successful, landed in Shanghai. Rais-
ing a band of various nationalities, he oflFered to
capture a certain city for a fixed price. His first
victory was the capture of the walled town of
Sungkiang; which was held by 10,000 rebels, for
which service he was made a mandarin of the fourth
degree. He cleare<l the country about Shanghai,
receiving his pav for each victory, disappeared for
a time, returned at the head of three native regi-
ments that he had armed and trained like European
soldiers, and routed a greatly superior force, saving
the city from capture. The European officers, who
had shunned him as an adventurer and an outlaw,
now admitted him into their counsels and welcomed
his aid in organizing troops and guarding a radius
of thirty miles around Shanghai. In the autumn
of 1861 he captured Ningpo, an important strong-
hold. He adopted the Chinese nationality and
manners, being called Hwa, married the daughter
of an influential native, and was made a mandarin
of the highest grade and admiral-general in the
service of the emperor. He was mortally wounded
while directing an assault on Tsekic. At the time of
the "Trent" affair, when war between the United
States and England was expected, and the British
in China laid plans to seize American shipping and
WARD
WARD
348
other property, Ward prepared to take possemion
of war-ships and nicn-hant vessels of Great Britain
then in Cnint'se waters. He wa» anxious to close
up his ufTairs in China, in onler to take [wrt in the
civil war. and offered a contribution <)f lfl(),00() to
the National cause, hut was killed l>efore the an-
swer came from Minister Anson Hurlinpime. He
was 8U<'ceede«l in his command by Major I'harles
O. Gonlon. who gained renown by the subsequent
exploits of the "Kvor- Victorious Army," which he
brought to a hiph state of discipline, but which
Ward ha<l created and first organized. The Chinese
Itaid Ward the honor of burying him in the Con-
ucian cemetery at Ning|x). where they have erecte<l
a great mausoleum, besides placing monument^} on
the scenes of his victories. He had converted his
large [x^sessions into money and negotiable securi-
ties, which disappeare<l from his rx>rson when lie
was killed. The Knglish officer who was last with
him was sus|)ected of the theft, and in the United
States consular court at Shanghai there were pro-
tracted |)rocee«lings in the Ward estate case.
WARD, (ienevleve, the stage-name of Llcia
Gknovkva Teresa. Countess Guerbel. actress, b.
in New York city. 27 March, 18,S3. She is a grand-
daughter of (I'ideon I^e. Her childhood and
youth were passed in France and Italy. When
she was fifteen years old her voice attracted the
interest of Rossi-
ni, who sui»erin-
tended her mu-
sical education.
After ap[>earing
at La Scala, Mi-
lan, in " Lucrezia
Borgia," she was
received with
great applause at
Bergamo, and
afterward sang
in principal r^lcs
of Italian opera
attheThe&tredes
Italiens, Paris.
Her first perfor-
mances in Lon-
^ don were in Eng-
^''^^^^-^^^'^^^ i;lx"-,a,,;
she took fmrt in
the "Messiah" at Exeter hall. Having married
Count Constantiue Guerbel, a Russian officer, lie-
fore i^oing upon the ojwratic stage, she sang un-
der the name of Madame Guerralx'lla. She gave
Italian openis in London during the sea.son of
IHtJ'i. and at its close came to the United States,
ap|>cnring in New York city and Philadelphia,
and in the winter sang in Havana. Ex|x»sing her-
self injudiciously to diphtheria, she caught the in-
fection, and suffered a severe attack of the disease
by which her voice was ruined for singing. For sev-
eral years she taught vocal music in a school in
New York, and finally she pn>i>ared herself for the
dramatic stage. Ik>ing coldly receive*! by an audi-
ence of New York critics, she suiled for England,
making her first anpeanitice on 1 Oct., 1H73. in
Manchester, as liady .Mm/lHith. She was success-
ful in this itart, and still more as I^ady Constance
in " King .lohn." and. going to Dublin in the same
year, was anplauded in the roles of Adrienne Le-
couvreur, Medea, *nd Lucrezia liorgia. Adelaiile
Uistori. who had l>een her adviser in dramatic
st«<lies, desired Miss WanI to join her Italian
troupe, but she preferred! to enact English plays.
She played Unarita in "The Prayer in the Storm "
in London for six months in 1874, and was suo-
cessful as Julia in " The Hunchliack," and in the
following year as Rebecca in "Ivanhoe." After-
ward she travelled through the pnivinces, pro-
ducing " iK'spite the World," bv I..i'wis Wingfield,
and "Sappho." bv William G. Wills. JHjth of which
were written for)ier. In December, lb?."}, she first
played" Antigone "at the Crystal Palace, Ix>ndon.
She went to Paris in lb77 to study under Francois
Joseph Regnier, and on 1 1 Feb. gaineil such suc-
cess in a French version of " Macbeth " that the
managers of the Comedie Fran^aise invited her to
become a member of their company. She returned
to Ix>ndon for the season of 1878. playing Emilia
in "Othello" among other parts, and in June
sailed for the United States, appearing at liooth's
theatre, New York city, in " Jane Shore." " Henry
VIII.." and other plays. Returning to Ixtndon in
April. 1879, she leased the Lyceum theatre, where
she failed in the double role of the heroine and the
g>'psy in "Zillah," but made a success in the title
role of William Young's " Lucrezia Borgia " an<l
as Stephanie in " Forget-Me-Not," which she first
produced on 22 Aug. She reappeared in the same
piece at the Prince of Wales's theatre on 22 Feb.,
1880, and on 10 May of that year performe<l the
part of Clorinde in fimile Augier's "L'Aventuriere,"
which was given in French. In 1881-'2 she i)layed
" Forget-Me-Not " in the chief cities of the United
States and British America, and, after reproduc-
ing the same play in London, she .«ailed for India
in December. 1882, playing in the Australian colo-
nies, and, after a tour around the world, returned
to England in November, 1885. She has since been
the lessee of the Lvceum theatre, Ix)ndon. but in
1888 finally retire<f from the stage. Her earlier
career was recounted in a " Memoir of Ginevra
Guerrabella," which was published anonvmously
by Henry Wikoff (New York. 18(«). and her later
in "(ienevieve Ward," bv Zadel Barnes Gustafson
(Boston. 1882).
WARD, Sir Henry George, English diploma-
tist, b. in England alxiut 179(5; d. in Madras, In-
dia, 2 Aug., 1800. He was a son of Robert Plumer
Ward, juristic writer and novelist, and entered the
diplomatic .service in 1816. He was charge d'af-
faires in Mexico and travelled extensively in that
country in 182.>-'7. sat in |>iirlianient from 181^2
till 1849. was afterward high commissioner to the
Ionian islands, and governor of Ceylon, whence he
was transferred to Maclras. dying of cholera a few
davs after his arrival. He was the author of
" Mexico in 1827 " (2 vols., London, 1828). which
was enlarged and reissued under the title of
"Travels m Mexico" (1829).— His wife. Emily
F.lizabeth, b. in Flngland Hl)out 1805, was a
(laughter of Atlmiral Sir .lohn Edwartl Swinburne,
and married Sir Henry Ward in 1824. She drew
the illustrations for her huslmnd's work on Mexico,
and publishe<l also "Views of Towns in Mexico"
(2 vols.. Ix)ndon, 1829).
WARD, Jame8 Harman, naval officer, b. in
Hartford, Conn., in 180(5; d. near Matthias point,
Potomac river. 27 June. 1861. He was appointed
as a midshipman in the navy. 4 March. 182iJ,
and was allowe<l to remain under instruction in
the military school at Norwich, Vt., with several
other midshipmen. He made a cruise in the
"Constitution" in 1824-'8. IxH^-ame a passed mid-
shipman. 2J{ March. 1829. aixl was commissioned
lieutenant. 'A MHrch. 1881. He was an instnictor
at the naval academy at Anna[>olis from its e»-
tablishment on its present liasis in 1845 till 1847.
He <*ommande<l the steamer " Vixen " of the home
squadron in 1849-'50, and was promoted to com*
360
WARD
WARD
mander, 9 Sept., 1858. He was appointed to com-
mand the Potomac flotilla in May, 1861, and im-
metliatcly essayed to ojien that river atid silence
the Confederate batteries on its banks. His flo-
tilla consistetl of three small improvised gun-boats,
the steamer " Preetorn," " Anacostia," and " Reso-
lute." He attAcked and silenced the Imtteries at
Acquia creek, 20 May, 1861, the first time the navy
engaged the Confederate batteries during the war.
The next day the battle was renewed, and Ward's
flotilla was re-enforced by the arrival of the " Paw-
nee " under Commander Stephen C. Rowan. Ward
conducted a series of fights with his flotilla, and
succeeded in clearing the banks and keeping the
river open. On 27 June, 1861, he planneu a land-
ing expedition at Matthiivs point, and in the bom-
bardment of the batteries he was killed while
sighting a gun. He was the author of " Ele-
mentary Course of Instruction in Naval Ordnance
and Gunnery " (Philiulclphia, 1851) ; " Manual of
Naval Tactics" (New York, 1859); and '-Steam
for the Million " (1860). The first two were used
as a text-lK)ok at the United States naval academy
for many years.
WARIJ, John Elliott, lawver, b. in Sunbury,
Liberty eo., Ga., 2 Oct., 1814. fle entered Amherst
in 1881. but left on account of the indignation that
was manifested toward Georgians after the im-
()risonment of two Cherokee missionaries, studied
aw in Savannah, Ga., and was admitted to the bar
in 1835. He attended the lectures in the Harvard
law-school before beginning practice, and on his
return to Savannah wjis appointed, in January,
1836, solicitor-general for the eastern district of
his state, to fill an unexpired term, at the close of
which the legislature continued him in the office.
He was appointed U. S. district attorney for
Georgia in 1838, but resigned in the following
year in order to enter the state legislature. He
returned to the house in 1845 and in 1853, when
he was chosen speaker, and in 1854 was elected
mayor of Savannah. In 1856 he presided over the
Democratic national convention that met in Cin-
cinnati. In 1857 he entered the state senate, and
was chosen its president and acting lieutenant-
governor of the state, resigning in 1858 on being
appointed U. S. minister to China. He departed
for his post in January, 1859, and remained till
April, 1861, when he returned and resigned in
consequence of the adoption by Georgia of the
ordinance of secession, although he was strongly
opposed to that measure. In January, 1866, he
removed from Savannah to New York city, where
he liJis since pratitised law.
WARD, John Henry Hobart, soldier, b. in
New York city, 17 June, 1823. His grandfather,
John, a soldier of the Revolution, and his father,
James, who fought in the war of 1812, were both
disabled by wounds that they received in the ser-
vice. The son was educated at Trinity collegiate
school, enlisted at the age of eighteen in the 7th
U. S. infantry, and in four years rose through the
several grades to that of sergeant-major. In the
Mexican war he participated in the siege of Fort
Brown, received wounds at Monterey, and was at
the capture of Vera Cruz. He was assistant com-
missary-general of the state of New York from
1851 till 1855, and commissary-general from 1855
till 1859. In the beginning of the civil war he re-
cruited the 38th New York volunteers, was appoint-
ed colonel of the regiment, and led it at Bull Run
and in all the battles of the peninsula campaign,
and subsequently at the second Bull Run and Chan-
tilly. Being promoted brigadier-general of volun-
teers on 4 Oct., 1862, he commanded a brigade in
the 8d corps at Fredericksburg, ChancoUorsville,
Gettysburg, the Wilderness, and Spottsylvania.
On the third day at Gettysburg, where he was
wounded, as also at Kelly's Ford and Wapping
Heights, he was in temporary command of tne di-
vision. He was again wounded at Spottsylvania,
and was frequently commended for courage and
capacity, in official reports. After the war he en-
gaged in a civil employment in New York city.
WARD, John ^uincy Adams, sculptor, b. in
Urbana, Champaign co., Ohio, 29 June, 1830. At
the age of nineteen he began to study with Henry
K. Browne, with whom he remained until 1857,
assisting him in many of his works. In 1857-'8
he was in Washington modelling busts of Joshua
R. Giddings. Alexander H. Stephens, John P.
Hale. Hannibal Hamlin, and other public men.
At this time he also made his first sketch for the
" Indian Hunter," and he subsequently visited the
Indian country to make studies for (his subject.
In 1861 he opened a studio in New York, where he
has since resided. He was elected an associate of
the National academy the following year, and an
academician in 1863. During this period he made
many designs in wax for presentation swords, and
executed in 1861 a
bronze statuette.
" The Freedman,"
his first full-length
figure. It attracted
much attention by
its subject, and its
merits as a work of
art won for it the
admiration of crit-
ics. It was exhibit-
ed, together with
the " Indian Hun-
ter," at the Paris ex-
f)osition of 1867, and
las been repeated
several times by the artist. The " Indian Hunter,"
completed in 1864 and now in the Central park,
was his next work of importance. It won univer-
sal praise for its excellence in design and execu-
tion, and is among the best of his statues. (See
illustration.) New York city possesses several
other of his most important works. They are a
colossal statue of a citizen soldier for the 7th
regiment (1868); "Shakespeare" (1870-'l); a co-
lossal statue of Washington, on the steps of the
Sub-Treasurv building in Wall street (1882) ; "The
Pilgrim" (1884); and a statue of William E.
Dodge (188^). His other notable works are "The
Good Samaritan." a ^roup to commemorate the
discovery of sulphuric etner as an anjesthetic
(1865), in Bostbn ; statues of Matthew C. Perrj', in
Newport, R. I. (1866), Gen. John F. Reynolds, at
Gettysburg. Pa. (1871), Israel Putnam, in llartford,
Conn. (1874), George Washington, in Newburyport,
Mass. (1876), an equestrian statue of Gen. George H.
Thomas, in Washington. D. C, (1878), Gen. Daniel
Morgan, at Spartansburg, S. C, and Gen. Lafay-
ette, in Burlington. Vt. (1880) ; and the monument
to James A. Garfield, in Washington (1887). He
is engaged on a large statue of Henry Ward
Beecher for the city of Brooklyn. He ha^also exe-
cuted various portrait busts, including, besides
those alremly mentioned, Valentine Mott. James
T. Brady, Dr. Orville Dewey, and Gov. William
Dennison, of Ohio. Mr. Ward Was vice-president
of the National academy in 1870-'l and president
in 1872.— His brother, £dgar Melville, artist, b.
in Urbana, Ohio, 24 Feb., 1839, studied at the
National academy in 1870-'!, and under Alexandre
WARD
WAUD
861
Cabanol Ht the ftoolo den beaux arts, Paris, during
1872-'8. He was eleolo<l an a.<».s4Kriate of the Na-
tional acadumy in 1H75. and an ac-wloniician in
1883}, and is director of its sfluM>ls. U'^ more im-
portant works are " Paternal Pride " (1H78): " Lf)ck-
smith" ; " liat-e- Makers" ; " Motherly Care " : " The
Tol»«ie<-<>- Field" (I8H1): "Scene in' a Foun<lrv":
" The I Ast Shock " ; and " The ( 'obblers " and " 'I'he
Blessing" (188C). His " Hrittany Wajiherwonien "
was at the salon of IHTH, the Philadelphia exhibi-
tion of 1876, and at Paris in 187H with " Venetian
Water-farriers" and "The S»il)ot-Maker."
WARD, JiiUuH Hauiiiiond, cler^^vman. b. in
Charlton. Worcester co.. Mjiss.. 12 Oct., 1K:}7. He
was gniduntinl at Yale in 1H<W. and at lierkeley
divinity-s<'hool, Middletown, Conn., in 1862, and
ttx)k onlers in the Protestant Episcopal church,
lie was rector of parishes in Ansonia and Cheshire,
Conn., Kockland and Thomaston, Me., and Mar-
blehcad, Mass., till 1878, since which time he has
engage<l in literary work." In 1877 he was an e<li-
tor of the "North American Heview." I^sides
contributions on religious subjects to the secular
and religious press, he is the author of " Life and
letters of James Gates Percival" (lioston. 186<»;
and has ready for the press works on "The Church
in Moilern Society," and "The White Mountains."
WARD, Lester Frank, Iwtanist, b. in Joliet, III.,
18 June, 1841. He was educated at various schools,
but served in the National army in the civil war,
during which he was wounded. In 1865 he sett led in
WiLshington, where he served in the treasury depart-
ment. princi|>ally as chief of the division of naviga-
tion and immigration, and as librarian of the U. S.
bureau of statistics. While holding office he was
graduated at Columbian university in 1869 and
at its law department in 1871, and in 1873 for
higher studies was given the degrin* of A. M. He
began the study of l)otanv in 1872. and has fol-
lowed that st'ience professionally since 1874. In
1881 he entei-ed the service of the U. S. geologi-
cal survey as assistant geologist, and in 1888 at-
tained tlie grade of geologist, devoting his atten-
tion chiefly to the study of jtaleo-botanv. Ho also
holds the ofTice of honorary curator of botany and
fossil plants in the U. S. national museum. Mr.
Ward is a meml>er of scientific societies. an<l his
bibliography includes alM»ut 200 titles. His larger
works are "Guide to the Flora of Wa.shington and
Vicinity" (Washington, IHHl); "Dynamic Soci-
ology, or Applied S<K'ial S<'ience" (2 vols.. New
York, 188:^); "Sketch of Paleo-Iiotany " (Wash-
ington, 188.'5); "Synopsis of the Flora of the
I^iaramie (Jroup" (1886); "Types of the liaramie
Flora" (1887): and "Geographical Distribution of
Fossil Plants" (1888).
WARD, Levi, physician, b. in East Guilford
(now Madison), Conn.. 29 July. 1771 ; d. in Roches-
ter, N. Y.. 4 Jan., 1861. He was e<lucated at Yale,
leaving college to pursue the study of medicine in
East Guilford. After completing his professional
studies ho removed to Haddam, Conn., and prac-
tised there for seventeen years. In 1807 he emi-
grated to Bergen, Genesee co., N. Y., where he
managed a large tract of land «us agent for the state
of Connecticut. He establishwl mail routes, and
carried on inercantile btisiness at various points.
l)esides practising medicine, and in 1817 removwl
to liochester. where he became president of the
first savings bank, and also of the Rochester liank.
and was a<!tive in enterfirises for religious and
public objects and in commercial affairs. — His son.
Ferdinand de Wilton, missionary, b. in I^rgen.
Genesee co.. N. Y.. U July, 1812. was f;rHduate<l at
Union in 1831 and at Princeton theological semi-
nary in 1884, and nreachwl at Albion, N. Y.. and
Philadelphia, Pa. lie was onlained as an evangel-
ist in Rochester, N. Y., on 31 Aug.. 18.'W. and de-
part4:'d as a missionary of the American lM>ard of
connnis-sioners for foreicn missions to Madura,
whence he went to Matlras. Imlia, an«l remaine«l
until 1847. lal*oring with success as a teacher of
Christianity, publishing wveml volumes in Tamil,
and e<Iiting the first [)eriodical in wlvocacy of ab-
stinence from intoxicating linuors that was printed
in a Hindu language. After returning to the
United States he acted for a year as agent for the
missionary boanl in western New York, was stated
supply in Rochester in 1849. and then servwl as
pastor of Presbyterian churches in (Jeneseo. N. Y..
till 1861, when he went with the army as chaplain
of the 104th New York volunteers, and was at the
second battle of Bull Run, Chancel lorsville, and
Gettysburg. After the close of the civil war he
returned to his former church in Oeneseo. resign-
ing in 1871, and acting during the succeeding four
years as district secretary of the American Bible
society. Dr. Ward, who received his degree of I). D.
from Washington college in 1861, is the author of
many historical and literarj' (lamphlets, and has
published in Ixwk-form "India and the Hindus"
(New York, ISTtO); "A Christian Gift, or Pastoral
I^etters " (Rochester, 1852) ; and " Summer Vacation
Abroa<r'(lS54). — Ivcvi's grandson, Henry AngUK>
tus, naturalist, b. in Rochester, N. Y., 9 March,
1834, was e<lucated at Williams college and at
the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, where
he became assistant to Louis Aira-ssiz in the Muse-
um of comparative zoSlogy. He went to Europe
in 1854. studied z«ir»|og)' in Paris and mineralogy
in Freil>erg. and then travelled through Palestine,
Egj'pt, Nubia, and Arabia, down the west coast of
Africa from Morf)cco to Guinea, and up Niger
river. He has visite<l the West Indies an<l Central
America, and as a mining engineer in the cause
of gold -mining investigations has crossed the
American continent ten times at different places.
Fi-om 1860 till 1875 he was professor of natural
sciences in the University of Rochester, and in
18(51 he received thedecreeof A. M.from Williams.
Meanwhile he establisned in Ro<'hester a labora-
tory for the pnxluction of fac-similes of fossils
that he had copied fron> the great nniseums of the
world. From this he has develo|K*«l a natural-
science establishment, which makes a s|>ecialty of
obtaining and compiling .systematic cabinets in
any department of nature for institutions of learn-
ing anti public museums. For this purpose he has
travelled extensively, and has representatives in all
parts of the globe gathering sjKH-imens of every-
thing that is rare and curious in natural histonr.
His aim in this work has Ix'cn to give system
and exactitude to scientific teaching ui America.
Eighty of his cabinets, having an average value of
$6,000 each, are distribute*! through nearly every
state in the Union. Taxidermy {Hays an impor-
tant part in his business, and his repn-sen tat ions of
animal forms are famous. His l)est-known work
of this character is the elephant Jumbo, whose
stulTetl effigy, mountwl by him, is now in iiarnum's
museum at Tufts collece. and the skeleton, care-
fully prepare<l, is at the National museum in Wash-
ington. D. C. The Wartl cabinets of mineralogy
and geology collec-tetl by him fill fourteen rooms
in the University of Rtx^hester, and be has made
an extensive collection in nu^lem toOlog^. In
1871 he was naturalist of the U. S. exfiedition to
Santo Domingo. Prof. Wan! has l»een elected a
fellow of the geological and zoological societies of
London, has Iwen a fellow of the American aaaoei-
362
WARD
WARD
ation for the advancement of sciences since 1875, I
and is a member of other scientific societies. In ]
addition to his series of catalogues, which contain 1
valuable notes on the articles that are described i
therein, he has published "Notice of the Mega-
therium Cuvieri ' (Rochester, 1863) and " Descrip-
tion of the most Celebrated Fossil Animals in the
Roval Museums of EurojHJ " (18G0).
Ward, Marcus Lawrence, governor of New
Jersey, b. in Newark, N. J., 9 Nov., 1812: d. there,
25 April, 1884. He received a good education and
engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was originally
a Whig, aided in forming the Republican party,
and was a delegate to the National Republican con-
ventions in Chicago in 1860 and in Baltimore in
1864. During the civil war he frecjuently visited
the camj)s and battle-fields to alleviate suffering,
and for nis many services was called the Soldiers'
Friend. He devised a system bv which communi-
cation could be transmitted without cost from the
soldier on the field to his family, and also estab-
lished a free pension bureau, which he maintained
at his personal expense. In recognition of his
patriotism the government gave to the hospital
that he etiuipped in Newark the name of the " \j. S.
Ward hospital," which after the war was converted
into a home for disabled soldiers. In 1862 he was
defeated as a candidate for governer of New Jer-
sey, but he held this ofTice in 1865-8. In 1866 he
was chosen chairman of the National Republican
committee. He was afterward elected to congress
as a Republican, serving from 1 Dec, 1873, till 3
March, 1875. In the latter year he declined the
office of Indian commissioner. Gov. Ward was an
early member of the New Jersey historical society,
of the Newark library association, and the New
Jersey art union, aided education in the state, im-
proved the condition of the state prison, and was
an active philanthropist.
WARD, Matt Flournoy, author, b. in Scott
county, Ky., 19 May, 1826 ; d. in Helena, Ark., 30
Sept., 1862. He was educated at Louisville, Ky.,
and Cambridge, Mass., travelled extensively, and
engaged in cotton-planting in Arkansas on his re-
turn, but resided much of the time in Louisville,
Ky. In 1854 he shot a schoolmaster, named
W. H. G. Butler, for chastising his brother, was
tried on an indictment of murder, and acquitted.
He was killed before his house by a Confederate
soldier, who mistook him for one of the enemy, as
he wore a blue blouse like a National officer.
His publications are " Letters from Three Conti-
nents" (New York, 1850) ; and " English Items, or
Microscopic Views of England and Englishmen"
(1852). A rejwrt of his trial was printed (Louis-,
ville, 1854), and at the time of his death he was
writing a book in which he intended to use some
of the incidents of the Butler tragedy.
WARD, Matthias, senator, b. in Elbert county,
Ga., about 1800; d. in Raleigh, N. C, 13 Oct.,
1861. He was taken while a child to Madison
county, Ala., where he received a classical educa-
tion. After teaching for two years, he studied for
the bar. Removing to Texas in 1836, he became
a citizen of the new republic, and was elected to
its congress, serving for several years. After the
admission of Texas to the Union, he was a member
of the state senate. He was a delegate to the
Democratic national conventions of 1852 and 1856,
and in the latter year presided over the State con-
vention. On the death of J. Pinckney Henderson
he was appointed to the seat in the U. S. senate
that was thus made vacant, serving from 6 Dec,
1858, till "4 Jan., 1860, when he was succeeded bv
Louis T. Wigfall, whom the legislature had electea.
WARD, Nancy, Indian prophetess, b. about
1740; the lime of her death is unknown. Her fa-
ther was a British officer named Ward, her mother
a sister of the reigning vice-king, Atta-cuUa-cuUa.
She was the sibyl of the Cherokees. The power of
Oconostota over the nation was absolute in time
of war, but in war or peace it had generally to
give way to the will of Nancy Ward, who was sup-
posed to be the inspired mouth-piece of the Great
Spirit. James Robertson, who visited her at the
Cherokee capital, Echota, in 1772, describes her as
a woman "queenly and commanding," and her
lodge as furnished in a style of barbaric splendor.
Other traditional accounts speak of her as strik-
ingly beautiful, with a tall, erect form, a promi-
nent nose, regular and flexible features, a clear,
though tawny, complexion, long, silken black hair,
large, piercing blactc eyes, and an air that was im-
perious and yet kindly. She must have possessed
remarkable traits of character to have retained
almost autocratic control over the fierce and un-
tamable Cherokees when she was known to sympa-
thize with their enemies, the white settlers. The
first event recorded of her is the saving the lives
of two pioneers — Jeremiah Jack and William Ran-
kin— who had ventured down to buy com of the
Indians. They had come into collision with a dis-
orderly party of Cherokees, and their lives were
about to be sacrificed, when Nancy Ward appeared
among the Indians and commanded them to de-
sist. She was instantly obeyed, and the settlers
went home with their canoe loaded with corn. An-
other instance of her kindly spirit was her saving
the life of the wife of William Bean, the first white
settler beyond the Alleghanies. Mrs. Bean had
been captured on the eve of the attack on the fort
at Watauga, and, being taken to the Indian towns,
was condemned to be burned at the stake. The
fagots were already heaped about her, and Drag-
ging Canoe, the chief or the Chickamaugas, who
had ordered the execution, was standing by, when
Nancy Ward came upon the ground and com-
manded her to be liberated. This was done, and
Mrs. Bean was sent back with a strong escort to
her husband. Numerous other instances are re-
lated of her releasing captives that were taken by
her nation in their many wars with the whites.
Among others was that of a young woman who be-
came the ancestress of John M. Lea, of Nashville.
She is reported to have said : " The white men are
our brothers ; the same house holds us, the same
sky covers us all " ; and she always acted in ac-
cordance with this sentiment. But her greatest
service to the white settlers was in giving them
constant warnings, through a course of years, of
every intended raid of the Cherokees. The light-
est h<1stile whisper spoken in the Cherokee coun-
cils was repeated by her to Isaac Thomas, an In-
dian trader, to be by him conveyed to John Sevier
and James Robertson at Watauga. Thus were the
whites always prepared for the attacks of the In-
dians, and, with the overpowering numbers against
them, it is hard to conceive how in any other way
they could have been saved from extermination.
In doing this Nancy Ward betrayed her own peo-
ple, but she did so rrom noble motives and in the
interest of humanity, and for this servic^she is to
this day held in grateful remembrance by the de-
scendants of the early settlers.
WARD, Nathaniel, clergyman, b. between the
years 1578 and 1580; d. in Shenfield, England, in
1652. Cotton Mather, in the " Magnalia," gives
his birthplace as Haverhill, England, which is
probably correct; and the date of his birth as
"about 1570," which is evidently wrong. His
WARD
WARD
3S8
father was John Wanl, a famniis Puritan niinistrr,
who, according to a mural tnl>l«'t that was i)la«r<l
bv his sons iu the chancel of the church at Haver-
hill, Kn(;land, prea«^^hed the j^»|h<1 in Haverhill
anil Burv St. Edmunds, Suffolk, for twenty-five
years. N'athanicl Wanl ha»l two brothers, who,
like himiself, were authors un<l clerjrvnu'n. anil
who also suffered for non-i-onforniit y. The eldest,
Samuel, town-preacher «>f Ipswich, Kn(;land, was
author of " The Life «»f Kaitli," " The V\ ontlers of
the Loadstone," and several other works, while
the younj^est, John, who was rector of St. Clem-
ent's', Ipwich, and a meniber of the Westminster
assembly of divines, preached two sermons before
the house of commons, which were printed. The
".Sermons ami Treatises of Samuel Ward, IJ. I).,"
were edited bv the present bishop of ljiverp<K)l,
the Kt. lii'v. John C. Kyle, I). I).(Kdinburgh, 1802).
It was said of the brothers — Samuel, Nathaniel, and
John — that they together " would not make up the
abilities of their father. Nor were they tuem-
selves offended by this hyperbole, to have the
branches lessened to greaten their root." Nathan-
iel Wanl was graduated at Cambridge in liiO^i,
etlucated for the law, and admitte<l an outer bar-
rister. After practising in England, he accom-
paniiHl some merchants to the continent, where he
travelle<l extensively. At Heidelberg he met the
celebratetl writer David Parens, who induced him
to quit the law and enter the ministry. As early
M 1618 he was a clergyman at Klbing, in Prussia,
pn)bably acting as chaplain at the factory there of
the hWtland merchants. Afterward he returned
to his native country. At first he is said to have
been a lecturer in l^ondon, but as early jus 1628 he
was presented by Sir Nathaniel Kich, a relative of
the Earl of Warwick, to the rectory of Stondon
Massey, in Essex. Mr. Ward was one of the chief
Puritan ministers in that countv, and in 161^1 was
brought before Laud, who was then bishop of Lon-
don, for non-conformitv, but escaped excommuni-
cation. Ijaud tried to Induce him to conform, and
bad frequent conferences with him without avail.
Two years later, in IWiS, he was deprived of the
living. FLirly in the next year, 16234, he sailed for
New England. His first and only settlement in
this country was at Ipswich, where Itev. Thomas
Parker was already the raini.ster of the church, and
Mr. Wanl settled tls his colleague. Two years
later, owing to feeble health, he resigned his pas-
torate. He still continued to reside at Ipswich,
and while living hero compiled for the colony of
Massachusetts the " Ii«Hly of Liberties," which was
adopted by the general court in Decemlwr, 1641.
This was " the first ccKle of laws established in New
England." It " exhibits throughout," says Dr.
Francis C. Gray, "the principles and securities of
English liberty, and, although it retains some
strong traces of the times, is in the main far in
advance of them, and in several n*sj)ect8 in ad-
vance of the common law of England at this day.
It shows that our ancestors, instead of deducing
all their laws from the l)ooks of Moses, established
at the outset a code of fundamental principles,
which, taken as a whole, for wisdom, equity, atlapta-
tion to the wants of the community, and a lil>er-
ality of sentiment superior to the age in which it
was written, may fearlessly challenge a comjmrison
with any similar prixluction fn>m Magna Charts
itself to the latest bill of rights that has been put ',
forth in Eumjje or America." As early as 1645
Mr. Ward began to write "The Simple Cobler of
Aggawam in America, " This was completed in
the autumn of 164(1, and sent to England for pub-
lication, where it was issued in January, 164o-'7.
VOL. Tl.— 28
It was published under the pen-name of Theodore
de la Uuard, which is merely a slight disguiM of
his own name, Theodore Iveing the Greek equiva-
lent of the Hebn<w Nathaniel, and de la Guard
the French of the English Ward. He soon after-
ward sailed for his native country, pmlmbly in
company with FMwanl Winslow, who left near the
middle of Decemlx-r. He Iwul a " hanl winter
voyage," and probaby arrived U^fore the oiM-ning
of soring. A second tnlition of the "Simple Cob-
ler' was issued 84>on after Mr. Ward's arrival, and
a third and a fourth followed the same vear. All
the eilitions bear the date of 1647, eac^i one \te-
ing corn>cted by the author, who made material
additiims to the several issues. No later ediiiuns
have t)cen printed in England, but two have a{>-
peared in this country, l)oth at Boston, one in 1718
and the other, which was edited by David Pul.sifer,
in 1843. Prof. Moses Coit Tyler, in his " History of
American Literature," says of this lx»ok : " It is a
tremendous partisan pamphlet, intensely vital even
yet, full of fire, wit, whim, eloquence, sarc-a^m, in-
vective, patriotism, bigotry." Al)oi»t a year after
his arrival in Englaml, Ward became the minister
of the church at Shenfield, in Essex, four or five
miles distant from .Stondon Massey, where he was
formerly settled. He held this living till his death
in the autumn of 1652. Besides the works that have
been noticed, his publications were a " Sermon
preached Iwfore the House of Commons" (1647);
"A Religious Retreat sounde<I to a Iteligious
Army," anonymous (1647): "To the High and
Honorable Parliament, Humble Petitions. Serious
Suggestions, and Dutifull F]x{»ostulations," anony-
mous (1648); and " I)is<'olliminiunj, or A Most
Obedient Reply to a Ijate Book calle<l ' Ik>unds and
Bonds.' By IJ " ( 1650). The following works have
been attributed to Mr. Ward. Probably the first
and last were written by him : " A Wonl to Mr.
Peters, and Two Wonls' for the Parliament and
Kingtlom "(1648); " The Pulpit Incendiary "(1648) :
and " Mercurius Anti-Mechanicus, or The Sin)ple
Cobler's lioy, with his I^p-full of Caveats. By
Themlore de la Guanlen " (1648).— His son, John,
clergyman, was lK>rn. aoconling to Cotton Math-
er's " Magnalia," in Haverhill, England, 5 Nov.,
1606, but, if the age in his marriage license lie
correct, he was born at a later date, proliably in
November, 1609. He died at Havernill, Mass.,
27 Dec., 1693, He was matriculated in 1622 at
Emmanuel college, Cambridge, where his father
was educated, and was gra<luated in 1626. On 16
Nov., 1633, he was institute<l rector of Hadlei|;h,
in Essex, but he resigned in l«W9and came to New
England. For a short time he a-ssisted his father's
step-bn)ther. Rev. Ezekiel Rogers, of Rowley. He
settled in 1641 at Pentucket (afterward Haverhill),
Mass., where in 1645 a church was forme<l and he
was ordained the first minister. There he ofllci-
attnl for moni than fifty years till his death. He
was an able and infiuential minister.
WARD. Richard, colonial governor, b. in New-
port, R. I., 15 April, 1689; d. then-. 21 Aug., 1763.
1 1 is father. Thomas Wanl, son of John Wanl, who
was an officer in one of Croniwell's cavalry regi-
ments, came from Gloucester, England, after the
restoration of C^harlw II.. as his father did also,
and iKJth settled in Newinirt. Thoma-n Wanl, who
followe<l the business of a men-hant, wa.s general
treasurer of the c«)lony. 1677-8. a deputy to the
general as.semblv in 1678-'9. an a.ssistant in 167f>-'8l,
and then deputy fn)m 168;i till 1686. Richanl was
also engaged in commen*e. He was sttoroey-gen-
eral in 1712-'13, deputv and clerk of the assembly
in 1714, recorder fn)ral714 till 1780, deputy gor-
354
WARD
WARD
ernor from May to July. 1740, when Gov. Wanton
died, and governor from 15 July, 1740, till May,
1748— three terms. His able report to the Eng-
lish bfjard of trade
on paper monev,
9 Jan., 1741, 'is
printed in the
"Rhode Island Co-
lonial Records,"
edited by John
R. Bartlett. —
His son, Samnel,
statesman, b. in
Newport, R. I., 27
May, 1725; d. in
Philadelphia, Pa.,
26 March, 1776,
removed in early
life to Westerly,
R. I., where he
prospered in busi-
jiess both as a
farmer and mer-
chant. After rep-
resenting his
adopted home for
several years in the legislature, he was appointed
in 1761 chief justice of the colony, and in 1762 he
was chosen its governor. He was active in the
founding of Rhode Island college (now Brown uni-
versity), and was one of its trustees from 1764 till
1776. In 1765 he was re-elected governor. When
the stamp-act was passed he was the only one of
the colonial governors that refused to take the re-
quired oath to sustain and enforce it. For a third
time he was chosen governor in 1766. From the
outset he took a decided stand against the oppres-
sive encroachments of the British crown. With
Stephen Hopkins he represented Rhode Island in
the Continental congress in 1774-'6, and uniformly
advocated the most vigorous patriotic measures.
He was always called to the chair when congress
went into committee of the whole, was chairman
of the committee that reported in favor of a gen-
eral for the American army, when Col. George
Washington was unanimously chosen. Dying of
small-pox in the midst of his arduous duties, he
was buried in the grounds of the 1st Baptist church
in Philadelphia, where a monument was erected to
his memory by order of the Rhode Island general
assembly. In 1860 his remains were removed to
the cemetery of Newport, R. I. — Another son,
Henry, member of the colonial congress, b. in
Rhode Island, 27 Dec., 1732; d. there, 25 Nov.,
1797, was secretary of Rhode Island from 1760
till his death, and took part in the congress that
met at New York city on 7 Oct., 1765. He early
espoused the principle of national independence,
and during the Revolution acted as a member of
the committee of corres[)ondenee. — Samuel's son,
Samnel, soldier, b. in Westerly, R. I., 17 Nov., 1756 ;
d. in New York city 16 Aug., 1832, was graduated at
Brown in 1771. He raised a company, and marched
to the siege of Boston in 1775, was commissioned
captain by congress, and joined lienedict Arnold's
expedition into Canada, being taken prisoner at
the siege of Quebec, and conveyed to New York
city bv sea. lie was commissioned as major of the
1st Rhode Island line in 1777, was in action at
Red Bank, writing the official report of the battle,
and was with the army at Valley Forge. In 1778.
after marrying a daughter of Gov. William Greene,
he assisted in raising a new regiment in Rhode
Island, w^hich he commanded in Gen. John Sulli-
van's campaign in that state. He was promoted
lieutenant-colonel in 1779,- and retired on 1 Jan.,
1781. He was a delegate in 1786 to the convention
at Annapolis, Md., for the regulation of commerce
between the states. He made a voyage to China
in 1788, and in 1790 established himself in mer-
cantile business in New York city. After serving
as president of the New York marine insurance
company in 1806-'8, he relinquished business, re-
tiring to an estate in Rhode Island, whence he was
sent as a delegate to the Hartford convention of
1814. He aftcrwanl resided in Jamaica, L. I., and
at the close of his life in New York city. — The sec-
ond Samuel's son, Samnel, banker, b. in Rhode
Island. 1 May, 1786; d. in New York city, 27 Nov.,
1839, received a common-school education, entered
a banking-house as clerk, and in 1808 was taken
into partnership, continuing a member of the firm
of Prime, Ward and King until his death. In
1838 he secured through the Bank of England a
loan of nearly $5,000,000 to enable the banks to
resume specie payments, and established the Bank
of commerce, oecoming its president. He was a
founder of the University of the city of New York
and of the City temperance society, of which he
was the first president, and was active in organiz-
ing mission churches, a patron of many charities,
and the giver of large sums in aid of Protestant
Episcopal churches and colleges in the west. — The
third Samuel's wife, Jnlia Rush, poet. b. in Bos-
ton, Mass., 5 Jan., 1796; d. in New York city, 9
Nov., 1824, was a sister of Rev. Benjamin Clarke
Cutler, and, through her mother, a grandniece of
Francis Marion. She married Mr. Ward in Oc-
tober, 1812. One of her occasional poems is pre-
served in Ruf us W. Griswold's " Female Poets of
America" (Philadelphia, 1848). — Their son, Sam-
uel, author, b. in New York city, 27 Jan., 1814 ;
d. in Pegli, Italy, 19 May, 1884, was educated at
Round Ilill school, Northampton. Mass.. and at
Columbia, where he was graduated in 1831. He
went abroad to perfect his studies, received the
degree of Ph. D. from the University of Tilbingen,
travelled extensively, and became proficient in the
modern languages. Returning in 1835, he mar-
ried a danghter of William B. Astor, and entered
his father's banking-house as a partner. After his
second marriage, in 1843. to Medora, a daughter of
John R. Grymes, he left the firm, and in 1848 went
to California, where he engaged in mining. Dur-
ing his stay in the interior he acquired several
Indian dialects. He visited Mexico in 1854, acted
as secretary of an expedition sent by the United
States government to Paraguay in 1858. went on a
diplomatic^ mission to Nicaragua in 1862, securing
the renewal of transit across the isthmus, and on
his return settled in Washington, D. C, where his
powers of conversation, persuasive manners, and
skill in entertaining his friends, which extended
even to inventing delicate dishes, enabled him to
exert such influence over legislators that he was
spoken of as " the king of the lobby." He was also
known as *' Uncle Sam Ward." His last years were
spent in Europe, principally in England, where he
was a social favorite. He died after returning
from a journey to Malta from the home of his
sister, >Irs. Terry, of Rome, whose first husband
was Thomas Crawford, the sculptor. • Another
sister is Julia Ward Howe. Ward was for a score
of years the intimate friend and correspondent of
the poets Halleck and Longfellow. His nephew,
Marion Crawford, has depicted him in the charac-
ter of Mr. Bellingham in " Dr. Claudius " (18851).
He published a volume of verse entitled " Lyrical
Recreations " (New York. 1865). — The second Sam-
uel's grandson, »'llliam Greene, soldier, b. in New
WARD
WARD
305
York city, 20 July, 1882, was nrreduated at Columbia
in lH51.aiul iKH-amc a tmnkcr. He was litMittMiant-
coloiiol i>f the I'ith n-jrinuMit of New York militia,
with which ho servini iii the fiflil from 21- April till
5 Aii^r., IHin. As colonel of the same rey^imeiit he
was aj^ain in the I'nitetl States service in 1 Wi, |mr-
tiei|Mitinp a.s m-tin^ brigadier, and [H>rsonally di-
rwtiiijr his artillery fire, in the defence of HaqK-r's
FVrry. where he was nwule pris»iner and parole<l.
In \H(\i\ he serveil apiin as colonel of the rejjiinent
in the I'ennsvlvania cain|>aign. He partly invent-
vi\ and greatly improved the NVanl-Hiirton bn-ech-
louding rifle. After the war he wti.<made a briga-
dier-general in the state militia s«»rvice, and served
for nearly twenty vears. — William (Jreene's brother.
John, soldier, b. in New York city, :M) Nov., IHJiH,
was gnuluated at Columbia college in 1S.58 and at
(\)lumbia law-school in li'<00, then studie<l medicine
at the Xew York university medical college, taking
his degn'c of M. D. in 1864. During the civil war
he serve<l with his brother in the field as lieutenant,
and afterward captain, in the 12th New York Na-
tional guard, taking part in Septeml)er, 1M02, in
the defence of Hari)er's Ferry, under a heavy ar-
tillery fire for three days, when surrounde«l by a
large jwrt of Ijce's army under Stonewall Jackson,
when he was maile prisoner and paroled. Subse-
(piently he l»ecame colonel of the 12th New York
regiment for eleven years, till Octoljer, 1877, and
for Slime time he acte«l as secretary to the National
rifle association. He is the author of many his-
torical |)af)ers and of "The Overland Koiite to
California, ami other Poems" (New York. 1875).
WARD, Richard Halsted, microscopist, b. in
Bloomflehi. N. J., 17 June, 18;j7. He was gradu-
ated at Williams in 18.^8. and at the College of
physicians and surgeons. New York city, in 1862,
was assistant surgeon in the military hospital at
Nashville. Tenn., for a few months, resigned on
account of failing health, and in 186:i established
himself in Troy, N. Y. He became iiitereste<l while
in college in bt)tany, an«l in 1867 accepted the pro-
fessorship of that science in Rensselaer polytech-
nic institute, while continuing his practice as a
physician, and becoming in 18(58 physician to the
Marshall infirmary. He also delivered lectures on
the use of the raicro8co{>e. and from 1871 till 1883
conducted a departrtient in the "American Natu-
ralist " on microscopy, on which subject he has
also given lectures in the Rensselaer institute. On
botany he has l)een a frwjuent lecturer before sci-
entific societies and institutitms. He has invented
an illuminating appliance for binocular micro-
scopes and other improvements, and was ac-tive in
organizing the national committee on micrometry.
As an expert in microscopical examinations, he was
one of the first to discriminate lietwwn dilTerent
kinds of bhxMl. and his testimony is sought in
murder and forgery trials, and in conne<'tion with
the purity of water-supnly and adulterations of
food and medicine. He nas also l>een a cultivator
of medical micr«>scopy, and has published some
original inv«>stigations. Dr. Ward is a luem-
Ix'r of microscopical societies of this country and
KunifM?, was president of the American society
of microscopists. and has lieen the manager of
the American postal microscopical club since 1875.
He has contributinl to the perimlicals that arc
devoted to his specialty, ami was joint e<litor,
with the Rev. Alpheus li. Hervey, of the Ameri-
can revision of the work of Julius W. Ik>hrens on
"The Microscope in IJotjiny " (Itoston. 1885). — His
sister. .4nna Lydia. author', b. in BUNimfield. N. J.,
about 1850, was e«lucated at Ripley female college,
Poultney, VU She assisted in compiling a *• Dic-
tionary of Quotations" (New York, 1881), and haa
nublishcHi " A Dictionary of Quotations fmm the
PcH'ts " ( 1883) : " Surf and Wav.' " ( IHKi); niid " Fa-
miliar Quotations from Ameri<-an Authors" in a
" liibmry of Quotations" (4 voK, 1884). .She is
at pres«-iit eiigHge<l on a " History «jf Waterbury,
Conn.," in assiM-iution with Miss Sarah J. I'ritchanl.
WARD, ThoniaM. |«Kt. b. in Newark. N. J.. 8
June, 18()7: d. in New York city, 13 April. 1873.
He studied at I'rincet<*n and at Rutgers metlical
college. New York city, pnwtised his profession two
or thret* years, and after travelling some time in
foreign countries returiHHl to that city to follow a
life of literary leisun-. having marrie<l a lady of
fortune. Ilelmilt a large music-hall in his house
in New York, in which, l)etw«'en 1862 and 1872.
nearly fifty musical entertainments were given.
Dr. Ward was
the author of
"A Month of
FriKHlom " (New
York, 1837) :
" Passaic : a
Orouj) of Pix*ms
touching that
River, with oth-
er Musings." by
"Flaccus"(New
York. 1842) ;
•• Flom, or the
Gipsy's F'rolic," ■''
a jMistoral opera,
for which he al-
so wrote the mu-
sic, and which
had several pul>-
lic and pri-
vate representa-
tions for the
l>enefit of charitable obiects. yielding alH)ut $40,-
000: and "War Lyrics ' (printed nrivately. New
York. 1865).— His nephew. JameM Warner, |K»et,
b. in Newark, N. J., 5 June, 1817. was educated at
the lioston high-schmtl. iMvame the puf)il and assist-
ant of Prof. John Ijocke in the Medical college of
Ohio. Cincinnati, was professor of general literature
and of botany at the Female college of Ohio in
1853-'4. and afterwanl (nlited for si'veral years the
" Botanical Magazine and Horticultural Review "at
Cincinnati, in a.s.sociat i(m with Dr. John A. Wanler.
In 1859 he removed to New York city. Since 1874
he has l)een librarian of the (Jrosvenor public
library. Buffalo, N. Y. Mr. Ward has com|K)seil
pieces for the voice and the organ, and is a member
of lM)tanical and microscoj>icaI s<K-ieties. Besides
contributions to |)eri«KlicaJs he has publisheil a vol-
ume of " Home-matle Verses and Stories in Rhyme,"
that were usually siginnl " Yorick " (Boston. 1857);
" Woman." a t^oem (18.52); and "Higher Water,"
a parody of Henry W. Ixmgfellow's " Hiawatlia,"
desc-riptlve of a freshet in the Ohio river (1855).
WARD. Thomas, A. M. K. bishop, b. in Penn-
sylvania, 28 Sept., 1823. He is of negro jwrentagi',
was brought up on a farm, went to Philadelphia in
1843, attende<I a Quaker night -s<'hool, unit*-*! with
the African Methinlist Epis<-opal church in 1843,
and was licen.sed to exhort in the same year. He
(•reached in Pennsylvania, New York, an«l New
'ingland, and was the first s«HTPtary of the New
England conference of his church. He asked to
be sent to do missionary work on the Pacific coast,
and arrivtnl then-. 19 May. 18.54. but returned in
1S<50 to meet the p-neral conference in Pittsburg.
He went back to his |Mist in 1861, and under his
guidance and inspiration societies were organized
366
WARD
WARDER
and churches built at Stockton, Sacramento, Pe-
taluma. Grass Valley, Coloraa, Placerville, Los
Angeles, Negro Hill, Virginia City, Carson City,
Red BlufTs, and Chico. He was elected bishop in
18()H. Since 1884 he has had charge of Arkansas,
Louisiana, and Indian territory.
WARD, William Hayes, "Assyriologist, b. in
Abington, Mjvss., 25 June, 1835. He was gradu-
ated at Amherst in 1856, and entered Union theo-
logical seminary. New York city, was a tutor at
Beloit college in 1857-8, and then completed his
theological studies at Andover seminary, being
erailuated in 1859. He preached for one year at
Oskaloosa, Kan., receiving ordination on 8 Jan.,
1860. resumed teaching at Williston seminary,
Easthainpton. ^lass., in 1861. taught natural sci-
ence at the Utica free academy in 1863-'5, and
was subsequently professor of Latin at Hipon col-
lege. Wis., till 1868, when he went to New York
city as associate editor of the " Independent," of
which he became superintending editor two years
later. In September, 1884. he went, in charge of
the Wolfe expedition, to Babylonia, and remained
about a year, exploring the ruins south of Bagdad.
He received the degree of I). D. from the Univer-
sity of the city of New York and from Rutgers
college in 1873. and that of LL. I), from Amherst
in 1885. Dr. Ward, who still edits the •' Independ-
ent," is the author of articles on oriental archic-
ology in the " Proceedings " of the Palestine ex-
ploration society, the American archaeological in-
stitute, and the American oriental society, as well
as in " Bibliotheca Sacra " and other periodicals.
He wrote a biographical introduction to the
" Poems " of Sidney Lanier (New York. 1884), and
on his return from the East prepared a report of
the expedition in pamphlet-form.
WARD, William Tliomas, soldier, b. in Amelia
county, Va., 9 Aug., 1808; d. in Louisville, Ky., 12
Oct., 1878. He was educated at St. Mary's college,
near Lebanon. Ky., studied law, and practised in
Greensburg. In 1847 he joined a regiment of Ken-
tucky volunteers, was commissioned as major, and
served in Mexico till July, 1848. He was elected
to the Kentucky legislature on his return, and was
a representative in congress from 1 Dec, 1851, till
3 March, 1853. He was appointed a brigadier-gen-
eral in the National army on 18 Sept., 1861, organ-
ized a brigade of volunteers in Kentucky, com-
manded all troops south of Louisville and was en-
gaged in the pursuit of Gen. John 11. Morgan in
1862. was attached to the Army of the Ohio in No-
vember, commanded at Gallatin, Tenn., and served
through Gen. William T. Sherman's campaigns, re-
linquishing the command of a division in the Cum-
berland at the l)eginning of the Atlanta campaign
to assume that of a brigade in the 20th corps. His
men effected a lodgment in the enemy's fortifica-
tions at Resaca, and he was severely wounded in
the arm and side, but would not leave the field.
He was also in the battles before the fall of At-
lanta, and in the march to the sea commanded a
division, performing effective services in the fights
that preceded the surrender of Gen. Joseph E.
Johnston's army. He was brevetted major-general
on 24 Feb., 1865, and mustered out on 24 Aug.,
after which he practised law in Louisville, Ky.
WARDEN, David Bailie, author, b. in Ireland
in 1778; d. in Paris, PVance, 9 Oct.. 1845. He
came to this country when young, received a classi-
cal education, and was graduated at New York
medical college. He was appointed secretary of
legation - to Gen. John Armstrong, minister to
Prance, in 1804, and subsequently consul at Paris,
which post he held forty years. He was distin-
Sished for his scientific attainments and varied
^rning, was a member of the French academy,
and formed two libraries of American Iwoks. one
of which was acquired by Harvard in 1823, and
the other by the New York stat« library in 1840.
He published " Inquiry concerning the Intellectual
and Moral Faculties and Literature of the Ne-
groes " (Paris, 1810) ; " Origin and Nature of Con-
sular Establishments " ; '* Description of the District
of Columbia" (1816); "Statistical, Political, and
Historical Account of the United States of North
America " (3 vols., Edinburgh, 1819) ; " L'art de
verifier les dates, chronologic de I'Amerique" (10
vols., Paris, 1826-'44) ; "Bibliotheca Americana
Septentrionalis, etc." (1820) ; " Recherches sur les
antiquites de I'Amerique Septentrionale " (1827) ;
and " Bibliotheca Americana (1831).
WARDEN, Rol)ert Brnce, author, b. in Bards-
town, Nelson co., Kv., 18 Jan., 1824. He was edu-
cated privately, stu(iied law, was admitted to the
bar in April, 1845, became president-judge of the
court of common pleas at Cincinnati, afterward
reporter of the supreme court of Ohio, and then
as.sociate judge of that court. Since 1873 he has
resided in Washington, D. C. Judge Warden has
written much for the press and has published " A
Familiar Forensic View of Man and Law " (Colum-
bus, 1859) ; " A Voter's Version of the Life and
Character of Stephen Arnold Douglas" (1860);
" An Account of the Private Life and Public Ser-
vices of Salmon Portland Chase " (Cincinnati,
1874) ; and vols, ii., iii., and iv. of the " Ohio Re-
ports." He is preparing for publication " A View
of Land and Life.'
WARDER, John Aston, phvsician, b. near
Philadelphia, Pa., 19 Jan., 1812 ; d. in North Bend,
Ohio, 14 July, 1883. In early life he was associ-
ated with William Bartram and William Darling-
ton, who were among his neighbors, and with John
J. Audubon, Francois A. Michaux. and Thomas
Nuttall, who were visitors at his father's house
and from whom he acquired a great fondness for
nature and learned to use his powers of observa-
tion. In 1830 he removed with his parents to
Springfield, Ohio, but, returning to Philadelphia,
was graduated at Jefferson medical college in 1836.
Settling in Cincinnati in 1837, he followed his
profession there until 1855. Meanwhile he took
an active interest in everything that tended to ad-
vance education and science. He was early cho-
sen a member of the school-board, and he trav-
elled extensively, studying systems of teaching and
the constr^iction of school-houses that he might
introduce improved plans into Cincinnati. He
was associated in the organization of the Cincin-
nati astronomical society, the Western academy of
natural sciences, the Cincinnati horticultural so-
ciety, the Ohio Medical college, and the Cincin-
nati society of natural history, of which he was
president for five years. Dr. Warder also served
on the State board of agriculture and was among
the first to direct public attention to the beautify-
ing of public and private parks and cemeteries.
He was associated in the establishment of the
Spring Grove cemetery and did much to develop the
public interest in landscape gardening. In 1873
ne was appointed U. S. commissioner to tlte World's
fair in Vienna, and prepared the official report for
the U. S. government on " Forests and Forestry."
He was connected with the founding of the Ameri-
can forestry association in 1875 and was active in
the establishment of the American forestry con-
gress. In 1883 he was chosen honorary president
of the Ohio state forestry association, and was ap-
pointed by the department of agriculture to report
WARK
WARE
HTiJ
upon tho forestry of the north wcsteni static. He
(Ie:4crilNHl in 185S tho ('atal|Nt «|M>f>io8a, a tree that
had not l*ocn riM-o^niziMl until that time as a dis-
tinct s|Hj<.'ii's, but wliich is now iu'cc>j)toi} as one of
the most vahiable of forest-trees. In IHHO he Im»-
ifan tho |)ublicati«)n of the "Western Horticultural
Keview.* which continue<l until 1854. when, with
Jamrs W. Ward, he established the " Itotaiiical
Mii^razine and Ilorticultunil Il<>view," which he
then e«lited for several years. Besides making con-
tributions to medical, a^ri<-ultural, and horticul-
tural periodicals, he translatwl Trousseau and liel-
loc on '• liarynjfoal Phthisis" (Phihulelphia. ISiJO),
and publishwl •• HtHljfe Manual : a C'oninleto Trea-
tise on IIe«l>res, Kverj;rtH»ns. and all Plants suit-
able f<»r American IIedji;in^ " (New York, 1858) ;
" AmericHn Pomolo>;v: Part I., Apples" (1867);
and an edition of A^phonse Du Breuil's " Vine-
yanl Culture" (18<j7).— His son, Robprt Doirne,
chemist, b. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 28 March, 1848,
was graduated at Karlham colletje, Richmond, Ind.,
in 1800 and at the Lawrence scientific school of
Harvanl in 1874. lie has since that time Ijeen en-
^ged in teaching chemistry and physics, and in
18S3-'7 was state chemist of Indiana." In 1887 he
removed to Washington, D. C. Prof. Warder is a
memlx'rof various scxrieties. and hascontributetl pa-
jHjrs to their transactions and to scientific journals.
WARE. Henry, clergyman, b. in Sherburne.
Mass.. 1 April, 1704; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 12
July, 1845. Ho was the dascendant in the fourth
generation of R<ibert Ware, a native of England,
who was one of the early settlers of Dedhain, Mass.,
in 1642. Henry was graduated at Harvard in
17»5. and while studying theology taught in Cam-
brid^. He was ordained pastor of the first church
at Ilingham, Mass., 24 Oct., 1787, which charge he
retained till 1805. when he l)ecame HoUis |>n>fes.sor
of divinity in Harvartl. His electicm originated
the discussion that led to the separation of the
Unitarians — U^ whom he adhered — from the ortho-
dox Congregationalists. He tf)ok no part in the
controversy till 1820. when he engage<l in a po-
lemical discussion with Dr. Leonard WcmkIs. He
resigned the professorship of theology in 1840 in
conseriuence of impaired eyesight, but continuetl
two years longer in the chair of pulpit eUxjuence,
which he had assumed in 1826. Harvanl gave him
the degree of I). D. in 1806. With Noah Worces-
ter, William E. Channing, and Andrews Nt)rton
he laid the foundation of the conservative school
of Unitarianism. He published " I^etters to Trini-
t^irians and ('alvinists," in reply to. Dr. Ijoonard
Woods's "Letters to UnilArians" (Cambridge,
1820); "Answer t^) Dr. W«>.m1s*s Reply " (1822) ;
" Postscrint to an Answer" (1828); "An Inouiry
into the Foundation. Evidences, and Truths of Re-
ligion " (2 vols., Cambridge and Iiond<m, 1842) ; also
various single sermons. — His son, Henrjr, dergv-
man, b. in Ilingham. Mas.s., 21 April, 1704; d. in
Framingham, >lass., 22 Sept., 184«3, was graduateil
at Harvard in 1812. He was assistant tem-ln'r at
Philli[>s Exeter aca<lemy in 1812-'l4, 8tudie<l the-
ology under his father's tlirection, and was or-
daitied [lasUir of tho Second church (Unitarian) at
Boston, 1 Jan., 1817. He took an active {tart in
organizing the Unitarian body, and e<lited its or-
gan, the "Christian Disciple," whose name was
subsequently changed to the "Christian Exami-
ner" in 1819-'22. He visite<l Euroiic in 1821>-'30 j
for the Iwnefit of his health, resigned his {lastorate
soon aft^'r his return, and was appointe<l Park- ;
man professor of pulpit elo(|uence and pastoral
care in tho divinity-8ch<x»l of Harvanl m 18JJ0,
which chair he resigned in 1942. He received the I
C7o4''*^y*^ yT\it^ j/r^
degree of D. I), from Harvanl in 1884. and pub-
lished "Hints on Extemjioraneous Pnwhmg"
(lioston, 1824); "Sermons on t he Ofltct>s anil Char-
acter of Jesus Christ " (1825) ; " Tho Formation of
Christian Charac-
ter "(1831); "The
Life of the Sav-
iour "(18:J2); me-
moirs of Joseph
Priestley, Noah
Worcester, and
others; and sepa-
rate sermons, es-
says, and |x>eins.
The Rev. Chan-
dler Robbins pub-
lished selections
from his writings
(4 vols., Boston,
1846-'7), and his
bnither, John,
published his
" Memoir"(2 vols.,
Boston, 1846). —
The .second Hen-
ry's second wife. Marjr I^rell Plrkard. h. in
lioston, Ma.ss.. 2 Oct.. 1708; d. in Milton. Ma-ss.,
4 April, 1840. was distinguishes! for charitable
traits, and her life forms the subjwt of a "Me-
moir'' 'oy the Rev. Eclwanl B. Hall, a bn»ther-
in-law of Dr. Wan' (Boston. laW).— The second
Henry's son, John Fothergill Waterhouse. cler-
gyman, b. in Boston, 81 Aug., 1HI8; d. in Milton,
Mas.s., 26 Feb., 1881, was gntduate<l at Harvard in
18:18 and at the divinity-.-H-hool in 1842. He was first
settled as a pastor of the Unitarian scK'iety at Fall
River. Mass.. afterward was statione<l at Cam-
bridge|>ort, and in 1864 became {uistor of the Uni-
tarian church in Baltimore. Md. Durinj; his resi-
dence in Baltimore he gave much attention to the
religious nee<ls and other wants of the negn»es,
and before and during the civil war was an anti-
slavery man. Mr. Ware retunietl to Roston, and
in 1872 l)ecame pastor of the Arlington street
church. He organize*! a Unitarian s<K'iety at
Swampscott, Mass., of which he was [»a.stor at the
time of his death, as well as of the Boston church.
He was a favorite with the meml)ers of the Grand
army of the republic, having been a worker among
the soldiers during the civil war. and was a frequent
orator before their organizations. He published
"The Silent Pa.stor " (B<.ston, 1848); " Hvmns and
Tunes for Sunday-School Worship "(1858-T.0-'(!0);
and " Home Life: What it I.s, and what it NwmIs"
(1878). — Another son of the ."iecond Henry, Will-
iam Robert, architect, I), in Cambri<!^*. Sla«s., 27
May, 1882, was graduated at Harvan! in 1852, and
at the Ijawrence scientific school in 1856. He was
pn)fe^st)r of architecture in the Massachusetts in-
stitute of ttH-hnologv from 18('m till 1881. and since
the latter year has field a similar profoss<irship in
the School of mines of Columbia college, where ho
has entire charge of the dejmrtment of architect-
ure. He was a trustt-e of the .Museum of fine art.s
Boston, in 1876- '81. and since 1881 has held a simi-
lar office in connection with the Metntpolitan mu-
seum. New York. In c«iniunction with Henrj" Van
Brunt he desigiie<l the >iemorial hall at Harvard
collegt', the first chun'h in Iiost«»n. the Union rail-
way station. Worcester, and other buildings; and
later he designe<l the American sch«K)l of classical
studies at .\thens. (treece. Pmf. Wan* is an ac-
cepte<i authority on an-hitectural matters am! is
largely consulted in a pnift-ssional capacity. He
has published " Modem Perspective : a 'iVeatise
358
WARE
WARING
on Plane and Curvilinear Perspective" (Boston,
1883). — John, brother of the second Henry, physi-
cian, b. in Hingham, Mass., 19 Dec, 1795; d. in
Boston. 29 April, 1864, was graduated at Harvard
in 1813, afterward studied medicine, and received
his dejjree in 1816. After practising for one year
at Duxbury. Mass., he removed to Boston. From
1832 till 18.'58 he was professor of the theory and
practice of medicine in the medical department of
Harvard. Dr. Ware was for several years presi-
dent of the Massachusetts medical society, aria also
a meml)er of the American academy of arts and
sciences. In addition to lectures, discourses, and
essays, he published " Life of Henry Ware. Jr."
(2 vols., Boston. 1840) ; " Hints to "f ounj; Men "
(1850); and "Philosophy of Natural History"
(I860). — His second wife". Mary Greene Chan-
dler, b. in Petersham, Mass., 22 Mav, 1818, is the
author of " Elements of Character " (Boston, 1854) ;
"Thoughts in My Garden" (1862); and "Death
and Life" (1804).— Wniiani, another brother of
the second Henrv. author, b. in Hingham, Mass., 3
Aug., 1797; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 19 Feb., 1852,
was graduated at Harvard in 1816 and at the
divinitv-school in 1819, and began preaching at
Northborough, .Alass. From 18 Dec, 1821, till 19
Oct., 1836, lie was minister of the 1st Congregational
church in New York. From June, 1837, till April,
1838, he had charge of the 2d Congregational
church in Waltham, Mass., and in December, 1843,
was settled at West Cambridge, but feeble health
soon compelled him to relinquish preaching. Mr.
Ware was editor and proprietor of the " Christian
Examiner" in 1839-'44. He travelled in Europe
in 1848-'9, and delivered a course of lectures on
European travel in 1849-'51. He published vivid
representations of ancient life and manners, en-
tit K'd " Letters from Palmyra" (2 vols., New York,
1837), which hjid appeared in the " Knickerbocker
Magazine" the previous year, and were subse-
quently republished in London and New York
with the title of " Zenobia. or the Fall of Palmyra"
(new ed., 1868). He also wrote " Probus " (2 vols..
New York, 1838 ; afterward entitled " Aurelian ") ;
"Julian, or Scenes in Judea" (2 vols., 1841);
" American Unitarian Biographv " (2 vols., Boston.
1850-'l) ; " Sketches of European Capitals " (1851) ;
" Lectures on the Works and Genius of Washington
Allston" (1852); and a "Memoir of Nathaniel Ba-
con," in Sparks's "American Biography" (1848). —
The first Henry's nephew, Ashur, jurist, b. in
Sherburne, Mass., 10 Feb., 1782 ; d. in Portland.
Me., 10 Sei>t., 1873, was graduated at Harvard in
1804, held a tutorship there from 1807 till 1811,
and was professor of Greek from 1811 till 1815.
He wjis admitted to the Boston bar in 1816, re-
moved to Portland, Me., in 1817, and in 1820
became the first secretary of the state of Maine on
its separation from Massachusetts. From 1822 till
1866 he was judge of the U. S. district court of
Maine. He edited the " Boston Yankee " for a
year, the Portland " Argus" for several years, con-
tributed articles on admiraltv jurisdiction to John
Bouvier's " I^aw Dictionary.'^ and published " Re-
ports of Cases. United States District Court of
Maine " (Boston, 1839).
WARE, Katharine Anensta, poet, b. in Quin-
cy, Mass., in 1797; d. in Paris, France, in 1843.
She was a daughter of Dr. Rhodes, of Quincy,
in 1819 married Charles A. Ware, a naval officer,
removed to Europe in 1839, and remained there
till her death. She edited the " Bower of Taste "
in Boston, and, in addition to poems for the news-
papers, published " Power of the Passions, and
other Poems '* (London, 1842).
WARE, Nathaniel A., author, b. near Abl)e-
ville, S. C, 10 Aug., 1780; d. in Galveston, Tex., in
18,54. He engaged in tetiching in South Carolina,
where he studied and practised law. Removing to
Natchez, Miss., he became major of militia and
secretary of the territorial government, acouiring
a large fortune by judicious purchases of land.
He travelled extensively and was known for his
attainments in lx)tany, geography, and the natural
sciences. He resided' at Philadelphia and Cincin-
nati during his later years, and published a small
work on the Pestalozzian .system of education;
" Views of the Federal Constitution " ; and " Notes
on Political Economy, as Applicable to the United
States " (New York, 1844). He was the father of
Catharine Ann Warfield, mentioned below.
WARE, Nicholas, senator, b. in Caroline coun-
ty, Va., in 1769; d. in New York city, 7 Sept.,
1824. While a youth he accompanied his father,
Capt. Robert Ware, to Edgefield, S. C. He after-
ward studied medicine at Augusta, Ga., and then
law, completing his studies at the Litchfield, Conn.,
law-school. He attained success in his profession
at Augusta, represented Richmond county in the
Georgia legislature, was mayor of Augusta, after-
ward judge of the city court, and U. S. senator
from Georgia in 1821-'4. He was president of the
board of trustees of Richmond county academy,
Augusta, at the time of his death, and was also a
trustee of the University of Georgia at Athens.
WARFIELD, Catharine Ann. author, b. in
Natchez, Miss., 6 June, 1816 ; d. in Pewee Val-
ley, Ky., 21 May, 1877. She was a daughter of
Nathaniel A. Ware, and her maternal grandfather
was Cant. Charles Percy, of the British navy, one of
the early colonists of Louisiana. She was educated
with her sister Eleanor in Philadelphia, where the
family then resided, but afterward went to Cincin-
nati, Ohio, where in 1833 she married Robert E.
Warfield, of Lexington, Kv. In 1857 they removed
to a farm near Louisville, ky. Conjointly with her
sister Eleanor she published " The Wife of Leon,
and other Poems, by Two Sisters of the West"
(New York, 1844), and " The Indian Chamber, and
other Poems" (1846). Mrs. Warfield's own publi-
cations were " The Household of Bouverie " (2
vols.. New York. 1860); "The Romance of the
Green Seal " (1867) ; " Miriam Monfort, or Mon-
fort Hall" (1873); "Hester Howard's Tempta-
tion " (Philadelphia, 1875); "A Double Wedding"
(1875) ; " Ladv Ernestine " (1876) ; " Miriam's Me-
moirs, or the Romance of Beauseincourt " (1876) ;
" Sea and Shpre " (1876) ; " Feme Fleming " (1877) ;
and " The Cardinal's Daughter " (1877).— Her sis-
ter, Eleanor Percy Ware Lee, b. in Washington,
Miss., in 1820; d. m Natchez, Miss., 14 Oct., 1849,
married Henry Lee, a native of Virginia, and with
her sister was the author of several novels.
WARING, George E, sanitarian, b. in Pound-
ridge, N. Y., 4 July, 1833. He was educated at
College Hill, Poughkeepsie, and then studied agri-
culture with James J. Mapes. During the winter of
1854 he made an agricultural lecture tour through
Maine and Vermont, and in 1855 he took charge
of Horace Greeley's farm at Chappaqua. N. Y.,
which he conducted on shares for two years. In
August, 1857. he was appointed agricultural and
drainage engineer of Central park. New Y^irk city,
where he remained for four years, during which
time, among other duties, he prepared the soil of
the Mall and set out the four rows of elms upon it.
He was appointed in May. 1861, after the opening
of the civil war, major of the Garibaldi guard, with
which he served three months. In August, 1861,
he was made major of cavalry by Gen. John C.
WARNKR
WAUXKR
3.")9
Fremont and went to St. Ijouis to join him. There
he rais«Ml six (*<>in|Minii*s of (-iivnlry under tho niinic
of the Fn'tuoiii ImssHrs. whi< h wvrv afttTWHrd nm-
!M>liiiute«l Willi thv Ik-nton hu.>vsun« tu form the 4lh
Minsonri ravulry, of which he wns coniniisMioned
foloiiel ill JatiuHry, 1H02. In thisea|NU-ityhe serve*!
thn>u>;hout the war. ehiefly in the southwc-t. 11. •
settltHl in NewjH)rt. K. I., in 1H(J7, where In- !«•. iitn.
the nmnnger of O^^den farm. Col. Wariiij; then
devotfil himself to ajfriculture ami cattle-bn'e<liiijj
and to cngineerinj;. until the latter (M-cupation re-
quired his full attention in 1K77. Sinee that <late
he has been in active pnwtice as an engineer of
drainaf^. He was at)iH)intiHl in June, 187U, ex^wrt
and s|)ecial agent of the 10th census of the United
States, with charge of the social statistics of cities,
and he htLs tx*en a memlier of the National lx>ard of
health since 18^2. After the yellow-fever epidemic
in Memphis in 1878 he devise<l the system of sew-
erage that was jwcepted for that citv and since that
time has In-en generally mlopted. flv has invented
numerous sanitary iiuprovenu-nts chiefly in connec-
tion with the drainage of houses and towns. He
has l)een connecteil with various journals and edit-
ed the " Henl-Ii<K)ks of the American Jersey Cattle
Club" in 1808-'81, of which organization he was
the ftninder. His other works are " Klements of
Agricultun^" (New York. 18.54); "Draining for
Profit and Draining for Health" (18(57) ; " Handy
Book of Huslwndry" (1870, now called " Ikmk of
the Farm"); "A Planner's Vacation" (IJoston,
1875); " Whip and Sour" (1875); "Sanitarv Drain-
age of Houses and Farms" (1876); "The hride of
the Rhine " (1877) ; " Village Improvements and
Farm Villages" (1877); "Sanitarv Condition of
Citv and Countn-Dwelling-Houst^s*^ (1877); "Tvn>l
and the Skirt of the Alps " (New York. 1879); " How
to Drain a House" (1885); and "Sewerage and I^and
Drainage" (1HH8).
WARNER, Adonirain Jiidson, soldier, b. in
Wales, Krie co., N. Y., 13 Jan., 18:i4. He was edu-
cated at Beloit, Wis., and in New York central col-
lege. Soon after leaving collegia he iK'came princi-
pal of the Ijewiston, ra., academy and su[)erin-
tendent of public schools of Mifflin coimty, and he
was principal of the Mercer union sch(K>ls from
18.50 till 18<J2. In the latter year he entere«l the
National army as captain in a Pennsylvania regi-
ment, and was successively promote*! to lieutenant-
colonel, colonel, and brevet brigmlier-general of
volunteers, lU March, 1805. He partici|>ated in
several engagements, and was severely wounded at
Antietam. After the close of the war he studiiil
law and was admit tt^l to the Itar at Indiana|>olis,
Ind., but never nni<lise<l. and since 1800 has en-
gaged in the railrou*!, coal, and iron business. He
wa.s electe*! to congress f mm Ohio as a Democrat
in 1878, 1882. and 1884. He has publishe«! " A|>-
preciation of .Money" (Philadelphia. 1877); " Source
of Value in Money " (1882); and various pamphlets
on the silver and other economic questions.
WARNKR, Charles Dudley, author, b. in
Plaintield. Mass.. 12 .S-pt., 1829. His father, a man
of culture. die<! when Charles was five years old.
During his enrlv ItoyhiHNl he had m-cess to few
l)ooks except bit)lical commentaries, biographies of
austere divines, ami some Calvinistic treatises, but
he was fond of study, especially of the classics, and
in 1851 was graduato<i at Hamilton with the first
prize for English. He has emb<M)i<><I his recollec-
ti<ms of his youth in New Kngland in one of his
most popular works, " Ik-ing a Bov " (Hoston, 1877).
which is jmrtly an autobiography, and a faith-
ful and amusing picture of rund life in a Calvin-
istic New England neighborhood fifty years ago.
KM,XK4.Jru.cL£iUf/YiL^^^>,^M,'>^
While in college he contributed to the '* Knicker*
IxM-ker" and " Putnam's .Magazine." He aino prp>
I Hired a " Ilook of KhMpieiice " (Cnzenovia, N. Y..
lK'>ii), which displayed a critical and appreciative
iiKlgment. He joined a xurveying party on the
MisMtiiri fnmtier
in 18.5:{, lie<-ame
familiar with va-
ried phases of
frontier life, re-
turiunl to the east
in 18.54, and was
(graduated at the
aw deimrt ment
of the University
of Pennsvlvania
in 1850. He then
practis«'d his pro-
fession in Chica-
go, III., till 18(K),
when he return*"*!
to the east and Ik?-
camea-ssistant e<li-
torof the"Pn^ss,"
an evening newspaper in Hartfonl. Conn., of
which he assumed contml in the following year.
In 1807 the "Press" was consolidale*l with the
"Courant," of which he InH-ame a co-«Hlit*»r. He
sf^'iit fourteen months abroad in 18(>8-'9, an<l
gaineil reputation by a s*Ties of fon'ign h'tters to
that journal, which were wi*lely c«>i>iiHi. He sul>-
sequently travellinl extensively in Eurofie ami the
F^a-st. on his n'turn resume*! the etlitorshin of the
"Courant," and in 1884 Infame a c^wnlitor of
" Har|H'r's Magazine." His most im|M>rtant work
in coniuH'tion with that monthlv has U-en a M-ries
of pajHTs l>eginninp with "Studies in tlie .South,"
followe*! bv "Mexican Papers" am! "Studies in
the (Jreat \Vest," in which the e<lucational. |>oliti-
cal. an<! so«ial condition of these states an* care-'
fully dis<'uss<Hl. He has also interested himself
in the treatment of social s<'ience t«>pics in Con-
necticut. an«l was for several y«»ars a memU'r *»f
the State commission on prisons, nn«l of the Na-
tional |>risoii ass4K-iation. He has deliven-*! lec-
tun's iK'fore e<lucational and other s<K'ieties, which
for til*! most |Mirt liav*- lH'«'n |)l«'as for a higher in-
dividual an*l national culture, for an enlargement
of our collegiate course's, an«l an improvement in
their metluHls. Th*'s«> include an ad<in>ss at liow-
doin cm "Higher Education" (Brunswick. Me.,
1871), a seri«-s of lectures *»n " Literature in Rela-
tion to Life," delivere*! U'fore the law de|Nirtinent
of Yale (1884), address at the unveiling of Paul
(Jerhanlt's statu*' of Nathan Hale in the capitol at
Hartfonl (1887), that liefore the literary sinieties
of Wa<.hington an<l Ixf university, Ix'xington. Va.,
1888, ami one on " .Shelley " (1888). He wjis an ar-
dent .\lK»liti*)nist during the anti-slavery agitation,
and has Ikhmi a lU'publican sinct^ the formation of
the jwrtv. Yale gave him the degree of .\. M. in
18?2.and Dartmouth the same lionor in 1884. His
career as an ant hor iH'gan in 1870. In the spring
and summer of that y*'ar lu' wrote f«>rthe "Ctnirant
a series of sketches, lightly and hum*>n>usly depict-
ing the experiences of an amateur ganlener, into
which were woven caustic c*>mments f>n some of
the foibles «)f social and |M)litical life. Th«'s«' |iaper»
were publishe*! in lxM)k-form, with an intriNbiction
by Henry Wanl Reecher, niuli-r the title *>f "My
Summer in a (»an!en." am! met with HnimHliate
favor ( Hart ftirtl, 1870). It was follow*-<l by -Saun-
terings," reminisi-ences of the author's travels on
the Kun>|>ean continent (lioston. 1870). and " Back-
log Studies" (1873), a collection of etways, a part
360
WARNER
WARNER
of which first appeared in "Scribner's Monthly."
This book is a panegyric of the kindly influences
of the fireside circle, and a discussion of current
topics of social life, in the j>eculiar vein of humor
that characterizes the writer. His other works in-
clude contributions to the magazines on social,
artistic, and literary topics ; " Baddeck, and That
Sort of Thing" (18*4); " Mv Winter on the Nile"
(Hartford, 1876); "In the Levant" (1877); " In the
Wilderness" (Boston, 1878); "Capt. John Smith"
(New York, 1881); "Washington Irving," in the
" Men of Letters " series, of which he is editor (Bos-
ton, 1881) ; " Roundabout Journey " (1883) ; " Their
Pilgrimage," a serial, depicting the exploits of an
author and an artist on a tour of the Atlantic coast
and inland northern and southern watering-places
(New York, 188()); and "On Horseback '^ (1888).
He has also published, with Samuel L. Clemens,
"The Gilded Age "(1873).
WARNER, HI ram, jurist, b. in Hampshire
county. Mass., 29 Oct., 1802 ; d. in Atlanta, Ga.,
in 1881. He received an academical education,
removed to Georgia in 1819, and taught there for
three years. He was admitted to the bar in 1825,
and began practice in Knoxville, Ga. He was a
memlx^r of the state house of representatives in
1828-'31, was elected in 1833 a judge of the su-
perior court of Georgia, re-elected in 1836, and
served till 1840. lie was appointed in 1845 a judge
of the supreme court of the state, served till 1853,
when he resigned, and was elected to congress in
1855. He was a member of the Charleston Demo-
cratic convention in 1860. and opposed the seces-
sion movement there and in the Georgia secession
convention of 1861. After the war he sustained
the reconstruction acts of congress. On the re-
organization of the judiciary of the state, he was
ap{)()inted a judge of the supreme court, and in
1872 he was appointed chief justice of that court.
WARNER, Seth, soldier, b. in Roxburv. Conn.,
17 May. 1743; d. there. 26 Dec, 1784. He early
became known for his skill in hunting, his energy,
sound judgment, and manly bearing. In 1763
he removed with his father, Benjamin Warner,
M. D., to Bennington, then in the " New Hamp-
shire Grants." During the dispute between New
York and the inhabitants of the Grants, over
whom that state claimed jurisdiction, Ethan Allen
and Seth Warner, who were the leaders of the peo-
f)le, were outlawed. At the opening of the Revo-
ution, Warner espoused the patriot cause, and,
though the New York legislature several times pro-
tested against his commission, congress refused to
revoke it. As second in command, he assisted in
the capture of Ticonderoga, and on the following
day took the important post of Crown Point with
its garrison and 113 cannon. F'or this he was
given a colonel's commission by congress, dated
27 July, 1775, and joined Gen. Richard Mont-
gomery in Canada. He took part in the following
September in the siege of St. John's, New Bruns-
wick, and defeated Sir Guy Carleton, who at-
tempted its relief. His regiment was then dis-
charged, and after the death of Gen. Montgomery,
on the last day of the year, he raised another body
of troops and marched to Quebec. On the night
of 4 July, 1777, when Ticonderoga was evacu-
ated, the main body of the American army t(K)k
the road leading through Hubbardton and Castle-
ton. At the former place the rear-guard was
placed under the command of W^arner. who was
attacked by Gen. Simon Frazer on 7 July and
compelled to retreat after a severe engagement.
At the battle of Bennington, Warner's regiment
arrived in time to repel the re-enforcement that
had been sent to the enemy. He afterward
joined the forces of Gen. Horatio Gates at Still-
water. He remained with the army until 1782,
when his health gave way, and he returned with
his family to Roxbury. Warner was more than
six feet in height, erect, and well proi^rtioned.
See a memoir of him by Daniel Chipman (Middle-
bury, Vt., 1848). In 1787 the state of Vermont
f ranted him 2,000 acres of land in Essex county. —
lis great-grandnephew, OUn Levi, sculptor, b. in
Suffleld, Conn., 9 April, 1844, l>egan life as a tele-
graph-operator, but subsequently adopted sculp-
ture as a profession, studying at the Ecole des
beaux arts, Paris, under Fran9ois Jouflfroy, dur-
ing 1869-'72. His studio is in New York, where
he was elected a member of the Society of Ameri-
can artists in 1877, and an associate of the Na-
tional academy in 1888. His works include the
statuettes "May" (1872) and "Twilight" (1878);
a colossal medallion of Edwin Forrest, which was
exhibited at Philadelphia in 1876; "Dancing
Nvmph " (1879) : a fountain for Portland, Oregon,
completed in 1888; "Diana" (1888): portrait-
statues of Gov. William A. Buckingham, which
was placed in the capitol in Hartford in 1883, and
William Lloyd Garrison (1885) in Boston ; and
numerous portrait-busts, among them those of
Rutherford B. Hayes, owned bv the Union league
club. New York (1876), and the Rev. William P.
Morgan, D. D. (1887).
WARNER, Susan, author, b. in New York city,
11 July, 1819; d. in Highland Falls, N. Y., 17
March, 1885. She was the daughter of Henry W.
Warner, a member of the New York bar, who died
at his residence on Constitution island, opposite
West Point, in 1875. She inherited a talent for
writing from her father, who was the author of
" An Inquiry into the Moral and Religious Charac-
ter of the American Government," and " The Liber-
ties of America" (New York, 1853). Under the
pen-name of "Elizabeth Wetherell" Miss Warner
published her first novel, "The Wide, Wide World,"
when she was thirty-one years old (New York, 1851).
The publisher, George P. Putnam, was advised by
his critics to reject it, and was about to do so,
when his mother read the manuscript and per-
suaded him to put it into print. For months it
seemed to have fallen dead, then it suddenly be-
gan to be called for. and ultimately a quarter
of a million copies were sold. The work was also
published in Europe, where it enjoyed almost equal
popularity. In 1852 Miss Warner issued "Queecny,"
which had a large sale, ami has constantly been re-
Erinted. The year following she published "The
raw and the Testimony," in which the texts es-
tablishing the great doctrines of Christianity are
brought together under their appropriate heads.
Her next work, " The Hills of the Shatemuc "
(1856), containing descriptions of scenery on Hud-
son river, was followed by " The Old Helmet "
(1863); "Melbourne House ""(1864); "Daisy "(1868);
"A Story of Small Beginnings" (1872); "The Sav
and Do Series: Stories on the Lord's Supper
(1875); "The Broken Walls of Jenisalem. and the
Rebuilding of Them " (1878) ; and " The Kingdom
of Judah " (1878). In collaboration with her sister
she wrote " Say and Seal " (New York, 1860>; " Ellen
Montgomerv's Book-Shelf" (1863-'9); "Books of
Blessing " (1868); and " Wych Hazel " (1876). Some
of Miss Warner's works were soon translated into
French, German, and Swedish. " The Wide, Wide
World " was the most popular novel ever written
by an American, with tne single exception of Mrs.
Stowe's famous story. " It was not." says a critic,
" as a picture of life that • Uncle Tom's Cabin ' ap-
WARNER
WAKKKN
861
pealed to readers. It wu.s ai> a contribution of the
writer to the dis^Mission of a buniiriif ((uestion, and
its uiifXHtnplcil iHtitiilnrity whs nuich inori' than
nifr»>ly literury. Tlie siiwess nf 'The Wide, Wide
\Vori<l.' on tho other
hand, was purely ar-
tistic, so to 8(K'ak. It
owes nothing tti the
subject and nothing;
to iiK-i<lents. There is
not H touch of nielo-
dnitna in its treat-
ment, and it has as
little story as if it had
been written by Hen-
ry James." Taineex-
pres.setl his astonish-
ment that in America
•' a three-volume nov-
el is devoteil to the
history of the moral
projrress of a gipl of
thirteen." Miss War-
ner was buried, by
her desire, near the Ca<iets* monument in the West
Point cemetery, shown in the illustration. Her
tomVwtone bears the inscription: "The author of
'The Wide, Wide World' was born 11 July, 1819,
and pa.sse<l gently int<^> the life that knows no end-
ing. 17 Marc-n, 1885. In trust for a few of the friends
that hived her, her sister has placed this st<jne.
Auf Wie<lersi'hen." — Her sister, Anna Bartlett,
b. in New Vork in 1820, has nublished. under the
i»en-name of " Amy Lothrop.' the novels of " Dol-
lars and Cents " (New York, 1853), and " My Broth-
er's Keeper " (1855) ; also " Stories of Vinegar
Hill " (« vols., 1871), "The Fourth Watch" (1872),
" (Jardening bv Mvself " (1872). " Miss Tiller's Vege-
table ( iHni.n '' (18"7:J), and " The other Shore " (1878).
WARNER, Willard, senator, b. in (Jranville,
Ohio, 4 Sept., 1820. He was graduated at Marietta
college in 1845, went to California in 1849, en-
eagefi in mercantile business in Cincinnati after
nis return in 1852, and a few years later became
feneral manager of the Newark machine- works,
le wiis a delegate to the Kepulilic^n national con-
vention in 180(). In Decemlter, 1801, he joined the
volunteer army as maior of the 70th Ohio infantry,
and was engaged at hort Donelson, at the siege of
Corinth, and in the Vicksburg campaign. In 18013
he became lieutenant-colonel of the regiment, which
he led from Vicksburg to Chattanoogiv, and thn.>ugh
the battles of L(M)kout Mountain and Mission
Ri<Ige. an«l at Ringgold, where he broke through
Gen. Patrick Cleburne's strongly |)osted lines, in
the Atlanta campaign ho served on the staff of
Gen. William T. Sherman as ins|)e<'tor-general.
On 20 Oct., 18r>4, he was appointed colonel of the
180th Ohio volunti'crs. He was brevetted briga-
dier- and major-general of volunteers in Man-h.
18<J5 for gallant and meritorious services, and was
mustered out in July. He served one term in the
Ohio state senate imme<liatcly after the war. re-
moved to the south in 1807, where he engaged in
cotton-planting, was a memlx>r of the Alalmma
legislature in the succetnling year, and was elect«'<l
to the U. S. senate a.s a Republican from Alatmma
on the reorganization of the state government,
serving from 25 Julv. 18(W, till 8 March, 1871. when
his term endetl. He was collector of customs at
Mobile. Ala., from July. 1871. till February. 1872.
when he decline<l the apixiintment of governor of
New Mexico, as ho did als4) that of minister to the
Argentine liepublic. He was a memtior of the
Republican national convention of 1808. of the
Cincinnati convention that nominated Rutherford
B. Hayes in 1876, and of all that have since lieen
held. In 1878 he organiztnl the Tecumseh iron
comjmny, of which he has sin<t' Invn the general
manager, and in 1887 he was ele<-ted president and
manager of the Nashville in>n, steel, and cliarcoal
comiianv. He n-siiles at TiH'unis«'h, Ala.
nAK'NEK, WiUUiu, congressman, b. in Wi»-
consin in 1840. He was iilucat4Hl at I^wrenc«
university. Wis., and at the I'niversity of Michi-
gan, but was not graduate^l. He studitnl law and
wasadmitte<l to the Itar, but enlenHl the army in
18<J2, ami servwl till ihe end of the civil war in the
Xk\ and 34th Wisconsin reginjents. He then set-
tle<l in tho prai-tice of his profession at Kan-^^aa
City, Mo., became city attorney in 1807, and cir-
cuit attorney in 1809, an<l in 1871 was elected
mayor. He was a Re|>ublican {iresidential elector
in 18?2, U. S. district attorney for western Mis-
souri in 1882-'4, and twice receive<l the votes of
the Republican meinl)ers of the legislature for
U. S. senator. In 1884 he was chosen to congress,
and he was roH'lect^Hl in 188(i. He was the first
department commander of the (irand army of the
republic in Missouri, and was chosen commander-
in-chief at the National encampment in 1888.
WARNER, Zebedee, clergyman, b. in Pendle-
ton county. Va.. 28 Feb.. 1888. He was inlui-ated
at Clarksburg (\" a.) academy, which he left in 1852.
He entered the ministry of the I'niteil Brethren
in Christ in 1854. was presiding elder in lH02-'9,
in charge of a church at Parkersburg, W. Va.. in
180}^'80, and was presiding ehler of the district in
188(^'5. He was graduated in the Chautauqua
Sundav-scho<d normal course in 1879. He was •
elected corn'sponding member of the General mis-
sionary society in 1885. has Ijeen seven times in the
general conference, and was for two years nresitlent
of the Kastern Sunday-sch(Kil aj^scndily. lie was for
eight years teacher of theology in the Parkersburg
conference, and since 1858 ha.s been a trustee of
OtterU'in university, which conferred ujkju him the
degree of D. I), in 1878. He published " Christian
Baptism " (Parkersburg, 1804); " Rise and Progn»s8
of the Unitwl Brethren Church" (18<{5): "Life
and Times of Rev. Jacob Bachtel " (Dayton, Ohio,
1807); and "The Roman Catholic not a True
Christian Church" (Parkersburg. 1808).
WARHEN. C'vrns More, chemist, b. in Ded-
ham. Mass., 15 Jan.. 1824. He was graduate<l at
the liawrence scientific school of Harvard in 1855,
and s|)ent three years studying chemistry, chiefly
at Heidelljergand lierlin. (>n his n'tuni he«levoted
hims«'lf to original research. esi>ecially in connec-
tion with the volatile hydrocarU)ns, an<l his later
investigations have resultwl in practical ap[)lica-
tions in tho use of coal-tar and asphaltum for roof-
ing and |>aving pur|M)ses. which have Uh'u intn>-
duce<l by the Warren chemical and manufacturing
con>pany an«l the Warn'n-S<'harf asphalt |>aving
comfwuv, of which corixirations he is president and
treasurer. In 180(t-'8 tie held the chair of organic
chemistry in the Massa<-husetts institute «>f tech-
nology. He has obtained juttents for a process of
fractional distillation, for various improvements in
asphalt roofing and itaving materials, and for a
mothcKl for the distillation of anthraci>ne. Prof.
Warren is a fellow of the Ann-ricaii academy of
arts and scientvs and of the Anierican association
for the advancement of seience. His |taper», de-
scriptive of his original researches, have lK»en pub-
lished in the " American Jounial of Science" and
in the " Memoirs of the American Aca«lemv."
WARREN. FItz-Henrjr, soldier, b. iii Brim-
aeld. Maw., 11 Jan.. 1810; d. there, 21 June, 1878.
362
WARREN
WARREN
He emigrated to Burlington, Iowa, in 1844. and
became interested in journalism and politics in
that locality. He was appointed second a-ssistant
postmaster-general in 1849, and afterward served
as first assistant. During the civil war he was in
command of the 1st Iowa cavalry, and he became
brigadier-general of volunteers, 1(5 July, 1862, and
afterward major-general by brevet, being mustered
out of the service, 24 Aug., 1865. He was a mem-
ber of the Iowa state senate in 1866, minister to
Guatemala in 1867-'8, and a presidential elector
on the Democratic ticket in 1872. He was editor
of the Burlington (Iowa) " Ilawkeye " for a time,
and was also, at a later period, connected with the
"Sun " and the " Tribune " in New York city.
WARREN, George William, musician, b. in
Albany, N. Y.. 17 Aug., 1828. He displayed mu-
sical talent early in life, but for seven years was
engaged in business. During that time he began
to study music, and played the organ at St. Peter's
church, An)any. He subsequently settled in New
York, where he became a successful organist. In
1860 he was invited to take charge of the music
of the Church of the Holy Trinity, Brooklyn, and
ten years later he bee i me organist of St. Thomas's
church. He has written much church music and
several pieces for the piano, and has published
" Hvmns and Tunes as sung at St. Thomas's
Church, New York " (New York, 1888).
WARREN, Gouverneiir Kemble, soldier, b. in
Cold Spring, N. Y. 8 Jan.. 1830; d. in Newport,
R. I., 8 Aug., 1882. He was graduated at the U. S.
military academy in 1850, standing second in his
class, and was assigned to the topographical engi-
neers as brevet 2d lieutenant. After four years of
duty in connection with the surveys of the delta
of the Mississippi and other river surveys under
Capt. Andrew A. Humphreys, he engaged in com-
filing reports of the Pacific railroad exploration,
n 1855 ne accompanied the Sioux expedition as
chief topographical engineer on Gen. William S.
Harney's staff, being engaged in the action of Blue
Water, and subsequently until 1859 he was occu-
pied in Dakota and Nebraska in making maps of
those territories for the exploration of the routes
for railroads l)etween Mississippi river and the Pa-
cific ocean. The general direction of this route
was under Capt. Humphreys, and Lieut. Warren
was his principal assistant. He then served at the
military academy as assistant professor of mathe-
matics until the beginning of the civil war, when
he entered active service as lieutenant-colonel of
the 5th New York volunteers, of which regiment
he became colonel on 31 Aug., 1861. He was also
fromoted captain in the engineers on 9 Sept., 1861.
lis regiment was ordered to Fortress Monroe and
he took part in the action of Big Bethel, where he
was the last to leave the field, remaining to rescue
the body of Lieut. John T. Greble, the fii*st officer
in the regular army killed in the civil war. Dur-
ing the remainder of the year he was stationed at
Baltimore, where he constructed the fort on Fed-
eral Hill. In the spring of 1862 he joined the
Army of the Potomac, serving in the peninsular
campaign, and at Yorktown his regiment formed
part of the siege-train under the command of the
chief of artillery. He was given a brigade in the
5th army corps in May, with which he covered the
extreme right of the armv and took part in the cap-
ture of Hanover ('ourt-lfouse, the pursuit of Con-
federate cavalry under (ien. James E. B. Stuart,
the battle of Gainer's Mills, the affair at Malvern
Hill and «ubsequent battle, and the skirmish at
Harrison's Ijanding. His brigade was then sent to
re-enforce Gen. John Pope, and he participated in
the battle of Manassas. In the subsequent cam-
paign he served with the 5th corps, was engaged
at Antietam, and then took part in the Rap[>ahan-
nock campaign and the battle of Fredericksburg.
On 26 Sept., 1862, he was apfKjinted brigadier-gen-
eral of volunteers for his services at Gaines's >fills.
During the winter months of 1862-'3 he did much
individual work in reconnoitring and correcting
maps, and on 2 Feb., 1863, he was ordered, as chief
of topographical engineers, to the staff of Gen.
Josepn Hooker, then in command of the Army of
the Potomac. Soon after the consolidation of the
two corf)s of engineers on 3 March, 1863, he was
appointed chief of engineers of the Array of the
Potomac, and during the Chancellorsville cam-
paign he took part in the action on Orange Pike,
the storming of Marye's Heights, and the battle of
Salem. He continued as chief of engineers under
Gen. George G. Meade, and was engaged at Gettys-
burg, where he seized Little Round Top, the key
to the entire National position, and, using Geii.
Meade's name as his statt-ofBcer. ordered the 140th
New York regiment, under Col. Patrick H. O'Rorke
iq. t'.), to occupy the hill. This was accomplished
after a severe hand-to-hand fight. Thereafter he
was engaged in engineering duties connected with
the passage of the Potomac until 11 Aug.. when
on the receipt of his major-general's commission,
bearing date of 3 May previous, he was assigned
to the temporary command of the 2d corps. His
next important service was during the march on
Centerville in October, 1863, when he was attacked
by Gen. Ambrose P. Hill, and, although his force
was about one half that of the Confederates, he
held his position until he was re-enforced by the
5th corps. In the official report it was said : " The
handling of the 2d corps in this operation, and the
promptitude, skill, and spirit with which the ene-
my was met, were admirable." When the Army of
the Potomac was reorganized into three corps for
the Richmond campaign, he receivetl the perma-
nent command of the 5th corps and participated in
the battles of the Wilderness, North Anna, Bethes-
da Church, Cold Harbor, and those around Pe-
tersburg. Before the battle of Five Forks, Gen.
Sheridflin. having expressed
to Gen. Grant his dissatis-
faction with Gen. Warren's
habit of criticising the acts
and orders of his superior
officei-s, received authority
to remove him, should there
be satisfactory reasons for
.so doing. At Five Forks,
when the 5th corps ad-
vanced according to Gen.
Sheridan's orders, it was
found that the indicated
point of attack was too far
to the right. This error was
corrected by Gen. Warren,
who in person led the charge
that closed the battle and
secured the victory. At this
moment he received an or-
der relieving him from the
command of his corps. The
reasons given by Gen, Sheridan for this act were :
1. "That Warren failed to reach me on the 1st
of April, when I had reason to expect him " : 2.
" That the tactical handling of his corps was un-
skilful " ; 3. " That he did not exert himself to
get his corps up to Gravelly run church " ; and 4.
" That when portions of his line gave way he did
not exert himself to restore confidence to his
#
WAIIHKN
WARRKN
363
troops." In reply to these charses Gen. Warren
auMwoivcl that his' first oriltT t«» relieve Gen. Sheri-
dan on :n March was receive*! froui (Jen. Oinjrge
O. Mea4le at H.17 P. M.. when he htul already ae-
comi)lishe<l (ten. Sheridan's relief by sentlin^; tnH)ps
to his a.ssistanc'e without orders, on his own restxin-
aibility, earlier than 5 p. M., also that he carrietl out
his orilers to (Jen. Meade's entire satisfaction and
joine<l (Jen. Shuridan sooner than (Jen. Mea<le ha<l
expeettHl; that the onlv lack of skill wjtx that of
(Jen. Sheridan, who delivere*! the attack of the 5th
cor|)s at a |Kiint thret> quarters of a jnile distant
from the point intendiHl. A ctujrt of inquiry, con-
venetl in IHTIJ at (Jen. Warren's reque!«t, found: 1.
That (Jen. Warren, after the receipt of (ten. Meade's
first onler, should have moved his main force sooner
than he did. 3. It did not find that his handling
of the corjis was unskilful. 3. '" That there wa.s no
unnecessary delay in this march of the 5th corns,
and that (Jen. Warren took the usual methods of a
corps commander to prevent delay." 4. That " by
continuous exertions of himself and staff he su\*-
stantially remedied matters"; and the court thinks
"that this was for him the essential p<jint to lie at-
tended to. which also re(juire<l his whole efforts to
accomplish." (Jen. Warren after his removal was
assigned by Gen. (Jrant to the charge of the de-
fences of the Petersburg and Southside milroad,
and then had command of the Department of the
Misvsissipi)i. On 27 May, 1H<>5, he resignecl his com-
mi.ssion in the volunteer army and returned to
dutv as major in the corps of engineers, to which
gnwie he had bt'en advanced on 25 June, 18({4. He
receivetl the successive brevets in the U. S. army
up to major-general, of which the last two were
given him on 13 March, 18tJ5. From May, 18(55.
till his death he was employed in various parts of
the country in making surveys and in other works
connectwl with his (lenartment. He was made
lieutenant-colonel on 4 Sfarch, 1870. (Jen. Warren
was elected a meml)er of the American association
for the advancement of sc-ience in 18.58, of the
American philosophical society in 18(J7, of the
American society of civil engineers in 1874, and to
the National academy of sciences in 187(5. A heroic
statue by Paul (ierhardt (shown in the accompany-
ing illustration) was unveile<l with appropriate cere-
monies on Little Round Top, (Jettysburg. on 8 Aug..
1888. His works include "Kxplorations in tlie
Dacota Country" (2 vols., Wa.snington, 1855-'G);
" Preliminarv Heport of Explorations in Nebraska
and Dakota "in the Years 1855-'7" (1^58): various
reports to the goveniment on military and enginn-r-
ing subjects; and a pamphlet giving " An Account
of the 5th Armv(.*orps at the liattleof Five Forks"
(New York, 18'60). See sket<«h by (Jen. Henry L.
Abbot in "Biographical Memoirs of the National
Acmlemv of .Sciences'' (vol, ii., Washington, 1880).
WARllKN, Henry White, M. K. bishop, b. in
Williamsburg. Hami»shire co., Mass., 4 Jan., 1831.
He was graduateil at Wesleyan university in 185Ji,
taught natural science for two years, and in 1855
became a minister of the Methrxlist Kpiscopal
church in the New England conference. For fif-
teen years he fille<l |M>sts in lioston, Worcester,
Lynn, Westfield, ('ambriilgej>ort,and Charlestown.
In 1861-'2 he was a meml»er of the Ma.ssachus«>tts
house of representatives. He was pa-stor of the
Arch street Methodist Episcojial church, Philadel-
phia, in 1871-4, and again in 1877-80. In 1881
tie was elected by the Philadelphia annual con-
ference a delegate to the general conferent-e that
ass«'mbled in Cincinnati, where he was electe<l
bishi)p. He received the decree of I>. D. from
Dickinson college in 1872. Bisnop Warren is noted
as a preacher, his chief characteriatica being a good
voice, cominandinu: preaenoo, great fluency, anufine
play of fancy, lie
nas also Ihh'Ii prolific
as a writer of lMM>ks,
and for iHricxlicals.
His n>sidence is at
Denver, Colorado,
but his duties since
his election have
taken him over a
large part of the
United States, and in
1888 he visited Japan
to inspect the niis-
si(ms of his church.
Besides many j>am-
1»hlets and sermons,
le has published
"Sights and In-
sights, or Knowledge o^ n/i' /yy
bV Travel" (New ^( ^f /^/^/Vl^-v\
Vork, 1874); "Stud-
ies of the Stars" (1878); and "Recreations in As-
tronomy: with Directi«ms for Practical Experi-
ments and Telescopic Work " (1879).
WARREN, Ira, journalist, b. in Ilawkesbury,
Cana<la, in 18(M]; d. in 18(54. He was e«lucated at
Brown and Ken yon, and studied mwlicine. He
contributwl to the Montn-al " Episcopal Observer"
and the "Christian Witness," and subst'ouentlv
edited in Boston, Ma.«s., the "Christian Alliance*'
and the "Family Visitor." Vn<ler the signature
of "l^aicus" he reviewwl the Rev. William Cn»s-
well's answer to Bishop Manton F^tburn in 1845.
Dr. Warren contributc-d to the same controversy a
volume entitled "Causes and Cure of Pusoyism"
(I^jston, 1847), and published "The Household
Physician " (1859), of which, Ix'fore his death, more
than 30.000 copies were sold.
WARREN, Israel Perkins, author, b. in New
Bethany, Conn., 8 April, 1814. He is a descendant
of Kichanl Warren, one of the " Mayflower" Pil-
grims. He was graduated at Yale in 1838, was
principal of the Cromwell. Conn., academy in
18:i8-'9, afterwanl studied at Yale theological
seminary. and l)ecame pa.'^torof the Congregational
church at (Jranby. Conn., in 1842. He was sta-
tionetl at Mount Carmcl, Conn., in 1846, at Plym-
outh, C<mn.. in 1851, was secretary and e<litof of
the American tract society at Boston in 1859. an
editor and book-publisher there in 1870, and lx»-
canie e<Iitor and proprietor of "The Christian
Mirror" in Portland, Me., in 1875, which jKwt he
' ha.s held ever since. In addition to numertms
\ sermons, tracts, and pamjihlets, he has publishe<l
, in l)iM)k-form "The Seaman's Cans4-"(New York,
18.58): "The Sisters, a Memorial of ElizalM'th H.,
Abbie .v., and Sarah F. Dickemian " (Ii<iston,
18.59); " S<»dduceeism, a Refutation of the D<K-trine
of the Annihilation of the Wickwl" (1H(50): "The
Cross-Bearer, a Vision" (18(51); "The Picture
Ix>ssf»n-Ito<ik," designe<l for the us«> of the refugee
slavt^ in camp (18ril); "A Chapter from the Book
of Nature "(inn:}): " The Christian Armor " (18(54):
" The Cuf>-B«'arer " (18(55) ; "The S»iblwth at Home :
an Illustrate«l Religious Magazine for the Famil?"
(8 vols., 18(57-'9); "The New Testament, with
Notes. et«. " (vol. i.. 18(58); "Jerusalem, Ancient
and Modern "(1873); "The Thre*" Judges. Story
of the Men who ))eheaded their King." with an
I intriMluction by Rev. Leonard Bacon (New York,
187J^); "Chauncev Ju«hl. or the Stolen Boy of the
I Revolution" (lio'ston. 1874); "The Parousia, a
I Critical Study of the Scripture Doctrine of Christ's
364
WARREN
WARREN
Second Comine, etc." (Portland, 1879 ; 2d ed., re-
written and enlarged, 1884) ; " Our Father's Book,
or the Divine Authority and Origin of the Bible "
(Boston, 1885) ; " The Book of Revelation, a
Study" (New York, 1886); and "The Stanley
Families in America" (Portland. 1887).
WARREN, James, Revolutionary leader, b. in
Plymouth, Mass., 28 Sept., 1726; d. there, 27 Nov.,
1808. lie was graduated at Harvard in 1745, and
became a prosjierous merchant in Plymouth. In
1766 he was chosen a member of the colonial as-
sembly, where he served imtil its final dissolution
in 1774. He took a prominent part in the estab-
lishment of the system of committees of corre-
spondence in 1772. After the death of Gen. Joseph
Warren at Bunker Hill, he was chosen to succeed
him as president of the Provincial congress of
Massachusetts. The connection between his family
and that of Joseph Warren, if there be any, is to be
sought in England before 1600. — His wife, Mercy,
author, b. in Barnstable, Mass., 25 Sept., 1728; d.
in Plymouth, 19 Oct., 1814, was a sister of the il-
lustrious orator James Otis, and married James
Warren in 1754. She was one of the most highly
educated and brilliant women of her time, and her
friendship was much prized by such men as Jeffer-
son and the Adamses. Throughout her life she
was an intimate friend of Abigail Adams. One of
her earliest writings was " The Group," a dramatic
piece in two acts, in which Gov. Hutchinson and
other Tories were satirized. " The Squabble of the
Sea-Nymphs " gives an account of the Boston tea-
party, somewhat
after the style of
the " Rape of the
Lock." Her two
tragedies, " The
Sack of Rome " and
" The Ladies of
Castile," were well
thought of in their
day. These were col-
lected in " Poems,
Dramatic and Mis-
cellaneous " (Bos-
ton, 1790). A work
of much greater
importance is her
" History of the
American Revolu-
tion " (3 vols., Bos-
ton, 1805), which is
valuable because of
the personal ac-
quaintance of the
writer with so many of the characters. There is a
sketch of Mrs. Warren in Mrs. Elizabeth F. Ellet's
" Women of the Revolution " (New York, 1856).
WARREN, Joseph, physician, b. in Roxbury,
Mass., 11 June, 1741 ; d. in Charlestown, Mass., 17
June, 1775. He was descended from Peter Warren,
whose name appears on the town records of Bos-
ton in 1659, where he is called " mariner." Peter's
second son, Joseph, built a house in 1720 in what
is now Warren street, Roxbury, and died there in
1729. A view of the homestead is presented on
Sage 365. His son, Joseph, b. in 1696, married. 29
lav, 1740, Mary, daughter of Dr. Samuel Stevens,
of "Jloxbury, and the subject of this sketch was
their eldest child. Joseph Warren, the father, was
a thrifty farmer, nluch respected by his townsmen,
by whom he was elected to several offices of trust,
lie was interested in fruit-raising, and introduced
into that' part of the country the apple long known
as the " Warren russet." In October, 1755, while
tJu^Lyt^ ¥aAA.
aAA..e^tX
feathering fruit in his orchard, he fell from the
adder and was instantly killed. His son, Joseph,
was graduated at Harvard in 1759, and in the fol-
lowing year was appointed master of the Roxbury
f ram mar-school. He studied medicine with Dr.
ames Lloyd, and
began to practise
his profession in
1 764. He married,
6 Sept., 1764, Miss
filizabeth Hooton,
a young lady who
had innerited an
ample fortune.
The passage of the
stamp -act in the
following year led
Dr. Warren to pub-
lish several able ar-
ticles in the Boston
"Gazette." About
this time began his
intimate friend-
ship with Samuel
Adams, who con-
ceived a warm ad-
miration for him,
and soon came to
regard him as a stanch and clear-headed ally, who
could be depended upon under all circumstances.
On the occasion of the Townshend acts. Dr. War-
ren's articles, published tmder the signature of "A
True Patriot," aroused the anger of Gov. Francis
Bernard, who brought the matter before his coun-
cil, and endeavored to prosecute Messrs. Edes and
Gill, the publishers of the "Gazette," for giving
currency to seditious libels ; but the grand jury re-
fused to find a bill against these gentlemen. The
affair created much excitement in Boston, and led
Gov. Bernard to write to Lord Hillsborough, secre-
tary of state for the colonies, recommending the
arrest of the publishers on a charge of treason. In
the affair of the sloop " Liberty," in June, 1768, Dr.
Warren was one of the committee appointed to
wait upon the governor at his country-seat at Ja-
maica Plain, and protest against the impressment
of seamen and the vexatious enforcement of the
revenue laws. He was present at every town-meet-
ing held in Boston, from the arrival of the British
troops in October, 1768, to their removal in March,
1770, and he was one of the committee of safety ap-
fointed after the so-called " massacre " on 5 March,
n July he was appointed on a committee to con-
sider the' condition of the town, and send a report
to England. It was apparently of him that a Tory
Samphleteer wrote : " One of our most bawling
emagogues and voluminous writers is a crazy doc-
tor." In March, 1772, he delivered the anniversary
oration upon the "massacre"; in November his name
was recorded immediately after those of James Otis
and Samuel Adams in the list of the first committee
of correspondence. During the next two years he
was in active co-operation with Samuel Adams, and
when, in August, 1774, that leader went to attend
the meeting of the Continental congress at Phila-
delphia, the leadership of the party in Boston de-
volved upon Dr. Warren. On 9 Sept., •1774, the
towns of Suffolk county met in convention at Mil-
ton, and Dr. Warren read a paper drawn up bv him-
self, and since known as the "Suffolk resolves.'' The
resolutions, which were adopted unanimously, de-
clared that a king who violates the chartered rights
of his people forfeits their allegiance ; they declared
the regulating act null and void, and ordered all the
officers appointed under it to resign their offices at
WARREN
WARREN
860
once ; they directed the collectors of taxes to refuse
to pay over money to (Jen. (Jage'» treasurer; they
advised the towns to chcK»»e their own militia offi-
cers; and they threatened Guf^e that, nhould ho
venture t<i arrest anylnKly for politifuil reasons, they
would retaliate by seizing upon the crown officers
as hostages. A copy of these resolutions, which
virtually placed Massachusetts in an attitude of re-
bellion, was forwarded to the Continental congress,
which forthwith approved them and pledged the
faith of all the other colonies that they would aid
Massachusetts in case arme<l resistance should In-
come inevitable. After the meeting of the Pro-
vincial congress at Concord in October, Dr. War-
ren acted as chairman of the committee of safetv,
charged with the duty of organizing the militia
and collecting military stores. As the 5th of
Mari'h, 1775, drew near, several British officers wore
heard to declare that any one who should dare to
address the people in the Old South church on this
occasion would surely lose his life. As soon as he
heard of these threats, Dr. Warren solicited for
hims<'lf the dangerous honor, and at the usual hour
delivered a stirring oration upon "the baleful in-
fluence of standing armies in time of jieace." The
coqcourse in
the church
was so great
that, when
the orator ar-
rived, every
approach to
the pulpit was
blocketi up;
and rather
thanelbowhis
way through
the crowd,
which might
lead to some
disturlmnce, he procured a ladder and climbed in
through a large window at the back of the pulpit.
Al)out forty British officers were present, some of
whom sat on the pulpit-steps, and sought to annoy
the speaker with groans and hisses, but everything
passed off quietly.
On Tuesdav evening, 18 April, observing the
movements of the British tnxyps. Dr. Warren de-
spatched William Dawes, by way of Roxbury, and
Paul Revere, by way of Cftarlestown, to give the
alarm to the people dwelling on the roads toward
Concord. Next morning, on hearing the news of
the firing at Lexington, he left his fuitients in
charge of his pupil and assistant, William Kustis,
and nxle off to the scene of action. He seems to
have atten<led a meeting of the committee of safely
that morning at the Black Horse tavern in Menot-
omy (now Arlinjfton), and there to have consulted
with Gen. William Heath. By the time I^ord
Percy reached Menotomy on his retreat. Gen.
Heath had assumed command of the militia, and
the fighting there was perha[)s the severest of the
day. Dr. Warren kept his place near Heath, and
a pin was struck from his hea<l by a musket-ball.
During the next six weeks he was indefatigable in
urging on the military preparations of the New
England colonies. At tne meeting of the Pro-
vincial congress at Watertown, 31 May, he was
unanimously chosen its president, and thus lx>came
chief executive officer of Massachusetts under this
provisional government. On 14 .June he was chosen
sec-ond major-eeneral of the Mjissachusetts forces,
Artemas Ward l)eing first. On the Irtth he pre-
sided over the Provincial congress, and passed the
night in the transaction of public business. The
next morning he met the committee of safety at
Gen. Ward's headquarters «>n Cambridge common,
and alxjut no«m, hearing that the British troo^w
ha<l landed at Charlestown, he nnle over to Bunker
Hill, it is said that both Putnam and Prescott
successivelv signified their reiwlincss to take orders
from him, but he refuse«l, saving tliat he hail come
as a voIuntiH'r aide to take a lesson in warfan- under
such well-tried officers. At the final struggle near
Prescott's redoubt, as he was en«K'avoring tn nilly
the militia, (ten. Warren was struck in the heaci by
a musket-ball and instantly killtHl. His remains
were de[x)sitetl in the tomb of George R. Minot in
the Granary burying-ground, whence they were re-
move<l in 1W25 ti) the Warren tomb in St. Paul's
church, Boston. In 1855 they were again removed
to Forest Hills cemeterv, where thev now re(>o8e.
Dr. Warren's wife died, 2H April, 177H, leaving
four children. After the death of their father
they were left in straitened circumstances until in
April, 1778, Gen. Benwlict Arnold, who had con-
ceived a warm friendship for Dr. Warren while at
Cambridge, came to their relief. Arnold contrib-
ute<l f5()0 for their education, and succeede<l in
obtaining from congress the amount of a major-
?:enerars half-pay, to \w applie<l to their supjKirt
rom the date of the father's death until the young-
est child should be of age. The best biogntphy of
Dr. Warren is by Richanl Frothingham," Life and
Times of Joseph Warren" (Bf)ston, 1865).— His
brother, John, physician, b. in Roxbury, Mass., 27
July, 1753; d. in Boston. Mass., 4 April, 1815, was
graduated at Harvard in 1771, studied me<licine
for two years with his brother Joseph, and then
began practice in Salem, where he attained rapid
success. He attende<l the wounded at the Iwttle
of Bunker Hill, where he received a bayonet-wound
in endeavoring to pass a sentry in ortler to see his
brother. Soon afterward he was appointe<l hos-
pital surgeon, and in 1776 he accompanied the
army to New York and New Jersey. He was at
Trenton and Princeton, and from 1777 till the
close of the war was superintending surgeon of the
military hospitals in Boston. For nearly forty
years he occupied the forejnost place among the
surgeons of New F)ngland. In 1780 he demon-
strated anatomy in a series of dissections before
his colleagues, and in 1783 he was appointed pro-
fessor of anatomy and surgery in the newly estab-
lished medical school at Harvard. He was first
president of the Massachusetts medical society, re-
taining the office from 1804 till his death. He was
also president of the Agricultural society and of
the Humane society. lie frequentiv made public
mldress<»s, and in 1783 was the first f'ourth-of-July
orator in Ik)ston. Besides " Memoirs" addressed
to the American academy, " Communications " pub-
lished by the Massachusetts medical society, an
"Address" to the Freemasons, in whose lodge he
was a grand-master, and articles in the "Journal
of Medicine and Surgerv," he was the author of
"Mercurial Practice in I*'ebrile I)is«'ases." See his
life bv James- Jackson (lioston, 1815). and bv his
son F'dward (1873). — John's son, John Collins,
surgeon, b. in Boston, Mass., 1 Aug., 1778; d.
there, 4 May, 1856, was graduated at Harvard in
1797, studied metlicine in Ix)ndon, and formed
there a portion of the collection of anatomical
preparations which he subsequently gave to the
Massachusetts metlical collegi\ In 1800 he went
to F]<linburgh. whert^ he stutlied chemistry, and in
1801 attended the lectures of Vauqueliti, Cuvier,
and Desfontaines in Paris. He then settled in
Boston. In 1808 he became joint editor of the
" Monthly Anthology," gave public demonstrations
366
WARREN
WARREN
in anatomy in 1805, was active in establishing the
reading-room that was developed into the Boston
athen«Biira, and formed a private medical society.
In 1806 he was chosen adjunct professor in anato-
my and surgery in Harvard. In 1810 he assisted
in founding a hospital for the destitute, and in
1811 the "New England Journal of Medicine and
Surgery." In 1815 he was appointed professor of
anatomy and surgery in Harvard. He was one of
the founders of the Massachusetts general hospital
in 1820, and principal surgeon until his death. In
1827 he was elected president of the Boston tem-
perance society. He exercised great caution in
performing surgical operations, many of which
were hitherto unknown in the United States, and
he was almost invariably successful. He was the
first to operate for strangulated hernia, and even-
tually his method was adopted. He introduced
the operation for aneurism, and performed it in
numerous cases, all of which were successful except
two. In 1837 he went to Europe for further study.
After his return he became an active member of
the Agricultural society of Massachusetts, and im-
proved tlie breed of cattle by importation of for-
eign stock. He was also chosen president of the
Society of natural history. In 1845 he obtained
the most perfect skeleton of the mastodon that ex-
ists. In 1846 he gave a new impulse to operative
surgery by the introduction of ether, and his ad-
vocacy of its use in certain cases led to its general
adoption by the profession. Besides frequent con-
tributions to scientific journals. Dr. Warren pub-
lished " Cases of Organic Diseases of the Heart "
(Boston, 1809) ; " Description of an Egyptian Mum-
my "(1821); " Comparative View of the Sensorial
and Nervous Systems in Man and Animals " (1822) ;
" Some Account of the Medical School in Boston,
and of the Massachusetts General Hospital " (1824) ;
" Letter to Hon. I. Parker on the Dislocation of the
Hip-Joint, etc.'" (Cambridge, 1826); "Description
of the Siamese Twins " (Boston, 1829) ; "Surgical
Observations on Tumors : with Cases and Observa-
tions " (1837) ; " Physical Education and the Pres-
ervati(jn of Health " (Boston. 1846) ; " Etheriza-
tion : with Surgical Remarks " (1848) : " Effects of
Chloroform and of Strong Chloric Ether as Nar-
cotic Agents" (1849); "Description of a Skeleton
of the Slastodon Giganteus of North America "
(1852) ; " Remarks on Some Fossil Impressions in
the Sandstone Rocks of Connecticut River " (1854) ;
"Genealogy of Warren, with Some Historical
Sketches (1854); and "The Great Tree on Boston
Common " (1855). See " The Life of John Collins
Warren, M. D., compiled chiefly from his Auto-
biography and Journals," by his brother Edward
(2 vols., Boston, 1860). — John's son, Edward, phy-
sician, b. in Boston, Mass., 19 Dec, 1804, was
graduated at Harvard in 1826, and at the medical
school in 1829, began practice in Boston, removed
in 1840 to Newton Falls, and while continuing
to practise his profession engaged in agriculture.
Among his medical writings are a " Sketch of the
Progress of Cholera in America in 1832"; three
Boylston prize essays on " Scrofula," " Rheuma-
tism," and "Erysipelatous Inflammation," which
were published together (Philadelphia, 1840). — A
son of John Collins, Jonathan Mason, surgeon,
b. in Boston, Mass., in 1811; d. there, 19 Aug.,
1867, wjis graduated at the medical department of
Harvard in 1832, and afterward studied in Ijondon
and Paris. He established himself in Boston,
where for twenty years he was attending physician
to the Massachusetts general hospital. He per-
formed a -great variety of operations, and was a
voluminous contributor to medical literature. His
chief work was " Surgical Observations, with Cases
and Operations " (Boston, 1867). His wife was a
daughter of Gov. John Collin.s.— Jonathan Mason's
son, John Collins, physician, b. in Boston, 4 May,
1842, was graduated at Harvard in 1863 and at
Harvard medical school in 1866, studied two years
at the ImfMjrial hospital in Vienna, and afterward
with several eminent surgeons in Berlin, Paris, and
London, and began the practice of his profession in
Boston in 1869. He is now surgeon in the Massa-
chusetts general hospital, and since 1887 has been
associate professor oi surgery in the Harvard medi-
cal school. He was editor of the " Boston Medical
and Surgical Journal " in 1873-'81, and is author of
"Anatomy of Keloid," in "Archives of the Impe-
rial Academy of Sciences " (Vienna, 1869) ; " Anato-
my and Development of Rodent Ulcer " (Boston,
1872) ; " Pathology of Carbuncle and Colurante Adi-
posae " (1879) ; and " Healing of Arteries after Liga-
ture in Men and Animals " (New York, 1886).
WARREN, Joseph, journalist, b. in Water-
bury, Vt., 24 July, 1829 ; d. in Buffalo, N. Y., 30
Sept.. 1876. He studied at the University of Ver-
mont, and soon afterward went to Albany, N. Y.,
where he was made assistant editor of the " Coun-
try Gentleman " in 1849, and also teacher of Latin
and Greek at the Albany academy. He became
associate editor of the Buffalo " Courier " in 1853
and editor-in-chief in 1858, and was chosen presi-
dent of the New York press association in 1870.
He was a member at large of the Democratic state
central committee, and a leader of his party in
western New York. He was elected superintend-
ent of public schools in Buffalo in 1857, advocated
a public park system for that city, and served
on the park commission from its formation in
1871 till his death. He was instrumental in secur-
ing the establishment of the State insane asylum
and the State normal school in Buffalo, took an
active part in the organization of the Fine-arts
academy, and was interested in the project of the
Buffalo, New York, and Philadelphia railroad. He
was at one time president of the Young men's
Christian association, and was a member of the
council of the medical department of the Uni-
versity of Buffalo.
WARREN, Josiah, reformer, b. in 1799 ; d. in
Boston, Mass., 14 April, 1874. He took an active
part in Robert Owen's communistic experiment
at New Harmony, Ind., in 1825-'6, and was so dis-
couraged by its failure that he was on the point
of abandoning any further attempt in that direc-
tion when, as he said, " a new train of thought
seemed to throw a sudden flash of light upon our
past errors, and to show plainly the patn to be
pursued." He forthwith gave up the idea of main-
taining a communal system of society, and sought
to attain the same ends through individual sover-
eignty. He held that the proper reward of labor
was a like amount of labor, and elucidated his
theory by a supposition. " If I am a bricklayer,
and need the services of a physician, an hour of
my work in bricklaying is the proper recompense
to be given the physician for an hour of his ser-
vices." He proved the sincerity of his belief in this
idea by establishing what was known as the " time
store' in Cincinnati, Ohio, which he conducted
with fair success for two years, giving and receiv-
ing labor-notes in transactions with his customers.
He propounded his theories in a work entitled the
" True Civilization," and some of his views elicited
the cotnmendation of John Stuart Mill.
WARREN, Lott, jurist, b. in Burke county,
Ga, 30 Oct., 1797 ; d. in Albany. Ga, 17 June, 1861.
He received a public-school education, was clerk in a
WAKREN
WARREN
dffi
store, and served in 1818 a.s 2d lieutenant of volun*
teers against the Seminoles. Afterwanl he 8tudie<l
law, was admitted to tiie luir in 1N21, und [)rHc'li.sed
in various plut-ei*, Anally cst^ililishiii^ his residence
in Allwny. lie was a ineinl)er of tlie lejjislature
in 1H24 anil 18JM. state setiator in IHIiO, solicitor-
ifeneral, antl judge of the southern circuit in
Th!}1-'4. He was twice electotl to rcprest-nt his
district in congress as a Whig, serving m 18;{9-'48.
and subsequently was made judge of the su[)erior
court, where he served in 184U-'52. Judge War-
ren was als«i an ordainwl Baptist ujinister, though
he preachetl only (X^casionally. He was active in
promoting temperance, Sunday-school work, and
all philiiiithropic enterprises.
WARREN, Minnie, dwarf, b. in Middlebor-
ough, Mass., 2 June. 1849; d. there. 23 Julv. 1878.
She was the younger sister of l^avinia Warren,
who marrietl Charles S. Stratton (Tom Thumb),
her real name being Iluldah Peirce Bump. In
1803 she was engaged by Phineas T. Banjum, and
assumed the name of Warren. Un<ler his manage-
ment she tnivelled extensively with Gen. Tom
Thumb. Commodore Nutt, and her sister. She
was bridesmaid at the celebrated wedding of the
latter in Grace church. New York, on 10 Feb., 1863.
Subsequently she married Maj. Edward Newall, a
dwarf, and died in childbirth.
WARREN, Nathan Buughton, author, b. in
Troy. N. Y.. 4 July, 1805. 11 is grandfather and
fatKer removed from Norwalk, Conn., to Troy in
1798, and were successful merchants, and from
them he inherited an independent fortune. He
was educate<l privately, visited England with Bish-
op Doane, of New Jersey, in 1841, and made a tour
of the cathedrals, which suggested to him the idea
of adapting the cathedral or choral Service of the
English church to the American Book of Common
Prayer. These services were first introduced in
1844 into a mission church that was foundetl by
his mother. He had a fine taste for music, com-
Dosed some anthems, and received the degree of
Mus. Doc. from Trinitv college. He was also skilled
in architecture, and designeil his villa residence at
Mount Ida, which is built in a chastely ornamented
Gothic style. He published " The Order of Daily
Service, with the Musical Notation as used in Eng-
lish Cathedral and Collegiate Churches, etc. " (New
Y«)rk. 1840); "The Ancient Plain Song of the
Church" (18,55); "The Holidays: Christmas, pias-
ter, and Whitsuntide, their Social Festivities, Cus-
toms, and Carols" (1808); and " Hidden Treasure,
or the Good St. Nicholas: a Goblin Story for
Christmas "(18?2).
WARREN, Sir Peter, British naval officer, b.
in Ireland lx>fore 1703 ; d. there. 29 July. 1752. He
entere<l the navy in 1727, and had attaine<l the rank
of commodore in 1745. when he was ap|x)inted to
command an armament that was intended for an
attack on Louisburg. He joined the fleet of trans-
fKjrts with the land forces under Sir William Pej)-
perrell from Boston, in Casco Iwy, on 25 April,
with four ships, carrying 180 guns. On 30 April
the combined forces ap|>eared Iwfore Ixiuisburg.
and on 1 May the siege was begun. (See Peppkr-
RELi^ WiLLfAM.) On 18 May. Capt. ?]dwanl Tyng.
in the " Massachusetts " frigate, captured a French
man-of-war of 64 guns, with more than 500 men
and a large quantity of stores for the garrison, and
this success greatly raised the spirits of the be-
siegers. Warren's fleet was re-enion-etl by the ar-
rival of three large ships from ?3ngland and three
from Newfoundland, and. serious breaches having
been made in the walls, it was determinetl to order
a general assault ; but the French commander, see-
ing that further resistance would be uselem. sur-
rendere<l the fortress on 16 June. By the capitu-
lation. (i50 veteran troops, more than l.iWJO militia,
and other |»ersons — in all atxiut 4.0<K) — agree*! not
to bear arms against (ireat Britain during the war.
Seventy-six cannon and mortars, and a creat f|iian-
tity of military ston's. were also taken. The Fn'nch
loss in kille<l was 300; the English was 130, but
the latter suffered heavily from disejLs*-. I*ep{)er-
ri'll was ma«le a baronet for his share in the victory,
and Warren was j)rf)inote<l to n'ar-admiral. 8 Aug.,
1745, He aided in defeating a PVench wjuadmn off
Cape Finisterre in 1747, capturing the greater part
of it. and in the same year was electe<l to [tarlianient
for Westminster. Sir Peter marTie<l Susan, eldest
daughter of Stephen De Ijancey. of New York, and
was the owner of a valuable estate in the Mohawk
vallejr. which he placed in charge of liis nephew,
William, afterward Sir William Johnson.
WARREN, Samuel Edward, eilucator, b. in
West Newton. Mass., 29 Oct.. 18;n. He was
gnuluated at the Rensselaer fK)lytechnic institute
in 1851, where, during the same year, he l)ecame
assistant in charge of descriptive geometry and
drawing. In 1854 he was ap:>ointed professor, and
remained until 18?2, when tie accepted a similar
chair in the Massachusetts institute of technology.
In 1875 he resigned the latter post, and also that
of lecturer in the Massachusetts normal art-school,
which he had held from 1872. He then devote<i
his attention to the revision of his series of text-
Ijooks and to conducting a school of private in-
struction in Newton. Ma.ss.. his present residence.
Prof. Warren made an exhibit of his works and of
drawings by his pupils, illustrating their use, at
the World's fair in Philadelphia in 1876. which
was complimented in the official reports, and a
similar one at the fair in Paris in 18 <y, for which
he received a diploma. He is a meml>er of various
scientific and educational s<x;ieties, and, in addition
to numerous contributions on educational subjects
to current reviews and perio<licals, he has published
a series of t«xt-books. including " General Problems
from the Orthographic Pmjt>ctions of Descriptive
Geometry " (New York. 1860); "Student*', Drafts-
men's, and Artisans' Manual" (1861; afterward
issued as" Elementary ProjtK-tion Drawing." 1867);
" Elementjiry Linear I'erspective " (186:{) ; " Draft-
ing Instruments and OjH'rations" (1865): "Ele-
mentary Plane Problems " (1867); "General Prob-
lems oi Shades and Shadows" (1867); "General
Problems in the Linear Perspective of Form,
Shadow, and Reflection" (1868); "Element* of
Machine Construction and Drawing " (2 vols., 1870) ;
"Elementary Free-hand Geometrical Drawing"
(1873); "Element* of Descriptive Geometry : Part
I.. Surfaces of Revolution.' afterwartl issued as
*♦ Problems. Theorems, and Examples in Descrip-
tive Geometry " (1874); "Problems in Stone-Cut-
ting "(1875); "Elements of Descriptive Geometry,
Shwiows and Persjiective" (1877): "Elements of
Plane and Solid Free-hand Geometrical Drawing"
(1878); and "A Primary Geometry " (1887).
WARREN, Samnof Prowse,' organist, b. in
Montreal. Canatla. 18 Feb.. 1841. He is the son of
Samuel Russell Warnni (180J>-'82). a well-known
organ-builder of that city. He went to IWrlin in
1861, and studie<l for four years, giving his atten-
tion especially to the organ. In 1864 he returned to
Montreal, anil in the following ye«r he remove*! to
New York, where he still resides'. For two years he
played the organ at Dr. Henry W. Bellows's church,
after which he became organist of (Jrace church.
He then plave*! for some time at Trinity church,
after which ^e returned to his old post at (irace
368
WARREN
WARRINGTON
church. He has given several series of organ re-
citals, in which he covered the whole field of organ
music, giving interpretation to all its schools.
WARREN, William, actor, b. in Bath, Eng-
land, 10 May. 1767: d. in Washington, D. C, 19
Oct., 1833. His fii"st appearance was as Young
Norval in Home's trageuy of "Douglas." Soon
afterward Warren came to this country, making
his debut at Baltimore. Md., as Friar Lawrence in
" liomeo and Juliet." In 1805 he went to England,
as agent for the Philadelphia theatre, to collect a
company of comedians, and on his return in 1806
he married the . actres.s, Mrs. Ann Merry (q. v.).
Later, Warren became manager of the Chestnut
street theatre in Philadelphia, where he made his
last appearance on 25 Nov., 1829, as Robert Bram-
ble in the " Poor Gentleman." — His son, William,
actor, b. in Philadelphia, 17 Nov., 1812; d. in Bos-
ton, 12 Sept., 1888, was educated at the Franklin
institute, Philadelphia. He also made his first
appearance as Young Norval at the Arch street
theatre in that city, 27 Oct., 1832. After con-
tinuing for some time in his native place, he ap-
peared in New York, Boston, and other cities,
playing in various characters, from broad and ec-
centric comedv to juvenile tragedy, with general
acceptance. In 1>^5 Warren appeared at the
Strand theatre in London, and a year later, for the
extraordinary term of thirty-five years, he was per-
manently connected with the Howard athenaeum
in Boston. There he was held in special esteem,
both as a man and artist, and retired from that
theatre and his profession on 7 Nov., 1882, with a
complimentary benefit. Toward the last Warren
was particularly successful in rendering the roles
of fine old English gentlemen. He was a cousin of
Joseph Jefferson, and one of the few recent actors
who, in their own persons, represented the early
age of the American drama. Sir Peter Teazle in
"The School for Scandal," Dr. Pangloss in "The
Heir at Law," and Touchstone in "As You Like
It," were among his noted characters.
WARREN, William, clergvman, b. in Water-
ford, Me., 21 Oct., 1806 ; d. in Gorham, Me., 28
Jan., 1879. He entered Bowdoin, but left without
being graduated, passed through the theological
course at Andover seminary, where he was gradu-
ated in 1839, was ordained as a Congregational
minister on 14 Feb., 1840, and was pastor of the
church and teacher of a private school at Wind-
ham, Me., for nine years. He had charge of a
congregation at Upton, Mass., from 1849 till 1856,
acted as agent for the American colonization so-
ciety for a few months, in 1857 was appointed dis-
trict secretary for northern New England of the
American board of commissioners for foreign mis-
sions, and retained that office till his death, mak-
ing Gorham his home. Bowdoin gave him the
degree of D. D. in 1870. He published, besides
school-books, " Household Consecration and Bap-
tism"; "The Spirit's Sword''; "Twelve Years
among Children ; and "These for Those."
WARREN, William Fairfield, educator, b.
in Williamsburc, Mass., 13 March, 1833. He was
graduated at Wesloyan university in 1853, became
a Methodist minister in the New England confer-
ence in 1855, and afterward studied theology at
Andover, Berlin, and Halle. In 1857 he was a
delegate to the world's convention of the Evan-
gelical alliance at Berlin, and he afterward made
a tour through the East. In 1861 he was appointed
Erofessor of systematic theology in the Methodist
Ipiscopal mission theological mstitute at Bremen,
Germany^ which subsequently became the Martin
institute at Frankfort, and in 1866 in Boston theo-
logical seminary, subsequently a department of
Boston university, of which institution he has been
president since 1873, and also professor of the com-
parative history of religions, comparative theology,
and philosophy of religion. He was appointed a
memner of the American committee for the revis-
ion of the New Testament, but did not attend its
meetings. He received the degree of I). D. from
Ohio Wesleyan university in 1862, and that of
LL. D. from Wesleyan university, Middletown,
Conn., in 1874. He published " Anfangsgrlinde der
Logik " (Bremen, 1864) ; " Einleitung in die sys-
tematische Theologie" (part i., 1865); and "Para-
dise Found : the Cradle of the Human Race at the
North Polo" (Boston, 1885).
WARRINER, Francis, clergvman, b. in
Springfield, Mass., 24 Nov., 1805; d. in Chester,
Mass., 22 April, 1866. He was graduated at Am-
herst in 1830, and in 1831-'4 was chaplain and
teacher of mathematics and navigation to midship-
men on the frigate " Potomac," which was one of a
squadron that was sent to protect American sea-
men in the Indian archipelago. On his return he
studied theology in New Haven and New York, was
pastor over the Congregational church in Chester
m 1841-8, and again in 1859-65, when he resigned
on account of failing health. He was the author of
"The Cruise of the Potomac" (New York, 1835).
WARRINGTON, Lewis, naval officer, b. in
Williamsburg, near Norfolk, Va., 3 Nov., 1782: d.
in Washington, D. C, 12 Oct., 1851. He was edu-
cated at William and Mary college, and entered
the navy as a midshipman, 6 Jan., 1800. He made
his first cruise in the frigate " Chesapeake " in the
West Indies to suppress piracy, anu in 1803 he
joined the schooner " Vixen," of Preble's squadron,
during the Tripolitan war, where he served with
credit, and was included in the vote of thanks by
congress to Preble and his officers. He was pro-
moted to acting lieutenant on the station, and
transferred to the brig " Siren " in 1805, and to the
"Enterprise" in 18()6-'7, in which he returned
home. He was commissioned a lieutenant, 7 Feb.,
1807, and served as executive of the brig "Siren,"
bearing despatches to France in 1809-'ll. He
served in the "Essex" and frigate "Congress" in
1811-13, and as 1st lieutenant of the frigate
" United States" from March till July, 1813. He
was promoted to master-commandant, 24 July,
1813, had charge of the sloop " Peacock," and cap-
tured the British sloop " Epervier " after an engage-
ment of forty-two minutes. For this victory, in
which the two vessels were of the same armament,
he was promoted to captain, 22 Nov., ^81 4, and
received a gold medal and the thanks of congress.
(See illustration.) He commanded the frigate
" Macedonian," in the Mediterranean, in 1816-'18,
and the frigate "Java," on the same station, in
1818-'19, returning home in the frigate "Guer-
riere " in 1820. He was commandant of the navy-
yard at Norfolk, Va., in 1821-'4, and first com-
mandant of that at Pensacola in 1826. He com-
WARUOCK
Wash Ml* UN
mAntl«Ml the West IrnliH xquiulron In 1824-*6. was
a rnomlKT (»f th«» Ixmnl of nnvv (•drnnitHsionfrs in
1M*27-';{1, Hgmu conirnHndHnt <>f tho Norfi>lk iinvv-
vnnl in IKVJ-'U. nn'inlwr of tlio Inmnl of cominis-
siont'rs a soc-ond turn- in 1K40, and president of the
lioard in 1.H41. After the new orp»ni7.atinn of tlie
navv doiMirtnienl he was ehief of the bureau of
ytin\« and dcK-ks in 1842 '((, and of the hureau of
ordnanc* in 1H47-V>1. The town that was built
near the I'onsaeola navy-yard was nanuKl VVarriufj-
ton in liis honor. Ik'in^ on the jfovernnjeiit res-
ervation, it WHS subjo<'t to the naval juris<iiction
of the oonunandant, whose duties inelutled tho^e
of a nm;,MslrHte.
>yAKKO('K, John, printer, b. in Richmond,
Vju. 4 Nov., 1774; d. there, 8 Marth. 1858. He
re<'eived a common-sc-hool education, Inx-anio a
printer, and for fortv years issued annually " War-
rofk's Altnanac." He was chosen to the'offlceof
printer to the Virginia senate, and held that place
for nior»' than forlv vears.
WASHIirKN, Edwnrd Ablel. clorfryman. b.
in Boston, Mass.. 16 April, 1811); d. in New York
city, 2 Feb., 1881. He was grmluated at Harvard
in 1838, studied theolojfy in Andover seminary
and in New Haven, was licensetl as a Con^fre-
galional minister in 1842. and ofTiciated a<'(,-ept-
ably in several churches. Ha vinp resolved, through
the influence of liishop Clark and others, to enter
the ministry of the Kpiscopal church, he made due
pre|>aration and was ordained deacon, in Trinity
church, Boston, 12 July. 1844, by Bishop Kjistburii,
anil priest, in Grace church, Boston, 9 Oct., 1845.
bv ihe same bishop. He was rector of 8t. Paul's,
N'ewburyport. Mass., in 1844- '51, travelletl in Egjpt,
.Syria, Inaia. and China, in 1851-'3, on returning
home was rrctx)r of St. John's. Hartfonl. Conn..
185;i-'02. and lectured on ecclesijistical polity in
Berkeley divinity-school, Middletown, Conn. He
received the degree of D. D. from Trinity in 18«0.
Dr. Washburn was rector of St. Mark's church,
Philadelphia, in 1862-'5, and of Calvary church.
New York, in 180tt-'81. He was a contributor to
theological literature, and an m'tive supjwrter of
the Evangelical alliance in 1871, 1873, and 1879.
before wjiich he read papers on " Reason and
Faith," and on "Socialism. He was also a mem-
ber of the New Te^rament comimny of revisers, an
acknowle<lged leader among the " broad chuix-h "
clergy of the Kpiscoiml church, a true lover of
scholarship in its highest sense, and an ehxpient
and efTectivc preacher of the goswl. Ho pub-
lished " Relation of the Kpiscopal Church to the
other Christian Boilies" (1874); "The Social I^w
of Gotl. Sermons on the Ten Commandments "
(New York, Gth e<l., 1884); and "Voices from a
Busy Life." a volume of jMjema (1883).
WA.SHBI'RN, Kmory, jurist, b. in Ijeicester.
Mass., 14 Feb., 18UU; d. in Cambridge. Mass.. 18
March, 1877. His grandfather, S'th Wjishburn.
grandsim of John Washlmrn, who was the first
secretary of the .Massachusetts Bay comiMiny, wiks
l>om in Briilgewater, .Mass.. in 1723, and married
the granddaughter of Mary Chilton, the first white
pen«»n that stepi»ed u|M)n Plymouth Rock. He
held various town offices in IxMcester, and served
at different times in each branch of the legislatun>.
He wius in the campaign against the Indians in
New Hampshire in 1749, and in the Imttle of Bunk-
er Hill as a captain. His son. Jos4'pti (1755-1807),
the father of Kmory, was lieutenant in the 15th
Massachusetts regiment, was on duty at the ca|>-
ture of Burpoyne at Saratocra, servwl afterwanl
under Washmgton in New Jersey, and after the
war held, among other offices, that of deputy
TOL VI. — 24
shorifr of Worcester county till hla death. Emory
studiiil for two vears at I>artmouth. and wm
gnidiiated at Williums in 1817. studini law at
Harvard, was admilteti in 1821 to the bar in lA?nox,
and practised in
his native town
till 1828. when
he removed t«
Wort^ester. where
he was eminent
in his profes-iion
for nearlv thirty
years, and became
the partner '■''
Oov. .John Davi-.
He was in the low-
er house of the leg-
islature in 182<>-*7
and 1838, and made during his first term the first
report that suggested the feasibility of a railri>a<l
Ijelween Boston an<l Allwnv. He wrve«l in the state
senate in 1841-'2, iH'ing chairman of the judiciary
committee, and from 1844 till 1848 was judge of
the court of common pleius. He was ele<'te<l gov-
ernor in 1853, and re-eh^cteil for the succee^Ung
term, Ix'ing the last VV'hig governor in .Massachu-
setts, and in 1850 he was ap[M>int(><l Bussy professor
of law in Harvard. Resigning his profe>s<irship
in 1870, he o|>cnod a law-oflice in Cambriilge. and
representi'd that city in the legislature until his
death. The illustration is a view of the state-
house in Boston, which is on Beacon hill, op[>o-
sitc the common. The degree of LL. I), was con-
ferred u()<jn him by Harvard and Williums in
1854. He was a mcmljer of the lj<ianl of e<lucation,
took a prominent |«rt in the establishment of the
Worcester county fret> institute of industrial sci-
ence, was a tnistee of Williams college, a memlter of
the International code committee, a fellow of the
American antiquarian scK-iety, and a member of
the Massachusetts hist«>rical »»K-iety, the American
acailemv of arts and sciences, and other learned so-
cieties, Wfore which he freijuently delivere<I public
a«ldresses on timely topics. Gov. Washburn's writ-
mgs. many of them on genealogical and historical
suoject-s, exhibit s<'lioliirsliip ami ri'sean-h. while
his legal works are standard authorities in the law-
schools and courts of this country. His m«>st im-
portant works are a "Judicial ilistory of Massa-
chusetts, 1680-'75 " (Boston, 1840) ; " Historj- of I^i-
cester"(1860); "Treatise on the American I-aw of
Real Property" (2 vols.. 1860-'2; 3d c<l.. 1H»8);
"TreatiM' on the American I^w of Kayrments and
Servitudes" (Phihidelphia, lhC3: Bo^l( n. 1^07); a
pamphlet on the "Testimony of KxiktIs" (1^60);
and "l..ectures on the Study and Practice of Uie
Jjaw" (1871). He also contributed an introduction
to Rev. Calvin Durfre's " History of Williams Col-
lege. Willinnistown. Muss." (B<iston, 18(!0).
WASHBIKN. <>'eorgc, educator, b. in Middle-
iKinV. Mass., 1 Mnrch. IMW. He was graduatetl at
Amherst in 1855. studieil in the following year at
.■\ndover theological seminary, was sent by the
American Ujanf as a nns^sionary to Turkey in
18.58. and licensed to preach in Con.'^lantinopfe in
18(H). On 29 July. 180:t. he was ordained at Mid-
dlel>oro' while on' a visit to the I'nitwl States, but
he returned the same year to Turkey and was re-
IcjimmI fnmi the service of the ttoanl in 1^08. He
was {imfessor of philosophy and |Mditical e<H>nomjr
and acting president in RoU'rt college. Constanti-
nople, in 1809-70, and since the latter year he has
lN>en {>resident. Amherst conferred ufxm him the
degree of D. D. in 1874. He was drawn into inti-
mate relations with the political eventa that were
370
WASHBURN
WASHBURN
brought about by the Russo-Turkish war, in which
his policy secured him the esteem of several Eng-
lish statesmen. His efforts also in l>elialf of Bul-
garian liberty and for the elevation of the people
were recognized by the first Bulgarian parliament
in a vote of thanks, and in 1884 he was made a
commander of the Order of St. Alexander. He
has regnlarly contributed to English and American
periodicals and papers, and in 18G8 publislied in
pamphlet-form a stiries of articles on " Woman's
Worlt in the (Church."
WASHBURN, Henry Stpvenson, editor, b.
in Providence, R. 1.. in 1813. lie was gradu-
ated at Brown in 1836, and while president of
the Union mutual life insurance company, of Bos-
ton, spent three years abroad. Besides holding
many other important offices, he represented the
city of Boston for two years in the legislature,
and served one term in the state senate, where he
was chairman of the committee on education. He
originated the •* Young Reaper," of which he was
editor for seven years, anu has written many
hymns and lyrics that have been widely circulateci.
lie has been active in tiie various public enter-
prises of the Baptist denomination.
WASHBURN, Israel, governor of Maine, b.
in Livermore, Me., 6 June. 1813 ; d. in Philadel-
Jhia. Pa., 13 May, 1883. He was descended from
ohn Washburn, who was secretary of Plymouth
colony in England and who came to this country
in 1031 and settled in Duxbury, Mass. His grand-
father, Israel, served in the Revolutionary war
and attjiined the rank of captain. He was re-
Keatedly elected to the legislature, and was a inem-
er from Massachusetts of the convention which
ratified the constitution of the United States. In
1806 Israel, son of the foregoing, removed to
Maine, where he tatight at first, but in 1808 settled
at White's Landing (now Richmond), on Kennebec
river, where he engaged in ship-building. He es-
tablished a trading-post at Livermore, Me., in 1809,
at what is now called The Norlands, and soon after-
ward settled there. Israel, the subject of this
sketch, was educated at public schools and by pri-
vate tutors, and was admitted to the bar in Octo-
ber, 1834. Settling in Orono, Me., he soon acquired
a large practice, and in 1842-'3 was a member of
the legislature. In 1850 he was sent to congress,
serving as a Whig from 1 Dec, 1851. to 1 Jan.,
18(51, when he resigned, having been chosen gov-
ernor of Maine. Declininsr a re-election, he was
appointed in 1863 by President Lincoln collector
of customs at Portland, Me., which office he held
until 1877. Ha was president of the board of
trustees of Tufts college, and was elected to the
presidency of that institution in 1875, but declined.
The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by
Tufts college in 1872. Gov. Washburn was a mem-
Ixjr of historical and genealogical societies, and,
in aildition to many of his a«ldresses and speeches,
which have hiui a wide circulation, published
"Notes, Historical. Descriptive, and Personal, of
Livermore, Me." (1874). — Israel's brother, Elihli
Benjamin, statesman, b. in Livermore, Me., 23
Sept., 1816; d. in Chicago, 111., 22 Oct., 1887,
wrote his family name with a final "e." He was
educated at public schools, and. after working
on his father's farm, entered the office of the
"Christian Intelligencer" in Gardiner in 1833 as
a printer's apprentice. The paper was discon-
tinued a year later, and he was chosen to teach in
the district school. In May, 1835, he entered the
office ol the " Kennel)ec Journal," at Augusta,
where he continued for a year, during which time
bo rose gradually until he became an assistant of
the editor, and acquired his first knowledge of
political life during the sessions of the state
legislature. He then decided to study law, and
entered Kent's Hill seminary in 1836. After a
year in that institution he began his professional
studies in the office of Johu Otis in Hallowell,
who, impressed by his
diligence and anibi-
tion. aided him finan-
cially and took him
into his own home to
board. In March, 1839,
he entered the law-
school at Harvard,
where among his class-
mates were Richard
H. Dana, Charles Dev-
ens, and William M.
Evarts. He was ad-
mitted to the bar in
1840, and at once de-
termined to establish
himself in the west.
Settling 'n Galena, 111.,
he there entered into
law-partnership with Charles S. Hempstead, and,
Ijcitig a strong Whig, made speeches in behalf of
that party, which had nominated William H. Har-
rison for the presidency. In 1844 he was a dele-
gate to the Whig national convention in Balti-
more that selected Henry Clay as its candidate,
and on his return he visited that statesman in
Washington. Meanwhile his business increased,
and he was frequently called upon to practise in
the supreme court of the state. In 184S he was
nominated for congress in the Galena district, but
was defeated by Col. Edward D. Baker. In 1852,
as a delegate to the National Whig convention, he
advocated the nomination of Gen. Winfield Scott,
and in the same year he was elected to congress,
serving thereafter from 5 Dec, 1853, till 6 March,
1869. He soon gained an excellent reputation,
and, on the election of Nathaniel P. Banks as
speaker in 1855, was given the chairmanship of the
committee on commerce, which he held for ten
vears. He was selected by the house to accompany
William H. Seward, representing the senate, to
receive Abraham Lincoln when he arrived in
Washington after his election. From the length
of his continuous service he became recognized as
the " Father of the House," and in that capacity
administered the oath as speaker to Schuyler Col-
fax three^ times, and to James G. Blaine once.
From his continual habit of closely scrutinizing all
demands that were made upon the treasury and
persistently demanding that the finances of the
government should be administered with the
strictest economy, he acquired the name of the
" Watch-dog of the Trejtsury." He was a stead-
fast friend of Ulysses S. Grant during the civil
war, and every promotion that the latter received
was given either solely or in part upon the recom-
mendation of Mr. Washburne. Subsequently he
originated the bills that made Gen. Grant lieuten-
ant-general and general. Mr. Washburne was a
member of the joint committee on reconstruction
and chairman of the committee of the w^ole house
in the matter of the impeachment of Andrew
Johnson. lie opposed all grants of the public
lands and all subsidies to railroad companies, and
resisted with all his power what he called "the
greatest legislative crime in history " — the bill
that subonlinated the first mortgage of the gov-
ernment on the Pacific railroad to the mortgage
of the milroad companies. He also opposed " log-
WASHBURN
WASHBURN
871
Tolling?" river and hnrbnr bills, all extravagant ap-
pnipriatioiis for ptihtic biiilclinp*. all i>iilK<i<li<*s for
vt«>uiiishii( lilies, iiiiil ail iiiiiliif n-nownlK of pattMits.
Auion^ wiu ini|H)rUint bills that hi' introtliiciHl wius
the one that pn»vitie<I for the establishnu'nt of
national c-enieteries. At the lx*pnnin^ of his ail-
ministration President Grant appointed Mr. Wash-
t>urne seeretary of stiite, wliit-h odlce he n-sijfned
fKK)n alterwanl to become minister to France.
This place he held during the Franco- Prussian
war, and on the withdrawal of the German am-
bassador, the latter was ordered by Count Bis-
marck to turn over his archives to the American
lej^tion. At the request of Bismarck, and with
the |)ermission of the French minister of foreign
affairs, he exercised his official influence with re-
markable tact and skill for the protection of the
(lermans in Paris and acted as tlie representative
of the various German states and other foreign
fovernments. When the empire was overthrown.
Ir. Washbume was the first foreign representa-
tive to recognize the new republic. He remained
in Paris during the siege, and was at his ^st
when the Commune ruled the city. He visited
the venerable archbishop Darljoy of Paris when he
was hurried to orison, an«l succee<le<l in having the
prelate removed to more comfortable quarters, but
failed to prevent his murder. He retained the
i-esiKH-t and g(Kxl-will of the French during all the
changes of government, and the emperor of Ger-
many recognized his services by conferring upon
him the Order of the Red F^agle. This he declined,
owing to the provision of the U. S. constitution
that prevented its acceptance, but on his resigna-
tion m 1877 the emperor sent him his life-size i>or-
irait, and he was similarly honored by Bismarck,
Thiers, and (iamU'tta. On his return to this coun-
try he settltKl in Chicago, and in 1880 his name was
brought forward as a candidate for the presidency,
but he refusetl to have it presented to tne conven-
tion. He was nresident of the Chicago historical
society from November, 1884, till his death, and
was frerpientlv invited to lecture on his foreign
expt-riences. l^e wrote a series of articles on that
8nl)jtit for "Scribner's Magazine," which were ex-
panded itito" Recollections of a Minister to France,
18«y-l877 " (2 vols.. New York, 1887). His collec-
tion of pictures, documents, and autographs he de-
sired to be given to the city of Chicago, provided
they should Ik; exhibited free to the general public.
Efforts are Wing made to secure the erection of
a suitable buiMing in Lincoln park for their exhi-
bition. Mr, Washliurne.edited "History of the
English Settlement in Kuwards Countv, Illinois"
(Chicago, 1882»: and"The Edwanls Pa|Krs"(I884).
— Another brother. CadwuHader Culdon, lawyer,
b. in Livermore, Me., 22 April, 1818; d. in Eureka
Sprinj^, Ark., 14 Mav, 1882. worke<l on his father's
farm in summer antl attendeil the town s<-Iuki| in
winter until alxmt 188.5, when he went to Hallowell
find was employed in a store. He also servwl in the
po«t-ofnce.and'during the winter of 1838-'9 taught
in WiscasseU In the spring of 1839 he s<'t out for
the west and settlcil at l>aven|)ort, Iowa, where he
i'oined the geological survey of that state under
)avid Dale Owen. Toward the close of the year
ho entered the law-office of .Iose[>h B. Wells, having
Itreviouslv studied under his uncle. Reuel Wash-
lurn, in Livermore, Me., and was iidmitte«l to the
baron 20 Marcii, 18-12. In 1840 he was elwle*! sur-
veyor of the county of R<K-k Island, III., the duties
of which ho [x-rformwl while pn'oarint for his pro-
fession. He remove<l to Mineral Point, Wis., in 1842,
and in 1844 enten««l into jiartnership with Cyrus
Woodman, agent uf the New Eiiglaud land com-
pany, but their Iaw-prai-tic(> gradually dimininhrd
as tney paid greater attention to llnan'cial mallerv.
They dealt largely in the entry of publie IiiikIm for
settlers and the liK-ation of Mtxi<-an land-warrant i*.
In 18.V2 the firm establisheil the Mineral Point
bank, which never sus|H-nde4l sixn-ie {myments and
during its existence had a high reputation. On
the re|»eal of the Missouri compromise, Wfl^hbuni
was chosen as a Whig to congn«ss. and Her^•(■«l with
re-elections from 3 I)ec., IKVi. till 3 March. 18<J|.
He then declincnl a renomination, but was sent as
a delegate from Wisconsin to the Peace congress
that was held in Philadelphia in 18«1. At the
beginning of the civil war he raised the 2d Wis-
consin cavalry, and was commissioned its colonel,
10 Oct, 18(J1. His first service was under Gen.
.Samuel R.Curtis in Arkansas. Among his acts
at this periml were the dislrMlging of a Confe<ler-
ate force that was pre|)aring to obstruct the prog-
ress of the National army at the crossing of tne
Tallahatchie, and the opening of the Yazoo pass;
and he was conspicuous in the Itattle of Grand
Coteau. where he saved the 4th division, under Gen.
Stephen G. Burbridge, from annihilation by an
overwhelming force of the enemy. He was com-
missioned brigadier on 16 Julv,'l8G2, and on 29
Nov., lSfi2. major-general of volunteers. He took
part in the siege of Vicksburg. and on its surren-
der was given command of the 13th corps and
sent to the Department of the Gulf. On 21> Nov..
1863, he landed on the coast of Texas with 2.800
men and comj)elled the evacuation of Fort Esper-
anza, a boml>-proof work, which was ca.sed with
railmad iron, surroundeil by a deep moat filled
with water, manned by l.tKM) men. and mounted
ten guns. This fort was at Pass Cavallo. and
guarded the entrance to Matagorda Imy. In April,
1804. he was ordere<l to relieve (ien. .Stephen A.
Hurlburt. in command at Meniphis. of the district
of west Tennessee. This post he held alnutst con-
tinuouslyuntilhis
resignation on 25
May, 1805. Gen.
Washburn was
sent as a Republi-
can from the (Ith
district of Wis-
consin to con-
gress, and served
with re-election
from 4 March,
18(57, till 3 March,
1871. In the au-
tumn of 1871 he
was elect etl gov-
ernor of Wiscon-
sin, and he held
that oftic-e for two
years, Iteginning 1
ilan., 1872. He was an unsuccessful candidate for
the office in 1873, and afterward for the U. S. sen-
ate. On retiring from office, he directe<l hisatten-
ticm to the can' of his iimiK-rty. The timlier lands
that he had purchased soon after he settlml in the
state had btx-ome very valuable, and he operateil
extensively in lumWr. In 1876 he erected an im-
mense fiouring-mill in Minnea|>olis, where first in
this country was introduced the "|iatent procow"
and the Hungarian system. It was destroyed bj
an explosion in 1878. but he at once replaced It
with one more cafwcious. He was also one of
the largest owners of the water-intwer at St. An-
thony Falls, and a heavy stm-k-hohler in the Min-
nea|>olis and St. Ix>uis railroad. (>en. Waslibum
was actively interested in the Wisconsin historicml
(^(^/i^TU^/u^^^yi^
372
WASHBURN
WASHINGTON
society, and was its president for several years.
He founded, in connection with the State university
of Wisconsin, the Witsliburn observatory, which,
with its instruments, cost more than $5(),0(X). The
legislature of the suite made him a life regent of
the university, which in 1873 conferred upon him
the degree of LL. D. His country-house of Edge-
wood, near Madison, worth $20,000, he presented
to the Dominican Sisters for tise as a school for
girli In his will he bequeathed $50,000 to found
a public iil)rary at La Crossi", and |375,000 for the
establishment of an orphans' home in Minneapolis.
— Another brother, Charles Ames, editor, b. in
Livermore, Me., IG March, 1822, was graduated at
Bowdoin in 184^, and after studying law was ad-
mitted to practice in Mineral Point, Wis. In 1850
he went to California and connected himself with
the pre'js. settling in San Francisco in 1858, where
he l)ecame editor and then proprietor of the " Alta
California." Mr. Washburn took an active part
in the foundation of the Republican party, and his
journal was the first on the Pacific coast to advo-
cate the distinctive principles of that organization.
From 1858 till 18G0 he edited and owned the San
Francisco " Daily Times." In 1860 he was an
elector-at-large from California, and in 1801 he
was appointed by President Lincoln commissioner
to Paraguay, where he was afterward minister-resi-
dent from 1863 till 1868. His term of office in-
cluded the period of the war between Paraguay
and Brazil, and in 1868, when the foreign residents
were accused of conspiring against President Fran-
cisco S. Lopez, Mr. Washburn escaped through the
opportune arrival of tlie U. S. war-steamer " Wasp,"
while two of his subordinates, unable to escape,
were .seized and tortured. (See Lopez.) His action
in trying to save the lives of those that were sup-
Kosed to be connected with the conspiracy brought
im into collision with officers of the U. S. navy,
but a congressional committee exonerated him.
On his return to this country he settled at first in
Oakland, Cal., but ultimately made Morristown,
N. J., his home. He has devoted his attention to
the invention of several ingenious machines, nota-
bly the typograph, a form of type-writer. In ad-
dition to various contributions to periodicals, he
has published two works of fiction, " Philip Thax-
ter" (New York, 1861) and "Gomery of Montgom-
ery" (1865): a "History of Paraguay" (2 vols.,
Boston, 1870): *' Political Evolution" (Philadelphia,
1887), and " From Poverty to Competence " (1887).
— Another brother, Wniiani Drew, b. in Liver-
more, Me., 14 Jan., 1831, was graduated at Bowdoin
in 1854, admitted to the bar in 1857, and began
practice in Minnesota. In 1861-'5 he was surveyor-
general of that state. Subsequently he settled in
Minneapolis and engaged in manufacturing. He
became president of the Minnenpolisand St. Louis
railroad, and in 1878 was elected to congress, served
for three terms, and in 1889 l)ecame U. S. senator.
WASHBURN, Peter Thaclier, lawyer, b. in
Lynn, Mass., 7 Sept., 1814; d. in Woodstock, Vt.,
7 Feb., 1870. He was graduated at Dartmouth in
1835, studied law at Harvard, was admitted to the
bar in 1838, and practised in Ludlow, Vt., till 1844.
Removing then to Woodstock, he was reporter of
the state supreme court for eight years, and for
several terms a member of the legislature, serving
as chairman of the judiciary committee. In 1861
he was a memlx»r of the Chicago convention, and
was the first to give the vote of his state to Lin-
coln. He was adjutant- and inspector-general of
the state in 1861-'6, and his records show only 75
men unaccounted for out of more than 34,000.
He served in the field lus a lieutenant, and after-
ward as acting colonel of the 1st Verm<mt vohin-
teers, which, with the Massachusetts troops, he
commanded at the battle of Big Bethel. In 1869
he was elected governor by the Republicans, and
died in office. He was trustee of the University of
Vermont, and president of the Woodstock railroad.
He was the aut hor of " Digest of all Cases in the
Supreme Court of Vermont, including the First
Fifteen Volumes of Vermont Reports" (W(X)dstock,
1845); supplement to "Aiken's Forms "(Claremont,
N. H., 1847) ; " Digest of Cases in the Supreme
Court of Vermont," vols, xvi.-xxii. (1852) ; and
" Reports of the Supreme Court of Vermont,"
vols, xvi.-xxiii. (1845-52).
WASHBURN, Wnilain Barrett, senator, b.
in Winchendon, Mas.s., 31 Jan., 1820; d. in Spring-
field, Mass., 5 Oct., 1887. He was graduated at
Yale in 1844. and became a manufacturer at Green-
field, Mass., where he was for many years president
of the National bank, and which he represented in
both branches of the legislature in 1850-'4. He
was identified with the Republican party from its
organization in 1856, and at the beginning of the
civil war contributed liljerally to the National
cause. In 1862 he was sent to congress as a Re-
Sublican, and he was returned biennially till on 1
an., 1872, he resigned his seat to become governor
of Massachusetts. This office he resigned also
during his third term to fill the vacancy that was
made in the U. S. senate by the death of Charles
Sumner, serving from 1 May, 1874, till 3 March,
1875, when he withdrew from public affairs. Be-
sides holding many offices of trust under corporate
societies, he was a trustee of Yale, of the Massa-
chusetts agricultural college, and of Smith college,
of which he was also a benefactor, and a member
of the board of overseers of Amherst from 1864
till 1877. Harvard conferred the degree of LL. D.
upon him in 1872. By his will he made the Ameri-
can board, the American home missionary society,
and the American missionary association residuary
legatees, leaving to each society about $50,000. He
was also a great l>enefactor of the Greenfield public
library. He died suddenly while attending a ses-
sion of the American board of commissioners for,
foreign missions, of which he was a member.
WASHINGTON, Booker Taliaferro, educa-
tor, b. in Hale's Ford, Franklin co., Va., 18 April.
1856. He is of African descent, and early removed
to West Virginia. He was graduated at Hampton
institute in 1875, and in the same year entered
Wayland seminary, whence he was called to fill
the ehair^ of a teacher at Hampton. There he
was elected by the Alabama state authorities to the
presidency of
Tuskegee in- >^. ^ ,^
stitute, which
he organized
in 1881. Un-
der his man-
agement it
has grown
from an insti-
tution with
one teacher
and thirty
students to
one with
twenty teach-
ers and 300 students. The property consists of 540
acres, a blacksmith's shop, saw-mill, carpenter's
shop, brick-yard, printing-office, and several large
school-buildings, one of which, shown in the vig-
nette, was built by the students. It is valued at
$68,000, and is out of debt.
WASHINGTON
WASIIIXOTON
373
WASHINUTON. lieorye, first pnsidmt of the
Unit«l StMtfs, h. ut I'o|k''!« Crt'ok. lu-ur HriilyeV
Crwk, Wi'-stinort'lHtul co.. Vo., 22 Vvh., 17H2: «l.
at Mount Vernon, 14 Do*-.. 1T!M>. Of his Knjflish
uiicfstry vari-
ous (li'taiU an«
given in nn»rw
than ono form-
al bioeraphy of
him, but non«>
of then> can Iw
safely followctl
while stiveral
questions of
(^•nealogy iv-
main unsolve<l.
His earliest an-
cestor in this
country was
John Washing-
ton, who had
resided for some
years at South
Tave, near the
Huml)er. in the
^ land, and wlio
came over to Virginia, with Jiis brother Andrew,
in KW?. Purchasing lands in Westmoreland coun-
ty and establishing his residence at Pojw's Creek,
not far from the Potomac, ho became, in due
course, an extensive planter, a county magistrate,
and a member of the house of burgesses. He
distinguished himself, also, as colonel of the Vir-
ginia force.) in driving off a band of Senoca In-
(lians who were rava"ing the neighboring settle-
ments. In honor of his public and private char-
acter, the parish in which he resided was called
Washington. In this [larish his grandson, Augus-
tine, the second w»n of Ijawrence Washington, was-
born in 1094. Hy his first wife Augustine had
four children. Two of them dietl young, but two
sons, Lawrence and Augustine, survived their
mother, who died in 1728. On 6 March, 1730,
the father was again marrie<l. His second wife
was Mary liall, and George was her first child. If
tradition is to be truste<l, few sons ever had a more
lovely and devoted mother, and no mother a more
dutiful and affectionate son. Ikreaved of her
husl>and, who diwl after a short illness in 1743.
when George was but eleven years of age, and with
four younger children to be cared for. she dis-
charged the resptmsibilities thus sadlv devo|ve<l
u{M>n her with scrupulous fidelity anil firmness.
To her we owe the precepts an«I oxam{»le that gov-
erned George's life. The excellent maxims, moral
and religious, which she found in her favorite
manual — "Sir Matthew Hale's Contemplations" —
were impressed on his memory and on his heart, as
niid them aloud to herchildivn; and that little
lie, with the autogra|ih ins<Tiption of Mary
\\ .i.^liingt<m, was among the cherisheil treasures
of his library as long as he lived. To her, too,
under God, we owe es|H'cially the restraining in-
fluence and authority, that held him back, at the
last moment, as wo shall see. from emlwirking on
a line of life that would have cut him off from
the great carwr that ha* rendered his name im-
mortal. Well did Dr. Sparks, in his careful and
excellent biography, sfteak of •* the debt owe<l by
mankind to the mother of Washuigton." Unhafn
pily no authentic portrait of her is extant, though
a pleasing conjectural picture, not without some
weight of testimony, has been adopted by Mr. Lo&o-
ing in his " .Mary and Martha.'* (See vignette.)
.She delighttnl tn saying simply that "Geor^ baa
always Im^'u a gcMNi son": ami her own life was
fortunately ppi|ong«Hl until she had sxen him more
than fulfil every ho|)e of her heart. On his way to
his first inauguration as president of the United
States Washington came to bid his mother a last
farewell, just U'fore her death. That iwrtiiig scene,
however, was not at his birth{>lace. The primitive
Virginia farm-hous*^' in which he was Ixini htul long
ceased to be the faniilv residence. and had gradual-
ly fallen into ruin. The remains of a large kitchen-
chimney wen? all that could lie identifle<l of it in
1878, by a party of which Sec. Kvart*, Gen. Sher-
man, and Charles C. Perkins, of IJoston, were three,
who visite«l the spot with a view to the erection
of a memorial under the authority of congreMi.
Not long after the birth that has rendere<r this
sfKit forever memorable, Augustine Wa.'^hington
reinov»Ml to an estate in Stafford county, on the
ea.st si«le of the Ka|>pahannock, opiKisite Fredericks-
burg, and resided there with his family during the
remaining years of his life. That was the 8t«ne of
George's early child hootl. There he first went to
sch<K)l, in an "old-field" school-house, with Hob-
by, the sexton
of the parish,
for his first
master. After
his father's
death, how-
ever, he wa«
sent back to
the old home-
stead at PotMj's
Creek, to live
for a while
with his elder
half - brother,
Augustine, to
whom the Westmoreland estate had been left, and
who, on his marriage, had taken it for his resi-
dence. There George had the advantage of at
least a better school than Hobby's, kept by a Mr.
Williams. But it taught him nothing except read-
ing, writing, and arithmetic, with a little geometry
and surveying. For this last stiuly he evince<I a
markeii preference. Many of his copy-books of
that j)erio«l have Won pn'ser^'ed. and they show no
inconsiderable proficiency in the surveyor's art,
even lH?fore he nnally left' school, toward the close
of his sixti»enth year. One of those manuscript
IxMiks, however, is of a miscellaneous and peculiar-
ly interesting character, containing carefully pre-
{)ared forms for business pajters: a few selections
or, it may l»e, original comj>ositions in rhyme: wid
a series of " Itiiles of liehavior in Conifmny and Con-
versation," fifty-seven in all, ct>mf»ile<l or copied,
doubtless, from some still untrace«l f»riginal, em-
bracing many moral and religious maxims, of which
the last and most noteworthy <me must never be
; omittinl from the story of Wnshington's iK.yhoixl :
" Lalxir to kt>ep alive in your breast that little spark
1 of wlestial fire. Con-twiruce.'" A\\ these school-boy
i manuscripts bear witness alike to his extr»Mno care
! in cultivating a neat, clear, and elegant handwrit-
i ing, and his name is sometimes written almost an
j if in contemplation of the gnat instruments and
1 state papers to which it was ile>tine<l to be the at-
testing signature.
Meantime he was training himself for vigorous
manluMxl by all sorts «.f robust exen-is»>s and ath-
I letic sporta. He playe«l «»ldier. sometimes, with
' his school-mates, always ass»'rting the authority of
1 captain, and subjecting the little eompany to •
374
WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON
^U
ir'.r.S.
rigid discipline. Running, leaping, and wrestling
were among his favorite pastimes. He became a
fearless rider, too, and no horse is said to have U'on
too fiery for him. " Above all," as Irving well says.
" his inherent probity, and the principles of justice
on which he regulated his conduct, even at this
early period of his life, were soon appreciated by
his school-mates ;
he was referred to
as an um|»ire in
their disputes, and
his decisions were
never reversed."
A crisis in Wash-
ington's life oc-
curred before he
left school. His
eldest half-broth-
er, Lawrence, had
already been an
officer in the Eng-
lish service, and
was at the siege of
Carthagena under
Admiral Vernon,
for whom he
formed a great re-
gard, and whose
name he afterward
gave to his estate
on the Potomac.
Observing George's military propensities, and think-
ing that the English navy would afford him the
most promising field for future distinction. Law-
rence obtained a midshipman's warrant for him in
1746, when he was just fourteen years old. and
George is said to have l)een on the point of em-
barking on this English naval service. The earnest
remonstrance of his mother ^was interposed, and
the project reluctantly abandoned. He thereupon
resumed his studies, and did not leave school till
the autumn before his sixteenth year. Soon after-
ward he went to resi<le with his brother Lawrence,
who had married a Fairfax of Belvoir, and had es-
tal)iished himself at Mount Vernon.
Washington's education was now finished, so far
as schools and school-masters were concerned, and
he never enjoyed or sought the advantages of a col-
lege. Indeed, only a month after he was sixteen he
entered on tlie active career of a surveyor of lands,
in the employment of William Fairfax, the father
of his brother's wife, and the manager of the great
estate of his cousin, Lord Fairfax. In this work
he voluntarily subjected himself to every variety of
hardship and personal danger. Those' Alleghany
valleys and hills were then a wilderness, where dif-
ficult obstructions were to be overcome, severe ex-
posures to lie endured, and savage tribes to be con-
ciliated or encountered. For three successive years
he persevered undauntedly in this occupation,' hav-
ing obtained a commission from the president and
master of William and Mary college as a public
surveyor for Culpeper county, which entitled his
surveys to a place in the county office, where they
were held in high esteem for completeness and accu-
racy. During these three years lie allowed himself
but little relaxation, yet found time in the winter
months for an occasional visit to his mother, and
for aiding her in the management of her affairs.
And now, at nineteen years of age, he received
an appointment as adjutant-general, with the rank
of major, to inspect and exercise the militia in
one of tjie districts into which Virginia was di-
vided in view of the P'rench encroachments and
the Indian depredations with which the frontiers
were menaced. Before he had fairly entered on
this service, however, he was caiied to accompany
his brother Ijawrence to the \\'est Indies, on a voy-
age for his brother's health, and was al)sent from
home for more than four months, during which he
had a severe attack of small-j)ox. His brother re-
mained longer, and returned at last only to die,
leaving George as one of his executors, and involv-
ing him in large respfmsibilities as well as in much
personal affliction. Meantime his appointment a.s
adjutant-general was renewed by Gov. Dinwiddie,
and he was assigned to the charge of one of the
grand military divisions of the colony. A wider
field of service was thus opened to Washington, on
which he entered with alacrity. War between
France and England was now rapidly approach-
ing, involving a conflict for the possession of a
large part of the American continent. French
posts were already estaYljsIied on the banks of the
Ohio, with a view of conSning the English colonies
within the Alleghany mountains. Gov. Dinwiddie,
under instructions from the British ministry, re-
solved upon sending a commissioner to the officei
commanding the French forces to inquire by what
authority he was invading the kings dominions,
and to ascertain, if possible, his further designs.
Washington was selected for this delicate and dan-
gerous mission, after several others had declined
to undertake it. He accepted it at once, and to-
ward the end of November, 1753. he set out from
Williamsburg, without any military escort, on
a journey of nearly 600 miles — a great part of
it over " lofty and ruggeii mountains and through
the heart of a wilderness." Tiie perilous inci-
dents of this expedition cannot be recounted here.
They would occupy a whole article by themselves.
His marvellous and providential escapes, at one
time from the violence of the savages, at another
from assassination by a treacherous guide, at a
third from being drowned in crossing the Alle-
ghany river on a raft, have been described in all
the accounts of his early manhood, substantially
from his own journal, published in London at the
time. He reached Williamsburg on his return on
16 Jan., 1T54. and delivered to Gov. Dinwiddie the
reply of the French commander to his message of
inquiry. No more signal test could have been af-
forded of Washington's various talents and char-
acteristics, which this expedition served at once to
display and to develop. " From that moment,"
says Irving, " he was the rising hope of Virginia"
He was then but just finishing his twenty-first
year, and immediately after his ret urn he was ap-
pointed to the chief command of a little boay
of troops raised for meeting immediate exigen-
cies; but the military establishment was increased
as soon as the governor could convene the legisla-
ture of Virginia and Washington was appointed
lieutenant-colonel of a regiment, with Joshua Fry.
an accomplished Oxford scholar, as his colonel
Upon Washington at once devolved the duty of
f:oing forward with such companies as were en-
isted, and the sudden death of Col. Fry soon left
him in full command of the expedition. The
much-misrepresented skirmish with the French
troops, resulting in the death of Jumonville, was
followed, on 3 July. 1754. by the battle of the
Great Meadows, where Washington held hisgroun<l,
in Fort Necessity, from eleven in the morning to
eight at night, against a great superiority of num-
bers, until the French requested a parley. A
capitulation ensued, in every way honorable to
Wjvshington as it was translated and read to him,
but which proved, when printed, to contain terms
in the French language which he never would
WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON
87ft
have siprncd or «4lmitU*<l hiui thpy not been sup-
preMMsl (»r softonwl by the iiitorpn«U«r. (Sco nr>le
at end of chapter xii., vol. i., of Irvinjj's " Life
of Wft(«hinjfti>n.") The course now ailoptc<l by
Gov. DinwKltlie in the roorpmizatum of the Vir-
ginia troops, a^ntinst which Wa.shin;rton renion-
stratetl, and which would have reducfd him to an
inferior jrnule, le<l at once to his rvsitrnation. and.
afl«*r a brief visit to his mother, he retinal to
Mount Vernon. He was soon solicited by Gov.
.Sharjits of Maryland, then the commander-in-chief
of the Kuji^lish fonvs, to resume hi« station, but un-
der circumstanees and ujKm conililions incom|)ati-
ble with his self-n>s|Kft. In deciininK the invitii-
lion he usihI this memorable lan^^uuge: "I shall
have the const>lation of knowing; that I have
o()ene4l the way, when the smallness of our num-
bers exptjsed us to theattai;ks of a su|»erior enemy ;
and that I have had the thanks of my country for
the services I have renderetl." But now Gen.
Hnuld(x:k was sent over from England with two
regiments of regulars, and Washington did not
hesitate to acce|>t an api)ointment on his staff
as a volunteer aide-de-<:amn. The pnident coun-
sels that he gave BniddocK l»efore he set out on
his ill-fated expedition, and often repeated along
the road, were not followetl ; but Washington,
notwithstan<ling a violent attack of fever, was
with him on the blootly field of the Monongahela,
behaving, as his fellow aide-de-camp. Col. Orme,
t«stifleil, "with the greatest courage and resolu-
tion," witnessing at last liradd<K'k's defeat and
death, and l)cing the only mounted officer not
killed or disable<l. " By the all-powerful dispensa-
tions of Providence," wrote he to his brother, " I
have been protected beyond all human probability
or expectation: for I had four bullets through my
coat, and two horses shot under me, yet I escaped
unhurt, although death was levelling my comnan-
ioni« on every side." It fell to him by a striking
coincidence — the chaplain lieing wonnded — to reatl
the funeral service at the burial of Braddock at
the Great Memlows, the scene of his own capitu-
lation the ye«r In'fore. In a sermon to one of the
companies organized under the impulse of Brad-
docK's defeat, and
in view of the im-
pending dangers
of the count rv, the
Rev. Samuel Da-
vies, an eloquent
and accom[)li8hed
preacher, who, in
1 759, succeeded
Jonathan FM wards
as president of
Princeton c«>llege,
after praising the
zeal and courage
of the Virginia
troojjs, added these
prophetic words:
" As a remarkable
instance of this, I
may jM>int out to
the public that
heroic vouth. Col.
Washington, whom I cannot but ho|w Providence
has hitherto |ireserved in so signal a manner for
some im|M>rtant service to his country."
A force of 2.()0() men having now been orderc<l
to be raise<l by the V^irginia assembly, Washington
was appointe<l to the chief command, and estal)-
lished his homhiuarters at Winchester. He l)roke
away from the perplexing cares of this place in
Febniary, 1750. to make a hurriiMl vi«lt to Oor,
Shirlev in Iiost<m. when* he ix'ttliHl nucccwfully
with )iim, then the commander-in-chief of the
Knglish forces on this continent, a vexatious que».
tion of pr»*ce«lcnce U'tween the provincial om<vrH
and tho:«- ap|H>inted by the crown. On hi<« return
he devote<I hiniM-lf to measun'4« for the m»curity
of the fnmtier. In the cH»urM> of the following
year he wa.s again the »ubj«'ct of a violent fever,
which prostrate<l him for several months. "My
constitution," he wrote to a friend, "is much im-
pain>d, and nothing can retrieve it but thegn>atest
care and the most circums|)ect course of life." Un-
der these ciri'umstances he seriously cr)ntentplate4l
again resigning his command an<l retiring frnmall
further public business. But his favorite measure,
the reduction of Fort Duquesne. was at length to
be undertaken, and. after much disajifMiintment
and delav, Washington, on 25 Nov.. 175H, was
privilegeil to "march in and plant the British flag
on the yet smoking ruins " of that fort — henceforth
to be linown as Fort Pitt, in honor of the great
minister of England, afterward Lord Chatham.
Meantime NNashington had chance<l to meet on
his way to Williamsburg, at the house of a hos-
pitable Virginian with whom he dininl. a charming
widow, who at once won his heart. Most happily
he soon succeeded in winning hers also, and oh
6 Jan., 1759, she became his wife. Martha Cus-
tis. daughter of John Dandridge and widow of
John Parke Custis, was henceforth to !« known
in history as Martha Washington. He had now
finally resigned his commission as a colonial offi-
cer, and was prejiaring to ejijoy something of
the retirement of private life. Hut while he was
still al)sent on his last campaign he had U-en
chosen a delegate to the Virginia house of bur-
gesses, and he had hardly establishe<l him-H^lf at
Slount Vernon, a few months after his nuirriage.
when he was summoneil to attend a session of that
bo<ly at Williamsburg. He was not allowinl, how-
ever, to enter unoljserved on his civil career. No
sooner did he make his apf^arance than the spi>aker,
agreeably to a previous vote of the house, present-
ed their thanks to him, in the name of the colony,
for the distinguishe<l military service he had ren-
dere<l to his cotmtry, accompanying the vote of
thanks with expressions of compliment and praise
which greatlv embarras-MMl him. He attempted to
make his acl(nowk>dgnients. but stammered and
trembled and "c-ould not give distinct utterance
to a single syllable." "Sit down, Mr. Washing-
ton," said the speaker, with infinite atldress ; " your
modraty equals your valor, and that surpasses the
power of any language I possess."
Fourteen or flftwn years more ela|)sed before
the great struggle for American inde|>endence
)N>gan. and during all this time he continue<l to
Ih* a memlxT of the house of burgesses. He was
punctual in his attendance at all their .>iessions.
which were conunonly at least two in a year, an<I
took an eaniest interest in all that was saitl and
done, but " it is not known," says Stmrks, " that he
ever nuule a s«»t sfHtfli or entercii into a stonuy
delMte." He had a ]>assion for agricultural pur-
suits. He delighted in his quiet rural life at
Mount Venion with his wife and her children —
he hatl none of his own — finding abundant occu-
S tat ion in the management of his farms, and abun-
lant enjoyment in huiiting and fishing with the
fenial friends and relatives in his ncighUirhood.
le was vestrynmn of two |>arishes, n-gular in his
attendance at one or the other of the ikan>chial
chuwhes. at Alexamlria or at Pohick. ami l<oth he
and his wife wen' communicants. Meauliine be
376
WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON
was always at the service of his friends or the com-
munity for any aid or counsel that he could render
them.' He was often called on to he an arbitra-
tor, and his judgment and impartiality were never
questioned. As a commissioner for settling the
military jiccounts of the colony, after the treaty of
peace of 1763, he spared himself no labor in the
execution of a most artluous and complicated task.
In a word, he was a good citizen, an exemplary
Christian, a devoted father, a kind master to the
slaves who had come to him by inheritAnce or mar-
riage, and was respected and beloved by all.
At length, at forty-three years of age. he was
calletl upon to begin a career that closed only with
his life, during which he held the highest and most
responsible m)sitions in war and in peace, and ren-
dered inestimable services to his country and to
mankind. To follow that career in detail would
require nothing le^ than a history of the United
States for the next five-and-twenty years. Wash-
ington was naturally of a cautious and conserva-
tive cast, and by no means disposed for a rupture
with the mother country, if it could be avoided
without the sacrifice of rights and principles. But
as the various stages of British aggression succeed-
ed each other, beginning with the stamp-act, the
repeal of which he hailed with delight, and fol-
lowed by the tea tax and the Boston port bill, he
became keenly alive to the danger of submission,
and wjis ready to imite in measures of remon-
strance, opposition, and ultimately of resistance.
When he lieard at Williamsburg, in August, 1773,
of the sufTerings resulting from the port bill, he is
said to have exclaimed, impulsively : " I will raise a
thousand men. subsist them at my own expense,
and inarch with them, at their head, for the relief
of Boston." lie little dreamed at that moment
that within two years he was destined to be hailed
as the deliverer of Boston from British occu-
pation. He accepted an election as a delegate to
the 1st Continental congress in 1774, and went
to the meeting at Philadelphia in September of
that year, in company with Patrick Henry and Ed-
mund Pendleton, who called for him at Mount
Vernon on horseback. That congress sat in Car-
penter's Hall with closed doors, but the great pa-
pers that it prepared and issued form a proud
part of American history. Those were the papers
and that the congress of which Chatham in the
house of lords, in his memorable speech on the re-
moval of troops from Boston, 20 Jan., 1775, said :
" When your lordships look at the papers trans-
mit tetl to us from America, when you consider
their decency, firmness, and wisdom, you cannot
but respect their cause, and wish to make it your
own. For my-
self, I must de-
clare and avow
that in all my
reading and
(iljservation —
and it has been
my favorite
study — I have
read Thucydi-
des. and Have
studied and
admired the^
niaster states'
of the world —
that for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity,
and wisdom of conclusion, under such a complica-
tion of difHcult circumstances, no nation or body
of men can stand in preference to the general con-
gress at Philadelphia-'" The precise part taken by
Washington within the closed doors of Carpenter's
Hall is nowhere recorded, but the testimony of one
of its most distinguished members cannot 1x5 for-
gotten. When Patrick Henry returned home from
the meeting, and was asked whom he considered the
greatest man in that congress, he replied: "If you
speak of ekxjuencc, Mr. Ttutledge, of South Caro-
hna, is by far the greatest orator; but if you speak
of solid information and sound judgment, CoL
Washington is unquestionably the greatest man
on that floor." It is an interesting tradition that,
during the prayers with which Dr. Duche opened
that meeting at Carpenter's Hall on 5 Sept., 1774,
while most of the other members were standing,
Washington was kneeling.
He was again a delegate to the Continental con-
gress (the 2a) that assembled at Philadelphia on 10
May, 1775, by which, on the 15th of June, on the
motion of Thomas Johnson, a delegate of Mary-
land, at the earnest instigation of John Adams,
of Massachusetts, he was unanimously elected
commander-in-chief of all the Continental forces
raised, or to be raised, for the defence of American
liberty. On the next morning he accepted the ap-
pointment and expressed his deep and grateful
sense of the high honor conferred upon him, " but,"
added he, " lest some unlucky event should happen,
unfavorable to my reputation, I beg it may be re-
membered by every gentleman in the room that I
this day declare, with the utmost sincerity, that I
do not think myself equal to the command 1 am
honored with." *' As to pay," he continued, " I beg
leave to assure the congress that, as no pecuniary
consideration could have tempted me to accept
this arduous employment, at the expense of my
domestic ease antl happiness, I do not wi.sh to make
any profit of it. I will keep an exact account of
my expenses. Those I doubt not they will dis-
charge, and that is all I desire." "You may be-
lieve me," he wrote to his wife at once, " when 1
assure you, in the most solemn manner, that so far
from seeking this appointment, I have used every
endeavor in my power to avoid it, not only from
my unwillingness to part with yoii and the family,
but from a consciousness of its being a trust too
great for my capacity." Washington's commission
was agreed to by congress on 17 June, and on the 21st
he set out from Philadelphia on horseback to take
command of the American army encamped around
Boston, of which place the British forces Were in
Ctossession. The tidings of the battle of Bunker
lill reached him at New York on the 25th, and
the next day he was in the saddle again on his way
to Cambridge. He arrived there on 2 July, and es-
tablished his headquarters in the old Vassall (after-
ward Craigie) mansion, which has recently been
known as the residence of the poet Longfellow.
On 3 July he took formal command of the army,
drawing his sword under an ancient elm. which
has of late years been suitably inscribed. The
American army numbered about 17.000 men, but
only 14.500 were fit for duty. Coming hastily
from different colonies, they were without supplies
of tents or clothing, and there was not ammunition
enough for nine cartridges to a man. Washington's
work in combining and organizing this mass of
raw troops was most embarrassing and arduous.
But he persevered untiringly, and. after a siege of
eight months, succeeded in driving the British
from Boston on 17 March, 1775. For this grand
exploit congress awarded him a splendid gold
medal, which l)ore an admirable likeness of him on
one side, and on the other side the inscription
" Hostibus primo fugatis Bostonium recuperatum."
Copies of this medal in silver and bronze have
WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON
8T7
been mnltipliwl. but tlio oriffiiiMl J^>I(1 itichIaI has
foiiml H ih jiliuT. within h lew u-urs |>ujtt, in the
Ii<)st4tii pultlit; library.
The way was now o|»one(l. and the 8c«fie of the
war was »tH>u transffrrwl t4> otiier fmrts of the coun-
try. Th«> (lay ufttT the fvaciialion of lioston, five
ngiiuent9, with a battalion of ritleincn ami two
companies of ur-
tiileiT.weresent
to New Yorlc.
But. as the Brit-
ish fleet was !<till
in XantAslcot
n>nd. Wash in jj-
t on (lid not ven-
ture to move
Mioi-o of his
army, or to go
away himself,
until the risk of
a return was
over. On 13
April he reached
New Yorlc, and
was soon sum-
nioned to Phil-
adelphia for a
conference with
conjfpess. On his return to New Yorlc, while he was
anxiously awaiting an attack by the liritish forces,
the Declanition of Independence, signini on 4 July,
was tmnsinitted to him. Tlie regiments were forth-
with para<led, and the Declaration was read at the
head of the army. ** The general hojtes," .'said he in
the orders of tlie day, " that this important event
will serve as a fresh mcentive to every officer and
soldier to act with fidelity and courage, as ktiowing
that now the peace and safety of his country de-
|»i»nd, umler (io<l. solely on the success of our arms.''
lo hailed the Declaration with delight, and had
written to his brother, from Phi4«4lelpliia. that lie
was rejoiced at "the noble act" of the Virginia
convention, recommending that such a declaration
should Ix- adopted. But his little army, acconling
to the returns of 5 Aug. following, hardly num-
lH*red more than 20.000 men, of whom six or seven
thousantl were sick or on furlough or otherwise alv
sent, while the British forces were at least 24,000.
supported l)y a large and thoroughly equip|HHl
"- * The l>attle of I»ng Island S4M>n followed.
' grand consummation wa.H at last reached at York-
[ town, on 1» Oct., 17«l. Tiieri'. with the aid of our
I gvnentUH and gallant allies, he achieve<i the crown-
fleet.
with disastmus results to the Americans, and the
British took possession of New York. Other re-
verses were not long delaye«l. and the strategy of
Washington found its exhibition only in his skilful
relreat from Long Island an<l through the Jerseys.
But he was not «lishe«rtened. nor his i-onfldence in
ultimate success impaircHl. When aske«l what was
to l)e done if Philadelphia wen« taken, he replie<l :
"We will retreat Ijcyond the Susquehanna, and
thence, if necessary, to the Alleghany mountains."
His masterly movement's on the Delaware were
now witnesstnl, which Fre<lerick the Great is said
to have declared "the most brilliant achievements
rei'orrled in military annals." " Many years later."
Mr. Ijossing informs jis in his inten>sting volume
on Mount Vernon and its itsstK-iat ions, "the great
Fn^derick sent him a |)ortmil of himself, accompa-
nied bv the reinarkalile wonls: 'From the oldest
general in P^iro|)e to the greatest general in the
world!'" Mejintime he hi^ a vast work to ac-
complish with entirely inader|uat« means. But he
went along with heroic fortitude, unswerving con-
stancy, and unsimring self-<levotion. through all
the trials and sulterings of Monmouth ami Brandy-
wine and Germantuwn and Valley Forgei until the
nig victory of indeix-ndence on the soil of his lic-
lovwl Virginia. /
The details of this protracted contest must Iw
loft to history, as well as the infamous ealial for
im{jeaching his ability and depriving him of hi<
command (see Conway. Thomas), and the still
more infamous treason of Amohl, in SeptemlnT,
17H0 (see Arnold, Bknedkt). Standing on the
field of Yorktown, to receive the surrender of
Ijord Comwallis and the British army, Washing-
ton was at length rewarde<l for all the labors and
sacrifices and disapfxiintments he had so bravely
endure<l sinfv his first great victory in exttelling
the British from I^)sion nearly seven years wfore.
Massachusetts and Virginia were thus the scenes of
his proudest successes, as they had been foremost
in bringing to a test the great issue of American
independence and American lilterty. The glon-
ous consummation was at last accomplished. But
two years more were to elapse liefore the treaty of
peace was signed and the war with Kngland ende«l ;
and during that period Washington was to give
most signal illustration of his disintereste<l patriot-
ism and of his political wis«lom and foresignt.
Discontents had for s<>tne time iieen manifested
l)y officers and soldiers alike, owing to arrearages
of pav, and they were naturally increased i)y the
apprehension that the army would now lx>dL«ibanded
without pro[)er provision being made by congress
for meeting the just claims of the troops. Not a
few of the ofilcers began to distrust the efliciency
of the government and of all repulilican institu-
tions. One of them, "a colonel of the army, of a
highly respectable character and somewhat ad vance<I
in life," whose name is given by Irving as licwis
Nicola, was put forward to communicate these
sentiments to Washington, and he even dared to
suggest for him the title of king. Washington's
reply, dated Newburg. 22 May, 1782, expressed I ho
indignation and "abhorrence" with which he had
received such a suggestion, and rebuked the writer
with severity. " I am at a loss to conceive," wrote
he, " what part of my conduct could have given
encouragement to an address which to me seems
big with the greatest mischiefs that can Itefall my
country. If I am not deceived in the knowle<Ige
of myself, you could not have ft)und a person to
whom your schemes aro more disagreeable. . . .
Ijct me conjure you, then, if you have any regard
for your country, concern for yourself or posterity,
or res|)ect for me, to banish these thouglits from
your mind, and never communicate, from yourself
or any one else, a sentiment of the like nature.'*
Nothing more was ever heanl of making Washing-
ton a king. He had sulliciently shown his scorn
for such an overture.
The apprehensions of the army, however, were by
no means quieted. A memorial on the subject of
their |>ay was pre|>arixl and transmitted to congress
in I)eceml»er, 1782, but the resolutions that con-
gress adoptetl did not satisfy their expectations.
A me«'tingof of!ict»rs was arrangeil. and anonymous
addresses, commonly known as the Xewburg ad-
dresses, were issued, to r«ni«ie the army to n«sent-
ment. Washington insisted on attending the meet-
ing, and tielivered an impressive address. Gen.
Gates was in the chair, ami Washington began by
afMilogizing for having come. After reading the
first imragrnph of what he ha*! pre|>attHl. he U-gged
the indulgence of thosi- present while he ttaustnl to
put on his s|M><-tacles, saying, casually, out most
tou^hingly, that "he had gn»wn gray in tlje service
378
WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON
of his country, and now found himself growing
blind." He then proceeded to read u most forcible
and noble pajier, in which, after acknowledging the
just claims of the army on the government, and as-
suring them that those claims would not be disre-
garded, he conjured them " to express their utmost
horror and detestation of the man who wishes,
under any specious pretences, to overturn the liber-
ties of our country, and who wickedly attempts to
open the floodgates of civil discord and ueluge
our rising empire in blood." The original auto-
graph of this ever-memorable address, just as it
came from Washington's own jjen. is in the archives
of the Massachusetts historical society, and a litho-
graphed copy was published by them, together
with the letters of eye-witnesses to the scene, as a
contribution to the centennial papers of 1870.
Washington retired at once from the meeting, but
resolutions were forthwith unanimously adopted,
on motion of Gen. Knox, seconded by Gen. Put-
nam, reciprocating all his affectionate expressions,
and concurring entirely in the policy he had pro-
posed. " Every doubt was dispelled," says Maj.
Shaw in his journal, "and the tide of patriot-
ism rolled again in its wonted course. The
treaty of pcjvce was signed in Paris on 20 Jan.,
1783. On 17 April following, a proclamation by
congress was received by Washington for the cessa
tion of hostilities. On 19 April, the anniversary
of the shed-
:-:i*^.r^;w ding of the
ij^. '. ■ *^ r, J^" first blood
>^ *• .,; 4*^ '. ,. at Lexington,
which com-
pleted the
eighth year of
the war, the
cessation was
proclaimed at
the head of
every regi-
ment of the
army, after
which, said
Washington's general orders, "the chaplains of
the several brigades will render thanks to Almighty
God for all his mercies, particularly for his over-
ruling the wrath of man to his own glory, and caus-
ing the rage of war to cease among the nations."
On the following 8th of June, in view of the disso-
lution of the army, Washington addressed a letter to
the governors of the several states — a letter full of
golden maxims and consummate wisdom. "The
freat object," he began, "for which I had the
onor to hold an appointment in the service of my
country being accomplished, I am now preparing
to return to that domestic retirement which, it is
well known, I left with the greatest reluctance — a
retirement for which I have never ceased to sigh
through a long and painful absence, and in whicli.
remote from the noise and trouble of the world, I
meditate to p»iss the remainder of my life in a state
of undisturbed repose." Then, after remarking
that "this is the favorable moment for giving such
a tone to the Federal government as will enable it
to answer the ends of its institution," he proceeded
to set forth and enlarge up<in the four things
that he conceived to be essential to the well-being,
or even the existence, of the United States as an
independent power: "First, an indissoluble union
of the states under one federal head ; second, a
sacred regard to public justice ; third, the atloption
of a proper j)eace establishment ; and, fourth, the
prevalence of that pacific and friendly disposition
among the people of the United States which will
induce them to forget their local prejudices and
policies, to make those mutual concessions which
are requisite to the general prosperity, and, in some
instances, to sacrifice their individual advantages to
the interest of the community. These are the pil-
lars," said he, "on which the glorious fabric of our
independency and national character must rest."
Washington took final leave of the army in
general ordei-s of 2 Nov., in accordance with a
proclamation by congress of 18 Oct. He accom-
panied Gov. (Jlinton in a formal entry into New
York, after its evacuation by the British, on 25
Nov. On 4 Dec, after taking affectionate leave
of his principal officers at Fraunce's tavern, he set
off for Annapolis, and there, on 23 Dec., 1783, he
presented himself to " the United States in congress
assembled," and resigned the commission that he
had received on 17 June, 1775. " Having now fin-
ished," said he, " the work assigned me, I retire
from the great theatre of action, and, bidding an
affectionate farewell to this august body, under
whose orders I have long acted, I here offer ray
commission, and t-ake my leave of all the employ-
ments of public life." "You retire," replied tfid
president of congress, " from the theatre of action
with the blessings of your fellow-citizens ; but the
glory of your virtues will not terminate with your
military command: it will continue to animate re-
motest ages." The very next morning, Irving tells
us, Washington left Annapolis, and " hastened to
his beloved Mount Vernon, where he arrived the
same day, on Christmas eve. in a frame of mind
suited to enjoy the sacred and genial festival."
Once more, at the close of the fifty-second year
of his age, Washington was permitted to resume
his favorite occupations of a farmer and planter,
and to devote himself personally to his crops and
cattle. Indeed, throughout his whole military
campaign, he had kept himself informed of what
was going on in the way of agriculture at Mount
Vernon, and had given careful directions as to
the cultivation of his lands. His correspondence
now engrossed not a little of his time, and he was
frequently cheered by the visits of his friends.
Lafayette was among his most welcome guests, and
passed a fortnight with him, to his great delight. '
Afterward Washington made a visit to his lands
on the Kanawha and Ohio rivers, travelling on
horseback, with his friend and physician, Dr. CSraik,
nearly seven hundred miles, through a wild, moun-
tainous country, and devising schemes of internal
navigation for the advantage of Virginia and
Maryland. His passion for hunting, also, was re-
vive(i, and" Lafayette and others of the French offi-
cers sent him out fine hounds from their kennels.
But the condition of his country was never ab-
sent from his thoughts, and the insufficiency of
the existing confederation weighed heavily on his
mind. In one of his letters he writes: "The con-
federation appears to me little more than a shadow
without the substance, and congress a migratory
body." In another letter he says: "I have ever
been a friend to adequate powers in congress, with-
out which it is evident to me we shall never estab-
lish a national character. . . . We are either a
united people under one head and for federal pur-
poses, or we are thirteen independent sovereignties,
eternally counteracting each other." In another
letter, to John Jay, he uses still more emphatic
language : '' I do not conceive we can exist long as
a nation without lodging somewhere a power which
will pervade the whole Union in as energetic a
manner as the authority of the state governments
extends over the several states. . . . Retired as I
am from the world, I frankly acknowledge 1 can-
WASHINGTON
WASniNOTON
879
not fool mvHolf an unconoomwl upootator. Yot,
huvin;; hsppily a^sistetl in brinf^iii); the Hhip into
pt»rt. an<l Imvirij; Ihm'm fairly tliwharjfiMl, it is not
inv liiisiiipsstofmbark af;ainnn the sea of troubles."
Meantime the insnrriHJtion in MaHsaehusetts. e<jin-
nionly known iw "Shays's rebelli<)n," mldiHl gn>atly
to hi>* anxietvaml even anguish of iniml. In a
letter to Ma<lis4)n of 6 Nov., 1780. he exclainie«l :
" No nu)ni eviT dawnwl more favorably than ours
(lid, atiil no (lay was ever more clouilt^^l than the
pn>s«'nt. . . . Wo are fiust ver^'ing to anarchy and
confusion." Soon afterwanl he |Knired out the
bitterness of his soul to his old aide-de-camp. Gen.
Humphreys, in still strt>nfrer terms: "What, gra-
cious Q(h1! is man, that there should l» such in-
consistency and {Mjrfldiousness in his conduct t It
was but the other day that we were shetlding our
bIoo<l to obtain the constitutions under which we
now live — constitutions of our own choice and
making — and now we are unsheathing the sword
to overturn them," lie was thus in full sympathy
with the efTi>rts of his friends to confer new and
greater fwwers on the Fwleral government, and he
vieldetl to their earnest solicitations in consenting to
bo nametl at the hea<l of the Virginia delegiites to the
convention in Philmlelphiaon 14 May, 17H7. Of that
ever-memorablo convention he was unanimously
electwl president. and on the following 17th of So|)-
tcralier ne had the supreme satisfaction of a<ldrcss-
ing a letter to congress announcing the adoption of
the constitution of the United States, which had
been signed on that day. " In all our delibera-
tions on this subject," he said in that letter,
" wo kept steadily in our view that which appears
to us the greatest interest of eveiy true Ameri-
can— the consoliilation of our Union — in which
is involved our pros|)erity, felicitv, safety, and
I)erhai>3 our national existence." This constitu-
tion iiaving passed the ortleal of congress and
been ratified and adopted by the people, through
the conventions of the states, nothing remained
but to organize the government in conformity with
iL« i)rovisions. As early as 2 July, 1788, congress
had Ix'en notifie<l that the necessary approval of
nine states had been obtHine<l, but not until 13
Sept. was a day ap|M)inte<l for the choice of electors
of president. That day was the first Wednesday
of the following January, while the l)e^nning
of procet-dings under the new constitution was
jK)st|M»ned until the first Wedncstlay of March,
which chanced in that year to l-e the 4th of March.
Not, however, until 1 April was there a quorum
for business in the house of representatives, and
not until 6 April w<ls the senate organi;!ed. On
that day, in the presence of the two houses, the
votes for president and vice-president were opened
and counte<l, when Washington, having receive<I
every vote from the ten states that t(K)k part in
the election, was dec-Ian-*! pr«»sident of the Vnited
States. (.)n 14 April he n'<^-«'ived at Mount Vernon
the official ann«>uncement of his election, and on
the morning of the 10th he set out for New York.
*• I{*'luctant." a-s he sai«l. " in the evening of life to
exchange a peaceful al)o<le for an ocean of difficul-
ties." he bravely adde<l : " lie the vojiige long or
short, although I may lie deserte<l by all men.
integrity and. firmness shall never forsake me."
Weil dfiios liancroft exclaim, after recounting these
details in his" Historyof the Constitution": " Hut
for him the country could not have atrhieve*! its
inde|H>ndence ; but for him it could not have
formetl its Union ; and now but for him it could
not set the government in successful motion."
Reaching New York on the 23<I, after a continu-
ous triumphal journey through Alexandria, Balti-
more. Wilmington, Philadelphia, and Trenton, he
was welcomcii by the tw<» hou<M>s of congrcMi. by
the governor of the state, the magistratiw of tlie
city, and by gn-at n;nsH"« «if the iH>ople. The city
was illuminattnl in his honor, liut he proceetleil
on f(Mit frf>m the lutrge that had brought him
across the l«y t<» the house of the pr«i>idcnt «if the
late confe<leration. which had U-en ap|Miiiit<-d for
his residence. John Adams had been installed in
the chair of the s«'nate. as vice-pn-^ident of the
United Slates, on 21 April, but i'ongn'ss could not
get n»atly for the inauguration of the president
until the' 30th. <>n that day the oath of ofllcc waa
administere<l to Wa.«hington by Robert R. Living-
ston, chancellor of the state of New York, in the
presence of the two hous<*s of congress, on a Iml-
conv in front of the hall in which congress held ita
sittings, where a statue has rwently U-en |»Ince<l.
Washington then retired to the senate-<-hanilM>r
and delivered his inaugural address. "It would
be petMiliarly improper to omit," said he. "in this
first oflUcial act. mv fervent supplications to that
Almighty Being wlho rules over the universe, who
S resides in the councils of nations. an«l whf>se provi-
ential aids can supply every hun)an defec-t — that
his bene<liction may consecrate to the lilierties and
happiness of the |>eopIe of the United State* a gov-
ernment instituted by theins<'lves. ... No [H-ople
Ciin l)e bound to acknowle<lge the invisible hand
which conducts the affairs of man more than the
people of the Unite<l States. Kvery step by which
they have advancetl to the character of an inde-
pendent nation seems to have l>een distinguished
by some token of providential agency. . . . These
reflections, arising out of the present crisi.s, have
forced themselves to«i strongly on my mind to l»e
suppressed. You will join w'ith me. I trust, in
thinking that there are none uiuler the influence
of which the proceedings «>f a new and free gov-
ernment can more auspiciously commence." In
accordance with those wntiments. at the clo!»e of
the ceremony. Wa^hington an«l Inilh branches of
congress were escort*^! to St. Paul's cha|H'l. at the
corner of Broadway and Fulton strict, when* the
chaplain of the senate read prayers suite<l to the
mrcasion, after which they all attende<l the presi-
dent to his mansion near Franklin scjuare.
Thus began the administration of Washington,
as first presi<lent of the Unitinl States, on 30
April. 1789. This is a
date never to Ix* for- ,,.- v^.^
gotten in American
history, and it would
be uwsi happy if the
30th of April could l)e
8ul)stitutedforthe4th
of March as the in-
atigurat ion-day of t he
second tvnturyof our
constitutional exist-
ence. It would add
two months to the too
short second session
of congress, give a
prolmbility of propi-
tious weather for the
ceremony, ami lie a
peqn'tual commemo-
ration of the (lay on
which Washington en-
tennl uyton his great
ofllce, and our nation-
al government was practically organize*!. ,\n
amentlment to thei^mstitntion making this chanp
has twice been formally proiKis^-d and has {MaH>d the
A
380
WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON
jr'^-^l
U. S. senate, but has failed of adoption in the house
of representatives. Prom first to last, Washington's
influence in conciliating all differences of opinion in
regard to the
rightful inter-
pretation and
execution of
the new con-
stitution was
most eflfeotive.
The recently
printed jour-
nal of William
Maclay, a sena-
tor from Penn-
sylvania in the
1st congress,
says, in allu-
sion to some
early contro-
versies : " The
president'sam-
lable defwrt-
ment.however,
smoothes and
sweetens everything." Count Moustier, the French
minist<>r. in writing home to his government, five
weeks after the inauguration, says : " The opinion
of Gen. Washington was of such weight that it
alone contributed more than any other measure to
cause the present constitution to be adopted. The
extreme confidence in his patriotism, his integrity,
and his intelligence, forms to-day its principal
support. . . . All is hushed in presence of the trust
of the people in the saviour of the country." Wash-
ington had to confront not a few of the same per-
plexities that all his successors have experienced
in a still greater degree in- regard to appoint-
ments to office. But at the earliest moment he
adopted rules and principles on this subject which
mignt well be commended to presidents and gov-
ernors in later days. In a letter to his friend.
James Bowdoin, of Massachusetts, bearing date 9
May, 1789, less than six weeks after his inaugura-
tion, he used language that might fitly serve as
an introduction to the civil-service reform manual
of the present hour. " No part of my duty," he
says, " will be more delicate, and in many instances
more unpleasing, than that of nominating or ap-
pointing persons to office. It will undoubtedly
often happen that there will be several candidates
for the same office, whose pretensions, ability, and
integrity may be nearly equal, and who will come
forward so equally supported in every respect as
almost to require the aid of supernatural intuition
to fix upon the right. I shall, however, in all
events, have the satisfaction to reflect that 1 en-
tered upon my administration unconfined by a
single engaf,einent, uninfluenced by any ties of
blood or friendship, and with the best intentions
and fullest determination to nominate to office
those persons only who, upon every consideration,
were the most deserving, and who would probably
execute their several functions to the interest and
credit of the American Union, if such characters
could be found by my exploring every avenue of
information respecting their merits and pretensions
that it was in my power to obtain." Appointing
Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, as his secretary of
state; Alexander Hamilton, of New York, as his
secretary of the treasury : and Henry Knox, of
Massachusetts, as his secretary of war, lie jjrave
dear indication at the outset that no sectional in-
terests or prejudices were to control or shape his
policy. Under Jefferson, the foreign affairs of the
country were administered with great discretion
and ability. Under Hamilton, the financial af-
fairs of the country were extricated from the con-
fusion and chaos into which they had fallen, and
the national credit estAblished on a firm basis.
The preamble of the very first revenue bill, signed
by Washington on 4 July, 1789, was a notable ex-
pression of the views entertained in regard to the
powers and duties of the new government in the
regulation of trade and the laying and collect-
ing of taxes : " Whereas, it is necessary for the
support of government, for the discharge of the
deots of the United States, and the encouragement
and protection of manufacturers, that duties be
laid on goods, wares, and merchandise imported,
Be it enacted, etc." The incorporation of a na-
tional bank and kindred measures of the highest
interest soon followed. The supreme court of the
United States was organized with John Jay as its
first chief justice. Important amendments to the
constitution were framed and recommended to the
states for adoption, and congress continued in ses-
sion till the close of September.
But in the course of the summer Washington
had a severe illness, and for some days his life
was thought to be in danger. Confined to his
bed for six weeks, it was more than twelve weeks
before he was restoretl. With a view to the re-
establishment of his health, as well as for seeing
the country, he then set off on a tour to the east-
ern states, and visited Boston, Portsmouth, New
Haven, and other places. He was welcomed everj'-
where with unlwunded enthusiasm. No " royal
progress " in any country ever equalled this tour
in its demonstrations of veneration and affection.
A similar tour with the same manifestations was
made by him in the southern states the next
year. As the four years of his first term drew
to an end, he was seriously inclined to withdraw
from further public service, but Jefferson and
Hamilton alike, with all their respective follow-
ers, while they differed widely on so many other
matters, were of one mind in earnestly remon-
strating against Washington's retirement. •' The
confidence of the whole country," wrote Jeffer-
son, "is centred in you. . . . North and south
will hang together if they have you to hang on."
"It is clear,' wrote Hamilton, "that if you con-
tinue in office nothing materially mischievous is
to be apprehended ; if you quit, much is to be
dreaded. ... I trust, and I pray God. that you
will determine to make a further sacrifice of your
tranquillity and happiness to the public good."
Washington could not find it in his heart to resist
such appeals, and allowed himself to be again a
candidate. He was chosen unanimously by the
electoi"s, and took the oath of office again on 4
March, 1793. He had but just entered on this sec-
ond term of the presidency when the news reached
him that France nad declared war against England
and Holland. He lost no time in announcing his
purpose to maintain a strict neutrality toward the
tK'lligerent powers, and this policy was unani-
mously sustained by his cjjbinet. His famous
proclamation of neutrality was accordingly issued
on 22 April, and soon became the subject of violent
partisan controversy throughout the Uhion. It
gave occasion to the masterly essays of Hamilton
and Madison, under the signatures of " Pacificus "
and " Ilelvidius," and contributed more than any-
thing else, perhaps, to the original formation of
the Federal and Republican parties. The wis<lom
of Washington was abundantly justified by the
progress of events, but he did not escape the as-
saults of partisan bitterness. Mr. Jay, still chief
WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON
881
justice. wi»s sent to Kii);1hiu1 iw minister early in I
17U4. and his nicmomble tffalv wU\n\ fuel to the |
flume. Meantime a Ux on «listilie<l npirits ha*!
ennuinteriHl much oniNwitiim in varioiw j>arti» of i
the country. an<l in Aujrust. 1794. was fon-ildy re- |
sistctl ami' <U-tti'<l »>y a lrtr>;e ImkIv of armed insur- j
p'lits in the western counties of Pennsylvania, i
NViishinjjton issued a prtn-lamation callinj; out the
militia of the neijjIiltorinK stales, and left h«)me to
cmss the mountains and lead the trtK>ps in jn-rson.
Hut the insurnn-tion hap|)ily suctiumUtl at hU |
ap|)roach, and his presence Wcame unnwessary.
The arrogant and offensive conduct of the French
minister. M. Genet, irn'ooncilnhle dissensinns in
the cahinet, and renewe<l ablations and {K)pular
dis«^)ntents prowinjf out of the Jay treaty, (rave
Washinjiton no little trouble in these latter years of
his julininistmtion, and ho looke<l forward with
eap^rness to a release from ofllcial can»s. Having
njade up his mind unchangeahly todtfline another
election as president, he thought it fit toannoimee
that decision in the most formal manner. He had
consulte<l Madison at the close of his first term in
regiird to an jwldress declining a second elwtion.
He now sought the advice and counsel of Alexan-
der Hamilton, no longer a member of the cabinet,
and the farewell address was prepared and pub-
lishwl nearly six months l)eforo his ofllcial term
had expiriMl. That immortal paper has often been
printed with the date of 17 Sept., 1790. and s|>ccial
interest has l)cen expressed in the coincidence of
the date of the adilress with the date of the adop-
tion of the constitution of the United States. But,
as rt matter of fact, the address Invars date 19 Sept.,
1790, as mav be set^n in the autograph original
now in the fienox library, New York. Mr. James
Lenox purchased that nrecious original from the
family of the nrinler ('layp<x»le, by whom it was
publishe<l in Philadelphia,' and to whom the manu-
script, wholly in Washington's handwriting, with
all its interlineations, corrections, and erasures,
was given bv Washingt(m himself.
On the following 4th of March, Washington was
present at the inauguration of his successor, John
Adams, and soon afterward went with his family
to Mount Vernon, to resume his agricultural <k'-
cupations. Serious difTiculties with France, were
soon deveIo[H,Ml, and war InM-ame imminent. A
provisional army was authorized by congress to
meet the exigency, and all eyes were again turned
towanl Washington as its lca<ler. Pn'si<lent Adams
wrote to him: '• We must have your name, if you
will jwrmit us to use
it. There will be more
efficacy in it than in
many an army." Ham-
ilton urgwl him to
make "this further,
this verv great sacri-
fice." And thus, on 8
July. 17SW. Washing-
ton, yielding to the
entreaty of friends
and a sense of duty to
his country, was onco
more commissioned as
" Lieutenant - (ieneral
and (.'ommander-in-
chief of all the armies
rained, or to be raise«l,
in the United States." The organization and ar-
rangement of this new army now engrosse<l his at-
tention. Dwply impressed with the great r»>s|Mmsi-
bility that ha<l 'l>een thrust u|)on him. ami having
selected Alexander Hamilton as his chief of staff, to
the nerious disapixiintment of his old friend. Gen.
Knox, he entered at onc<' int4i the minutest detaiU
of the prefHiration for war, with all the energy and
zeal of his earlier days. Most hap|>ily this war with
our late gallant ally was averted. Wa^hing1on.
however, dicl not live to receive the af^urance of a
n»sult that he S4» earnestly d«*sir«<l. Hidine over his
farms, on 12 Dec. to give directions to trie mana-
gers of his estat4'. he was overtaken by showen* of
rain ami sleet, and n-turned home wet and chilled.
The next day hesuffertnl from a hf>aiy«', Kire thrr>at,
followinl by an ague at night. His old physi<-ian
and surgeon. Dr. Craik, who had iM'en with him in
|N>ace and in war, was summoncil from Alexandria
the next morning, and two other physicians were
calltnl into consultation during the dav. At four
o'cl«x;k in the afternoon he re«ju<'s*ted his wife, who
was constantly at his bedt^ide, to bring him two
papers from his study, one of which he gave l>ack
to her as his will. At six o'clm-k he said to the
three physicians around him: "I feel myself go-
ing; I tliank you for your attentions, but 1 pray
you to take no more trouble about Die." He had
previously said to Dr. Craik : " 1 die hard, but 1
am not afraid
to go." Alx)ut
ten o'clock
he succeeded
with difficul-
ty in giving
some direc-
tions almut
his funeral
to Mr. Lear,
his secretary,
and on Mr.
Lear's assur-
ing him that
he was iindcr-
stixxl. he uttered his la«t wonls : " It is well." And
thus. I)etween ten and eleven o'clock on Saturday
night. 14 Dn\, 1799, the end came, and his spirit
retume<l to God who gave it. The funeral took
place on the 18th. Such troops as were in the
neighborhood formed the escort of the little proces-
sion ; the teneral's favorite hon-e w as led behmd the
bier, the Freemasons performed their ceremonies,
the Rev. Thomas Davis read the service and made
a brief address, a schooner lying in the Potomac
flre<l minute-guns, the relatives and friends within
reach, including Lord Fairfax and the corporation
of Alexandria, were in attendance, and tne bo<ly
was deposited in the vault at Mount Venion. At
Mount V'enion it has remained to this day. Vir-
ginia would never consent to its removal to the
stately vault prepared for it beneath the capitol at
Washington. Congress was in Mission at Pliiladel-
phia.and the startling news of Washington's death
only reached there on the ilay of his funeral. The
next morning John Marshall, then a representative
from Virginia, afterwanl for thirtv-four years chief
justice of the 8Uj)reme court of tlie I'nitetl State*,
announced the death in the house of representa-
tives, concluding a short but admirable tribute to
his illustrif'Us friend with resolutions iin>t>ared by
Richard Henry I/ih", which coiitaine*! the grand
words that have ever since U>cn assm-iate*! with
Washington : " First in war. first in (H>ace. ami first
in the hearts of his fellow-citizens," (Jen. I^e pn>-
nounceil a eulogy, by onler «>f l»oth houses of con-
gress, on 20 De«'., in which he ehange«l the last wortl
of his own famous phrase to "countrymen," and it
is so given in the eulogy as nublishetl by congress.
Meantime congn«ss a<lopte<l a res<ilution recom-
mending to the jH-oplo of thf I'liited States toaa-
382
WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON
semble on the following 22(1 of February, in such
manner as should l)e convenient, to testify publicly
by eulogies, omtions, ami discourses, or by public
prayers, their grief for the death of George Wash-
ington. In conformity with this recommendation,
eulogies or sermons were delivered, or exercises of
some sort held, in almost every city, town, village,
or hamlet throughout the land. Such was the first
observance of Washington's birthday ; — thence-
forth to be a national holiday. But not in our
own land only was his death commemorated. Na-
poleon Bonaparte, then first consul, announced it
to the army of France, and ordered all the stand-
ards and flags throughout the republic to be bound
with crape for ten days, during which a funeral
oration was pronounced in presence of the first
consul and all the civil and military authorities,
in what is now the Hotel des Invalides. More strik-
ing still is the fact, mentioned by Jared Sparks,
that the British fleet, consisting of nearly sixty
ships of the line, which was lying at Torbay, Eng-
land, under the command of Lord Bridport, low-
ered their flags half-mast on hearing the intelli-
gence of Washington's death.
In later years the tributes to the memory of
Washington have been such as no other man of
modern or even of ancient history has command-
ed. He has sometimes been compared, after the
manner of Plutarch, with Epaminondas, or Timo-
leon. or Alfred the Great of England. But an
eminent living English historian has recently and
justly said that the place of Washington in the his-
tory of mankind "is
weil-nigh without
a fellow." Indeed,
the general judg-
ment ot the world
has given ready as-
sent to the careful-
ly weighed, twice re-
peated declaration
of Lord Brougham :
"It will be the duty
of the histt»rian and
sage in all ages to
let no occasion pass
of commemorat-
ing this illustrious
man ; and, until
time shall be no
more, will a test of
the progress which
our race has made
in wisdom and vir-
tue be derived from
the veneration paid
to the immortal name of Washington ! " Moaest,
disinterested, generous, just, of clean hands and a
pure heart self-denying and self-sacrificing, seek-
ing nothing for himself, declining all remuneration
beyond the reimbursement of his outlays, scrupu-
lous to a farthing in keeping his accounts, of spot-
less integrity, scorning gifts, charitable to the needy,
forgiving injuries and injustice, fearless, heroic,
with a prudence ever governing his impulses and a
wisdom ever guiding his valor, true to his friends,
true to his whole country, true to himself, fearing
God, believing in Christ, no stranger to private de-
votion or public worship, or to the holiest offices of
the churtm to which he belonged, but ever grate-
fully recognizing a divine aid and direction in all
that he attempted and in all that he accomplished —
what epithet, what attribute, could l>e added to that
consummate character to commend it as an example
above all other characters in merely human history f
Washington's most important original papers
were bequeathed to his favorite no[>hew, Bushrod
Washington, and were committed by him to Chief-
Justice John Marshall, by whom an elalxirate life,
in five volumes, was published in 1804. Al)ridged
editions of this great work have been published
more recently. "The Writings of Washington."
with a life, were published by Jared Sparks (12
vols., Boston, 1834-'7). A new edition of Washing-
ton's complete works in 14 vols., edited by Worth-
ington C. Ford, containing many letters and papers
now published for the first time, is in course of
publication (vol. i.. New York, November, 1^).
Biographies have also been published by Mason L.
Weems, David Ramsay, James K. Paulding. Charles
W. Upham, Joel T. Headley, Caroline M. Kirkland,
and others. Benson J. Lossing made an interest-
ing and important contribution to the illustration
of the same theme by his " Mount Vernon and its
Associations" in 1859. Meanwhile the genius of
Washington Irving has illuminated the whole story
of Washington's life, public and private, and thrown
around it the charms of exquisite style and lucid
narrative (5 vols.. New York. 1855-'9). An abridg-
ment and revision of Irving's work, by John Fiske
(New York, 1888), and a " Life of George Washing-
ton," by Edward E. Hale (1887), have recently ap-
peared. A sketch was prepared by Edward Everett,
at the request of Lord Macaulay, for the eighth
edition of the " Encyclopa>dia Britannioa" (1853-
1860), which was afterward published in a separate
volume. To Edward Everett, too, belongs the prin-
cipal credit of having saved Mount Vernon from
the auctioneer's hammer, and secured its preserva-
tion, under the auspices of the Ladies' Mount Ver-
non association, as a place of j)ilgrimage. He wrote
52 articles for the New York "Ledger." and deliv-
ered his lecture on Washington many times, con-
tributing the proceeds to the Mount Vernon fund.
The marble statue in the capitol at Richmond.
Va. (for bust of this, see page 379), by the French
sculptor Iloudon, from life, must be named fii-st
among the standard likenesses of Washington.
Excellent portraits of him by John Trumbull, by
both the Peales, and by Gilbert Stuart, are to be
seen in many public galleries. Stuart's head leaves
nothing to be desired in the way of dignity and
grandeur. Among the numerous monuments that
have been erected to his memory may be men-
tioned the noble column in Baltimore; the colossal
statue in the Capitol grounds at Washington, by
Horatio Greenough ; the splendid group in Rich-
mond, surmounted by an equestrian statue, by
Thomas Crawford : the marble statue in the Mas-
sachusetts state-house, by Sir Francis Chantrey;
the equestrian statue in the Boston public garden,
by Thomas Ball ; the equestrian statue in Union
square. New York, by Henry K. Brown ; and, last-
ly, the matchless olielisk at Washington, of which
the corner-stone was laid in 1848, upon which the
capstone was placed, at the height of 555 feet, in
1884, and which was dedicated by congress on 21
Feb., 1885, as Washington's birthday that year fell
on Sunday. See vignette, and also illustrations of
his birthplace by Charles C. Perkins; a drawing of
the locality by Gen. William T. Sherman, the church
at Pohick (page 870), the Newburg headquarters
(page 378), Mount Vernon (page 383), Washington's
tomb, a portrait of him in youth (page 374) ; also
the pictures by TrumbuJI (page 377), WertmQiler
(page 380), and Du Simitiere (page 381). The steel
engraving, which appears as a frontispiece to this
volume, is from Stuart's original in the Boston
athenffum. The vignette of Mrs. Washington is
from the portrait by the same artist. — His wife,
WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON
888
'>>i. ^hC^^,^/>^
Xarthn. !•. in New Kent oountv. Vii., in May, 1732 ;
tl. nX .Mount Vernon. Va., 22 Mny. 1M02, was the
(IniiKhtt-r of Cul. John Dandritl^i*. a nhint«>r in New
KiMit county. Martha was fairly islucatMl by pri-
vate tutom, and Ummuho an i*xi>ert |H«rfonniT on
the spinet. She was introilmva to the viee-n>);al
court, during the adininUtration of .Sir William
Gooc'h, at flft«H'n
ywirs of age, and
in June. 1740.
niarrietl Daniel
Parke Custi», a
wealthy [>lanter,
with whom "he re-
moved to hin resi-
dence, the White
H<mse.on Pamun-
key river. They
had four children,
two of whom die<l
in infancy, and in
1757 Mr. Cu.sti.s
also died, leaving
hi.s widow one of
the wealthiest wo-
men in Virginia.
Alnnit a year after
her husband's death she met Col. Wa-shington. who
was visiting at the house of Maj. William Cham-
berlavne. w-)jere she too was a guest. In Mav, 1758,
they (x^came engaged, but the marriage was delayed
by t'ol. Washington's northern campaign, and it
was not till January, 1759, that it was solemiiizeil,
at .St. Peter's church. New Kent county, the Kev.
John Mossum |)erforming the ceremony. The we<l-
ding was one of the most brilliant that had ever
been seen in a church in Virginia. The bridegroom
wore a suit of blue cloth, the coat lined with red
silk, and ornamente<l with silver trimmings; his
waistcoat was embroidere<l white satin, his knee-
buckles were of gold, and his hair was [>owdered.
The bride was attired in a white satin quilted '.
pettico»»t, a heavily corded white silk over-dress,
diamond buckles, and pearl ornaments. The gov-
ernor, many memliers of the legislature, British
ofWcc'rs, an<l the neighl>oring gentry were present
in full court dress. Washington's bmly-servant,
Bishot), a tall negro, to whom he was much at-
tiM'hea an«l who had ii(?c<^mpanie<l him on all his
military campaigns, stcxwl in the inirch, clothed in
the scarlet uniform of a soldier of the mval army
in the time of George II. The bride and her three
attendants drove iNM'k to White House in a coach
drawn by six horses lc<l by liveried postilions. Col.
Washington and an escort of cavaliers riding by
its side. .Mrs. Washington's life at Mount Ver-
non for the subse«|uent M'venteen years (lartook
much of the style of the Knglish aristm-racy. She
was a thontugh housekeep«'r, and entertHiiie<l con-
stantly. Her daughter, .Martha Parke Custis, who
die<l in the seventeenth year of her age, was known
as the " dark lady," on account of her brunette com-
plexion, and was gn««tly love<l by the neighl)oring
poor, to whom she fn^iuently ministered. On her
portrait, paintnl by Charles Willson Peale, is in-
scrilK«<l "A Virginia B«'MUty." Mrs. Washington
anlently sym|>athized with her husband in his
patriotic measures. To a kinswoman, who depre-
cate<l what she calleil " his folly." Mrs. Washing-
ton wrote in 1774: " Yes, I foresee c<msefpience» —
dark days, domestic happiness sus|H>nded. social
enjoyments abandoneil, and eternal 8e[>arations on
earth i»ossil)le. But my miml is made up, mv
heart is in the cause. (Jeorge is right; he is af-
ways right. God has promised to protect the
righl4HMis. and I will tnist him." Patrick Henry
and Kdmund Pendleton s|H>nt a day and night
at .Mount Vernon in August. 1774. on their war
to coiigresx. Petidleton afterward wntte to a
friend: "Mrs. Wa.Hhington talked like a Sfwr-
tan to her son on his going to battle. ' I hope
you will ail stand firm.' slie Miid ; ' I know George
will.'" After her husband lH*<-ame commander-
in-chief she was bur«lene<l with many cares. He
visite*! Mount Vernon only twice during the war.
She joined him at Cambridge. Mass., in 1775, oc-
cupying the mansion, an illustration of which is
shown in the article on Lo.vjikki.ixiw, Hknry W.
She sulxnequently accompanied (Jen. Washington
to New York and Philadelphia, and whenever it
was possible joined him in camp. During the
winter at Valley K«)rge she suffered every priva-
tion in common with the officers, and " was busy
from morning till nicht providing comf<»rt» for
the sick soldiers." Although previous to the war
she had paid much attention to her attire, as
became her wealth and station, while it con-
tinued she dressed only in garments that were
spun and woven by her servants at Mount Vernon.
At a l)all in New Jersey that was given in her
honor she wore one of these sim|ile gowns and a
white kerchief, " as an example of economy to the
women of the Revolution.' Her last surviving
child, John Parke Custis. died in November, 17H1,
leaving four chihlren. The two younger. Eleanor
Parke Custis and Ge<»rge Washington Parke Cu.«-
ti.s. Gen. Washington at once adopted. After Mrs.
Washington left hc«d<piarters at N'ewburg in 17^2.
she did not again return to camp life. She was
K'siding quietly at Mount V'enion (s«h' illustration)
when Wa.«ihington was chosen presi(ient of the I'nit-
e<l .States. When she assumed the duties of mistress
of the executive mansion in New York she was fifty-
seven years old. but still retained traces of lN>auty,
and bore herself with great [wrsonnl dignity. She
instituted levet»s, that she ever aflerwanl continue<l,
on Friday evening of each week fn>m eight to nine
o'clock. '• None were a4lmitti>d but those who had
a right of entrance by official station or established
character," and full dress was required. During
the second term of the president they resided in
Philadelphia, where their public receptions were
conducte<l as those in New York had been. An
Knglish gentleman, describing her at her own
table in 1794. savs : "Mi-s. Washington struck me
as l)eing older than the pn*sideiit. .She was ex-
tremely simple in dn»ss, and wore her gray hair
tunie«i up under a very plain c«p." She greatly
disliked ofliicial life, and rejoii-eil when her hu.s-
band refused a third term in 1796. She resided at
"^iisssirfjf^^^^emai^
Mount Vernon during the remainder of hir lilo,
«KX'unie<l with her domestic duties, of which she
was fond, and in entertaining the mr -uesta
that visitc«l her hu-l»and. She siir\ two
and a half vears. Before her death .-..t ... .M«ved
384
WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON
her entire correspondence with Gen. Washington.
" Thus," says her grandson and biographer, George
Washington Parke Custis, " proving her love for
him, for she would not permit that the confidence
they ha«l shared together should be made public."
See " Memoirs of the Mother and Wife of Wash-
ington," by Margaret C". Conkliiig (Auburn, N. Y.,
1851), and " Mary and Martha," by Benson J. Loss-
ing (New York, 1887). — George Washington's kins-
nuin, William, soldier, b. in Stafford countv, Ya.,
28 Feb., 1752; d. near Charleston, S. C, G Alarch,
1810, was the son of Bailey Washington. But lit-
tle is known of his life before the opening of the
Revolution. lie
waseducated for
the church, but,
espousing the
patriot cause,
received a com-
mission early in
the war as cap-
tain of infantry
in the 8d regi-
ment of the Vir-
ginia line, and
in this post ac-
quitted himself
with great cred-
it in the opera-
tions about New
York, being se-
verely wounded
in the battle of
Long Island. At
the engagement
at Trenton, 26
^^^
Dec, 1776, he led a charge upon one of the enemy's
batteries, capturing the guns. On this occasion he
was again wounded. In 1778 he wa.s transferred to
the dragoons and assigned to the regiment of Lieut.-
Ool. George Baylor. In 1779 he joined the army of
Gen. Benjamin Lincoln in the south. After being
promoted to the command of the regiment, with the
rank of lieutenant-colonel, on 23 March, 1780, he en-
countered and defeated Lieut.-Col. Banastre Tarle-
ton at Rantowles. Col. White and Col. Washing-
ton weie surprised by Tarleton at Monk's Corner
and Lcnude's Ferry a few weeks afterward. In
DecemluT, 1780, Washington, then attached to the
command of Gen. Daniel Morgan, by means of the
stratagem of a painted log or " Quaker gun," re-
duced the post at Rudgely's, receiving the sur-
render of Col. Rudgely and one hundred men with-
out resistance. In the battle of the Cowpens, Wash-
ington made a successful charge upon the enemy
at a critical moment, and congress voted medals
to him and to Gen. Morgan and Lieut.-Col. How-
ard. In this battle he had a personal encounter
with Col. Tarleton, in which both were wounded.
Th« wound that Tarleton received from Washing-
ton was the subject of the sallies of wit of several
American ladies. A Mrs. Ashe, daughter of Col.
Joseph Montford, of North Carolina, heard Tarle-
ton say, with a sarcastic sneer : " I would be happy
to see this Col. Wjishington," whereupon she in-
stantly replied: "If you had looked behind you,
Col. I'arleton, at the Imttle of Cowpens. you would
have had that pleasure." Almost imnjediately after
this battle Morgan effected a junction with Gen.
Greene, who, requiring a light corps to act as a cov-
ering party during his retreat and to harass the
enemy, selected for this purpose the trooj)8 of Lieut.-
Cols. Howard. Washington, and Lee. Washington
also took an active part in the operations alwut
Guilford Court-House, N. C, and in the battle of
Hobkirk's Hill, on 2o April, he charged the enemy
with great vigor, secured many prisoners, and saved
the artillery from capture. At the close of the
engagement he succeeded in drawing Maj. Coffin,
the commander of the British cavalry, into am-
bush and dispersing or capturing his squadron.
At Eutaw Springs, .S. C. 8 Sept., 1781. after the
njost heroic efforts, he was unliorsed, and while
attempting to disengage himself received a bayo-
net wound and was taken prisoner. In 1782 Col.
Washington married Miss Elliot, of Charleston,
S. C, to a place near which city he soon afterward
removed. He was subsequently elected a mem-
ber of the legislature of that state, and solicited to
become a candidate for governor, but declined " be-
cause he could not nuike a speech." In 1798, when
the United States was threatened with war by
France, Gen. Washington recommended the ap-
pointment of his kinsman as brigadier-general,
which was done 19 July, 1798, and in a letter to the
secretary of war suggested that he be given the
direction of affairs in South Carolina and Georgia.
His wife, a son, and a daughter survived him.
On the occasion of his death the American Revolu-
tion society of South Carolirui adopted resolutions,
in which he was spoken of as: "Modest without
timidity, generous without extravagance, brave
without rashness, and disinterested without aus-
terity ; which imparted firmness to his conduct and
mildness to his manners; solidity to his judgment
and lioldness to his achievements ; which armed him
with an equanimity unalterable by the frowns of
adversity or the smiles of fortune, and steadiness
of soul not to be subdued by the disasters of defeat
or elated by the triumphs of victory." — George
Washington s nephew, Buslirod, jurist, b. in West-
moreland county, Va., 5 June, 1762 ; d. in Philadel-
phia, Pa., 26 Nov., 1829, was the sofi of John Augus-
tine, a younger brother of the general. He was
graduated at William and Mary in 1778, studied
law with James Wilson, of Philadelphia, and began
practice in his native county. His professional du-
ties were interrupted by his entrance into the pa-
triot army, and he served as a private in the Revo-
lution. He was a member of the Virginia house of
delegates in 1787, and the next year of that to ratify
the constitution of the United States. He sub-
sequently removed to Alexandria, and thence to
Richmond, Va. He was )i[)pointed an associate
justice of the U. S. supreme court in 1798, which
office he held until his death. Judge Washing-
ton was the first president of the Colonization
society, and a learned jurist. He was the favor-
ite nephew of Gen. Washington. At the death
of Mrs. Washington he inherited the mansion
and 400 acres of the Mount Vernon estate. He
died without issue. Judge Washington's publica-
tions include '• Reports of Cases argued and deter-
mined in the Court of Appeals of Virginia " (2 vols.,
Richmond, Va., 1798-'9), and "Reports of Cases
determined in the Circuit Court of the United
States, for the 3d Circuit, from 1803 till 1827,"
edited by Richard Peters (4 vols., 1826-'9). Of
these Horace Binney says in his " Life of Bush-
rod Washington " (printed privately, Philadelphia.
1858) : " I have never thought that his reports of
his own decisions did him entire justice, While they
in no inadequate manner at all fully represent his
judicitU powers, nor the ready command he held of
his learning in the law." 'See also a sketch of
Judge Washington in Mr. Justice Story's "Mis-
cellaneous Writings'* (Philadelphia. 18.52). — A
grand-nephew of George, (lioorgre Corbin, con-
gressman, b. in Westmoreland county, Va., 20 Aug.,
1789; d. in Georgetown, D. C, 17 July, 1854, was
WASHINOTOX
WATERBURY
880
the son of William Au^stinc Washin^^ton, the
(ton of (Jwirpi Wa.<«hin;;toir!t brother, J<ilin Au);ui»-
tiiio. His mother, June, was the iiHti>;hU.*r of Au-
gustine, the eider half-bn>ther of ihq general,
(ieorge Corbin was eilueateil at Harvard and
stutlitnl law, but devoted hiuisi'lf to agricultural
mirsuit.s, which he followiHl at his plunt^tion in
Maryland, but resideil for the most jtart on Dum-
barton height-s (leorgetown, D. f. He represent-
e<l the Rockville district, Md., in congress in
IS27-';W, having been chosen as a Whig, and wjis
again a memIxT of that biMly in 1885-7. He w«ux
sulise(]uently president of the Chesapeake and
Ohio canal com|tany, and commissioner of Indian
affairs. He was widely si)oken of as a caixlidate
fur the vice-presidency when (Jen. Winfteld Scott
was nominated for the presidency. At the time
of his death he was the oldest and nearest surviv-
ing male relative of his grand-uncle, George Wjish-
ington. — (teorge Corbin s son, Ii«iri8 ^I'iniani, b.
in Georgetown, D. C, about 1825; d. at HarjH'r's
Ferry, W. Va., 1 Oct.. 1871, was carefully educated,
became a planter, and settletl in Jefferson county,
Va. He was ctmspicuously connected with the in-
cident.* of the John Brown raid on Harper's Ferry
in 185U, serving at that time as aide on the staff of
Gov. Henry A. Wise. Brown captured and held
him as one of his hostages. Mr. Washington took
no active part in the civil war, i)assing most of
that time in Europe, but his estate was confiscated,
although the government subsetjucntly released it.
He iK>ssesse<l a valuable collection of Gen. Wash-
ington's relics, including the sword that was sent
hitn by Frederick the Great, on which was in-
scriljed *• From the oldest general in the world
to the greatest." — I^ewis William's son, William
d'Hertbur.vk, engineer, b. in Hanover county, Va.,
29 June, 186:^, was educated at Charlestow'n, W.
Va.. and at Maryland college, became a civil engi-
neer, and in IWIJ was ap[M)inted consul at London,
England. — John Augustine, stildier, great-gn>at-
grandson of Gen. Washington's brother, John Au-
gustine, b. in Blakelv, Jefferson co., Va., 3 Mav,
1821 : d. near Rich Mountain. Va., V.i Sept., 18«"l,
was the son of John A. Washington, and on his
mother's side the grandson of Gen. Richard Henry
I^ee. He was graduated at the University of Vir-
ginia in 1840. He served as aide-dc-cainp. with
the rank of lieutenant-colonel, on the staff of Gen.
RoU'rt E. l/ee, and was killed with a reconnoitring
narty near Rich Mountain. Va. He inherittnl the
Mount Vernon property, but, being unable to keep
it in proper preservation, he sold it to the associa-
tion of lailies that now has possession of it.
WASHINGTON, John Marehall. soldier, b. in
Virginia in tK-tol»or, 1797; d. at sea, 24 Dec., 185;J.
He was graduate<l at the U. S. military acailemy
in 1814, and promoti^l 3«1 lieutenaiit of artillerv, 17
July, 1817, 2d lieulenant. 20 Man-h. 1818, ami 1st
lieutenant, 28 Mav, 1820. On the ri'organization
of the army in 18*^1 he was transferred to the 4th
regiment of artillery, an<l during 1824- '5 he serve*!
as instructor of mathematics in the artillery-scho<iI
of practice at Fort Monroe. On 2^} May, 1880, he
receive*! the brevet of captain for faithful service 1
for ten years in one grade, and on iU) May, \Kfi, |
he was pnmi<»t«<l to the full rank. In 18:i;i-*4 an<l ]
in 1836 he was engage*! in oi»erations in the ('re<'k
nation, in 18:50- '8 and I8;j« in the Florida war i
against the .Seminole Indians, and on the northern j
frontier during; the Canada troubles of 1889-*40.
In the summer of 1840 Capt. Washington, then in
command of a light Imltery of eight guns, joined
(Jon. John E. W<x)rs division, and. after a most ardu-
ous march through a barren country, took |)art
TOL. VI. — 28
with it in the ttattleof Biiena Vista. On the firat day
of the battle he was placed by (ten. WcniI to guaril
the pass of Ija Angostura, tiear the right of the
line, the loss of which would have brought inevita-
ble defiwt.and he held it against tla> most vigorous
attacks of overwhelming numU-rs. On the second
day, when three regiments of Illinois and Ken-
tucky troops were ovi-rijowen-*! by a greatly »u|»e-
rior force, he rejH'lletl the enemy, and by judicious
management covere*! the retreat of these confuse*!
massi-s, thereby saving the lives of hundreds who
woultl inevitably have lieen cut to piect-s. Holding
as he did the key-p*)int of the American position
during the entire action, his Iwttery was the con-
stant objiHjt of attack fn)m the enemy, and each
of these attacks was n'|M-lle«! with nroriiotness an*l
gallantry. On 10 Feb.. iust six *lays Wfore the
Imttle. Capt. Washington iiad been promoted major
of the 3d regiment of artillery, and lie was subse-
quently brevetted lieutenant-colonel for "gallant
and meritorious conduct in the battle of Buena
Vista." He was acting governor of Saltillo, Mexi-
co, from 24 June till 14 Dec.. 1847. chief of artil-
lery of (Jen. W(H>rs division from 12 March till 9
Dec. 1847, and of the Armv of Occupation from 9
Dec. 1847. till 30 May. 1848. and in command of
an exjHMlition to Santa V6, N. M.. in 1848. From
OctoU'r, 1848. till October, 1849. Col. Washington
was in command of the 9th militarv de])art ment and
civil and militarv governor of N*ew Mexict). He
was with his regiment, the 3<1 artillery, on board
the steamer " S«in Francisco " when she was
wrecked off the Caf)es of the Delaware in Deoem-
I)er. 1858. With numerous other officers and 180
soldiers he was drownc*!.
WASSON, David Atwood, author, b. in West
Bro*iksville. Mc. 14 May, 1828; d. in West Med-
ford. Mii.«*s.. 21 Jan.. 188f. He entered Bowdoin in
1845. but remained only one year, owing to feeble
health. He then went to sea and afterward studied
law. but in 1849 entered I^ngor theological semi-
nary. In 1851 he M-ttlw! in (Jrovelancl. Mass.. as
a pastor; but his lil>eral opinions let! to a rupture
in the s<K-iety. An inde{)i>ndent church was then
established, to which Mr. Wa.sson ministere*! for
several years, but r*'tini! in 1857. «)wing to impaired
health. In 18<).'>-'0 he was minister of the society
that ha<! lx*en forme*! by The<K!ore Parker. Sub-
.>«e«juently he serve*! in thecustom-h*ni.seof Boston,
resi*!e<! in Germany, and then retired to West Med-
fonl. where he devote<l himself to literarv w«»rk.
He was a contribut*>r to various |>eriodicals. His
p<XMns include " Bugle N*>te.s." " S-en and Unseen,"
and " Ideals."— His son. George Savary, artist, b.
in Groveland. Mass.. 27 Aug.. 1K")5. wase<!ucated in
Bost*ni an*! in Stuttgart. His works are "Great
Misery Islan*! " (1880); "The Constitution and the
(JuerrK-re" (1881); "A Wreck at Isle au Haut"
(1885); "M*)ore'8 Head. Isle au Haut" (1880);
"(Joing to Pieces" (1887); and "Running for a
I!aH)or" (1888).
WATERBrRY. David, soldier, b. in .stamfonl.
C«mn., 12 Feb.. 1722: d. there. 29 June. 1801. He
t(N>k part in the French and Indian war. served
untler Sir William Johnstm at the battle of Lake
(Jeorge in 1755. an<! was prcs«'nt at (Jen. James
.VU'rcrombie's attat'k on Ti«'oiiden)jn» in 1758. He
was alsf> with (Jen. Richanl Montiromery in hiscam-
|taign against (juetM>c in 1775 as lieutenant-colonal
*»f the 9th Connivticut n-giment. an*! at the sicg»
of St. John's and the surn>nder of Mimtrcal. On 8
June. 1776. he was appoint***! I>y the general awein-
bly «)f Connecticut a briirailier f«ir tlie northern de-
partment, and assit;ne<l to the coniinand of the post
at Skeensborough (now Whitehall, N. V.). where a
386
WATERBURY
WATERMAN
fleet was building for Lake Champlain. He re-
mained here during the summer of 1776, actively
engaged in pushing the flotilla to completion. At
the battle or Valcour Bav, 11 Oct., 1776, between
the Americans and the I^ritish, he was second in
command to Benedict Arnold, and was captured
with his vessel, the " Washington." The state-
ment of Gen. James Wilkinson, who was not pres-
ent during the action, that Waterbury struck his
colors without firing a shot, is contradicted by Ar-
nold, who, in his report of the eiigagement to Gen.
Horatio Gates, says that Waterbury fought with
distinguished gallantry, his vessel being hulled
several times. Gen. Carleton was greatly elated
over the capture of Waterbury and made haste to
report it to Lord Germaine. He was soon ex-
changed, and in the summer of 1781 commanded a
brigade under Washington, rendering more or less
active service during the remainder of the war.
After the Revolution he spent the rest of his life in
cultivating a farm in his native town and in rep-
resenting his fellow-townsmen in the general as-
sembly during the years 1783, 1794, and 1795. His
uncompromising patriotism rendered him at times
harsh and severe toward those who did not support
the cause of the colonics. The historian of Stam-
ford writes that " he seems to have shown them
no mert^y ; one of tlie reasons given by citizens
going over to the enemy being the excessive rigor
of Col. Waterbury." See Elijah B. Huntington's
" History of Stamford " and the " Journal " of
Lieut. James M. Hadden (Albany, 1884).
WATERBURY, Jared Bell, clergyman, b. in
New York city. 11 Aug., 1799; d. in Brooklyn,
N. Y., 81 Dec, 1870. He was graduated at Yale in
1823, studied two years in Princeton theological
seminary, and was licensed to preach in 1825. In
that year he was an agent for the American Bible
society, and in 1826-'9 he was pastor of the Con-
gregational church in Hatfield, Mass. He was pas-
tor of Presbyterian churches in Portsmouth, N. H.,
from 1829 till 1832, and in Hudson, N. Y., in 1833,
of the Bowdoiu street Congregational church in
Boston, Mass., from 1846 till 1857, and of the Cen-
tral church in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1859. Subse-
quently he served as city missionary there until his
death. Union gave him the degree of S. T. D. in
1841. He was the author of " Advice to a Young
Christian " (New York, 1827) ; " The Brighter Age,^'
a poem (Boston, 1830) ; " Child of the Covenant "
(1853); "Voyage of Life" (1853); "The Soldier
from Home" (New York, 1862); "The Soldier on
Guard" (1863); "Sketches of Eloquent Preach-
ers "(1864); "Southern Planters and Freedmen "
(1865); and a life of Rev. John Scudder (1870).
WATERHOUSE, Benjamin, physician, b. in
Newport, R. L, 4 March, 1754; d. in Cambridge,
Mass., 2 Oct., 1846. At the age of sixteen he began
the study of medicine with Dr. John Halliburton in
Newport, and he subsequently continued it under
Dr. John Fothergill in London, in Edinburgh, and
at Leyden, where he was graduated in 1780. He
began to practise in Newport, and in 1783 aided in
establishing the medical school at Harvard, where
he was professor of medicine from 1783 till 1812.
He was also professor of natural history at Brown
from 1784 till 1791. and delivered in the state-
house of Providence the first course of lectures on
that science in this country. He obtained from
Dr. John C. Lettsom, of Leyden. a valuable col-
lection of minerals, introduced their study into
Harvard, and procured the establishment of a bo-
tanic garden there. In 1812 he retired from his pro-
fession and became medical supervisor of military
posts in New England, holding this ofiice until
1825. In 1799 he subjected his family to the ex-
periment of vaccination, which he vindicated
against the ridicule of the profession and the pub-
lic. Dr. Waterhouse supported the measures of
Thomas Jefferson in his political writings. His
works include " Lectures on the Theory and Prac-
tice of Medicine" (Cambridge, 1780); "On the
Principles of Vitality" (Boston. 1790); "Rise,
Progress, and Present State of Medicine" (1792);
"Prospect of exterminating the Small -Pox"
(1800) ; " Heads of a Course of Lectures on Natu-
ral History " (1810); "The Botanist "(1811); "The
Journal of a Young Man of Massachusetts," a
novel (1816); and an essay on the "Junius" let-
ters, in which he supports the claim of Lord Chat-
ham to their authorship (Boston, 1831).
WATERMAN, Elijah, clergyman, b. in Boz-
rah, New London co.. Conn., 28 Nov.. 1769 ; d. in
Springfield, Mass., 11 Oct., 1825. His father was
a magistrate and an active patriot during the Revo-
lutionary war. The son was graduated at Yale in
1791, taught in Hartford in 1791-2, studied theol-
ogy under Timothy Dwight in Greenfield Hill, and
under Jonathan Edwards, was licensed to preach
in 1793. and in 1794 was installed pastor of a Con-
gregational church in Windham, Conn., where he
remained until 1804. After supplying the pulpit
in New Milford, Conn., he became pastor of the
church in Bridgeport, of which he held charge until
his death. He contributed prose and verse to peri-
odicals, and his other publications include "An
Oration before the Society of the Cincinnati"
(Hartford, 1794); "A Century Sermon at Wind-
ham" (Windham. 1800); and "Life and Writings
of John Calvin " (Hartford. 1813).
WATERMAN, Marcus, artist, b. in Provi-
dence, R. I., 1 Sept., 1834. He was graduated at
Brown in 1855, and during 1857-'70 worked in
New York, where he was elected an associate of
the National academy in 1861. In 1874 he opened
a studio in Boston, where an exhibition of his
works was held in 1878, previous to his departure
for Europe. He visited Algeria in 1879 and 1883,
and Spain in 1882, and went abroad again in 1884.
His landscapes include "Gulliver in Lilliput."
which was at the Centennial exhibition, Phila-
delphia, in 1876; "The Roc's Egg" (1886); "The
Journey to the City of Brass" (1888); and numer-
ous American forest scenes and Arabian subjects.
WATERMAN, Robert Whitney, governor of
California, b. in Fairfield, Herkimer co., N. Y.,
15 Dec, 1826. His father was a merchant, and
died while the son was quite young. Two years
afterward Robert removed to Sycamore, 111., where
three elder brothers had preceded him. Until his
twentieth year he was a clerk in a country store,
and in 1846 he engaged in business for himself in
Belvidere, 111. In 1849 he was postmaster at Ge-
noa, 111. In 1850 he went to California and en-
gaged in mining on Feather river, but two years
later he returned to Wilmington, 111., where in
1853 he published the Wilmington " Independ-
ent," at the same time carrying on other business
enterprises. In 1854 he was a delegate to the
convention at Bloomington. 111., that gave a name
to the Republican partv. and he was an associate
of Abraham Lincoln, Lyman Trumbull, Richard
Yates, David Davis, and Owen Lovejoy. In 1850
he took an active part in the Fremont cam-
paign, and in 1858 he was engaged in the senato-
rial contest between Lincoln and Douglas. In
1873 he returned to California, and he established
his home at San Bernardino in that state the fol-
lowing year. He was successful in discovering
and developing silver-mines in what has since
WATERMAN
WATKIUSTON
387
oomo to he known as the Calico mininfc district in
San Bernartlino county. In 18H6 he wan eiccUHi
lifUtenant-Kovi'mor as a Kepiihlioan. .Ufxm the
<lenth of (tov. Washington IJartlett. 12 Sept.. 18H7.
Mr. Waterman wiis calle«i to the duties of chief
executive. During; reci-nt years Gov. Waterman
has en(^>;e<l in numcroiis business enter|)rise8 in
varioiis parts of California. He is the owner of
the famous Stonewall f;ol(l-mine in San Diego
county, ami has extensive ranch pn)|)ertie« in
southern California. He is presi<lent of the San
Diego. Cuyamjwa and Fiastern railway, and is con-
nectetl with nmnv other pulilic enterprises.
WATEKMANi SigiHiunnd, physician, b. in
llnick, Bavaria, 22 Feb.. IHIW. lie was e<luaited
in Eriangen, Bavaria, and was gradiuited in medi-
cine at Yale in 1848. His professicmal life has
been passed chiefly in New York, where he has eii-
jraced in general practice. In 1K.57 he was af)-
pointed police surgeon, which place he filled for
nearly thirty years, and during the civil war he
was made one of the draft surgeons. Dr. Water-
man became consulting physician in 1875 to the
Home for aged and infirm Hebrews, and is now
medical dire<!tor of that institution. He has de-
voted special attention to the use of the spectroscope
in the practice of medicine, and has been success-
ful in its application. During 1868 he lectured
on that subject before the medical societies of New
York, and he has since spoken elsewhere on the
same topic. He is a member of various medical
societies and has contributed to the literature of
his profession. Among his papers "are " Practical
Remarks on. Scarlatina " (1859) ; " Therapeutic Em-
ployment of Oxide of Zinc" (1801); "Sjwctral
Analysis as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Disease"
(18«9); "The Blood-Crystals and their Physiologi-
cal Imjx>rtance" (1872); "S|>ectral Analysis of
Blo<^»d-St«ins " (1873); "The Importance of the
Spectrosc()[)e in F'orensic Cases" (1874); and "Re-
vivification" (1H84).
WATERMAN. Tiioma.o Glosbj, lawyer, b. in
New York city, 23 Jan., 1788; d. in Binghamton.
N. Y., 7 Jan., 1862. At an early age he removed
with his parents to Salisbury, Conn., where his
father, David, established extensive iron-works.
The son was graduated at Yale in 1806 in the
class with James Fenimore Cooper, studied in the
Litchfield law-school, and afterward with Samuel
Sherwoo<l in Delhi, N. Y., and after admission to
the bar in 1809 remained with the latter until
1812, when he went to Owego. N. Y.. for a few
months, but settled finally in Binghamton. N. Y.,
where he practised until al>o»t 18.'J0. He served in
the lower liouse of the legislature in 1826 and from
1827 till 1831 in the state senate, when* he was one
of a committee that made a thorough revision of
the statutes of the state. By af)pointment of the
governor he dis<-harged the duties of iudge of the
court of common pleas for the state. He prepared
and published "'rhe Justice's Manual, or a Sum-
mary of the Powers and Duties of Justices of the
Peace in New York State" (Allmny, 1828).— His
s<m. Thoma.H Whitney, iawvor, b. in Biughamttm,
N. Y., 28 June, 1821, enteriMl' Yale in 18:18. but was
not graduated. He travelled in Europe in 1842-'4,
studied law. and was admitted to the bar of New
York in 1848. Cntil 1870 he practiseti in New
York city, and he then remove*! to Binghamton.
He hase<]ite<l many law-Uioks, including American
editions of J. H. Dart's " Vendors and Purchasers
of Real EstaU'." with notes (New York. 1851); J.
F. Archbol<rs "New System of Criminal Procetl-
uro" (3 vols.. New York. 1852); Rol>ert Henley
Eden's " TreatiM on the Law of Injunctions " (2
vols.. New York. 18A2): rols. viii. and ix. of Alonio
C. Paige's " Repf»rt» of Cases in the Court «»f Chan-
cery of the State of New York" (18.52); Murray
HofTman's "Chancery Report*" (1853); George
Caines's "New Yorlc Reports" r8d ed., 8 vola.,
18.54); voL ii. of Elijah Paine's " Reports of Casea
argued and determined in the Circuit Court of the
United States for the Second Circuit. 1816-'26''
(1858); the 4th Americnn etlition of William Pa-
ley's "Treatise on the Law of Principal and .\gcnt
Chiefly in Reference to Mercantile Translations"
(185<J); and vols xviii.. xix.. and xx. of John U
Wendell's " Re|K>rts of Cases in the Supreme Court
of Judicature and in the Court for Trial of Im-
I>eachments and the Correction of Em>rs of the
State of New York. 182»-'41 " (1857). He is the
author of a "Treatise on the Civil Jurisdiction of
Justices of the Peace, to which are added Outlines
of the Powers and Duties of Country and Town
Ofllcers in the State of New York " (New York,
1849); the 3d edition of the "American Chancery
Digest," with notes and a copious index (3 vola,
18.51) ; " Treatise on the Civil and Criminal Juris-
diction of Justices of the Peace for the .States of
Wisconsin and Iowa: cfintaining Practical F'orqis"
(185.3); "Treatise on the Principles of Ij&vr and
Equity which govern Courts in the granting of
New Trials in Cases Civil and Criminal " (2 vola.
1855); "Digest of the Reported Decisions of the
Superior Court and of the Sui)reme Court of Er-
rors of the .State of Connecticut from the Organi-
zation of said Courts to the Present Time " (1858) :
and a " Treatise on the Law of Set-Off, Recoup-
ment, and Counter-Claim" (1869).
WATERS, Henrj Fltz-(inhert, genealogist,
b. in Salem, Mass., 29 March, 183.3. After gradu-
ation at Harvarti in 18.55 he engaged in teaching,
and was a member of the st-hool committee of Sa-
lem in 1881-'2, and its secretary in 1882-'3. He
received the honorary degree o^ A. M. from Har-
vard in 1885 for tracing the family of John Harvard,
when other genealogists had failed. He has spent
several years in Englan<l pursuing genealogical in-
quiries, on which he is still engageu.
WATERS, Nicholas Baker, physician, b. in
Maryland in 17(>4; d. in Philadelpnia Pa. in 1796.
He received a classical education, was graduated
in metlicine at the University of Pennsylvania in
1786, and pra(>tiseil in Philadelphia until his death.
In 1790 he marrietl Hester, daughter of David
Ritt«nhouse, the astronomer. 1^ published an
abridged etlition of " A System of Surgery," by
Itenjamin Bell, of Edinburgh, to which notes were
addtMl by Dr. John J(»nes (Philadelphia 1791).
WATIIRS, Robert educator, b. in Thurso.
Caithness-shire, Scotland, 9 May. 18.3.5. He came
to Canada in 1842. and was taught to read and
write by his mother. At the age of thirteen he was
employed at setting tyfte, and in 1851 came to this
country. In this manner he ac«|uin>d an educa-
tion, and in 18<»2 he went to France, where, after
working in a printing-office for a time, he Itegan to
teach. Subse(|uently he went to (iermany to study,
and gave instruction there in English and French
for i<)ur years. In 1868 he acc-ej)ted an apjxdnt-
ment in the Hoboken. N. J., academy, where he
remained until 1883. when he became principal of
the West IloUtken public school, which place he
still holds. Mr. Waters has publishe<I a "Life of
William CobU-tt " (New York, 1883) ; " Shakespeare
portrayetl by Himself" (1888); "How Geniua
works its Wonders" (18S9|; and e<lite4l and anno-
tattnl "C<)bl»ett's Enirlij-h (irammar" (18KJ).
WATEHSTON. Robert Caiwie, clergyman, b.
in Kennebunk, Me., in 1812. He studied three
388
WATERTON
WATKINS
years in Cambridge, was ordained in 1839, and was
pastor of various churches in Boston. For five
years he had charge of a sailors' Sunday-school,
lie has been engaged in various benevolent, educa-
tional, and literary associations. He has published
"Thoughts on Moral and Spiritual Culture" (Bos-
ton, 1842) ; " Arthur Lee and Tom Palmer " (1845) ;
and addresses on Thomas Sherwin and William
CuUen Bryant. — His wife, Anna C. Quincv, the
daughter of Josiah Quincv, has published " Verses
by A. C. Q. W." (Boston. *1803).
WATERTON, Charles, English naturalist, b. at
Walton Hall, near Wakefield, Yorkshire, England.
3 June, 1782 ; d. there, 27 May, 1865. He was of
an old Roman Catholic family, from Lincolnshire,
and through his grandmother was descended from
Sir Thomas More. He was educated first at a
school at Tudhoe, near Durham, and then at the
Jesuit college at Stonyhurst, in Lancashire. In
boyhood he displayed greater fondness for open-
air observations of natural history than for books.
Shortly after attaining his majority he visited
Spain, where some of the Waterton family were in
business. In 1804 he went to Demerara to super-
intend the estates of an uncle, and travelled through
the interior of the country, noting its fauna, flora,
and scenery. On the death of his father he gave
up the management of these estates and returned
to England, but only for a short time : so that, for
twenty years from his first going to Demerara in
1804 till 1824, with the exception of a few visits to his
ancestral home, he rambled about in South America,
having no other object than the pursuit of natural
history. Although not distinguished as a scientific
man, he is well known as a good and enthusiastic
field-naturalist, while his vivid and spirited style
of writing has rendered his narratives popular.
Waterton was eccentric and abstemious. He was
noted as a skilful taxidermist, and his ornitho-
logical collection at Walton Hall was almost un-
rivalled. During the latter part of his life, settling
in his ancestral home, which was on a small island
in the midst of fine scenery, he surrounded him-
self with the creatures and pets he loved. He for-
bade the use of fire-arras on his grounds, so that
they became the chosen haunt of many rare and
shy birds and animals, and, to discourage poachers,
he placed ingenious wooden images of game-birds
in his trees. His adventures in South America,
often daring, are graphically described in his
•'Wanderings in South America, the Northwest of
the United States, and the Antilles, in 1812, 1810,
1820, and 1824; with Original Instructions for the
Preservation of Birds, etc., for Cabinets of Natural
History" (London, 1825). The frequent journeys
that he afterward made to Belgium and Italy, with
his home-life at Walton Hall, are described in the
autobiography prefixed to his " Essavs on Natural
History, chiefly Ornithology" (3 vols., 1838-"44;
new ed., w^ith a continuation of the life, by Norman
Moore, based entirely upon autobiographical notes,
1871). See also a life of him entitled " Charles
Waterton, his Home, Habits, and Handiwork," by
Richard Ilobson, M. D. (1866).
WATIE, Stand, soldier, b. in Cherokee, Ga.
(the site of the present city of Rome), in 1815; d.
in August, 1877. He was a full-blooded Cherokee
Indian, was educated at the mission schools in the
Indian country, served as a member of the Chero-
kee legislative council, and was speaker of the
lower house from 1862 till 1865. He became
colonel of the 1st Cherokee Confederate infantry
regiment in October. 1801, and was promoted briga-
dier-general in the Confederate army on 10 May,
1864. His brigade was composed of the 1st and 2d
Cherokee regiments of infantry, a Cherokee bat-
talion of infantry, and a battalion each of Seminole
and Osage Indians. He was a younger brother of
Elias Boudinot and nephew of Maj. Ridge, who
were assa.'^sinated in the Cherokee nation in 1830.
WATKINS, Louis Douglas, soldier, b. in Flori-
da about 1835; d. in Baton Houge, La., 29 March,
1808. He joined the U. S. army as 1st lieutenant.
14th infantry. 14 May, 1861, was transferred to the
5th cavalry, 22 June, 1861, and became captain, 17
July, 1862, and colonel of the 20th infantry, 28
July, 1866. He received the brevets of major, 8
Jan., 1863, for gallant service in the expedition to
east Tennessee under Gen. Samuel P. Carter, lieu-
, tenant-colonel, 24 June, 1864. for service at Jja-
fayette, and that of brigadier-general. 13 March,
1865. He was mustered out on 1 Sept., 1866.
WATKINS, Samuel, donor, b. in Campbell
county, Va., in 1794; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 16
Oct., i880. His parents died in his infancy, and
he was bound to a Scotch family, whose cruelty to
him attracted attention, and, owing to this, the
county court placed him with the family of James
Robertson, upon whose plantation he labored for
several years. He then joined the U. S. army,
served in the war against the Creek nation under
Gen. Andrew Jackson, and was also at the battle
of New Orleans. W^heii peace was declared he re-
turned to Nashville and became a brick-ma.son.
pursuing this craft until 1827, when he began to
erect houses and churches, among which were the
1st Baptist church and the 2d Presbyterian church
in Nashville. During the civil war his farm of 600
acres was the battle-field of Nashville, his city
buildings were destroyed, and his mansion was
sacked and robbed, his loss amounting to $300,000.
After the civil war he engaged in banking, manu-
facturing, and building, and dealt in real estate,
was president of the Nashville gas-light company,
and acquired a fortune. He bequeathed $130,000
for the establishment of a polytechnic institution
in Nashville, which was erected there in 1882. Mr.
Watkins made liberal provision for courses of free
public lectures, and also classes in mathematics for
those who could not attend colleges and schools.
WATKINS, Tobias, physician, b. in Maryland
in 1780; d. in Washington, D. C, 14 Nov., '1855.
He was graduated at St. John's college, Annapolis,
in 1798, and at the Philadelphia medical college in
1802, and began practice in Havre de Grace, Md.
Afterward he removed to Baltimore, where he
edited the " Medical and Physical Recorder " in
1809. He was surgeon in the army during the war
of 1812-'15, and was assistant surgeon -general of
the United States in 1818-'21. and fourth auditor
of the U. S. treasury in 1824-'9. With his brother-
in-law, Stephen Simpson, Dr. Watkins edited in
Philadelphia the " Portico " (4 vols., 1816-'20). He
contributed to periodicals, and translated from the
French Xavier Bichat's " Physiological Researches
upon Life and Death " (Philadelphia, 1809), and
Louis de Onis's "Memoir upon the Negotiations
betw-een Spain and the United States which led to
the Treaty of 1819" (Baltimore, 1822).
WATKINS, William Brown, philologist, b.
in Bridgeport, Belmont co., Ohio, 2 May. 1834. At
an early age he removed to Wheeling, Va., where
he received a pui)lic-school education and began
the study of law. but abandcmed it to enter the
Pittsburg conference of the Methodist Episcopal
church. From 1868 till 1872 he was presiding
elder at Steubenville, Ohio, after which he was
stationed in Pittsburg for nine years. He was a
delegate to the general conference of the Methodist
Episcopal churcn in 1888, and has delivered many
WATKINSON
WATSON
lectures on philoloccv and oducatinnal 8uhjoot<*.
The dearri^e of A. M. was conferreil on him by
Mount Union colle^, Ohio, Hnd Alleghany college,
Mcadville, Pa., in 1N411. and that of D. I), by Mount
Union in IWW. Resides contributing to reviews
and mapizines, chiefly on subjects (wrtaining to
the Kngli.xh ami Indian languages, he hns prepared
seveml s<'h<M)l-l>ooks. I>r. NVatkiiis is ii reauer of
the historical dictionary of the Philological s<H-iety
now in ctjurse of publication in Ivonnon, and for
many years has l)een preparing an " Etymological
Dictiotiarv of American (leogniphical N'ames."
WATKINSON, David, Philanthropist, b. in
liavenham. Suffolk, Knglana, 17 Jan., 177H; d. in
Hartford, Conn.. 13 Dec., 1857. His education was
partly conducted by Mrs. Anna Ix'titia Itarbauld,
and he came to this country with his parents in
17U5, settling in Mid«lletown, Conn. lie was em-
ploye<l in a counting-house in New York city, and
\n isOO l)egan business with his brother, William,
in Hartfoni, In 1841 he retired with a fortune.
Hv his will he gave f40,000 to the Hartford hos-
pital. |t20.000 to the orphan asylum, 140.000 for
the foundation of a juvenile asylum and farm
s<'h(>ol for neglected and almndoned children, and
J( 100,000 for a library of reference in wmnection
with the Connecticut historical society, also mak-
ing the trustees of the library of reference residu-
ary legatees of his estate.
>VAT.MOl'(m, John Ooddard. soldier, b. in
Wilmington. Del., 6 Dec, \VM; d. in Philadel-
phia, Pa.. 27 Nov., 18G1. He entered the armv
as 3d lieutenant in the 2d artillery, 22 Sept.. 1813,
and was pmmoted 2d lieutenant, 19 April, 1814.
He was i)resent in the Niagara campaign of that
year, ana servetl under Capt. Alexander J. Williams
at Fort Erie, where he was severely wounded. The
effects of this wound he carried with him to the
end of his life. For" gallant and meritorious con-
duct in defence of Fort Erie " Lieut. Watmough
receive<l the brevet of 1st lieutenant, 15 Aug.. 1814.
The same year (ten. Gaines, who has left on record
the most exalted idea of his gallantry, intrepidity,
and perseverance in battle, a[)|M)inted. hin> his aide-
de-camp. On 1 Oct., 1816, he resigned his com-
mission in the army, and from 1831 till 1835 he
represented in congress one of the districts of
Philadelphia county. From 18Ji5 till 1838 he was
high sheriff of that county, and in 1841 he was
ati|M)intc<l surveyor of the port of Philadelphia.
When the civil war opened, mortal disease alone
prevente*! him. in spite of his advanced age, fr«>m
pressing on the government his services for active
command in the field. — His son, James Horatio,
naval oHlcer, b. in Whitemarsh, Montgomery co..
Pa., 30 July, 1822, was an acting midshipman in
tlie navy fWim 24 Nov., 184:^, till October, 1844,
and on 12 Dec, 1844, became paymaster. During
the Mexican war he was in most of the operations
in California, including the boinlmrdment of (iiuiy-
mas. From 1845> till 1855 he was on the brig
"Perry" and the frigate " Const ituti«m," on the
coast of Africa: in 1857- '8 on the steamer " Michi-
gan." on the lakes: in IKlO-'OOon the sloop "Sara-
toga" anti in action with two S|)anish steamers,
which Were taken. In 18<{4-'5 he was fli»et jmy-
master of the South .\tlantic s<|uadron and was In
most of the operations of that wpiadron, including
those on Stono river and on James and John isl-
ands pivvious to the evacuation of Charleston, S. C.
lie was sulksequently general ins()ector. and from
July, 1878, till November, 1877. jMiymaster-general.
In i884 he was retired. — Another st>n, Pendleton
tiainett, naval ofllcer. b. in Whitemarsh, Montgom-
ery CO., Pa., 3 May, 1828, entered the navy in 1841,
servefl on the Brazil station, the Mediterranean,
and the Paciflc. and shared in the capture and oc-
cupation of California during the Mexican war.
He returnwl home in 1847. the following year was
gnuluate<l at the naval academy, served in the
Mediterranean and Pacific and on the ooa«t of
China, and resigne<l in 1858. In April, 18fil. he
volunteered for the civil war and was reap{M»intrd
in the navy. The same month he wioi sent to plant
a l)atterv at Perryville. Md.. to cover the transpor-
tation t)ience to Annapt^ilis, and for a short time
was in command of a st«'amer on ChesaiK-ake bav,
keef)ing open communications, and sulise<|uently
on other active duty afloat. In October. 1K<J1, he
commanded the "Curlew," of Admiral Dupont's
fleet. an«l shared in the capture of Port Ivival.
Later he was in command of the " Potomska** in
the capture of Fernandina and occupation of the
inland waters of the S>uth Atlantic In 18G:} he
was ordereii to the " Kansas." was in the two at-
tacks on Fort Fisher, and in James river partici-
fiated in the flnal o{>erations against Richmond,
le resigned as lieutenant-commander in July, 1805,
and in 1H09 was apjMiinted by President Grant col-
lector of the port of Cleveland, Ohio, which post
he held for eight years.
WATSON, Alfred An^OHtln, P. E. bishop, b.
in New York city, 21 Aug.. 1818. Ho was gradu-
ated at the University of New York in 1837. stud-
ied law. and was admitted to practice in the su-
preme court of the state of New York in 1841. He
followed his profession for little more than a year
and then began his studies for holy orders. Ho was
ordere<l <leacon in St. Ann's church. Brooklyn, by
Bishop ()nderdonk.3 Nov., 1844, and onlained priest
in St. John's church, Favetteville, N. C, by Bishop
Ives, 25 May, 1845. ilo was rector of Grace
church, Plymouth, and .St. Luke's, Washington
county, N. C, soon afterward, and remainetl there
fourteen years. In 1858 he became rector of
Christ church. New Berne, N. C. He serve<l as
chaplain to the 2d regiment of North Carolina
state tr<K)ps from 1801 till 18<J3, w^hen he was elect-
ed assistant to Bishop Atkinson, in charge of St,
James's church, Wilmington, N. C.. of which he
became rector in 1864. and served there until his
consecration to the episcopate. He n>ceived the
degree of D. D. from the University of North
Can^lina in June. 1808. Dr. Watson was a mera-
U'r of the diocesjui standing committee, and for
numy years a de|)uty fmm the diocese of North
Can ilina to the general convention. He was ctm-
secrated bishop of east Carolina in St. James's
chunh. Wilmington. 17 April. 1884.
WATSON, Benjamin Frank, lawyer, b. in
Warner, N. IL, 30 A\ml 1820. He livtnl in Ix>well.
.Mass.. frt>m 1835 until 1848, studiwl law there an«l in
Ijawrence and Boston, and was admitted to the l>ar
in 1850. Uo was e«litor and proprietor of the
Lawn>nce "Sentinel," jM>stmaster of the city under
Presidents Pierce, Buchanan, and Lincoln, was
nominated for mayor, and subsequently elected
city solicitor. He was major of the 6th regiment
of "Massachusetts militia, and on li) Jan.. 1861, at
a meeting of its field an«l comimnv oflll<-era. Col.
E<iwanl F. Jones presiding. offere<i a resolution
tendering the services of the n-giment to the im'si-
dent of the United States.which was the first offer of
auy military orpmixution. In Ai»ril. INM. the Olh
MassjK-husi'tts regiment was the first to res|iond to
the president's call for volunteers. The colonel
with eight companies passe<l thn>ugh Baltimore,
on their way to Washington, with no interruption
except insulting demonstrations, but as the car
that contained Maj. Watson and part of his com-
390
WATSON
WATSON
mand was turning into Pratt street, it was de-
railed by the mob. He superintendetl its righting,
and itopt the driver of the horses to his duties at
the muzzle of his revolver. The mob fired into
the car repeatedly, and after one of his men had
been wounded severely the order to flre wjis given
by Maj. Watson. Afterward the detachment left
the shattered car and marched to the depot,
where the main body under the colonel had ar-
rived in safety. Several soldiers were injured
by stones and pistol-shots during the transit,
and this was undoubtedly the first blood shed in
the war. Shortly after this Maj. Watson was
elected lieutenant-colonel of the regiment, and its
command devolved upon him. In 1867 he removed
to New York, where he has since practised law.
WATSON, Beriah Andr6, physician, b. in
Lake George, N. Y.. 2() March, 1830. He ob-
tained his education through his own exertion and
was grmluated at the medical department of the
University of New York in 1861, and settled at
White House. N. J. In 1863 he entered the U. S.
service as contract surgeon, and he was engaged in
hospital and field service until the end of the war.
At his retirement, on 10 July. 1865, he was surgeon
in charge of the 1st division 6th army corps hos-
pital, and also acting medical purveyor. He then
settled in Jersey City, where he still practises his
profession. He was appointed attending surgeon
to the Jersey City charity hospital at the time of
its organization in 1869, and since 187;^ has been
attending surgeon to St. Francis hospital, and
Christ's hospital since 1885. The passage of the
act tiiat legalized the dissection of the human cada-
ver in New Jersey was secured principally through
his efforts and those of Dr. John D. McGill. Dr.
Watson has been president of the New Jersey
academy of medicine, of which he was a founder.
Rutgers gave him the degree of M. A. in 1882.
He has contributed essays and reports of cases to
medical journals, including " A Case of Neuralgia
treated by Extirpation of the Superior Maxillary
Nerve" "(1871); "Pathology and Treatment of
Chronic Ulcers" (1875); "Cases of Itabies Canina
treated with Strychina and Woorara" (1876);
"Disease Germs: their Origin, Nature, and Rela-
tion to Wounds " (1878) ; " Woorara : its* Medical
Properties and Availability for the Treatment of
Diseases " (1882); and an " Experimental Study of
Ana3sthetics," read before the American surgical
association in Washington, D. C, 30 April, 1884.
Dr. Watson has also translated medical essays
from the French and German, and has published
two books, " Amputations and their Complica-
tions" (Philadelphia, 1885) and "The Sportsman's
Paradise, on the Lake Lands of Canada " (1888),
and contributed the chapter on " Pyajmia and Sep-
ticaemia " to " Practical Medicine," edited by Dr.
William Pepper (Philadelphia, 1885).
WATSON, Sir Brook, bart., English soldier,
b. in Plymouth, p]ngland, 7 Feb., 1735; d. 2 Oct.,
1807. At an early age he entered the British
navy, but he was forced to abandon his profes-
sion, for, while he was bathing in the harbor of
Havana, in 1749, his right leg was bitten off by a
shark. He then engage<i in mercantile pursuits
and came to this country. In 1755 he was com-
missary with Col. Robert ^onckton at the siege of
Beaus«^jour, and in 1758 he served in the same ca-
pacity at Louisburg with Gen. James Wolfe's di-
vision, and was known as the "wooden-legged
commissary." In 1759 he became a merchant in
London, and ho subsequently engaged in business
in Montreal, Canada, and afterward in Boston.
In 1763, wi\ii others, he obtained a grant from the
government of Nova Scotia of the township of
Cumberland. Before the Revolution he visited
Massachusetts, New York, and other colonies, pro-
fessing to be a Whig, but intercepted letters to
Gen. Thomas Gage proved him to be a spy. In
1774 he went from Boston to England in the same
ship with John Singleton Copley, who, in 1778,
painted a picture of Brook Watson's rescue from
the shark. When Lord North's bill to cut off the
fisheries of New England was before parliament in
1775, he was examined by the house of commons.
In 1782 he was made commissary-general to his
friend. Sir Guy Carleton, in this country. From
1784 till 1793 he was a member of parliament from
London, and he was sheriff of London and Middle-
sex in 1785, and lord mayor in 1796. In reward
for his services in America, parliament voted his
wife an annuity of £500 for life. He was agent in
London for New Brunswick from 1786 till 1794,
commissary-general to the Duke of York in 1793^'5,
and of England from 1798 till 1806. He was made
a baronet on 5 Dec, 1803.
WATSON, Ebeiiezer, editor, b. in Bethlehem,
Conn., in 1744 ; d. in Hartford. Conn., 16 Sept., 1777.
His ancestor, John Watson, came from England
and settled in Hartford in 1(544. For several years
Ebenezer was the editor and publisher of "The
Courant." It had been established in 1764 by
Thomas Green, who took Watson into partnership,
and, removing to New Haven about 1768, left him
to be manager and editor of this journal. After
his death his second wife, Hannah Bunce, conduct-
ed the paper and was probably the first woman to
edit a journal in this country. — His brother, James,
senator, b. in New York city, 6 April, 1750; d.
there, 15 May, 1806, was graduated at Yale in
1776, engaged in mercantile business in New York,
and acquired a large estate. He was a member of
the Societjr of the Cincinnati, and served in the
assembly in 1791-'6, and in the state senate in
1798. He was elected U. S. senator as a Democrat,
in place of John Sloss Hobart, and served from 11
Dec, 1798, till 19 March. 1801, when he resigned
to become U. S. navy agent for New York city.
WATSON, Elkahah. agriculturist, b. in Plym-
outh, Mass.. 22 Jan., 1758; d. in Port Kent, N. ¥.,
5 Dec, 1842.
In September,
1773, he was
apprenticed to
John Brown,
the Providence
merchant, ^ by
whom he was
sent in 1775
to Cambridge
with a ton and a
half of powder
for Gen. Wash-
ington's army.
He afterward
went to the res-
cue of John
Brown, who had
been captured
by the British.
In 1777 he went
to Charleston
and other southern ports with more than $50,000
to be invested in cargoes for the Eumpean markets.
The description of this journey that he subse-
quently published is the best extant account of
the principal towns and villages of the colonies at
the time of the Revolution. In August, 1779, he
was the bearer of desimtches from tne American
^-i£\
<^^^^^a-»~*.^-^;\at/i<y7x^
WATSON
WATSON
801
Rovemmt'nt t« Dr. Itonjnmin Franklin at Paris,
who pave him letters of intHHluction to eminent
Knjflish stali'smen. He enpijfed in mercantile
pursuits in Nantes, but after three years of nros-
|K<rity lost his projx'rty. He then visited Kng-
lun<l, wliero he contributed to the relief of Com.
SiliLs TaMK)t, who wiis CDntincd in the Mills (irison,
near Plymouth, went to Holland and Flanders in
1784, and returned to Newport in Decemljer of
that year, brinpin^ with him a present of lKM>ks
fnim Dr. Shar|), a brother of Granville Sharp, to
Oen. Washington, whom he visiU'd at ''Mt. Ver-
non." Mr. Watson says: "I remained alone in
the society of Washington for two days, the rich-
est of my life." Much of the conversation of
Wjishington was in regard to his plans for improv-
ing the navigation of the Potomac, and Mr. VV'at-
siyn thus U'came interested in schemes of internal
improvenient. He went to South Carolina, where
he engaged in tratle InJtween that state and Hayti.
In 1789 he removed from Providence, R. I., to Al-
bany, N. Y., where for eighteen years he was an
active pn)raoter of public enterprises, including
the improvement of the navig^ation of Hudson
river, the projection of an interior canal for New
York state, the establishment of the Albany
bank, the paving of the city, the organization of
sta^ routes to the west, and the atlvancement of
a^culture and education. In 1701, with Jere-
miah Van Ilensselaer, Gen. Philip Van Cortlandt,
and Stephen Bayard, he made a tour through the
stat« to examine into the practicability of the
schemes for inland navigation. After travelling
several years in Eurojx*, he publishe<l in London
an account of his pioneer trip in western Now
York. In 18<)7 he removed to Pittsfield, Mass.,
where he engaged in farming, introduced merino
sheep into Berkshire county, and founded there
the Berkshire agricultural society. In 181G he re-
tamed tt) Alttany, and in that year organize<I the
first agricultural S(KMety in Now York. He visited
Michigan, examined the lake region, and exploretl
the route to Montreal with a view to its improve-
ment and to connect the lake region with the sea-
board. He again visited Eurfipe, and in 1828 set-
tled in Port Kent, on Ijake Champlain. B«»ides
fre<|uent oontributions to ^)eriodicals. he published
many [laniphlets on agriculture and economical
topics, and was the author of a "Tour in Hollami
in MDCCLXXXIV, by an American" (Worcester,
1790); " History of the Kise, Progress, and Exist-
ing Condition of the Western Canals in the State
of New York, 1788-1819," etc. (Albany, 1820):
'• Rise, Progress, and Existing State of Modern
Agricultural Societies" (1820); and "History of
Agricultuml Societies on the Modem Bt^rkshire
System" (1820). A j»amphlet was published by
Col. Robert Troup entitled " A Vindicati«m of the
Claim of Elkanah Watson to the Merit of project-
ing the Ijako Canal Policy" (Geneva, 1831): and
his s<m, Winslow C. Watson. e<lited a valuable
autobiogra[>hical work entitlwl " Men and Times
of the lievolution, or Memoirs of Elkanah Wat-
son ; including Journals of Travels in Eum|>e and
America from 1777 to 1842: with his Corres|)on<l-
enc« with Public Men, and Reminiscences and In-
cidents of the Revolution" (New York and I^m-
don. IKV); 2d ed.. with illustrations, 18.5(5).— His
s<m, WiiiHlon Cossoiil, author, b. in AllMinv. N. Y..
22 Dec.. INW, miblishtd a "Treatise <m Practical
Husbandry" (2 |»artj<, Albany, 1854-'5): "Eulogy
on Lieut.-(k)I. G. T. Thomas'" (Burlington. N. J.,
1862); " Pioneer History of the Champlain V'alley,
being an Account of the Settlement of the T«iwn
of Willsborough, by William Gilliland, togi>ther
with his Journal and other Pai»er« and a Memoir"
(Alltanv, 18(W): "The History of Kutvx Count v
New Vork. and Military Annals of Tii-i^nd'
and Crcjwn Point, etc." (1870); and addr<*i>M>s. | :
phlets. and religious, political, and agricultural
pai)ers in i>eri<Mlicals.
WATsON. Henrjr cii
more. Md.. in 18!il ; a. in .*^a<•ranlento. Cal.. 10 July,
'ATsON. Henrjr CUj, author, b. in Balti-
1809. He rem<ived to Philadelphia. Ph.. at an early
age, adopted the profession of joiimnlihm. and vtis
e«litorially connected with the ''North American,"
the " P^vening Journal," and other |i«|iers. He sub-
sequently removed to California, and at the time
of his death edited the Sacramento "Times." He
was the author of several volumes of hunting ad-
venture, Itesides which his publications include
"Cam|>-F'ires of the Revolution" (Philadelphia,
1851); "NighLs in a Block-House" (1852); "Old
liell of Inde|>endence " (18.'>2): "The Yankee Tea-
i»ot" (1853): "Lives of the Pnsiflents of the
United States" (Ik>ston. 1853); "Hen»ic W«tmen
of History" (Philadelphia, 1853): "The I^adies'
Glee-Book" (New York, 1854); "The Ma.sonic
Musical Manual " (1855); and "Cam|>-Fires of Na-
poleon" (Philndelphia. IH.'iCJ).
WATSON. H«'nry Cood. musical critic, b. in
London. England, in 1810; d. in New York city. 2
Dec., 1875. His father was conductor of the or-
chestra at Covent Garden theatre, and his sisters
were well-known oratorio-singers. He had a fine
voice, and made his tlt'hiil in the first jHTformance
of Welier's of»era "()l)enm " at Covent (ianlen. in
November, 1829. Sul>se<juently he a<-hieve<l suc-
cess in London as a composer and mu.vical critic,
came to this country in 1840. and was art-critic for
the New York " World." in which lie publishe<l
several ix)ems. He U'came connet-ted with the
"Musical Chronicle" in 1843. and contributed to
various peritxlicals. In 1844 he was art and musi-
cal critic for the New York " Albiim." and in 1845
was associateil with Charhv F. Briggs ami E<lpir
Allan Poe in fountling the " Broadway Journal."
He founded the " Mu.sical Guest," a monthly matra-
zine, sejMirate e<litions of which wen» devoted to
sacred and o|H>ratic music, and publishi-d in it
many of his own com jxisit ions. For several years
I)revious to 1861 he was e<Iitor-in-chief of Frank
x'slie's " Illustratitl Newspaper and I><ulies' Maga-
zine." In 1802 he foundeii the "Art Journal," and
in 1803 bi'came musical critic of the New Y<trk
" Tribune." He was a founder of the New York
Philharmonic society, of the American Musical
fund association, and of the V(K*al s«x'iety (after-
ward calletl the Mendelssohn uniim), and was asso-
ciated with William Vincent Wallace and Carlos
D. .Stuart in organizing the famous Mendelssohn
concert at Castle (tartlen. Mr. Watson wrote the
libretto for Wallace's ojx-ra " Lurline" (1854).
WATSON, JanieH Craig, astronomer, b. in
Finpal. Ontario. Canada, 28 Jan.. IKW; d. in
Madis4m. Wis., 28 Nov.. 1KH(». He was of Ameri-
can ancestry, and was ix>m during a visit of his
parents to (^'anada. He was graduatiHl at the Uni-
versity of Michigan in 1857, and iii his junior year
performed the phenomenal task of rending I^a-
place's " M«wni<jue c*>lest«" fn>m U'ginning to
end. During his final year he was the sole pupil
in the observatory, when- he s|KMit fiart of his time
in grinding lenses and in the coustniction of a
telescope. On his graduation he IxH-ame assistant
to the chair of astronomy, and in his w<irk he dis-
playe<l such aptitude as an obs<'rver and such ra-
pidity in his computations that in 1859 be was
app«>lnted prof(>ssor of astronomy. In 1800 be was
given the department of physics, but in 1868 re-
392
WATSON
WATSON
sumed charge of the department of astronomy, and
was made director of the observatory. In 1879 he
WHS called to the chair of astronomy and the di-
rectorship of Washburn observatory in the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin. He discovered a comet on 29
April, 1856, while he was still an imdergnwluate.
and on 20 Oct., 1857, he discovered independently
an asteroid that had been found a few days pre-
viously. In 1858 he devoted his attention (o Do-
nati's comet, and his computation of its orbit is
accepted Jis authoritative. His first independent
planetary discovery was on 14 Sept., 1863, of the
asteroid Eurynome, and on 9 Jan., 1864, the comet
known as 1,863, vi., which had previously been
noted, was found by him. He discovered on 7 Oct.,
1865, the asteroid that has since been named lo,
and on 24 Aug., 1867, he discovered Minerva, and
on 6 Sept., 1867, Aurora. During 1868 he added
six minor planets to the solar system. He was a
member of the government expedition to observe
the solar eclipse at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, in 1869,
and WHS sent on a similar mission in 1870 to Car-
lentini, Sicily. In 1874 he was appointed to the
charge of the American party that observed the
transit of Venus from Peking, China. On this ex-
pedition he made his eighteenth planetary discov-
ery, to which he gave the name Juewa. Prof.
Watson was one of the judges of award at the
World's fair in Philadelphia in 1876, and wrote a
" lieport on Ilorological Instruments." In 1878
he had charge of tiie government expedition to
Wyoming to observe the total solar eclipse, and on
that occasion he paid special attention to the ex-
istence of an intra- Mercurial planet as well as that
of an extra-Neptunian one. in both of which he
believed. On 29 July, 1878, he determined the
exact locality of what he believed to be " Vulcan,"
and he further satisfied himself of the existence of
a second intra-Mercurial planet. Subsequent to
his removal to Madison he devoted his energies to
remodelling the observatory structure, and intro-
ducing original features of his own devising. For
many years he was actuary of the Michigan mu-
tual life insurance company, and by commercial
enterprises he acquired a moderate fortune, of
which he bequeathed $16,000 to the National
academy of sciences, the income of which is used
partly as a research fund and partly for the Wat-
son medal. The total number of asteroids that
he discovered was twenty-three, and in 1870 he
received the Lalande gold medal from the French
academy of sciences for the discovery of six aster-
oids in one year. In 1875 the khedive of Egypt
made him knight commander of the Imperial order
of the Medjidieh. The degree of Ph. D. was con-
ferred on him by the University of Leipsic in 1870,
and that of LL. D. by Columbia in 1877. In 1867
he was elected to the National academy of sci-
ences. His contributions to astronomical journals
were frequent, besides which he published a " Po[)u-
lar Treatise on Comets " (Philadelphia, 1860) ;
" Theoretical Astronomy " (1868) ; and " Tables for
Calculation of Simple and Compound Interest and
Discount" (Ann Arbor, 1879).
WATSON, James Madison, author, b. in
Onondaga county, N. Y.. 8 Feb., 1827. He was
educated in the public schools, studied law, and
was admitted to the bar of Syracuse. N. Y., in
1853. He then connected himself with the pub-
lishing-house of A. S. Barnes and Co., New York
city, and, aided by Richard G. Parker, prepared a
series of "National Readers and Spellers (New
York, 1853-'5). For the subsequent twelve years
he devoted himself to teaching in New York and
adjacent states. He settled in Elizabeth, N. J., in
1871, became president of the city board of educa-
tion, was president of the New Jersey sanitary
association in 1871 and 1882, and of the Temper-
ance reform and order club. He has given much
time and study to temperance and sanitary re-
forms, and to physical training. He has published
" Hand-Book of Gymnastics and Calisthenics "
(New York, 1864); " Manual of Calisthenics " (1864) :
a series of '• Independent Readers " (1868-'71) ; and
one of " Independent Spellers" (1871-'8).
WATSON, James Miiir, naval officer, b. in Vir-
ginia, 15 July. 1808 ; d. in Vallejo, Cal., 17 April,
1873. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 1 Feb.,
1823, and became a lieutenant, 30 Dec., 1831. On
14 March. 1847, he took command of the store-
ship " Erie," in which he served during the Mexi-
can war. On 11 Nov., 1847, under direction of
Com. Shubrick. he commanded the naval force of
600 men in the boats of the " Independence."
" Congress," " C)'ane," and " Erie," with which he
captured the city of Mazatlan without resistance
from the Mexicans, who retreated to the interior.
He returned from this cruise in command of the
" Erie," 24 June, 1848, was placed on the reserved
list, 13 Sept., 1855, and was unemployed, waiting
orders, the rest of his life, except in 1863-'6, when
he served as light-house inspector. He was com-
missioned a commander on the reserved list, 1 Feb.,
1861, retired 21 Dec, 1861, and was promoted to
commodore on the retired list, 16 July, 1862. He
resided in California after he was put on the re-
served list until his death.
WATSON, James V., author, b. in London,
England, in 1814; d. in Chicago, 111., 17 Oct., 1856.
He came to this country at the age of six years,
and in 1832 entered the ministry of the Methotlist
Episcopal church, afterward receiving the degree
of D. 1). He was editor of the '* Michigan Chris-
tian Advocate" and of the " Northwestern Chris-
tian Advocate " in Chicago in 1852-'6, and was the
author of " Helps to the Promotion of Revivals"
(New York, 1856) and *' Tales and Takings, Sketches
and Incidents from the Itinerant and Editorial
Budget of the Rev. J. V. Watson " (1857).
WATSON, John, physician, b. in Londonderry.
Ireland, 16 April, 1807; d. in New York city, "3
June, 1863. He came to this country with his
parents in 1810, settled in New York city in 1818,
was graduated at the New York college of phy-
sicians and surgeons in 1832, and was on the surgi-
cal staff of the New York hospital in 1832-'3. In
1833-'5 he was physician of the New York dispen-
sary, and fi;om 1839 till 1862 he was an attending
surgeon of the New York hospital, where he intro-
duced many reforms and improvements. In con-
nection with Dr. Henry D. Bulkley, he established
an infirmary for cutaneous diseases, which was or-
ganized soon afterward as the Broome street school
of medicine, where Dr. Watson held the chair of
surgical pathology. He was instrumental in or-
ganizing the New York medical and surgical so-
ciety, the American medical association, and the
New York academy of medicine, of which latter
institution he was president in 1859-'60. With
Dr. John A. Swett he established the " New York
Medical and Surgical Journal." Dr. Watson was
the author of numerous reports, essays,* and re-
views in professional journals, and published a
"Lecture on Practical Education in Medicine and
on the Course of Instruction at the New York
HospitaP' (New York, 1846): "Thermal Ventila-
tion and other Sanitary Improvements applicable
to Public Buildings and recently adopted at the
New York Hospital " (ia51) ; " The Medical Pro-
fession in Ancient Times" (1856); "The Parish
WATSON
WATSON
Will Case CriticHlly F^xaminwl in Koferonce to the
Mi'ntAl ComjK'tfney of Mr. Henry I'lirinh to exe-
cute the ('(xlicils tti)|>entled U> his Will ; and Notes
in Heply to an Article enlitUnl 'The Parish Will'"
(IKiT): "The True Physician" (1800); "OJtscuri-
tics of Disease"; "Clinical Acumen, or the Soun-es
of Misjuil^ment in the Study of DiBease'*; and a
" History of Mwlicino" (imi).
WATSON, John Tad well, British soldier, b. in
Ijoiidon, Kii^lhiid, in 1748; d. in Calais, Franc-e,
11 June, 1H2G. He entered the Sd foot-jfuards in
April, 1707, and Itecamo captain and lieutenant-
colonel in November, 1778. In the soring of 1781,
with 500 picke<i men, he undertot)k the destruction
of Gen. Francis Marion's brigade. After several
skirmishes, and lieing constantly annoyed by the
wary [>artisan, whom he could not bring to a con-
flict except on his own terms, he fled to George-
town, complaining that Marion "would not fight
like a gentleman or a C'hristian." He became
colonel in 1783, and general in April, 1808.
WATSON, Jubn WbiUker, \x)et. b. in New
York city, 14 Oct.. 1824; died there, 18 July, 1800.
He was e<lucat^-d at the New York University, and
studie<l medicine, but tx-camc a journalist and en-
graver. He wrote forty-eight serials for a weekly
pa{)er, soineof which have Ixhmi dramatized, notably
the story of "Thirty Millions," under the title of
"The World." He itublished " lieautiful Snow.
an<l other Poems" (Philadelphia, 18G9).
WATSON, Paul Barron, author, b. in Morris-
town, N. J., 25 March, 1801. He was graduated at
Harvard in 1881, studied law, was admitted to the
bar in 1885. and practises in lioston. He has pub-
lished a " Bibliography of the Pre-Columbian Dis-
coveries of America' in the "Library Journal"
(1881), which was reprinted in liasmus B. Ander-
son's "America not Discovered by Columbus"
(Chicago, 1884), and is the author of a " Life of
Marcus Aurelius " (New York, 1884).
WATSON, Sereno, lx)tanist. b. in East Wind-
sor Hill, Conn., 1 Dec., 1820. He was graduated at
Yale in 1847, From 1807 till 1871 he was lK)tanist
to the U. S. geological exploration of the 40th j)ar-
allel under Clarence King. In 1874 ho became
curator of the herl>ariiim of Harvard, which place
he still holds. The degree of Ph. D. was conferred
on him by Iowa college in 1878. He is a fellow of
the American academy of arts and sciences, and of
the American association for the a4lvanceinent of
science. Besides numerous contributions to scien-
tific journals on American bf>tanv, he is the author
of vol. V. on " Ikitanv " in the series of " Ke{)orts of
the Geological Kxploration of the 40th Parallel"
(Washington. 1871); "Bibliographical Index to
North American Botany, Part I., Polvpetalai "
(1878); and. in connecti<»n with William l\. Brewer
and Asa Grav, " Botany of California " (2 vols.,
Cambridge. IH70-'H()).
WATSON, W H Ham, educator, b. in Nantucket,
Ma-HS., lU Jan., 1K{4. He was graduated at the
Lawrence si-ii-ntiftc sch<x)l of Harvard in 1857,
where he was then instructor in differi'ntial and
integral calculus until 1859, meanwhile taking a
second degree in 1H58. From 1859 till 1803 he
was in Europe collecting information on technical
education, wKich he communicated to William B.
Itogers, who made it the l>asis of the scheme of nr-
ganizationtkf the .Massachusetts instituteof t(H.-hnol-
ogy in Boston. He also took a itartial course at
the Kcole des (Mmts et chatUK^tn Paris, ami re-
ceived in 1M(J2 the degree of Ph. D. from the Uni-
versity of Jena, Germany. In 1805 he liecame pro-
fessor of mechanical engineering and descriptive
geometry in the Institute of technology, which
chair he held until 1H73. He was a oonimi«ioiMr
to the World's fair in Vienna in 1878, and served
on the international jury ut that in Paris in IhTH,
during whi<'h year he was honorary vice-preMident
of the Paris congreM of bygienn, and honorary
president of the Paris oongmis of architects. He
tield the same relation to the French association
for the advancement of scienc-e in 1878, 1881, and
1883. Prof. Watson is a member of engineering
societies in this country and abroad, and was
eletrtwl secretary of the American academy of arts
and sciences in 1884. In addition to |»a|>er8 that
he has rea«I l»efore learned societies, he has put>-
lished "Te<-hnical Education" (printed privately,
lioston, 1872); "Course in Descriptive Geometn-
for the Use of Colleges and Scientific Schools**
(1873); "Report on the Civil Engineering, Public
Works, and Architecture of the Vienna Exhibi-
tion" (Washington. 1870); and "Course in Shades
and Shadows" (Boston, 1885).
WATSON, William Kohlnson. politician, b.
in South Kingstcm. K. I.. 14 Dec. 1799; d. in
Providence, R. I., 29 Aug.. 18«M. He was gradu-
ated at Brown in 1823, studied law in Pn)vidence.
and was admitted to the bar, but engage<l little in
the practice of his nrofession, devoting his life
chieriv to politics. From 1827 till 1K3.3, and again
in 185^5, he was clerk of the court of common pleas
for the county of Providence. In 1841-'5, and
1849-"54. he was collector of the |K)rt of Providenc-e.
In 1854 he was chosen secretarj- of state of Khode
Island, but he lost his election the following year,
when the Native American party carrie«l the state.
In 1850 he was appointeil bv the general assembly
state auditor, serving until May, 180JJ. He fre-
quently edited |)olitical journals, and wrote for
tne press, vindicating and explaining the doctrines
of the Whig party with great vigor. The most
elaborate of nis writings was a series of papers that
was first published in 1844 in the Providence "Jour-
nal," under the signature of " Hamilton." and which
were afterward printed in {«mphlet-fonn. — His
son, William Henry, pihysician. h. in Providence,
R. I.. 8 Nov.. 182U. was graduated at Brown in 18.52.
studied me<licine in Provi«len«\ an<l. after receiv-
ing his degree in 18.54, settled in Utica. N. Y. He
also received the honorary degrw of M. I), from
the University of the state of New York in 1878.
He travelled extensivelv in Europe to study the
various systems of me«lical e<lucation, and on his
return delivere«l an addre^s at the 23tl convocation
of the University f>f the state of New York on 9
July. 1885. in which he insi>ted that it is the pre-
rogative of the state to determine the eilucational
qualifications of physicians, and that there niu.«t
l)e an entire separation of the teaching from the
licensing interests. This address received the
unanimous approval of the convocation, and widely
attracted puolic attention. He was examiner in
diagnosis and [tathology in the State Ixwrd of
medical examination fri>m 1872 till 1881, U. S.
examining j»ension surgwrn from 1875 till 1881,
surgetin - general of New York state from 1880
till 1883, and since 1882 has licen regent of the
University of the state of New York. Dr. Watson
has been active in establishing homceofiathic soci-
eties and institutions, was a founder of the Homip-
o|iathic mwlical s<x'iety of Oneida county. N. Y.,
and was its pn^sident in I8<J(>-'1. ami in 1868 be-
came president of the HomaHi|mthic meilical soci-
ety of New York state. He was a founder of the
New York state homuHtiiathic asylum for the in-
sane at Middlet«)wn, aim wa.s a trustee in 1878-'(L
He was appointed a commissioner of the state
reaenration at Niagara in 188t). In addition to
394
WATTEAU
WATTERSON
addresses, he is the author of several monographs
and papers, inehKling "The Past and Present Posi-
tion of Honioeoputliy and the Duties of its Prac-
titioners"' (lyoi); " Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis"
(1863); " Nosological Classification of Disease,"
with Dr. Horace M. Paine (1863); "The Medical
Profession, its Duties and Responsibilities, and the
Relation of the Iloniceopathic to its Allopathic
Branch" (1869); "No Sectarian Tests for Office,
and No Sectarian Monopoly of National Institu-
tions " (1871) ; " The Honitt>onarhic School " (1872) :
and "The Advanced Medical Act" (1872).
WATTEAU, Boiidoiii Louis (vat-to), French
explorer, b. in Douai in 1570; d. in Paris in 1027.
He traded with the West Indies and South Ameri-
ca, visited also Brazil, and, lured by accounts of
riches in the fabulous Eldorado, induced mer-
chants of Douai and Dunkirk to arm an expedition
to explore (iuiana. The scheme failed, as the com-
pany of the twelve lords refused permission to en-
ter the country, and Watteau sailed for the Indies,
where he took a cargo for the western coast of
Peru, returning by way of the Strait of Magellan
in 1624-'6. He went afterward to Paris to solicit
permission to establish a colony in Patagonia, but
he died without obtaining the grant. He wrote
" Voyage des Franvais aux Indcs Orientales, Peru,
detroit de Magellan. Patagonie et au Brcsil, fait
pendant les annees ]()24-'6" (2 vols., Paris, 1627).
This is a curious work, which contains interesting
details on the manner of trading in India and Peru
at the lieginning of the 17th century. It was never
reprinted, and only a few copies are known to
exist. One of them' was sold in 1829 for $280.
WAITERS, John, naval officer, b. iu Michi-
gan, 5 Jan., 1831 : d. in Baltimore, Md., 22 Jan..
1874. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 12
Feb., 1846, wiis promoted to lieutenant, 16 Sept.,
1855. and was on duty as an instructor at the naval
academy in 1857- '9. While he was attached to
the "Minnesota" the civil war began, and he was
actively employed in engagements and captures at
Hatteras inlet and in the sounds of North Caro-
lina. He served in command of boat expeditions
by which he captured several blockade-runners in
the vicinity of ^^)rt Monroe, and he also partici-
pated in the engagements with the " Merrimac "
and the batteries at Sewell's point. He was pro-
moted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862,
was executive officer of the steamer " Mononga-
hela " m Farragut's squadron, and during the
operations against Port Hudson and Vicksburg
commanded the gun-boat " Kineo." He was as-
signed to patrol Mississippi river in this vessel in
1863-'5, and convoyed army transports by the Con-
federate batteries along the banks of the river.
He was promoted to commander, 14 April, 1867,
and was attached to the naval academy in 1866-'8.
He was assigned the sloop "Cyane," in the Pacific
squadron, in 1868-'9', and was stationed at the New
York navy-yard, in 1870-'3, on the receiving-ship.
In 1873 he had of charge the "Ossipee" on the
North Atlantic station, from which he was de-
tached just !x>fore his death.
WAITERS, William, clergyman, b, in Balti-
more, Md., 16 Oct.. 1751 ; d. in Fairfax county,
Va., 29 Marcrh. 1829. His parents were Episco-
palians, but he became a convert to Methodism in
1771, and in the following year began to preatth.
In 1773 he was received on trial bv the Philadel-
Shia conference, thus becoming the f^rst native
lethodist itinerant in this country. He preached
in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia till 1805,
when he retired to his farm on Potomac river.
His seven brothers were among the first in that
region to open their house to Methodist preachers,
and his home was looked uf>on as the headquarters
of Methodism in that region.
WATTERSON, Harvey McGee, journalist, b.
in Bedford county, Tenn., 23 Nov.. 1811. He was
educated at Cumtierland college, Princeton, Ky.,
and established a newspaper at Shelby ville, Tenn.,
the capital of his native county, in 1831. He was
elected to the legislature in 1835, served in con-
gress in 1839-'43, having been chosen as a Demo-
crat, declined a re-election in the latter year, and
was sent by the president on a diplomatic mission
to Buenos Ayres, On his return in 1845 lie was
elected to the state senate, and chosen president
of that body. He was owner and editor of the
Nashville " t'nion " from ia50 till the close of 1851.
was connected with the editorial department of
the Washington " Union " in 18o3-'4, was a dele-
gate to the National Democratic convention of
1860. where he voted for the nomination of Stephen
A. Douglas, was an elector for the state at large
on the Douglas ticket the same year, and chosen
to the State convention in February. 1861, as a
Unionist. He practised law in Washington for
fourteen years after the war, and since 1878 has
been a member of the editorial staff of the Louis-
ville "Courier-Journal." — His son, Henry, jour-
nalist, b. in Washington. D. C, 16 Feb., 1840, in
consequence of defective eyesight, was educated
chiefly by private tutors. He entered the profes-
sion of journalism
in Washington in
1858, and in 1861.
returning to Ten-
nessee, he editetl
the " Republican
Banner" m Nash-
ville. He served
on the Confeder-
ate side during the
civil war in vari-
ous capacities, be-
ing a stafl-officer
in 1861-'3. and
chief of scouts in
Gen. Joseph E.
Johnston's army
in 1864. After the
war he revived the
" Banner," but
soon afterward
went to Louisville, Kv., to reside, and in 1867
succeeded ^George D. iPrentice as editor of the
"Journal." In the year following he united the
"Courier" and the "Times" with it, and in con-
nection with Walter N. Plaldeman founded the
"Courier-Journal," of which he has since been the
editor. He was a member of congress from 12
Aug., 1876, till 3 March, 1877, lieing chosen to fill
a vacancy, but, with this exception, has always de-
clined public office. He has sat for Kentucky as
dclegate-at-large in four National Democratic con-
ventions, presiding over the St. Louis convention
in 1876, and serving as chairman of the platform
committees in the Cincinnati convention in 1880
and in the one at St. Louis in 1888. He is identi-
fied with the revenue-reform movemefit of the
Democratic party as an aggressive advocate of free-
trade ideas. He was a personal friend and a reso-
lute follower of Samuel J. Tilden. Mr. Watterson
has often appeared as a public speaker, notably on
political occasions, and his advice is sought by
the leaders of his party. He has also contributed
freely to periodicals, and edited " Oddities of South-
em Life and Character " (Boston, 1882).
M^^\XMbbuUL4r^
WATTKRSON
WATTS
995
WATTERSON. John AnibroHo, li. ('. bishop,
b. ill HlHirsvillo. IndiHim »•<•.. I'm.. 27 Mhv. 1844.
Aftor U'iii>j )rrM<hiat«»<l Rt Mmint St. Mary's col-
Ifjro, Kiiiinil.>«hur^. in IMtWi, he studii'tl- for the
priestlHxnl Hiiil wik-* ordained on 8 Aiip.. 18rt8. He
wiws then ai>|»<>imed professor in Mount St. Mary's,
and in 187 < he was ma<le presiilent. In 188() he
was nominatetl bishop of C'oliimbtis, and was con-
8ocnit«'«l on 8 Au^. of that year. He devote<l him-
self sitiH-ialiy t-o the work of education, and in 1884
fouruuHi a colle^je in Cohunbus. The diin-esc con-
tains 92 churc-hes. 37 chapels and stations, 80
priests, and 17 wclesiastical students.
WATTERSTON, Weorjce, librarian, b. in New
York city. 2:{ Oct.. 17H;}: d. in Washington. I). C,
4 Feb.. 1854. He was educatwl at Charlotte Hall
college. St. Mary's county, Md.. studied law. and
followe^l his profession in Maryland an*l in the
District of Columbia. In 1814 he servtnl in the
defence of Washington against the British, and in
March. 1815. was ap{K>inted the first librarian of
congri'ss. which place he held until 1829. He was
also secretary to the National Washington monu-
ment association from its inception. He was tlie
author of numerous books, including " Letters
from Washington" (Washington, 1818); "Course
of Study preiMiratorv to the Bar or the Senate"
(182:J) : and " Tlu' Wanderer in Washington " (1827).
WATTS, Frederick, soldier, b. in Wales, 1
June. 1719; d. on his farm on Juniata river. 3 Oct..
1795. He rt^vived a fair English education, c^me
to this country with his wife and family about
1760. and si'ttle<l in Cumberland county. Pa. When
the Revolutionary war began he became a member
of the Cumberland county committee, and was
commissioned a lieutenant-colonel of one of the
assm-iated Imttalions. When the Flying camp was
organized by dirrctic^n of congress he was in com-
mand of the battalion that was assigned to Cum-
berland count V, which was captured at the surren-
der of Fort W'ashington. 16 Nov., 1776. After his
exchange he served in various capacities. He was
commissioned justice of the peace, 1 April, 1778.
chosen representative to the assembly in 1779, and
ap|>ointed a sulvlieutenant of Cumin'rland county
in 1780. He was commissioned brigadier-general of
Pennsylvania militia, 27 May. 1782, in which capa-
city he did excellent seVvice in protecting the
frontier counties of the state from the wild savages
and marau<ling Tories. He was a meml)er of the
supreme executive council from October, 1787, un-
til its abolition by the state constitution of 1790.
At the close of his oflicial life he returned to his
farm on the Juniata. — His st>n, David, lawyer, b.
in Cumlxjrland county. Pa.. 29 Oct.. 1764; d. in
Carlisle. I'a., 25 Sept.. 1819. was gnuluatcd at
Dickinson c-ollege in 1787, ri^ad law in Philadel-
phia under William I^wis. and was admitted to
the l»ar in October, 1790. For a long |>eriod he
was the leader at the bar in the interior of Penn-
sylvania, and his practice extonde<l over two thirds
of the state. He was an impassione*!. forcible, and
fluent speaker. — David's .son. Frederick, jurist, b.
in Carlisle, Pa., 9 May, 1801, was graduatinl at
Dickinson college in i819, entered the office of
Andrew Carothers as a law-student in 1821, and
was admitte<l to the t>ar in August, 1824. In 1845
ho l)«-caine president of the Cumberland Valley
railroiMl, ana through his energy that corporation
was brought to a high state of pros|>erity. He was
commissioiie*!, 9 .March, 1H49. president- judgi> of
the 9th judicial district of I'ennsylvania. which
office he nllo<l until 1852, when the' elective judi-
ciary began. He then resumed hi- practice at the
bar at Carlisle, which has been one of great activi-
ty and succem. In 1871 he was tenderMl the tp-
liointment of commissioner of agriculture, which
he at first de<>lined ; but. the offer U-ing n-m-wMl.
he acceptetl the a|>|K)intment, and enteret] iiimiu his
diititw on 1 Aug, of that year, senring till 1877,
when he retire<l to Carlisle. As state rejiorter he
e<lite<l the rejxirts of the supreme court from l^S
till 1840(10 vols., I'hila<lelphia, 18:i4-'41).andsub-
secjuently he edite<l the n«port9 from 1841 till 1845
(9 vols., 1842-'6).— Another son of David. Hennr
Miller, lawyer, b. in Carlisle. Pa.. 10 Oct.. 1805,
was graduateil at Dickinson colU-ge in 1824. sludietl
law. was admittefl to the Imr in 1827. and began
practice at Pittsburg. He servwl as deputy attor-
ney-general in 1828-'9. sat in the legislature in
18JJ5-'8. and in 1841 was appointed V. S. attorney
for the eastern district of Pennsylvania. He visite<)
Kuroj>e in 1857, in 1861 was one of the founders of
the I nion league of Philadelphia, and in 18<tf+-'9
was r. S. minister to Austria. After leaving Vi-
enna, Mr. Watts visite<l several countries in Ku-
rofie, and on his return engaged in the develop-
ment of the iron and coal interests of his state,
WATTS, John, loyalist, b. in New York city.
16 April, 1715: d, in Wales in August. 1789. lie
married Ann. daughter of Stephen De I^ancey. in
July. 1742. represented New York city in the as-
sembly for many years, and was a mend)er f>f the
council in 1757-'75, He was one of the wealthiest
land-t)ro|)rietors of the cokmy. one of the original
founders and trustees of the New York society li-
brary in 1754. presented its first clock to the S'ew
York exchange in 1760. and the same year was
elected the first president of the New \\irk city
hospital. He was opix^schI to the Revolution, and
in 1775 removed to Kngland, His estate was con-
fiscate«l. but part of it was repurchase<l and re-
con vcyetl on 1 July. 1784. to his sons. Iiol)ert and
John, His wife. Ann De I >ancey. die<l two months
after leaving New York, His daughter. Ann (dicni
in 1793) marriwl Capl. Archilmhl Kennedy, of the
royal navy, who Un-ame eleventh Earl of Cassilis.
Their son. the twelfth earl, was Imm in this c<tun-
try. — John's son. John, b, in New York city. 27 Aug.,
1749; d. there. 3 Sept.. 18Ji6. was the last' roval re-
conler of the city of New York. He serve<l three
times as sfieaker of the New York assembly, was a
member of congress in 1793-'6. and from i802 till
1808 was judge of Westchester county. John G.
Leake, a wealthy resident of New Yort citv. dying
childless, left his extensive pn)j>ertit's to liis rela-
tive, liolwrt J. Watt.s on condition that Mr, Watts
should assume the name of I<4'ake, The gentle-
man, the only living son of John Watts. Jr.. ac-
cepttnl the pnijHTty on the terms mentione<l. but
very s«H)n died. Mr. Ix>ake's will Ix'ing defective
as to the real estate, that escheateil to the state of
New York, and the perstmal pn>jH>rty went to his
father, who, being grieve<l that his only male rep-
n>sentatiTe should have consented to change his
name, and de<-ply aflHit ted by the loss of his son,
determined that he would not benefit |iersonally
by the money thus acquired, but apply it to the
i)ur|M>se designe<l by Mr. I^*ake in case RoWrt J.
Watts had not assumetl his name. John Watts
then founde<l and end«iwed the charity entitled the
I>?ake and Watts or]>han-house. In \iV7 the insti-
tution was removed U* Westchester county. N. Y,.
the pro|>erty having )>ecn purchased as a site for
the Proti>stant Episcofvil cathinlral, Mr, Watta
marrie<l his cousin. Jane De I<ancey. and they were
considere»l the handsomest couple of the dav.
WATTS. Robert, educator, b. in Po'rdham,
N. Y,. in 1H12 ; d, in l»aris, France, 8 Sept. 1867.
He was graduated at Columbia in 1881 and at ttks
396
WATTS
WAY
College of physicians and surgeons in 1835, Wliile
an undergraduate he was appointed lecturer on an-
atomy in Vermont medical college, and in 1838 he
was professor of anatomy there and at the Berk-
shire metlical institution at Pittsfield. Mass. From
1839 till his death he was professor of anatomy in
the College of physicians and surgeons. New ^ ork
city, and from 18i59 he was one of the attending
fihysicians of the Nursery and child's hospital.
)uring all this period he was extensively engaged
in private practice. He was one of the founders of
the New York pathological society and for several
years its presiding officer. Dr. Watts contributed
many articles to medical periodicals and revised and
edited, with notes, several manuals of anatomy.
WATTS, Robert, author, b. in Moneylane,
County Down, Ireland, 10 July, 1820. He re-
moved to this country and was graduated at Wash-
ington college, Lexington, Va., in 1849, and at
Princeton theological seminary in 1852. He en-
tered the ministry of the Presbyterian church, es-
tablished the Westminster church in Philadelphia,
Pa., in 1852, and became its pastor in 1853. Re-
turning to Ireland, he was installed as pastor in
Dublin in 1863, and in 1866 was appointed profes-
sor of systematic theology in the Assembly's col-
lege at Belfast. He has published "Calvin and
Calvinism" (F.dinburgh, 1866); "Utilitarianism"
(Belfast, 1868) ; " What is Presbvterianism? " (1870) :
" Prelatic Departures from Reformation Princi-
ples" (Edinburgh, 1871); "Arminian Departures
from Reformation Principles" (1871); "Atomism"
(Belfast, 1874) ; " Herbert Spencer's Biological Hy-
pothesis " (1875) ; " The Doctrine of Eternal Pun-
ishment" (1877); "The New Apologetic" (Edin-
burgh, 1879); "The Newer Criticism " (1881); and
"The Rule of Faith and the Doctrine of Inspira-
tion " (London. 1885).
WATTS, Stephen, lawyer, b. about 1743 ; d. in
Louisiana in 1788. He was the son of Stephen
Watts, of Southampton, Bucks co.. Pa., and was
graduated at the College of Philadelphia (now Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania) in 1762, becoming a tutor
while still a student. In 1766 John Sargent, a
member of the British parliament, offered to the
college a gold medal for the best English essay on
the "Reciprocal Advantage of a Perpetual Union
between Great Britain and her American Colonies."
Young Watts competed for the medal, and his es-
say on the subject was published (Philadelphia,
1766). The medal was won by John Morgan, who
shortly afterward became the' founder of the first
medical school in America. Watts was elected on
8 March, 1768, a member of the American philo-
sophical society. He studied law, and in 1769 was
admitted to the bar in Philadelphia. In 1774 he
settled in Louisiana, and afterward became re-
corder of deeds of the English settlement on the
Mississippi. His wife was a daughter of Ralph
Assheton, a provincial councillor of Pennsylvania,
and his daughter, Margaret Cyrilla, became the
wife of Don Manuel Gagoso de Lemos. who was
brigadier-general and governor of the Spanish colo-
ny at Natchez until 1797, when he succeeded the
Baron de Carondelet as governor of Louisiana.
Mr. Watts contributed to John Beveridge's " Epis-
tola? Familiares" (1765).
WATTS, Thomas Hill, statesman, b. in Butler
county, Ala., 3 Jan., 1819. He was graduated at
the University of Virginia in 1840, and began the
practice of law at Greenville, in his native county,
in 1841. In 1842 he was elected to the legislature,
and he. was returned in 1844 and 1845, He removecl
to Montgomery county m 1847, and was in 1849
sent to the legislature from that district and in
1853 to the state senate. In 1861, with William J,.
Yancey, he represented Montgomery county in the
Secession convention. In the same year he went
to the seat of war as colonel of the 17th Alabama
regiment, remaining there until April, lb62. when
he was called by Jefferson Davis to act as attorney-
general in his cabinet. In 1863 he was electe<l
governor of Alabama, and he held this post until
the close of the civil war. He is active in the re-
ligious enterprises of the Baptist denomination, to
which he belongs,
WAL'WH, Beverly, M, E, bishop, b. in Fairfax
county, Va., 28 Oct., 1789 ; d. in Baltimore, Md.. 9
Feb., 1858. At the age of fifteen he became a mem-
ber of the Methodist church at Alexandria. Va. It
is supposed that he was employed in one of the
government offices for three or four years, for
through life he was noted for his excellent pen-
manship and accuracy in accounts. From the
time he was eighteen years old until a short time
before his death he kept a journal which amounted
to several manuscript volumes. In 1808 he entered
the ministry, and at the end of three years he was
stationed in the city of Washington. He was
elected by the Baltimore conferences to the general
conferences of 1816 and 1820, In 1824, on account
of his favoring the election of presiding elders,
which the majority of his conference did not ap-
prove, he was not a representative. In 1828 he was
again elected a member, and he was at that time
chosen assistant editor and book-agent and removed
to the city of New York, In 1832 he was made
principal agent, though not a member of the gen-
eral conference, and in 1836 he was made bishop.
In this post he continued, travelling almost con-
stantly until 1852. when he became senior bishop
of the church. After that time his health gradu-
ally failed until he died. He is buried in Mount
Olivet cemetery, Baltimore, near the graves of
Bishops Asbury and Emory,
WAUL, Thomas N., lawyer, b. in Sumter dis-
trict, S. C, 8 Jan., 1815. He was educated at the
University of South Carolina, studied law in Vicks-
burg. Miss., under Sargeant S. Prentiss, and began
to practise in 1835, While residing in Mississippi he
was chosen judge of the circuit court. Having re^-
moved to Texas, he was elected one of her repre-
sentatives in the 1st Confederate congress. He was
a brigadier-general in the Confederate army, hav-
ing raised a command that was known as " Waul's
legion," and he was severely wounded during an
engagement in Louisiana. Both in Mississippi
and Texas he has been active in the affairs of the
Baptist denomination, with which he is associated.
WAY, Andrew John Henry, artist, b. in
Washington, D. C, 27 April, 1826; d. in Balti-
more, Md.. 7 Feb., 1888, He studied first with
John P, Frankenstein in Cincinnati, then with
Alfred J, Miiller in Baltimore, and in 1850 went
to Paris, After a stay in Europe of four years he
returned to his native country, settling in Balti-
more, For some time his attention was given
mainly to j)ortraiture, but a fruit-piece that he
painted about 1859 attracted the attention of
Emanuel Leutze, on whose advice he devoted him-
self thenceforth to the painting of still-life sub-
jects. In this branch he had great «uccess, ex-
celling especially in the representation of grapes.
At the Philadelphia exhibition of 1876 he received
a medal for two panels. His numerous works in-
clude "A Christmas Memoiy" (1870); "Prince
All)ert Grapes " and "Flora and Pomona" (1874):
"Wild Fowl" (1882): "A Sportsman's Luck"
(1883) : and " To mv Sweetheart " and " Prepara-
tion for Apple Toddy" (1887). Several of his
WAYLAND
WAYLAND
3»7
nnintinj'shavolx'on Iitho(frnph«'<l, — HiHfion.Cteorfro I
Brevitt, b. in IiHlttmon<, Siil.. 20 (kt., 1N.'^4. whh >
eduoatoil nt the V. S. navui ncudoniy. stii<lu><l art
ill I'aris, aiul has f(>llowe<l it a^ a pMfpwiion.
Among his works are "Sunset" (IHHJ}) and "Twi-
litfht on the Susquehanna," " Village Scene in
Bn>wnsvilh'."ainl "On the rp|M>r Potomac "(18H4).
HA YliANU, Fraiiritt, educator, h. in New York
city. 11 Manh. 17WJ; <l. in I'rovidenee, R. I., 80
Sept., 18(W. He was the son of Franeis Wayland,
a Baptist nunisler, who emignite*! frou> England,
and was the pastor of churches in Poughkeepsie,
Tn\v, Albany, and Saratoga Springs. The son
was graduate<l in
1813 at Union
c<illege, then un-
der the presiflen-
cy of Dr. Klinha-
let Nolt, whose
spirit and nieth-
o<ls influenced
largely his own
future course as
a college presi-
dent. Imniedi-
atelv upon his
graduation he
spent three vears
in the study of
medicine. Hav-
ing meanwhile
united with a
Baptist church,
ana feeling that
duty callwl him to the Christian ministry, he en-
tered in 1816 the Andover theological seminary,
but at the end of a year he left to become a tutor in
Union college, which office he held for four years.
He was called in 1821 to the pastorate of the 1st
Baptist church in Boston, and soon became recog-
nized as a man of rich and varied gift*. His preach-
ing, though unaided by an attractive delivery, was
greatly adminnl for its broad and deep thoughtful-
ness and its fine crrace of expression. His sermons
on "The Moral Dignity of the Missionary Enter-
prise " (182;{) and " The Duties of an American Citi-
zen" (1825) place<I him in the front rank «)f Ameri-
can preachers. The former, in particular, has ob-
taineil wide celebrity. In 1820 tie accepted a pro-
fessorship in Union college, but he left it in Feb-
ruary, 1827, to take the presidency of Brown uni-
versity, which office he filliHi for twenty-eight years
with distinguished honor to himself and the hijjhest
advantage to the university. It felt at once in all
its de[)artment:i the inspiration of a new life, and
s|)eedily enioyed a greatly enlarged prosjierity.
Dr. Wayland's instructions in psychology, political
economy, and ethics, especially the last, were in
a high degn>e stimulating to his pupils, while his
strong iK'rsonality was felt by the students of
every clajis as an etlucating and elevating force.
Not satisfletl with the old text-ltooks, he prepared
lectures on all the subjects that he taught. He
deliverwl weekly sermons to the students in the
chapel, often attended their prayer-raeetinps and
gatnere«i them for Bible instruction. In all these
services he was singularly effective. Though he I
was natunilly conservative, his clear perceptions j
and sound judgment mH«le him a pioneer reformer
in educational mejht'Mls. In IS.'K) his views le<l to {
a reorganization of Brown university, so as to give
a place to the more mo<lern branches of learning,
and to allow a larger lilierty in the election of
studies, changes that since his day have almost uni-
versally been adopted. After his retirement from
the presi<lency in IHW he servwl for a year and a
half as pastor of the 1st Baptist church in Provi-
ilence. .Sul»s«»«juently he gave his strt>ngth to rrv
ligious and humane work, devoting much time to
the inmates of the Hhoile Island state (irison and
reform s<'hool. He nni-ivwl the degnni of D.I).
from Union in 1N27 and Harvanl in 1K21), and that
of lAj. I), from the latter in 18,'>2. Dr. Wayland
was a iirolific author. Besides alM)ut fifty sermons
and audressos. his published works are "Occasional
Discourses" (Boston, 18:W): "Elements of iMonU
Science " (New York, \Hii5 ; abridge<l ed. for
sch(x»ls, Boston. IS^W; whh notes and analysis by
J(weph Angus, D. D., Ixmdon. 18.'57; with analysis
by Rev. George B. Wheeler. 1863 ; translate<l into
several foreign languages): "Elements of Political
Economy " (New York. 18;n ; abridged e»I., Ikw-
ton, 184<')); "Moral I>aw of Accumulation" (Ik>s-
ton, 1837); "The Limitations' of Human Respon-
sibility" (1838); "Thoughts on the Present Colle-
giate System in the United States" (1842): "Do-
mestic Slavery considered as a Scriptural Institu-
tion," a correspondence between Dr. Wavland and
Rev. Richard Fuller, of Beaufort, S. C. (1845);
"St>rmons delivered in the Cha|x»l of Brown Uni-
versity" (1849): "Report to the Corporation of
Brown University on the Changes in the System
of Collegiate Education " (Providence, 1850); me-
moirs of ilarriet Ware (1850) and Adoniram Judson
(2 vols., Boston, 1853); " Elements of Intellectual
Philosophy " (1854) ; " Notes on the Princiftles and
Practices of Baptist Churches" (1857); "Sermons
to the Churches" (1*58): "Salvation by Christ"
(1859); "Letters on the Ministry of the Gospel,"
addressed to Heman Lincoln (18(j;i); and "Memoir
of Thomas Chalmers, I). D." (1804). See a memoir,
with selections from his personal reminiscences and
corresiHjndence, by his sons, F'rancis and Heman
Lincoln Wayland (2 vols.. New York, 1867), and
his funeral sermon by Prof. Ge<ir^ I. Chace (1866).
— His son. Francis, lawyer, b. in lioston, Mass.,
23 A\ig., 1820, was graduated at Brown in 1840,
studied at Harvard law-schfwl and in Springfield,
Mass., and began practii-e in Worcester in 1850. In
1858 he removed to New Haven, C«)nn., and in
1804 he was electe<l judge of prolmte for that city.
In 1809 he was elected lieutenant-governor of Con-
necticut. In 1872 he w»is app<iinted to a profes-
sorship in the law-school of \ ale. and in the next
year he was made dean of thai school. Dr. Way-
land is president of the Ijoanis of directors of the
Connecticut state prison, the C<mnecticut prison
association, the National prison association, the
Organized charities of New Haven, and the Con-
necticut general hospital in that city. He was
president of the American Baptist education so-
ciety, and is vice-president of the American liaptist
missionary union. In 1874 he was president of the
board of visitors to the U. S. military academy at
West Point, and in 1880 he was vice-president of
the l)oard of visitors to the U. S. naval m-ademy at
Anna[Mi|is. He was for several years chairman of
the jurisprudence tlepartment of the American so-
cial science association, and was chosen in 1880
president of that btnly. He is active in the e«lu-
cational and benevolent enterprises of the liaptist
denoininatiiui, to which he belongs. He rei'cive*!
in 1879 from Rochester university the degree of
LL. D.. and the same from Brown in 1881. Be-
sides articles in the " .Atlantic M»mthly." he pub-
lishetl |)a|H>r8 on " Tramps "and " Out-I>«>or Relief,"
pre|>ariil for the American social science asso-
ciation.—Another son. Heman Lincoln, clergy-
man, b. in Providence. R. I.. 23 April, 1830, was
graduated at Brown in 1849, and, after spending a
398
WAYMAN
WAYNE
year (1849-'50) in studying theology at Newton,
taught for a short time at the academy in Town-
shend, Vt., and spent the years 1852-'4 as tutor in
the University of Rochester. From 1854 till 1861
he was pastor of the Main street Baptist church in
Worcester, Mass., and during the civil war he
served as chaplain of the 7th Connecticut volun-
teers. After the war he spent a year in mission-
ary work among the colored people in Nashville,
Tenn., and from 1865 till 1870 he was professor of
rhetoric and logic in Kalamazoo college, Mich.
He was presiflent of Franklin college, Ind., for
two years, and then l)ceame editor of the " National
Baptist " in Philadelphia, Pa., which office he
still holds. He received the degree of D. I), from
Brown in 1869. Dr. Waylan<l has contributed
articles to the " New Englander " and the '* Baptist
Quarterly," and has published numerous sermons
and addiesses on education.
WAYMAN, Alexander Washington, A.M.E.
bishop, V). in Caroline county, Md.. in September,
1821. He is of .\fricau descent and was brought up
on a farm. In 1843 he was admitted into the Phila-
delphia conference of the African Methodist Epis-
copal church, and he was elected the secretary of
three successive general conferences of his church
—those of 1856, 1800. and 1804. He was made
bishop in 1864, and received from Howard uni-
versity the degree of D. D. in 1877. He has visited
almost every county of the Union, and has written
" My Recollections." " Cyclop,TBdi!i of African Meth-
odism," and " Wayman on the Discipline."
WAYNE, Anthony, soldier, b. in Easttown,
Chester co.. Pa., 1 Jan., 1745: d. in Presque Isle
(now Erie), Ph.. 15 Dec, 1796. His grandfather
was a native of Yorkshire, England, and settled in
County Wick-
. ■ ' low, Ireland. Al-
though a farmer
by occupation, he
saw military ser-
vice, and com-
manded a body
of dragoons at
the battle of the
Bovne, under
William III. He
sold out in Ire-
land, and, coming
to Chester coun-
ty. Pa., purchased
froperty there,
lis youngest son
was Isaaf!, who
was a farmer and
legislator, and
/^~) ^^^ J^/^/ held a eommis-
^-^r^Vt^^^'^yVy^^ sion in part of
^ the forces operat-
ing against the
Indians. Anthony was Isaac's only son, and was
educated at the Philadelphia academy. He became
a land-survevor, and in 1765 was sent to Nova Sco-
tia as financial agent and surveyor in the service of
a wealthy association, on the recommendation of
Benjamin PVanklin. In 1767 he married and set-
tled on a farm in his native county, but he con-
tinued to follow the practice of his profession, and
filled several local offices. He was chosen in 1774
one of the provincial deputies to consider the dis-
turbing relations between the colonies and Great
Britain, and also a memlier of the Pennsylvania
convention that was held in Philadelphia to dis-
cuss similar questions. During 1774-'5 he was
representative from bis native county to the Penn-
sylvania colonial legislature, and in 1775 he was a
member of the committee of safety. Meanwhile,
his fondness for military affairs led to his study-
ing works on the art of war, and to his drilling
such of his neighbors as he could inspire with his
own feelings. He raised the 4th regiment of
Pennsylvania troops, and was commissioned colonel
on 3 Jan., 1776. With the Pennsylvania regiments
he was sent to re-enforce the northern army, and
in June, 1776, was assigned to Gen. John Thomas's
brigade. At Three Rivers his command attacked
the British, and. although wounded and defeated,
he withdrew his troops creditably and concen-
trated the force at Ticonderoga. where he was
ordered to assume charge. On 21 Feb., 1777, he
was commissioned brigadier-general, and joined
the army under Gen. George Washington in New
Jersey. During the summer of that year he was
constantly on the alert, engaged in driving the
enemy from the state, and his " bravery and good
conduct " were publicly testified to by Gen. Wash-
ington. At the Brandywine he commanded a
division, and was charged with the defence of
Chadd's Ford, where he opposed the pa-^sage of the
river by Baron von Knyphausen with the Hessians.
He fought all day, and at sunset effected a success-
ful retreat. Wayne led the attack at Warren
Tavern a few days later, and then had command
of a flying detachment of 1,500 men. for the pur-
pose of harassing the British rear ; but he was at-
tacked near Paoli by superior numbers on the night
of 20 Sept. Gen. Wayne quickly formed his di-
vision, and, while his right sustained a fierce at-
tack, a retreat was directed by the left, and the
whole formed again not far from the ground on
which they were attacked. Charges by Col. Rich-
ard Humpton led to Wayne's demand of a court of
inquiry, which unanimously acquitted him " with
the highest honor." He was with the right wing
at Germantown, and carried the position that was
assigned to him to take, driving the enemy back
more than two miles, when the Americans, having
failed in their purpose, retreated. During the
winter of 1777-'8 he did much to supply the Ameri-
can camp at Valley Forge with supplies, and in
March, 1778, made a successful raid into the Brit-
ish lines, capturing horses, cattle, and other mate-
rial. After Sir Henry Clinton abandoned Phila-
delphia, Wayne hung on the rear of the English,
realizing the truth of what had been said of him
early in the war, that " where Wayne went there
was a fight always; that was his business." At
Monmouth W«yne was the first to attack, but was
ordered to retreat by Gen. Charles Lee. After
Washington had assumed command, Wayne came up
with his troops and gave victory to the Americans.
Col. Henry Monckton, perceiving that the fate of the
conflict depended upon driving Wayne away or
capturing him, led his troops in a bayonet char^,
in which almost every British officer was killed, in-
cluding the leacjer. After this the British fell
back, and in the night silently retreated. During
the summer of 1779 Washington organized a corps
of light infantry, the command of which he gave
to Gen. Wayne. His best-known achievement was
the capture of Stony Point, a post on the Hudson
river that commanded King's Ferry, the trossing-
place between the New England colonies and those
to the southward. It was strongly fortified, and was
connected with the main-land by a tide-submerged
causeway across a narrow marsh, making it an isl-
and at high tide. The garrison of 600 infantry
was commanded bv Col. Johnson. Wayne de-
termined to carry the place bv storm, and on 15
July, 1779, marched toward the fort, reaching a
WAYNE
WAYNE
399
|><>int within a mile an<l a half of the wnrk!> at 8
o'ckx'k in thoevoninK> At midni);ht the Anu*ri-
cans advuniHKl in two columns, with unioadtHl
musketD and fixed bayonets, and, surprising the
pickets, forx'wl their way thruujjh every ol)st«cle to
the centn* of the fort. Wayne received a woun<l
in the head, but, detvimininjf to die in the fort if
the wound was mortal, entered the works with his
troops, supt>ortwl by his aides. The parrison MM>n
surrendere*!. and not a life was taken after the flag
was hauled down. The ordnance and stores were
conveyed to West Point, and the works were de-
stroywl. Conjfress vote<i a pold medal to Wayne,
and silver ones to his two sul)ordinate command-
ers. He also re«>ived thanks from congress " for
his brave, prudent, and soldier-like conduct in the
well-conducted attack on Stony Point,"' and a simi-
lar testimonial was given him by the general as-
somblv of his native state of Pennsylvania. A year
later he was sent to capture Fort Ijee, but it was
too strongly fortified. He was, however, success-
ful in sweeping the country of cattle, horses, and
of everything available for the use of the enemy's
army, and thwartwi Oen. Clinton's plans. This
raid gave rise to Maj. John Andre's poem of "The
Cow Chase," which ende<l with the stanza:
" And now I've closed my epic strain,
I tremble as I show it.
Lest this same warrio-drover Wayne
Should ever catch the poet."
As if by {X)etic justice, Wayne had command of
the troops from whom the guard was drawn that
attended Andre's execution. On 1 Jan., 1781,
1.800 men of the Pennsylvania line mutinied; but
Wavne, by his tact, arranged the matter peaceably
to the advantage of the government an<l the satis-
faction of the troojw. Soon afterward he was sent
by Washington to join Lafayette, who was then
operating against Lord Comw'allis in Virginia. At
Jamestowa Fortl the British apoeare*! to be falling
l)ack to avoid Ijafayette, and Wayne attacked, by
the lattcr's orders, but fouml himself confronted by
the entire British force. Unable to retreat, he at
once charged the enemy and fell bm-k after discon-
certing a projected nuincpuvre against Lafayette.
This a<-tion at Green Springs on 6 July, 1781, dem-
onstrated Wayne's great ability as a general, in
that he turnetl an almost positive defeat into a
success. Wavne was actively engjiged in the in-
vestment ami capture of Vorktown. The first
parallel was opened by him and Gen. James Clin-
ton with six n'giments on fl Oct., 1781, and five
days later the seconil parallel was Ixjgun by the
Pennsylvania and Maryland troops, covered by two
battalions under the command of Wayne. In the
attack on the 14th, Wayne supporte<l the French
troops with his Pennsylvania regiments. After
the surrender he was sent to join Gen. Nathanael
Greene in the south, and on the night of 3;i-24
June he was surrounded bv a numerous ImkIv of
Creek Indians under an able chief and a British
officer. F«>r a few moments they held p<iss«»ssi(m I
of his artillery, but, mustering his forces, Wayne '
attack«Ml the assailants so furiously in flank ami
rear with swoni and Imyonet alone, that they soon [
br*»ke and fled. With his own hand Wayne cut
down a Creek chieftain, and in the morning the I
dead Ixxly of Guistersigo, the princijMil warrior of
the Creeks, and the bitterest enemy of the .\nieri-
cans among these Indians, was fouml on the brittle- !
field. When Charleston, S. C., was evacuated bv
the British on 14 Dec., 17K2, (len. Wayne took |
poonssion of that city, which was the last military '
service he performed during the Revolutionary i
war. The brevet rank of major-general was con- I
ferred on him on 10 Oct., 1788. lie then returned
to Pennsylvania and rvsuraod his civil life. In
1784 he was electe<l to the general asMembly from
Chester countv, an<l also served in the convention
that ratified the constitution of the United State*.
Sul>se<iuently he settUnl in Georgia on a tract of
land that the state gave him as a Pecom|H'n8e for
his military serviees, and was eU-^ted a delepitc to
the c<»nvent ion that framed the stat*; constitution
in 17K7. He was electe<l from Georgia t<» congress,
and served from 24 Oct., 17»1. to 21 March, 1792,
when his seat was contested and congress dwlannl
it vat'ant. A new election w«is orderiMl. but he de-
cline<l to be a candidate. He was nominated on
Washington's recommendation to be general-in-
chief of the U. S. armv. with the rank of major-
general, an<l was con&rmed in that ofiice od 8
A|)ril, 1792. .
Certain of the
Indian trib<'s
of the north-
west, instigat-
ed by the Brit-
ish, refused to
cease hostili-
ties after the
peace of 1783,
and previous
attempts bv
(len. Josiah
Harmer and
Gen. Arthur
St. C'lair at sui)iugating the savages hiui failed.
Wayne collected an adequate force, and, con-
scious that failure in negotiating with the In-
dians would be foUowwl by immediate hostilities
on the frontiers, sp«^nt more than a year in drill-
ing his trotips and training them for the p4H>uliar
service for which they were nHpiinHl. In the au-
tumn of 1798 he man'hed into the m»rthwest. and
near Greenville, Ohio, built a stcM-kade which he
called Fort Recovery. He pushe*! on during the
following summer through the wilderness toward
Maumec river, and at its junction with the Au-
glaize he built Fort Adams, as an intermediate
post. In'August he went down the Maumee with
1,000 men, and encamptnl near a British post at
the foot of the Maumec rapids, callwl Fort Miami.
Ilere Gen. Wayne, with a force ample to destmy
the Indians iii spite of British influence. ofTere*!
them peace if thev would lay d<»wn their weajHms.
On their refusal he advanccnl to the hea<l of the
rapids, and on 20 Aug.. at Fallen Timln'rs, attackinl
and defeated the Indians. Almost all the dead
warriors were found with British arms. After
laying their country waste he move<l up to the
j^iijction of St. Mary's and St. Joseph's rivers,
where he built a strong fortification which he called
Fort Wayne. He spent the winter in (Jreenville,
where, on 3 Aug., 1795, was signtnl a treaty with
the Indians, in which twelve triln's partici|tated.
.\ la.sting jieace foIlowe<l, and a large territ<^)ry
was acquired by the Unite<l Stati>s. Wayne re-
turne<l on a visit to Pennsylvania, and was ap-
pointed sole commissioner to treat with the ln<lians
of the northwest, and to take ^•svssion of all the
forts that had l>oen held by the British in that
territory: but. while descending I^akc Erie from
Detroit,' he die<l from an attaek of the gout. Aj-
t hough Washmgton called him " prudent," Wayne's
unexjiocted successes in perilous ex|>e<Iitions won
for him his more popular apwllation of " Mad
Anthony Wayne." The title of " Dandy Wayne"
was also applie<l to him, owing to his constant at-
tention to dress, and in one of his letters to Wash-
400
WAYNE
WEAKLEY
ington he expressed himself in favor of an elegant
uniform and soldierly appearance in preference to
poorly clad troops with a greater amount of ammu-
nition. He was called " HIack Snake " by the In-
dians, perhaps because that reptile will attack any
other species and rarely gets the worst of an en-
counter. After he defeated them in 1794 he was
given the name of " Wind " or " Tornado," because
•' he was exactly like a hurricane, that drives and
tears and prostrates evervthing before it." His
body was removed from tre-scjue Isle in 1809 by
his son. and buried in Iladnor churchyard in his
native county, where the Pennsylvania Society of
the Cincinnati caused a marble monument to be
erected, which was dedicated with appropriate
ceremonies on 4 July of that year. His portrait
was painted by Charles Wilson Peale and by John
Trumbull, from whose picture our vignette is
copied. Wayne's residence at East town, Chester
CO.. Pa., is represented in the accompanying illus-
tration. See " Life of Anthony Wayne,*' by John
Armstrong, in Sparks's " American Biography,"
and " Orderly Book of the Northern Army at Fort
Ticonderoga and Mount Independence " (Albany,
1859). — His son, Isaac, b. in Warren county, Pa.,
in 1770; d. in Chester county. Pa., 25 Oct., 1852,
received a public-school education, was graduated
at Dickinson college, and acquired the title of colo-
nel by his military experiences. He studied law,
and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1795.
In 1814 he was the Federal camlidate for gover..or
of Pennsylvania, but was defeated. He was elected
to congress from Pennsvlvania as a Federalist, and
served from 1 Dec. 1833, to 3 March, 1825.— His
great-nephew, William, b. 6 Dec, 1828, is the
grandson of Gen. Wayne's daughter, and took the
name of Wayne, being the representative of the
family and the owner of Waynesborough. He was
graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in
1846, and during the civil war held the rank of
captain in the 97th Pennsylvania volunteers. From
1881 till 1887 he served as a member of the Penn-
sylvania assembly.
' WAYNE, Henry Constantine, soldier, b. in
Savannah, Ga., 8 Sept., 1815; d. there, 15 March,
1883. He was educated at Northampton and Cam-
bridge, Mass., and at the U. S. military academy,
where he was graduated in 1838. He served on the
northern frontier at Plattsburg, N. Y., in 1838-'40,
during the Canadian border disturbances ; on the
Maine frontier at Houlton in 1840-'l, pending the
disputed-territory controversy, and at the U. S.
military academy in 1841-'6 as assistant instructor
of artillery and cavalry, of the sword-exercise and
of infantry tactics, and as quartermaster. He
was promoted 1st lieutenant in the 1st artillery, 16
May, 1842. He was on quartermaster duty dur-
ing the war with Mexico, 1846-'7. He took part
in the battles of Churubusco and Contreras, being
brevetted major for gallant conduct in those en-
gagements. From 1848 till 1855 he was in charge
of the clothing bureau of the quartermaster-gen-
eral's office at Washington. D. C. Soon after the
annexation of the territory acquired by the United
States from Mexico, the question of transportation
coming up, Maj. Wayne suggested that camels
should be used as a means of conveyance over the
plains of Texas and New Mexico. The government
adopted the suggestion, and Maj. Wayne was sent
to Egypt to investigate and report upon the sub-
ject. On his return his recommendations were
adopted, and he was employed in Texas in 1857-'8
in testirig the adaptability of these animals for
army transportation. He was again employed at
the quartermaster - general's office from 1858 till
1860. when he resigned to become adjutant- and
inspector-general of the state of Georgia under the
Confederacy. He received in 1858 a first-class gold
medal from the Societe imperiale zoologique d'ac-
climatation of Paris, for the successful introduc-
tion and acclimation of the camel in the United
States. He was also the author of " The Sword Ex-
ercise, arranged for Military Instruction " (1856).
WAYNE, James Moore, jurist, b. in Savan-
nah, Ga.. in 1790; d. in Washington. D. C, 5 July,
1867. He was graduated at Princeton in 1808,
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1810, and
began practice at Savannah. He served for two
years in the state house of representatives, was
elected mayor of Savannah in 1823, and chosen
judge of the superior court in 1824, serving for five
years. He was a member of congress in 1829-'35,
took an active part as a debater, and was a sup-
I)orter of Gen. Andrew Jackson, who appointed
lim, 9 Jan., 1835, associate justice of the U. S. su-
preme court. His opinions upon admiralty juris-
prudence are cited as being of high authority. In
congress he favored free-trade, opposed internal
improvements by congress, except of rivers and
harbors, and opposed a recharter of the U. S.
bank, claiming that it would confer dangerous
political powers up<m a few individuals. He took
an active part in the removal of the Indians to
the west. Judge Wayne presided in two conven-
tions that were held for revising the constitution
of Georgia. Princeton college gave him the de-
gree of LL. D. in 1849.
WEAD, Charles Kasson, physicist, b. in Ma-
lone. N. Y., 1 Sept., 1848. He was graduated at
the University of Vermont in 1872, afterward was
appointed professor of physics in the Pittsburg
(Pa.) high-school, and in 1877 accepted a similar
chair in the University of Michigan, where he con-
tinued until 1885. Subsequently he settled in Hart-
ford, and became an electrician. Since 1880 he has
been a fellow of the American association for the
advancement of science. He has prosecuted origi-
nal experimental work in acoustics, the results of
which ne has contributed to the "American Jour-
nal of Sciences" and other periodicals. He has
published " The Aims and Methods of the Teach-
ing of Physics " (Washington, 1884).
WEAKLEY, Robert^ nioneer. b. in Halifax
county, Va.. 20 July, 1764 ; d. near Nashville, Tenn.,
4 Feb.. 1845. He joined the Revolutionary army at
the age of sixteen, and served in it till the close of
the war. He then emigrated to the country beyond
the Alleghanies, taking with him his entire worldly
possessions, a horse, saddled and bridled, and one
dollar and seventy-five cents in currency. He soon
rose to the rank of colonel in the force of riflemen
with which James Robertson l)eat off the raids of
the Creeks and Cherokees. When but twenty-two
years of age he was chosen a member of the con-
vention that North Carolina convened to ratify the
Federal constitution, and subsequently he was a
member of the Tennessee house of representatives.
In 1809 he was elected to congress, and in 1811 he
was chosen a member of the slate senate, of which
he was speaker from 1819 till 1821, and again from
1823 till 1825. His last office was that of member
of the convention to revise the constitution of Ten-
nessee in 1834. In early life he was a zealous
meml)er of the Methmlist church, but. marrying a
lady who was not a church member, he was called
to account for thus violating the rules of the de-
nomination. He was told that if he expressed his
regret, no further action would be taken ; but he
refused to do so. and thenceforward was connected
with no religious body.
WE A RE
WEAVER
401
WEARE, Mesherh, j«m!«t. h. in IlHinptnn,
N. II.. lU June, 17i:): d. in Hampton FhIIh. N. H.,
ir* Jan.. 17KU. lie wa8 )!:ra(iuat<><l at Ilurvanl in
173.'), ailmitto*! to the iNtr, and prncti.sed Jaw, also
sitting; in the le{n!<iaturc for M.>voral yearm and
servinjc *« »|»eakor in 1752. In 1754 he was a com-
missioner to the colonial eon)rre.«*8 at Alliany, and
he was afterwanl a justit-e of the suprome court,
nnd in 1777 l)ecHme chief justice. lie was also a
?nend»er of the executive council, and chairman of
the committi'c of safety at the outset of the Revo-
lution. He was electetl president of the state in
1776, and was annually re electinl during the war,
and in 17H4 under the new constitution He was
made fellow of the American acmlemy of arts and
sciences in 17H2. During the Revolution he ren-
dere<I pn'at services in raising and equippinjf the
lorces that were sent to the northern frontier of
New Hampshire under Gen. John Stark to op[K)se
the progress of Gen. John Burgovne.
WEATHEKSFOKI), William. Indian chief, b.
in the Creek settlement, Ala., alnrnt 1770; d. in
Monroe county, Ala., in 1824. His father was a
white trader, and his mother a Seminole Indian.
William was a skilful hunter and warrior, and in
the second war with Gre«t Hritain commanded the
Creeks against the U. .S. forces. On 14 April, 1814,
he surrendered voluntarily to Gen. Andrew Jack*
son, and he afterward lived pejiceably on his plan-
tation at Little River. Monroe county. Ala.
WEAVER, tieor^e Sumner, author, b. in
Rockingham. Vu, 24 Dec., 1818. He studied law
and was a<lmitte<l to the bar, but. relinquishing law
for theology, was ordained as a UniversaMst min-
ister in 1848. He has published "Lectures on
Mental Science according to the PhiU)sophy of
Phrenology " (New York, 1852): "Ho{>es and Helps
for the Young of Both Sexes " (18.W): "Aims and
Aids for Girls" (1854); "The Wavs of Life"
(1855); "The Christian Household" (1855); "The
Open Way " (187:1) ; " Mos«'s and Mo<lem .Science "
(1874); "The Heart of the World" (1888); and
** Lives and Graves of our Presidents" (1884).
WEAVER, James B., candidate for the presi-
dency, b. in Davton, Ohio, 12 June. 18;i3. He was
graduated at the law-school of Ohio university.
Cincinnati, in 1854. In April. 1861, he enlisted as
a private in the 2d Iowa infantry, was elected a
lieutenant, rose to be major on 3 Oct., 1861. and
after the senior fleld-offlcers had fallen at Corinth
was commissioned colonel. 12 Oct.. 1862. He was
brevetted brigadier-general on 13 March, 1865, for
firallantry in action. After the war he resume<l
legal practice, was elected district attorney of the
2u judicial district of Iowa in 1866. and was ap-
Sointeil asses-sor of internal revenue for the 5th
istrict of the state in 1867, serving six years. He
became editor of the " Iowa Tribune, publishetl
at Des Moines, and was elected to congress, taking
his seat on 18 March, 1879. In June, 1880. he was
nominated for the presidency by the convention of
the National (treenlwick-Ijabor narty, and in the
Novemlter election he received 307,740 votes. He
was returned to congress after an interval of two
terms by the vote of the Greenback- 1 jabor and
DemiK-ratii- fwrties, taking his seat on 7 Dec., 1885,
and in 18H(J was re-electetl.
WE.WER, Jonatlian, bishop of the rnite<l
Brethren in Christ, \t. in Carroll county, Ohio, 2il
F'eb.. 1824. I le wtus brought up on a farm, educateil
at the common schools and at Ilagerstown acad-
emy, and in 1845 began to nreat^-h. Ho was a
pastor in 1847-52, presiding elder in 1852-'7, and
S'neral airent for Olterliein university in 1857-'65.
e waa electe<l in 1865 a bishop of the Church of
TOL. TI, — 26
the I'nited Brethren in Christ, has lie*n re-elected
Ave times, and whs in the Ohio dtocetie in 18M7.
He received the degree of D. D. from Ottortiein
university in 187^1, He has publishe<l " Discouriieii
on tile Resurrection " (Dayton. Ohio, 1871); "Min-
isterial Salary" (18?2):* "Divine Providence"
(1873); and " Cniversal Restoration not sustained
by the Word of God" (1878). He has written
much for his church organ, the " Religious Tele-
scofH!," published at Dayton, and is ni»w prf^taring
for the press a volume of sermons by different
ministers of his denomination.
WEAVER, William AiidrnHtaii, naval officer,
b. in Dumfries, Va., in 1707; d. there in 1846. He
entered the navy as a midshipman, 4 Feb.. 1811.
and made his f\rst cruise in the " Chesa|H«ke,"
which was captun-d by the frigate ".Shannon"
after a short engagement off Boston, 1 June. 1818.
Midshipman Weaver wa«i severely wounded in this
battle and was taken to Halifax as a prisoner with
the rest of the officers and crew who survived. He
was promoted to lieutenant after the war and com-
manded the schooner " Tom Bowlin " in 1816 and
the schooner "Spark" in 1817. in the Me<literra-
nean sfpiadron. lie served in the ship " Franklin "
in 1818-'24 in the Metliterranean and the Pacific
squadrons. By a misunderstanding as to his leave
of absence, he was obliged to abandon the naval
service, 27 Nov., 1824, after which he was employed
by the government in the state department, where
his knowledge of modern languages made his ser-
vices specially %-aluable. He was secretary of the
commission to adjust the claims of the Simnish
citizens, was commissioner to Mexico in 1834, and
su|MTintendent of the census of 1840. — His s«m,
Aaron Ward, naval offtcer, b. in the District of
Columbia, 1 July. 1832, was ap(M>inted a midship-
man in the navy. 10 May, 1848, attende<l the naval
aca4lemy in 185JJ-'4, was graduate<l, and iK'came a
(wsscd midshipman, 15 Jiine, 1854. He was com-
missioned lieutenant, 16 Sept., 1855. He cruised
in the sloop " Marion," on tne coast of Africa, in
1858-"9, and came home in the prize slaver " Ar-
dennes " in command. When the civil war opened
he was assigned to the steamer "Susquehanna" on
the blockatie. in which he tuirticijmted in the bom-
bardment and capture of Fort llatteras and Fort
Clarke at llatteras inlet, in the battle of Port
Royal and capture of P'ort IVaurcgard and Fort
Walker, and in ojx'rations on the coast in com-
mand of the armed boats before the fall of Fort
Pulaski. He was present at the engagj'iuents with
lotteries on Sewall's jx»iiit and at the C4ipture of
Norfolk, Va. He was commissioned lieutenant-
cfjmmander, 16 July, 1862, and commandeil the
steam gun-boat "Winona," in the Western Gulf
squatlron. in 18fl^'3. He participated in the en-
gagements at Port Hudson in December. 1862. at
Placjuemine. La., at the defeat of the Confeilerates
when they attackcnl Donaldson ville, and in the
engap'inents below that place after the capture of
Port Hudson. He was highly coinmend«l by Ad-
miral Farragut for his services. He had the gun-
l)oat "Chippewa," in the North Atlantic blockading
squadron, in 1864. in which he to«ik part in tlie
first attack on Fort Fisher. He was transfern-d to
command the monitor " Maho|>«»c," in which he
PirticifMittHl in the final attack and ca|>ture of Fort
isher in January. lMi.5, and was rt«c<nnmende<l for
promoti«>n. He went to Charleston. S.C.. and was
in the a<lvanced picket when the city surrendered
and its forts were captured. He next took the
"Mahopac" up James river, and waa present at
the fall of Richmond. After the war he servetl at
the Boston navy-yard. He was promoted and ad-
402
WEBB
WEBB
vanced to the erode of commRndcr, 25 July, 1866. '
He coramandwV the double-turreted monitor "Ter-
ror" in 1870-'l, in which he went to Havana under
great diflRculties, owing to defective Iwiiers, and
arrived in season on the occasion when the Spanish
students wore executed by order of the govern-
ment. During the excitement and threatened war
with Spain owing to the " Virginius" affair, he was
selected to comtnand the sea-going iron-clad "Dic-
tator," then one of the most formidable vessels of
the navy, in which he was for some time the senior
officer of the forces in the harbor of Havana. He
remained in command of the " Dictator" until May,
1877. He was commissioned captain, 8 Aug., 187G,
was equipment-officer at the Norfolk navv-yard in
1879-'80, and captain of the yard in 1886-'l. He
commanded the steam sloop " Brooklyn," on the
South Atlantic station, in 1881-'4. He was a mem-
ber of the naval examining and retiring board in
1885-'6, was promoted to commodore, 7 Oct., 1880,
and is now president of the retiring-board.
WEBB, Charles, soldier, b. in Stamford, Conn.,
13 Feb., 1724; d. after 1794. He was a member of
the Connecticut legislature in 1758, and was re-
chosen twenty-three times. He served in the
French war, and attained the rank of captain in
1760, was sent by congress, in May, 1775, on a
tour of inspection to Ticonderoga, and became
colonel of the 19th regiment in July, 1775. He
participated in the battles of Long Island. 27 Aug.,
1776, White Plains, 28 Oct., 1776, and Whitemarsh,
5 Dec, 1777, in which his regiment suffered severe-
ly. He retired from the service in June, 1778.
WEBB, Charles Henry, author, b. in Rouse's
Point, Clinton co., N. Y., 24 Jan., 1834. He re-
ceived his preliminary education in his native
place. In early youth he ran away to sea, was ab-
sent three years, and on his return went to Illinois,
to which state his parents had removed in the
mean time. He was editorially connected with the
New York "Times" in 1860-'3 and with the San
Francisco "Bulletin" in 1863-'4, and then edited
'• The Californian," a weekly, which he left in 1866.
He had been engaged in business on the banks of
Mississippi river from 1856 till 1860, dealt subse-
quently in wheat in Chicago, and at a later period
was a banker and broker in Wall street. New York.
In 1868 he invented and patented " Webb's adder,"
an adding-machine which was placed upon the
market in that year ; and in 1874 he invented, pat-
ented, and manufactured a cartridge-loading ma-
chine, the utility of which was recognized bv the
manufacturers of fire-arms and others. Mr. Webb
is now engaged in constructing an improved add-
er. He has published " Liffith Lank, or Lunacy,"
a travesty of Charles lieade's "Griffith Gaunt"
(New York, 1867); "St. Twel'mo, or the Cunei-
form Cyclopedist of Chattanooga," a travesty of
Mrs. Augusta Evans Wilson's "St. Elmo" (18*68);
"John Paul's Book" (Hartford, 1874); "The
Wickedest Woman in New York" (New York.
1875); "Parodies, Prose, and Verse " (1876); and
" Sea- Weed and what we seed : my Vacation at
Long Branch and Saratoga " (1876). In San Fran-
cisco he brought out two plays, " Our Friend from
Victoria" (1865), and " Arrah-na-Poke," a bur-
lesque of Dion Boucicault's " Arrah-na-Pogue"
(18<)5). He edited, under the name of "John Paul,"
"The Celebrated Jumping Frog."
WEBK, Georare Jaines, musician, b. near Salis-
bury, Wiltshire, England, 24 June, 1803 ; d. in Or-
ange, N. J,, 7 Oct.. 1887. He studied music under
Alexander Lucas in Salisbury, and became organ-
ist of the church at Falmouth. In 1830 he came
to the United States, settling in Boston. He be-
came well known as an organist and teacher, and
was the friend and associate of Ix)well Mason.
When the Boston academy of music was founded,
in 1833, he and Mason were appointed as musical
directors. He also held office in the Handel and
Haydn society, and other associations. In 1871 he
resided in Orange, N. J., and his time after this
was devoti'd principally to teaching his new meth-
od for treating the voice. He wrote, with Chester
G. Allen, " Voice-Culture " (New York, 1871 ; re-
vised ed., 1884), and edited collections of vocal
music, most of them jointly with Lowell Mason.
WEBB, James, iurist,'b. in Georgia in 1792;
d. in Goliad, Tex., 1 Nov., 1856. He was educated
at William and Mary college, studied law, and, re-
moving to Georgia, practised his profession for a
few years, after whicn he was made judge of the
supreme court. While filling this office he was
appointed U. S. district judge in the territory of
Florida, which post he held for many years, when
he resigned. In 1839 he removed to the republic
of Texas, and was successively attorney-general and
secretary of state under the administration of Presi-
dent Mirabeau B. Lamar. He served one term in
the Texas senate, and after the annexation was re-
porter of the decisions of the supreme court, and
secretary of state. At the time of his death he was
judge of the 14th judicial district. With Thomas
11. Duval he published "Reports of Cases in the
Supreme Court of the State of Texas, 1846-'8"
(3 vols., Galveston. 1848-'51).
WEBB, John Knssell, educator, b. in Brown-
ville. Jefferson co., N. Y., 6 Aug.. 1824 ; d. in Ben-
ton Harbor, Berrien co., Mich., 10 Sept., 1887. He
was graduated at the New York state normal
school at Albany among the fir^t students in 1846.
While still a pupil of David P. Page, he conceived
the idea of teaching chiltlren to read by familiariz-
ing them at once with the complete forms of words,
without first compelling them to learn the letters
of the alphabet. Soon after leaving school, and
while teaching, he published a book to exemplify
this method. He taught with success, went to In-
dianapolis in 1851, and soon afterward relinquished
professional work on account of failing health, and*
settled in Minneapolis, i\Iinn., removing in 1861 to
Michigan. He published " John's First Book " (Wa-
tertown, N. Y., 1846) and " Webb's Word Method,"
in which he expounded his system cf instruction
(Detroit, 1864; revised ed., N'ew York, 1885). be-
sides a series of readers embodying the method.
WEBB, Samuel Blntchlev, soldier, b. in Weth-
ersfield. Conn., 15 Dec. 1753 ; ci. in Claverack, N. Y..
8 Dec, 1807. He was descended from Richard
Webb, of Gloucestershire, England, who was made
a freeman of Boston in 1632, and accompanied the
Rev. Thomas Hooker in the settlement of Hart-
ford, Conn., in 1635. He was a step-son and pri-
vate secretary to Silas Deane, and took part at an
early age in the movements that preceded the Revo-
lution. In command of a company of light infant-
ry he left Wethersfield for Boston on hearing of
the battle of Lexington, participated in the battle
of Bunker Hill, where he was wounded, and was
commended in general orders for gallantry. A let-
ter that he wrote to his step-father desc^ibin^ that
battle is now possessed by the Connecticut histori-
cal society at Hartford. He was soon afterward
appointed aide to Gen. Israel Putnam, and on 21
June, 1776, was made private secretary pnd aide-
de-camp to Washington, with the rank of lieuten-
ant-colonel. He wn^te the order for promulgating
the Declaration of Independence in New Yorlc city,
9 July, 1776, and was associated with Col. Joseph
Ree<l a few days later in refusing to receive a let-
WRBB
WEBB
403
ter from I/onl Howe that wns A(Mrp5<<<Hl to "Georu©
Wn-Hliiti>:tcin, K!«|." He was prt'scnt nt the haltle
of Lmi^' Ishind, was Wdtimlrtl at Whiti- I'laitiH and
Trenton, and wiis en;;a^od also at Princeton. lie
raJMHl and orpinixpil, almost rntircly at his own
<*X|K«nse. the 'M C"onne<'ticut refjimeiit'. of which he
assuinHl command in 1777. He t(K»k part with it
in (Jen. Samuel H. Parsons's unfortunate cxf>edi-
tion to Ix>n>; Island, was caj)ture<l with his com-
mand by the British fltn't. ID Dec, 1777. and was
not exchanged till 178(), when he t«»ok command
of the li^ht infantry, with the brevet rank of
bri;;adier-j;eneral. He arranf;e<l the nieetiiijj U'-
tween Wa-shinjfton and Rcx-han)l>eau at Wethers-
field, Conn., 1!) May, 1781, and was a founder of
the Society of the Cincinnati in 17Kf(. When
Wiishinpton took the oath of offlce as first presi-
dent of the Unite<l States. Gen. Webb was selected
to hold the Bil)le on which he was sworn. Krom
1781) till his death he resided at Claverack, Colum-
bia CO., N. Y.— His son, Jaine.s Hatson, jcmrnal-
ist, b. in Claverack, N. Y., 8 Feb., 1802 ; d. in New
York city, 7 June, 1884, was educated at Coopers-
town, N. Y., en-
~ tereil the army
as 2d lieutenant
in 181U, and be-
came 1st lieuten-
ant in 1823, as-
sistant commis-
sary of sulisist-
ence in 1824, and
adjutant of the
8d regiment in
1826. In 1827 he
resigned and be-
came editor of
the New York
"Courier," which
had been estal>-
lished the same
vear, and in 1821)
lie purchased the
"Enquirer," and united the two under the name of
the *• Morning Courier and New York Enquirer."
To ex|)e<lite the business of reporting, Mr. Webb
estiiblished a daily horse-express l)etween New York
and Washington, with relays of horses every six
miles of the way. This cost him 17,500 a month,
but enable<l him to (^)tain news twenty-four hours
before his rivals. He owned and edited the " Courier
and Enouirer" till .June, 1801, when it was merne*!
in the"\Vorld." During the existence of the Whig
jMirty his paper was the chief advix-ate of its nrinci-
Iiles. In June, 1842. he fought a duel with Tnomas
•*. Marshall, a memlH>r of c<>ngress from Kentucky,
concerning whom he had publishe<I an article, and
was wounded. He was indictinl by the New York
grand jury in November "for leaving the state
with the intention of giving or receiving a chal-
lenge," plewle<l guilty, and was sentenccil to the
full iH'naity under the law. I)ut was pardontnl after
two wi-eks' detention. In 184^5 he Ixn-ame engineer-
in-chief of the state of New York with the rank of
major-g»»neral. and in 1849 he was apfminted min-
ister to Austria, but was rejwt«Ml l)y the senate.
At the beginning of the civil war he applie<l for
an appointment as major-general •>f volunteers,
which was refusetJ; but he wa<* offere<l a briga-
dier-generalship, which he de<'lin«l. He r<»fus4'd
the mission to Turkey in 1801. but was imme-
diately a()rMi<nted minister to Brazil, in which office
he siH'ure*! the settlement of long-standing claims
against that country, and, through his intimacy
with Napoleon III., aided in procuring the with-
C<i^^tnSi{/tu^ ^O^l'^^'^
drawal of the French from Mexico. He rmiimml
the Brazilian mission in 18(m imd returned to New
York in 1H70. He nublishetl •• .Mtowan. or Inci-
dents of Life an<l Auventure in the Itixkv Moun-
tains" (2 vols.. New York. 184«) ; "Slavery and it*
Tendencies" (Washington, 18.'>fi); nnd a pampldet
on " National Currency " (New York. 1875).— Jame«
Watson's srm, Alexander Stewart, soldier, b. in
New York city, 15 Feb.. 1K15, was educated at pri-
vate schools and at the C S. military academy,
where he was graduated llJth in a class of 34 fn
IWS. and assigned to the artillerj-. He M-rved in
Florida, Miimesota. and for three years as assistant
professor at West Point, U»came ist lieutenant in
the 2d artillery, 28 April, 18rtl. captain in the 11th
infantry, 14 Mav, and major f>f the 1st RhfKje Inland
artillery on 14 J>ept. He was present at Bull Kun
and in the defences of Washington until 1802. when
he participated in the battles of the f)en insula cam-
paign of the Army of the Potomw and as chief-
of-staflf of the 5th corps during the Mar}l;tnd and
Rappahaimock campaigns till 23 June, "l8(i3. He
was then commissione<l brigadier-general of volun-
teers, and placet! in command of a brigade of the
2d corps, serving with great credit at the battle of
Gettysburg. At the "angle" he met the famous
charge of Pickett's Confederate division, and took
the major part in its repulse. He was wounded
while lending his men. and receive«l fn)m Gen.
(leorge G. Mea<le a bronze menial for "distin-
guished nersonni gallantry on that ever-memora-
ble field.' During the Kapidan campaign he com-
manded a division in the battle of Bri.-Ujw Station
and auxiliary affairs. Gen. Webb then returned to
the command of his brigade, and led it with abil-
ity during the Wilderness cam{taign. iK'ing severe-
ly wounded at the battle of Sj>ottsylvnnia in May,
1804. On his return from sick-leave he was ai)-
jK)inted chief-of-staff to Gen. George G. Mi>ade,
commanding the Army of the Potomac in the op-
erations before Peter>-burg. Frf>m June. 18<J5, Idl
February, 1860, (Jen. Webb was acting as inspect-
or-ffeneral of the military division of the Atlantic,
and then he was professor at the military academy
till August. 18(58. On the reorganization of the
army he Itecame lieutenant-colonel of the 44th in-
fantry, 28 July. 1860. and commanded his new
reijiment in 18(l8-'9 and (with his brevet rank) the
5th military district in April, 1809, and was, at his
own request, discharged the service, 3 Dec., 1870.
He was brevetted major. U. S. A., 3 July, 18C8,
"for gallant and meritorious services "at Gettys-
burg: lieutenant-colonel. U. S. A., 11 Oct., 1868. for
Bristow Station: colonel, U.S. A., 12 May, 1804,
for Spottsylvania ; major-general of volunteers,
1 Aue., 18(J4. "for gallant and distinguished con-
duct ' ; and briga<lier-general and major-general,
U. S. A.. 13 March, 1805, " for gallant and merito-
rious 8er^•ices in the campaign terminating with
the surrender of the insurgent army under (Jen.
I^ee." (len. Webb has Ikh-u sim-e 21 Jidy, 1809,
pr»»si<lent of the College of the city of New York,
and in 1870 the <legree of LL. D. was conferre*!
upon him by Holmrt college. He has publishe«l
"The Peninsula: McClellan's Camitaign of 1802"
(New York, 1882) and articles on the civil war, in
the "Centunr" magazine. — An«)ther son of Samuel
Blatchlev. ifennr LiviniTHton. soMier. b. in Clav-
erack, N! Y., 6 Feb.. 1795: d. in Makanda. III., 5
Oct., 1870. setthnl in southern Illinois in 1817.
and was n»peate<lly a memU'rof Udh houses of the
legislature. He was a major of volunteers in the
Black Hawk war, colonel of the 18th regiment,
U. S. infantry, in the Mexican war, and waa alter-
ward a general of lUinois militia.
404
WEBB
WEBBER
WEBB, Thomas, Methodist pioneer, b. in Eng-
land in 1724; d. in Bristol, fJngland. 20 Dec., 179G.
He wjus a British ofTicer, served in the royal Amer-
ican army, and was wounded at Louisburg and
Quebec. lie was converted to Methodism in ITOi)
by the preaching of John Wesley at Bristol, Eng-
land, united with a Methodist society, was licensed
to preach, and gave freely of his means 'to found
societies, attending conferences, and preaching fre-
quently with great fervor. Being ordered again
to this country, he was st^Uioned at first at Albany,
N. Y., as barrack-master, and there conducted re-
ligious services in his house. When Barbara Heck
established a society in New York city, he went
thither, making his first appearance in the congre-
gation about February, 1767. He preached in al-
ternation with Philip Embury, always wearing
regimentals, with his sword on the pulpit before
him. He was the most active worlter and the
largest contributor for the erection of a meeting-
house. On being placed on the retired list, with
the rank of captain, he thenceforth travelled much
as a missionary, preaching in Trenton, Burlington,
and other New Jersey towns, where he founded
societies, and holding regular services in Jamaica,
L. I., which was his home. He began to visit
Philadelphia as early as 1767, and there founded
the first Methodist society, to which he ministered
until the arrival of Wesley's itinerants in 1769. In
that year he introduced Methodism into Delaware,
E reaching in Newcastle and Wilmington, and later
e labored in Baltimore, Md. In 1772 he went to
England, preached in Dublin, London, and other
places, made appeals for missionaries and pecuniary
aid at the conference in Leeds and elsewhere, and
returned in the following year with two of the
preachers that were sent in response to his solicita-
tions. Repeating his visit, he gained other recruits
for the itinerancy. Returning to England at the
beginning of the Revolution, he spent the remain-
der of his life at Bristol, preaching there and in
the neighborhood, visiting Winchester during the
war, where he preached to the French prisoners in
their own language, and addressing large congre-
gations of soldiers and sailors at Portsmouth.
WEBB, Thomns Smith, Masonic author, b. in
Boston, Mass., 30 Oct., 1771 ; d. in Cleveland, Ohio,
6 July. 1819. At the age of sixteen he was ap-
prenticed to a printer in Boston, and he afterward
removed to Keene, N. H., where he worked for
some time at his trade. Here the three degrees of
ancient craft Masonry were conferred upon him by
Rising Sun lodge. In 1793 he removed to Alba-
ny and established a paper-staining factory. On
14 Sept., 1797. as appears from the copyright, he
published " The Freemason's Monitor, or Illustra-
tions of Masonry," and thus secured for himself
fame as a Masonic ritualist and author. This small
volume, which is now exceedingly rare, consisted of
two parts, the second part containing an account
of the " Ineffable Degrees of Masonry," together
with several Masonic songs by the author. The
publication of this work was followed by suc-
cessively enlarged and improved editions in 1802,
1805, 1808, 1816, 1818, and by numerous editions
after the author's decease. It is still regarded as
a standard work. Mr. Webb has long been known
as the founder of the American systenj of chap-
ter and encampment Masonry. He presided over
a convention of committees in Boston in October,
1797, for the formal ion of a general grand chapter
of royal arch Masons, and at a meeting in Provi-
dence in January, 1799, he presented, as chairman
of a committee, a constitution which was adopted.
The formation of the grand encampment oi the
United States was the result of his Masonic work.
The original draft of the constitution, with all the
changes, additions, and interlineations in his own
handwriting, is now on file among the archives
of St. John's commandery, Providence. In 1799 he
removed with his family to Providence, where he
spent the greater part of his remaining years. His
musical attainments were considerable, and he was
the first president of the Psal Ionian society, an or-
ganization for the improvement of its meral)ers in
sacred melody. In 1815, having changed his resi-
dence to Boston, he instituted, in connection with
others, the Handel and Haydn society, of which
he was the first president.
WEBB, Thomas T., naval officer, b. in Vir-
ginia alx)ut 1806; d. in Norfolk, Va., 11 April,
1853. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 1
Jan., 1808, and was promoted to lieutenant, 19
Dec. 1814. He served in the navy during the war
of 1812, cruised in the frigate " Macedonian " of
the Mediterranean station in 1815-18 during the
Algerine war, was attached to the Norfolk navy-
yard in 1818-'21, cruised in the sloop "John
Adams" in the West Indies in 1821-4, served in
the receiving-ship " Alert " at Norfolk in 1825-'6,
and at the navy-yard, Pensacola, 1828-'9. He com-
manded the schooner '• Shark " in the West Indies
in 1830-'2, was promoted to master-commandant,
8 March,. 1831, and commanded the sloop " Van-
dalia " on the coast of Florida in 1833-'6. In 1837
he was on leave, and in 1838-'41 he commanded
the receiving-ship at Norfolk. He was promoted
to captain. 8 March, 1841, and was on waiting or-
ders until his death.
WEBB, William Bcnningr, lawyer, b. in Wash-
ington, D. C, 17 Sept., 1825. Ho was graduated
at Columbian college in 1844. studied law, was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1847, and entered upon active
practice, in which he was soon successful. When
the civil war opened in 1861 he became captain of
a company of District of Columbia volunteers, and
when the district police force was reorganized
about that time, Mr. Webb was appointed its su-
perintendent. After holding the office for three
years, and doing much good m the way of organi-.
zation, he resigned his commission and resumed
the practice of his profession. He subsequently be-
came counsel for the Washington gas-light com-
pany, for Adams express company, and the 1st na-
tional bank of Washington ; was also a director in
the first-named company, and was chosen president
of the Washington bar association. In 1885 he be-
came president of the board of district commis-
sioners, ^e is the author of a codification of the
laws of the Corporation of Washington, which is
accepted as astwndard authority (Washington, 1868).
WEBB, William Henry, ship-builder, b. in
New York city, 19 June. 1816. He was educated
f)rivately and at Columbia college grammar-school,
earned the ship-building trade in the yard of his
father, Isaac, and after 1843 carried on the busitia««
alone. He has constructed many vessels of great
speed and capacity, upon original plans, among
tnem "The General Admiral," a steam frigate for
the Russian navy, two steam screw-frigates for the
Italian navy, and the iron-clad ram " Dunderberg"
for the U. S. navy. He has declined All offers of
public office. Mr. Webb purposes to erect in New
York a building to be known as " Webb's free
academy and home for ship-builders," and has in
preparation a work on ''PrHctical Ship-Building."
WEBBER, Charles Wilkins, author, b. in
Russellville, Ky., 29 May, 1819; d. in Nicaragua,
Central America, 11 April, 1856. He was the son of
Dr. Augustine Webber, a well-known physician in
WEBBER
WEBSTER
400
Kentucky, and inherited from his mother, who was !
the dMU);ht4>r uf Uvn. John Taiinehill, a fondness
for ()ul-(li»or life. In 1888 ho went to Texas, then
struggling for inde|H>ndpni'e, and wus for several |
years eonnwtod with the famous Texas ranjfers, ;
with whom ho saw muih wild and adventurous
life. He then returnetl to Kentucky and studie<I |
medicine ; but this he stum relinquished, and in
1843 ontenni Princeton theological seminary with a
view to the Presbyterian ministry. This no soon
abandoned, and settled in New York city, where he
devoted himself to a literarv career and became
connected with the " New World," the " Demo-
cratic Review," and the "Sunday Despatch." Sub-
secjuently he was joint proprietor and associate
editor of the " Whig Review " for two years. In
1849 ho organizinl an expedition to the region of
C'olonulo and Gila rivers; but, for various reasons,
the nrinci|»al of which was the seizure of the horses
by Comanche Indians, it failed. The difficulty
in crossing the western deserts led to his efforts to
form a camel coniftany. for which he obtained a
charter from the New York legislature in 1854.
In the winter of 1855-'6 he left New York to join
William Walker, who was then endeavoring to
maintain himself in Central America. He took
part with Walker's forces in the battle of Rivas.
and fell in some chance rencontre or ambuscade in
that engagement. In addition to many stories that
he contributed to periodicals, he published " Old
Hicks, the Guide, or Adventures in the Comanche
Country in Search of a Gold-Mine" (New York,
1848); '"Gold- Mines of the Gila" (1849); "The
Hunter Naturalist, a Romance of Sporting" (Phila-
delphia, 1851); "Texan Virago, or tTie Tailor
of Gotham " (1852) ; " Wild Girl of Nebraska "
(ia52); "Tales of the Southern Border" (part i.,
1852 ; complete, 1853) ; " Spiritual Vamnirism :
the History of Ethered Soft down and her Friends
of the New Light" (1853); "Shot in the Eye"
(which was his most successful story) and " Adven-
tures with Texas Rifle Rangers" (Ix)ndon, 1853);
" Wild Scenes and Song Birds " (New York, 1854) ;
an<l " History of Mystery" (Philadelphia, 1855).
WEBBER, Samuel, educator, b. in Uyfield,
Mass., in 1759; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 17' July,
1810. He was ^ra<luated at Harvard in 1784, tak-
ing high rank m mathematics, enteretl the minis-
try, and in 1787 was made tutor. In 1789 he was
amiointed to the chair of mathematics and natural
philosophy, which he held till he was raise<l in 1804
to the presidency of the college. Dr. Webber was
one of the commissioners that were appointed to
settle the boundary-line between the United States
«nd the British provinces. He was vice-president
of the American academy, and Harvani gave him
the degree of I). D. in 18fMJ. He was the author of
a "System of Mathematics," which was intended
for use in Harvard, and for a long time was almost
the only text-book on that subject in New England
collies (2 vols., Boston. 1801), and a " Eulogy on
President Willard " (1804). He also revised' the
introduction to Jedidiah Morse's " American Uni-
versal Geography" (1796), See a "Eulogy" by
Henry Ware, D.D. (Cambridge, 1810).— Hia son.
Samael, physician, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 15
S«pt., 1797; cl. in Charlestown. N. H., 5 Dec.. 1880,
was graduated at Harvard in 1815, taught four
years, at the same time studying medicine, and re-
ceived his medical degree in 1822, after serving as
assistant to the professor of chemistry at Harvard
for eighteen months. During the rest of his life
he residwl at Charlestown, N. H., on Connecticut
river, where he gave much attention to study,
and was elected a fellow of the Royal society of
northern antiquarians of Copenhagen, Denmark.
He published several {Miems, including " Logan, an
Indian Tale " (1821), and " War " (1824).
WKBKR, (fUtttar C. E., jihysician, b. in Bonn,
Prusi^ia, 2«i May, 1828. His father. Dr. M. I.
Welwr, Itecamo professor of anatomy in the Uni-
versity of Biiun on its foundation in 1818, and
is the author of nmny professional works. The
son studie<l at the university till the revolution-
ary movement of 184?* caused him to emigrate
to the United States, where he settled near St.
Ijouis, Mo., and engaged in farming. He after-
ward conipleteil his studies in Vienna, Amsterdam,
and Paris, and in 1853 began to practise medicine
in New York city. In 1850-'tW he was professor
of surgery in Cleveland medical college, and in
1801, as surgeon-general of the state, he organized
a system for the better medical care of the troops
in the field. In 1864 he organized Charity hos-
pital me<lical college, where he became professor
of clinical surgery and dean of the faculty, and he
was also consulting surgeon to the Charity hosni-
tal, which had been foundwl chiefly through iiis
efforts. The school subsequently became the
medical depariment of the University of Wooster,
Dr. Weber retaining his chair. He is the origi-
nator of a new method of closing large arteries in
surgical operations without a ligature, and of a
method for removing stone from the bladder. In
1859 Dr. Weber established the Cleveland " Medi-
cal Gazette," which he conducted for several vears.
WEBER, Max, soldier, b. in Achern, B'aden,
27 Aug., 1824. He was graduated at the military
school of Carlsnihe, in 1843. as a lieutenant of in-
fantrj-, and held a commission in the army of
Baden until 1849, when he served with the revo-
lutionists under Gen. Franz Sigel. He came to
this country in the same year, settled in New York
city, and on 16 May, 1861, became colonel of the
20th New York regiment. He was stationed at
Fort Monroe and tof)k part in the capture of Fort
Hatteras.and from SeptemU'r. 18(51. till May, 18C2,
commandetl Camp Hamilt<m. near the former post,
being commissioned brigadier-general of volun-
teere, 28 April, 1862. I^ was at Newport News
during the nght between the "Monitor "and " Mer-
rimac," in anticipation of a Confederate attack
by land, took part in the capture of Norfolk in
May, and then commanded at Suffolk till Sep-
tember, when he was ordere<l to the Army of the
Potomac. He led a brigade at South ^fountain
and Antietam, where he receive<l a wound that
crippled his right arm for life. He served under
Gen. David Hunter and Gen. Franz Sigel in the
Shenandoah valley in 1864, and, while command-
ing at Harper's Ferry, repelled (Jen. Jubal A.
Early's attack of 4-7 July. Gen. Weber resigned
his commission on 13 May. 1865. He was assessor
of internal revenue in N'ew York in 1870-'2, and
then collwtor till April, 1883, when he resigned.
WEBER, Panl, German artist, b. about 1823.
He studied art in Frankfort, and in 1848 came
to the United States, settling in Philadelphia.
In 1858 he went to Darmstadt, where he was ap-
pointed court painter. Among tht>se of his woras
that are ownea in the United States are " A Scene
in the Catskills," in the Corcoran gallery, Wash-
ington (1858); "Moniing." in the Pennsylvania
academy of flne arts ; and " I^ke Chiemsce, in the
Bavarian Highlands."
WEBSTER, Albert Falrey, author, b. in Bos-
ton, Mass., in 1848; d. at sea. 27 Dec.. 1876. His
father was a confectioner in lioston. After en-
gaging for a short time in various kinds of busi-
ness, he became a writer for the magazines, and
406
WEBSTER
WEBSTER
Siblished many short stories in " Scribner's
ontlily," " The Atlantic Monthly," and " Apple-
tons' Journal," in which apjMjared his " Boarmng-
llouse Sketches." He also published a series of
articles exposing abuses in the administration of
criminal law and in the management of prisons.
He was consumptive, went to California by way of
the isthmus, and died on his wav from San Fran-
cisco to Honolulu, and was buried in the Pacific.
At the time of his death Mr. Webster was eii-
§aged to be married to Una, eldest daughter of
athaniel Hawthorne. He left an unfinished
novel. His most notalile stories are "Our Friend
Sullivan," " My Daughter's Watch," "The Clytem-
nestra." and " An Operation in Money."
WEBSTER. Ebenezer, patriot, b. in Kingston,
N. H., in l~-i9; d. in Salisbury (now Franklin),
N. H., in 180G. He served in the old French war
under Sir Jeffrey Amherst, and in 17(il was one of
the first settlers in what is now Franklin, N. H.,
then the most northern of the New England set-
tlements. There he became a farmer and also
kept a tavern. At the opening of the Revolution
he led the Salisbury militia to Cambridge, and
subsequently saw much service till the close of the
war, when he had attained the rank of colonel of
militia. He was a member of the lower branch of
the legislature for several years, served also in the
state senate, and from 1791 till his death was judge
of the court of common pleas of Hillsborough
county, N. H. — His son, Ezekiel, lawyer, b. in
Salisbury, N. H., 11 March, 1780; d. in Concord,
N. H., id April, 1829, was graduated at Dartmouth
in 1804. studied law, and rose to eminence at the
bar. He was also a member for several years of
the New Hampshire legislature. His death re-
sulted suddenly from disease of the heart while he
was trying a cjise. — Another son, Daniel, states-
man, b. in Salisbury (now Franklin). N. H., 18 Jan.,
1782; d. in Marshheld, Mass., 24 Oct., 1852, was
the second son of Ebenezer Webster by his second
wife, Abigail Eastman. He seemed so puny and
sickly as an infant that it was thought he would
not live to grow up. He was considered too deli-
cate for hard work on the farm, and was allowed a
ffreat deal of time for play. Much of this leisure
»e spent in fishing and hunting, or in roaming about
the woods, t he rest in reading. In later life he could
not remember when he learned to read. As a child
his thirst for knowledge was insatiable ; ho read
every book that came within reach, and conned his
favorite authors until their sentences were in great
part stored in his memory. In May, 179G, he was
sent to Exeter academy, where he made rapid
progress with his studies, but was so overcome by
shyness that he found it impossible to stand up
and "speak pieces" before his school-mates. In
spite of this timidity, some of his natural gifts as
an orator had already begun to show themselves.
His great, lustrous eves and rich voice, with its
musical intonations, Ihad already exerted a fas-
cination upon those who came within their range;
passing teamsters would stop, and farmers pause,
sickle in hand, to hear him recite verses of poetry
or passiiges from the Bible. In February, 1797, his
father sent him to Boscawen, where he continued
his studies under the tuition of the Rev. Samuel
Wood. Although Ebenezer Webster found it diffi-
cult, by unremitting labor and strictest economy,
to support his numerous family, he still saw such
signs of promise in Daniel as to convince him that
it was worth while, at whatever sacrifice, to send
him to' college. In view of this decision, he took
him from school, to hasten his preparation under
a private tutor, and on the journey to Boscawen he
informed Daniel of his plans. The warm-hearted
boy, who had hardly dared hope for such good
fortune, and keenly felt the sacrifice it involved,
laid his head upon his father's shoulder and burst
into tears. After six niimths with his tutor he
had learned enough to fulfil the slender require-
ments of those days for admission to Dartmouth,
where he was duly graduated in 1801. At college,
although industrious and punctual in attendance
and soon found to be very quick at learning, he
was not regarded as a thorough scholar. He had
not, indeed, the scholarly temperament — that rare
combination of profound insight, sustained atten-
tion, microscopic accuracy, iron tenacity, and dis-
interested pursuit of truth — which characterizes
the great scientific discoverer or the great his-
torian. But, while he had not these qualities in
perfect combination — and no one knew this better
than Mr. Webster himself — there was much about
him that made him more interesting and remark-
able, even at that early age, than if he had been
consummate in scholarship. He was capable of
great industry, he seized an idea with astonishing
quickness, his memory was prodigious, and for
power of lucid and convincing statement he was
unrivalled. With these rare gifts he possessed that
supreme poetic quality that defies analysis, but is at
once recognized as genius. He was naturally, there-
fore, considered by tutors and fellow-students the
most remarkable n)an in the college, and the po-
sition of superiority thus early gained was easily
maintained by him through life and wherever he
was placed. While at college he conauered or out-
grew his boyish shyness, so as to taie pleasure in
public speaking, and his eloquence soon attracted
so much notice that in 1800 the townspeople of
Hanover selected this undergraduate to deliver the
Fourth-of-July oration. It has \yeen well pointed
out by Henry Cabot Lodge that "the enduring
work which Mr. Webster did in the world, and his
meaning and influence in American history, are all
summed up in the principles enunciated in that
boyish speech at Hanover, which " preached love
of country, the grandeur of American nationality,
fidelity to the constitution as the bulwark of na--
tionality, and the necessity and the nobility of the
union of the states." After leaving college, Mr.
Webster began studying law in the ollice of Thomas
W. Thompson, of Sjilisbury, who was afterward U. S.
senator. Some time before this he had made up
his mind to help his elder brother, Ezekiel, to go
through college, and for this purpose he soon
found it ^necessary to earn money by teaching
school. After some months of teaching at Frye-
burg. Me., he returned to Mr. Thompson's office.
In July, 1804. he went to Boston in search of em-
Kloyment in some office where he might complete
is' studies. He there found favor with Chris-
topher Gore, who took him into his office as stu-
dent and clerk. In March, 1805. Mr. Webster was
admitted to the bar, and presently he began prac-
tising his profession at Boscawen. In 1807, having
acquired a fairly good business, he turned it over
to his brother, Ezekiel, and removed to Ports-
mouth, where his reputation grew rapidly, so that
he was soon considered a worthy anyigonist to
Jeremiah Mason, one of the ablest lawyers this
country has ever pi*oduced. In June, 1808, he
married Miss Grace Fletcher, of Ho|)kinton, N. H.
His first important political pamphlet, published
that year, was a criticism on the embargo. In 1812,
in a speech before the Washington benevolent so-
ciety at Portsmouth, he summarized the objections
of the New England people to the war just de-
clared against Great Britain. He was immediately
ln|ll>rW jSL.t.1.
Q^p^^^ ;^-^^a^
oomJToy k c*
WEBSTKK
WKasTEB
407
aftprwarcl chomn delcfpitp tn a convention of the
people of Hockinfflmm county, ami (Jrt>w up the
iKHC'allecl " Hockin^hnui Moruorial," mldressed to
Preiudent Mtidison. which containetl a forniul pro-
teat against {\w war. In the following autumn he
was eiei'tod to congri'ss, and on taking his scat, in
May, IHl.S. he wa.s j>lac«>d on the i-^iminittw on for-
eign relations. His ftrst step in congti-ss was the
intnKluetion of a series of resolutions aimed at the
pri'sidont, and calling for a statement of the time
and manner in which Na|)oleon'8 prt^tended revo-
cation of his decrees against American shijiping
had been announced to the United States. His
first great sjjecch, 14 Jan., 1814, was in opposition
to the Ijill for enci)uraging enlistments, and at
the clostf t»f that year he op|K)S€Hl Sec. Monnx''s
mc4isures for enforc-ing what was known as the
"draft of 1H14." Mr. Webster's attitude toward
the administration was that of the Finleralist party
to which he belonged ; t)ut he did not go so far as
the leaders of that party in New England. He
condemned the embargo as more harmfid to our-
selves than to the enemy, as there is no doubt it
was; he <lisapproved the policy of invading Cana-
da, and maintaine<l that our wisest course* was to
increase the strength of the navy, and on these
points history will protmbly judge him to have
Deen correct. Hut in his opinion, that the war
itself was unnecessary and injurious to the country,
he was prt)bably, like most New Englanders of that
time, mistaken. Could he have foreseen and taken
into account the rapid and jwwerful development
of national fecliiiff in the United States which the
war called forth, it would have modified his view,
for it is clear that the war party, repn'sented by
Henry Clay and his friends, was at that moment
the truly national party, and Mr. Webster's sym-
pathies were then, as always, in favor of the broad-
est nationalism, and entirely opposed to every sort
of sectional or particularist policy. This broad,
national spirit, which was strong enough in the
two Adamses to sever their connection with the
Federalists of New England, led Mr. Wet)ster to
use his influence successfully to keep New Ham|>-
shire out of the Hartford convention. In the llHh
congress, however, he vote<l 191 times on the same
side with Timothy Pickering, and only 4 times on
the opjKJsite side. In this and the next congress
the most im|)ortant work done by Mr. Webster
was conceriuHl with the questions of currency
and a national irnnk. He did gotxl service in kill-
ing the {>ernicious scheme for a l>ank endowed
with the power of issuing irredeemable notes and
(tbliginl to lend money to the government. He was
disposed t«» condemn outright the policy of allow-
ing the government to take part in the manage-
ment of the bank. He also on|:»osed a prr>ti>ctive
tariff, but, by supporting Mr. Calhoun's bill for in-
ternal im|)rovements, he put himself on reconl as
a IfKJse constructionist. His greatest service was
uncjuestinnablv his resolution of 20 April. 1816, re-
quiring that all payments to the national treasury
must lie made in sjiecie or its injuivalents. This
resolution, which he supported in a very powerful
Bpeech, WHS adopt(>4l the same day by a large ma-
i'ority, and its ellect upon the currency was sjx'tMli-
y beneficial. In the course of this »«*ssion he de-
clined, with grim humor, a challenge sent him by
John liandi^lph.
In June, 1816, he removed to IJoston, and at the
expiration of hisst>cond term in congress, 4 March,
1817, he rotirwl for a while to private life. His
reast)n for retiring was founded in nee<l of money
and the pros[>ect of a great increase in his law-
practice. On his removal to Boston this prospect
waa soon realized in an income of not \vnn than
$20.(XM) a year. One of the tlrxt c^ascK u|miii which
he was now engnffed was the famous Dartmouth
colle^ affair. While Mr. Welwter's management
of this case went far toward pla4-ing him at the
head of the American bar. the |M>lilical signifl4-ance
of its decision was such as t4i make it an im|M)rtant
event in the history of the Unite<l States. It
shows Mr. Welister not only as a gn-al coiiKlitu-
tional lawyer and consummate advi>cate. but aUo
as a powerful champion of Federalism. In its ori-
gin Dartmouth college was a niissionanr scIkmiI for
Indians, founded in 1754 by the Kev. Eleajuir
Wheelock, at Ix'banon. Conn. After a few years
funds were raistnl by private subscription for the
puri)ose of enlarging the s<-h<Mil into a college, and
as the h^rl of Dartmouth had been one of the chief
contributors. Dr. Wheel<»ck apftointe*! him and
other jH'rs<ms trustees of the proin-rty. The site
of the college was fixed in New jlani|>shire. and
a royal charter in 1769 created it a |xTiM.-lual cor-
fK>ration. The charter recognized Wneelock as
founder, and ap|>ointed him president, with |K>wer
to name his successor. subj«H't to confirmation by
the trustees. Dr. Wheelock devise<l the presidency
to his son. John Whei-lock, who accoruingly lie-
came his successor. The charter, in expressly for-
bidding the exclusion of any pers«^in on account of
his religious Ijelief. refleote«l the bn^d and toler-
ant dis{)osition of Dr. Wheel<K'k. who was a lilieral
Presbyterian, and as such had l»een engaged in
prolonged controversy with that famous repre-
sentative of the strictest Congregational ism. Dr. Jo-
M'ph Hellamy. In 1793 IV'lliimy's pupil, Nathan-
iel Niles. I»ecame a trustee «>f Dartmouth, and \»-
tween him an«l John Wheelock the old controversy
was revived and keot up with increasing bitterness
for several years, iliviuing the tM>artl of trustees
into two hostile parties. At length, in 1809, the
party op|)os«'d to President Wh«t>l«K'k gaineii a
nuijority in the iM^ard, an<I thus ItiHame cnableil in
various ways to lutlk and hanuvs the president,
until in 1815 the quarrel broke forth into a war of
pamphlets and editorial articles that convulsed the
whole state of New Hampshire. The Congn'ga-
tional church was, at that time the established
church in New Hampshire, sup^Kirted by taxation,
an«l the Federalist jmrty founcl its strong«»st adher-
ents among the memU-rs of that church. Natu-
rally, therefore, the niemliers of other chunhes, and
iiersons opi)osed on general principles to the estal>-
Ii>hment of a stale church, were indiiuHl to take
sidi-s with the Republicans. In 1815 President
Wheelock petitionetl the legislature for a wimmit-
tee to investigate the conduct of the trustees,
whom he accuse*! of various offenc«»s. from intoler-
ance in matters of religion to im|>n>[M'r manage-
ment of the funds. Thus the affair hkui lie<-ame a
party qu»'stion, in which the Federalists upheld the
trusiees, while the Kepul)licans sym|tathized with
the president. The legislature granteil the |>eti-
tion for a committee, i>ut the trustees forthwith,
in a s«)mewhat too rash spirit of deflance, dejuwati
Mr. Wheehx'k and chose a new president, the Kev.
Francis Bn>wn. In the ensuing stale eh-ction Mr.
Whe««|rK'k and his sympathizers went «>ver to the
Republicans, who thus smve^ihil in electing their
candidate fc»r governor, with a majority of the legis-
lature. In June, 1816, the new legislature pamed
an act reorganizing the cf)Ilege, and a new lioartl
of trustees was at once appointe<l by the governor.
Judge W<iodwanl, secretaiT' of the ol«l UiArd, went
<)ver to the new b«tanl, and became its secretary,
taking with him the college seal The new lioafd
proceeded to expel the old board, which forthwith
408
WEBSTER
WEBSTER
2W-^^PV^^^t^^^^^^
broujjht suit acainst Judge Woodward in an action
of trover for the coilcjje seal. The case was tried
in Mav. 1817, with those two great lawyers, Jere-
miah Mason and Jeremiah Siuith. as counsel for
the plaintiffs. It
was then post-
poned till Sen-
tember,whenMr.
Webster was se-
cured by the
plaintiffs as an
additional coun-
sel. The plain-
tiffs contended
that, in the ease
of a corporation
chartered for pri-
vate uses, any
' alleged miscon-
duct of the trus-
tees was proper-
ly a question for
the courts, and
not for the legis-
lature, which in
meddling with
such a question
plainly transcended its powers. Their chief reliance
was upon this p<iint, but they also contended that
the act of legislature reorganizing the college was
an act impairing the obligation of a contract, and
therefore a violation of the constitution of the
United States. The state court at Exeter decided
against the plaintiffs, and the point last mentioned
enabled them to carry up their case to the supreme
court of the United States. As the elder counsel
v/ere unable to go to Washington, it fell to Mr.
Welister to conduct the case, which was tried in
March, 1818. Mr. Webster argued that the charter
of Dartmouth college createtl a private corporation
for administering a charity ; that in the adminis-
tration of such uses the trustees have a recognized
right of property ; that the grant of such a c-narter
is a contract between the sovereign power and the
grantees, and descends to their successors; and
that, therefore, the act of the New Hampshire legis-
lature, in taking away the government from one
board of trustees and conferring it upon another,
was a violation of contract. These pomts were de-
fended by Mr. Webster with masterly cogency, and
re-enforced by illustrations calculated to appeal to
the Federalist sympathies of the chief justice. He
possessed in the highest degree the art of so pre-
senting a case that the mere statement seemed
equivalent to demonstration, and never did he ex-
hibit that art in greater perfection or use it to
Ijetter purpose than in this argument. A few sen-
tences at the close, giving utterance to deep emo-
tion, left judges and audience in tears. The de-
cision, rendered in the autumn, sustained Mr.
Webster and set aside the act of the legislature as
unconstitutional. It was one of those far-reaching
decisions in which the supreme court, under John
Marshall, fixed the interpretation of the constitu-
tion in such wise as to atld greatly to its potency
as a fundamental instrument of government. The
clause prohibiting state legislation in impairment
of contracts, like most such general provisions,
stood in need of judicial decisions to determine it«
scope. By bringing under the protection of this
clause every charter granted by a state, the decis-
ion in the Dartmouth college case went further
perhajw than any other in our history toward lim-
iting state sf)vpreignty and extending the jurisdic-
tion of the Federal supreme court.
In the Massachusetts convention of 1820 for re-
vising the state constitution Mr. Webster played an
important part. He advocated with success the abo-
lition of religious tests for office-holders, and in a
speech in support of the feature of property-repre-
s4Mitation in the senate he examined the theory and
practice of bicameral legislation. His discussion of
that subject is well worthy of study. In the same
year, at the celebration of the second centennial of
the landing of the Pilgrims, his commemorative
oration was one of the noblest ever delivered. In
1825, on the laying of the corner-stone of Bunker
Hill monument (see illustration), he attained still
higher perfection of eloquence ; and one year later,
on the deaths of Adams and Jefferson, fiis eulogy
upon those statesmen completed a trio of historical
audresses unsurpassed in splendor. The spirit of
these orations is that of the broadest patriotism,
enlightened by a clear perception of the funda-
mental importance of the Federal union between,
the states and an ever-present consciousness of the
mighty future of our country and its moral signifi-
cance "in the history of the world. Such topics
have often been treated as commonplaces and made
the theme of vapid rhetoric; but under Daniel
Webster's treatment they acquired a philosophical
value and were fraught with most serious and
earnest meaning. These orations were conceived
in a spirit of religious devotion to the Union, aifd
contributed powerfully toward awakening such a
sentiment in those who read them afterward, while
upon those who heard them from the lips of the
majestic speaker the impression was such as could
never be effaced. The historian must assign to*
them a high place among the literary influences
that aroused in the American people a sentiment
of union strong enough to endure the shock of
civil war.
In 1822 Mr. Webster was elected to congress
from the Boston district, and he was twice re-
elected bv a popular vote that was almost unani-
mous. When he took his seat in congress in De-
cember, 1823, the speaker, Henry Clay, appointed
him chairman of the judiciary committee. In that
capacity he prepared and carried through the
" Crimes act," which was substantially a thorough
remodelling of the criminal jurisprudence of tne
United States. The preparation of this bill showed
in the highest degree his constructive genius as a
legislator, while in carrying it through congress
his parliamentary skill and persuasiveness in debate
were equally conspicuous. In 1825 he prepared a
bill for Increasing the number of supreme court
judges to ten, for making ten Federal circuits, and
otherwise strengthening the working capacity of
the court; but this bill, after passing the house,
was lost in the senate. Of his two most celebrated
speeches in congress during this period, the first
was on the revolution in Greece. Mr. Webster
moved, 19 Jan., 1824, the adoption of his own reso-
lution in favor of making provision for a commis-
sioner to Greece should President Monroe see fit to
appoint one. In his speech on this occasion he
set forth the hostility of the American people to
the principles, motives, and methods of the " Holy
Alliance," and their sympathy with si\ph struggles
for self-government as that in which the Greeks
were engaged. The resolution was not adopted,
but Mr. Webster's speech made a profound im-
pression at home and abroad. It was translated
into several European languages, and called forth
much foreign comment. The other great s{>eech, de-
livered on 1 and 2 April, 1824, was what is commonly
called his " free-trade speech." A bill had been in-
troduced for revising the tariff in such a way as to
WEBSTER
WEBSTER
400
extend the operation of the protet-tive system. In
this sjKHfh Mr. W^el»st«'r found fault with the
phra.se " Anierioan policy," as applied by Mr. Clav
to the system of high pn)tective duties. " ff
names are thought nwessary," said Mr. WeVwter,
"it would l)e well enough, one would think, that
the name should l»e in some measure destTiptive of
the thing; and since Mr. Siwaker denominates the
policy which he recoinmenus a 'new |K>licy in this
country'; since he six'aks of the present measure
as a new era in our legislation ; since he professes
to invit* us to depart from our accu8tome<i course,
to instruct ourselves by the wisdom of others, and
to adopt the jwlicy of the most distinguished for-
eign states — one i's a little curious to know with
what propriety of speech this imitation of other
nations is denominated an 'American policy,'
while, on the contrary, a preference for our own es-
tablished sy.stem, as it now actually exists and al-
ways has existed, is called a ' foreign policy.' This
favorite American policy is what America has never
trie<l; and this otlious foreign policy is what, as we
are told, foreign states have never pursued. Sir,
that is the truest American policy which shall
most usefully employ American capital and Ameri-
can labor." After this exordium, Mr. Webster
went on to give a masterly exposition of some of
the elementary theorems of political economy and
a survey, at once comprehensive and accurate, of
the condition of American industry at the time.
He not only attacked Mr. Clay's policy on broad
national grounds, but also showed more specifical-
ly that it was likely to nrove injurious to the mari-
time commerce in whicn the New England states
had so long taken the lead ; and he concluded by
characterizing that policy as " so burdensome and
so dangerous to the interest which has steadily en-
riched, gallantly defended, and proudly distin-
guished us, that nothing can prevail upon me to
give it my support." Upon this last clause of his
speech he" was afterward enabled to rest a partial
justification of his change of attitude toward the
tariff. The other chief incidents in his career in
the house of representatives were his a<lvocacy of a
national bankrupt law, his defence of William H.
Crawford, secretary of the treasury, against sun-
dry charges brought against him \>y Ninian Ed-
wards (q. v.), lately senator from Illinois, and his
defence of President Adams's policy in the matter
of Georgia and the Creek Indians.
In politics Mr. Weljster occupied at this time
an independent position. The old Keileralist party,
to which he had formerly l)elonged, was completely
broken down, and the new National Republican
party, with its inheritance of many of the princi-
ples, motives, and metho«ls of the Federalists, was
ju.st beginning to take shape under the leadership
of Adams and Clav. Between these eminent
statesmen and Mr. Webster the state of feeling
was not such as to insure cordial co-operation, but
in their views of government there was similarity
enough to bring them together in opposition to the
new Democratic party represented by Jac^kson,
Benton, and Van Buren. With the extreme south-
em views of Crawford and Calhoun it was impos-
sible that he should sympathize, although his per-
sonal relations with those leaders were quite
friendly, and after the death of Calhoun, the no-
blest eulogium upon his character and motives was
made by Mr. Webster. There is a sense in which
all American statesmen may be said to be intel-
lectually the descendants and disciples either of
Jefferson or of Hamilton, and as a representative
follower of Hamilton, Mr. Webster was sure to be
drawn rather toward Clay than toward Jackson.
The course of industrial events In New England
was such as to involve changes of opinion in that
part of the country, which were s<M)n reflected in a
complete reversal of Mr. Welwler's attitude toward
the tariff. In 1827 he was elected to the U. S. sen-
ate. In that year an agitation was lx»gun by the
woollen-manufacturers, which soon develofwd into
a promiscuous scramble among different industries
for aid from government, and finally re-^ulteti in
the tariff of 1828. That act, which was generally
known at the time as " the tariff of alxmiinations,^'
was the first extreme application of the protective
system in our Federal legislation. When the bill
WHS pending before the senate in April, 1828, Mr.
Wel)ster made a memorable speech, in which he
completely alwndoned the position he had held in
18*24, and from this time forth he was a .supporter
of the jiolicy of Mr. Clay and the protectionists.
For this change of attitude he was naturally
praised by his new allies, who were glad to inter-
pret it as a powerful argument in favor of their
views. By every one else he was blame<l. and this
speech has often been cited, together with that of
7 Mai*ch, 1850, as proving that Mr. Webster was
governed by unworthy motives and wanting in po-
litical principle. The two cases, as we shall see,
are not altogether parallel. Probaidy neither ad-
mits of entire justification, but in neither case did
Mr. Webster attempt to conceal or disguise his real
motives. In 1828 he frankly admitted that the
policy of protection to manufactures by means of
tarirf duties was a policy of which he had disap-
proved, whether as a political economist or as a
representative of the interests of New England.
Against his own opposition and that of New Eng-
land, the act of 1824 had pa.ssed. " What, then,
was New England to dot . . . Was she to hold out
forever against the course of the government, and
see herself losing on one side and yet make no ef-
fort to sustain herself on the other! No. sir.
Nothing was left for New England but to confrrm
herself to the will of others. Nothing was left to
her but to consider that the government had fixed
and determined its own policy; and that policy
was protection^ In other words, the tariff policy
atlopted at Washington,
while threatening the com-
mercial interests of New
England, had favored the
investment of capital in
manufactures there, and
it wjis not becoming in
a representative of Niw
England to take part in
disturbing the new ar-
rangement of things. This
argument, if pushed far
enough, would end in the
doctrine — now apparently
obsolete, though it has of-
ten been attacked and de-
fended— that a senator is
simply the minister of his
state in congress. With
Mr. Wel)ster it went so far
as to modify essentially
his expressions of opinion as to the constitutional-
ity of protective legislation. He had fonnerly been
inclined to interpret the constitution strictly upon
this point, but in 1828 and afterward his position
was that of the loose constructionists. Here the
strong Fwleralist bias combined with that tempera-
ment which has sometimes been called "op{)ortun-
ism " to override his convictions u{K>n the economic
merits of the question.
410
WEBSTER
WEBSTER
This tariff of IS2H sfM)n furnished an occasion
for the display of Mr. Websti-r's slronjf Federalist
spirit in a way that Vitm most serviceable for his
country and has earned for him undying fame as
an orator and statesman. It le<l to the distinct
announcement of the principles of nullifiention by
the public men of South C'art>lina, with Mr. Cal-
houn at their head. Durinj,' President Jackson's
first term the question as to nullificjition seemed
to occupy everybody's thouj^hts and hud a way of
intruding upon the discussion of all other ques-
tions. In I)eceml)or, 182!), .Samuel A. Foote, of
Connecticut, presented to the senate a resolution
inquiring into the expediency of limiting the sales
of the public lands to those already in the nuirket,
Itesides sus|H'nding the surveys of the public lands
and abolishing the otiice of surveyor-general. The
resolution was quite naturally respited by the
western senators as having a tendency to check the
growth of their secticm of the country. The de-
bjite was opened by Mr. Benton, and lasted several
weeks, with increasinir bitterness. The l)elief inthe
hostility of the New Kngland states toward tlie west
was shared by many southern senators, who desired
to unite >oath and west in oniiosition to the tariff.
On lU Jan., 1830, R<>l)ert Y. llayne, of South Caro-
lina, attacked the New Kngland states, accusing
them of aiming by their protective policy at ag-
grandizing themselves at the expense of all the
rest of the Union. On the next day Mr. Webster
delivered his " first speech on Foote's resolution."
in which he took up Mr. Hayne's accusations and
answered them with great power. This retort pro-
voked a long and able re|)ly from Mr. llavnc, in
which he not only assailed .Mr. Webster and ^lassji-
chusetts and New England, but set forth quite
ingeniouslv and elaborately the doctrines of nulli-
fication. In view of the political agitation then
going on in South Carolina, it was felt that this
sjK'cch would work practical mischief unless it
stiould meet with instant refutation. It was finished
on 25 Jan., and on the next two davs Mr. Webster
delivered his "second speech on V'oote's resolu-
tion," l)ctter known in nistory as the "Reply to
Ilayne." The del)ate had now lasted so long that
jK'ople had come from different parts of the coun-
try to Washington to hear it, and on 20 Jan. the
crowd not only filled the galleries and invaded the
floor of the senate-chamber, but occupied all the
lobbies and entries within hearing and even be-
yond. In the first part of his speech Mr. Webster
replied to the aspersions upon himself and New
England ; in the second part lie attacked with
weighty argument and keen-edged sarcasm the
doctrine of nullificatiim. He did not undertake
to deny the right of revolution lus a last resort in
ca.ses with which legal and constitutional methods
are found inadequate to deal ; but he assailed the
theory of the constitution maintained by Cal-
houn and his follower, according to which nulli-
fication was a right, the exercise of which was
compatible with l()yal adherence to the constitu-
tion. His course of argument was twofold; he
sought to show, first, that the theory of i he con-
stitution as a terminable league or compact l)e-
twcen sovereign states was unsupported by the
history of its origin, and, secondly, that the attempt
on the part of any state to act upon that theory
must necessarily entail civil war or the disruption
of the Union. As to the sufficiency of his histori-
cal argument there has been much difference of
opinion. The question is difficult to deal with in
such'a way as to reach an unassailable conclusion,
and the difficulty is largely due to the fact that in
the various ratifying conventions of 1787-'9 the
men who advocated the adoption of the constitu-
tion did not all hold the same opinions as to the
significance of what they were doing. There was
great divergence of opinion, and plenty of room
for antagonisms of interpretation to grow up as
irreconcilable as those of Webster and Calhoun,
if the South Carolina doctrine distorted history in
one direction, that of Mr. Webster probably de-
parted somewhat from the record in the other; but
the latter was fully in harmony with the actual
course of our national development, and with the
increased and increasing strength of the sentiment
of union at the time when it was pro{)ounded with
such powerful reasoning and such magnificent
eloquence in the " lleply to Ilayne." As an appeal
to the common sense of the American people,
nothing could be more masterly than Mr. Webster's
demonstration that nullification practically meant
revolution, and their unalterable opinion of the
soundness of his argument was amply illustrated
when at length the crisis came which he deprecated
with such intensity of emotion in his concluding
sentences. To some of the senators who listened
to the speech, as, for instance, Thomas H. Benton,
it .seemed as if the passionate eloquence of its
close concerned itself with imaginary dangers
never likely to be realized : but the event showed
that Mr. Webster estimated correctly the perilous-
ness of the doctrine against which he was contend-
ing. For genuine oratorical power, the " Reply to
Hayne " is probably the greatest speech that has
been delivered since the oration of Demosthenes
on the crown. The comparison is natural, as there
are points in the American orator that forcibly
remind one of the Athenian. There is the fine
sense of proportion and fitness, the massive weight
of argument due to transparent clearness and
matchless symmetry of statement, and along
with the rest a truly Attic simplicity of diction.
Mr. Webster never indulged in mere rhetorical
flights ; his sentences, simple in structure and
weighted with meaning, went straight to the mark,
and his arguments were so skilfully framed that
while his most learned and critical hearers were
impressed with a sense of their conclusiveness, no
man of ordinary intelligence could fail to under-
stand them. To these high qualifications of the
orator was added such a physical presence as but
few men have been endowed with. Mr. Webster's
appearance was one of unequalled dignity and
power, his voice was rich and musical, and the im-
Sressiveness of his delivery was enhanced by the
epth of genuine manly feeling with which he
spoke. Yet while his great speeches ow<'d so
much of their overpowering effect to the look and
manner of the man, they were at the same time
masterpieces of literature. Like the speeches of
Demosthenes, they were capable of swaying the
reader as well as the hearer, and their effects went
far beyond the audience and far beyond the occa-
sion of their delivery. In all these respects the
'•Reply to Hayne "marks the culmination of Mr.
Webster's power as an orator. Of all the occa-
sions of his life, this encounter with the doctrine
of nullification on its first bold announcement in
the senate was certainly the greatest, and the
si)eech was equal to the occasion. It struck a chord
in the heart of the American people which had
not ceased to vibrate when the crisis came thirty
years later. It gave articulate expression to a
sentiment of loyalty to the Union that went on
growing until the American citizen was as prompt
to fight for the Union as the Mussulman for his
prophet or the cavalier for his kin^. It furnished,
moreover, a clear and comprehensive statement of
WEBSTER
WEBSTER
411
the theon- by whlph that sentiment of loyalty was
justified.' Of the men who in after-years jjave up
their lives for the Union, doubtless the jfrealer
numl»er hatl as school-lKtys dwlaimed passages
from this immortal sjHvch and caught some inspi-
ration from its fervid |>atriotism. Probably no
other 8|»eefh ever made in congress has found S4>
nmny readers or exerted «> much influence in giv-
ing shn|K' t<) men's thoughts.
Thn'e years afterwani Mr. Welwter n>turne<l to
struggle with nullitlculion, U-ing now pilt*-*! against
the master <tf that diR-trine instead of the disc-inle.
In the interval South Carolina had attem|>teu to
put the doctrine into practice, and had J»een res-
olutely met by President Jackson with his prixjla-
iniitio'n of lODec., 1832. In resf)onse to a special
message from the president, early in January, 1833,
the so-called "Force bill," emp«jwering the president
to use the army and navy, if necessarv, for enforc-
ing the revenue laws in S«>uth CJaroIina, was re-
iKjrted in the senate. The bill was op[K)sed by
Democrats who did not go so far as to approve of
nullification, but the defection of these senators
was more than balanced by the accession of Mr.
Weljster, who upon this measure came i)rom|>tly
to the support of the administration. For this,
says Benton, "his motives . . . were attacked, and
he was accused of sul)serviency to the president for
the sake of future favor. At the same time all the
supftort which he gave to these measures was the
regular result of the principles which he laid down
against nullification in the debate with Mr. Hayne,
and he could not have done less without being der-
elict to his own nrinciples then avowed. It was a
proud era in his life, supjwrting with transcendent
ability the cause of the constitution and of the
coiintr)-. in the person of a chief magistrate to
whonj he was politically opposed, bursting the
U>nds of party at the call of duty, and displaying
a patriotism worthy of admiration and imitation.
Uen. Jackson felt the debt of gratitude and admira-
tion which he owed him ; the country, without dis-
tinction of party, felt the «ime. ... He was the
col;issiil figure on the ()olitical stage during that
eventful time ; and his laUirs, splendid in their day,
survive for the IxMiefit of distant posterity" ("Thirty
Years' View," i., 3:34). The supiH)rt of the ^in^si-
dent's policy by Mr. Weljster, and its enthusiiLstic
approval by nearly all the northern and a great
man v of the sout hem people, seems to have alarmed
Mr. ('alhoun, prolmbly not so much for his {H-rsonal
safety as for the welfare of his nullification schemes.
The story that he was frightened by the rumor that
Jju'kson ha<l threatened to U'gin by arresting him
on a charge of treason is now generally discredited.
He had seen enough, however, to convince him
that the theory of |)i>a(^-eful nullification was not
MOW likely to be realized. It was not his aim to
pn>voke an armed collision, and accordingly a mo-
mentary alliance was ma<le lx>tween himself and
Mr. CIjiv, resulting m the compromise tariflf bill of
\2 Kelt.. IH^W. Only four ilavs elapsed In'tween Mr.
Webster's announcement of his intention to sup|)ort
the president and the intnxluction of this com-
pmmise measure. Mr. Welister at once opjK)se<l
the compromise, both as unsound economically and
as an unwise. and dangerous concession to the
threats of the nullifiers. At this point the Fone
bill was brought forward, and Mr. Calhoun made
his great stntH-h. l.'i-ltS Feb.. in supjiort <>f the ri'so-
lutions he nad introduced on 22 Jan., allirming the
d«K>trine of nullification. To this Mr. Webster re-
plietl. 16 Feb., with his spe«*ch entitled "The C«m-
stitution not aCom|>act between Sovereign States,"
in which he supplemented and re-«nforced the
argument of the " Reply to Ilayne." Mr. Calhoun's
answer, 20 Feb., was |H'rhaiis the most jMJwerful
sjx'ech he ever delivered, ami Mr. Webster did n<)t
reply to it at length. The burden of the discussion
was what the American pe()ple reallv did when they
adopted the Fetleral constitution. Uid they simply
create a league l>etween sovereign states, or did
they create a national government, which o{M>rates
;ily^^r I'llM- lifirillti'
'wij^if yv
k-'4l<fc'
'4«i^^'i
immediately upon individuals, and, without super-
seding the state goveniments, stands sujiericir to
them, and claims a prior allegiance from all citi-
zens t It is now plain to be seen that in point of
fact they did create such a national government ;
but how far they realized at the outset what they
were doing is quite another question. Mr. Web-
ster's main conclusion was sustained with colossal
strength : l)ut his historical argument was in some
places weak, and the weakness is unconsciously be-
trayed in a disjtosition toward wire-drawn subtlety,
from which ]Slr. Wel)ster was usually quite fre<'.
Ills ingenious rea.soning u|K)n the meaning of such
words as " compact " and " accede " was easily de-
molished by Mr. Calhoun, who was, however, more
successful in hitting upon his adversary's vulnerable
points than in making goo«l his own case. In fact,
the historical question was not really so simple as
it presented itself to the minds of those two great
statesmen. But in whatever way it was to be
settled, the force of Mr. Webster's practical conclu-
sions remainetl, as he declarwl in the brief rejoinder
with which he ended the discussion: "Mr. Presi-
dent, turn this question over and present it as we
will — argue it as we may — exhaust ujKin it all the
fountains of metaphysics — stretch over it all the
meshes of logical or [K)litical subtlety— it still comes
to this: Shall we have a general government t
Shall we continue the uni«)n of the states under a
govi'mmfnt instead of a league t This is the upshot
of the whole matter; because, if we are to have a
government, that government must act like other
governments, by majorities; it must have this
C)wer, like other government.s, of enforcing its own
ws and its own decisions; clothe<l with authority
by the people and always responsible to the ix-ople,
it must be able to hold its course unchecked by ex-
ternal interpi>sition. According to the gentleman's
views of the matter, the constitution is a Unyur ;
acconling to mine, it is a regular popular yotvni-
ment. This vital and all-innKtrtant question the
people will decide, and in deciding it they will de-
termine whether, by ratifying the present constitu-
tion and frame of government, they meant to do
nothing more than to amend the articles of the old
confederation." As the immediate result of the
delwtes, Ijoth the Force bill an«l the Compromise
tariff bill were adopttMl, and this enabled Mr. Cal-
houn to maintain that the ust>ful and c<mservative
character of nullification had l)een demonstrated,
since the action of South Carolina had, without
leading to violence, ImI to such modifications of the
412
WEBSTER
WEBSTER
tariff as she desired. But the abiding result was,
that Webster hud set forth the theory ujK>n which
the Union was to be preservetl. and that the ad-
ministration, in acting uinm tiiat theory, had estal>-
iished an extremely valuable precedent for the
next administration that should be called upon to
meet a similar crisis.
The alliance l)etween Mr. Webster and President
Jackson extended only to the question of main-
taining the Union. As an advocate of the |K)licy
of a national bank, a j)r()t('ctive tariff, and internal
improvements, Mr. Webster's natural place was by
the side of Mr. Clay in the Whig party, which was
now in the process of formation. He was also at
one with both the northern and the southern
8e<rtions of the Whig party in opposition to what
Mr. Benton called the "demos krateo" principle,
acconling to which the president, in order to carry
out the " will of the people," might feel himself
authorized to override the constitutional limita-
tions.upon his power. This was not precisely what
Mr. Benton meant by his princi[)le, out it was the
way in which it was practically illustrated in
Jackson's war against the bank. In the course of
this struggle Mr. Webster made more than sixty
speeches, remarkable for their wide and accurate
knowledge of finance. His consummate mastery
of statement is nowhere more thoroughly exempli-
fied than in these speeches. Constitutional ques-
tions were brought up by Mr. Clay's resolutions
censuring the president for the removal of the de-
posits, and for dismissing William J. Duane, sec-
retary of the treasury. In reply to the resolutions,
President Jackson sent to the senate his remarka-
ble "Protest," in which he maintained that in the
mere discussion of such resolutions that bcnly tran-
scended its constitutional prerogatives, and that
the president is the "direct representative of the
American people," charged with the duty, if need
be, of protecting them against the usurpations of
congress. The Whigs maintained, with much
truth, that this doctrine, if carried out in all its
implications, would push democracy to the point
where it merges in Ciesarism. It was now that
the opposition began to call themselves Whigs, and
tried unsuccessfully to stigmatize the president's
supporters as "Tories." Mr. Webster's speech on
the president's protest, 7 May, 1834. was one of
great imfM>rtance, and shoidd Ikj read by every
student of our constitutional history. In another
elaborate speech, 10 Feb., 1835, he tried to show
that under a proper interpretation of the constitu-
tion the power of removal, like the power of ap-
pointment, was vested in the president and senate
conjointly, and that "the decision of congress in
178li, which separated the power of removal from
the [Kiwcr of appointment, was founded on an
erroneous construction of the constitution." But
8ul)soquent opinion has upheld the decision of 1789,
leaving the 8{>eech to serve as an illustration of
the way in which, under the stress of a particular
contest, the Whigs were as ready to strain the con-
stitution in one direction as the Democrats were
inclined to l)end it in another. An instance of the
latter kind was Mr. Benton's expunging resolution,
against which Mr. Webster emphatically protested.
Alxjut this time Mr. Webster was entertaining
thouj^hts of retiring, for a while at lea.st, from
■)ublic life. As he said, in a letter to a friend, he
ad not for fourteen years had leisure to attend to
his private affairs, or to become acquainted by
travel with his own country. This period had not,
however, been entirely free from professional work.
It was seldom that Mr. WeV)ster took part in crimi-
nal trials, but in this department of legal practice
C
ho showed himself qualified t-o take rank with the
freatest advocates that have ever addressed a jury,
lis speech for the prosecution, on tlie trial of the
murderers of Capt, Joseph White, at Salem, in
August, 1830, has been pronounced superior to the
finest speeches of Lonl Erskine. In the autumn
of 1824, while driving in a chaise with his wife
from Sandwich to Boston, he stopped at the beau-
tiful farm of Cant, John Thomas, by the sea-shore
at Marshfield. For the next seven years his fami-
ly passed their summers at this place as guests of
Capt. Thomas ; and, as the latter was growing old
and willing to be eased of the care of the farm,
Mr. Webster bought it of him in the autumn of
1831. Capt. Thomas continued to live there until
his death, in 1837, as Mr, Webster's guest. For the
latter it became the favorit* home whither he re-
tired in the intervals of public life. It was a place,
he said, where he "could go out every day in the
year and see something new." Mr. \Vebster was
very fond of the sea. He had also a passion for
country life, for all the sights and sounds of the
farm, for the raising of fine animals, as well as for
hunting and fishing. The earlier years of Mr.
Webster's residence at Marshfield. and of his ser-
vice in the U. S. senate, witnessed some serious
events in his domestic life. Death removed his
wife, 21 Jan.. 1828, and his brother Ezekiel, 10
April. 1829. In December, 1829. he married Miss
Caroline Le Rov, daughter of a wealthy merchant
in New York. Immediately after this second mar-
riage came the " lieply to liayne." The beginning
of a new era in his private life coincided with the
beginning of a new era in his career as a statesman.
After 1830 Mr. Webster was recognized as one of
the , greatest powers in the nation, and it seemed
natural that the presidency should be ofTered to
such a man. His talents, however, were not those
of a party leader, and the circumstances under
which the Whig party was formed were not such
as to place him at its head. The elements of which
that party was made up were incongruous, the
bond of union between tnem consisting chiefly of
opposition to President Jackson's policy. In the
election of 1836 they had not time in which to be-
come welded together, and after the brief triumph
of 1840 they soon fell apart again. In 1836 there
was no general agreement upon a candidate.. The
northern Whigs, or National Republicans, sup-
ported by the anti-Masons, nominated Gen. Will-
iam H. flarrison ; the southern or " state-rights "
Whigs r\ominated Hugh L.White; the legislature
of Massachusetts nominated Mr. Webster, and he
received the electoral vote of that state only. Over
such an ill-organized opposition Mr. Van Buren
easily triumphed. In March, 1837, on his way
from Washington to Boston, Mr. Webster stopped
in New York and made a great speech at Niolo's
garden, in which he reviewed and criticised the
policy of the late administration, with especial ref-
erence to its violent treatment of the bank. In the
course of the speech he used language that was
soon proved prophetic by the financial crisis of
that year. In tne summer he made a journey
through the western states. In the next session of
congress his most important speeches were those
on the sub-treasury bill. The second of these, de-
livered 12 March, 1838, contained some memorable
remarks on the course of Mr. Calhoun, who had
now taken sides with the administration. No pas-
sage in all his speeches is more graphic than that
in which, with playful sarcasm, ne imagines Gen.
Jackson as coming from his retirement at the Her-
mitage, walking into the senate-chamber, and
looking across "to the seats on the other side."
WKILSTEIl
WEIkSTKR
418
The whole of that |»ortioii of the »|)cech which re-
lates to nulliHcaliuii is exlrfiiicly |Mtwi>rful. Mr.
Ciithoun, in his* reoly, " earrifd the war into Af-
rica," and attm-ki'd Mr. Webster's reconL Ho was
aiiswen-d, 22 Marcii, ljy a s|K-<><.-h that wax a iiumU>1
for such imrliaiiuMitury retorts. Mr. Wclxstcr never
sneerwl at his wlversaries, but always rendercil
them tliu full nu>ed of |>ers4>nal res|N'ct that he
would have demanded for himself. Uo discussed
questions on their merits, and was too great to de-
scend to recriminatiims. His Titanic power owed
very little to the spirit of belligerency. Never was
there an orator more urbane or more full of C'hris-
tiiin magnanimity.
In the summer of 1839 Mr. Webster with his
familv visiteil England, where he wa.s cf)r»lially re-
ceived and greatly admired. On his return in De-
cember he learneil that the Whigs had this time
united upon Gen. llarrist^i for their candidate in
the hope of turning to their own uses the 8an»e
kind of unreflecting iNipular enthusiasm that hml
electinl Jackson. The {»anic of 18;{7 aided them
still more, and Mr. Weljster made skilful use of it
in a long series of camitaign s|)eeches, during the
summer of 1840, in Massachusetts, New York.
Pennsylvania, and Virginia. He accepted the office
of secretary of state m President Harrison's ad-
n'linistration, and soon showed himself as able in
diplomacy as in other departments of statesman-
ship. There
~^ .'"'"^* '•■)-. -. wasa compli-
cation of dif-
ficulties with
Great Britain
which seemed
to be bringing
us to the verge
of war. There
was the long-
standing dis-
pute about
the northeast-
ern lK)unda-
ry. which had
not been ade^^uately defined by the treaty of 1783.
and along with the renewal of this controversy
came up the cases of Mcl^xl and the steamer
"Caroline," the slave-ship "Creole," and all the
manifold complications that these cases involved.
The Oregon question, too, was l(K)ming in the
backi;round. In disentangling these «lifllculties
Mr. Weljster showed wonderful tact and discretion.
He was fortunately aideil by the change of minis-
try in England, which transferred the manage-
ment of foreign affairs from the hands of I^)rd
Palmerston to those of Lord Alienleen. Kilwanl
Everett was then in I^ndon, and Mr. Webster se-
curetl his ap(M)intment as minister U) (Jn-at Britain.
In res|H>nse to this ap^xtintment, Lonl Ashburton,
whose friendly feeling toward the United States
wjis known to every one, was sent over on a special
mission to cfmfer with Mr. Wel)ster, and the result
was the Ashburton treaty of 1842, l)y which an
arbitrary and ctmventional line was adopted for
the northeastern Iwundarv, while the loss thereby
sufTentl by the states of Maine and Massachusetts
was to be' indemnifleil by the I'niteil Slates. It
was also agreed that Great Britain and the I'nited
States should each keep its own K<piadron to watch
the coast of Africa for tljc suppression of the
slav<vtra<le. and that in this goo«l w*»rk ea<*h nation
shouhl se[>arately enforce its own laws. This clause
of the treaty was known as the "cruising conven-
tion." The old grievance of the im[>ressment of
8«>amen, which hod been practically alxjlished by
the glorious victories of American frigates in tho
war of 181 2-' 15, was now formally ended by Mr.
Wel>ster's declaration to Ixtrd Ashburton that
henc*eforth American vessi'ls would not submit
themselves to tte searched. Henceforth the en-
forcement of the si>-calle«l "right of search" by a
British shij* would be regarded by the L'nitetl
States as a caMin belli. When all the circumslunces
are considered, this Ashburton treaty shows that
Mr. Webster's powers as a diplomatist were of the
highest order. In the hands of an ordfnary states-
man the affair might easily have ended in a war;
but his management was so dextemus that, as wo
now look back uiMin the negotiation, we find it
hard to realize tliat there was any real danger.
Perhaps there could be no more conclusive proof
or more satisfactory measure of bis really brilliant
and solid success.
While these imiiortant negotiations were going
on. great changes tiad come over the j>olitical hori-
zon. There had been a quarrel between the north-
ern and .southern sections of the Whig party (see
Tyler, John), and on 11 Sept., 1841, all the inem-
Ix-rs of President Tyler's caoinet, except Mr. Web-
ster, resigned. It seems to have Ix'en believe*! by
many of the Whigs that a unanimous resignation
on the part of the cabinet would force President
Tyler to resign. The idea came from a misunder-
standing of the British custom in similar cases
and it is an incident of great interest to the stu-
dent of American history; but there was not the
slightest chance that it should hv. rcralize<l. Had
there been any such chance. Mr. Webster defeated
it by staying at his post in onler to finish the
treaty with Gre<it Britain. The Whigs were in-
clined to attribute his conduct to unworthy mo
tives, and no sooner had the treaty been signe*!,
9 Aug., 1842, than the newspapers itegan calling
upon him to resign. The treaty was ratified in
the senate by a vote of 39 to 9, but it had still to
be adopted by parliament, and much nwdlcss ex-
citement was (x-casioned on lH)th sides of the ocean
by the discovery of an old map in Paris, suslain-
ing the British view of the northeastern boundary,
and another in Ijondon, sustaining the American
view. Mr. Webster remained at his {X)st in spite
of [x>pular clamor until he knew the treaty to l)e
quite safe. In the ho[)e of driving him from the
cabinet, the Whigs in Massiu-husetts held a con-
vention and declariHl that President Tyler was no
longer a memU'r of their party. On a visit to
lioston, Mr. Webster made a noble speech in
Fancuil hall. 30 Sept., 1842, in the course of which
he declared that he was neither to be coaxed nor
driven into an action that in his own judgment
was not conducive to the Ijest interests of the
country. He knew very well that by such inde-
jM'udence he was likely to injure his chances for
nomination to the presidency. He knew that a
movement in favor of Mr. Clay had begun in
Ma.ssachusetts, and that his own cours<> was a4lding
greatly to the impetus of that movement. But his
{latriotism rose superior to all |>ersonal considera-
tions. In May, lH4ii, having seen the treaty firmly
established, he resigne*! the secretaryship and re-
turnwl to the practice of his profession in lioston.
In the canvass of 1K44 he suiiiH)rteil Mr. Clay in
a series of able spec<'hes. <)n Mr. Choate's resigna-
tion, early in 1H45, Mr. Wel>ster was re-«'lecleti to
the senate. The two princii>al questions of Mr.
Polk's administration n'lattHt to the partition of
Oregon and the difficulties that led to war with
Mexico. The D«'mocnits dedan-il that we must
have the whole of On-goii up to the |>arHllel of 54"
40', although the 49th (mrallel had alrt>ady been sug-
414
WEBSTER
WEBSTER
prested as a comjiromiso-line. In a ven' able speech
at Faneiiil hall, Mr. Webster advocated the a<]on-
tion of this compromise. The speech was widely
nvid in Enirland and on the contment of Europe,
and Mr. Webster followed it by a private letter to
Mr. Macprepor, of (Jlasfrow, expressinj; a wish that
the British government mipht see fit to offer the
49th parallel as a boundary-line. The letter was
shown to Lord Aberdeen, who adopted the sug-
pestion. and the disnute accordinplv ended in the
partition of Oregon lietween the United States and
Great Britain. This successful interposition dis-
pusted some Democrats who were really desirous
of war with Enpland. and Charles J. Inpersoll.
memlKT of conpress from Pennsylvania and chair-
man of the coMunittee on foreipn affairs, made a
scandalous attack upon Mr. Webster, charpinp
him with a corrupt use of public funds. Mr. Web-
ster replied in his preat speech of 6 and 7 April,
1846. in defence of the Ash burton treaty. The
speech was a triumphant vindication of his public
[Hilicy. and in the thorouph investipation of details
that followed, Mr. InpersoU's charges were shown
to l)e utterly groundless.
During the operations on the Texas frontier,
which l)rought on war with Mexico. Mr. Webster
was absent from Washinpton. In the summer of
1847 he travelled through the southern states, and
was everywhere received with much enthusiasm.
He opposed the prosecution of the war for the sjike
of acquirinp more territory, because he foresaw
that such a policy must speedily lead to a danper-
ous affitation of the slavery question. The war
broupht Gen. Zachary Taylor into the foreground
as a candidate for the presidency, and some of the
Wliig managers actually proposed to nominate
Mr. Webster as viee-nresident on the same ticket
with Gen. Taylor. lie indignantly refused to ac-
cept such a proposal ; but Mr. Clay's defeat in 1844
had made many Whips afraid to take him again
as a candidate. Mr. Webster was thought to be
altogether too independent, and there was a feeling
that Gen. Taylor was the most available candidate
and the only one who could supplant Mr. Clay.
These circumstances led to Taylor's nomination,
which Mr. Webster at first declined to support.
lie disapproved of soldiers as presidents, and char-
acterized the nomination as "one not fit to be
made." At the same time he was far from ready
to suppf)rt Mr. Van Buren and the Free-soil party,
yet in his situation some decided action was neces-
sary. Accordingly, in his speech at Marshfield,
1 i^ept., 1848, he declared that, as the choice was
really between Gen. Taylor and Gen. Cass, he
should support the former. It has been contended
that in this Mr. Webster made a great mistake,
and that hi* true place in this canvass would have
been with the Free-soil party. He had always
been opposed to the further extension of slavery;
but it is to be borne in mind that he looked with
dread upon the rise of an anti-slavery party that
should be supported only in the northern states.
Whatever teniled to array the north and the south
in op{K)sition to each other Mr. Webster wished
especially to avoid. The ruling purpose of his life
was to do what he could to prevent tne outbreak of
a conflict that might end in the disruption of the
Union: and it may well have seemed that there
wiis more safety in sustaining the Whig party in
electing its candidate by the aid of s<^)uthem votes
than in helping into life a new party that should
be purely sectional. At the same time, this cau-
tious policy necessarily involved an amount of con-
ce-ssion to southern demands far greater than the
rapidly growing anti- slavery gentiment in the
northern states wonld tolerate. No doubt Mr.
Webster's policy in 1848 pointed logically toward
his last great speech. 7 March, 1850, in which he
supportetl Mr. Clay's elaborate compromises for
disfiosmg of the difficulties that ha<l grown out of
the vast extension of territory consequent upon
the Mexican war. (See Clay, ifENRV.) This speech
aroused intense indignation at the north, and espe-
cially in Massachusetts. It was regartled by many
people as a deliberate sacrifice of principle to policy.
Sir. Webster was accused of trucKling to the south
in order to obtain southern support for the presi-
dency. Such an accusation seems inconsistent
with Mr. Webster's character, and a comprehen-
sive survey of his political career renders it highly
improbable. The "Seventh -of- March" speech
may have been a political mistake; but one cannot
rend it to-day. with a clear recollection of what
was thought and felt before the civil war, and
doubt for a moment the speaker's absolute frank-
ness and sincerity. He supported Mr. Clay's com-
promises because they seemed to him a conclusive
settlement of the slavery question. The whole
territory of the United States, as he said, was now
covered with compromises, and the future destiny
of every part, so far as the legal introduction of
slavery was concerned, seemed to be decided. As
for the regions to the west of Texas, he believed
that slavery was ruled out by natural conditions
of soil and climate, so that it was not necessary to
protect them by a Wilraot proviso. As for the
fugitive -slave law, it
was simply a provision
for carrying into effect
a clause of the constitu-
tion, without which that
instrument could never
have been ado{»ted. and
in the frequent infrac-
tion of which Mr. Web-
ster saw a serious dan-
ger to the continuance
of the Union. He there-
fore accepted the fugi-
tive-slave law as one fea-
ture in the proposed
system of compromises ;
but, in accepting it, he
offered amendments,
which, if they had been
adopted, would have
gone far toward depriv-
ing it of some of its
most obnoxious and ir-
ritating features. By
a<lopting these measures of compromiM\ Mr. Web-
ster believed that the extension of slavery would
have been given its limit, that the north wonld. by
reason of its free labor, increase in preponderance
over the south, and that by and by the institution
of slavery, hemmed in and denied further expan-
sion, would die a natural death. That these views
were mistaken, the events of the next ten years
showed only too plainly, but there is no good rea-
son for doubting their sincerity. There is little
doubt, too, that the compromises had their practi-
cal value in postponing the inevitable* conflict for
ten years, during which the relative strength of the
north was increasing and a younger generation was
growing up less tolerant of slavery and more ready
to discard palliatives and achieve a radical cure.
So far as Mr. Webster's moral attitude was con-
cerned, although he was not prepared for the bitter
hostility that his speech provoked in many quar-
ters, be must nevertheless have known that it was
WEBSTER
WEBSTER
415
quite M likclv to injuro him nt tho north as to
piin !«up|x>rt for him in the south, an<l his resolute
ailnption of a (miIicv that Iw rej^anhtl as national
rather than sectional was really an instance of hi^h
moral couraiji'. It was, however, a concession that
(li<l violence to his sentiments of humanity, an(t
the pain and uneasiness it (H.-casioned is visible in '
some of his latest utterances. I
On Pri'siflent Taylor's <leath, 9 July. 1850, Mr. '
Webster became President Fillmore's secretary of
stHte. An earnest attempt was mmie on the jMirt of
his friends to secure his nomination for the presi-
dency in 1852; but on the first Iwiliot in the c<m-
vention he receive*! only 29 votes, while there
were 131 for Gen. Scott and 133 for Mr. Fillmore.
The efforts of Mr. Webster's adherents succeeded
only in jjivinjj the nomination to Scott. The re-
sult was a (frave disappointment to Mr. Webster.
He refused to sup|H)rt the nomination, and tf>ok
no part in the campaign. His health was now
rapidly failing. He left Washinprton. 8 Sept., for
the last time, and retume<l to Marshfleld, which
he never left apiin. except on 20 Sept. for a brief
call upon his physician in Boston. By his own
recpiest there were no public ceremonies at his
funeral, which took place very quietly, 29 Oct.,
at Marshfleld. The steel engraving of Webster
is from a |H)rtrait made about 1840. tho vignette
from a painting by James B. Ix)ngacre, executed
in 1833. The otHer illustrations represent the
Bunker Hill monument, his residence and grave at
Mai-shfield, and the imposing statue by Thomas
Ball, erected in the Central park. New Vork. See
Webster's "Works," with biographical sketch bv
E<lward Everett (0 vols., Boston. 1851) ; " Webster's
Private Correspondence." etlited by Fletcher Web-
ster <2 vols.. lioston. 1856) : George Ticknor Curtis's
" Life of Webster" (2 vols.. New York, 1870); Va\-
win P. Whipple's "Great Speeches of Webster"
(Boston, 1879); and Henry Cabot Lodge's "Web-
ster," in "American Statesmen Series" (Boston,
1888).— Daniel's son. Fletcher, lawver, b. in Ports-
mouth. N. H.. 23 July, 1813 : d. near Bull Hun, Va..
30 Aug.. 1802. was gfuduateil at Harvanl in 1833.
studied law with his father, and was admitted to
the bar. He was private secretary to his father
during part of the latter's service as secretary of
state, secretary of legation in China under Caleb
Cushing in 1843. a memlx'r of the Mas.sachusetts
legislature in 1847, and from 1850 till 18(51 surveyor
of tho port of Boston. He l)ecanie colonel of the
12th Massachusetts regiment. 20 June, 1801, served
in Virginia and Maryland, and was killed at the
second battle of Bull Run. Besides editing his
father's private correspondence. Col. Webster pub-
lished an "Oration before the Authorities of the
City of Boston, July 4, 1840."
Webster. Harrison Edwin, educator, b.
In Angelica, N. Y.. 8 Sept., 1X42. He served in
the U. S. army during tho civil war, and w»us
graduated at Union in 18(W. From 1809 till 1873
he was tutor in natural history an<l physical geog-
raphy, and then until 188:j held the chair of natu-
ral hRtory at Union. He then acc-epte«l the pro-
fej«9orship of geology and natural history at the
University of llochesler, where he remained until
1888, when he. was elected president of Union.
The degree of IjL. I), was conferretl on him by the
University of R<K'hester in 18S8, and he is a niem-
ber of scientific societies. Prof. Webster has writ-
ten several |iamphlets on natural hislor)' subjects,
especially on marine forms.
nEB><TER. Horace, educator, h. in Hartford.
Vt.. 21 Sept.. 17!»4: d. in Geneva, N. Y., 12 July.
1871. He was gnuluated at tho U. S. military
aca<lemy in 1818. and was assistant professor of
mathematics there till 1825. when he resigned his
commission in the army. He was then j>mfessor
of mathematics and natural philosophy in (leneva
(now Holrnrt) college till 1848. when he became
Iirinciiml of the Fn'o acailemy in New York city,
lere ho held the chair of moral and intellectual
phik>sophy from IMl.and in 1852 that of |Militical
philosophy was a<lded. In 1800 the name of the
m-mlemy was changtil by law to "The College of
the citv of New York," and he continued at its
hem! till 1869. after which he was emeritus profes-
S(jr till his death. He was eminently successful in
his administration of the affairs of the college, and
the impression he made on the students was last-
ing. From his precept and his example they
le«me<l thoroughness, devotion to duty, and regard
for the best ideals of life. Columbia gave him the
degree of LL. D. in 1849. and the University of
Pennsylvania that of M. I), in 1850.
WEBSTER. James. British soldier, b. al)ont
1743: d. in North Carolina in March. 1781. His
father, Dr. Alexander Webster, was an eminent
divine of Edinburgh. The son entered the army,
Ijecame major of the 83d foot in February, 1771,
and fought with credit in the American Revolu-
tion, becoming a lieutenant-colonel. He was active
in the operations in New Jersey in 1777. at Ver-
planck's point in 1778. and in Cornwallis's cam-
paign in the t^outh. He commanded the British
right wing at the battle of Guilford. N. C, 14
>larch. 1781, and there received a wound that re-
sulted in his death.
WEBSTER, John Adamn, naval nfilcer, b. in
Harford county, Md., 11) Sept.. 1785; d. there. 4
July. 1870. He entered the merchant marine, but
at the Iwginning of the war of 1812 Wcame 3d
lieutenant on the privateer " Rossie." under Com.
Joshua Barney. Alterwanl he receivwl a sailing-
master's warrant in the navy, and was placed by
Barney in command of a barge, of which he had
charge till on the advance of tlie Briti.^h on Wash-
ington he was transferred to shore duty. He com-
manded a «letachment of sailors under Barney at
Bladensburg. serving his guns till the jxiwdorwas
exhausted, and had charge of Battery Balicock,
near Baltimore, during the attack on that place.
This battery of six guns was old and dilapidated,
the gunr. were corroded, the carriages rusty, and
the trucks immovable, the earthworks were de-
fective, and the place was overgrown with briers,
but in forty-eight hours Wel)stor had it ready for
action. On the night of 13 Sept., Webster dis-
covered tho British landing-party, and opened fire
on it, and his battery, together with Fort Cov-
ington, repelled the enemy after a brisk engage-
ment, saving Baltimore. For this service he was
specially nientione<I in Com. John Rodgers's re|M>rt
to the secretary of the navy, and presentetl with
swords by the citizens of Baltimoro and the state
of Maryland. On 22 Nov.. 1819, he was commis-
sioned captain in the revenue service, and during
the Mexican war he commanded a fleet of eight cut-
ters to co-operate in the oam|taign on Rio Grande
river and before Vera Cruz. In 1865 he retinnl
from active duty, and at his death he was the sen-
ior officer in the servi<-e. — His stui, John Adauia,
b. in the homestead. Mount Adams. Harford co.,
Md.. 20 June. 1823; d. in Ogdensburjr. N. Y.. 0
April, 1875. entere<l the revenue service in 1842,
was promoteil captain in 18tM), and saved his%'e«8el,
the "Dobbin," from capture by the Confederates
at Savannah and Hampton Roads. At the latter
place she was the only U. S. yes.sel that escaped
While on the New E^ngland coast he received a
416
WEBSTER
WEBSTER
gold wotch from the British board of trade for
servict-s to English seamon.
WEBSTER. John White, chemist, b. in Bos-
ton. Mass., 20 May. ITM; d. there. 30 Au|,'.. 1850.
lie was praduatod at Harvard in 1811, and at its
medical department in 181"), In 1H24 he was ap-
pointe<l lecturer in chemistry, mineralogy, and
geology in that institution, and in 1827 fie was
elected to the chair of chemistry and mineralogy,
which he then held until the year of his death.
In 1842 Prof. Webster borrowed a sum of money
from Dr. George Parkman, afterward increased
to upward of $2,000, as security for which he
gaves notes and mortgages on household prop-
erty and collections. The mineral cabinets he se-
cretly disix)sed of, and during an interview with
Parkman, to whom he paid considerable money,
the latter accused him of dishonesty in selling his
collections, and threatened to foreclose the mort-
gages. An arrangement was made for a meeting
on 2;^ Nov.. 1849, at the college laboratory, at
which Parkman was murdered. According to the
confession made by Webster, at the time appointed
Parkman arrived, and at once asked for the
money, which not being forthcoming, he "called
me a scoundrel and a liar, and went on heaping on
me the most bitter taunts and opprobrious epi-
thets." Seizing a billet of wood, Webster struck
Parkman ^a blow on the side of the head, which
killed him. The concealment of the body at once
presented itself as the only means of escaping the
fatal effects of the crime, and Webster immedi-
ately dismembered it, burning snch parts with the
clothes as he could, and concealing the remaining
parts for further treatment. As soon as Parkman's
disappearance was noted, efforts were made to find
him, and he was traced to the laboratory. Further
search revealed parts of the cadaver, and Webster
was arrested. On the trial, which lasted eleven
days, the chain of circumstantial evidence was per-
fect in its conclusions as to the identity of the
body. Oliver Wendell Holmes, .Jeffries Wyman, and
others testified as to the anatomical proportions of
the body. The teeth were identified beyond doubt
by the dentist who hatl made them for Parkman.
\Vebster was prosecuted by John II. Clifford, and
IIG witnesses were exammed on the trial. Not-
withstanding that every effort was made in his be-
half, the jury returned a verdict of guilty, and he
was hanged. During 1823-'G he was one of the
•"ditors with .John Ware and Daniel Treadwell, of
the " Boston .Journal of Philosophy and Arts,"
and he published " Description of the Island of
St. Michael " (Boston, 1821) ; " A Manual of Chem-
istry " (1820); and edited Playfair's " Liebig's Or-
ganic Chemistry" (Cambridge, 1841). Several re-
ports of his trial were published, including one by
George Bemis. one of the counsel (Boston, 1850).
WEBSTER. Joseph Dana, soldier, b. in Old
Hampton, N. H., 25 Aug., 1811 ; d. in Chicago, 111.,
12 March, 18T«. His father, Josiah (1772-1837),
was pastor at Hampton from 1808 until his death.
The son was graduated at Dartmouth in 1832, and
reml law in Newburyport. Mass.. but became a clerk
in the engineer and war offices in Washington, wjis
made a L. S. civil engineer in 1835, and on 7 July,
1838, entered the army as 2d lieutenant of to|)o-
graphical engineers, lie served through the Mexi-
can war, and was promoted 1st lieutenant in July,
1849. and captain in March, 1853, but resigned in
April, 1854, and removed to Chicago, where he en-
gaged in t>usiness. He was president of the com-
missimi that perfected the remarkable system of
sewerage for tnat place, and also planned and exe-
cuted the operations whereby the grade of u large
part of the city was made from two to eight feet
higher, whole blocks being raised by jack-screws
while new foundations were inserted. He entered
the service of the state at the opening of the civil
war, took charge of the construction of fortifica-
i tionsat Cairo, 111., and Paducah, Ky.. in April, and
' was made paymaster, with rank of major, of U. S.
j volunteers on 1 June, but in February, 1862. he be-
came colonel of the 1st Illinois artillery. He wiw
j chief of Gen. Grant's staff for several month.s, whs
I present at the capture of Fort Henry and Fort
; Donelson, and at Shiloh was also chief of artillery.
At the close of the first day's fight at Shiloh he oc-
cupied with all available artillery the ridge that
I covered Pittsburg Landing, thus checking the
1 hitherto victorious Confederates. He received the
j highest commendation in Gen. Grant's ofTicial re-
port, and continued to be his chief of staff till, in
October, 1862, he was detailed by the war depart-
ment to make a survey of the Illinois and Michigan
canal. He was commissioned brigadier-general of
volunteers, 29 Nov., 1862, and, after serving for
some time as military governor of Memphis, Tenn.,
and as superintendent of military railroads, was
again Grant's chief of staff in the Vicksburg cam-
Kaign. and from 1864 till the close of hostilities
eld the same post under Gen. William T. Sherman.
He was with Gen. George H. Thomas at the battle
of Nashville. Gen. Webster was given the brevet
of major-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865, re-
signed on 6 Nov., and returned to Chicago, where
he remained during the rest of his life. He was
assessor of internal revenue in that city in 1869-'72,
and then assistant U. S. treasurer there till July,
1872. when he became collector of revenue.
WEBSTER, Joseph Philbrick, musician, b.
in Manchester, N. H.,in 1820; d. in Elkhorn, Wis.,
18 Jan., 1875. He acquired a good English educa-
tion at Pembroke academy, and at ten years of age
could play by ear upon the violin and flute. At
twenty years of age he went to Boston, where for
three years he w*is under the instruction of Dr.
Lowell Mason and other teachers of music, and be-
came known as a singer. At twenty-eight he lost
his voice, after which he taught music in Connecti-
cut, and from 1850 till 1855 in the south. While*
there he became a bitter foe to slavery, and this feel-
ing was subsequently manifested in his many war
songs. He afterward removed to Indianapolis, and
then to Elkhorn, Wis., where he died. He com-
posed a great numlx^r of sentimental songs. His
cantata of " The liebellion," in which is expressefl
his sorrow for the death of Lincoln, is one of his
best efforts. His war songs were very popular in
their day. Among his ballads are " Sweet By and
By." " Lorena," and " The Golden Stair."
WEBSTER, Nathan Burnham, educator, b. in
Unity, N. II., 13 June, 1821. He was educated at
Norwich university, but left in 1840, without being
graduated, to take charge of the Virginia literary,
scientific, and military academy which had been es-
tablished byCapt. Alden Partridge in Portsmouth.
Two years later ne resigned and established a similar
school in Charleston, S. C. In 1844 he returned to
the Virginia military academy, but in 1847 he
taught in Richmond and lectured on physics in
Richmond college. During 1848-'9 lie was civil
engineer in the U. S. navy-yard at Norfolk, Va.,
and then he founded the Virginia collegiate insti-
tute, and conducted it in Norfolk till 1862. when,
owing to the civil war he removed to Ottawa, Can-
ada, where he established a similar schooL He
opened the Webster institute in Norfolk in 1869,
which he there continued till 1880. Prof. Webster
invented the meteorgraph, an automatic meteoro-
WKBSTKR
WKIJSTKR
417
lofrical rejfwtcr, whirh he dewrilMMl in the •' Pmc<H«<l-
in(fs of the AinoricHii AssMx-intioii for the Advunce-
meiit of Sfietice for 1854," of which orf^intzatioii
he has lieeii h incinlier tiiiice 1858 an<l m fellow siiui*
1874. lie WH-s one of the foiuulers. Hntl for several
yearn nresident. of the Ottawa natural histurj soci-
ety. Prof. Wel>ster has puhii.shed a^hlreases on
etfueat ional and a^'riciiltiiral topics, and edited
"Notes, Oueries. an«l Answers," published in Man-
chester, N. 11., durinfr 1882- '3. He is the author
of " (Mitlines of Chemistrv " (New York, 188;i).
WEBSTER. Noah, philologist, b. in Hartford.
Conn., 10 Oct.. 17.'>M; d. in New Haven, Conn., 28
May, 1848. His father was a fanner, a descend-
ant in the fourth generation of .lohn Webster,
who previous to
KKK) was one of
tlie magistrates
and governor of
Connecticut. His
mother was a de-
scendant of Will-
iam Bradfonl, sec-
ond governor of
Plymouth colon v.
Noah entered Yale
in 1774, but his
studies were inter-
rupted by the war
of indei>endence,
and in his junior
Eear he served in
is father's com-
pany of militia.
. He was graduated
s^fO-O/^ ffi^'^^^^' same'crass with
Joel liarlow. Uri-
ah Tracy, and Oliver Wolcott. He bec^ime a teach-
er, gave his leisure hours to the study of law. and
in 1781 was admittt^l to the bar. But the state of
the country was unfavoraltle to law business, and
he resumeil teaching at (»oshcn, N. Y. Here he
began the compilation of text-books, and published
"A Grammatical Itistitute of the Kngfish lan-
guage " (3 })arts, liartfonl, 178Ji-'5). This con-
sisted of a s[)elling-lxK)k. a grammar, and a read-
ing-l)o«)k; and so successful was the speller that
for twenty years while he was at work on his dic-
tionary it supported him and his family, though
his royalty was less than one cent on a copy. It
is still in use, and (52.000,000 copies have been
published. After the war the (piestion of giving
the soldiers pay for live years Ixjvond their term
of enlistment was discussed under great excite-
ment, and in Connecticut a convention was held
to protest ai^ainst the {uissagi* of a bill for that
punK)se. Mr. Wel»ster nublislie*! aseries of articles,
uncfer the signature of •• Honorius," favoring the
bill, and they were said to have U'en the principal
cans*' of a revulsion of jwinilar feeling, as indi-
cate<l in the next election. This tunieil his atten-
tion to governmental matters, and in 1784 he pub-
lishe<l a |>ami>hlet entitled " Sketches of American
Policy," in which ho arguetl that a new system of
goveniment was necessary for the country, in
which the fioople and congress should act without
the constant irttervention of the states. This is
believed to have lieen the first movement towanl a
national constitution. In the spring of the next
year Mr. Webster visite<l the southern states, to
[>etition their legislatures for a copyright law, and
at Mount Vernon gave Washington a copy of his
pamphlet. In 1786 he delivere«l. in several cities, a
course of lectures, which were published under the
VOL. VI. — 27
title "Dissertations on the Knglish liangnage**
(1789). In 1787 he was suiK-rintendent of an
a<-a4lemy in Philadelpliia, ami after the adjoiini-
nient of the Constitutional convention publish<*d
a pain|ihlet on "The Lea<iing Principles of the
Federal Constitution." In 1788 he establislH-il in
New York the " American Magazine," but it \\\vi\,
onlv twelve months, and tlu- next vcar he settled
in llartford as a lawyer, and inarne<l a daughter
of William (Jreenleaf, of lioston. His friend, John
Trumbull, the |K>et, referring to the dullness of
I business, wrote : " I fear he will breakfast ui»on
Institutes dine upon Dissertations, and go to oed
sup|)erU'ss." Yet he enjoyed a urofltable practice
for four years, when he reinovea to New York and
establisho<l a daily jmiiht. the "Minerva" (sub-
sequently changed to "Commercial Advertiser"),
to su[)iM>rt Washington's administration. In 1794
he publishetl a |)amphlet on "The Revolution in
France." which was widely circulateti ; and in 1795
he wrote ten of the twelve articles under the signa-
ture of " Curtius," to sustain the Jay treaty, which
were said by Rufus King to have done more than
anything else to render that treaty wceptable to
the i)cople. A little later he wrote a ni-story of
j)estilences, containing a large collection of facts
and his own theories (2 vols.. New York and Ix)n-
don, 1799). He had removeil to New Haven in
1798, and devotetl himself to literature. In 1802
he produced a treatise on blockade and rights of
neutrals, and also " The Origin and State of link-
ing Institutions and Insurance Offices."
Mr. Webster had long been studying the origin
and structure of his mother tongue, and in 1807
he published the first results of his special labors,
umier the title "A Philosophical and Practical
Grammar of the English Ijanguage." He objected
to the onlinary English grammars, on the ground
that they attempted to make the language con-
form to the Greek and Latin; but his book was
never very successful. In the preceding year,
1806. he ha<l publislunl a vocabular)' of words not
containetl in any existing lexicon, and iie now be-
aran work u|K>n his "American Dictionarj* of the
Enelish Ijanguage." To collect new words, and
make fuller and more exact definitions, was the
s|)ecial work to which he devoted many years, and
he made a " synopsis of wortls in twenty languages,"
which is still in manuscript. He also went to
Europe in 1824 to consult literary men and ex-
amine works not to be found on this side of the
Atlantic, and in the library of the University of
Cambridge finished his dictionar)-, retuniing with
the manuscript in June, 1825. In 1828 an raitiou
of 2,500 ct>pies was printed, followed by one of
.S.OOO in England. In 1840-'l he publishwl an en-
larged e<lition. in two volumes. The first edition
luuY contained 12,000 wonls and 40.000 definitions
that were not to W found in any similar work,
and in each successive e<lit ion the numlier has
lK>en increased. Just before his death he revised
the ap|>endix and a<lded several hundre<l words.
In that year als<i he publishe<l " A Collection of
Pajjers on Political, Literary, and Moral Sulv
jects." which includt^l a treatise "On the Sup-
jh>sih1 Change in the Tein|>erature of Winter."
In 1812, for more economical living, he had re-
movjMl to Amherst, Mass., where he was instru-
mental in founding Amherst coUegi', and bectfine
the first president of its Utanl of tnist«H»s. He was
the centre of a small literary cin-le there, and his
large library was always ojH'n to his neighl)ors. In
1822 he resiinuHl his n-sidence in New Haven, and
the next vear Yale gave him the degree of LL. I).
He was for several years an alderman of New
418
WEBSTER
WEDDERBURN
Haven, was a judee of one of the Connecticut
courts, and sat in the legislatures of that state and
Massachusetts. He is dcscribe<l as a genial man,
of great frankness, who rendered all the affairs of
his household perfectly systematic, and never was
in debt. He read the Bible thonaighly, believed
fidly in its inspiration, had deep religious convic-
tions, and during the last thirty-five years of his
life was a memlxjr of an orthodox Congregational
churcih. He was tall and slender, but perfectly
erect. His wife survived him four vears. They
had one son and six daughters. t)r. Webster's
life has been written by one of his daughters,
as an introduction to his great dictionary, and
by Horace E. Scudder, in the " Men of Letters "
series (Boston. 1882).
WEBSTER, Pelatiah, political economist, b.
in Leljanon, Conn., in 1725; d. in Philadelphia. Pa.,
in Septeinl)er, 1795. He was graduated at Yale in
174(5, studied theology, and preached in Greenwich,
Mass., in the winter" of 1748-'9. About 1755 he
engaged in business in Philatlelphia, where he ac-
cumulated a small fortune, at the same time devot-
ing himself to study and literary work. He was
an active patriot during the Revolution, aiding the
American cause with pen and purse, and in Febru-
ary, 1788, was seized by the British and confined
for VS2 days in the city jail. Part of his property,
to the value of £500, was confiscated. He gave
much time to the study of the currency, finance,
and the resources of the country, and was often
consulted on these matters by members of congress.
In his first essay, in October, 1776, he strongly
urged the laying of a tax to provide for the speedy
reuemption of the continental currency, and in
1779 he began in Phila(ielj)hia the publication of
a series of " Essays on Free Trade and Finance,"
of which seven were issued, the last in 1785. His
" Dissertation on the Political Union and Constitu-
tion of the Thirteen Uniteti States of North Amer-
ica " (Philadelphia, 1783) is mentioned by James
Madison as having an influence in directing the
public mind to the necessity of a better form of
government. Mr. Webster also published " Essay
on Credit " (1786) ; " Reasons for repealing the Act
of the Legislature which took away the Charter of
the Bank of North America" (1786); and "Politi-
cal Essays on the Nature and Operation of Money,
Public Finances, and other Subjects, published
during the American War" (1791).
WEBSTER, Richard, clergyman, b. in Albany,
N. Y., 14 Julv, 1811; d. in Mailch Chunk, Pa., 19
June, ia56. His father, Charles R. Webster (1763-
1834). a bookseller of Albany, established and con-
ducted the "Albany Gazette "(1784-1824), and pulv
lished " Webster's' Calendar " from 1784 till his
death. The son was graduated at Union college
in 1829 and at Princeton theological seminary in
1834, and was ordained as a Presl)vterian minister,
29 April, 18:J5. After laboring for a short time at
South Easton, Pa., he organized a church at Mauch
Chunk, 1 Nov., laSS, and was its pastor till his
death. He also did much work in all parts of the
coal region, and aided in founding about a dozen
churches. Defective sight and hearing induced
him to give much time to historical studies, and,
besides fre(juent contributions to current religious
literature under the signature of " K. H.," he issued
a " Digest of the Acts of the General Assembly,"
and left a " History of the Presbyterian Church
in America from its Origin till the Year 1760,
with .Biographical Sketches of its Early Minis-
ters," which was published after his death by the
Presbyterian historical society, with a memoir of
the author by Rev. Cortlandt Van Rensselaer,
D. D., and a historical introduction by Rev. Will-
iam Blackwood, I). D. (Philadelphia, 1857),
WEBSTER, Warren, surgeon, b. in Gilmanton,
N. H., 7 March, 1835. He was educated in New
Hampshire and at medical schools in Boston and
Paris, and graduated at the medical department
of Harvard m 1860. Dr. Webster was appointed
assistant surgeon in the U. S. army, 23 June, 1860,
and after brief service on the frontier was ordered
to Washington, where in 1861 he was placed in
charge of Douglas general hospital, at the same time
engaging in the organization and superintending
the construction of other permanent military hos-
pitals at Washington. He was on duty on the field
at the second battle of Bull Run, and was made a
medical inspector in the Army of the Potomac in
1862. Dr. Webster was present in the battle of
Fredericksburg and active in the care of the
wounded after Chancellorsville (1863), where he or-
ganized numerous field hospitals, passing to and
fro for the purpose within the opposing lines under
flag of truce. Be was in charge of McDougaU
general hospital, Fort Schuyler, N. Y., in 186a-'4,
and then of De Camp general hospital, where in
1866, during the cholera epidemic, ne greatly dis-
tinguished himself. He was promoted surgeon
witli rank of major, 28 July, 1866, was medical di-
rector of the 5th military district in 1868-'70, when
he organized a quarantine system for the Texas
coast, and afterward served at various military
stations in California and the east. Dr. Webster
was brevetted captain " for gallant and meritorious
services "at Chancellorsville, major "for faithful
and meritorious services" during the war, and
lieutenant -colonel "for meritorious and distin-
guished services at Hart's and David's islands. New
York harbor, where cholera prevailed." He is the
author of "The Army Medical Staff" (Boston,
1865); "Regulations for the Government of De
Camp General Hospital" (New York, 1866);
" Quarantine Regulations, 5th Military District "
(Austin, Tex., 1869); and "Sympathetic Diseases
of the Eve." translated (New Vork. 1881).
WEDbERBURN, Alexander. Baron Lough-
borough, b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, 13 Feb., 173^
d. in Bayles, Berkshire, England, 3 Jan., 1805. He
was educated at the University of Edinburgh,
called to the Scottish bar at nineteen years of age,
and was rapidly rising in his profession when he
became offended by a rebuke that was administered
by one of the judges, removed to London, and was
admitted to the English bar in 1757. He soon
S lined high reputation, especially In the great
ouglas ease in 1768-'9, in which the succession in
that family had become a subject of litigation
among its several branches. He obtained a seat in
parliament, and on 26 Jan., 1771, became solicitor-
general in the ministry of Lord North, in which
office he added to his reputation by his defence of
Lord Clive, who was accused of maladministration
in the affairs of India. In January, 1774, when
the petition of Massachusetts for the removal of
Thomas Hutchinson and Andrew Oliver was laid
before the privy council, Wedderbum defended
those functionaries in a speech in which he made a
gross attack upon Benjamin Franklin, the agent of
the petitioners, stigmatizing him as a " true incen-
diary." He violently opposed the claims of the
American colonies, and tnroughout the Revolution
was a strong sumwrter of Lord North's ministry.
When, in 1776, Fox directed the attention of that
ministrj- to the assumption of power on the part of
the government to raise taxes in America, or an-
nihilate charters at its pleasure, as the two princi-
pal grievances of the colonists that needed revision
WEED
WEED
419
WcKldorlmm wnliwl : " Till the spirit of itnlo-
poml«'iice issulMlufd. revisions «rp itlK'; thi* Ainori-
cans have no terms to demand from yonr justice,
whatever they may hoiw from your pnice and
mercy." He was hunie<i in effljfy in Fhihwlelphia,
an<l justly remirdc*! as one of the most unscrupu-
lous fiM's'to the lilxTties of the [XHjple. He InM-ame
attorn^>v-^^'neral in I77H. chief justice of the court
of common pleas in 17H0, and the same year was
rniscvl t<i the |>eera)jeas Ij<inl Ixiughboroujfh. Baron
of Loujjhl>oroujfh in the county of Leicester. In
.\pril, 178:}. he assistetl Ixnl North in forming the
famous coalition ministry, in which he was the first
commissioner of the great seal. After its dissolu-
tion he remaine<i out of office till 27 Jan., 1798,
when he Ijecame high chancellor under William
Pitt. On his resignation of that office in April.
1801, ho was ereat<Ml Karl It<^)sslyn, in the county
of Mid-Ijothian. When George III. heard that
Wedderburn was deiwl. he nMnarke<l : " lie has not
left a greater knave l)ehind him in my dominions."
He published a "Treatise on English Poor I^aws"
and ** Management of Prisons" (London, 1793).
WKEI>, Etlwln (iardner, P. K. bishop, b. in
Savannah. (»a.. '^i Julv, IKil. He was graduate*!
at the (teneral theological seminary, New York, in
1870, or<lcre<l <leacon. 24 Aug., 1870, and ordained
priest, 29 Aug.. 1871. lie became retrtor of the
Church of the Good Shepherd, Summerville, Ga.,
his first and only charge, which ho held for fifteen
voars. He was consecrateii third bishop of Florida
in St. John's church, Jacksonville, Fla., 11 Aug.,
1888. The degree of S. T. D. was conferred \i\um
him by Racine college. Wis., and that of I). I), by
the Universitv of the south. He has taken great
interest in the work of the church among the
colored people of the s<iuth, and is an active mem-
ber of the commission in charge of that work.
WEED. Stpphen HIiiHdale. soldier, b. in New
York citv in 1S;{4; d. near Gettvsburg, Pa., 2 July,
1863. lie was graduated at the New York free
academy in 18.)1, and at the U. S. military acad-
emy in 1H.>4, and assigned to the artillery. After
frontier duty in Texas, and service against the
Seminoles in 185C-'7, he was engage«l in quelling
the Kansas disturbances in IHoS, and then on the
Utah expedition, participating in skirmishes with
hostile Indians at Egan Cafion, 11 Aug., 18(j0, and
Dei'p Creek on 6 Sept. He was promote<l captain
on 14 May. 18<J1, and serve<l in the |K>ninsular,
northern V'irginia, and Maryland campaigns, in
command of a battery. From 3 IK»c., 18(!2, till 23
Jan.. 18<W, he was chief of the artillery corps at Fal-
mouth, Va. After a shi>rt leave of absence ho t<K(k
J art in the battle of Chancellorsville, and on 0
une, 1863, was made brigatlier-general of volun-
teers for gallant conduct there. After 10 May,
1863, he commanded an artilltry brigade in the
5th army corps. At Gettysburg, while holding
the [)osition on Little Ii4>und Too, he was mor-
tally wounded, exclaiming as he fell : " I would
rather die here than that the rel)els should gain
an inch of this ground." The jK)int was essen-
tially im(>ortant to retain, and it is historically
marke<l as " Weed's Hill."
WEED, Thnrlow, journalist, b. in Cairo. Greene
CO.. N. Y., l.j Nov., 1797: d. in New York city. 22
Nov.. 1882. .\t twelve years of age he entore<l a
printing-office in Catskill. N. Y. .So«m afterwanl
lie nMn')ve«l with his father's family to the frontier
village of Cincinnatus, Cortland co., N. Y., and
aidHl in clearing the settlement antl in fanning,
but ill 1811 rt'tumed to the printing business, and
was successively employml in several newspaper
offices. At the beginning of the second war with
Cn
e northern fron-
tier. In 1815 he removed to New York city, where
he was employetl in the printing establishment of
Van Wincklo and Wiley. They were the pul>-
lishers at that time of William Cobbett's " We«?kly
Register," and WimhI became acquainted with the
«*c<'entric author
by carrying proof-
shiH'ts to him. He
wi'ut tf> Norwich,
Chenango co., N.
Y.. in 1§19. estab-
lishe«l the " Agri-
culturist,"and two
years afterward re-
moved to Manlius,
N. Y.. where he
founded the " On-
ondaga County
Republican." In
1824 he became
owner and editor
of the " Rochester
Telegraph," the ^ — ym
second daily pa- /• ^ y^/l, ^y
rjer that was pub- rL4<.*'<€n^ oC/^^^t-'C'C'
lished west of Al-
bany. While Mr. Weed was editing that journal
Lafayette visiteil the United States, and Weed ac-
comjMinied him in a jmrt of his tour throughout
the country. Difficulties arising out of the anti-
^lason excitement caused Mr. Weetl's retirement
from the "Telegraph" in 1826, and in the same
year he founded the " Anti-Mason Enquin-r." He
was a member of the legislature in 1825. In 1830
he established the Allwny "Evening Journal,"
which took a conspicuous part in the formation
of the Whig and the Republican parties, being
equally op|)osed to the Jackson administration and
to nullification. During the thirty-five years of
his control of that organ it held an influential
place in party journalism, and brought ^Ir. Weed
into intimate n>latii)ns with politicians of all (tar-
ties. His jMtlitical career Ix-gan in 1824 in the
presidential conflict that resulted in the election
of John Quincy Adams. He succee<led in uniting
the Adams and Clay factions, and was acknowl-
e«lged by the lemlers of his party to have con-
tributed more than any other to "their success in
that canvass. He was active in the nomination
of William Henrv Harrison in 1836 and 1840, of
Henry Clay in 1844, of Gen. Winfielil .Scott in
18.")2."and of John C. Fremont in 1856. In ISOO he
earnestly advix^ated the nomination of William H.
Sewartl for the presidency, but he afterwanl cor-
dially supported Abraham Lincoln, whose re-elec-
tion W promote*! in 1864. He sultseouently aided
the regular nominations of the Republican iwrty,
and tlid gfKxl s<'rvice in the c^invassof (Jen. Ulyssea
S. (rrant for the presi<lency. Ks|H>cially in his own
state he influenced the ele<'tions, and in the con-
stitutional crisis that arose from the presidential
election in 1876 hegnide<l in a powerful degree the
de<'isions of his party. He hail visite<l Europe sev-
eral times U'fore the civil war. and in 1861 with
.\rchbishop Hughes and Bishop Mcllvaine he was
sent abroad to prevail on foreign governments to
refrain fnun intervention in U'lialf of the Con-
fe<leracy. In this service he st«)Utly defendetl the
national interests, and. through his influeiuM? with
English and Fn-nch statesmen, brought al>out a
result that permanently afTectwl the feeling of
Eun>|»e towanl the Unitetl States. His " Ijetters"
from abroad were collected and published (New
420
WEEDON
WEEMS
York, 1806). Ho Woame editor of the New York
"Commercial Advertiser" in 1807, but was com-
pel le<l to resiffn that office the next year, owing
to failing health, and did not again engage in
regular work. Mr. Weed was tall, with a large
head, overhanging brows, and massive person. He
ha«l gi-eat natural strength of character, good sense,
judgment, and cheerfulnetss. From his youth he
possessed a geniality and tact that drew all to him,
and it is said that he never forgot a fact or a face.
He was a journalist for fifty-seven years, and, al-
though exercising great influence in legislation and
the distribution of executive appointments, he re-
fused to accept any public office. He was one of
the earliest atlvocates of the abolition of imprison-
ment for debt, was a warm opponent of slavery,
supported the policy of constructing and enlarging
the state canals, and aided various railway enter-
prises and the establishment of the state banking
system. He took an active part in the promotion
of several New York city enterprises — the intro-
duction of the Croton water, the establishment of
the Metropolitan police, the Central park, the har-
bor commission, and the Castle Garden depot and
commission for the protection of immigrants. He
gave valuable aid to many charitable institutions,
and devoted a large part of his income to private
charity. He published some interesting " Remi-
niscences" in the "Atlantic Monthly" (1870), and
after his death his " Autobiography," edited by his
daughter, appeared (Boston, 1882), the story of his
life Ix'ing completed in a second volume by his
grandson, Thurlow Weed Barnes (1884).
WEEDON, George, soldier, b. in Fredericks-
burg, Viu, about 1730; d. there after 1790. He
was an inn-keeper in his native town previous to
the Revolution, and a zealous patriot. Dr. John
D. F. Smythe, who made a tour of this country, of
which he published an account (2 vols., London,
1784), says of him in 1772 : " He was very active in
blowing the seeds of sedition." Weedon was Dr.
Sraythe's host during his visit to Fredericksburg.
He became lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Virginia
regiment in February, 1776, and in August of the
same year was transferred with the same rank to
the 1st Virginia regiment. He was commissioned
brigadier-general, 23 Feb., 1777, participated in the
battles of the Brandywine and Germantown, in the
former battle supporting the brigade in Gen. Na-
thanael Greene's division that rendered valuable
service in arresting the British pursuit and rally-
ing the routed army. In consequence of a question
of supremacy in rank with Gen. William Wood-
ford, Weedon retired from the service shortly after
the battle of Germantown, but he resumed the com-
mand of a briga<le in 1780, and during the siege of
Yorktown in October, 1781, was in charge of the
Virginia militia at Gloucester.
WEEKS, Edwin Lord, artist, b. in Boston,
Mass., in 1849, He studied under Jean L. Gerome
and L6on Bonnat in Paris, and has travelled
through Egypt. Syria, and other oriental countries,
where the scenes of most of his works are laid. He
has exhibited frequently at the salon in Paris,
receiving honorable mention in 1885. Among his
paintings are " A Cup of Coffee in the Desert," " A
Scene in Tangiers," " Pilgrimage to the Jordan,"
"Jerusalem to the Bethany Roml," " Alhambra
Windows," "They Toil not, neither do thev Spin,"
" A Prayer in the Desert," and " A Blacksmith's
Shop in Tangiers." His "An Arab Story-Teller"
was at the Centennial exhibition (Philadelphia,
1870), "A Moorish Camel-Driver" at the salon of
1878, and his "Departure for the Hunt, India"
(1884), is in the Corcoran gallery, Washington.
' WEEKS. John M.. inventor, b. in Litchfield,
Conn., 22 May. 1788: d. in Salisbury, Vt„ 1 Sept.,
1858. He removed with his parents to Salisbury
in 1789, was e<lucated in that town, and subse-
quently resided there until his death. He was a
constant contributor to agricultural journals, made
a study of bees, and invented the " V^ermont bee-
hive." He is the author of a " Manual on liees"
(New York, 1854); and a "History of Sttlisbury,
Vt., with a Memoir of the Author,^ by George A.
Weeks (Middlebury, Vt, 1800). He left a "His-
tory of the Five Nations" in manuscript.
WEEKS, Robert Kelley, poet, b. in New York
city, 21 Sept., 1840; d. there, 13 April, 1876. He
was graduated at Yale in 1862 and at Columbia
law-school in 1864, and was admitted to the bar
of New York in the same year, but relinquished
that profession and devoted himself thenceforth
to literary pursuits. He published " Poems " (New
York, 1866) and " Episodes and Lyric Pieces "
(1870). A third volume of his poems appeared
shortly after his death (1876).
WllEKS, William Raymond, clergyman, b.
in Brooklyn, Conn., 6 Aug., 1783; d. in Oneida,
N. Y., 27 June, 1848. He was graduated at Prince-
ton in 1809, studied at Andover theoloeical semi-
nary, and was pastor of Presbyterian cnurches in
New York state from 1812 till 1832, when he ac-
cepted a charge in Newark, N. J., which he held
till 1840. Williams gave him the degree of D. D.
in 1828. He is the author of "Nine Sermons"
(1813), a series of tracts (1834-'41), and a posthu-
mous volume entitled " Pilgrim's Progress in the
Nineteenth Century " (1849).
WEEMS, Mason Locke, historian, b. in Dum-
fries, Va., about 1760; d. in Beaufort, S. C, 23
May, 1825. He studied theology in London, took
orders in the Protestant Episcopal church, and for
several years was rector of Pohick church. Mount
Venion parish, Va., of which Washington was an
attendant. The necessities of Weems's large fam-
ily compelled him to resign that charge alx»ut 1790,
and he became a book agent for Mathew Carey,
the Philadelphia publisher. He was remarkably
successful in that employment, " travel ling through-
out the south with his books in his saddle-bags,
equally ready for a stump, a fair, or a pulpit." He
was eccentric in mind and manner, and whenever
he heard of a public meeting he would attend it,
and, collecting a crowd around him, urge on his
hearers the merits of his Ixwks, interspersing his re-
marks with anecdotes and humorous sallies. With
his temperance pamphlet, entitled the " Drunk-
ard's Glass," illustrated with cuts, he would enter
taverns, and, by mimicking the extravagances of the
drunkard, so amuse and delight his audiences that
he had no trouble in selling his wares. He was an
expert violin-player, on which he performed for
young people to dance, thereby causing much
scandal in pious communities. On one occasion
he had promised to assist at a merry-making, bnt,
fearing for his clerical character, he decided to
play l^hind a screen. In the course of the evening
it was overturned, disclosing the parson to the
jeers of the company. On another occasion he was
obliged to pass through a dangeroue district of
South Carolina, which at that time was infested
with robbers. Just at nightfall his wagon sank
into a quagmire; two ruffians appeared and were
about to seize him, when he took out his violin and
so charmed them by his music that they lifted his
wheels out of the mud and let him go. " I took
precious care," says Weems, " to say nothing of my
name. Wlien they presse<l the question my fiddle
drowned their words and mine too." Of his tern-
WEIDKMEYKR
WKIR
421
pernnoe trmcU Binhop William Mc>mle mvH in his
"Old Chim-hes and Old Kamilies of Virginia":
"Thoy would l»o most wlinintltle in thoir effwts
but for the fact that you know not what to Injlieve
of the narrative. There are jMutsajfon of deep }m-
thos and jfnMtt ehxjuence in them.'' Thi» charge
of a want of veracity is broucht apiinst all \Veeni»*s
writings, for it is' im)l)able he would have ac-
countwl it excusable to tell any good story to the
creilit «»f his heroes. Several of the most widely
circulattMl aniH-tlotes of the youth of Washington,
especially the famous one of the hatchet, rest on his
(juestioniible authority. He obtained his material
for the life of (ten. Francis Marion fnjm lien.
Peter Horn', who disavowtnl all resjMnisibility for
the manner in which the narrative is told. An en-
tertaining sketch of Weems's early pastorate is
given in the "Travels in .\merica" of John Davis
(I^>ndon. 1H02). In this narrative he figures as a
pious and devout preacher, devotetl to g<HHl works.
One of his pamphlets. "The Philanthropist," was
somewhat mildly ct)mmende«l by Washington in
an autograph letter to the author, who prefixed it
to subsequent editions of the tract. His principal
works are " Life of George Washington," which is
still largely sold in the rural districts of many
parts of this country, and is the most iwpular
biography of that general in existence (Pnilatlel-
phia. Pa.', 1800: 11th ed.. with additions. 1811);
"Life of Gen. Francis Marion" (1805): "Life of
Benjamin F'ranklin, with Kssavs " (1817); and
"Life of William JVnn " (1H1S>). '
WEII)E.MKYER, John >VnHaiu, author, b. in
FnKlericksburg, Va., 26 April, 1819. His father
was an officer in the life-guards of Jerome Bona-
part. king of Westphalia, with whom at an early
age he came to New York city. Among the son's
first teachers wa.s Alexander T. Stewart, and he
completeil his eilucation at the Columbia college
grammar-school. For several years he taught at
various seminaries in Ohio, but subsetiuently set-
tled in New York city, where he entered on a busi-
ness career. He made collections of lepidoptera.
and discoverwl several important species, among
which was the Limenitis Weidemeyerii of the
Adinindack mountains. His large collection was
fuR"lmse<l by the niusi>um in Katisbon, (iermany.
n connection with the study of entomology, he
Sublished " Catalogue of North- American Butter-
ies" (Philadelphia. 1864). He contribute<l {o the
" Christian Inquin'r " and the " Atlantic Monthly,"
and |>repare<l |H>litical articles for various jojirnals.
In 1H41 he wrote a play entitled "The Vagalx>nds,"
which was pr<Hluc«M at the Franklin theatre in New
York city and the .\rch stn*et theatre in Philadel-
phia, ami he has in prei»aration "Cipsarand Cleo-
imtra." an acting drama. Mr. Weidemeyer has also
published " Real and Ideal : aColle<-tion of Metrical
Compositions by John W.Montclair"(Phila«lclpliia,
18(55) ; "Themes and Translations" (New \ ork,
1867); " .Vmoricnn Fish, and how to catch Them"
(1885); and " Fnxn Alpha to Omega" (18H»).
WEIDNER. Revert' FrankUn. clerpman, b.
in Centre Vnlley. I^^high co.. I'a., 22 Nov., 1851.
He was gnwluatefl at Muhlenl»erg college. Allen-
town, Pa., in. 1869. at the Lutheran theological
seminary at Philadelphia in 1873, and was onlaine«l
to the ministry in the latter year. In 1887 he r»'-
ceive<l the degree of I). I), from Carthage college.
111. lie was tutor in "Muhlenlierg college in 1868-'9,
pastor at Phillipsburg. N. J., in 187J{-'8, nrofesaor
of the English language and history at Muhlenberg
college in 1875-'7, and jxistor in Philmlelfihia in
1878-'82. He was director of the Theological semi-
nary in Philadelphia in 1882, and has be«n a fn>-
quent delegate to the general council Dr. Weidner
was on the staff of "The Lutheran," in Philadel-
phia, in 1878- '80, and one of the e<liton of the
"Lutheran Church Review" in 1882-*5. Since
1885 he has been pmfei»K>r of systematic theitlogy
and exegesis at .\ugustana SwtsIiAh- English theo-
logical seminary, RtM-k Inland, 111. He is a mem-
ber of the American philological asmx-iation. (he
Ameri«'an oriental society, the .Stx-iety of biblic«l
literature and exegesis, and other leMmeil Uidieit.
He has for several years Ix-en one of the instni<-tura
in the summer scho*>ls of Hebrew, under the direc-
torship of Prof. William R. Har|)er. of Yale, and
he has duvoteil much time to a careful and critical
study of the Hebrew and (ireek texts of the Bible,
as well as to Sanskrit and other languages. He is
a frequent contributor to the<jlogical and philologi-
cal peri«Klicals, and has published a critically re-
vised translation of the lxH>k of Daniel in Dr. J(»s«'ph
A. Seiss's "Voices fn^n Babylon" (Philadelphia,
1879); "Luther's Small Catechism," with Pfo"f-
texts. additions, and appendixes (1882); "Theo-
logical Flncydopffdia," including " Part I., Exe-
?;tical Theology" (1885) and " Part II.. Historical
hef)logv " (Chicago, 188H); "Biblical Theology of
the OldTestament" (Chicago, 1886); " Svstem of
the Dogmatic Theologj- of the Evangi'licaf Luther-
an Church, Part I.. Prolegomena " (Philadelphia,
1888); "Grammar of the New Testament (Jreek"
(New York, 1888); "The Greek Text of St. John,
according to the Critical Texts of Westcott and
Hort, Tischendorf and Tregelles " (1888) ; " Method
for the .Study of the New Testament Greek " (1888) ;
and "Commeiitarv on the Hebrew Text of Oba-
diah" (Philadelphia, IHHM).
WEUJHTM.iN, Richard Hanson, soldier, b.
in Marvland in 1818; d. near Wilson's cn*ek. Mo.,
10 Aug.. Wn. He entered the U. .S. military
academy in 1837, but was expelled in the same year
for cutting a comratle in the face in a jtenwinal en-
counter. With the same knife he afterward killed
a Santa Fe trailer in a quarrel. He was a captain
in the Missouri light infantry volunt<'crs in the
Mexican war. He became an additional i«ymaA-
ter in the V. .S. army in 1848. was honorably «lis-
charged in 1849. settled in New Mexico, and was
chosen provisionally a senator, when in 1S50 the
territorv unsuccessfully appliinl for admis.«ion into
the Union. In 1851-*3 he .serve«l in congn»ss. hav-
ing been electwl as a Democrat. At the iK'ginning
of the civil war he lxH?ame colonel of a rvgiment
of the Missouri state cuard. partici|>atetl in the
battle of Carthage. .") July. 1861. and was kille«l
while commanding a brigade at Wilson's creek.
WEKiHTM AX, Roger t\. librarian, b. in Alex-
andria. Va., in 1786; d. in Wa.shington, D. C.. 8
Feb., 1876. He adopte<i the printing business, set-
tle<I in Washington. D. C., and at one time was
congressional printer. During the M-cond war with
(treat Britain lie was an officer of cavnlrv. ami sub-
sequently he In-came a general of District of Vo-
lumbia militia. He was mavor of Washington in
lH24-'7, Inx-ame cashier of the Washington Imiik,
and was f<»r many vears librarian of the i>atent-
offlce. He commaiuled the trofip that were quar-
tensl in that buildint; durinc the civil war.
WEIR, Robert Walter, artist, b. in New Ro-
chelle. N. Y.. 18 June. IsiW; d. in New York city,
1 May. 18H9. He engjii;i'<l in bu!»in»»s;« until thf age
of ninet«>en. when he decitli«fl toa<lopt art as a |>nH
fession and ha<l some instruction fnnu John We-ley
Jarvis. After painting for s»»venil years in NfW
York he went in 1H24 to Flon>nce. whert> he exe-
cuted his "Chri>t ami Nic<Kleinus" and "The An-
gel relieving P«ter," and thence, in 1825. to RumcL
422
WEIR
WEISS
'UyC^Cc4^
In 1828 he became an associate member of the
National academy, and tlie following year he was
elected an academician. He succeeded Charles R.
Leslie in 1832 as pro-
fessor of drawing at
the U. S. military
academy at West
Point, which post he
held for forty-two
years. Subsequently
he resided in New
York city. His por-
trait was painted by
Daniel Huntington,
and is in the libiary
of the U. S. mili-
tary academy. Prof.
Weir was ])erhaps
best known by his
historical paintings,
and was one of the
first American art-
ists to practise this
branch of art. His
numerous works, in many of which he was espe-
cially effective in the rendering of the accessories
and still-life, include "The Belle of the Carnival"
(18;3()); "The Bourbons' Last March"; "Landing
of Henry Hudson" (1842); "Indian Captive";
"Taking the Veil"; " C'hurch of the Holy Inno-
cents at Highland Falls, West Point." in the Cor-
coran gallery, Washington (1847); "Embarkation
of the Pilgrims "(1845). in the rotunda of the caj)i-
tol at Washington; "The ?]vening of the Cruci-
fixion" (1867); "Virgil and Diinte crossing the
Styx " (1869) : " Christ in the Garden " (1873) ;
" The Portico of the Palace of Octavia, Rome "
(1874): "Our Lord on the Mount of Olives" (1877) ;
"Indian F'alls" (1878); "Titian in his Studio";
"Last Communion of Henry Clay." in water-color;
and "Columbus before the Council of Salaman-
ca" (1884). He also executed a number of por-
trait.-, including one of Red Jacket. — His son,
John Ferguson, artist, b. in West Point, N. Y.,
28 Aug., 1841, began to paint under his father.
He opened a studio in New York in 18G1, was
elected an associate of the National academy in
1864, and an academician in 1866. In 1869 and
again in 1880 he went abroad, and. after returning
from his first trip in 1869, he became director of
the School of fine arts at Yale, He was appointed
i'udge of the fine arts at the Centennial exhibition,
'hiladelphia, in 1876, and wrote the official report
on his department. His two best-known pictures
are " The Gun-Foundry," exhibited at the National
academy in 1867, in Paris the same year, and in
Philadelphia in 1876, and "Forging "the Shaft"
(1868). The latter was burned, but a replica was
exhibited in Paris in 1878. Among his other
works are " Sunset at West Point " (1859) ; " The
Christmas Bell " (1860) ; " The Culprit Fay " (1861) ;
"Tapping the Furnace" (1872); "The Confession-
al," shown at Philadelphia in 1876; "Venice"
(1887) ; and various portraits, including those of
the faculty of the Yale theological school (1882).
and S. Wells Williams (1883). Of late years he
has given some attention to sculpture, and has pro-
duced a statue of the elder Benjamin Silliman,
which stands on the Yale college grounds (1884).
— Another son, Julian Alden, artist, b. at West
Point, N, Y„ 30 Aug,, 1852, studied under his
father and Jean L, Gerome, He is noted for his
excellent portraits, and has also painted genre
pieces with success. In Paris he received honor-
able mention at the salon of 1881, and in 1888 he
was awarded the prize, at the exhibition of the
American art association, for his "Idle Hours,"
His studio is in New York, where he was one of
the founders of the Society of American artists,
and was elected an associate of the National acade-
my in 1885 and an academician the following year.
Among his works are " A Brittany Interior " (1875) ;
" Brittany Peasant-Girl " and " Study of an Old
Peasant " (1877) ; " Breton Interior " (1878); "The
Muse of Music " (1880) ; " Jeune Fille " and " The
Oood Samaritan " (1881) ; and portraits of Robert
W, Weir (1880); Warren Delano and Olin L.
Warner (1881) ; Richard Grant White (1883) ; Peter
Cooper (1884) ; and John Gilbert (1888), Two of
Prof, Robert W, Weir's sons, Gulian Verplanck
and William Bayard, were in the regular array and
served through the civil war, while Henry C, served
in the volunteer army and attained the brevet rank
of colonel. Another son, Robert, was in the navy.
WEISS, or WEITZIUS, George Michael
(wys), clergyman, b. in the Palatinate of the Rhine,
Germany, in 1697; d. near Philadelphia, Pa., in
1762. He was ordained to the ministry at Heidel-
berg in 1725, and two years afterward emigrated
to this country with 400 settlers. He went with
them to Pennsylvania, organized a Reformed Dutch
church at Skippack, returned to Holland, and col-
lected funds for its support. He became pastor of
German congregations in Schoharie and Dutchess
counties. N. Y., in 1731, and labored there fourteen
years, but was compelled to fly to Pennsylvania to
escape the attacks of the Indians. From about 1746
until his death he preached in Old Gosenhoppen and
Great Swamp, Pa. He published "An Account
and Instruction relating to the Colony and Church
of Pennsvlvania, made up by the Deputies of the
Synod of South Holland " (Amsterdam, 1730); a
pamphlet concerning his arrangements with the
classis of Amsterdam to care for the Germans in
Pennsylvania (1731); and an "Account of the In-
dians''(1743).
WEISS, John, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 28
June. 1818 ; d. there, 9 March, 1879. His father, a
German Jew, was a barber in Worcester, Mass.
John was graduated at Harvard in 1837, and at the
divinity-school in 1843, meanwhile studying abroad.
He then was settled over the Unitarian church in
Watertown, Mass., but withdrew on account of his
anti-slavery opinions, and was pastor at New Bed-
ford a short time, resigning on account of the failure
of his health. After several years of study and
travel he resumed his pastorate in Watertown, and
preached t<here in 1859-70, Mr. Weiss was an
ardent Abolitionist, an advocate of women's rights,
a rationalist in religion, and a disciple of the trans-
cendental philosophy. He delivered courses of
lectures on " GreeK Religious Ideas." " Humor in
Shakespeare," and "Shakespeare's Women." Of
his lectures on Greek religious ideas, Octavius B,
Frothingham says : " They were the keenest intcr-
f)retation of the ancient myths, the most profound,
uminous, and sympathetic, I have met with." He
is the author of many reviews, sermons, and maga-
zine articles on literary, biographical, social, and
political questions, "Life and Correspondence of
Theodore Parker" (2 vols.. New York. 1864), and
" American Religion " (1871). He also edited and
translated " Henry of Afterdingen," a romance by
Friedrich Van Hardenberg (Boston, 1842); "Philo-
sophical and Esthetic Letters and Essays of Schil-
ler," with an introduction (1845) ; and " Memoir of
Johann G. Fichte," bv William Smith (1846).
WEISS, Lewis, jurist, b. in Berlin, Prussia, 28
Dec, 1717; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Oct.. 1796.
He was educated at Lindheim. near Frankfort-on-
WEISS
WELCH
423
the-Maine, came to Pennsylvania in December, 1755,
and settled in Philjidelphia, wiiero he was one of
the founders of the Uerinun society, and its presi-
dent in 1783-'4. He was commissioned by the ex-
ecutive council of the province, 20 May. 1786, a
justice of the peace, and on 26 May a justice of the
court of common pleas. Ho edited "Collection of
the Laws of Pennsylvania" (1760-'2). Horace Bin-
ney says of this collection : " It is valuable for sev-
eral old laws not to be found in other editions, and
especially for many proceedings in the privy coun-
cil of England, repealing or disallowing certain of
the laws of the province."
WEISS, Susan Archer Taller, poet, b. in Han-
over county ,Va., 14 Feb., 1835. Her father, Thomas
Talley, a lawyer, removed in 1842 to Richmond,
where she went to school for one year. At the
age of eleven she became deaf, and afterward edu-
cated herself. During the civil war she was ac-
cused by the National authorities of being a spy,
and was arrested and imprisoned at Fort AlcHenry,
Baltimore. While there in 1863 she married Col.
von Weiss, a German officer, who died in 1869.
She has thrown new and favorable light on Poe's
domestic character in a paper published in "Scrib-
ner's Monthly " in March, 1876.
WEISSE,"John Adam (wys), philologist, b. in
Ropperville, Lorraine, 3 Dec, 1810; d. in New
York city, 12 Jan., 1888. He was graduated in
classics and natural sciences at the college in
Bitsche, and in chemistry and philosophy at the
seminary in Metz, and subsequently became pro-
fessor of French in the Imperial school in Vienna.
He emigrated to this country in 1840, and during
an eight-years' residence in Boston published a
*' Key to the French Language." He went to Brus-
sels in 1849, was graduated in medicine there in
1850, and settled in New York city, where he passed
the remainder of his life. He retired from active
practice several years previous to his death, devot-
ing his later life to literary pursuits and lecturing
before learned societies. Jle was president of the
New York philological society. Re published " Ori-
gin, Progress, and Destiny of the English Language
and Literature," which was favorably criticised by
William E. Glmlstone and Max MUller (New York,
1873). and "The Obelisk and Freemasonry" (1881).
WEISSENFELS, Frederick H, Baron de.
soldier, b. in Prussia in 1738; d. in New Orleans,
La., 14 May, 1806. During his early life he was
an officer in the British service, but he emigrated
to this country, and in 1763 settled in Dutchess
county, N. Y. He became lieutenant-colonel of
the 3d New York battalion in 1776, and afterward
commanded the 2d New York battalion at Whit*
Plains, Trenton, the surrender of Burgojrne, and
the battle of Monmouth. He accompanied Gen.
John Sullivan's expedition against the Six Nations
in 1779, and fought at Newton. The war left him
irapoverishetl, and at the time of his death he filled
a minor office in New Orleans.
WEITZEL, Godfrey, soldier, b. in Cincinnati.
Ohio, 1 Nov., 1835; d. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 19
March, 1884 He was graduated at the U. S. mili-
tary academy in 1855, became 1st lieutenant of en-
gineers in 1860, and was attached to the staff of
Gen. Benjamin F. Butler as chief engineer of the
Department of the Gulf. After the capture of
New Orleans he became assistant military com-
mander and acting mayor of the city. He was
commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, 29
Aug., 1862. routed a large force of the enemy at
Labadieville, La., in October of that year, and was
brevetted major in the U. S. army for that service.
He became captain of engineers, 3 March, 1863,
commanded the advance in Gen. Nathaniel P.
Banks's oinrations in westeni Louisiana in April
and May, 186J3, a division at the siege of Port
Hudson, La., and a division in the 19th army corns
in the Lafourche campaign. On 8 July, 1863, ne
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U. S. army, " for
gallant and meritorious .services at the siege of Port
Hudson." He joined in the western Ijouisiana
campaign, and from May till Septeml>er, 1864, was
chief engineer of the Army of the James. Ijeing
engaged at Swift's Creek, the actions near Drury's
Bluff, and in constructing the defences of Bermuda
Hundred, James River, and Deep Bottom. In
August, 1864. he was brevetted major-general of
volunteers " for meritorious and distinguished ser-
vices during the civil war." He commanded the
18th army corps from September till December,
1864, was brevetted colonel in the U. S. army " for
fallant and meritorious services at the capture of
'ort Harrison, 30 Sept., 1864," became full major-
general of volunteers on 7 Nov., was second in
command of the first expedition to Fort Fisher,
and in March and April, 1865, was in charge of
all troops north of Potomac river during the final
operations against Gen. Robert E. Lee's army, tak-
ing possession of Richmond, 3 April, 1865. In
March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general
in the regular army for services in that campaign,
and major-general in the same rank " for gallant
and meritorious
services in the
field during the
civil war," He
commanded the
Rio Grande dis-
trict, Texas, in
1865-'6, and was
mustered out of
volunteer service
on 1 March of the
latter year. He
became major of
engineers in 1866,
and lieutenant-
colonel in 1882,
and from t hat date
was in charge of
various works of
improvement in
ana near Philadel-
phia, and chairman of the commission advisatory
to the board of harbor commi.ssioners of that city.
WELBY, Amelia B. Coppnck, i>oet, b. in St.
Michael's, Md., 3 Feb.. 1819; d. in liouisville, Ky.,
3 May, 1852. She removed with her parents to
Kentucky in childhootl, and. after residing in Lex-
ington and Louisville, married in 1838 George B.
Welby, a merchant of the latter city. She began
in 1837 to contribute poems to tl>e Louisville
"Journal," under the name of " Amelia," by which
she gained some reputation. They were highly
prai.sed by George D. Prentice, Rufus W. Griswold,
Edgar A Poe. and other critics. A small collec-
tion (Boston, 1844) passed through several editions,
and a larger one was aft<»rward published, with il-
lustrations, by Rol>ert W. Weir (New York, 1850).
WELCH, Xdoiiijah Strong, senator, b, in East
Hampton, Conn., 12 April, 1821 ; d. in Pasadena,
Cal., 15 March, 1889. He was graduated at the
State university in 1846, after serving as principal
of its preparatory department from 1844. lie
then studied law, and was admitted to the bar
in 1847, but in that year became principal of
Jonesville hich-school. He went to California in
1849, and on his return in 1851 took charge of the
424
WELCH
WELD
Miohifjan nornml school at Ypsilanti, where he
remained till 18«t5. In that year he removed to
Florida and settled in Jacksonville, where he was
chairman of the State Itepublican committee dur-
ing: the canvass of 18G8, which brought Florida
back into the Union. He was then chosen U. S.
senator, serving: from 2 July, 1868, till 3 March,
1869. In 1865)-'83 he was president of Iowa state
agricultural college, where he is still a professor.
It gave him the degree of TjL. D. in 1873, and he
received the same from Michigan university in
1879. He was president of the first teachers' asso-
ciation of Michigan in 1851. In 1882 he was sent
to Europe by the commissioner of agriculture to
inspect colleges of that science, and his report was
published by the U. S. government. Dr. Welch is
the author of " Analvsis of the English Sentence"
(New York, 1850) ; " Object Lessons " (1861) ; " Talks
on Psvchologv" (1888); and "The Teachers' Psy-
choloffv"(1888).
WELCH, John, jurist, b. in Harrison county,
Ohio. 28 Oct., 1805. He was graduated at Frank-
lin college in 1828, studied law, and was admitted to
the bar in 1833. lie was prosecuting attorney from
18:34 till 18:?9, sat in the Ohio senate in 1846-7, and
in 1850 was elected to congress, serving one term.
He was a member in 1852 of the national conven-
tion that nominated Winfield Scott for the presi-
dency, and in 1856 was an elector on the Fremont
ticket. He was a judge of the court of common
pleas in 186v3-'5, and was then raised to the su-
preme bench, serving thirteen years. He resumed
practice, but retired after seven or eight years, and
has since devoted himself to literary pursuits. The
degree of LL. D. was given him by Franklin col-
lege in 1867. Judge Welch has invented a new
method of computing interest, and is the au-
thor of " Mathematical Curiosities " (Athens, Ohio,
1883); "Index-Digest of Ohio Decisions" (Cincin-
nati, 1886) ; and lectures and essays on " Thomas
Ewing," " Mob Law," " History of the Ohio Uni-
versity," and other subjects. — His brother, John-
son, b. in Harrison county, Ohio, 15 Sept., 1809 ;
d. in New Athens, Ohio, i April, 1837, became a
minister of the Presbyterian church, adhering to
the Scotch or Seceding party, and at the time of
his death wasi)residont of Franklin college.
WELCH, Moses Cook, clergvman. b. in Mans-
field, Conn., 22 Feb., 1754; d.' there, 21 April,
1824. He was graduated at Yale in 1772. After
teaching and then studying law for a year, he
gave some attention to medicine, but abandoned it
and again engaged in teaching. At the opening
of the Revolution he was associated with Samuel
Nott in making saltpetre for the powder-supply
of the army. Afterward ho studied theology, and
was ordained, 2 June, 1784, serving as his father's
successor in the pastorate of his native plac« till
his death. He published various discourses and
pamphlets, including " Eulogv on Benjamin Chap-
lin" (1795), and "The Addresser Addressed," a
repljr to Hon. Zephaniah Swift (1796).
WELCH, Ransom Hethnne, clergynuin, b. in
Greenville, N. Y., in 1825; <1. in Heaiiiig Springs,
Va., 29 June, 18!K). He was graduated at Union
college in 1846, studied two years at Andover theo-
logical seminary, and then at Auburn. In 1853-'4
he arranged a system of colporUige in Missis.sippi
for the American tract society. He was ordained
in DecemU'r. 1854, as pastor ofthe Dutch Reformed
church at GiU)oa, N, Y., remained there till 1856,
and was then in charge of a congregation at Cats-
kill till 1859. He was professor of logic, rhetoric,
an<I English literature at Union college in 1860-'76,
and after the latter date he occupied the chair of
Christian theology in Auburn theological .seminary.
He received the degree of D. D. from the University
of the city of New York and Rutgers in 1868, and
that of LL. D. from Maryville college, Tenn., in
1872. He was a delegate to the Presbyterian alli-
ance at Belfast, Ireland, in 1884, and London in
1888, and to the centennial conference of Foreign
missions at London in the latter year. In 1886 he
became vice-president of the American institute of
Christian philosophy- Prof. Welch is the author
of " Faith and Morfem Thought," with an intro-
duction by Prof. Tayler Lewis (New York, 1876) ;
" Outlines of Christian Theology " (1881) : separate
addresses ; and contributions to current religious
literature. In 1881 he became an as.sociate editor
of the " Presbyterian Review."
WELD, Horatio Hastings, author, b. in Bos-
ton, Mass., 4 Feb., 1811 ; d. in Riverton, N. J., 27
Aug., 1888. He became a printer and then edited
newspapers in Lowell, Boston, New York, and
Philadelphia, but in 1845 took orders in the Prot-
estant Episcopal church. He was rector succes-
sively of St. James's, Downingtown, Pa. ; Trinity,
Morristown, N. J. ; and Christ church, Riverton,
N. J. He received the degree of S. T. D. from
Andalusia college. Pa., in 1868. Dr. Weld has
published " Corrected Proofs," a volume of sketches
(Boston, 1837); "Life of Christ" (Philadelphia,
1850) ; " Scripture Quotations " (1850) ; and " Sa-
cred Poetical Quotations" (1851), and has edited
" Scenes in the Lives of the Apostles " (Philadel-
phia, 1846) ; " Scenes in the Lives of the Patriarchs
and Prophets " (1847) ; " Women of the Scriptures "
(1848) ; " Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography, with
a Narrative of his Public Life and Services " (New
York, 1849) ; " Sacred Poetical Quotations " (1851) ;
and " The Star of Bethlehem " (1852).
WELD, Isaac, British traveller, b. in Dublin,
Ireland, 15 March, 1774; d. near Brav, County
Dublin, 4 Aug., 1^56. His father, Isaac Weld, of
Dublin, was a personal friend of Charles James
Fox. The son travelled extensively on this conti-
nent, and was for fifty-six years connected with
the Royal society of Dublin, of which he was long
secretary and vice-president. His journey in this
country was prompted by the idea that the Irish
people would afterward be led to emigrate hither
in great numbers. Arriving in Philadelphia in
September, 1795, he made h's way, on horseback,
on foot, or in a canoe, through den.se forests and
along rivers, trusting often to friendly Indians for
safe conduct. In the cities he saw much of the
best society, and made the acquaintance of George
Washington and Thomas Jefferson. The result of
his trip was his " Travels through the States of
North America and the Provinces of tapper and
Lower Canada during the Years 1795, 1796, and
1797" (London, 1799, many later editions; French
translation, 3 vols., Paris. 1800 ; German transla-
tion, 3 vols.. The Hague. 1801-'2). Mr. Weld wrote
also " Illustrations of the Scenery of Killarney and
the Surrounding Country" (1807). — His half-
brother. Charles Richard, English traveller, b.
in Windsor, England, in 1818 ; d. in Bath, 15 Jan.,
1869, was for many years assistant secretary of the
Royal society, and the author, among i^any other
works, of " A Vacation Tour in the United States
and Canada " (London, 1855).
WELD, Lewis, educator, b. in Hampton, Conn.,
17 Oct., 1796; d. in Hartford, Conn., 30 Dec,
1853. He was graduated at Yale in 1818, and
l>ecame a teacher in the American asylum for the
education of the deaf and duml). of which, on the
resignation of Thomas H. Gallaudet in 1830,
he' was made principal. Previously he served
^'ELD
WKLLBOON
426
from 1822 m princi|«l of tho Ponnsylvntiia insti-
tution for tlip lii'Hf and dumb, nt I'hilndolphiH.
Hi!» Hucpeiw in these nffleen g«vo him n ^fido n«pu-
tation in hin «)wn fiold. For the last few years of
his life he was a sufTenT fr<mi a chronic dis«»ns4>.
WKLII, Theodore Dwiirlit, ref«.riner. I), in
Hampton, Conn., 23 Nov.. 1M(W. He entered Phil-
lips Andover aeademv in IHIS), hut was not ffnidu-
atinl. on a«fouj»t of failing eyesijfht. In 1830 he
bfH-ame jjvneral apent of the Society for the promo-
tion of manual lab<jr in literary institutions, nub-
lishing afterwanl a valuable report (New ^ork,
18JW). He entere<l I^ane theolojjicral seminary, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, in 18JW, but left that institution on
the suppression of the Anti-slavery society of the
seminary by the tnistees. Mr. Weld then iKK-ame
well known as an anti-slavery lecturer, but in IMMO
he lost his voice, and was ap^iointed by the Ameri-
can anti-slavery society editor of its books and
pamphlets. In lK41-'3 he lal>ored in Washington
m aid of the anti-slaverv members of congress,
and in 1854 he established at Kagleswood, N. J., a
school in which he reeeiv«Hl pupils irrespective of
sex and color. In 1864 he removed to Hyde Park,
near lioston. and devoted himself to teaching and
lecturing. Mr. Weld is the author of many i)am-
uhlets, and of '"The Power of Congress over the
District of Columbia" (New York, \S37): "The
Bible against Slavery" (1837); "American Slavery-
aff it Is: Testitnonv of a Thousand Witnesses"
(1889): and "Slavery and the Internal Slave Trade
in the United States" (London. 1841). — His wife
Angelina Emilv <f riink^, reformer, b. in Charles-
ton, S. C., 20 Feb., 1805. is the daughter of Judge
John F. Grimke, of .S«iuth Carolina, but in 1828,
with her sister, Sarah M. Grimke (q. v.). she joined
the Society of Friends in Philadelphia, afterward
emancipating the slaves that she inherited from
her parents in 1836. She was the author of an
"Appeal to the Christian Women of the South,"
whicn was republishe«l in Knglaiul with an intro-
duction by (tj'orge Thomps<in. and was associate<l
with her .sister in delivering public addresses under
the auspices of the American anti-slavery society,
winning a reputation for eloijuence. The contro-
versy that the appearance of the sisters as public
speakers cause<l was the beginning of the woman's
rights agitation in this country. She marrie<l Mr.
Wehl on 14 May. 1838. and was afterward a.sso-
ciatwl with him in educational and reformatory
work. Besides the work notice*! above, she wrot*-
" l><'tters to Catherine K. BtH'cher," a review of the
slavery question (Boston. 1837).
WELuE, ThoniaH, b. in P^ngland almut 1500:
d. then-, 23 March, I(Mt2. He was graduated at
Cambridge in 1613, Ut-ame a minister of the es-
tablished church, and had charge for some time
of a parish in Terling. Kssex: but his Puritan
opinions caused him to emigmte to Boston, when*
he arrived on 5 June. l(i:{2. In July he Uvaine
minister of the Ist church in Roxburv. Mass..
where, after the following Noveml)er, John Kliot.
the "apostle," was a.ssociated with him. He was
active in op[)Osition to Anne Hutchinson and her
d<H'trin<w. took a conspicuous part in her trial,
and afterwanl wrote " A Short Story of the Bis**,
Ueiirn, and Ruin of the Antinomian.s. Fainiiists.
and LiU»rtines that infested the Churches of New
England " (London. 1(M4 : 2*1 e«l.. 16»2). A .shorter
versicm. entitled " Antinomiansand Familistj* Con-
demned," which appeared altout the same time,
may lie the original : and some authorities main-
tain that Gov. John Winthrop was the chief au-
thor. The book was answered by Rev. John
Wheelwright in his " Merourius Americanus "
(1645). Welde was also axsociatcfl with John Eliot
and Richanl Mather in iirejtaring, by n-quest of
the authorities, the translation of the Psalms in
metre that is usually calUnl the " Bay Psalm-Book,"
and is entitled "The Whole liook of Psalms Faith-
fully tninslated into Kn>rlish .Metre" (Cambridge,
UWO). This was the first volume that was printed
in New England. Welde was m-nt with Hugh
Peters to England in 1641 a.H an agent of the
colony, but was dismissed in 1646. and re<jueste<l
to return. He did not comply, but n-niained in
England, and was mini.ster of a church at (iates-
head, near Newcastle-u|K>n-Tyne. He accompa-
nied Lord Forbes to Ireland, and. after residing
there for some time, relumed Ut England, where
he was ejectwl from his living for non-«)nfonnity
in 1662. Besitles the works already not icctl, Welde
was the author of " An An.swer to W. R.. his Nar-
ration of Opinions and Practices of the New Eng-
land Churches" (1644). With three other cler-
gymen he wrote "The Perfect Pharisee under
Monkish Holiness," an attack on the Quakers (1654),
and " The False Jew Detec-ted." — One of his Sfins,
Thomas, remained in New England, and was in
the general court in 1676-'7.
WEIiWON, Charles Wesley, Canadian member
of parliament, b. in Richibucto, New Brunswick,
27 Feb., 1830. He was the eldest son of John W.
Weldon, judge of the supreme court of New Bruns-
wick. He was graduated at King's college, Wind-
sor, Nova Sc-otia, in 1847, wa.s a<lmitte<I to the
bar of New Brunswick in 1852. l>ecame a queen's
counsel in 1852, and wa-s electwl to the Dominion
parliament in 1878, 1882, and 1887. He opiH)se«l
the ctmfederation of the pnivinces. and is o|>|M>sed
to the national |H)licy and the present (1889) ad-
ministration. He is president of the I^aw society
of St. John, a eovemor of King's college, and
president of the New Brunswick electric telegraph
company, and is connected with several other
financial coriM)rati(ms.
WELDON, Kiehard Chapnian, educator, b. in
Sussex. New Brunswick. 19 Jan.. 1849. He was
fraduate<l at Wesleyan college, Sa<;kville, New
Irunswick, and reccive<l the decree of Ph. I), at
Yale in 18?2. He afterwanl .studied international
law at Heidell)erg. and was called to the bar of
New Brunswick. He was a professor in the Wes-
leyan college. 1875-'88, and since the latter date
has lH«en pn)fes.sor of constitutional law in Dal-
housie university, Halifax, and is also dean of the
law faculty there. He was elected to the Domin-
ion parliament in February. 1887, for Albert coun-
ty. New Brunswick.
' WELLKOON, Marshall Johnson, lawyer, b.
in Putnam county. Ga., 29 May. 18(»8: d. in Co-
lumbus, (ia.. 16 0t't., 1874. After passing thnmgh
the junior year in the University of Ge<irgia. ne
studied law and was admitteil to the liar at nine-
twn years of age by s|>ecial act of the legislatun>.
At twenty-one he was electeil to the legislature of
GtKtrgia, and in 1842 he lH><-ame judge of the su-
I)erior court of the Chattahoochee circuit, Sulwe*
(piently, after a prolonged trip in Eurf>i>«\ he
serye<l one term in congress in 1841>-'5I, naving
been chos«'n as a DeuHK-rat. In 1858 he liegan to
think seriously on religious subjects, and in 1864
was onlaine<l to the Baptist niinistrv at Colum-
bus, (ta. F^n>m that time until his death he was
pastor of various chun-hes. serving them without
compensation. In the earlier {lart of his life be
was a brilliant. accompli.she<l, and successful man
of the world, and in his later years, by the con-
sent of all who knew him, a man of truly a|iostolic
devoutness and seaL
426
WELLER
WELLES
WELLER, George, clergyman, b. in Boston,
Mass., 15 Nov., 1790; d. in Ilaymond. Miss., 9
Nov., 1841. He received a good English education
in the public schools of his native city, but his
parents were unable to send hira to college. He
learned the trade of a l)ook-binder. and while pur-
suing his studies opened a small book-store in
Newark, N. J., and subsequently in Danbury,
Conn. While preparing for the ministry in the
Episcopal church in Norwalk. Conn., he officiated
as lay reader in Bedford, N. Y., in 18t4-'16. He
was ordained deacon in St. Matthew's church,
Bedford, 16 June, 1816, by Bishop Hobart, and
priest in St. Paul's church. East Chester, N. Y., 2
April, 1817, by the same bishop. In November,
1817, he liecame rector of Great Choptank parish,
Cambridge. Md., which [wst he filled for five years.
In 1822 he accepted a call to St. Stephen's church,
Cecil county, Md., where he served acceptably for
three years' At this date Bishop White was de-
sirous of finding a competent euitor for a new
journal in the interests of the Episcopal church.
He acconlingiy invited Mr. Weller to occupy this
post, and the offer was accepted. The first num-
ber of " Thf Church Register ' was issued on 7 Jan.,
1826. After three vears' service as its editor, and
occupying himself in other literary labors, he re-
moved to Nashville. Tenn., where during his minis-
trations the first church for Episcopal worship
was ctjiisecrated in 1831. He received the degree
of I). 1). from Nashville university in 1834. In
addition to his pastoral labors he gave instruction
to candidates for orders, and opened a school for
girls, which met with great success. His health
was seriously impaired by work, but. after resting,
he accepted a call to Calvary church, Memphis,
Tenn.. in 1838. and the following year became rec-
tor of Christ church. Vicksburg. Miss. In 1841
the yellow fever broke out with great virulence,
and he deemed it his duty to remain at his post
and minister to the sick. He was attacked by the
malady, which proved fatal. In addition to con-
tributions to church journalism. Dr. Weller pub-
lished a "Vindication of the Church." being a de-
fence of Anglican ordinations against the asper-
sions of Koman Catholics, and '' Two Letters in
Reply to Certain Publications of the Rev. Samuel
Miller, of Princeton, N. J." (1835), the object of
which was to support episcopacy chiefly by ear-
ly patristic testimony, lie also' issued the first
American collection of "Bishop Heber's Poems"
(Philmlelnhia, 1828), with a short memoir; and re-
published treatises by eminent Anglican divines in
convenient form : these are known as " The Weller
Tracts." and are still regarded with favor.
WELLER, John B., senator, b. in Ohio in
1812 ; d. in New Orleans. La., 7 Aug., 1875. He
was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving in
1839-'45, was lieutenant-colonel of an Ohio regi-
ment in the Mexican war, becoming its commander
on the death of its colonel at Monterey, and a
commissioner to Mexico under the treaty of Gua-
dalupe Hidalgo, Afterward he removed to Cali-
fornia and was elected U. S. Senator, holding
his seat from 17 March, 1852, till 3 March, 1857.
He was governor of the state in 1858-'60, U. S.
minister to Mexico from 7 Nov., 1860, till 14 May,
1861. and a delegate to the National Democratic
convention of 1864.
WELLES, Edward Randolph, P. E. bishop,
b. in Waterloo, N. Y., 10 Jan.. 1830; d. there, 19
Oct.. 1888. He was graduated at Hobart in 1850,
ordered deacon, 20 Dec. 1857, and serveil as tutor
in De Veaux college, Suspension Bridge. N. Y.,
also officiating in Lewiston, Lockport, and Suspen-
sion Bridge. He was ordained priest, 12 Sept.,
1858, began work at Red Wing, Minn., where he
organiz^ the parish of Christ cnurch, and became
its rector, holding this post until his election to the
episcopate. He received the degree of S. T. D,
from liacine college in 1874. Dr. Welles was conse-
crated bishop of Wisconsin in St. Thomas's church,
New York, S?4 Oct., 1874. In the course of the year
following, the northeastern part of the state was
erected into a separate jurisdiction, under the name
of the diocese of Fond du Lac, and Bishop Welles
elected to remain in the old diocese. He published
sermons and addresses.
WELLES, Noah, clergyman, b. in Colchester,
Conn., 25 Sept., 1718; d. in Stamford, Conn.. 31
Dec, 1776. He was graduated at Yale in 1741, re-
mained there a year as dean's scholar, and then
took charge of Hopkins grammar-school at Hart-
ford, at the same time studying theology. He was
a tutor at Yale in 1 745-'6, and in the latter year re-
ceived a call to Stamford, where he remained till
the day of his death, the thirtieth anniversary of
his ordination. He took an active part in the dis-
cussion of the validity of Presbyterian ordination
and in relation to the proposed American episco-
pate, and at the opening of the Revolution advo-
cated from his pulpit resistance to the mother
country. In 1774 he was chosen a fellow of Yale,
and in the same year Princeton gave him the de-
gree of D. D. On the resignation of Dr. Thomas
Clap from the presidency of Yale in 1766, Dr.
Welles was a prominent candidate for the office.
President Timothy Dwight, who was his nephew
by-marriage, says : " His imagination was vivid and
poetical, his intellect vigorous, and his learning ex-
tensive. His manners, at the same time, were an
unusual happy compound' of politeness and dig-
nity." Dr. Welles published " The Real Advan-
tages which Ministers and People may enjoy,
especially in the Colonies, by conforming to the
Church of England," a clever anonymous attack
on the Episcopalian party, which has been attrib-
uted also to Rev. Noan Hobart. of Fairfield (Bos-
ton, 1762); "The Divine Right of Presbyterian
Ordination Asserted " (New York, 1763) ; "Patriot-
ism Described and Recommended," the annual
"election sermon" (New London. 1774); and
" Vindication of the Validity and Divine Right of
Presbyterian Ordination, as set forth in Dr.
Chauncy's Sermon, and Mr. Welles's Discourse in
Answer to the Exceptions of Mr. Jeremiah Learn-
ing" (New Haven, 1767). He was also the author
of a poeni addressed to his class-mate and friend.
Gov. William Livingston, which is prefixed to the
latter's " Philosophic Solitude" (New York, 1747).
WELLES, Thomas, governor of Connecticut,
b. in England in 1598 ; d. in Wethersfield, Conn.,
14 Jan., 1660. He came to this country before
1636 and settled in Hartford, Conn., where he was
magistrate from 1637 till his death. In 1639 he
liecame first treasurer of the colony, and he held
that office till 1651. He was secretary of Connecti-
cut in 1640-'8, and was commissioner of the united
colonies in 1649 and again in 1654. During the
absence of Gov. Edward Hopkins in England in
1654 he was elected moderator of the general court,
and in the same year he was chosen deputy gov-
ernor. In 1655 he was elected governor, out after
two years he returned to the office of deputy gov-
ernor. He was chosen governor for a second time
in 1658. and in 16.59 again held the office of deputy
governor. Gov. Welles possessed the full confi-
dence of the people, and many of the most impor-
tant of the early laws and papers j)ertaining to the
founding of the colony were urafted by him. The
WELLES
WELLING
427
i^i^u^e^n^^ /J^^^^
aaooessful issue of Conncctifut from her difficulty
oonci«niing K\w fort en<ot**«l at Sayhrook on one side
and the Dutch encroachments on the qther was
lart^>lv due to his skill and wisdom. — His descend-
ant, (jideon, secretary of the navv. h, in Ulaston-
hury. Conn.. 1 July, 1802; d. in Hartford, Conn.,
11 Vol)., 1M7S, entertnl Norwich university, Vt.,
but, without lM>itif; gmduHted, tM>^Hn to study law.
In 1826 ho became editor and iiart owner of the
Hart fonl "Times,"
with which he re-
maineil conntM.>t-
ed till 1854, though
he retired from
the re»|K)nsible
e<litorship in 1830.
He made his {ia-
jier the chief or-
gan of the Demo-
cratic party in the
state. It was the
first to atlvoctate
the election of
Andrew Jackson
to the presiden-
cy, and earnestly
upheld his ad-
ministration. Mr.
Welles was a mem-
ber of the legis-
lature in 1827- a5,
and l)oth in that body and in his journal at-
tacked with, severity the projiosed measure to
exclude from the courts witnesses that did not
believe in a future state of rewards and punish-
ments. He also lalwired for years to secure the
abolition of imprLsonment for debt, opiK>sed spe-
cial and private legislation, and secured the pas-
sage of general laws for the organization of finan-
cial corporations. He l)egan an agitation for low
postage Ijcfore the subject had Ix'gun to attract
gieneral attention. He was chosen comptroller of
the state bv the legislature in IWW, and elected to
that office ^)y [M>pular vote in 1842 and 184^^ serv-
ing as postma«»ter of Hartford in the intervening
years. From 1846 till 1849 he was chief of the
bureau of provisions an«l clothing in the navy de-
partment, at Washington. Mr. Welles had always
op[K>se4l the extension of slavery. He identified
himself with the newly formwl {(enublican {Mirty
in 18.").5, an<l in 18.'>0 was its candidate for gover-
nor of Connecticut. In 18(M) he lalMmnl earnestly
for the election of Abraham Lincoln, and on the
latter's election Mr. Welles was given the |X)rtfolio
of the navy in his cabinet. Here his executive
ability compensated for his previous lack of special
knowledge, and though many of his acts were
bitterly criticised, his administration was (xtpular
with the navy and with the country at large. His
facility as a writer made his stat* pafRTs more
interesting than such document-s usually are. In
hia first report, date«l 4 July, 18<n, he announctHl
the increase of the effective naval force from forty-
two to eighty-two vessels. This and the sulise-
quent increase in a few months to more than 500
vessels was largely «Iue to his energy. In the r»'port
that has just been mentioned he also re<M)mmended
investigations to secure the liest iron-dads, and this
class of vessels was intnxluced un«ler his adminis-
tration. In the cabinet Mr. Welles opjiose<l all
arbitrary meaaures, and objecte<l to the <leclara-
tion of a blockade of southern ports, holding that
this was a virtual acknowle<igment of lM?lligerent
rights, and that the preferable course would be to
close our ports to foreign commerce by proclama-
tion. By recjuest of the president, he presented
his ideas in writing; but tiie cabinet finally yield-
ed to the views of See, Seward. Early in the war,
on 25 Sept., 18<n, he ordered that the negni refu-
Eec« that found their way to U. S. veusels should
0 enlisted in the navy, 'lie held his post till the
close of Pn>sident Johnson's wlministration in
1860. In 1872 he acte<l with the Lilx-ral Kepub.
licans, and in 1870 he ailvcK-ated the election of
Samuel J.Tilden. afterward taking strong grounds
against the ele<>toral commission and its decision.
After his retirement from offl<« he contributed
freely to current litcrtiture on the political and
other events of the civil war, and provoked hostile
criticism by what many thought his harsh strict-
ures on official conduct. In 1872 he published an
elaborate pai^er to show that the capture of New
Orleans in 18(52 was due entirely t«j the navy, and
in 187J1 a volume entitled " Lincoln and .Seward."
WELLINU, James Clarke, educator, b. in
Trenton, N. J., 14 July, 1825. He was graduated
at Princeton in 1844,'and. after studying law, re-
nounced that profession in 1848 to become asstv
ciate principal of the New York collegiate school.
In 18.W he was secured by Joseph Gales and Will-
iam W. Seaton as literary editor of the "National
Intelligencer" at Washington, and he was after-
ward associated with them in the i>olitical conduct
of that journal, Ijecoming chargeu in 1850 with its
chief management, for which j)ost he was qualified
by his accurate scholarship, his facility in writing,
aiid his judicial temjH'rament. His editorship con-
tinued through the crisis of the civil w^ar. Ad-
hering to the old-line Whigs as against the Re-
publican and the Democratic i»arties, he supported
the Hell-Everett ticket for president an<l vice-
president in 1800. Steadfastly resisting the dis-
union movement at the south in all its phases, he
gave to the war for the Union his loyal support. He
atlvocateii Lincoln's pro}>o8ition of emancipation
with comi»ensati<)n to loyal owners, the at>olition of
slavery in the District of Columbia, and its alMtlition
throughout the Union by constitutional amend-
ment; but he questioned the validity of the eman-
cifHition proclamation, and strenuouslv op{M)sed
the constitutionality of military commissions for
the trial of citizens in loyal states, which practice
was suljsequently condemned by the sujireme court.
The discussions of the " Intelligencer' during this
{wriod often took the form of elalxirate |>a{)ers on
questions of constitutional or international law,
and exercise*! an m-knowledge*! influeno«>on public
opinion. S>me of them have U*en repul>lishe«l, and
are still cited in works of history aiwl jurisprudence.
Dr. Welling withdrew from jounialism in 1805, and
s|)ent the following year travelling in Euroiie for
health and study. He had been previously ap-
pointed a clerk of the U. S. court of claims and
served in that office till 18<>7. when he was chosen
F resident of St. John's i-ollege, AnnH(M>lis, Md.
hiring his presidency the numb«?r of students ad-
vanced from 90 to 2.'l0. In 1808 he recoiv.Hl the
honorary degree of LL. D. from Columbian college,
Washington. In 1870 he was ap|>ointe<l professsor
of iK'lles-lettres in Princeton, but he r\*signed the
post in the following year to accept the presidency
of Columbian college (now university). Under his
administration that institution has ^leen enlarged,
has re<'eivitl a new charter fn>m congres«s, envted
a building in the heart of Washington (see illus-
tration), addinl new professional schools, and laid
the foundation of a free endowment. At the
same time he has Iteen connected with many liter-
ank', historical, and scientific societies. As presi-
dent of the board of trustees of the C'orooran gal-
428
WELLINGTON
WELLS
lery of art since 1877 he has devoted much time
to its development, visiting in 1887 the studios of
the chief art-
ists of Europe
in its interest.
In 1884 he
was appointed
a regent of
the Smithso-
nian institu-
tion, and soon
afterward he
was elected
chairman of
its executive
committee. He
is an active
member of the Philosophical and Anthropological
societios of Washington, was chosen in 1884 presi-
dent of the former, and has contributed valuable
memoirs to the published proceedings of both
bo<lies. He is president of the Copyright lejigue of
the District of Columbia. For many years he has
been a contributor to periodicals.
WELLINGTON, Arthur Mellen, civil en-
gineer, b, in Waltham. Mass.. 20 Dec, 1847. He
was graduated at the Hostf)n Latin-school, and was
alK)ut to enter Harvard when his eyesight failed,
and he turned his attention to civil engineering,
studying under Prof. John H. Henck in Boston.
On the completion of his studies he engaged ac-
tively in the work, and among other places has
held those of chief engineer of the Interoceanic
railway from Vera Cruz to Mexico and assistant
general manager of the Mexican Central railway.
He devised a plan for multiplying the traffic facili-
ties of the Brooklyn bridge fivefold, which was
recommended in 1887 by the board of experts in
preference to all others. Mr. Wellington has been
a memlxjr of the American society of civil engi-
neers since 1881. In addition to his professional
work, he is editor of the " Engineering News " in
New York city, and has published " Computation
from Diagrams of Railway Earthworks (New
York, 1878) ; " Economic Theorv of the Location
of Railways " (1878; enlarged ed., 1887); "Car-
Builders' Dictionary "' (New York, 1884) ; and
" Field Work of Railway Location and Laying out
of Works " (1889).
WELLS. Clark Henry, naval officer; b. in
Reading, Pa., 22 Sept.. 1822 ; d. in Washington,
D. C, 28 Jan., 1888. He was appointed a mid-
shipman in the navy. 25 Sept., 1840, attended
the naval academy at Annapolis in 1846, and be-
came a passed midshipman on 11 July of that year.
During the Mexican war he served in the brig
" Somers," which was capsized and sunk in a squall
off V^era Cruz, after which he joined the " Fetrel,"
in which he participated in covering the landing
of Scott's army and in the bombanfment of Vera
Cruz. He also took part in the exfKHlitions that
captured Tampico and Tuspan in 1846-7. He
was promoted to master, 1 March, 1855, and to
lieutenant, 14 Sept., 1855, served in the steam
frigate "Niagara, laying the first Atlantic sub-
marine cable in 1857. When the civil war o{)ened
he was appointed executive of the steamer " Sus-
quehanna, ' in which he participated in the capture
of Port Roj'al, S. C He led several boat expedi-
tions in engagements with batteries in the in-
land coast waters of South Carolina, Georgia, and
Florida, and was present at the capture of Fer-
nandina. He commanded the sloop " Vandalia,"
on the blockade of Charleston, and took the sloop
" Dale " home in 1862. He was commissioned a
lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, was execo*
tive of the Philadelphia navy-yard in 1863, and
commanded the wootien steamer "Galena" in the
Western Gulf blockading squadron in 1863-'4. He
particijMited in the battle of Mobile, in which his
vessel was lashed to the " Oneida." When they
were passing the forts a shell from the ram "Ten-
nessee " exploded in one of the " Oneida's " boilers,
and he towed her along, in command of both ves-
sels because the commander of the "Oneida" had
been wounded. He was highly commended by
Admiral Farragut in his official report and by a
special letter. He served in the Eastern Gulf
squadron for a few months, was refitted at Phila-
delphia and joined Admiral Porter's fleet at Ilamp*-
ton Roads, where he remained until the close of
the war. He commanded the st«amer " Kansas "
on the Brazil station in 1865-'6, where he rendered
assistance to a British gun-boat that was stranded
in the river Plate, and also to a British merchant-
vessel, for which he received a letter of thanks
from the British government through the presi-
dent. He was commissioned a commander, 25
Julv, 1866, captain, 19 June, 1871, and with the
" Shenandoah " rendered valuable assistance to
the iron-clad " Compt de Verde " which had broken
from her moorings at Spezia. He received the
decoration of the Legion of honor from President
Thiers of France for this service. He was chief
signal officer of the navy in 1879-'80, was pro-
moted to commodore, 22 Jan., 1880, and on 1 Aug.,
1884, to rear-admiral, and he was placed on the
retired list, 22 Sept., 1884.
WELLS, Darius, inventor, b. in Johnstown,
N. Y., 26 April, 1800 ; d. in Paterson, N. J., 27 May,
1875. He was apprenticed to the printers trade in
his native place, and after serving for six years re-
moved to Amsterdam, N. Y., where, with 'William
Childs, he established the first newspaper. In 1826
he went to New York, and continued the printing
business. At that time the largest metal type that
was made was only twelve-line pica, and it cost more
than the average printer could afford to pay. This
led to his making large type from wood, and he^
followed the method of engravers by using cross-'
grained sections. The advantage of wood-type
having been established, it was found necessary to
devise means of manufacturing it with greater ra-
pidity and less labor. Mr. Wells found that by
using a vertical revolving cutter a more speedy re-
moval of the superfluous wood could be effected.
This devipe, improved by various modifications, is
known as the routing machine. Subsequently he
engaged in the business of furnishing wooden type,
and also made a specialty of preparing boxw'ood
for engravers. This was gradually extended to in-
clude printers' materials, and in 1840 he established
a factory at Paterson, N. J. He continued in this
occupation ui\til 1856, when he retired. During
1861-'74 he ifas postmaster of Paterson. except
that he was removed from office by President
Johnson in 1866, but restored a short time later
through the efforts of Charles Sumner.
WELLS, David Ames, economist, b. in Sprine-
fleld, Mass., 17 June, 1828. He is a lineal descend-
ant of Thomas Welles, governor of Oonnecticut,
and, on his mother's side, of David Ames, who built
and established the National armory in Springfield.
In 1847 he was graduated at Williams, and, with
others, published a " History and Sketches of Will-
iams College" (Springfield, 1847). For a time
during 1848 he was on the editorial staff of the
"Springfield Republican." While thus engaged,
he suggested the idea, and was associated in the in-
vention, of folding newspapers and books by ma-
WELI^
WELLS
420
chincry in oonnccti<»n with power print iiig-pre-sses.
Thi" first machine that whu ever constructed and
suoceMsfuUy i>|H'ratotl wati built at his ex^tensc. and
worked under his diri'ction, in the oflii-e of the
"Kepublican." He then iioi<l his inten>st. und en-
tered the Lawrence M-ientitic sch<K)l of Ilarvaid,
whore he became a sftecial puoil of Ijouis A^tijisiz,
and wasgisdaated in 18>'>1. Mr. Weils continu-d
at Hanrard as aaaiatatit, and wat* lecturer on phys-
ics and chemistry at Un>ton acatlemy, Mass. In
Cambrid^> he l)egan, with Ueorf^> Bliss, in 184U,
the publication of the "Annual of Scientific Dis-
covery," which he continued until IWMJ. He in-
venttnl in 185(J improvements in preparing tex-
tile fabric*. During 1857-'S he was a memU>r of
the publishing-firm of G. P. I'utuam'und Co., New
York. Ho compiled " Science of (.^onuuon Things "
(New York, 1857) ; " Elements of Natural Philoso-
phy " (1857) ; " Principles and Applications of
Chemistry " (1858) ; and "First Principles of Ge-
ology "( 1861 ), of which works two were translated
into Chinese, and that on chemistry was »lopted
as a text-l)ook at the U. S. militarv acmlemy. In
1864 he issued an essay on " Our liurden and our
Strength," which was considered "one of the most
original and startling brochures of political litera-
ture." The Ijoyal publication society of New York
reprinted it, and it was published in England.
French and German translations were issued
abroad, and its entire circulation probal)ly ex-
ceedetl 200,(K)0 copies. In 1865 he was called to
Washington, and made chairman of a commission
to consi<ler the subject of raising by taxaticm the
necessary revenue to supply the wants of the gov-
ernment. On the completion of his report in Janu-
ary, 1866, he was api>ointed special commissioner
of the revenue, which office was created for him,
and later under his direction the bureau of statis-
tics was formed. He visited Europe in 18<J7, under
a ^vernment commission, and investigatwl indus-
tries comi)etitive with those of the L'nitetl States.
Although he was originally a lx.>liever in the eco-
nomic system of protection, his experience resulteil
in his acceptance of free-trade doctrines. His term
of office expired in 1870, and he was appointe<l
chairman of a commission to examine the laws re-
lating to local taxation in the state of New York.
In 1H72 he was invited to lecture on political
science in Yale. He was a delegate to the Demo-
cratic national conventions of 1872 and 1880. and
in 1876 was a candidate for congress from Con-
necticut. He was ap|M)inted by the V. S. court
in 1876 one of the trustees and receivers of the
Alabama and Chattanooga railrowl, and in four-
teen months rescue<I the corporation from bank-
ruptcy, and expended a considerable sum for im-
pnjvements anu n-pairs, without incurring an ad-
ditional dollar of indebtedness. In 1877 he was ap-
IK)inte<l by the state board of canal commissioners
chairman of a commission to consider the subjwt
of tolls on the New York canals, and in 1878 made
an exhaustive re|x)rt. He was one of the tnistet>s
of the landholders that bought, under foreclosure
and sale, and reorganized the Erie railway. In
1879 he was elected by the associate<i railways of
the Unit»«<l States a meml>er of the Ixwrd of arbi-
tration, to which they agrewi to refer all disputes
an<l arnmgemeiits for "iKK)ling" or ap|)ortioning
their resjxn-tive earnings. Mr. Wells was invittnl
to deliver tlie annual aildress U'foro the Cobden
club in 187:), and in 1874 was elei'tmi a foreign as-
8(M-iate of the French academy of political science,
also in 1877 a foreign associate of the Accademia dei
Lincei of Italy, receiving its meilal of honor in 1863.
The degree of M. D. was given him by IJerkshire
medical college in 1863, that of LL. D. by Will-
iains in 1871, and that of D. V. L. by Oxfonl in
1874. He was president of the American social
.science association in 1875-'9, president of the New
Ijondon county (Conn.) historical s<K'iety in 1880,
and of the American free-lra<le league in 1881.
He has been a prolific writer of pumplileLH on eco-
nomic subiects; some of the Wst known of which
art) "The Creed of the Free-Trade" (1875); " I'ro-
duction and Distribution of Wealth " (1875) : " Why
we Trade and How we Trade " (1878) ; "The Silver
Question, or the Dollar of the Fathers t-«. the Dollar
of the Sons" (1878) and "Principles of Taxation"
(1886). In btx)k-form he has |)ublished " Year-
Book of Agriculture "(Philadelphia, IKVJ); "Wells's
Science of Common Things" (New York, 1K>6);
" Keixtrt of U. S. Revenue Commission " (Wash-
ington, 1866), " Reports U. S. Sfietiial Commis-
sioners of Revenue (4 vols.. 18(J6-'9): " Robin.son
Crusoe's Money" (New York, 1876); "Our Mer-
chant Marine : how it Rose, Increased, Itecame
Great, Declined, and Decayed" (1882); "A Primer
of Tariff Reform " (1884) : "Practical Jx-onomics,
a Collection of Essavs " (1885) : " A Study of Mexi-
co" (1887): "A short and Simple Catechism"
(1888) and " Relation of the Tariff to Wages " (1888).
He has edited Charles Knight's " Knowledge is
Power "(Boston, 1856); Richard F. Burton's " I»il-
grimage to El-Medinah and Meccah" (New York,
1857) ; " Things not Generally Known " (1857) ; and
Sir Benjamin C. Brodie's "Psychological Inqui-
ries," with notes (1857).
WELLS, Eratitus, congressman, b. in Jefferson
count v, N. v., 2 Dec, 1823. He received a c<»mmon-
school education, and at the age of ninetet>n, U-ing
thrown on his own resources, remove<l to St. I^uis,
Mo. He established the first omnibus line in that
city, and sul)sequently the first street railroad, was
for fifteen years a member of the city council,
served as president of the Missouri railroad com-
pany, and was a director of several corporations.
He was afterward chosen to congress as a Demo-
crat, and serve<l through four suavssive terms,
from 4 March, 18C9, tillS March, 1877.
WELLS, Henry, expressman, b. in New Hamp-
shire, 12 Dec., 1805; d. in Glasgow, Scotland, 10
Dec., 1878. He earlv entered the express business,
becoming an agent /or Henry F. Hanulen. and in
1841 su^^ted to (ieorge Pomerov the desirability
of establishing an express from Allwiny to Buffalo.
SubsiMpiently Crawfonl Livingston acted on the
pro|K)sition, and weekly trips were made belwi-en
the two jtoints. Beginning in 1843, railr>ad com-
munication having been established Ix-tween the
two cities, trips were made daily. The firm-name
was at first romeroy and Co., but was nlt<;red to
Livingston, Wells and Pomerov, and, on the retire-
ment of the latter, became. Livingston ami Wells.
In 1845 the businc-^s was extende<l westwanl from
Buffalo to Chicugti. with William (». Fargo in
charge of that division, under the name of Wells
and Co. Meanwhile they established a letter ex-
press to carry ct^mmunications from New York
to Buffalo for six cents, while the goveniment
charge for the same distance was twenty-five cents.
Every means was taken by the National authori-
ties to destroy the practice, but without succi*ss.
In 1846 a Kuro|K*an express was establishwl, with
offices in Lontlon and Paris. Com|>etition by vari-
ous com |)anies resulted in the consolidation of the
different orgaiiixatioiis in 1850, and the formation
of the .\meri<*an express com|Miny, of which Mr.
Wei! it«><l pri'sident. In"lH32he was a*-
<wxi; William (J. Fargo and others in form-
ing I lit- iiiui wl" Wells, Fargo and Co.. for conduct-
430
WELLS
WELLS
injr the express business in the far west, and he
continued an active officer of that company until
its management was transferred to western capital-
ists after the completion of the Transcontinental
railroad. In lyOO the American express company
was reorganized with a capital of !|!l,(JO(),0(K), and
he acted as its president until 1868. He gave
$150,000 to found and endow Wells female college
at Aurora, N. Y., one of the first collegiate, insti-
tutions to be established in this country for the
higher education of women.
WELLS, Henry Horatio, lawyer, b. in Roches-
ter, N. Y., 17 Sept., 1823. He was educated at
Romeo academy, Mich., studied law in Detroit with
Theodore Romeyn, was admitted to the bar in
1846, and in 18o4-'6 was a member of the legisla-
ture. He entered the army in Sefjtember, 1862, as
colonel of the 26th Michigan infantry, and served
until September. 1866. In February, 1863, he was
made provost-marshal-general of the defences south
of Potomac river, which office he held until the
close of the war. In Mav, 1865, he received the
brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers, and, set-
tling in Virginia in 1868-'9, was military governor
of that state. He was the Republican candidate
for governor in the latter year, but was defeated
by Gilbert C. Walker. On the assassination of
President Lincoln, he took charge of the investi-
gation in Washington that resulted in the capture
of the conspirators, and afterward he was associate
counsel in the criminal proceedings against Jeffer-
son Davis for treason. In 1870-'l he was counsel,
with Henry A. Wise, in the Chohoon and Ellyson
mayoralty case, during the trial of which he was
almost fatally injured by the falling of a gallery,
crowded with people, in the capitol at Richmond.
In 1871-'2 he was U. S. attorney for the eastern
district of Virginia, and he then removed to W^ash-
ington, where, in 1875-'80, he was U. S. attorney
for the District of Columbia.
WELLS, Horace, dentist, b. in Hartford. Vt.,
21 Jan.. 1815 ; d. in New York city. 24 Jan., 1848.
He was educated at New England academies, and
in 1834 began the study of dentistry in Boston. In
1836 he opened an office in Hartford, Conn., where
he soon gained a lucrative practice. His attention
was early turned to the desirability of preventing
pain during the extraction of teeth' After unsuc-
cessfully experimenting with various narcotics he
expressed his belief in the efficacy of nitrous oxide
in 1840 ; but it was not until 1844, when that agent
had been administered publicly in Hartford to
several persons by Dr. Gardiner Q. Colton in his
lecture on laughing-gas, that he became convinced
of the practicability of its use. On the following
day, 11 Dec., 1844, "he had a tooth extracted from
his own mouth without experiencing anv pain
while under the influence of the gas. and he at
once l)egan to use it in the extraction of teeth
from other persons. Subsequently other dentists
in Hartford oecame convinced of its value and used
it. He went to Boston in January, 1845, for the
Eurpose of laying his discovery more prominently
efore the profession, and communicated his ex-
perience to Dr. William T. G. Morton, Dr. Charles
T. Jackson, and Dr. John C. Warren, Dr. Warren
invited him to lecture before his chiss at the Har-
vard medical school and to administer the gas to
a patient ; but the experiment failed, as the subject
was only partially anjpsthetized, and in conseqiience
Mr. Wells was )iissed by the students, who pro-
nouncedhim a charlatan and his gjis a humbug.
Dr. Morton had been his pupil in Hartford, and by
his aid established himself in Boston. Subse-
quently, when he and Dr. Jackson laid claim to
the discovery of anaesthesia and in 1846 applied for
a patent, Mr. Wells remonstrated, stating the re-
sults of his own experiments and introducing the
testimony of the medical profession in Hartford ;
but to no avail, for a patent was issued to Dr. Mor-
ton in November, 1846. Later, when Dr. Jackson
and Dr. Morton submitted their claims to the In-
stitute of P>ance, Mr. Wells at once sailed for Eu-
rope in order to present his statement before that
body also ; but without success. He removed to
New York city in 1847, where he tried to impress
on the community the validity of his discovery.
Mr. Wells was arrested on a charge of throwing
vitriol on the clothes of women in the street, and
this so aggravated a mental disorder with which
he had been attacked that he committed suicide.
He published a pamphlet entitled " A History of
the Application of Nitrous-Oxide Gas, Ether, and
other Vapors to Surgical Operations" (1847). A
bronze statue by Truman H. Bartlett has been
erected to his memory by the citizens of Hartford
in Bushnell park. Charles T. Jackson, Crawford
W. Long, Wjlliam T. G. Morton, and Horace Wells
are the claimants for the discovery of anaesthesia.
See " An Examination of the Question of Anesthe-
sia " (Boston, 1859) and " An Inquiry into the Ori-
gin of Modern Ana«thesia " (Hartford, 1867).
WELLS, John, lawyer, b. in Cherry Valley, Ot-
sego CO., N. Y., in 1770; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 7
Sept., 1823. Owing to the massacre of his entire
family by the Indians in Cherry Valley, he was in
1778 placed in charge of his aunt, who took him
to New York city,
and he was gradu-
ated at Princeton in
1788. He then stud-
ied law with Ed-
ward Griswold, was
admitted to the bar
in 1791, and in 1797
was appointed an
associate justice of
the peace by Gov.
John Jay. About
this time James
Cheetham attacked
the Federalists with
vigor in "The Amer-
ican Citizen" and
Mr. Wells replied
in. the " Evening
Post." The ability
with which his task
was performed led
to the belief that Alexander Hamilton was the au-
thor, and so well pleased was the latter with their
strength that he sought the acqiiaintance of the
younger man. Subsequently Mr. Wells had charge
of bringing out the papers known as " The Federal-
ist," altnough for final revision they passed through
the hands of Hamilton. In 1804 Mr. Cheetham at-
tacked the conduct and character of William S.
Smith, son-in-law of President John Adams, in his
journal, in consequence of which an action for libel
was brought against him in the supreme court.
Mr. Cheetham secured the services of ^ly. Wells as
counsel, and, although the latter failed to win the
case, his conduct gained for him considerable repu-
tation. After the war of 1812 his argument in
the case of Griswold vs. Waddington, in which he
took the ground that the war was a dissolution of
partnership Iwtween the two brothers Wadding-
ton, one of whom was a resident of Liveqjool and
the other of New York, was regarded as one of
his best efforts. He was a trustee of the General
WELI-S
WELI^S
431
theolnf^ioal wininary nnd of Columbia oollo)^ in
IBLV'-JH. Tlic ilc'gnH- of lAi. D. vtnn given him by
I'rinifton. A bust was erwtetl by the bar of New
York in Gracw chureh. of which ho win*' a vesitry-
maii, aii<l u|M)n the n>moval of the church it waA
plui'ctl in St. I'aul's chajK'!. when' it still riMnainn.
Sw " Meni<)rial of the Life nnd Character of John
Wells" (|)rinte«i privately. Nt-w York. 1H74).
WELLS, John Sullivan, senator, b. in Dur-
ham, N. H., 18 Oct., 1803; d. in Exeter, N. H., 1
Autf., 1H60. His mother was a niwe of Gen. John
Sullivan. He studie<l law, U'«chinif to supi)ort
himself, was admittiKl to the liar, antf pract ise«l for
five years in Guildhall, Vt., and after l!>4<i at Kxe-
ter, \. II. Mr. Wells filled various local offices,
was for many years a meml)er of the lower house
of the legislature, serving in 1841 as its sjK'aker,
and was nresident of the state senate in lH!)2-'ii.
He was also attorney-general of the state in 1847.
In 1854 he was Democratic candidate for U. S.
senator, but was defeated by five votes on account
of his approval of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Short-
ly afterwanl he was appointe<l a U. S. senator to
tfll the vacancy that wjis caused by the death of
Moses Xorris, holding his seat from 22 Jan. till 3
March, 1855. He was again a candidate in that
year and in 18<K). He was the Democratic candi-
date for governor in 1856-'7, and sat in two Na-
tional conventions. — His brother, Samuel, jurist,
b. in Durham, N. H., 15 Aug., 1801 ; d. in IJoston,
Mass., 15 July, 1888. was self-educated, Ixn-ame a
lawyer, and in i836-'7 siit in the Maine legislature.
From 1847 till 1854 he was on the supreme bench
of the state, and in 1855-'0 he was governor.
WELLS, Robert, printer, b. in Scotland in
1728; d. in Ijondon, Kngland, in 1794. He re-
moved to Charleston, S. C, in 1758, and established
himself as a )H>ok-selIer and publisher. He was the
chief lxK)k-seller in the Cart)linas for many years,
and published a paper called "The South Carolina
and American General Gazette." At the open-
ing of the Revolution he ri>signe<l his business to
his son John and retuniwl to Europe. His es-
tate was confiscate*! in 1782. Mr. Wells ac-
quired a fortune in England, but lost most of it.
While in Charleston he wrote and published a
" Travestie of Virgil." — Hisson,Wnnam Charlen,
scientist, b. in Charleston, S. C, in May, 1757; d.
in Ijondon. England, 18 Sept., 1817. was placed at
school in Dumfries. Scotland, in 1767, ami entered
Edinburgh university in 1770, but returned to
Charleston in 1771, and in 1775, refusing to sigii
the " Association," a jwitriotic pajier, eml)arke<l f<>r
Ix)ndon. He then resumwi medical studies at
Etlinburgh, and in 1780 received his degree. After
a short service as surgeon of a Scottish regiment in
Holland he went back to Charleston in 1781 to ar-
range his family affairs. There he was a printer,
lK)<ik-s(>ller, and merchant, and wrote a iiajwr to show-
that Whigs of rank that apiM'annl in anus after
being sent honje on |wrole shouM l»c nut to death.
He also publishe<l almut this time a uescrintion of
Henry I^urens under the signature of " Marius."
When the British evacuate*! Charleston in Decem-
ber, 1782, Dr. Wells accompaniet! them to St. Au-
gustine, Fla., where he edite«! the first weekly pa-
jK'r in the pmnnce, was captain of a military com-
[>any, and managed a theatre that was established
by young officers for the Ix^neflt of loyalist n«fu-
gees. In 178-1 he estai)lishe<I hims4>lf in practice in
London, where in 1788 he was admit teil as a licen-
tiate of the College of physicians, in 1790 elec'tet!
lihy>ician to Finsbury disp<>nsar%% and in 1800 a
pli\-«ician of .St, Thomas's hospital. His reputa-
li<'ri as 11 scientist rests principally on his celebrated
**E8rar on Dew and Several Appeamncex con-
nectetl with It" (Ixindon, 1814), by which he is
chiefly known. This was the first announcement
of a compn-hensive theory of dew, and its C4>nclu-
sions, which were dniwn from a jH'riesof ingenious
exjK-riments, are acce|)te«l to-<lay with slight modi-
fications. His ex|)erimental work on this subject
was remarkable for patient res«'an'h, ch>se rea>on-
iiig, and the simplicity of the means that he em-
ployed. He was the first to show the relation of
radiation to the deposition of dew and to explain
the true origin and nature of the latter, which had
genenillybeen misunderstoo<l. Hisessavon "Sin-
gle Vision with Two Eyes," which ha«f apfH'ared
previously (171>2), ha«l gained him an ehn-tion in
1793 to the Koval H<X'iety of London, which in 1816
awarded him tlie gold and silver Kumford medals.
He also was chosen to the Hoval society of Fxlin-
burgh in 1814. In 1813 Dr. VC'ells read'before the
Royal society a paper in which, says Charles R,
Darwin. " he distinctly recognizes the principle of
natural selection, and this is the first recognition
that has been indicated." A volume containing
his essays and an autobiographical sketch ap-
peared after his death (Edinburgh, 1818).
WELLS. Samuel Kobertn, phrenologist, b. in
West Hartfonl, Conn., 4 April, 1820; d. in New
York city, 13 April, 1875. He studied me<!icine,
and obtaine<l his degree, but never practise*!. He
early became interested in phrenology, and was
also one of the first advocates of an exclusively
vegetable diet. In 1845 he iK'came a partner in
the publishing-house of O. S. and L. N. Fowler in
New York city, the firm-name Iteing P'owlers and
Wells, and in 1865 he l»ecame sole proprietor.
Mr. Wells e<!ited the " Water-Cure Journal" in
1850-'62, the " Phrenological Journal " from 1868
till his death, and the " Annual of Phrenology- and
Physiognomy" after 1865. He accompanied Lo-
renzo N. Fowler in phrenological lecturing tours
in the United States. Canada, and Great Britain,
and was the author, among other works, of "The
New Physiognomy, or Signs of Character" (New
York, 1866); "How to read Character" (1869);
and" Wedlock, or the Right Relations of the Sexes"
(1869).— His wife, Charlotte Fowler, b. in Co-
hocton, Steul)en co.. N. Y.. 14 Aug., 1814, is a sis-
ter of the Fowler brothers. She was e«lucate<! at
Franklin academy, Prattsburg. N. Y., and in 1834
became interestinl in phrenolog)-. which she taught
as earlv as IKij. She joined her brothers in their
New York entemrise in 18:J7. marrietl Mr. Wells in
1844, and after her husliand's death succeeded to
the management of his busines.s.
WELLS, Walter, author, b. in Salisbury. N. H.,
in Novemlier, 1830; <!. in Portlaml. Me., 21 April,
1881. He was graduate! at Bowdoin in 1852. and
then taught in the high-sch«M>l at Augusta. Me.,
for several vears. .Sul)S«'quently he lectured on
scientific suf»j«H'ts, and was coniuH-ted with the
Western university of Pennsylvania, where he was
invitetl to take charge of t^e chair of physical
geography in the scientific de{iartment. In 1867
ne was apnointe«l to the hydrographic survey of
Maine, ami he published in ctmntntion with that
work "The Water- Power of Maine" (Augusta,
1869). Sul)s«Hiuently he Itecame connecte*! with
the Fairlwinks scale com|>any, and then was in the
employ of various railroads. He was appointed
in 1869 sei-retary of the National association of
cotton manufacturers and planters in Boston, and
made an exhaustive re|>ort on the tariff in relation
to the growth and manufacture of cotton in this
country. Mr. Wells also contribut«H! ])af>ers to the
I>eriodical press, and pre|»areil an elementary physt-
432
WELLS
WELLSTOOD
cal geography. He was engaged in literary work
at the time of his death.
WELLS, William, soldier, b. in Kentucky
alxjut 1770; d. near Port Dearborn (now Chicago),
111., 15 Aug., 1812. When he was twelve years of
age he was taken captive by the Miami Indians
and adopted by Little Turtle, their chief, lie
served with the Indians at the opening of hostili-
ties in 1790, and was at the battle when Gen. Ar-
tiiur St. Clair was defeated. Realizing that he
was fighting against his own kindred, he informed
Little Turtle tnat he was going to his own people,
set out for Gen. Anthony Wayne's army, and was
made a captain of a company of scouts. He re-
mained in the army till the treaty of Greenville in
1795, after which he settled upon a farm near Fort
Wayne, where his wife, Little Turtle's daughter,
joined him. He was Indian agent and justice of
the peace, and rendered eflfeetive service to Gen.
William Henry Harrison. When it was announced
in 1813 that Fort Dearborn was to be evacuated, he
set out at once with thirty friendly Miami Indians
as a body-guard for the people on their route to
Fort Wayne, lie arrived at the fort (Chicago) on
13 Aug.. but too late to prevent its evacuation,
which ne was certain would result in a massacre.
On the morning of 15 Aug. the gates of the fort
were opened and Capt. Wells, with blackened face, at
the head of fifteen of his trusted Indians, the other
fifteen bringing up the rear, set out on their jour-
ney for Fort Wayne. They had not gone more
than a mile and a half when about SCHO Indians
sprang from their ambush behind the sand-hills
on the Imnk of Lake Michigan and began an in-
discriminate slaughter of soldiers, women, and
children. Capt. Wells was pierced by half a dozen
bullets, his head was cut off, and his heart was
taken out by the infuriated savages.
WELLS, William, soldier, b. in Waterbury,
Vt., 14 Dec., 1837. He attended academies in Ver-
mont and New Hampshire, and became a mer-
chant, but in September, 1861, enlisted in the 1st
Vermont cavalry, becoming 1st lieutenant on 14 Oct.,
captain on 18 Nov., 18G1. and major, 30 Oct., 1862.
He took part in Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's Shen-
andoah campaign, and Gen. John Pope's Virginia
campaign in 1862, and then served in the cavalry
corps of the Army of the Potomac till the close of
the war, except from August, 1864, till March, 1865,
when he was under Sheridan in the Shenandoah
valley. He became colonel of his regiment, 4 June,
1864, was brevetted brigatlier-general of volunteers,
22 Feb., 1865, received his full commission on 19
May, and was brevetted major-general on 30 March.
Gen. Wells commanded the 2a brigade of the 3d
cavalry division in the Army of the Potomac, and
for some time was temporardy at the head of that
division. After June, 1865. till he was mustered
out, 15 Jan., 1866, he commanded the 1st separate
brigade of the 2d army corps at Fairfax Court-
House. His regiment took part in numerous bat-
tles and skirmishes, and he was twice wounded.
Gen. Wells was in the Vermont legislature in
1865-'6, adjutant-general and inspector-general of
the state in 1866-72, collector of internal revenue
in 1872-85, and state senator in 1886-'7.
WELLS, William Harvey, educator, b. in
Tolland, Conn., 27 Feb., 1812 ; d. in Chicago, 111.,
21 Jan., 1885. He lived on the home farm till
1829, and, after attending school for a short time,
became a teacher. He taught in the Teachers'
seminary at Andover. Mass., in 1836-'47, and was
Drincipal of Putnam free school, Newburyport,
Mass.. in 1848-'54, and of the State normal school
at Westfield, Mass., in 1854-'6. He then removed
to Chicago, where he was superintendent of pub-
lic schools from 1856 till 1864. Mr. Wells was an
organizer of the Massachusetts state teachers' as-
sociation, one of the first editors of the " Massa-
chusetts Teacher," and at different times a mem-
ber or oflBcer of numerous educational and learned
societies. He was vice-president of the Chicago
astronomical society, a director of the public libra-
ry of that city, and an organizer and life -long
friend of the Washingtonian home of Chicago.
Dartmouth gave him the honorary degree of M. A.
in 1845. He was the author of several school-
books and "Historical Authorship of English
Grammar" (Chicago, 1878), contributed to educa-
tional journals, and assisted in the revision of
" Webster's Unabridged Dictionary."
WELLS, William Hill, senator, b. in Pennsyl-
vania about 1760; d. in Millsboro', Del., 11 March,
1829. He engaged in mercantile business in Dags-
boro' and Millsboro', Del., and also practised law in
Georgetown, but late in life he removed to Dover.
He was chosen to the U. S. senate to fill the unex-
pired term of Joshua Clayton, deceased, and served
from 4 Feb., 1799, till 6 May, 1804, when he re-
signed. On the resignation of James A. Bayard he
was elected again, holding his seat from 10 June,
1813, till 3 IV^rch, 1817. Senator Wells became
the owner, through his wife, of vast tracts of land
in lower Sussex county, including what is known
as the Cypress Swamp.
WELLS, William Vincent, author, b. in Bos-
ton, Mass., 2 Jan., 1826. He was educated in the
common schools of his native city, and became a
sailor and then an officer in the merchant marine.
Afterward he engaged in raining and commercial
enterprises, and was an agent for American capital-
ists in obtaining grants from foreign governments.
In these capacities he has travelled since boyhood
in various parts of the world, and has been four
times shipwrecked. He went to California in 1849,
where he built and commanded the first steamboat
in that state, and he was afterward consul-general
of Honduras in the United States. Mr. Wells has
owned and edited several newspapers in San Fran-
cisco, has corresponded with various journals from,
different parts of the globe, and is the author of a
narrative of " Walker's Expedition to Nicaragua, a
History of the Central American War " (New York,
1856) ; " Explorations and Adventures in Hon-
duras " (1857) ; and the " Life and Public Services "
of his great-grandfather, Samuel Adams, with ex-
tracts from his correspondence, state papers, and
political essays (3 vols., Boston, 1865).
WELLSTOOD, John Geikie, engraver, b. in
Edinburgh, Scotland, 18 Jan., 1813. He came to
New York in 1830. and engaged with the firm of
Rawdon, Wright and Co., with whom he remained
until 1847, when he entered business for himself.
His firm in 1858 was merged into what is now the
American bank-note company, and he remained
with this company until 1871. In that year he
founded in Washington, D. C, the Columbian
bank - note company. While he was president of
this company he modelled and partially engraved
the backs of all the U. S. treasury-notes. When
this printing passed into the hands of the govern-
ment, he returned to the American 'bank - note
company in 1879, and is still (1889) employed by
them as a script-engraver. He is the oldest liv-
ing bank-note engraver in this country, and has
made many improvements in that class of work.
— His brother, William, engraver, b. in Edin-
burgh, Scotland, 19 Dec, 1819, came to the United
States with his parents in 1830. and when about
sixteen years old began to work as a letter-en-
WKUSKR
WELSH
433
praver in Xpw York. Ho Hfterwnnl «lovot<Hl him-
wlf entirely to pictnriHl worlt. and wn« os|)ec'ittlly
jiuccewful in hix ljin<lsMUM«s. Mo lia." Ijofn eui-
ployed by the Western Meth<xli!«t tHM)k concrrn
(1846-'74) and by various flrnis in New York.
Amon); his plates, executed in the lino manner,
areiK)rtraitsof Florence Nij;htin)rttle(1857), L'lyssen
.S. Grant, and Ilenrv W. Longfellow, the latter
after Alonzo {'h«pj)el, and the lands<'ap<>s " Coast
of Mount I)es«'rt,'' after NVillinni Hart (lHlt2):
" Mount Washington," after Sjinford H. Qifford
(18<«) : Allwrt V. iJellowa's " A (^uiet Nook "(1864);
"Life's I>Hy." three subjects (IHft'i): Thomas Mo-
ran's "P'lo'rida" (1878); and Walter Satterlee's
"Tempus F'ujrit" (1880). — William's son, James,
engraver, b. in Jersey City, N. J., 20 Nov.. 1H50 ; d.
there, 14 March, 1880, followed the profession of
his father, whoso pupil he was. At the time of
his death he was a member of the firm of William
Wellstooii and Co., and was a successful and prom-
ising engraver. His principal plates were " The
Pointer," and " .'^fe in Port, ' after Thomas Moran.
WELSER, Bartholomens, Prince, German
banker, b, in Augsburg about 1475; d. there in
1551). He was the head of the banking-firm of
Welsor Urothers, who claimed descent from the By-
zantine general Belisarius. They |H)ssessed great
riches, and Hartholomeus was created a prince of
the empire and miule privy councillor to the em-
peror, to whom he lent large sums, for the repay-
ment of which he was granted, in 1527, the newly
discovered [irovince of Venezuela. He was to con-
Quer the country at his own ex|)ense, enlist only
S^iwnishand Flemish trooj)s, fit out two ex|)editions
of four vessels, and build two cities and three forts
within two years after taking possession. As the
country was renuteii to contain gold-mines, he later
obtjiine<l permission to send out 150 German miners.
In virtue of this contract, Welser armed a fleet,
which sailed from San Lucar de Barrame<la early
in 1528, under the command of Ambrosio Alfinger
(q. v.), whom he appointed captain-general. After
Allinger's death m bWl, Georg von .Sfwier (q. v.)
bei-ame captain-generol, and fitted out a new ex-
I^HKiition, which siiiled in bW4. After S|)eier's death
in 1540 the crown of S|)ain claimed the right to aj»-
point the governor, and finally, in 154H, Charles V.
revoke<l Welser's charter. W'elser did much to
establish trade between the Ijow Countries, Ger-
many, and South America. His enterprise has
lieen commended by many writers, and is eulogized
by Henry Ternaux-Compans in his collection, but
it was detrimental to the interests of the banker.
whos«' losses in his colonization schemes were esti-
n>ate«i to reach the sum of 3.(KX),000 florins. Wel-
ser's banking-house still exists, as does also the old
family mansion, which is one of the curiosities of
the city of Augsburg.
WELSH, Alfred Hlx, educator, b. in Fostoria.
Ohio, 7 Sept., IH-W. He sjK'nt his early life in
manual lalwr. contributinp to the support of his
widowed mother and sisters. He was graduate<l
at I^ldwin university. Ohio, in 1872, was pr<»fessor
of mathematics the followinjr three years in Huchtel
collejre, be<-ame tea<'her of rhetoric in the Colum-
bus high-school in 187U. and since 1885 has been
professor of Kn^lish literature in Ohio state uni-
versity. Prof. Welsh is well known for his series
of school-books on rhetoric, grammar, and mathe-
matics. He has also publisneil " The Conflict of
Ages" (Columbus, 1877); "The I)«'vel(>pment of
English Literature and I^inguaj^e " (Chicago,
1882); and "Man and His Kehuions" (Cincinnati,
1888). He has in preparation a " Manual of Eng-
lish Literature."
VOL. VI.— 28
JvAy.JTeUl'
WELSH, John, merchant, b. in Philadelphia.
Pa.. 0 Nov., 1805: d. there. 10 April, IHWJ. HU
father, of the same name, was a Philadelphia mer-
chant. The son receivetl a collegiate e<iucation,
but wa.1 not gniduateil. After conducting • mer^
can tile business
of his own. he
entered.in 1874,
into [wirtncr-
ship with his
brt»ther» in the
West India
trade, and was
at the time of
his death the se-
nior member of
the firm, which
hml bt>en es-
! tablished since
1834. P\)rmany
years he was ac-
tive in public
affairs, giving
largely of his
timeandmeans,
from his first
service a.s mem-
l)er of the select
council of Philttdelnhia. For twenty years he was a
meml)er of the sinKing fund commission, and for
the same length of time a tnisteeof the University
of Pennsylvania, of which he was also a jmtron.
He wjis nresident of the Philadelphia Itoard of
trade and of the Merchants' fund for fifteen ye«rs.
He was one of the founders of the Kpiwoiml hos-
pital and its largest contributor. In 18(!2 he was
ap|H)inte«l commis.'^ioner of Fairmount park. Dur-
ing the civil war he was active in mea.Mjres of re-
lief, and in 1864 he became president of the execu-
tive committee of the sanitary fair, which di»-
bursetl over $1,000,000 for the use of anny hospi-
tals and ambulances. His l)est-known work was
as pn\sident of the Centennial Ixtanl of finance, to
which he was ek-cted in April. 1873. The success
of the exhibition was in a great measure due to his
executive ability, in recognition of whirh he was
pri'sented bv the citv with a gold metlal and with
f.50,000. With this" sum he endowed the John
Welsh chair of English literature in the I'niversity
of Pennsylvania Mr. Welsh was an active Re-
Sublican, and in 1878 was appointed minister to
)nglan<l, but he resigned within two vears. The
<legree of LL. I), was conferred upon )iim bv the
University of Pennsylvania in 1878, and by V^'osh-
in^ton and I^ee in 1880, and many foreign <lecora-
tions were given him for c«»urtc.sies that he ex-
tende<l during the Centennial exhibition. — His
brother, William, philanthropist, b. in Philadel-
phia alMiut 1810; d. there, 11 Feb., 1878, was also
a merchant in his native city, where he occupied
many public jKwt.s, among them those of presiuent
of the Ixiartl of trusts, director of (iirurd collejre,
and trustee of Wills hospital. He was al.*«i largi>iy
identified with the philanthropic interests of the
city, es()ecially as a meml»er of the Indian peace
commission during Gen. Grant's administ ration,
which place he r«'signe<i u|>on mi-cting with iliffi-
culties in the Indian bun^au. For several years
he was proprietor of the "North American" and
the " Pniladelphia (Jazette." which he had pur-
chased in onler to elevate the morals of the «laily
press. Mr. Welsh publishe<l, besides various i>»-
pers, " Ijav Co-oj>erBlion in St. Mark's Churcn "
(Phila4lelp>iia. INtl); " I^etters on the Homo Mis-
sionary Work of the Protestant Episcopal Church "
434
WELSH
WENTWORTH
(1863); "The Bishop Potter Memorial House"
(I8(W): and "Taopi and his PVieinls. or Indians'
Wrongs and Kij,'lits," with Bishop Henry B. Wliip
pie and the Rev. Samuel Dutton Hinman (1869).
WELSH, Thomas, soldier. 1). in Columbia, Pa..
T) May, IWl: d. in Cincinnati. Ohio, 14 Auff.. 18(>3.
He received a common-school ediicaticm, and en-
fjafjed in the lumber trade. Knlistinp: a-s a j)rivate
for tlie Mexican war. he was wounded at Buena
Vista, and promoted lieutenant for {rallantrv. At
the iH'irinnini: of the civil war he raised a com-
pany, was miistere<I into the volunteer service Jis
captain, and was elected lieutenant-colonel of the
2<I Pennsylvania regiment, which served in the
Shenandoah valley until it was disbande<l at the
end of three months. He re-entered tlie service as
colonel of the 4.")th Pennsylvania volunteers, and
commanded a brij^ade at South Mountain and An-
tietam. as also at Fri'dericksburg. where he won
promotion by his services on the right centre, being
(!ommissioned as brigadier-general of volunteers on
13 March. 1S(;;{. He was transferred to the west
with the !)tli armv corps, and. after doing duty for
some time in Iventucky. wiis sent to Vicksburg.
After the fall of that place he marched with Gen.
William T. Sherman to .bukson. Miss., and con-
tracte(I a malarial fever, from which he died while
travelling homeward.
WKLTON. Richard, English non-juring bish-
op, b. in Kngland about IfiTo; d. in Lislton. Portu-
gal, in 1721). He wjvs rector of St. Mary's. White-
chapel. London, and in 1722 was consecrated to the
episcoj)at<! Iiy Dr. Ralph Taylor, one of the non-
juring bishops. A short time afterward he assist-
ed Dr. Taylor in consecrating Rev. John Talbot,
then on a visit to England, who for nuuiy years
had urged the establishment of episcopacy in the
North American colonies. In 1723 the vestry of
('hrist church. Philadelphia, which was without a
rector, prayed the bishop of Lt)tuIon to send them
"such a gentleman lus may be a credit to our com-
munion, an ornament to the profession, and a true
propagator of the gospel." Six months having
fjissed without an appointment being made, on 27
uly. 1724. they invited Dr. Welton. who had ar-
rived in town a month before, to Uike charge of
the church. He entered at once uj)on his duties,
served with great acce|)tance for two years, when
he wius commanded to return to England. Receiv-
ing a testimonial of his conduct from the church-
wardens, he sailed for LIsIkiu in Jan.. 1726, where
he dit'd in the autumn, refusing to commune with
the English clergy. It is said that among his effects
was found " an episcopal seal which he had made
use of in Pensilvania," where " he assumed and
exercised privily and by stealth the character and
func^tions of a bishop." Dr. F'rancis L. Hawks as-
serts, in his " Ecclesiastical Contril)ution;," that
"there is direct evidence from the letters of some
of the missionaries that lioth he and Dr. Talbot
administered confirmation and wore the rol)es of
a bishop." It was believed in the provinces that
Dr. Welton also ordained clergymen, and these se-
cret acts occasioned his recall.
WEMYSS, Francis Courtney, theatrical man-
ager, b. in London, 13 May. 1797; d. in New York
city, 5 Jan., 1859. He appeared at the Adelphi,
Ijondon, in April, 1821, ana at the Chestnut street
theatre. Philadelphia, in December. 1822, a-s Vapid
in " The Dramatist." and afterward in the principil
cities of the United States. He was subsef|uently
for many years a manager of theatres in Washing-
ton, Wheeling, Va., Wilmington, Del., Baltimore,
Pittsburg, antl Philadelphia. He was one of the
founders and a director o( the American dramatic
fund association of New York city, and its secre-
tary from 1852 till his death. He was the author
of "Twenty-six Years as an Actor and Manager "(2
vols.. New York. 1847) ; " Chronology of the Ameri-
can Stage, 1752-1852" (1852); and "Theatrical Biog-
raphy" (New York); and edited "The Minor Dra-
ma." to wliich he also contriljutcd (7 vols.. 1848-'52).
WENDELL, John Lansing, lawyer, b. in Al-
bany, N, Y., 2 Jan., 1785 : d. in Hartford, Conn.,
19 Dec.. 1861. He was a descendant of cme of the
Dutch families of New York. He was educated in
Albany and Cambridge, N. Y., his family having
removed to the latter place about 1795. he there
entered the law-office of his brother, Gerritt Wen-
dell, became a member of the Albany bar, subse-
quently judge of Washington county, and was for
many years reporter of the supreme court of the
state of New York. He published " Reports of
Cases in the Supreme Court of Judicature of New
York, 1828-'41 ' (26 vols.. Albany, 1829-'42), and
" Digest of Ca.ses, Supreme Court of New York.
1828-'35" (185^6); and edited " Stark ie's I^w of
Slander " (2 vols.. Albany. 1843). and " Blackstone's
Commentaries" (4 vols.. New York city, 1847).
WENTWORTH, WiUiam, colonist, b. in AI-
ford. Lincolnshire, England, in 1615 ; d. in Dover,
N. II., 16 March. 1697. He was a follower of the
Rev. John Wheelwright, came with him to Massa-
chusetts in 1636, and was associated with him in
his difficulties with the Ma.ssachusetts government
respecting his Antinomian opinions. With Wheel-
wright and thirty-three others he signed, on 4 Aug.,
1639. " A combination for a government at Exeter,
N. H.." of which town he was an early settler.
Subsequently he removed to Wells, Mass.. but he
afterward settled in Dover, N. H., where he was a
ruling elder in the church and often preached. He
supplied the pulpit in Exeter, after Wheelwright's
return to P^ngland, as late as 1693. In 1689 he was
instrumental in saving a garrison from destruction
by the Indians. All the Wentworths in the L'nited
States are descended from him. — His grandson,
John, lieutenant-governor of New Hampshire, b.
in Portsmouth, N. II., 16 Jan., 1671 ; d. there, 12
Dec, 1730, became a captain in the merchant ma-
rine, was appointed by (^uecn Anne a councillor
for New Hampshire in 1711. made a justice of the
common pleas in 1713. and in 1717 became lieuten-
ant-governor of the province, which was then de-
pendent on Ma.ssachusetts. — William's great-grcat-
gmnu.son, Joshua, soldier, b. in Portsmouth, N.
H., in 1742: d. there. 19 Oct., 1809, was colonel
of the 1st New Hampshire regiment in 1776, was
elected to the legislature, served for four years as
state senator, and was appointed a delegate to the
Continental congress, but did not attend. — Will-
iam's great-grcat-great-grandson, Tappan, lawver,
b. in Dover, N. H.. 24 Sei)t.. 1802 ; d. in Boston,
Mjuss., 12 June, 1875, received a public-school edu-
cation, studied law, was admitted to the bar in
1826, and practised in Great Falls, N. XL In 1833
he removed to Lowell, where he was a member of
the town council in 183(>-'41. He served in the
legislature as a Whig in 1851 and as a Republican
in 1859 and 1863-'4, and in the state senate in
1848-'9 and 1865-'6. He was elected* to congress
as a Wliig. and served from 4 March, 18.53, till 3
March, 1855.— John's son, Benning', governor of
New Hampshire, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 24
July, 1696; d. there, 14 Oct., 1770, was graduated
at Harvard in 1715, and became a merchant in
Portsmouth, which town he represented in the
assembly. On 12 Oct., 1734, he was appointed
a king's councillor, and when New Hampshire
was made a distinct province in 1741 ho be-
WKNTWORTH
WENTWORTH
4a5
came it« governor on 18 Dec., and hfid this po8t
until 1707. \le wa.H aiithoriztHl by the crown to
in^nt ptttentu of un<H"tu|>ii'«i hind, and inl74J» U-
jfan to make (frnnts in whul is now soiithi'rn Wr-
inonL This hind was con«ith>red by tht* cohmial
jf<jvfrnor of New York as lyinj; within his (h)inain,
and the collision, famous in the history of Ver-
mont, respe<'tinjf the " New Hampshire grants."
ensuetl. A nrociamation was made by the governor
of New York on 2H Dec., 1768, dainiing tne terri-
tory under the gmul fmm Charles II. to the Duke
of Vork ami onlerinp the sheriff to make returns
of the names of those that had sot I led west of
Connwticut river under titles that were derived
from New Hampshire. Gov. Wentworlh issue<l a
countor-|iroclamation on Vi .March. 17(M, declarinj;
these claims obsolete and maintaining the jiiris<lic-
tion of New Hampshire. Gov. Went worth exacted
heavy fees for his grants of land, and thiis accii-
mulat«^l a largo projiorty. In each of them he
stipulated for the reservation of a lot for an Kpis-
ctijMil church. After his resignation as governor
he gave to Dartmouth 500 acres of land, on which
the college buildings wore eri'cte<l. Ho was fond
of display. His splendid coach with its retinue of
servants l)ocame a feature of Portsmouth, and in
his spacious mansion he assumed what w»us then
looked u{K>n as almost regal state. The town of
Bennington, V't., was named in his honor. His
Hrst wife was At)igail, the daughter of .lohn Uuck.
of IJ<iston, who died on 8 Nov., n.W. and his second
was*hi$ young housekeeper, who ha<l Inu-n brought
up in his family. His marriage to her, which took
f)(aco on 1,5 .March, 1700, is the subjc<-t of l^)ngfel-
ow's poem. ** liady Wentworth." She was nuide
sole heir of the governor's extensive property, and
after his death married (.'ol. Michael Wentworth,
of the British army. Her «mlv child, Martha. Iw-
came the wife of Gov. .John \Ventworth's iiejihew,
•lohn Wentworth, author of " .Sf^)ec>ial I'leading." —
Beaning's nephew. Sir John, bart., governor of
New Hampshire an<l afterward of Nova Scotia, b.
in Portsmouth. N. H., ft Aug.. 17:^7: d. in Halifax.
Nova Scotia, 8 April, 1820, was the son of Mark
Hunking Went-
worth, a coun-
cillor of New
Ham|>shire,with
whom he wius
as.s(K-iatiHl as a
meri'hant after
his gniduntion
at Harvanl in
175.5. He went
to Kngland in
1765 as a|;ent
of the province,
and ttirough
the influence of
Charles Wat.son
Wentworth. Mar-
quis of H<K-king-
ham, obtained
theappointment
of governor of
New Hampshire,
succeeding his
uncle, and serving from 1767 till 1775. To this
odlce was added that of survoyor-ireneral of the
king's wo<^ls in North .•\meri<'H. with a salary of
i;7lW and [(enjuisites. Ho landi'<l in Charleston,
.S. C, in March. 1T6S. and. travelling northward bv
land, rogisterwl his commission as surveyor in each
of the colonies through which he passed. He en-
tered on his duties as governor in June, 1768, was
popular, and an excellent public man in tvtvf mr-
ticular. In busine.Ks he was prompt and eflfcient.
and aide<I greatly in encouraging inlucation. He
gave Dartmouth college its charter and endowed it
with 44,0(K) ncri's of land, and al.H<» giiv«- » pie<*o of
land to each memU*r of the first graduating cla«R.
(S«'e W11EKI.0CK, Ki.tAZAK.) He did much to en-
courage agriculture and to pmiimte the settlement
of New Hamiwhire, ami lalK>r»*d zealously to in-
crease its wealth and iin|Mirtaiice. When tile Itevo-
lution iH'gan, his efforts to prevent a rupture were
utiweario<l. and he was (xtpular with the |M.xiple un-
til (ten. Thomas (Jage anplicHl to him to procure
workmen in New Ham(>siiire to aid in the erection
of barracks for the British tn>oi»s in Boston. He
endoavore<l to com[>ly with this request, which
gave the death-blow t«» his authority, and he was
forced to aluindon his f>fist. The indignation of
the {XHiple comiH>lle<l him to take n-fuge first in
Fort William an<l .Mary and then on Utard a Brit-
ish shin. His last olTicial act was (>erfornied at the
Isles of .Shoals, where he prorogued the assembly.
He emliarked f<>r Boston in the shi|>-of-war ".Scar-
lM)rough " on 24 Aug., 1775. and sckju saikfl for
Kngland, where he remained until |H*ace was de-
clared. Although he was regarded with especial
favor by the king, he seems to have held no of-
fice. In 1778 he was in Paris, and John .Adams
records meeting him as he was leaving his \yc\x in
the theatre. " At first." sjiys .Adams, •• I w«s some-
what embarrassed and knew not how to In-have to-
wanl him. As my chissmate and friend at college
and ever since, I could have presse«l him to mv
lH>som with cordial affittion ; but we now Udonge^
to two different nations at war with each other,
and con.se<|uently we wore enemies." During their
interview " not an indelicate expression to us or
to our country or our ally oscaiKti him. His whole
Ix'havior was that of an ac(()m{)lishe<l gentleman."
In 17H2 he was apiioinloil governor of Nova Sf-iitia,
which office he held until 1K08. when he retired
with a |K'nsion of £500 \wr annum, and was suc-
c(H>de<l by Sir George Provost. He also rosume<l
his [K)st of surveyor of the king's woods. In 17ft5
ho was create*! a Iwnmet. In 1799 the Duke of
Kent, the father of (^ueen Victoria. visite«l Halifax,
and Sir John gave a dinner and Imll of princely
magnificonc-e in his honor at thegoverniiu-nt house.
After his retirement he went with I>ady Went-
worth to England, but rt>turned to Nova Scotia in
1810 and was accorded a public welcome. He re-
ceivetl the degree of A. M. from Harvanl and
Princeton in 1768, and that of LL. D. from Oxfoni
in 17((6and Dartmouth in 1773. (Jov. Wentworth
owned a large farm in Wolfslx»rough, N. H., on
whi<*h he erected in 1778 a mansion 100 feet in
length and 45 foot in wi<lth and out-buildings of a
corn*sjK>nding size. His entire estate was confls-
cati-il and this houst> was burne<i in the year (»f his
<leath. His house in Pleasant street. Portsmouth,
was (K-cupietl for many years by a kinsman. Kl)e-
nezor Wentworth. at one time a cashier of the
brani'h Itank of the l'nite<l States, who die«l in
1800. He preserve*! the |>arlor in the same style
in which its old occufiant left it at the time of the
KevoIuti»»n. Many distinguishe*! visitors from
abroa*! have had curiosity to view the premises and
his valuable collection of family (wiintings. — His
wife. Franrea Deerinip. was » native of Boston
and dio4l in F^.ngland in 1818. Her maiden name
was Wentworth. and. although her earliest attach-
nu-nt was for John Wentworth. during his first
visit to Kngland. she married The«idor»« Atkin.sf>n,
a kinsman of tMith. i)\\ II Nov.. 17<*M. after the
death of her first husband, she married Gov. Went*
436
WENTWORTH
WERDEN
worth. She was beautiful, accoiuplUhed, and gay,
atid when abroad was conspicuous at court. Her
|)ortrait by John Singleton Copley is considered
an "excellent likeness and a rare picture." The
towns of Frances: own, Deering. and Wentworth,
N. 11., perpetuate her name. — 'llieir son, C'uarlks
Maky, b. in Port.^niouth, N. li., in 1775; d. in
llingsand, Devon|K)rt, England, in April, 1844,
was long private secretary to the Earl of Fitz-
william. lie was upjxiinted a member of the
council of Nova Scotia in 1801, and died unmar-
ried. His property descended to his maternal
cousin. Mrs. Catherine Frances Gore, the novel-
ist.— William's great-grandson, Jollli, jurist, b. in
Dover, N. 11., 30 March, 1719 ; d. in Somersworth,
N. H., 17 May, 1781, was a member of the legisla-
ture from 17G8 till 1775, serving as speaker in
1771, in 1773 Ijecame chief justice of the court of
common pleas, and on 17 Jan., 1770, was made one
of the judges of the supreme court, although he
had never studied nor practised law. He was
president of the first Uevoiutionary convention in
hixeter, N. H., on 21 July, 1774, and was also chair-
man of the Uevoiutionary committee of corre-
spondence. He was usually called Colonel John, or
Judge John, to distinguish him from others of the
same name — The third John's son, John, lawyer,
b. in Somersworth, N. H., 17 July, 1745; d. in
Dover, N. 11., 10 Jan., 1787, was graduated at
Harvard in 17()8. and studied law, which he prac-
tised in Dover. From 1776 till 1780 he served
in the legislature, and was appointed by Gov.
John Wentworth register of probate for Stratford
county, which ollice he held until his death. He
was a delegate to the Continental congress in
1778-'9, and was a member of the state council in
1780-'4, of the state senate in 1784-'7, and of the
New Hampshire committee of safety, which ad-
ministered the government during the recess of
the legislature. He was an ardent patriot, and
signed, in behalf of New Hampshire, the origi-
nal articles of confederation. — The second John's
nephew, John, lawyer, b. in Portsmouth, N. H.,
in 1708; d. in Paris, France, in 1816, was taken to
England about 1775 and educated as a lawyer.
He was ajipointed attorney-general of Prince Ed-
ward island, and removed to Portsmouth, where
he married Martha Wentwcjrth. In 1816 he re-
turned to Europe. He was the author of a "Sys-
tem of Pleading" (10 vols., London, 1797).— The
fourth John's grandson. John, journalist, b. in
Sandwich, N. H., 5 March, 1815; d. in Chicago,
111., 16 Oct., 1888, was a son of Paul Wentworth,
and the grandson on his mother's side of Col. Amos
Cogswell, a Revolutionary officer. After gradua-
tion at Dartmouth in 1836, he settled in Illinois in
1836, attended the first meeting to consi<ler the
propriety of organizing the town of Chicago into a
city, did much to procure its charter, and voted at
its first city election in May, 1837. He studied law
at Chicago, attended lectures at Harvard law-school,
and was admitted to practice in Illinois in 1841.
While studying law lie conducted the Chicago
" Democrat.^' which he soon purchased and made
the chief daily pajier of the northwest and of which
he was publis^ier, editor, and proprietor until 1861.
lieing elected to congress as a Democrat, he served
from 4 Dec, 184^3, till 3 March, 1851, and again
from 5 Dec. 1853, till 3 March, 1855. He intro-
duced in that Ixxly the first bill favoring the
establishment of the present national warehouse
system, was instrumental in securing the grant of
land to the state of Illinois out of which was con-
structed the present Illinois Central railroad. He
was one of the Democrats and Whigs in congress
that assembled at Crutchet's. at Washington, the
morning after the repeal of the Missouri compro-
mise jmssed the house, and resolved to ignore all
party lines and forni an anti-slavery party. Out
of this grew the
present Republi-
can party, with
which he after-
ward acted. He
was elected mayor
of Chicago in 1857
and again in 1800,
and was the first
Republican may-
or elected in the
United States af-
ter the formation
of the party, and
issued the first
proclamation af-
ter Fort Sumter
was fired upon,
calling on his fel-
low-citizens to or- y' y^ ^
ganize and send ^^^^f^^n//^i^yLAc<rr/^
soldiers to the war. // '
He introduced the ^^
first steam fire-engine, " Long John," in Chicago
in 1857, and later two others, the " Liberty " and
" Economy." Upon each occasion of his a.ssump-
tion of the mayor's office he found a large floating
debt, and left money in the treasury for his suc-
cessor. In 1801 he was a member of the conven-
tion to revise the constitution of Illinois, and he
was a member of the board of education in 1861-'4
and in 1868-'72. He served again in congress fronj
4 Dec, 1805, till 3 March, 1867, was a member of
the committee of ways and means, and was an
earnest advocate of the immediate resumption of
specie payments. Mr. Wentworth had been a mem-
ber of the Illinois state board of agriculture, and
was the largest real estate owner in Cook county.
He received the degree of LL. D. from Dartmoutn,
to which college he gave $10,000, and was elected
president of its alumni in 1883. Owing to his ex-
treme height he was called " Long John" Went-
worth. In addition to lectures and writings upon
the early history of Chicago, and historical contri-
butions to periodicals, he was the author of " Genea-
logical, Bibliographical, and Biographical Account
of the Descendants of Eider William Wentworth"
(Boston, ^ 1850), and " History of the Wentworth
Family "(3 vols., 1878).
WERDEN, Reed, naval officer, b. in Delaware
county, Pa., 28 Feb., 1818 ; d. in Newport, R. I.,
13 July, 1880. He was appointed from Onio a mid-
shipman in the navy, 9 Jan., 18:34, became a passe<l
miashipman, 10 July, 1840, was commissionea lieu-
tenant, 27 Feb., 1847, and serve<l in the sloop " Ger-
mantown " during the Mexican war in 1847-'8, in
which he commanded a detachment of men from
that ship in the expeditions against Tuspan and
Tampico. When the civil war began he was at-
tached to the steam frigate " Minnesota," in which
he participated in the attacks on the forts at Hat-
teras Inlet and oi)erations in the souifds of North
Carolina in Stringnam's squadron. He commanded
the steamers "Yankee" and "Stars and Stripes"
on the North Atlantic blockade in 1801-2, and in
the latter led the first division in the capture
of Roanoke island. He was commissioned com-
mander, 10 Jtdy, 1862, had charjre of the steamer
"Conemaugh," on the South Atlantic blockade,
in 1802-'3, was fleet-captain of the F^astem Gulf
blockading squadron in 1804-'5, and commanded
WERKAT
WKSLKY
437
the steamer " Puwlmtaii," in which he hUw'kailcd
the Confederate rum "SU>newiin" in the |Mtrt (if
llttvana, CuIni, until she vma Kurruntiered by the
S|MiniNh utithuritieH. lie was c-unimi^sioruHl a ca(>-
tain. 25 July, lM(Mi, promot^Ml to coniiniMlore, 27
April, 1H71, was made n>ar-ailmiral, 4 Feb., IHlit,
and eommaniler-inn-hief of the S<iuth PacMttc sta-
tion in lt<75-'6. lie was then placed on the n-tirwl
list at his own nniiiest.
WKKEAT. John, imtriot. b. altout 17aO: d. in
Bryan c-ounty, (ia., in 17UH. He was an early and
<lec'ided ailv(K>ate of colonial riifhtx, was a member
of the I'rovin<;ial congress of Georgia in 1775, its
speaker m 177U, and after the fall of Savannah in
1771), as president of the executive council, was at
the head of the state (fovernment till the next
eloc-tion. In 1788 he was president of the Georgia
convention that ratifltnl the constitution of the
United Stales. In 1782 Mr. Wereat exerted him-
self to relieve the wanL« of the suffering popula-
tion west of Augusta, employing his negroes and
boats in carrying fo^>d to them.
WERNICKE, Gottlieb (vair-nick-eh). known
also as MiouEL de FARrA, German adventurer,
lived in the first half of the 18th century. He was
a merchant, trading in Brazil, and made several
ex{)editi(ms to the interior. About 1720 he dis-
covered rich gold-mines at the foot of the iH>ak of
Itabira, and a few years later he organizrHi a new
exfM'dition to explore the mountains north of
Itaml)e. He found a rich gold-mine, which he
ofjened and worked for several years, acquiring
?:reat wealth; but the governor of the provmce of
loyaz claimed that Wernicke had never obtained
a grant of the mine. Soldiers took possession of
V\ ernicke's establishments, and he was taken
Erisoner; but the complaints of his friends secured
is release, and ho went tx) Portugal to lodge a
complaint against the governor, but died before
obtaming justice. His defence, written originally
in Portugui'fse, was translated into French under
the title " Expose des explorations et de la d»k;ou-
verfe des mines du district d'ltabira, par Gottlieb
Wernicke, et de leur exploitation, avec un n'^umc
de ses contestations avec les autoritctt de la pro-
vince de (}oyaz" (Amsterdam, 1736).
WERNWAG, Lewis, civil engineer, b. in Alte-
burg. WQrtemberg, Germany, 4 Dec., 1769; d. in
Har{)er's Ferry, Va., 12 Aug., 1843. On leaving
sc'h<M>l, in order to evade milit^iry service, he was se-
crete<l by a shepherd in the mountains, whodirect-
o<l his attention to the study of astronomy, natural
history, and other scientific subjects. In 17H<» he
ma<le his way to Amstenlam and thence to Phila-
delphia. His earliest venture in this country was
the building of a machine for making whetstones.
Ston afterward he k)egan to build power-mills and
bri«lges. While conducting this business he pur-
cha^sod land containing large quantities of white
oak and pine limUT in New .lersey. from which he
got out, al)out 1805), the keel for the first L'. S.
frigate built at the Philadeljihia navy-yanl. In
IHIO he erected a bridge acri>ss N'eshaminy creek,
on the roail between Philadelphia and New York,
and the next year one across Frankford creek.
His thini bridge of wo«nI was built across the
Schuylkill river in 1812 at Philadelphia. This
structure, known as the •• ( "o|f>«»sus of Fairmount,"
consisted of a single arch, the s|>an of which
was 340 feet. In consideration of its length of
span (it being the longest ever erecle<l), solidity,
and strength, the bridge was reganknl as one of
the wonders of the world. From that time until
IMi he built twenty-nine additional bridges. In
1813 he removed to Pha»nixville, Pa., wnere he
UtnV an inten*!tt in and charge of the Phcenix nail-
works, an<l there invent«<«l the first machine for
cutting an<l heading spiktw from four to seven
inches in length. The other nuurhinery was also
renuMlelleil and greatly improveil by him. He pur-
clia.sed coal-lands near Pottsville. which le<l to his
ex|terimenting towanl the us«> of anthracite coaL
At first he found it almost im|iossible to ignite it«
bjit he discovennl that, by closing the furnace-
doors and intnxlucing air from Ix-ncalh, combus-
tion was {K>ssible. He was sanguine of its ulti-
mate (ISO for fuel, and while the Philwlelphians
drove from the city the person that offered to
sell it. U'lieving he offered stone lor Coal, he in-
vented and used in his own residence a stove for
burning it. The canal of the S<-huvlkill naviga-
tion company, one of the first in the ('nitod States,
was imrtiaily constnictcnl by him, an<l the Fair-
mount water-works and dam at Philad«-lphia were
erecte<l in accordanc-e with his plans. In 1819
he remove<l to Conowingo, Md., where he built a
bridge and double saw-mill, and pre|tare<l the tim-
her for many bridges. Five years later he removed
to Harper's Ferry and purcha.sed the Isle of Vir-
ginius, where he continued his business of prepar-
ing timl)er for bridges. His last britige was across
the Potomac at Ilarj>er's Ferrv for the I^ltimorc
and Ohio railroad, and was built in 1833.
WERTMCLLER, Adolph I'lrlc. artist, b. in
.Stockholm, Sweden, in 1751 ; d. near Marcus Hook,
Pa., 5 Oct., 1811. He worked for some time in
France, where he l»ecame a memlK'rof the academy
in 1782. and in 1787 he was made court-painter in
Sweden. In 1794 he came to the United States,
remaining a year or two, and in 1797 he settle*!
finally in this country. During his first visit he
painted several portraits of Washington. Thoui^h
the work of an excellent artist, they are hardly
successful as portraits, for WertmOller belonged to
that ideal French school, which usually sacrificed
truth to nature for elegance in execution. Kliza-
Ix'th B. .lohnston, in her "Original Portraits of
Washington" (Boston, 1882), sjK«aks of five por-
traits of Wjishington by WertinfUlcr, of which one,
executed in 1797, was purchase<l by the U. S. gov-
ernment in 1878, and another is ownetl by the His-
torical S4>ciety of Pennsylvania. Among his other
portraits are those of Gustavus III. and his queen,
and Gustavus IV. His" Marie Antoinette and her
Children" (1785) is in the museum at Stockholm.
He was note<l esf»ecially for his vivid coloring,
"Danttc" being a g<xHl example of his powers in
that respect. When this picture was first exhibited
in the Unitetl States gri'at indignation was ex-
pres.si>d, for public taste and sentiment at that
time were against the nude in art.
WESLEY, John, foumler of MethcHlism, b. in
Kpworth. liincolnshire, Knglan<l, 17 June, 1703;
d. in Ii<»ndon. 2 March, 17tn. He was graduated
at Christ cluin-h college, Oxfonl. in 1?27. and the
same vear he was onlaine<l pn-sbytcr ami was his
father's curate at Knworth. but' he returned to
Oxford as tutor in 1729. and became the head of
the society that ha<l been foundwl by his brother
Charles ah»l others f«)r pers<»nal purification by
means of " prayer, fastings, alms, ami laliors among
the jKxir," the memlK»rs of whi<h in deri>ion were
calle<l ".MethfHlists." In \7>i-'i he accoiii|«ani€«d
(ten. Jam»»s Oglethorpe to (ic-orgia as a missionary
to the Indians. He In-vntn his laUirs in .Sivannah.
preached and reml the liturgy daily, fortled rivers,
crossed swamps, slept on the gnuind. fasted, ami
went barefo«ite<l among the children at school to
encourage those who hml no sIuhv*. His preaching
was at first suct>essful, but his rigorous discipline
438
WESLEY
WESSELLS
J{/^yy. •CA^'jej' ^
^J-
became distasteful alike to settlers and Indians,
and at length, on l>ecominfj the subject of enmity
and persecution, throufrh his attempt to influence
the secular affairs of the colony, he relinquishetl
his work and re-
turned to Eng-
land in 1788.
Shortly after his
return he formed
the first Meth-
odist society in
London, and in
the following
vear, the estal)-
lished churches
being closed
against him, he
joined Gcorire
Whitefield in his
open-air preach-
ing. The num-
bt!r of societies
increased, and
in May he laid
the foundation
ofthe first Meth-
odist chapel in
the world at Bristol. At first there was no de-
sign to form a now denomination, his desire Iw-
ing rather to promote a revival within the estab-
lished church. Al)out 1740 dififcrences with White-
field on doctrinal questions caused the division of
the SiXiieties into the Calvinistic and Arminian
Methodists. He employed laymen in 1741 to
take charge of the societies during his travels,
assigned them circuits, thus forming the Meth-
odist itineracy, and convened the first annual
conference on 25 June, 1744. In 17(50 some
of his followers sailed for America from Ire-
land, and became the pioneers of Methodism in
the New World. (See Embury, Philh'; Heck,
Barbara: and Strawbridoe, Robert.) In 1709
Wesley, in response to an appeal from New York,
sent over his first missionaries, wiio were fol-
lowed by others in 1771. (See Asbury, Francis.)
In 1780 Mr. Wesley, having been importuned by
his missionaries for an ordained ministry, peti-
tioned Bishop Lowth, of London, to ordain a pres-
byter to administer the sacraments in America.
Being refused, he conferred with Thomas Coke, a
presbyter of the Church of England, and witli oth-
ers, and on 2 Sept., 1784, he ordained Coke bishop,
after ordaining Thomas V^asey and Richard What-
coat as presbyters, with his assistance and that of
another presbyter. Bishop Coke immediatelv sailed
for this country, and established the Methodist
Episcopal church. This same year Wesley issued
his " Deed of Declaration," by which the govern-
ment of the church was assigned to the confer-
ence of 100 meinl)ers atul their successors for-
ever. Wesley had sent by Bishop Coke an abridg-
ment of the English liturgy, entitled "The Sun-
day Services of the Methodists in North America"
(Ijondon, 1784), with a " Collection of Psalms and
Hvmns for the Lord's Dav," by John and Charles
Wesley (1784). The liturgy s«ion fell into disuse.
He abridged the " Articles of Religion " from the
Forty-nine articles of the English church, and the
"Discipline of American Methodism" (1785) from
his " Large Minutes " ; and his " General Rules " for
memlxTship was adopted bv the conference. His
works number about 200 volumes. Collections of
his writings have appeared in London (32 vols.,
1771-'4; 16 vols., 1806). The first American edi-
tion was published in Philadelphia (10 vol.s., 1826).
The best is a corrected edition by Rev. Thomas
Jackson, D. D. (7 vols.. New York, 1831). His life
was written by I)r. Thomas Coke and Henry Moore,
to whom all his manuscripts were left (London,
1792); by Rol^ert Southey (2 vols., London. 1820);
and by Rev. Luke Tverman (3 vols., London,
1870-'l). See also " flistory of the Religious
Movement of the Eighteenth Century," by Rev.
Al)el Stevens, D. D. (3 vols.. New Yorlt, 1859-'62);
" History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in
America." by the same (4 vols., New York, 1864-'7;
abridged ed., 1868) ; the " Living Wesley," by Dr.
James Harrison Rigg (London, 1875); and "Jour-
nal of John Weslev," in his works, edited by John
Emory (7 vols., N'ew York, 1835). — His brother,
Charles, clergyman, b. in Epworth, England, 18
Dec, 1708; d." in London, 29 March, 1788, was
graduated at Oxford in 1732, and in 1729 was the
founder of the society there which, under the lead-
ership of John, was the beginning of Arminian
Methodism. After being ordained, he sailed with
his brother for Georgia, as Gen. Oglethorjje's secre-
tary, and preacher to the colonists. But the latter
refused to conform to the severity of his discipline,
and, after an unsuccessful effort in Frederica, he
went to Savannah, thence to Charleston, and re-
turned home in 1736. Two years later he joined
his brother's itinerancy, meeting with great suc-
cess, and spent the last years of his life in London.
He is best known as a hvmn-writer, standing sec-
ond only to Dr. John Watts. He wrote 7,000
hymns, most of which possess great merit, 625 being
in use by the Wesleyans. A volume of his sermons,
with a memoir, was published in 1816; a "Jour-
nal," with notes, by Rev. Thomas Jackson (2 vols.,
London, 1841); and a "Poetical Version of the
Psalms of David," edited by the Rev. Henry Fish
(Nashville, Tenn., 1854). See "Memorials of the
Wesley Family " (London. 1876).
WESSELLS, Henry Walton, soldier, b. in
Litchfield. Conn., 20 Feb., 1809 ; d. in Dover, Del.,
12 Jan., 1889. He was gratluated at the U. S. mili-
tary academy in 1833, and was in the war with
the Seminole Indians in 1837-'40, being promoted
1st lieutenant on 7 July, 1838. He served in the-
Mexican war, taking part in Scott's campaign,
and was promoted captain. 16 Feb,, 1847. At Con-
treras, Capt. Wessells, though wounded, seized the
regimental flag on the death of the color-sergeant,
and led his men against the enemy. For gallant
conduct there and at Churubusco he was brevetted
major, and on his return from Mexico the state of
Connecticut presented him with a jeweled sword
"for distinguished services at Vera Cruz, Cerro
Gordo, Contreras, and Churubusco." He served
on the Pacific coast in 1849-'54, and on the north-
western frontier in 1855-'61, being engaged in the
Sioux expedition of 1855. He was promoted ma-
jor, 6 June, 1861, and from 22 Aug. till 15 Feb..
1862, was colonel of the 8th Kansas volunteers,
being engaged on the Missouri border. In March,
1862, he was transferred to the Army of the Poto-
mac, and on 25 April he was commissioned briga-
dier-general of volunteers. After serving in the
peninsular campaign, being wounded at Fair Oaks,
where he was brevetted lieutenant-cplonel, and
commanding the rear-guard from Haxall's to Har-
rison's landing, 2-3 July, 1862. he engaged in the
defence of Suffolk, Va., from 20 Sept. till 9 Dec.,
and afterward took fiart in the operations in North
Carolina. He was at Kinston and Goldsboro', and
in the defence of New Berne, 21 Dec., 1862, till 1
May, 1863, and on 3 May was placed in command
of the sub-district of the Albemarle. On 17 April,
1864, the town of Plymouth, N. C, which Gen.
WEST
WEST
i39
Wcssells held with a j»am»on of l.ftOO men, wii.<«
atUcked by U(>ii. ItoU^rt F. Moke with alK)ut 7.0U()
C<)nfe«ler»tt*!«, assistiMl by the iron-clud nwii " Allie-
marle." After a fljjht of four (lay», in which the
enemy was driven liatrk repeate<ily. anil one n^fusul
to capitulate, (Jen. WesjH'lls Anally surrenderetl,
with t,n(N) troops, 'J') cannon, and 2,()0() small-arms,
l)esidfs valiial>le stores. After the «lestruction of
the "Albemarle" thj town fell again into the
hands of the National troops. After confinement
at Richmond, Danville, Mju'on, and Charleston,
where he was placed under the fire of the National
batteries on Morris island. Gen. Wessells was ex-
change<l on 3 Aug., and from 11 Nov., 1804, till 31
Jan., liWi, was commissary of prisoners. He was
promoted lieutenant-colonel, 16 Feb., 1865, and n?-
ceivwl the brevet of colonel, 20 April, 18<M. for
"gallant and meritorious services during the relx'l
attack on Plymouth, N. C," and that of brigadier-
genera!, U. S. army, 13 March, 1865, for services
during the war. Gen. Wessells then served on the
northwestern frontier till his retirement, 1 Jan.,
1871, after which time he resided in his native
Rlace. He had two sons in the army, one of whom,
Ienry Walto.v. a cantain in the 3d cavalry, has
attained note as an Indian fighter. — Gen. Wessells's
brother, Leverett Ward, who was colonel of the
19th Connecticut regiment in 1862 and a provost-
marshal in 186;i, has served as sheriff, and in 187y-'80
was miartormaster-general of Connecticut.
WE.ST, Benlamin, astronomer, b. in Rehoboth,
Mass., in March, 1730; d. in Providence, II. I., 13
Aug., 1813. He settle<l in Providence in 1753, and
l>ecame a book-seller, which occupation he followed
until the beginning of the Revolution. His at-
tention was then directed to the manufacture of
clothing for the Continental army. Meanwhile he
diligently prosecuted scientific studies, especially
that of astronomy. In 1784 he was called upon to
teach mathematics in the Protestant Episcopal
seminary in Philadelphia, and in 1786 he returned
to Providence. a<*cepting the chair of mathematics
and natural philosophy in Hrown university, which
he held until 1799. In 1812-'13 he was jmtmaster
of Providence. The degree of A. M. was (;onferred
on him by Brown and Harvard in 1770 and by
Dartmouth in 1782, and that of LL. D. was given
him by Hrown in 1792. He was elected a fellow of
the American academy of arts and sciences in 1781,
and published an " Account of the Observation of
Venus upon the Sun, June 3, 1769" (Providence,
1769). Prom 1763 till 1793 he issued almanacs, in-
cluding "The Ninth American Calendar."
WEST, Benjamin, artist, b. near Springfield,
Chester CO.. Pa.. 10 Oct., 1738; d. in London, Eng-
land, 11 March. 1820. It is said that before the age
of seven he made a [)cn-and-ink sketch of his sister
sleeping in a cradle, and his first attempts in color
were made with the red and yellow earths that
were given him by friendly Indians, and the blue
of his mother's indigo-|M)t, with brushes of his own
manufacture. A friend, whose attention hml been
attracted by the boy's attempts, sent him a lx>x of
{uiints and several engravings. These were the
first implements or works of art the boy hml seen.
S<Hm afterward he received some aid and instruc-
tion from Williiim Williams, a painter in Philadel-
phia. At Ijancister he mmle his first attempts in
[Mtrtraiture, and even trie<l his hand at painting a
picture of the death of Socrates for William Henry,
a gunsmith. He establishe<l himself as a portrait-
painter in Phila«lelphia in 1756, and two years later
went to New York. In 1700 he visifwl Rome. Italy,
furnished with letters to Cardinal Albani and other
persons. He soon became the lion of the day, was
well n*ceived by Poin|K>io Rattoni and Antonio
RafTaeIc Mengs, and studied in Italy until MtKi.
There he |Htinted his jiicturesof "Cinion and Iphi-
tfenia," and " Angelica and Me«|ora." From Italy
le went to Ixmdon, wliere he o|)«*ne<l a studio,
and where, two years later, he married Elizabeth
.Shewell. At the time of his arrivnl there, Eng-
land had no historical |)aintor of note, and his
works s<Mm attracted attention. Rut then* were
at first no purchasers, as it was ni>t fashionable
to buy any but "old masters." He painted at
this time "The Parting of Hector and Andro-
mache" and "Return of the Prodigal .Son."
" Agrippina landing with the Ashes of (lermani-
cus ' was painted for Dr. Drummond, archbishop
of York, who presente<l the artist to King (nntrge
III. His majesty, well plea.setl with the painting,
ordered another, "The l)e|»artun» of Regiilus from
Rome." These paintings won for West njyal |>at-
ronage and favor, which he long enjoye«l. Among
the paintings that he subsequently executed by
order of the king were "The Death of General
Wolfe," " Death of Epaininondas," and " Death of
Chevalier Bayard" (1771): "Cyrus lil>erating the
Family of the King of Armenia " ; "Segestes and his
Daughter brought before Germanicus": " Fxlwartl
III. embracing his Son on the Field of Battle at
Cressy"; "The Installation of the Order of the
Garter"; "The Black Prince receiving the King
of France and his Son Prisoners at Poictiers";
" St. George vanquishing the Dragon " ; " Oueen
Philippa defeating David of .Scotland in the Battle
of Neville's Cross"; "Queen Philip(ia interce<ling
with Edward for the Burgesses of Calais"; "King
Edward forcing the Passage of the .Somme "; and
" King E<lward crowning Sir Eustace de Ribau-
mont at Calais." He was one of the founders, in
17(58, of the Royal academy, and in 1799 succeedeti
Sir jfoshua Reynolds as nresiilent of that institu-
tion, which post he held almost uninteminteilly
till 1815. In his painting of the death of Wolfe,
West had the courage to repudiate the traditions
of the classical schcxil, in alwndoning classic cos-
tume, and clothing his characters in the dress of
their time. It is said that on the completion of
the picture, Reynolds, who liefore had attenipte<i to
dissuade him ^rom his purpose, acknowledged his
success, and said to
the archbishop of
York : " West has
conquered : he has
tn'ate<l his subject
as it ought to bo
treated ; I retract
my objections. I
foresee that this pic-
ture will not only
l)ecoine one of the
most popular, but
will occasion a revo-
lution in art." The
work was purchase<l
by Ijord Grosvenor.
\Vest projectetl in
1 780 a series of pic-
tures on the prog-
ress of revealed re-
ligion, tlividinl into _
four dis|>ensations ^
—the Antediluvian, the Patriarchal, the Mosaical,
and the Prophetical. Twenty-eight of the propoeed
thirty-six subjects were executed, but the menl«l
disease that fell upon the king gave West's ene-
mies an opportunity, ami he was onlerwl to sus*-
pend work on the series, and ceased to be painter to
S^'A^JJ^Oji
440
WEST
WEST
the king. Undaunted, he again began a series of
works. The first was " Christ healing the Sick "
(1802), which was painted for the Pennsylvania
hospital in Philadelphia, but bought by the British
institution for £3,000. A copy, with some altera-
tions, was afterward presented lo the hospital.
This was followed by the " Descent of the Holv
Ghost on Christ at Jordan," "The Crucifixion,''
"The Ascension," "The Inspiration of St. Peter,"
and the famous "Death on the Pale Horse."
Among his other important works are " The Treaty
of Pcnn," the celebrated " Battle of La Hogue,"
" Christ Rejected," and various illustrations of
Shakespearean scenes. The works from his hand
that are owned in the United States include " Death
on the Pale Horse "and "Paul and Barnabas," in
possession of the Pennsylvania academy; "Penn's
Treaty with the Indians," in Independence hall,
Philadelphia; some classical subjects and a por-
trait of Charles W. Peale. owned by the New \ ork
historical society, and " King Lear," l)elonging to
the Boston athenajum. In 1817 his wife died, and
from that moment his strength began to fail.
With mental faculties unimpaired, he died quietly
on 11 Miirch, 1830. He was buried in St. Paul's
cathedral. In the 400 historical and sacred sub-
jects that he painted, and of which many have
been engraved, West showed skill in composition
and a profound theoretical knowledge of art. But
the monotonous reddish-brown tint in his works
hivs been objected to, and it seems undoubted that
at times he ha<l the courage to attempt subjects
which it would have been almost beyond the
power of artists of greater genius to delineate.
Vet, as one critic has said, " men should be judged
not absolutely, but relatively," and West, though
not entirely free from the conventionalities of his
time, had at least the courage to protest against
some of the prevailing ideas and fashions in art.
As a man he was benevolent, kind, and liberal in
imparting his knowledge to others. No painter
has shown more kindness in aiding the struggling
voung artists of his native land. Charles W.
Peale, Gilbert Stuart, Joseph Wright, and John
Trumbull were among those young students that
sought West when they went to Europe, and all
received the same hearty welcome and generous
advice from him. Several portraits of West have
been nnuie. Sir Thomas Lawrence painted a
full-length portrait of West. A copy of this, by
Charles It. Leslie, and a portrait by Washington
Allston, are owned by the Boston athenajum. He
also executed one himself. The vignette is from a
painting bv George H. Harlow, an English artist,
and is i)ernaps the best of all West's portraits. A
life of West was written by John Gait (London,
1820), which was severely criticised by William
Dunlap. Numerous articles on West have been pub-
lished, and interesting accounts of his life and criti-
cisms on his works may be found in William "Dun-
lap's "History" (New York, 1834); C. Edwards
Lester's " Artists of America" (184()) ; and Henry
T. Tuckerman's " Book of the Artists" (1867).
WEST, Charles W., merchant, b. in Mont-
gomery county, Pa., 7 Aug.. 1810 ; d. in Cincin-
nati, Ohio. 21 Sept., 1884. He received a common-
school education, worked on a farm till ho was
twenty-one years old, was a clerk in a mill at
Rochester, I^. Y., for four years, and then was en-
gaged in milling at Columbia, Pa., for a year or
two. He returned to Rochester, went to the west,
and in 1841 established himself in Cincinnati,
where he achieved commercial success. In Sep-
tember, 1880, he offered to contribute fl50,000
toward the erection of an art museum building.
provided that an equal amount was raised by
subscription, and on the condition l)eing fulfillca
he gave twice as much as he had promised. The
building was begun in September, 1882, and com-
pleted before the close of 1885.
WEST, George, manufacturer, b. in Devonshire,
England, 17 Feb., 1823. He served an apprentice-
ship of six vears at his father's business of paper-
maKing, and has been engaged in the same busi-
ness with great success in this country ever since
he arrived in 1849. He soon became manager of a
paper-mill in Berkshire county, Mass., where he
made the first water-lined paper that was manu-
factured in the United States. In 18()0 he went to
Ballston, N. Y., where he has since resided. He
is the owner of nine paper-mills, with additional
business interests in England and New York city.
He owns " The Daily Saratogian " and several
other newspapers in central New York. Mr. West
was a member of the general assembly of the state
of New York from 1872 till 1876, inclusive, and has
been a member of congress since 1881. He was also
a delegate to the Republican national conventions
of 1880 and 1884. He presented the Round Lake
association with a handsome building equipped
with curiosities and specimens at a cost of $18,000,
and called the George West museum of art and
archaeology, which was dedicated, 12 July, 1887.
WEST,'Joseph Rodman, U. S. senator, b. in
New Orleans, La., 19 Sept., 1822. He studied at
the University of Pennsylvania, but was not gradu-
ated, served in the war with Mexico as a captain of
volunteers, and emigrated in 1849 to California,
where he engaged in commercial pursuits. At the
opening of the civil war he was proprietor of the
San Francisco " Prices Current." He entered the
army as lieutenant-colonel of the 1st California in-
fantry, saw service in New Mexico, and afterward
in Arkansas and the southwest, was appointed
brigadier-general of volunteers, 25 Oct., 1862, and
became brevet major-general, 4 Jan., 1866, when he
was mustered out of the service. After the war he
settled for a short time in Texas, and then re-
moved to New Orleans, where he served as chief
deputy U. S. marshal and auditor of the custom?,
and afterward as administrator of improvements,
till he was elected U. S. senator from Louisiana as
a Republican, serving from 4 March, 1871, till 3
March, 1877. Removing afterward to Washing-
ton, D. C, he engaged in business, and in 1882-'5
was a commissioner of the District of Columbia.
WEST, Lionel SackvlUe Sackville-, British
diplomatist, b. in Bourne Hall, Cambridgeshire,
England, 19 July, 1827. He is the fifth son of
George John West, fifth Earl Delawarr, and Lady
Elizabeth Sackville, younger daughter of the Duke
of Dorset. He was" educated by private tutors,
entered the diplomatic service in 1847 as attache
to the legation at Lisbon, and was appointed first
paid attache at Berlin in 1853, and secretary of lega-
tion at Turin in 1858. He was transferred to Mad-
rid in 1863, in 1867 promoted to secretary of
embassy at Berlin, and during the absence of the
ambassador in 1868 and 1869 acted as such at
Paris. He was appointed minister to the Argen-
tine Republic in 1872, was minister ,to Spain in
1878-'81. and in the latter year was appointed
minister to the United States, which post he held
till November, 1888. lie was made a knight com-
mander of the Order of St. Michael and St.
George on 26 June, 1885. and in August, 1888,
grand cross of the same order. He is a lineal de-
scendant of Thomas West, third Lord Delawarr,
who was governor of Virginia in 1609, and from
whom the state of Delaware takes its name. By
WEST
WEST
441
the tlenth of his brother Mortimer on 1 Oct.,
1MK8, he (jueeeeilwl as second liurofi Sackville.
I)iirin>; the prejiith'tJliul canviuss of IH^S, lie wrot«
a letter ill answer to one that pur|Mjrte<l to come
from an Knglish-born citizen of the United StatO!<,
resitlent in ('aiifornia, who aslced iiis advice with
rejfard tt> Votinc, havinjj reference to Rn^^land's
interest in a nimction of the tariff. This letter,
U'in>r published. creale«l much feeling in lx>th
countries, ami cause<l his dismissal in November.
WEST, Marj Allen, e<lucator, b. in Galesiturg.
111.. 81 July. IKJT. She was graduated at Knox
seminary, Ualeshurg. in 1854, and taught till 1878.
when she was electe<I county superintendent. She
t<H)k an active part in all educational and reforma-
t«»ry movements, was for two years editor of "Our
Home Monthly "in Philadelphia, and fretpiently
contributed articles to e<lucational and temjteranco
journals. Miss West's reputation has Vteen estab-
lishe<l chiefly by her connection with the National
and state woman's Christian temi)erance union, of
which she was one of the founders. Miss West
has held in the State union the highest posts, and
is etlitor-in-chief of the "Union Signal" in Chi-
cago. She has published " Childhood : its Care and
Culture" (Chicago, 1887).
WEST, Nathaniel, clergyman, b. in Ulster.
Ireland, in Sei)teinl)er. 1794; d. in Philadelnhi:i,
Pa.. 2 Sept.. 1804. He studie<l theology in Edin-
burgh, Scotland, was ordained in 1820, labored
there for several years as a missionary, and was
one of the founders of the first temperance society
in that city. He came to this country in 1834, was
installed as pastor of the Presbvterian church at
Mewlville. Pa.. 11 .May. 18.S0. and after 1838 was
pastor successively of churches in Monroe, Mich.,
and Northejist, Pittsburg. McKeesport. and Phila-
delnhia. Pa. In 1853 he received the degree of
I). I), from Jefferson college. Pa., and he was elected
a corresponding member of numerous literary and
scientific societies. At the opening of the civil
war ho resigned his pastoral charge in Phihulel-
phia.and in May, 1802. was appointed chaplnin of
the Satterlee U. S. general hospital at West Phila-
del|)hia, one of the largest military hospitals in the
(•ountrv. where he served till his'death. He pub-
lished " The Ark of Gml the Safety of the Nation "
(Pittsburg, 1850); " l*oiK'ry the Prop of FJuropean
DesjKJtisms" (18.52): "The Fugitive-Slave I>j»w '*
(18.52): " B.ibvlon the Great " (1882): " liight- and
licft-Hand Blessings of Gml" (Philadelphia, 1852);
"Complete Analysis of the Holy Bible, containing
the Whole of the New and Old Testaments" (New
York, 1853): "The Overturning of Tyrannical
(lovemments." a sermon pn»ached In'fore Louis
Kossuth when he was in the United States, which,
by his order and at his expense, was translate*!
and published in Mai;yar : " Ije<'ture on the
Causes of the Ruin of Uepuiilican Liberty in the
Ancient Itoman Republic" (Philadel[ihia, 1861);
and " Historvof the U. S. Armv General Hospital,
West Phiiiidelphia" (XHKi).
WEST, Sitmnel, clergyman, b. in Yarmouth.
Mass.. 3 March. 1730: d.' in Tiverton, R. I.. 24
Sept., 1807. His father, Sackville West, a physi-
cian. remove<i *oon after his son's birth to [Jam-
stable. Miuss.. where the l>oy latmrcd on a farm and
freparetl himself for college. He was graduate<l at
larvani in 1754. entere«l the ministry, was settle<|
over the conffregation in New Iie«lK)r<l in 17fil.
and taught the doctrine that afterwanl liecame
known as Unitarian. Imme<liatcly after the Iwt-
tle of Btmker Hill he joine«l the -\merican army
ns a chaplain, remained! several months with it,
and deciphered for Gen. Washington a treasonable
letter from Dr. lieniamin ('hurch to an officer in
the British army, lie was a member of the con-
vention that formed the constitution of the »tale
of MassitchusetUi. and al««) of the convention for
the adoption of the constitution of the Uniteil
States. Among his publications are a sermon that
was delivered, 2U May. 1770, being the anniversary
for the election of the honorable council for the
colony (Ik>8ton, 1770); "A .Sermon on the Anni-
versary of the Ijaniling of the Fathers at Plym-
outh" (1777); and " Essays on LiU-rty and Ne-
cessity," in reply to Jonathan F^lwanls " (Jn the
Will" (2 parts, 17»3-'5).— His brother. Benjamin,
lawyer, b. in Plymouth county, Mass., 8 April,
1740; d. in Charlestown, N. H., 27 July. 1817. wan
e<lucate<l at Princeton and at Harvaril. where he
was graduated in 1708. He afterward taught for
two years, then studied theology with his brother
Samuel at Needham, Mass., and began to {>reach
at Wrentham, Mass., in January-. 1771. He soon
abandoned divinity for law. which he pursued at
Ijancaster, was admitttnl to the bar in 1773, and
began practice at Charlestown. He was chosen a
delegate from New Hampshire to the Continental
congress, was elected a member of the c-onvention
that framed the F'ederal constitution, and also a
representative from New Hampshire to the first
congress, but he decline<l in each instance. He was
distinguished for amiability, mo<lesty. uprightness,
and piety, and was universally esteeme<l and loved.
WESi', Stephen, clergyman, b. in Tolland.
Conn., 13 Nov.. 17*35; d. in St«K'kbridge, Mass.,
15 May. 1819. His father. Zebulon West, was a
judge of the court of Hartford county. The son
was graduated at Harvard in 1755. and afterward
taught schiK>l at Hatfield. Mass.. where lie began
the study of theology. He Un-ame chaplain at
Hoosick fort in 1757. succeeded Jonathan Fa\-
wards in the Indian mission at Stockbridge in
1758. and was ordainwl as minister of the Congre-
gational church there in 175y. In 1770 he re-
signetl charge of the Indian mission, and about
the same time he adopted Calvinistic theological
ojiinions in opposition to his former views, which
were Arminian. He was one of the original trus-
tees of Williams college. wa.s chosen vice-president
at the first meeting of the board, and lield this
ofl[|ce for nineteen years. The degree of I). 1). was
conferred on him in 1792 by Dartmouth. In ad-
dition to many thi-ological treatises and sennons,
and essays in the " 'I heological Magazine" and
"Connecticut Evangelical Magazine." he nublii^heil
*• h^ssay on Moral Agen<-y : Remarks on Edwartls's
* Inrpiiry on the Freedom of the Will'" (New
Haven. 1772); "Duty and t>bligation of Chris-
tians to Marry only in the Ix>nl" (1779): "An
Rs.say on the Scripture Doctrine of the Atone-
ment "(1785); "An Inquiry into the Ground and
Import of Infant Baptism" (1794); "Life of
Samuel Hopkin.s, I). D.'(1800): "Three Sermons
on the Mosaic Account of the Creation" (1800):
an«l " FJvidence of the Divinity of the I^^rd Jesus
Christ collected from the Scrij>tures" (1810).
WEST, William, clergyman, b. in Fairfax
county, Va.. in 1739: d. near Baltimore. Md. 30
March, 1791. His l)irthplac(> was near Mount
Vernon, and he became intimate with Washington.
He went to England for onlers. which he receivetl
from the bishop of Ix)ndon. 24 Nov., 1701. He
serve<l two years in his native province, in 1701-'0;j
was incuinltent of St. MarganM's, Westminster
parish. Ann Anindel co.. Md.. in 17<>.'i-'7, of St.
.Andrew's, .St. Marv's county, in 1707- '72. of St.
(iec»rge's parish, Harford co., in 1773- "9, and
of .St. Paul's, Baltimore county, in 1779-'91,
442
WEST
WESTERN
offlcifttin;j in connection tliorewith in Sr. Thomas's
parish, ten n>iles distant. He received the dejjree
of D. D. from Washington college, M<1.. in 1785,
was active in the work of settling church afTuirs,
directly after the Revolution, and whs a corre-
spondent of Bishop White, who valued his sound
judgment and accurate acquaintance with the im-
jxjrtant subject of organizing the Protestant Epis-
copal church and in revising the liturgy. He was
secretary of the convention of Marylatid, in June.
1784, and president in May, 1790; and was a dele-
gate to the general convention.
WEST, William Edward, artist, b. in Lexing-
ton, Ky„ 10 Dec, 1788; d. in Nasiiville, Tenn.. 2
Nov., 1857. He was first a pupil of Thomas Sully
in Philadelphia, and in 1819 visited Italy to con-
tinue his studies. In 1825 he went to London,
where he remained until 1839. He returned to the
United States, going first to Baltimore in 1840, to
New York, and in 1855 to Nashville, Tenn. He
excelled especially in portraiture, and in Europe
executed likenesses of Washington Irving, Lord
Byron, and the Countess Guiccioli, Percy B. Shel-
ley, Mrs. Hemans, and many other well-known
persons. His figure-pieces include "Pride of the
Village," "Annette ilo I'Arbre," "Confessional"
(belonging to the New York historical society),
"The Toilet," and "Judith and Ilolofernes."
WESTCOTT, James Diament, senator, b. in
Alexandria, Va., 10 May, 1802; d. in Montreal,
Canada, 12 Jan., 1880. lie was the son of James
D. Westcott (1775-1841), who was secretary of state
in New Jersey in 1830-'40, and his grandfather
served in the Revolutionary war as captain of ar-
tillery. At an early age he removed with his father
to New Jersey, where ho received his education,
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1824, and
practised until 1829. Afterward he was a clerk in
the consular bureau of the state department in
Washington, and in 1830-'.4 was secretary of the
territory of Florida, occasionally performing the
duties of the governor. In 1832 he was a member
of the territorial legislature, and in 1834-'6 was
attorney-general for the middle district of Florida.
He served again in the legislature, was a member
of the convention for framing a state constitution
in 1838 and 1839, and on the admission of Florida
into the Union in 1845 was elected to the U. S.
senate as a Democrat, serving from 1 Dec, 1845,
till 3 .March, 1849. On the expiration of his term
ho removed to New York city, where he practised
law until 1802, when he went to Canada and re-
mained there until his death.— His son, James
Diament, jurist, b. in Tallahassee, Fla., 18 June,
1839, was educated in his native town, studied law,
and was admitted to the bar. He entered the Con-
federate service at the beginning of the war, and
attained the rank of major. In 1885 he became
attorney-genend of Florida, but resigned this post
a year later, and was appointed a justice of the
supreme court.
WESTCOTT, Tliompson, editor, b. in Phila-
delphia, Pa., 5 June, 1820; d. there, 8 May, 1888.
He was educated at the English schools of the
University of Pennsylvania, studietl law, and was
admitted "to the bar' in 1841. In 1846 he became
law-reporter on the " Public Ledger." remaining
there until 1851 and frequently acting in an edi-
torial capacity for this journal and for the " Dollar
Newspaper." When the "Sunday Despatch" was
Ixigun in 1848 he became its editor and served un-
til 1884. In 180;3-'9 he was editor-in-chief of the
" Inquirer," and he contributed to this journal until
1870. In 1884 he accepted an editorial appoint-
ment on the Philadelphia " Record," which he held
for seveml months, after which he contributed to
the " Public Ledger" and to other journals. Mr.
Westcott was the author of a " Life of John Fitch,
the Inventor of the Steamboat" (Philadelphia,
1857): "The Taxpayer's Guide" (1864): "Names
of Persons who took the Oath of Allegiance to the
State of Pennsylvania between the Years 1777 and
1789, with a History of the 'Tt'st Laws' of Penn-
sylvania" (1865); "The Chronicles of the Great
Rebellion against the United States of America,"
first published in the "jOld Franklin Almanac"
(1867): "Official Guide-Book of Philadelphia"
(1870); "Centennial Portfolio" (1870); "Historic
Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia" (1877);
and. with J. Thomas Scharf. a " History of Phila-
delphia, 1009-1884 " (3 vols., 1884) ; and contributed
to the " Sunday Despatch " a " History of Philadel-
phia from the First Settlements on the Delaware
to the Consolidation in 1854."
WESTERLO, Eilardus, clergyman, b. in Can-
tes, GrOningen, Holland, in October, 1738; d. in
Albany, N. Y., 20 Dec. 1790. His father, Isaac,
was pastor of the church in Cantes. After gradu-
ation at the University of Groningen the son was
licensed to preach, and in 1760 was made pastor of
the Dutch Reformed church in Albany, where he
remained until his death, also supplying quarterly
the charge at Schaghticoke, N. Y. He was influ-
ential in procuring a plan of union for ihe churches
of his denomination. During the Revolution he
sympathize^ with the patriots, and delivered the ad-
dress of welcome to Gen. Washington when he visit-
ed Albany, in 1782. Among his correspondents he
numt)ered the Rev. Ezra Stiles, president of Yale,
to whom he frequently wrote m Latin and He-
brew. He left in manuscript an autobiography
containing references to the years between 1761
and 1790, Greek and Hebrew lexicons, complete,
and a translation from the Dutch of Albert honias's
"Catechism" (1790; 2d ed., 1805). In 1775 he
married the widow of Stephen Van Rensselaer. —
Their son, Rensselaer, b. in Albany in 1775; d.
there in 1851, was graduated at Columbia in 1795.
and was elected to congress as a Federalist, serving
from 1 Dec. 1817, till 3 March, 1819.
WESTERMAN, Hans (ves-ter-mon), Alsatian
explorer, b. in Hagenau in 1060; d. in Paris in
1721. He studied law in Strasburg and Paris, but
early showed a strong desire for travel and visited
western Europe, serving as volunteer against the
Turks for a few months, and, after publishing a
narrative of his travels in Paris, sailed for Manila
as supercargo. He afterward visited the East
Indies, where, to avoid difficulties with the Span-
ish and Portuguese authorities, he became a Fran-
ciscan friar and received minor orders. Thus en-
abled to visit South America, he sailed from
Manila for Acapulco. going afterward to Mexico
and Vera Cruz, made an exploration of the pyra-
mids of Tezcoco. and visited the mines of Pachuca
and San Agustin de las Cuevas, He visited Cuba,
Porto Rico, Santo Domingo, and several of the
Lesser Antilles, returning to Paris in 1708. Besides
works that descril)e his travels in Europe and Asia,
he wrote " De Manille k Vera-Cruz, a travers le
royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne " (1710); " Essai
sur les pyramides de Tezcoco et les nunes mexi-
cnines" (1710); and " Vovage aux Indes Occiden-
tales" (1715).
WESTERN, Pauline Lneille, acti-ess, b. in
New Orleans, La., 8 Jan., 184^^: d. in Brooklyn.
N. Y., 1 1 Jan., 1877. She made her fii-st appear-
ance on the stage with her sister Helen as " cnange
artist " at her father's theatre in Washington. D. C.,
and travelled extensively with her in this country.
WKSTON
W PISTON
443
Thoy wen* known a.H the " Star Sisters." an«l their
print'i|Mii j»l»v wuj« tho"Thn'e Fust Men." In lH.>i
tlicy ap|H'Hn><l at thu 01<1 Bowery theatre in New
York. On 1 1 Oft., 1850, piie nmrrieil .lames Har-
risitn Mead. In IM9 or IMOO she a|>|icareil at the
Ilolliday strwt theatre in " Kast Lynne," achieving;
her first surcess. In IHIH-*.*) she travelliMi with
a poinbinalion tnuiiM*, i)layin^ Naney Sykes in
"Oliver Twist," witn F/«lwani L. l)avcn|K>rt as
Bill Sykes ami James W. NVjiMaek, .Jr.. as Fajjin.
In 1HA.5 she t)laye<l in Philath-lphia, apfM'arini; in
" Kleanor's Victory," "Lucretia liorjria," " .Jane
Kyre." "The Chihl-Stealer," " Mary Tudor," "C'yn-
thiji," bt'sides the two plays already mentioned.
She ai)peare<l in the nrinci|)al theatres in the
Unite*! States, and at tne time of her death was
plaviii^' at the New Park theatn>, HnKiklyn.
Weston, Ednard, electrician, b. in'Enpland,
9 May, 18.*)0. He showed as a l)oy a <lecide<l fond-
ness for the physical sciences, especially electricity,
but deferred to his parents' wishes and studi«Ml
medicine. In 1870 he determine*! to follow his
own s[>ecial bent, and came to this count rj'. He
soon became chemist to the American nickel-plat-
ing comjwny. and at once displayed his inventive
ptnjius bv intHMlucing improvements into the art
of nickel-plating. Two years later he began to
study dynamo-electric machinery, with the o\>-
ject of utilizing it in electro- metallurgy, and in
1873 he reached a very clear conception of the sec-
tional armature, and in the same year prepared the
first rx)pper-coate<l carlK)ns. In IS".") he removed
to Newark, N. J., and there engaget! in the manu-
facture of dynamoH'lectric machinery, establishing
what is l>elieved to l»e the first fiM't<iry in this coun-
try that was devoteil exclusively to that class of
apparatus. His business increased so rapidly that
in 1877 it was organi7.e<l as the Weston dynamo-
electric machine comimny. and in 1881 it was con-
solidated with the I nitwl States electric lighting
coro{>any, of which he was electrician until 1888.
In 1875 he began exiwrimenting in arc and incan-
descent lighting, constructing several incandescent
lamps in 187G, and since that time he has steadily
develoiKHl his systems of lj«)th these varieties of
electric lighting. In 1887 he built in Newark one
of the largest private lalKtratitries in the world,
and he also posses.ses a fine technical library that
contains many rare books on elwtricity. Mr. Wes-
ton has recently directs! his attention to the pro-
duction of new and original forms of electrical
instruments such as voltmeters, ammeters, and
ek>ctro-dynamometers for s<'ientific an«l practicjil
work. One of his most valuable inventions is that
of tamidine, a modification of cellulose, which is
extensively use<! in incandi-scent lamps. He was a
charter member of the American institute of elec-
trical enginwrs, and its president in 18HH.
WESTON, Henrjr (jriiirfr'*. clergyman, b. in
Lynn. Mass., 11 Sept., IH'HK He was graduate*! at
Brown university in 1H4(>, an(! at Newton theo-
logical institution in lH4.i. In the latter vear he
was onlained, at Frankfort. Ky., to the tiaptist
ministry. After prea<'hing as a missionary for
.several years in Illinois he l»ec«me in 1H40 |Mistor
of the liaptist church in Peoria, where he remaine<!
for thirteen years. He was then called to the pa.s-
torate of the Oliver street chunh. New York, and
contiMiie<l in this relation until IS<>N, when he
acc«'pled the presidency of Croa-r t htH>|ogi,:al semi-
nary. Pa., which office he now holds. He was for
a time editor of the " liaptist Quarterly," and has
also iKH'n president of the American liaplist mis-
sinnarj" union. In addition to his duties as an in-
structor, his services have been in constant demand
' as a preacher. In 1859 he ruofiv»»«! from Hocheit-
ter university trie degree of I). I). I)r. Weston
I has contribute*! to jwricMiicaU, and is the author of
I a treatise on the " Four GosfK'U."
WESTON. Marjr Catharine North, author, b.
in Allwny, N. Y., 14 April, IH'22; d. in (ireenwich.
Conn.. 4 Aug., 1KM2. She was the daughter of
William .SteuU-n North, an<! the granddaughter of
(Jen. William North, who served in the Uevtilution-
ary army as aide to Baron Steulx-n. Alter re<-«»iv-
ing her education in Sc-henectadv, she marrie*! the
Kev. Daniel ('. Weston, I). I>., on 4 Oct.. 1842. Mrs.
Weston is the author of standard IkjoIcs of instruc-
ticm, which were published under the auspices of
I the Church book st)ciety of the Protestant Episco-
fml church. These include ".Jewish AntifjUities"
I (IHHi); "Biogniphy of Old Testament Characters"
I (18«{U); "Biography of New Testament Characters"
(1871): "Catechism on the I)<K'trines, Usages, and
, Holy Days of the P. E. Church "(1871): and "Old
\ Testament Stories" (1882). There are memorial
I windows of Mrs. Weston in St. Mark's church. New
I York, an<! in Gra<'e church. Madison, N. J.
WESTON, Sullivan Hardy, clergyman, b. in
Bristol, Me., 7 Oct., 18UJ ; d. in New Vork city. 14
Oct., 1887. He was gnultiated at We.'ileyan uni-
versity in 1841. was ordained deacon in Trinity
church. New York city, in 1847, and priest in the
same church in ISTt'i. His ministerial life was
|>assed in Trinity parish, of which he was an as-
sistant minister, in sfKH-ial charge of St. John's
chapel. He was electetl bishop of Texas in 1852,
but decline*! the office. He served as chaplain to
the 7th New York n'giment.and accom|>anied that
regiment to Washington, in IHIil.at the opening of
the civil war. and again when the regiment volun-
ti'ered in the summer of 186Ji. The degree of D. D.
was confem'd upon him by Columbia in 18<$1.
WESTON. TnumaH, a<liventurer. b. in England
al>out 1575; d. in England after H524. He was a
successful menhant in I><indon.and went to I/4>yden
alK)ut l(ni»-'2<Mo negotiate with the merchants of
New Amsterdam witli n-ganl to the pro})ose<! emi-
gration of a colony to n«)rthern \ irginia. For
some reason the Pilgrims showe<! deference to his
I a«!vice, and articles of agreement with the Ix>ndon
I merchants were drawn up, emlxnlving conditions
I that were propose*! by Weston. nea«!vis«'d them
j to rely neither ufxm the Dutch nor the Virginia
I c«imi»any, assured them that he and others were
ready to supply shi|»s and money for such an en-
terprise, and remind«K! them that Sir Ferdinando
(lorges and others were moving for a new patent
in North Virginia, " Unto which." says Brmlfonl,
" Mr. West«m and the cheefe of them Ix'gan to in-
cline it was l»est for them to goe." A joint-stock
comftany was then formed to continue seven vears,
with shares of ten pounds each. an<! John f?arver
and Robert Cushman were sent to England to col-
lect sul>scriptionsan«l to make preparations. Cush-
j man conce«le<! certain alterations in the agnvment
I to please the "men-hant adventun>rs." wlH>se jiart
in the scheme was indis|iensable. AI»out s«»venty
merchants engaged in the etiterpris*-. The latter,
having receivin! glowing and d«><'eptive accounts
[ of the English (*olonists fn>m Capt. John Smith.
l<N>k(Hl ufMin them as convenient instruments for
the establishment of a jH'rmanent trading-|t«>st in
the new country. But as time pas^**-*! and the
Plymouth people sent little or nothing to their
English fMirtners. Weston charged them with em-
ploying their time in arguing and consulting when
they should have l»een trading, and Mild out his
I interest in the (x>m|winy. He then organized an
I expedition of his own, and during the winter of
444
wp:therall
WETHERILL
1621-'3 was busy in Ixindon uuthering his com-
f)ttny, which wjis miule of the roughest material.
Before sending out the nuiin body he despatched
a small f)arty in the "Sparrow" to the fishing-
grounds off the coast of Maine, whence they skirt-
ed the sliore to Cape Ann, crossed to Boston har-
bor, and thence to Plymouth. The main Ixjdy of
sixty men, described by Weston as being '• rude
and profane," arrived in the " Charity," of KM)
tons, and the " Swan," of iJO tons, landed at Plym-
outh in June, 1622, and remained there for two
months, consuming the scanty stores, which they
did nothing to increase. Weston's brother-in-law,
Richard Greene, the leader of this party, died
during the summer, and was succeeded in com-
mand by one Saunders. Finally this Ixidy deter-
mined to establish a separate colony at Wichagus-
cussett, or Wessagussett (now Weymouth), near
Boston, Mass. The colonists became almost at
once idle, profligate, and corrupt, and in the ex-
tremity of want were objects of contempt for the
Indians, whose aggressions they dared not resent,
and who determined to exterminate them. Fear-
ful that such an act would \)e avenged by the
Plymouili colonists, the savages decided to fall
upon that settlement also ; but, before this plan
was executed. Miles Standish marched to Wessa-
gussett, killed the chiefs Pecksnut and Wituwa-
mat, and took with him to Plymouth part of
the wretched colony, which was then broken up.
Weston arrived soon after its dispersion, and a few
months later, in 1623, Robert Gorges, who had
been commissioned lieutenant-governor, came to
Plymouth to look after his grant of land. After
exercising his authority, he left suddenly for the
coast of Maine in search of Weston, whom he
proposed to call to account for his various trad-
ing misdemeanors, and, meeting him on the way
thither, engaged in a heated discussion. Return-
ing to Wessagussett. Gorges sent a warrant to
Plymouth for the seizure of Weston's vessel and
his immediate arrest, proposing to- put him upon
trial to answer for the ill conduct of his men at
the settlement, whereby the peace of the whole
country had been endangered. Weston argued
that he could not be held responsible for acts done
by othei*s in his absence, and could not answer the
other charges against him. Gov. Bradford and
his associates, remembering the service that Weston
had rendered them, convinced Gorges that nothing
could be gained by prosecuting him. His vessel
was then restored to him, with some compensation
for its seizure, and, being allowed to depart in
peace, he went to Virginia. The patent of Gorges
gave him a vague title to all the main-land known
as Massachusetts, and he therefore absorbed Wes-
sagussett, landed his stores, and built warehouses
on the site chosen by Weston in September, 1623.
In the following spring he returned to England,
and the people dispersed, but it is thought that a
few colonists remained in Weymouth.
WETHERALL, Sir George Angustns, British
soldier, b. in Penton, Hampshire, England, in 1788 ;
d. in Sandhurst, England, 8 April. 1868. He was
the son of Gen. Sir Frederick Wetherall, was edu-
cated in the senior department of the Royal mili-
tary college, and entered the army in 1803. He
served as brigade-major at the Cape of Good Hope
in 1807, took part in the conquest of Java as
aide-de-camp to his father, from 1822 till 1825 was
military secretary to the commander-in-chief of
Mmlr^s. and in 1826 was appointed deputy judge-
mi vocate-general in India. He served in Canada
during the insurrection of 18J^7-'8, defeated the
rebels at St. Charles and Point Oliver, and for his
services was made a companion of the Order of the
Bath. He was deputy a«ljutant-general in Canada
from 1843 till 1850. when he was appointed to
that office at the Horse Guards, London. In 1854
he was made adjutant-general, which post he held
till in 1860 he took command of the northern dis-
trict. At the expiration of his services in 1865 he
was appointed governor of the Royal military col-
lege at Sandhurst. He became colonel of the 84th
regiment in 1854, was knighted in 1856, made a lieu-
tenant-general in 1857, and a G. C. B. in 1865. In
recognition of his services in suppressing the re-
bellion the inhabitants of Montreal presented Gen.
Wetherall with a piece of plate.
WETHERILL, Charles Mayer, chemist, b. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 4 Nov., 1825; d. in South Beth-
lehem, Pa., 5 March, 1871. He was graduated at
the University of Pennsylvania in 1845, and then
worked for a year at practical chemistry in the
laboratory of James C. Booth in Philadelphia. In
1847 he went abroad and studied for eight months
at the College de France in Paris, after which he
followed organic chemistry under Justus von Lie-
big at the University of Giessen. where he received
the degree of Ph. D. in 1848. During 1849-'52 he
was occupied in chemical investigations at his pri-
vate laboratory in Philatlelphia, and gave a course
of lectures on chemistry before the Franklin insti-
tute. Subsequently he held no public office until
his appointment as chemist to the agricultural de-
partment in Washington, where he remained for
about a year. In 1866 he was chosen to the pro-
fessorship of chemistry in Lehigh university, which
chair he filled until his death. His chemical books
were bequeathed to the library of that institution.
The honorary degree of M. t). was conferred on
him by the New York medical college in 1853. Dr.
Wetherill was a member of the American philo-
sophical society and other scientific bodies here and
abroad. His investigations are described in forty
papers in the "Journal of the Franklin Institute,"
" American Journal of Science," and in the trans-
actions of societies of which he was a member.
His only systematic treatise was on " The Manu-
facture of Vinegar" (Philadelphia, I860).
WETHERILL, Samnel, manufacturer, b. in
Burlington, N. J., 12 Oct., 1736; d. in Philadelphia,
Pa., 24 Sept., 1816. His family came to New Jer-
sey from England in 1682, and his ancestor, Chris-
topher, gave to the Quakers the land on which
their first meeting-house in Burlington, N. J., was
erected. In early life Samuel settled in Philadel-
phia as k house-carpenter and builder, but after-
ward he entered business, and was tlie first manu-
facturer of cloth, jean, and fustian in Philadel-
phia. He also engaged in dyeing, fulling, and in
the manufacture of chemicals, and subsequently
was the first in the United States to make white
lead. Toward the close of his life he abandoned
his business, except the manufacture of drugs and
chemicals. During the war of 1812 his firm deter-
mined to undersell foreign merchants whose goods
were imported to the ruin of its business. In this
it was successful ; but in 1813 the establishment on
Twelfth near Race street, Philadelphia, was burned,
it is believed, by enemies to the manufactory. At
the time of the Revolution he actively supported
the cause of independence, supplying clothing
gratuitously to Washington's army at Valley Forge
when it was most needed ; he joined witli some
other Quakers in military service in the defence
of Philadelphia. For these actions and for taking
the oath of allegiance to the United States he was
disowned or excommunicated by the Quaker meet-
ing of which he was a member. In February, 1781,
WETIIERIMi
WETMORE
44fi
novcrnl of tho Quakers who liiwl l)ocn disownod for
Nimilnr caiiitcH joiniiifc with him, ht^ foiimUHl hii iii-
dflK'niloiit KriiMids" iiuftiiiK. «"nlU><l tlio SWH-ifly of
FrtH" Qiiiikors, whirh is n xoc-ioty U'lifvinj? in'do-
fensivo war. honco 8oiiietliiu>«< i-alltnl "Kighliiijf"
OiiakorH. This »<x?i»>ty, which si ill exists, denies
the ripht of excomnmiiicatiui) for any oaiise. Mr.
Wethi-rill was <rlerk or presiding ofl[l«'er of this
mci'tin); from its foumhttion until \H\0, was u
|Mipuhir preacher until his death, and numU'red
anion); his audience many iK>rsons of distinction.
lie was instrumented in raising a hirgo sum of
money for building the Fn>e (Junker meeting-house,
obtaining the 8ul>scriptionsoi lienjamin Franklin,
Rol»ert Morris. John ('a<lwala<ler. and others of
note. He published several short theological tracts
in defence of the society. These are ivmarknbic
for their ability and foi-cible expression, but have
long been out of print, and are extremely rare.
The nrincijMil one is "An Ajwlogy for the Relig-
ious ^x-iety of Free Quakers in tne City of Phila-
delphia, showing that all Churches who excommu-
nicate act inconsistently with the Gosj>el of Jesus."
— Ilis great-grandson, Samncl, inventor, b. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 27 May, 1821, is the son of
John Price Wetherill, who was vice-president of
the Acailemy of natural sciences in his native city
in 1834-'5;{. In 1850 Samuel lx>gan to ex{)eriment
with the newly discovered product of zinc ores, and
to determine whether this could be sulwtituted for
white lead as n naint. His exjierimcnts led to his
engagement witn the New Jersey zinc company
in 1850-'2, and in the latter year he invented the
" furnace pnx'ess." which consists in reducing mixed
coal and ore by the direct action of heat and a cold
blast upon a furnace-bed having small holes, each
pnHlucing the reilucing flame. Sul)se(piently he
mvented the tower pr<x?ess of separating the solid
impurities, in which the velwity of the fan-attach-
ment, which im|H>l8 the products into the collecting
bags, lifts the white zinc seventy feet into a tower,
leaving the ashes at the l)ase. This was afterward
improvetl bv Mr. Wetherill by causing the products
thus treated to pass through a film of water. In
March, 18.W, with Charles J. Gillx-rt and several
New York capitalists, he entered into a contract
for forming the Pennsylvania and I^ehigh zinc
company, and he erected works under his patents,
in Ik'thlehem, Ph., to reduce the zinc ores in Ix^
high county. These works went into operation on
13 Oct., 1853, when the first "zinc white" ma<le
in the Unite<l States wjis manufactunnl by Weth-
erill's pPH^ess in combination with the Img prixt'ss
of collecting that was previously invented by Samu-
el T. Jones. The works were conducted by' Gilbert
and Wetherill in 185:i-'7, and in that time deliv-
ered 4,725 tons of white oxide of zinc. In 1854- '9
he conducted a series of cxfwriments for the manu-
facture of sfx'lter, the first spx-lter from the Lehigh
ores l)eing made by him in 1854 bv (Missing the
vapor of oxitle of zinc through a ImmI of incandes-
cent coal in a muflle-furnace. Afterward he ex-
perimento<l with vertical n'fort^, which he {Mtented,
and his services were procured for the manufacture
of metallic zinc at Bethlehem under the Pennsyl-
vania and I^high zinc comjiany. In 1857 he sent
an ingot of his s|telter to a finn of sheet-iron rollers,
and they returne<l t^) him the first sluH't of zinc that
was rolled from met^l extracte*! fmui Pennsylvania
ores. At the lM>giniiing of the civil war Mr. Weth-
erill recruite<l a s<jundn>n for the 11th Pennsylvania
cavalry, and entere<l service as captain on 10 Aug.,
1861. He l>ecame major on 1 Get., 1861. and was
mustered out on 80 Sept.. 1864. He was brevet ted
licutonant-oolonel, (J. S. volunteers, on 18 March,
1865. — The Mscond Samuel'A brother, John I*rlf«,
manufacturer, b. ir. Philadelphia, Pa.. 4 Aug., IH24:
d. there. 17 .S«-pt., IKHH. wa^ gra<lualed at the I'ni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1844. and engaged in
till) manufacture of white lead until 1878. He was
identified with the commercial intereMtit of Phila-
delphia, was one of the oldest members of the
Ixwinl of trade, of which he watt for several yonn
president, was a memlx'r of the Centennial board
of finance, and a dint-tor of the American steam-
ship com|>any and of the Pennsylvania railroad
company from 1874 till 1888. Mr. Wetherill was
a memlx>r of the Constitutional convention of
Pennsylvania in 1872, and wan instrumental in
intriMiucing nianv reforms.
WETMORK, Jianies, clergyman, b. in Middle-
town, Conn., 25 iKt-.. 1(595; d. in Rye. N. Y., 15
May, 1760. After graduation at Yale in 1714 he
sturlied theology, an<l in Novendxjr, 1718, was or-
dained minister over the 1st Congregational s<K!iety
in New Haven. In Septend)er, 1?22. he dei-laretl
himself converted to the Kuisco^ud church, but re-
tained his office for several months. He went to
P^ngland in l?2:i was ordaine<l in the Ch8|>cl royal.
St. James's, London, on 25 July of that year, waa
app<)inted a missionary of the Society for propa-
gating the gosfMil in foreign parts, and, returning
to New York, was catechist an<l a.'^si.stant to the
Uev. William Vesey in Trinity church. Afterward
he l)ecame missionary to Rye. a charge that in-
cluded the villages or White Plains. Miiman>neck,
North Castle, and IJedford, besides missionary la-
lx)r8 in Connecticut. Here he served from 1726
until his death. He was spoken of as "a gentle-
man of extensive iistifulness ; a father and exem-
plary pattern to the clergy in those j»arts." He
published s<'veral pamphlets, including " .\ I^etter
to a Parishioner" (New York. 1730); "Qiiakerihm.
a Judicial Infatuation represented in Three Dia-
logues" (1731) ; " A I>etter f«-om a Minister of the
Church of England to his I)is.senting Parishioners,
showing the Nect*ssity of Unity and iVa<-e and the
Dangerous Consequences of M'parating fn>m the
Established Epi-scopal Church " (175^2): " Eleuthe-
rius Enervatus: or an Answer to a Pamphlet by
Jonathan Dickinson intituled 'The Divine Right
of Pn'sbyterian (Jrdination '" (173.'J); " A Vindica-
tion of the Profes.«ors of the Church of England
in Connecticut against the Invectives contained in
a .Sermon bv Noah Holwirt" (Itoston. 1747); and
other polemical discoursi-s. — His son, Timothy, lie-
came attorney-general of New IJrunswick.
WETMGRE, Prosper MontgumerT, author,
b. in Stratfonl. Conn.. 14 Feb.. 17U8; d. in Gn-at
Ni«ck, I>mg Island, N. Y., 16 Maich, 1876. He
removed with his |>arents to New York city, and
after the death of his father was placed in a count-
ing-house. Afterwanl he engaged in business and
entered into (wrtnership with his brother Robert
in the dry-go<xls trade. He joinetl the 11th regi-
ment of state militia in 1819. was made major in
1H24. and c-olonel in 1826, hehl M'veral [K*st» on
the stad of the governor. an<l at one time was
briga4le-in8poctor. In 1845-'9 he was navy-agent,
and for many years he was paymaster-general of
the state militia. In 1834-'5 he'serv«Hl in the legia-
lature, was <'hairman of the cHimmittee on col-
leges and academies, and advcM-ated the bill to
establish the M'hool-districl libraries. He beoame
a n'gent of the I'niversity of New York in 1888.
! was president of the American art union until
I 1H50. was chosen Re<'retary of the New York cham-
IxT of commerce in 1843. and vice-president in
1840. He also aided in establishing a line of steam-
ships to Nicaragua. He was a founder of the Union
446
WHALLEY
WHARTON
defence committee in April, 1801, and was its sec-
retary until the close of the war. Gen. Wetmore
began to write for magazines and annuals at the
age of seventeen, and was at one time connected
with the " New York Mirror." He was a popular
speaker, and in 1832 he recited a poem, *' Ambition,"
before a literary society of Hamilton college. He
published " Lexington, with other Fugitive Poems "
(New York, 1830) ; " Observations on the War with
Mexico " (1847) ; and an edition of the " Poems of
James Nack," with a biographical notice (1838).
WHALLEY, Edward, regicide, b. in England
about 1620; d. in Hadley, Mass., about 1678. He
became a merchant, and at the beginning of the
revolution of 1642 joined the parliamentary party,
against the wishes of his family, who were royal-
ists. At Naseby, in 1645. his command defeated
two divisions of Sir Marmaduke Langdale's cav-
alry, and for bravery he was made a colonel by
parliament. He led the horse at Bristol, Banbury,
Worcester, and elsewhere, and was afterward in-
trusted with the custody of the king's person at
Hampton court. He commanded the infantry with
Gen. George Monk at Dunbar, where two horses
were shot under him, and was afterward left by
Cromwell in Scotland with four regiments. He
sat in the high court of justice that condemned
King Charles, and was a signer of his death-war-
rant. Afterward, as major-general, he governed
five counties, and after sitting in Cromwell's second
and third parliaments was given a seat in his
house of lords. After the restoration he fled to
this country with William Goffe (q. v.), his son-in
law, and shared his fortunes from that time. See
" History of Three of the Judges of King Charles
L," by Ezra Stiles (Hartford, 1794).
WHAREY, James, clergyman, b. in Rutherford
county, N. C, 15 Jiine, 1789 ; d. in Goochland
county, Va., 29 April, 1842. He entered Hamp-
den Sidney college, where he remained for five
years, teaching to obtain means to pursue his edu-
cation. He was licensed to preach in 1818, and
began his ministry in Amherst and Nelson coun-
ties, spending a part of his time as principal of an
academy. In 1819 he made a missionary tour in
Virginia, and afterward he was chaplain of Hamp-
den Sidney for a year. In 1822 he held a charge
in Cartersville, Va., and in 1824 he was made pas-
tor of the churches of Bird and Providence in
Goochland county, Va., where he served until his
death. He published a series of articles in the
*' Southern Religious Telegraph " on " Baptism,"
and " Sketches of Church History from the Birth
of Christ to the Nineteenth Century," both of which
afterward appeared in book-form. Of the latter a
new edition was published (Philadelphia, 1850).
WHARTON, Charles Henry, clergyman, b. in
St. Mary's county, Md., 5 June. 1748; d. in Bur-
lington,"N. J., 22 July, 1833. The family planta-
tion, cjilled Notley Hall, was presented to his
grandfather by Lord Baltimore. In 1760 he was
sent to the English Jesuits' college at St. Omer's,
where he was very studious, and acquired the
Latin tongue with such proficiency as to converse
in it. He was ordered deacon in June. 1772, and
K-iest the following September, both in the
oman Catholic diurch. At the close of the
American Revolution he resided at Worcester, Eng-
land, as chaplain to the Roman Catholics in that
city. There he addressed a poetical epistle to Gen.
Washington, with a sketch of his life, which was
published for the benefit of American prisoners
m England (Annapolis, 1779: London, 1780). He
returned to this country in 1783 in the first vessel
that sailed after the peace. In May, 1784, having
adopted the views of the Church of England, he
published his celebrated " Letter to the Homan
Catholics of Worcester" (Philadelphia, 1784), and
became rector of Immanuel church. New Castle,
Del. At the general convention of 1785 he was on
the committee to "draft an ecclesiastical constitu-
tion for the Protestant Episcopal church in the
United States," also on the committee "to prepare
a form of prayer and thanksgiving for the Fourth
of July," and that to Americanize the "Book of
Common Prayer." In 1780 he was elected a mem-
ber of the American philosophical st)ciety. After
ten years' further residence in Delaware, he be-
came, in 1798, rector of St. Mary's church, Burling-
ton. N. J. In 1801 he accepted the presidency of Co-
lumbia college. New York, assuming the position at
the commencement ; but he recalled his acceptance
and returned to his rectorship in Burlington, which
he held till his death in 1883, He was always
president of the standing committee of the diocese
and a deputy to the general convention, and among
the first m scholarship and influence of the clergy
of his church in the United Slates. The testimony
of his contemporaries and his numerous publica-
tions pronounced him an accomplished divine, a
gifted poet, and an able controversialist. At
the time of his decease he was the senior presbyter
of the Protestant Episcopal church. Besides the
works already mentioned, he published "Reply to
an Address [by Bishop Carroll] to the Roman
Catholics of the United States" (Philadelphia,
1785); "Inquiry into the Proofs of the Divinity of
Christ" (1796); and "Concise View of the Prin-
cipal Points of Controversy between the Protestant
and Roman Churches" (New Y'ork, 1817). In
1813-'14 he was co-editor, with Rev. Dr. Aber-
crombie, of the " Quarterly Theological Magazine
and Religious Repository." His "Remains," with
a memoir, were published by Bishop George W.
Doane (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1834).
WHARTON, Gabriel Caldwell, soldier, b. in
Springfield, Washington co., Ky., 13 June, 1839; d.
in Louisville, Ky.. 22 Feb., 1887. He was the son of
a farmer, and was educated at the public schools,,
the academy of his native town, and the law de-
partment of Louisville university. In I860, at the
age of twenty-one, he began the practice of law at
Springfield with immediate success. The next
year, at the opening of the civil war, he enlisted m
the 10th Kentucky infantry in the U. S. volunteer
army, and in November was commissioned major
of that regiment. With the regiment. Major
Wharton shared in the engagements and marches
of the Army of the Cumberland, and in March,
1863, was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel. He
commanded and bore a gallant part in the battles
of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge and the
engagements of the Atlanta campaign in 1864,
until, at the expiration of his three years' service,
he was mustered out. He then resumed his law-
practice at Louisville, and in 1866 was appointed
assistant U. S. attorney for the district of Ken-
tucky. On the appointment of Benjamin H. Bris-
tow as secretary of the treasury. Col. Wharton
succeeded to the district attorneyship, holding that
office for ten years. In 1880 he opened an oflice
in Washington, and, after two years practice there,
spent some time in Mexico in the interest of a rail-
road company. Returning, after a year's absence,
he resided in New York city, where he soon had a
lucrative practice. He was on a visit to Louisville
when he died while alone in his nx)m at a hotel.
WHARTON, Jesse, senator, b. in Albemarle
county. Va., about 1760; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 22
July, 1833. He was educated in his native state.
WHARTON
WIIAUTON
447
tulopted the profemion of law, and M>ttled in Ten- |
neasee. He iterviHl in con^ivsii in lM(l7-'9. and in
the U. S.8enatu in 1HI4-'15, liuvin^; Ikh-ii upiMiintcd
by the jroverimr to All the plat'«> of (m'odjo \V.
('amplK*n, who hml n'slgtu-il. In IKii he wh»
i>n«> of ih« Ixmnl of visitors to the Uniltnl Stales
niilitnry m'.-MU'iiiy at West Point.
WHAKTON, Thomas, jjovernor of Pennsylva-
nil^ I), in Chester county, l*u., in 1735: d. in liHnca»-
t^tr, Pa., 22 May, 1778. He was the son of John,
some time coroner o( Chester <'ountv. Pa., whose
father, Thomas, of Westmoreland, hini;iaiid, emi-
fjratod to i'ennsylvania alxiut Uifiii, served in the
Phila4lel|)hia common council in 17i;i-'lH, and was
the founder of the Wharton family of Piiilmlelphia.
Thomas became a merchant, was for a time a part-
ner of Anthony St<»cker, and was hitrhly esteemocl
for his virtue and patriotism. On the pa.sja^e of
•the stamp-act ho took a resolute stand on the side
of the op|K)silion, and his name, with that of his
grandfather and other memlK'rs of the family,
was amonj; the first that were affixed to the non-
importation resolutions and as;n.H»ments of Kfio.
When the news of the closinjj of the lioston h-irbor
ro.<iche<l Philadelphia a public meeting was held on
20 May, 1774, and Thomas Wharton was chosen
a member of the committee of corresixmdence.
On 22 Juno, 1774, he was place«l on a committee
with Joseph Reed and John Nixon to request the
s{)eaker oi the assembly to summon its members
to meet on 1 Aug. and consult on public affairs.
He was a deputy to the convention that was called
by patrif)tic citizens of Philadelphia, to meet on 15
July, 1774, and was one of the twenty-five citizens
that formed the committee of safety in 1775. On
24 July. 1770, he became president of the council
of safety, in which the executive authority of the
government was temporarily vested, and in 1777 he
was elected presi<lent of Pennsylvania, which office
he held till his death. He was inaugurated on 5
March, with much display, and under the title of
" His Excellency Thomas Wharton, junior, esquire,
president of the supreme executive council of Penn-
sylvania, captain-general and commander-in-chief
in and over the same." During the Revolution he
discharged his duties with af>ility and success. He
owntnl a country-seat called " Twickenham " in
Montgomery county. He removed to Lancaster
with the executive council <m the British (K-cujmtion
of Philatlelphia. died there, and was buriiHl with
military honors. At the reijuest of the vestrv of the
Kvangolical Trinity church, of liancaster, Va.. his
Uxly was interred within the walls of that edifice. —
His brother, John, was a meml)er of the Continen-
tal navy Ixtard in 1778-"H(>, and l)uilt two shij>s,
the " Flxiwriment " antl the •• Wjishington," for
the Pennsylvania navy— Thomas's uncle. Joneph,
merchant,' b. in Philiwielphia, Pa.. 4 .\ug.. 17<>7: d.
there in July, 1770. was a sucrcessfjd merchant, and
the owner of " Walnut drove," a country place on
Fifth street, near Washington avenue. Pniladel-
phia. on which the Mischianza <)f 1778 wjis held.
(See Howe. William.) The hous««. which is shown
in the illustration on nage 44K. was the finest <»f its
day near that city. It was torn down in 1S02. to
make room fop a school- hi >use. Jos«'ph Wharton
was cjilled " Duke Wharton." lie«aus«' of his stately
lK»aring.— Joseph's son. Samuel, merchant, b. in
Philmlelphia, Pa.. 8 .Mav. 17:{2; d. there in .March.
18<)(), was a partner in the hou.se of |l»»ynton Whar-
ton and Morgan. At one time the Indians de-
strovt^l nearly .C40.0(K) worth of go<xls, and as in-
demnification the chiefs of the .Six Nations maile
over to the firm a large tract of land at the to'aty
of Fort SUnwix. The land bonlered on Ohio river
above the Little Kanawha, and incluiled about one
fourth of the pniH-nt stale of Went Virginia. To
this grunt the traders gave the name of Indiana.
.Mr. Wharton wa.s sunt by the firm to Kngland to
s«j|icit confirnuition of tliis grant, in whicti he so
far succeeded that a day was ap|)ointed for him to
attend court. Some of his curruspondeiice with
Ik'njamin Franklin having been disirovered in the
mean time, he wtis obliged to fly for his life, and
reaching France, was joineil by br. Franklin. In
1780 he ri'turned to Philadelphia. He was a nieni-
l)er of the city councils, of the committee of safely
of the Revolution, of the colonial and state legisla-
tures, and of the Ohio comi>any. whi»e plan of
forming a settlement on Ohio river was projecte«l
by Sir William Johnson, Uov. Franklin, and other*.
On 9 Feb., 1781, he took the oath of allegiance to
the slAle, and he was a memlwr of the Continental
congress in 1782- '3. In 1784 he was chosen a
justice of the peace for the district of S>uthwark,
in which suburb he owne<i a countrv-seat. — An-
other s<m of Josi-ph, JoMeph, b. in Philadel|>hia,
Pa.. 21 March. 1783; d. there. 25 Dec., 1810, went
to Kngland al>out 1775, and while there wrote a
number of letters on the attitude of Great Britain
to the colonies. Some of these were pub|ishe<l in
the " Pennsylvania Journal." «ithers in British jour-
nals, and ailnwled so much attention that when
their authorshij) was discoven^l Wharton was
forced to leave the coutitry. and fle<l to France.
During his residence abroad he was much with
BtMijamin West, and it is saiil that the suggest i<in
that West's painting of " Christ Healing the .Sick "
should lie given to the Pennsylvania hospital in
Philadelphia was made by him. He corres|»onded
with West reganling the removal of the picture to
the hospital, which was a<'«'omj(lished in 1817. —
Another son of Joseph. Robert, mayor of Phila-
delphia, b. in Phila«lelphia, 12 Jan.. 1757; d. there.
7 Slarch. 18.'14. at an early age left his studied,
and was apprenticed to a hatter. lie entered the
counting - house
of his brother
Charles, a mer-
chant of Phil-
adelphia, but
srR'nt miichof his
tune in out-thnir
sports, and until
1818 was presi-
<lent of the fa-
mous fox-hunt-
ing club of (J lou-
cesterthatwasor-
iranizeil in 17(S6.
n 171K) he lie-
came a memlier
of the Schuylkill
fishing compjiny,
of which he was
governor from
1812 till 1828 He
was a meml)er
of city councils
fnmi i71>2 till 1795, In 1796 he was made alder-
man of Philadelphia, and in that year quelletl a
riot among the sailors, who hatl organiwxl them-
selves into a iKKly an<l demande<l exorbitant wages.
After reading the riot act he nHpiesleil them todis-
n«*rs«». and. lieing nH'«-ive<l with shouts of defiance.
Sir. Wharton onlentl em-h of his men "to take his
man." and the sailors were captun-d and iinpris-
one<l. He (pielU««l the Walnut street firison riot in
1798. and als<i took |«art in siipprMwing other*. Ho
was fifteen tiroes elected mayor of Philadelphia be>
448
WHARTON
WHARTON
tween 1798 and 1834. Ho became a member of the
first city troop in 1798, captain in 1803, colonel of
the regiment of cavalry in 1810, and was elected
brigadier-general of the state militia. He was vice-
president of the Washington benevolent society, of
which he was an original member. — Robert's broth-
er, Franklin, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23
July, 1707; d. in New York. 1 ISept., 1818, was ap-
pointed colonel comtnatidant of the U. S. marine
corps under the administration of James Madison.
Col. Wharton was intrusted with the management
of an armory in Washington, U. C, in which small
arms that belonged to the navy and marine corps
were kept in readiness for service. — Gov. Thomas's
grandson, PliiHi) Fislihourne, artist,!), in Phila-
delphia, Pa., 30 April, 1841; d. in Media, Pa., 28
July, 1880, studied at the Pennsylvania academy
of fine arts, and afterward in Paris and Dresden.
His best-known pictures are " Perdita," which re-
ceived a medal at the Centennial exhibition of 1876,
"Eventide," "Uncle Jim," "Over the Hills and
Far Away," and "Waiting for the Parade." He
also painted many water-colors, chiefly scenes in
Florida and Nassjiu. — The first Joseph's grandson,
Thomas Lsaac, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 17
May, 1791 ; d. there, 7 April, 1856, was graduated
at the University
of Pennsvlvania
in 1807, studied
law in the office
of his uncle,
William Rawle,
was admitted to
the bar, and ac-
quired reputa-
tion in his pro-
fession and as a
reporter of the
J'ennsylvania su-
preme court. He
served as captain
of infantry in the war of 1812. He was a trustee of
the University of Pennsylvania in 1837-'56, and a
member of various philosophical and historical so-
cieties. With Joel Jones and William Rawle {q. v.)
he revised the civil code of Pennsylvania in 1830.
He edited, with copious notes, the 3d edition of
Alexander J. Dallas's " Reports of Cases in the
Courts of the United States and Pennsylvania be-
fore and since the Revolution" (4 vols., Philadel-
phia, 1830), and was associated with Thomas Sar-
geant and others in editing the "Law Library"
(1833), and with Henry Wheaton in editing the 5th
American edition of William Selwyn's " Abridg-
ment of the Law of Nisi Prius " (1839). He was
the author of " Digest of Cases in the Circuit
Court of the United States, Third District, and
in the Courts of Pennsylvania" (Philadelphia,
1822 ; 6th ed., including " A. Harris's Reports," 2
vols., 1853) ; " Digested Index to the Reported
Decisions of the Several Courts of Law in the
Western and Southern States " (1824) ; " Reports
of Cases in the Supreme Court of Pennsvlvania"
(6 vols.. 1836-'41) ; " Letter on the Right and Power
of the City of Philadelphia to Subscribe for Stock
in the Pennsylvania Railroad Company " (1846) ;
and various addresses and memoirs, including one
on William Rawle, LL. D. (1S40). He also con-
tributed to Dennie's " Portfolio," and was an editor
of the " Analectic Magazine." — Thomas Isaac's son,
Francis, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia. Pa., 7 March,
1820; d. in Washington, D. C, 21 Feb., 1889, was
graduated at Yale in 1839, studied law, practised in
Philadelphia for fifteen years, and was assistant at-
torney-general in 1845. From 1856 till 1863 he was
professor of logic an<l rhetoric in Kenyon college,
Ohio, but he was ordained in the Protestant Epis-
copal church in l86Ji, and became rector of St.
Paul's church in Hrookline, Mass. He was also
profes,sor of ecclesiastical and international law in
the Cambridge divinity-st;hool, and in Boston. In
1885 he was appointed solicitor for the department
of state, and examiner of international claims, in
which office he continued, and later he was ap-
pointed, under a resolution of congress, editor of
the Revolutionarv diplomatic correspondence of the
United States, l^he degree of I). D. was conferred
on him by Kenyon college in 1883, and that of
LL. D. by Kenyon in 1865 and by the University of
Edinburgh in 1883. He was a memlK«r of various
institutions of international and municij)al law.
With Charles E. Lex he edited the "Episcopal
Recorder" in Philadelphia, and he contributed
to periodicals. He edited several volumes of law
reports, and was the author of "A Treatise on
the Criminal Law of the United States " (Phila-
delphia, 1846 ; 6th ed., 3 vols., 1868) ; " The State
Trials of the United States during the Administra-
tions of Washington and Adams (1849) ; " Prece-
dents of Indictments and Pleas adapted to the
Use both of the Courts of the United States and
those of the Several States" (1849; 2d ed., 1857);
" A Treatise on the Law of Homicide in the United
States" (1855); " A Treatise on Medical Jurispru-
dence," with Dr. Moreton Stille(1855 ; 2d ed., with
additions by Alfred Stille, 1860) ; " Treatise on
Theism and Modern Skeptical Theories" (1859);
" The Silence of Scripture, a Series of Lectures "
(1867); "A Treatise on the Conflict of I^ws"
(Philadelphia, 1872); "The Law of Agency and
Agents" (1876); and a "Digest of International
Law" (1886).— Another son of Thomas, Henry,
lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 2 June, 1827; d.
there, 11 Nov., 1880, was graduated at the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania in 1846, studied law under his
father, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. In
1856 he became solicitor to the Philadelphia saving
fund, and he was one of the three lawyers, includ-
ing Eli K. Price and Edward Olmstead, whose,
opinions upon real estate were considered equiva-
lent to a judgment of the supreme court. He wa.s
legal adviser of the Philadelphia bank and other
corporations. With Asa J. Fish he edited the
"American Law-Register." from 1852 till 1863. and
wrote a " Practical and Elementary Treati.se on the
Law of Vicinage" (Philadelphia, 1868).— Thomas
Isaac's n^hew. Joseph, manufacturer, b. in Phila-
delphia, Pa., 3 March, 1826. His mother, Delxjrah
Fisher (1795-1888), was an approved minister of the
Society of Friends for seventy years, belonging to
the branch that has been called Hicksite. ishe was
active in charities and an interested friend to the
Indians, defending their rights in Washington and
visiting their reservations. After receiving a good
education in his native city, the son entered a
mercantile house, and afterward engaged in tlie
manufacture of white lead and paints, bricks, cop-
per-mining and spelter, became owner of iron-,
glass-, and steel-works, and has been a director in
manufacturing, railroad, and banking corporations.
He was among the first to establish tllfe manufac-
ture of spelter, nickel, and cobalt in this country,
and was tne first to make magnetic needles of other
substance than steel. Heaidetl in establishing the
Bethlehem iron company, particularly its steel-
forging plant for government work. Mr. Wharton
owns the deposits of nickel ore in Lancastur county.
Pa., which ne purchased in 1873, and established
his works in Camden, N. J. He early experimented
to produce nickel in a pure and malleable condi-
WIIATCOAT
WnKATLKY
449
tion, m that it could Iw worked like iron, and
was thv tirHt to attain nractical siKHi^m in tluH
din>ction. IIi« M'nt to tne C'cntonnial (exhibition
of 1870, and to the Paris exiH>sition of IHTW, »aiu-
fil«t of nickel ores, nickel-matte, metallic nickel
n grains and cuIjcm, cast and wrout;ht nickel, cast
ooImU, and electro-plating with nickel and colwlt,
which illustrated the progress in the metallurgical
development of this sultstance, and excited much
admiration. Mr. Wharton aide<l in estuliiishing
tiwarthmore college, of which he is president of the
board of trustet»s, endowing its chair of history and
political economy, and also fouuded the Wharton
school of finance and economy in the University of
Pennsylvania. lie is a raemlx»r of the Society of
Friends. Mr. Wharton has published several j>am-
phlets on the subjei't of protection to home indus-
try.— Ilenrv's son, Thoiua.s Inaac, author, b. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 1 Aug., 18r>y. w»is graduated at
the University of Pennsylvania in 1879, studied
law, was admitted to the bar, and is the author of
"A liatter-Day Saint" (New York. 1884), and
"Hannibal of New York" (1880).— The first Jo-
seph's descendant, Anne Hollingr^worth, author,
b. in Philadelphia, Pa., alK)Ut 184.'). ha.s published
"The Wharton Family "(Philadelphia, 1880); " Vi-
^lia"; and "St. Hnrtholomew's hve."
WHATCOAT, Richard, M. E. bishop, b. in the
Mfish of C^uinton, Gloucester co., Kngland, 23
PeV)., 1730; d. in Dover, Del., 4 July, 1800. His
Earents were members of the Church of England,
ut when he was twenty-two years of age he
accepted Methodist views. Until he was thirty-
three years of age he continuetl in busines.s, aiid
was a useful member of the Wesleyan connection.
In July, 1709, he became a minister, and was very
successful, having great ability in composing difli-
culties, but in 1784 John Wesley sent him to the
United States as a mis.sionary with Thomas Coke.
Coke and Wesley ordained him a presbyter, an act
on Wesley's part that oce*sione<l much discussion.
When he came to this country he was forty-six
years of age, and was a marvellous preacher, able
to move an audience, according to the testimony of
Adam Clark, " as the leaves of a forest are niovetl
by a mighty wind." His contem|>orBriesattribut«Kl
his strength chiefly to his supreme devotion. In
the year 1800 he was electe<l bishop. After several
years of infirmity, he die<l at the house of ex-Gov.
Kichard Basset t, of Delaware. Bishop Francis
Asbury said of him : " A man fv* unifonnly good
I have not known in EurojM' or America."
WHEAT, John Thomax, clergyman, b. in
Washington, D. C, 15 Nov., 1800; d. in .Salisbury,
N. C, 2 Feb.. lS88. He was e<Iucate<l at Asbury
college, Baltimore, and establishe<I a private sch(x>l
in Washington. Having devote*! himself to the
study of theology, he was ordaineil deacttn in Alex-
andria, and in the following year at Baltimore he
was mmle a priest. He was instrumental in found-
ing an Episcopal church at Marietta, Ohio, after-
ward went to North Carolina, an<l subso<juently to
Tennessee, and for twenty years labored in Nash-
ville and Memphis. He was also for a time in
Arkansas. He held various positions of influence
in the annual conventions of the church, and in
1845 was given the degree of D. D. by the Uni-
versity of Nashville. He was an intimate friend
of Henry Clay. His book on ** Preparation for the
Holy Communion" (New York. 1800) won a high
reputntiori in the rfligimis worltl.
nHEATLEY, Charles Moore, mineraloifist. b.
in Essex, England, 16 March, 1822 ; d. in Phoenix-
rille. Pa,, 6 Mar, 1882. He came to this country
when a l>oy, wm educated in New York city, ana,
you Ti.— M
entering mercantile life in iK'tt, continue*! no cn-
gage<l until 1845. Mr. Wheatley became in 1K87
a memljer of the .Mercantile libra'rv, wan a dinvtor
in I841-'H, and s«'r\'ed a« nvonling s4-<'ret«r>" in
1844- '5. He then turned his attention Ut mining,
and in 1840 Ijccame manager of the Bristol copper-
mine in Connecticut, whence in 1848 he was «iill«l
to a similar place at the Perkionien copiier-mine
in Pennsylvania. From 1850 till 1857 he wa.i gen-
eral manager and |>art owner of the Wheatley sil-
ver-lead mines, which he discovcnNl and oim'IimI.
SulistHjuently he mined in Pennsvlvaiiia and in
California, but finally settled in Phu'nixviljc. Pa.,
where he establisheil' the S-huylkill copfier works
and was the first in-rson successfully to re«!uce
copper-ores. Mr. Wheatley was an active collec-
tor, and gathered a valuable library of lMH>k8 in
geology and ininerulog)'. He also M^ciimulatcil a
collection of inoH' than <i.(HH) minerals and shells,
valued at $25,(KX), which was purchaM**! bv F^lward
C. Delavan and given to Union college to t»e kept as
the Wheatley cabinets, forever subject to the con-
trol of the University of New York. I^ater he
made an extensive collection of fresh-water shells.
At the World's fair held in New York in IKW he
exhibited sj)ecimens from the Wheatley mine, |ilans
of the mining oi)eretions and drawinirs of machin-
ery, for which ne receivwl ttne of tlu- two silver
metlals that were given. He discovered a cave near
Port Kennedy, on Schuvlkill river, where he found
many s|>e<'imen8 of fossils, an account of which was
read Iwfore the American philosophical society in
1871 by Prof. Fxlward D. (\»pe, who name*! one of
the species Megalf)nvx Wheat leyi in his honor.
The detrree of A. >f. was given him bv Yale in
1858. He was elwtiHl a meml>er of the New York
lyceum of natural history in 1840. was its treas-
urer in 1847-'58, and was connected with other
s<'ientific associations l)oth in this country and
abroad. He publisheil " Catalogues of the Sliells
of the United States, with their IxK-alities," one of
the first volumes of its kind that were ever pul>-
lished (New Y(.rk. 1842).
WHEATLEY, PhilliH, noet, b. in Africa about
175:{; (I. in Itoston. Mass., h lK>c., 17H4. She was
brought here from Africa in 1701, and her only
recollection of her early life wa.s that of her heathen
mother worshipping the sun at its rising. She
was boueht from the slave-market by John Wheat-
ley, of Boston, and soon develojied remarkable
acquisitive faculties. She became a member of
his family and was e<Iucated l>y his daughters.
In sixteen months from her arrival she could
read Eiiclish fluently, soon learned to write, and
also stuniMl I^tin. She visite*! England in 1774.
where she was cordially receive*!, and after her
return to Boston she corresijonde*! with the
Countess of Huntingdon, the Earl of Dartmouth,
Key. GtH>rge Whiteflehl. and others, and wrote
many poems to her friends. .She addrvsaed some
lines' and a letter to (ien. Washington on 2<l
(K't., 1775, which were afterwan! publishe*! in the
" Pennsylvania Magazine, or American Monthly
Museum," for Anril, 1770. In a reply, under date
of 2 Feb., 1770, Oen. Washington writes: "I thank
you most sincerely for vour jjolite notice of me in
the elegant line* you inclose*!; and, however un-
deeerring I may bi> of such enc-omium and pane-
gjrric, the style and manner exhibit a striking
proof of your poetical talents: in hort'>>- "f «>M<'h.
and as a tribute justly due to vou. I ive
tiublishe*! the |x>em had I not been .i; -ive
hat^ while I only meant to give the world this
new instance of ytiur genius, I might bare incurred
the imputation of vanity. This, and nothing else^
460
WHEATLEY
WHEATON
determined me not to give it place in the public
prints. If you should ever come to Cambridge, or
near headquarters. I shall be happy to see a per-
son so favored by the muses, and to whom Nature
has been so liberal and beneficent in her dispensa-
tions." A few days before the British evacuated
Boston she visited the Revolutionary camp and
was received with marked attention ()y Washing-
ton and his officers. Thomas Jefferson said that
her verses were beneath criticism. In 1775 the
Wheatley family was broken up by death, and,
after attempting and failing to support herself, she
married in 1778 a colored man named Petei*s, who,
at!cording to different accounts, was a grocer, law-
ver, or barber. This marriage proved unhappy, and
IPeters became reduced in circumstances. During
the Revolution they resided in Wilmington, Del.,
and they afterward returned to Boston, where they
lived in wretched poverty. Among the attentions
that she received in London was a gift from the lord
mayor of a copy of " Paradise Lost," which was sold
after her death, and is now in the library of Harvard.
Her publications are "An Elegiac Poem on the
Death of George Whitefield. Chaplain to the Count-
ess of Huntingdon" (Boston, 1770); "Poems on
Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, by Phillis
Wheatley, Negro Servant to Mr. John Wheatley,
of Boston," to certify which an attestation was ad-
dressed to the public and signed by Gov. Thomas
Hutchinson, John Hancock, Rev. Samuel Mather,
John Wheatley, Andrew Eliot, and others (Lon-
don, 1773; 2d ed., Albany, 1793; republished as
" The Negro Equalled by Few Europeans," 2 vols.,
Philadelphia, 1801 ; 2d ed., Walpole, N. H., 1802 ;
3d ed., with a memoir, Boston, 1834) ; and " Elegy
Sacred to the Memory of Dr. Samuel Cooper
(1784). The "Letters of Phillis Wheatley" were
printed privately by Charles Deane from the " Pro-
ceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society "
(BosU)n, 1864).
WHEATLEY, Sarah, actress, b. in St. John,
New Brunswick, in 1790; d. in New York city in
Julv, 1854. Her father, whose name was Ross,
died when she was two years of age. She made
her first appearance in New York at the Park thea-
tre on 12 Sov., 1805, and in 1806 married Freder-
ick Wheatley, an actor, and retired from the stage ;
but on his failure in business she resumed her pro-
fession for the support of her family and achieved
success. Mrs. Wneatley was noted for her artistic
representation of old women. — Her son, William,
actor, b. in New York city, 5 Dec, 1816; d. there,
3 Nov., 1876, made his first appearance on the
stage at the Park theatre. New York, in 1826 as
Albert in " W^illiam Tell," during the engagement
of Macready, with whom he travelled through the
United States. In 1842 he was engaged at the
Walnut street theatre in Philadelphia, and in 1843
he retii-ed and visited Nicaragua, where he raised
the first American flag in Virgin bay. He re-
turned to the United States, and in 1853 leased,
with John Drew, the Arch street theatre in Phila-
delphia, of which he was sole manager in 1855-'8.
Afterward he controlled the Continental theatre
in Philadelphia, and leased Niblo's Garden, New
York, of which he was manager from 1865 till he
retired in 1868. During this period the "Black
Crook " was first produced. Mr. Wheatley's best
characters were Doricourt in " The Belle's Strata-
gem," Rover in " Wild Oats," Captain Absolute
m "The Rivals," and Claude Melnotte in "The
Lady-of Lvons."
WHEAt'ON, Frank, soldier, b. in Providence,
R. I., 8 May, 1833. He was educated in common
schools, became a civil engineer, and engaged in Cali-
fornia and in the Mexican boundary surveys from
1850 till he was commissioned 1st lieutenant in the
1st U. S. cavalry, 3 March, 1855. He served at Jef-
ferson barracks. Mo., and in Kansas until 1856, and
in the field against Cheyenne Itidians till 1857, being
in action near Fort Kearny, Neb. He was on the
Utah expedition till August, 1858, on duty with
his regiment in the Indian territory, and then on
recruiting service till July, 1861, having been pro-
moted captain in March. He received permission
to accept the commission of lieutenant-colonel of
the 2d Rhode Island volunteers in July, 1861, be-
came colonel in the same month, and took part m
the battle of Bull Run, also serving in the princi-
pal engagements of the Armv of the Potomac, in-
cluding the peninsula and Maryland campaigns.
He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers
in November, 1862, commanding a brigade during
the operations of the same army in 1863-'4, ana
then a division of the 6th corps, distinguishing
himself in the operations in the Shenandoah valley
in 1864, and those that culminated in the surren-
der at Appomattox in 1865. He was brevetted
major-general of volunteers for gallant and meri-
torious services at the Opequan, Fisher's Hill, and
Middletown, Va., and received brevets in the regu-
lar army to the grade of major-general for the bat-
tles of the Wilderness, Cedar Creek, and Peters-
burg, respectively. He became lieutenant-colonel
of the 39th infantry, 28 July, 1866. was transferred
to the 21st infantry in March, 1869, and promoted
colonel of the 2d infantry, 15 Dec, 1874. Since
the war Gen. Wheaton has held commands in Da-
kota, Montana, and Nebraska. In July, 1866, he
was pre^nted with a sword by his native state for
gallant services in the above-mentioned battles.
WHEATON, Henry, lawver, b. in Providence,
R. I., 27 Nov., 1785; d. in Dorchester, Mass., 11
March, 1848. He was a descendant of Robert
Wheaton, a Baptist clergyman, who emigrated
from Swansey, Wales, to &ilem, Mass., but subse-
quently settled in
Rhode Island. Af-
ter graduation at
Brown in 1802,
Henry studied law
under Nathaniel
.Searle, was admit-
ted to the bar in
1805, and in that
year continuetl his
studies i^n Poictiers
and London. On
his return to this
country he prac-
tised law in Provi-
dence till he re-
moved in 1812 to
New York, where
he edited in 1812-
'15 the "National
Advocate," the or-
gan of the adminis-
tration party. In
this paper lie published notable articles on the
question of neutral rights in connection with the
then existing war with England. On 26 Oct.,
1814, he became division judge-advocate of the
army, and from 1815 till 1819 he was a justice of
the marine court of New York city. From 1816
till 1827 he was reporter for the'U. S. supreme
court in Washington, D. C, and published " Re-
ports of Cases argued and determined in the Su-
preme Court, of the United States " (12 vols.. New
York, 1826-'7). This was termed by a German re-
WIIKATON
WIIKATON
4fil
rlewer "the jfolden book of American Uw." WIU-
Uin B. liHwrt-nce says: "The reputation which
Mr. Whfaton BtniuiriMl as a rvtmrtfr was imri-
valliHl. H«' (li<l not conflnt- himsoif t«i u incro miiiii-
niary of tlu- abU' arffumt'iits by wliich th»* vom-s
wert' flucidatfil ; but tht-n* is s<'«rrfly a i»r«)|K»«i-
tion on any of tho (liverxiflHl Hubjects to which the
juriMliction of the court «?xtenii.s, that niijfht jfive
rise to serious doubtH in the j)rofes.sion, that is not
explainc<l not merely by a citation of the aiithori-
ties a<l(luctHl by counsel, but copious rules present
the views which the publicists and civilians have
taken of the qui'stion. He was electwl a member
of the eonventi<m to form a new constitution for
New York in 1H21, was a member of the assembly
in 1823, and in 1825 was ass4x>iated with John
Duer and Ik>njamin F. Butler in a connnission to
revise the statute law of New York. He also tixtk
[»art in inmortant cases, and was the sole associate
of l)aniel Welister in that which settled the limits
of the state and Federal lej^islation in reference to
l«nkrui)tcy and insolvency. In 1827 he was a|»-
pointea charjje d'affaires in Denmark, being the
first diplomatist that was sent to that country
from the United States. He served till 1835, dis-
playing skill in the settlement of the Sound dues
that were imjiosed by Denmark on the vessels of
all countries, and obtained modifications of the
quarantine regulations. He acquire<l reputation
by his n*searches in the Scandinavian language
and literature, and was elected a meml)er of the
Scandinavian and Icelandic societies. In 1835 he
was appointed resident minister to the court of
Prussia, and he was promotetl to minister-plenipo-
tentiarr in 1837. He soon receiveil full {K)wer to
conclude a treaty with the Zollverein, which ob-
iect he pursuetl for the ensuing six years. On 25
March, 1844. he 8igne<l a treaty with Germanv, for
which he received high commendation fn)m Pri'si-
dent Tyler and John ('. Calhoun, the secretary of
state. This was rejectetl by the U. S. senate, but
served as the basis for8ubse<iuent treaties. In 1840
he was requested by President Polk to resign his
jiost, but, on his return to the Unite<l States in
1847, he was honore<l by public dinners in New
York and Philadelphia, and imine<liately chos<'n
Ie<-turer on inteniational law at Harvanl, which
ofTice he was prevented by illness from accepting.
He was made a corres|)onding meml)er of the
French institute in 184ii and a meml)er of the Royal
acailemy of Berlin in 1840. Harvard gave him the
degree of A. M. in 1825, and he received that of
Lu. D. from Bn>wn in 1819, fn)in Hamilton in
184.*J, and fn)m Harvard in 1845. He deliveriMl
many a<ldresses lx»fore literarv societies, among
which were those before the J?ew York historical
society on the " .Science of Public or Int4>mati<^nal
Law (New York. 1820), and at the opening of
the New York athemrum, afterward the Society
library (1824). His most imi>ortant work is " Kle-
ments of International Law '(Philadelphia, 18230 :
2 vols., Ijondon, 1830; 3<l ed., Philmlelphia, 1H45:
French translation, Ix'i[>sic and Paris, 1H4H). This
lM>ok was at once acknowU^lged as a standani au-
thority. At the instance of Anson Burlingame,
minister to China, it was translated into Chinese
and published at the expense of the imperial gov-
ernment (4 vols., Pekin, 1805). It was also trans-
lated into Japanese. The 6th edition, with the
last oorrtvtions of the author, was publishe<l by
William Ik>acli Ijawn>nee, with a hiogrnphi<-al n<v
tice (B»iston, 1855), The 8th e<lition, by Hichanl
H. Dana, Jr.. was publishetl with notes (Boston,
1866). The use of Mr. Ijawrence's notes in the pre-
vious editions resulted in a protracted legal coo-
troversy, oonc«rning which tee Dajta, Richard
IIknry, vol. ii., |>age 71. William B. Ijawreooe's
" Cominentaire sur les ^'lements du dniit interna-
tional et sur I'histoire des pn>gn!« du droits de*
gens de Wheaton" was published (4 v>>\k, lA-ipdc,
18IW-'H0). Mr. Wheaton's other publications are
"Considerations on the K'^tablishinent of a Uni-
form System of liankrupt I^aws thnmghout thu
I'nifcil States" (Washington, 1815); "A Digmt of
the Decisi«ms of the Supreme Court of the I'nitetl
States from its Fstablishment in 17H9 to 1H20 "
(1820-'»); "Life of William Pinkney," which
was also publishe<l in Sparks's "American Biogra-
phy " (1826) ; " History of the Northmen, or Danes
and Normans, from the h^irliest Times u> the Con-
(juest of Kngland by William of Normandy,"
which Washington Irving said "evincetl through-
out the enthusiasm of an antiquarian, the liber-
ality of a scholar, and the enlightenetl toleration of
a citizen of the world" (Ixmdon, 18!il ; French
translation by Paul Uuillot, Paris, 1844); " Ilis-
toire du progres des gens en Europe depuis la
paix de Westphalie ju.s({u'au congres de Vienne,
avec un precis historique du droit des gens euro-
ImVus avant la (laix de Westphalie "(Ijcipsic, 1841),
written in unsuccessful com{)etition ft>r a \trize
offered by the French institute and translate<l into
English by William lieach I^wnau-e as "A His-
tory of the liaw of Nations in Euro|ie and America
from the h^rliest Times to the Treaty of Washing-
ton " (New York, 1845); and "An Enquiry into
the Validity of the British Claim to a Right of
Visitation and Sean-hof American Vessels susitect-
ed to W engaged in the Slave-Tratle " (Philadelphia
and Lon«lon. 1842; 2d ed., 1858). Mr. WheaU.n
translated the "Ct>deof Na[>oleon," but the manu-
scriot was destn>ye<l by fire, ami he also contrib-
ute<i numerous political, historical, and literary'
articles to the "North American Review" anri
other periodicals. A discourse. "The Value of a
Man," was published «m his death bv the Rev.
Etiwanl B. Hall (Pn)vidence. 1848),— His son,
Robert, author, b. in New York city. 5 Oct., 1826 ;
d. in Providence. R. I., 0 Oct.. 1851. s|ient his
early life in Copenhagen an<l Paris, but left his
sc-hool in the latter citv in 1K41 to devote himself
to engineering, which he altandoned in 1843. and
attende*! lectures at the Sorbonne and the College
de France. In 1847 he came to this country- with
his father. entere<l the Hananl law-schtxil, and
was admitted to the bar in iK'il. He was a skil-
ful musician, and publishtnl several able and
thoughtful articles in the "North American Re-
view" and other peritnlicals. "S«'lections " froin
his writings wer»» publishe<l by his sister. Abby
Wheaton. with a memoir (Boston. 1854).
WHKATON. Nathaniel Sheldon, clerfryman.
b. in Wa-shington. Conn.. 24> Aug.. 1702; d. in Mar-
bledale, C-onn., 18 March, 1862. He was graduated
at Yale in 1814. and after residing four years in
Maryland, when- he was onIaiiie<l bv Bishop Kemp,
wasehn-ted rector of Christ chunh, ilartfonl. Conn.
While di.sc-harging the duties of this oflice he took
an active interest in the plans for the <>st«bli»h-
ment of a seo<»nd college in Connecticut, at least
one vigorous jiamphlet in its defence l»eing from
his pen. He was one of the original tx»rjK>rator»
of Washington (now Trini' ■ . and was al-
most imme<liately (in 18',': to viMt Eng-
land in the interests of w.. ..." .n>titulion. He
s«'<MiriHl donations of UM>ks for the library, and
made nurchasesof philosophical apnaratus. While
abroati he also ma4le a s{iei'ial study of architect-
ure, which enable<l him to nrepare plans, even to
minute details, for the new Chnst church in Hart-
452
WHEDON
WHEELER
ford, which was consecrated in 1829. At the time,
perhaps, it was the best specimen of Gothic archi-
tecture in the country. On the retirement of
Bishop Brownell from the presidency of Washing-
ton college in 1831, Dr. Wneaton was chosen his
successor. He labored untiringly for the good of
the institution, making liberal gifts and securing
the endowment of two professorships, besides large
additions to the general funds. Under his direc-
tion the college campus — the site that is now occu-
pied by the state capitol — was carefully laid out
and planted with trees. In 1837 Dr. Wneaton ac-
cepted the rectorship of Christ church. New Or-
leans, La., where he remained seven years, his cour-
age and faithfulness being especially shown in
his unremitting attention t« his duties while the
city WHS ravaged by the yellow fever. Resigning
in 1844, he again visited Europe, and then resided
for a short time in Hartford, unable, by reason of
feeble health, to undertake regular duties. He soon
withdrew to his native town, where he resided for
the rest of his life, officiating in dififerent places
in the neighborhood as he was able. At his death
he left to Trinity college his valuable library, be-
sides a legacy in money, part of which was desig-
nated as the nucleus of a chapel fund. The large
window in the new chancel of Christ church, Hart-
ford, is in his memory. He received the degree of
D. D. from Yale in 1833. The journal of his trav-
els abroad in 1823-'4 was published in one volume
(Hartford, 1830). and he also issued " Remarks on
Washingt(m College " (anonymous) and a " Dis-
course on the Epistle to Philemon."
WHEDON, Daniel Deiii-son, author, b. in Onon-
daga. N. Y., 20 March, 1808 ; d. in Atlantic High-
lands, N. J., 8 June, 1885. After graduation at Ham-
ilton college in 1828 he studied law in Rochester,
N. Y., taught in the Conference seminary, Cazeno-
via, N. Y., in 1830-'l, and was a tutor in Hamil-
ton in 1831-2. From 1833 till 1843 he was pro-
fessor of ancient languages and literature in Wes-
leyan university, Middletown, Conn. In 1836 he
was ordained a clergyman in the Methodist Epis-
copal church, and he held pastorates in Pitts-
field, Mass., in 1843-'5, and Jamaica, L. I., in 1855.
From 1845 till 1852 he was professor of logic,
rhetoric, and history in the University of Michi-
gan, where he served as president of the faculty in
1847-8. From 1856 till 1884 he was editor of the
" Methodist Quarterly Review," and he was also
general editor of the publications of the Methodist
book concern. The degree of D. D. was conferred
on him by Emory and Henry college, Emory, Va.,
in 1847, and that of LL. D. by Wesleyan univer-
sity in 1868. In addition to single sermons and
contributions to the " Bibliotheea Sacra " and other
[)eriodicals, he published " Public Addresses, Col-
egiate and Popular" (Boston, 1856); "Commen-
tary on Matthew and Mark " (New York', 1860) ;
" The Freedom of the Will, as a Basis of Human
Responsibility, elucidated and maintained in its
Issue with the Necessitarian Theories of Hobbes,
Edwards, the Princeton Essayists, and Other Lead-
ing Advocates" (1864) ; " Commentary on the New
Testament" intended for popular use (5 vols.,
1860-'75) : and " Commentary on the Old Testa-
ment" (7 vols.. 1880-'6). Two additional volumes
of his collected writings appeared in 1886.
WHEELER, Andrew Carpenter, journalist,
b. in New York, 4 July, 1835. He began his career
in journalism as a reporter on the New York
" Times," under Henry J. Raymond, but soon
afterward went to the west. After several years
he settled in Milwaukee, Wis., as city editor of the
" Sentinel." Soon after the opening of the civil
war he became a war-correspondent for several
eastern and western pa{)ers. At the close of hos-
tilities he returned to the east and served on the
New York " Leader," and then on the " World.*'
With the latter paper he has been connected ever
since, excepting an interval of a few years. On
the " World " he first adopted the pen-name " Nym
Crinkle." He is best known as a dramatic and
musical critic, in which capacity he has served on
most of the New York i)a[)ers. He has written
'• The Chronicles of Milwaukee " (Milwaukee, 1861),
and " The Twins," a comedy, which was produced
by Lester Wallack in 1862.
WHEELER, Charles Stearns, scholar, b. in
Lincoln, Me., 19 Dec., 1816; d. in Ijeipsic, Ger-
many, 13 June, 1843. He was graduated at Har-
vard in 1837, served as tutor there in 1838-'42, and
in the latter year went to Leipsic to study, but died
after eighteen months' residence. He publishetl an
edition of Herodotus, with notes that evince remark-
able learning (2 vols., Cambridge, Mass., 1843).
WHEELER, Darid Hilton, clergyman, b. in
Ithaca, N. Y., 19 Nov., 1829. He was graduated
at Rock River seminary. Mount Morris, 111., in
1851, was professor of ancient languages in Cor-
nell college, Iowa, in 1853-'5, and assumed the
chair of Greek in 1857, which he held till 1861.
He edited the " Carroll County Republican " in
1855-'7, and at the same time was county super-
intendent of public schools. In 1861-'6 he was
U. S. consul at Genoa, Italy. He was professor
of English literature in Northwestern university
in 1867-75, edited the " Methodist," in New York
city, for the subsequent seven years, and became
president of Allegheny college, Pa., in 1883, hold-
ing office till 1887. • Cornell college gave him the
degree of D. D. in 1867, and Northwestern univer-
sity that of LL. D. in 1881. He has written for
publication since 1855, is the author of " Brig-
andage in South Italy " (2 vols., London, 1864),
and "By- Ways of Literature" (New York, 1883),
and has translated, from the Italian, Celesia's " Con-
spiracy of Fieschi " (1866).
WHEELER, Dora, artist, b. in Jamaica, L. I.,
12 March, 1858. She is a daughter of Mrs. Candace
Wheeler, who is well known for her interest in the
development of art needle-work in the United
States. She studied with William M. Chase in
New York, and William Adolphe Bouguereau and
others in Paris. Though devoting herself mainly
to decorative designing, she has also painted sev-
eral pictures. Among these are a series of por-
traits of English and American authors, includ-
ing Thomas Bailey Aldrich, James Russell Lowell,
Walt Whitman, Charles Dudley Warner. John
Burroughs. Austin Dobson, and Walter Besant.
WHEELER, George Montagne, soldier, b. in
Grafton. Mass., 9 Oct., 1842. He was graduated at
the U. S. military academy in 1866, and assigned
to the corps of engineers. From October, 1866,
till September. 1868. he was assistant engineer on
the survey of Point Lobos and vicinity, and in the
construction of the defences of Fort Point, San
Francisco harbor, Cal. He was promoted 1st lieu-
tenant on 7 March, 1867. and in Septemljer, 1868,
became engineer on the staff of the «ommanding
general of the Department of California. In 1869
he was sent to make a geographical reconnoissance
in central Nevada, and in 1871 he took the field
with a force of surveyors and scientists. His or-
ganization assumed the title of the " Geographical
survey of the territory of the United States west of
the 100th meridian," of which he became superin-
tending engineer. Money was annually granted
by congress for the continuance of his work, and a
WHEELER
WHKRLKR
4BS
lareo force was rpf^ilarly employwl. This §urvey
had for it« primary ol)j««ct the makiog of frco-
pniiihio mapH, but it ravo a prominoiit place to
f^.<<)l()^y, ana fn^theretl valuable material in the
ile|>ttrtment« of whMojjv and ethnolojfv. Lieut.
Wlweler fontinue<l this work until Mim-h, 1H79.
wln-M the survey was atxilishcMl and the V. S. ge<>-
li'i^ical survey was or^nize«l. (See Kixo, Clak-
KM K. and Powell, John W.) Sim-e that time he
has been engafjed in the preparation of the mate-
rial that has lji>en gathered, much of which has
been published in his annual refmrt^, l)egiiming
with 1871, and also in a series of quarto volumes
published by the engineer depwrtment of the V. S,
army. Capt. Wheeler was a delegate to the 3d
International conference and exhibition held at
Vienna in 18H,'), concerning which he made a ri>-
port to the U. S. government. He was promote<l
captain on 30 March, 1879, and, owing to illness,
retired from at-tive service on 15 June, 1888.
WHEELER. John HiU, historian, b. in Mur-
freeslx>ro', N. C, 6 Aug.. 1806 ; d. in Washington,
D. C, 7 Dec., 1882. His ancestors were early
settlers of North Carolina and direct dt^n-endants
of Admiral Sir Francis Wheeler. John was grmlu-
ated at Columbian university, Washington, I). C,
in 1826, and at the law department of the Uni-
versity of North Carolina in 1828. He became a
member of the North Carolina legislature in 1837,
and in ISJil secretary of the board of commission-
ers under the treaty with France to decide on the
claims of American citizens for s{>oliations under
the Berlin and Milan treaties. He Ix'came su|)er-
intendent of the branch U. S. mint at Charlotte.
N. C, in 18:M, and held offli-e till 1841. He was
chosen treasurer of North Carolina in 1842, and at
the expiration of his term began his " History of
North Carolina." to which he devote<l himself for
ten years (Philadelphia, 1851). In 1854-'7 he was
U. S. minister to Nicaragtia. As soon as William
Walker established his authority there, Mr. Wheeler
acknowlfdireil his government. He resigne<l that
post in 1857, settled in Washington, I). C, where
in 1859-'61 he was employed in the statistical bu-
reau. Ijater he returned to North Carolina, but
he took no active jiart in the civil war. In 1H<I3 he
was sent by the legislature to England for material
for an enlarginl wlition of his "History of North
Carolina." His later life was pa.ssetl in Washing-
ton in collating the deliates of congress, and in
statistical lalK)rM. His other writings include " A
Legislative Manual of North Carolina" (1874):
" Keminisccnces and Memoirs of North Carolina "
iColumbuB, Ohio, 1884); and he edited ('ol. David
Manning's " Autobiography " (Richmond, Va.,
1861).— His brother, Jnnluti BrntllM, soldier, b. in
Murfreesboro', N. C.. 21 Feb.. 18:^0; d- in Ix-noir,
N. C., 15 July, 1886. was educate<l at the Uni-
versity of North Carolina, volunteered at the he-
ginning of the Mexican war, and fwrticipatcd in
everj- battle from Vera Cruz to the citv of Mexico.
He was promoted lieutenant in 1847. tut resigned
at the end of the war, enterini the U. S. military
academy, and was gnuluateil in 1855. He wai
transferrwl to the topographical engineers in 1856,
became 1st licji tenant on 1 July, 1860, was assist-
ant professor of mathematics at the U. S. military ]
academv in 1859-'61, and princi(>al assistant pr«v
fessor t)iere in 1861-'3. He lieoame a captain in
the engineer corps in March. 1863, chief engineer
of the I)e{)artment of the Sustpiehanna in June and
September of that year, and chief engineer of the
Army of the Arkansas from Septemoer, 1863. till
May, 1864. He |>artici|wted in engagements at
Elkins Ferry, Prairie D'Ane, the occu[N»tion of
Camden, and the (tattle of Jenkins Ferry, on the
Saline river, 30 April, 1864. for which' he wmb
brevette«l maior. U. S, army. In March. I8<B, he
was brevettetl lieutenant-colonel and culonel for
meritorious service during the civil war. He was
chief enginwr of the military division of the
Missouri in May and June, 1865, com mandcil the
engin^-iT dejKjt at Jefferson Itarracks, Mo., in July
and Decemlx-r of that year, wa.-* aHsisiant >-ngineer
on the Mississippi levw-s in 1865- '6, and Miperin-
tendent engineer of harl»or impntvements in 186d.
He became major of engineers. U. .S. armv, in I8M,
and was then professor of mining an(f civil en-
gineering at the U. S. military academy, which port
he hehl till his retirement in 1H85. ' He wrote •
valuable series of military text-lKK>ks that were
adoptwl bv the U. .S. war dejiartment, and mib-
lisheil under the titles "Civil Kngineering" (S'ew
York, 1877): "Art and .Scienc-e of War" (1878):
"Elements of F'icid Fortifications" (1882); and
"Military Engineering" (2 vols., 1884-'5).
WHEELER, JoHeph, soldier, b. in AugtistA,
Ga., 10 .Sept., 18:16. He was graduati>d at the
U. S. military academy in 185U. and a.ssigne<l to the
dragoons. After a year's service at the cavalry
sch<K>l for prac-
tice at Carlisle,
Pa., he received
the full rank
of 2d lieuten-
ant, but on 22
April. 1861, re-
signed and en-
tered the Con-
federate army.
He was maae
colonel of the
19th Alabama
infantry on 4
Sept., l'861, and
served princi-
pally in the west.
At Shiloh he
commanded a
brigade and cov.
ered the Con-
federate retreat
from the field.
In July, 1862, he was transferred to a cavalry com-
mand, and enjpigetl in raiding western Tennessee.
During the Kentucky cam]mign of that vear he
hatl charge of (Jen. Braxton Bragg's cavalrj', and
fought at Green River and Perryville. He com-
manded the rear-guard of the Confe<lerate army
when it retreated into Tennesse*'. and on 30 (Vt!.
1862, was promoted brigatlier-general. At Mur-
freeslK)ro' he was in charge of the cavaln, and
then»after he was con t in uouslv active in conti-sting
Gen. William S. R«»secrans's advance, also attacking
his flanks, raiding in the rear, and destmying his
trains. On 19 Jan.. 18611. he receive*! his ci^nmission
as major-general, an<I oppose<l the National aclvance
on Chattanooga. He ct>mmande<l the cavalrj* at
Chickamauga, and after the battle cpwweil Tennes-
see river and fell upon Roeecrans's line of com-
munications, defeatnig the force that was sent
against him and destroying over 1.200 wagons, with
stores. On this raid he succtitled it> damaging
National pnji>erty to the value of $:1.<)00,(KI0. but,
after losing tSOO men, was driven back to northern
Alabama. Suliseaucntly he t(x)k put in the siege
of Knoxville and covepwl Bragg's retreat from
Mission ridgi> and I><K>kout mount«Jn. During the
winter and spring he cxintinualij haTMsed the Na-
tional troops, and, on the advance of Qtn. Willijun
mCiriuiL^
454
WHEELKR
WHEELER
T. Sherman's army toward Atlanta, he opposed
every movement and fought almost daily, often
with his men dismounted. During July 27-30 he
fought the raiding force of Gen. George Stoneman,
Gen. Kenner Garrard, and Gen. Edward M. McCook,
and captured many prisoners, including Gen. Stone-
man, and all the artillery and transportation. On
9 Aug., 1804, he was sent by Gen. John li. Hood to
capture the National supplies, burn bridges, and
break up railways in the rear of Gen. Shernmn's
array, rassing through northern Georgia, he went
into'eastern Tennessee as far as the Kentucky line,
and thence through middle Tennessee back into
northern Alabama. During this raid, which lasted
one month, he was continuously engaged and ruined
much property. He was unsuccessful in destroying
Sherman's communications, and was finally driven
back by the National cavalry. When the Confed-
erate commander became convinced of the impossi-
bility of arresting Sherman's advance, Wheeler was
sent in front of the armv to prevent the National
troops from raiding and foraging. He then en-
gaged in the defence of Savannah, and for his
defence of Aiken received the thanks of the legis-
lature of South Carolina. Gen. Wheeler received
his promotion to the rank of lieutenant-general on
28 Feb., 1865, and continued in charge of the cav-
alry under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston until the sur-
render in April, 1865. The death of Gen. James
E. B. Stuart, on 11 May, 1864, made him senior
cavalry general of the Confederate armies. After
the war, he studied law, which profession and the
occupation of cotton-planting he followed until
1880, when he was elected to congress as a Demo-
crat, and took his seat on 5 Dec, 1881 ; but his
Elace was successfully contested by William M.
lowe, and he was unseated, 3 June, 1882. He was
re-elected to the same congress on the death of
Mr. Lowe, a few months later, and has served since
4 March, 1885. In January, 1888, he was appointed
a regent of the Smithsonian institution.
WHEELER, Nathaniel, inventor, b. in Water-
town, Conn., 7 Sept., 1820. He was educated in
the public schools, began life as a carriage manu-
facturer, and continued in that business till about
1848. In 1850 he made the acquaintance of Allan
B. Wilson, who was engaged in perfecting a sewing-
machine, but neetled aid in patenting his invention
and introducing it to the public. Wilson induced
Mr. Wheeler to join in that enterprise, and in 1852
the machine was patented in the firm-name of
Wheeler and Wilson. In 1853 the Wheeler and
Wilson manufacturing company was founded. Mr.
Wheeler's knowledge of machinery an<l his ability
as an organizer enabled him to expand the sewing-
machine manufacture from the little factory that
could make but one machine a day to an establish-
ment that has facilities for producing 600 machines
a day. Since 1850, as president of the Whoeler and
Wilson sewing-machine companv, he has created a
market for more than 1,200,(X)6 sewing-machines.
He has served six sessions in the senate and house
of the Connecticut legislature, and has taken out
patents for various inventions in sewing-machines,
railway-cars, heating and ventilation of buildings,
and wood finishing.
WHEELER, Orlando Belina. civil engineer,
b. in Lodi, Mich., 29 Nov., 1835. He was gradu-
ated at the University of Michigan in 1862, after
taking both the scientific and classical courses, and
in 1861-'2 was acting assistant in the a^^tronomical
observatory of that institution under Dr. Francis
Brlinnow. After his graduation he entered the
service of the U. S. lake survey as assistant engi-
neer, which office he held until 1882. Meanwhile
he was detailed to serve as assistant astronomer
under Prof. Asaph Hall in 1874, on the expedition
to Siberia to observe the transit of Venus, and in
1878 he served similarly with the total eclipse ex-
j)edition in Colorado, and in 1882 he accompanied
the party under Lieut. Samuel M. Very, U. S. navy,
that was sent to Patagonia to observe the transit
of Venus. The degree of C. E. was conferred on
him by the University of Michigan in 1879, and he
is a member of scientific societies. Since 1884 he
has been U. S. assistant engineer under the Mis-
souri river commission. His writings, principally
reports, have appeared in the annual volumes of
the chief of engineers of the U. S. army, and of
the superintendent of the U. S. naval observatory.
WHEELER, Sanincl, blacksmith, b. in Wecca-
co, Philadelphia co., Pa., in 1742; d. in Philadel-
phia, Pa., 10 May, 1820. During the Revolution
he served in the American army. His reputation
as a blacksmith reached Gen. Washington, who
one day sent for him and told him he wished a
chain made to place across Hudson river at West
Point, to arrest the British ships. Wheeler said
he could make it. but not away from his forge.
" Then," said Washington, " I cheerfully give you
dismissal from the army. Badly as we want men,
we cannot afford to keep such a man as you."
Wheeler made the chain ; it was moved in links
through New Jersey, hung across the river, and did
good service. He made a cannon out of bars of
iron, by welding, which was used at the battle of
the Brandywine, and was the wonder and admira-
tion of the American officers. It was without
hoops, lighter than brass ordnance, had a longer
range, and was more accurate in its effect. Napo-
leon L took it as a motlel, and had cannon for nis
flying artillery manufactured after its pattern, it
having been captured at the Brandywine, and sent
to London, where it was exhibited in the Tower.
Wheeler also made many improvements in me-
chanics, among which were scale-beams that would
weigh a ton, and could be turned by a 12^-cent
f)iece; hay-scales, hoisting-machines, screws, and
anterns for light-houses. He also adopted a suc-
cessful mode for laying the stone for light-houses,
and superintended the building of that at Cape
Henlopen, Del., and that at Castle Williams, Gov-
ernor's island, New York harbor.
WHEELER. Thomas, soldier, b. in England
about 1620; d. in Concord, Mass., 16 Dec., 1686.
He emigrated to this country in 1642, settled in
ConconU^Mass., and participated in King Philip's
war, in which he was wounaed. In July, 1675, ne
was appointed a military escort to Capt. Edward
Hutchinson, of Boston, who was commissioned by
the council to treat with the sachems in the Nip-
muck country. His "Narrative" of this expedi-
tion, a pious and quaintly worded document, is
preserved in the '"Collections" of the New Hamp-
shire historical society.
WHEELER, William Adolphus, philologist,
b. in Leicester, Mass., 14 Nov., 1833; d.'in Kox-
bury. Mass., 28 Oct., 1874. He was graduated at
Bowdoin in 1853, taught for several years, and, re-
moving to Cambridge, Mass., a8siste<l Dr. Joseph
E. Worcester in the [)rejiaration of his*Dietionary.
For several years afterward he engaged in similar
work, contributed to the quarto edition of Noah
Webster's Dictionary (Springfield, Mass., 1864), and
prepared for it an ""Explanatory and Pronouncing
Vocabulary of the Names of Noted Fictitious Per-
sons and f*laces, including Familiar Pseudonyms,
Surnames, etc.," which was also issued separately
(Boston, 1865). He became connected with the
Boston public library in 1866, and afterward super-
WHEELER
WHKEIXX^K
409
^:^'^^^^?zC^^.
intendent of the C4italn^ue (lei>artinciit. He was a
cMtvful ntiil lnl*ori(m!« !«tiiili'iit of ShnkcsiMMire, and
in»Mlt' collwtictns for u eycIojiaMlia <»f SliaKrM[>earian
litoraluri'. Aiiion^ his other works an' rvvisums
of thf x'h(K)l iHlitioiis of NVel>st«'r'» DiclionHry, an
ahriti^inciil of that work, and e<litii>nM of thf Hov.
(Shark's Hole's "Brief Hiogntphicul Diotioimry "
(New York. 1»«6): "Mother (io«>»e's MeliMlies,"
with antitjuarian and philolopfttl notes (1K«J»); and
a " iJickons Dietionary" (1878). Ho left in manu-
8criiit an index to anonymous literature entitlctl
"Wlio Wn.te Itf"
WHEKLER, Williaiu Aliuon, statesman. >>.
in Malone. Franklin co., N. Y., :» June. IHIU; d.
then*, 4 June. 1887. He studied at the University
of Vernjont for two years, but was oomiHiUe*! by
the death of his father to leave collefje without
beiuK jfniduate<l.
He then l)egan the
study of law un-
der Asa Haseall in
Malone. X. Y.. was
admitted to the
bar in 184."). and
succeeded M r. I las-
call as U. S. dis-
trict attorney of
F'ranklin county,
which {K»st he held
till 1849. At that
time his political
sympathies were
with the Whiij
Earty. by which
e was chosen to
the assembly in
1849, but in the
early part of the Fremont canvass in 1856 he su|)-
porteu the newly forme*! Republican party, re-
mainmg in it until his death. An affection of the
throat conjpelled him to abandon the practice of
law in 1H.*)1. and from that vear till 1M«J« he was
connected with a bank in Malone. He became
president of the Northern New York railroad com-
I»any about the same time, ahd for twelve years
was 8Ui)ervi*>ry manager of the line from Rouse's
Point to Ogdensburg, N. Y. He was a memU'r
and president pro tempore of the state senate in
1858-*9. and was chosen to congress in 18G0 »» a
Republican, but, after serving one terra, returne<l
to his riiilroad and Imnking interests. He was
president of the New York constitutional con-
vention in 1867, returne<l to congress in 18(59, and
serve<l continuously till 1877. I)uring that time
he was chairman oi the committees on the Pacific
railroad company and commerce, a memlH?r of
those on appropriations and southern afTairs, and
was the first in either house to cover his ba<'k-pay
into the treasury, after the passage of the back-
salary act. He was also the author of the famous
"comoromise" in the a<ljustment of the |K>litical
disturiNMices in Ijouisiana, by which William I'itt
Kellogg was reoognizcHl as governor, and the state
le^'ixjature became Republican in the senate and
DcinDcratic in the house. In 1876 he was nomi-
nattnl for the vice-presidency by the Republicjin
natiDiial convention, and he took his seat as pr»»-
siding officer of the senate in March. 1877. On
the expiration of his term in 1881 he returned to
Malone, and did not again enter public life, Mr.
Wheeler was a man of most excellent character
and of great liljeralitv.
WHEELOCK, CharleH. soldier, b. in Clare-
mont, N. H.. 14 I>ec.. 1812: d. in Wa-shington.
D. C, 21 Jan., 1865. He was educated in the com-
mon schools of New Ham[Mhire and New York
and became a farmer and provision-dealer in
Oneida county, N. Y. Imiiiedmt4-ly after the fall
of Fort Sumter he abandoned buMiH>H and de-
voted his time to raising recruits, pliHlging himself
to provide for their families. In the hiinuner of
18431 he had thus given or pitdgtil f5.U(;0, about
half of his |M>ssessions. SHtn afterwanl he raised
the 97th New York regiment, of which he became
c»>lonel on 10 March, 1862, and subt>e<|iiently he en-,
gaged actively in the war in the Army of the Po-
tomac, being taken prisoner at the second Imttle of
Bull Run. and M-rving. after his exchange, till his
death fn)m dist>ase. On 19 Aug.. 18<;4. he was
brevetted brigadier-ijeneral of volunteers.
WHEELOCK, Eleazar, i-4lucator. !>. in Wind-
ham. Conn.. 22 Ai)ril, 1711 ; il. in Hanover. N. H..
24 April. 1779. His great-grandfather. Rev. Ralph
Wheelock (1600- '88). an eminent non-i-onfomiist
clergyman, came to New Kngland in 1(K{7. was a
founder of the Ist church in I)e<lham. Mass.. in
lftJ8, and thence removed to Me<lfleld. where he
was a large lan<l-owner and a representative to the
general court. Ralph's son, Klearar. conimande<I a
cavalry company against the Indians, and the lat-
ter's son. Ralph, was a farmer. The second Ral|>h'8
son. Kleazar. was gradtiatetl at Yale in 1 oi3. hav-
ing U*en educate<l with the priKtMnls of a U*gacy
that had lieen left by his grandfather. ('a|it. Klea-
zar. for that pur{)ose. He then studie<l divinity,
and in 17JJ5 wa-* ordained over the 2<1 church in
Lebanon. Conn., when- he lalK>red thirty-five years.
In the year of his si'ttlement there was a great re-
vival o\ religion in his flock. During its progress
he encountere<i opposition lx>th from those that
were more conservative than he and fmm the ni<»re
ra«licHl, yet he entered into his work with real,
preaching in one year " a hundn»d more sermons
than there are days in the year." Several years
later, his salary being insufficient for his sup|»ort,
he U'gan to take pupils into his hoUM>. and in 1743
he re<-eiviHl thus .*>anison (»cc«)in (y. v.), a Mohican
Indian, whom he cnlucated. He now com-eived
the plan of an Indian missionan* school, and by 1762
he hml more than twenty youths under his charge,
chiefly Indians. They were supjMirted by the con-
tributions of l>enevofent i)en»ons. and the school
received the name of Moors Indian chant v-scIhwI,
from Joshua M»H»r. a Mansfield farmer, who gave it
a housi> and two acn-s of land in I^'ltanon. in 1754.
In 17(M1. Occom and Rev. Nathaniel Whitaker
went to Kngland. and by their exertions an en-
dowment of about £10,000 was obtained, most of
which was placed in the hands of a Ixiard of trus-
tees, of which William I/egge {q. v.), Karl of Dart-
mouth, was pffsiilent. It was afterward deter-
mine<l to remove the s<'hool to a new loi-ation. and
to add to it a seminarj* where s<holars might l>e
traine<l in the classics, phihtsophy, and literature.
Mr. WheeliK'k rweiveil offers of land fp>m various
towns, but finally s«'lected Dres«len (now Hanover),
N. H.. l)oth Ix-cause of the healthfulness of the
region, and because of the large lande<i endow-
ment that was profferetl by John Wentworth. the
royal governor. A charter was obtains! from
(u^>rge III., through Gov. Wentworth. in which
Wh»H'l<K-k was name*! as founder aiul president of
the college, with the privilege of namini; his suc-
cessor, and als<» as a trustee. The college was
named for Ix)rd Dartm<mth, though he and the
other trustees of the Indian »ch«iol were op|io«ed
to it.s establishment, and the institutions therefor*
remaine<! nominally M'|>arate till 1849. In August,
1770. Wlu-ehM-k reinove<l to Hanover, which was
then a wildern^ai, nnd. after directing the clearing
456
WHEELOCK
WHEELWRIGHT
of a few acres and the building of one or two log-
cabins, was joined by his sons and pupils, who at
first dwelt in booths of hemlock boughs and slept
on beds of the same. The first winter was severe,
the buildings were not far enough advanced to
afford perfect shelter, and great fortitude was
necessary in both teachers and students. Four
pupils were graduated at the first commencement
in 1771, but m the year of the founder's death the
number had increased to seventeen. Dr. Wheelock
wjis afflicted with asthma for many years, yet he
continued to preach, and, when unable to walk, was
repeatedly carried to the college chapel. His pop-
ularity as a pulpit orator was inferior only to that
of George Whitefield, and his scholai-ship was ad-
vanced for his time. The University of Edinburgh
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1767. The pros-
pects of the Indian school that was the germ of
Dartmouth college were blighted by the Revolu-
tion, in which many tribes adhered to the mother
country, yet the Oneidas were kept from doing so
probably through its means, and many frontier
settlements were thus saved from pillage and mur-
der. Dr. Wheelock published a " Narrative of the
Indian School at Lebanon," with several continua-
tions (1763-"75), and various sermons. See a *' Me-
moir," with extracts from his correspondence, by
Rev, David McClure and Rev. Elijah Parish (New-
buryport, Mass., 1811). — His son, John, educator,
b. in Lebanon, Conn., 28 Jan., 1754 ; d. in Hano-
ver, N. H., 4 April, 1817, entered Yale in 1767, but
accompanied his father to New Hampshire in 1770,
and was graduated at Dartmouth with the first
class in 1771. He was a tutor in 1772-'4, a mem-
ber of the Provincial congress in the latter year,
and in 1775 a delegate to the assembly. In the
spring of 1777 he was appointed a major in the
service of the state of New York, and in the fol-
lowing November he was commissioned lieutenant-
colonel in the Continental army. He was sent by
Gen. John Stark on an expedition against the In-
dians in 1778, and then served on the staff of Gen.
Horatio Gates till he was recalled to Hanover by
his father's death in 1779. In the same year he
was chosen to succeed his father in the presidency of
the college, though he was but twenty-five years old,
and in 1782 he was given the chair of civil and eccle-
siastical history. In 1783 the trustees sent him to
Europe to raise funds, where by the good offices
of Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, and by
letters of introduction from Washington and the
French minister, he was moderately successful.
In England he made arrangements concerning the
interrupted income of the college, and procured
Ehilosophical instruments and other donations ;
ut on his return he was shipwrecked off Cape
Cod, and lost the box that contained his money and
papers. During President Wheelock's administra-
tion of thirty-six vears the college was in a flourish-
ing condition, ifnder him the present Dartmouth
hall was built in 1786, and the medical department
was establishetl in 1798. In 1815, in consequence
of questions of religious opinion and differences
with the trustees, he was removed from office by
the latter, and this act occasioned a violent con-
troversy. The public in general sided with Dr.
Wheelock, and the legislature, asserting their right
to alter the charter, reorganized the college in
1816 as Dartmouth university, with a new board
of trustees. These reinstated Dr. Wheelock in
1817, but he died a few months later. Meanwhile
the old- board began suit for the recovery of the
college property. They lost their case in the state
supreme court, but won it on a])peal to the U. S.
supreme court, and the new charter and board of
trustees went out of existence. In this case, which
is called the " Dartmouth college case," Daniel
Webster laid the foundation of his reputation as a
constitutional lawyer. Dr. Wheelock had received
the degree of LL. D. from Dartmouth in 1789.
He left half his estate to Princeton theological
seminary. He published an " Essay on the I^u-
ties and Excellences of Painting, lilusic. and Po-
etry " (1774) ; " Eulogy on Prof. John Smith. D. D."
(1809) ; and " Sketches of the History of Dartmouth
College " (1816). — His only daughter, Maria Mal-
LEViLLE, married Dr. William Allen, president of
Bowdoin college. The illustration is a view of the
Wilson library, the finest of the present buildings
of Dartmouth college.
WHEELOCK, Joseph JL, journalist, b. in
Bridgstone, Nova Scotia, 8 Feb., 1831. He was
educated at Sackville academy. New Brunswick,
and in 1850 became a resident of Minnesota. For
the next few years he was engaged in various
clerical employments, and in 1856 he became edi-
tor of the " Real Estate and Financial Advertiser,"
a weekly newspaper in St. Paul. In 1858 and 1859
he was on the editorial staff of the St. Paul " Pio-
neer." In 1860 and 1861 he was commissioner of
statistics of Minnesota. In the latter year, with oth-
ers, he founded the St. Paul " Press," and in 1862
became its editor. Since that time he has been
editor of the St. Paul " Press " and the •' Pioneer,
Press." In 1871-'5 he was postmaster at St. Paul.
WHEELOCK, Julia Susan, hospital nurse, b.
in Avon, Ohio. 7 Oct.. 1833. She was taken to Erie
county, Pa., in 1837, and in 1855 went to Michigan,
where she was educated in Kalamazoo college. In
September, 1862, she was summoned from Ionia,
Mich., where she was teaching, to the bedside of
her brothpr, who had been wounded at the second
battle of Bull Run, and after his death she con-
tinued to serve in hospitals till the end of the war.
In 1865-73 she held a clerkship in the U. S. treas-
ury department, and on 28 May, 1873, she married
Parter C. Freeman, with whom she has since re-
sided in Middleville, Mich., and Springfield, Mo.
Her journal was published as •' The Boys in White:
the Experience of a Hospital Agent in and around
Washington " (New York, 1870).
WHEELWRIGHT, John, clergyman, b. in
Lincolnshire, England, about 1592 ; d. in Salis-
bury, Mass., 15 Nov., 1679. He was graduated at
Cambridge in 1614, and, entering the ministry of
the established church, was vicar of Bilsby, near
Alford, but he became a Puritan, and in 1636
emigrated to Boston to escape persecution. He
was made pastor of a church at Mount Wollaston
(now Braintree), and his sympathy with the re-
ligious opinions of his sister-in-law. Anne Hutchin-
son, caused dissensions, which were increased by a
sermon that he delivered in Boston on the occasion
of a fast that had been appointed by the general
court in January, 1637. A majority of the con-
WHEKLWKIOIIT
WHEILDON
4ff7
gregation approved it, but ho wan tried bv the
general court and pronounce<l guilty of MMlition
and contempt. " for that the court ha«l ap|Ntinted
the faiit as a means of reconciliation of dinen-nctw,
and ho purposely set himself to kindle them." In
Novemlter, 1687. he was banislunl, and in 1688.
with a company of friends, ho founth'd Kxeter.
N. H.. and became its pastor. Five years later, as
the town came under tne jurisdiction of Mussat^hu-
selts. he obtaineil a grunt of land from Sir Kerdi-
nando (lorges. in Wells, Me., and removed thither
with part of his church. In 1644 his sentence of
banistiment was revoked, on his admission that he
had been partially in the wrong, and in 1646 he
returned to Massachusetts, where he was for six
years pastor at Hampton. Al>out 1657 he returninl
to Kngland, where he was well received by Oliver
Cromwell, who hiwl been his fellow-student and
friend : but in 16(U> he came again to this country.
and after 1663 he was pastor at Salisbury. The
genuineness of an Indian deed to Mr. Wheelwright,
dated 1629, has l)een the subject of much contro-
versy. He published " Mercurius Americanus "
in answer to Thomas Wilde's " Rise, Rei^n. and
Ruin of the Familists. Lil)ertines, etc.. m New
England " (London, 1645), and his " Vindication "
(1654). The sermon that caused his banishment
is in the possession of the Massachusetts historical
society, and was published in its "Collections,"
edite<l by Charles Deane (1867). His " Writings,
with a Paper on the Genuineness of the Indian
Deed of 1629, and a Memoir," by Charlas H. Bell,
have been published by the Prince society (Bos-
ton, 1876).— His descendant, William, capitalist,
b. in Newburyport, Mass., in 1798; d. in London,
England, 26 Sept., 1873. was apprenticed to a
printer, but early entered the merchant marine,
and when he wtis
nineteen years old
commanded a bark
that was bound to
Rio Janeiro. In 182^3
he was in charge of
the " Rising Em-
pire." which was
wrecked near the
mouth of La Plata
river, and on his
arrival in Buenos
Ayres he became
supercargo on a ves-
sel bound for Valfwi-
raiso. Thencefor-
ward his home was
in South America.
In 1824-'9 he was
U. S. consul at Gua-
vaquil, Ecuador,
and in the latter year n*move<l to Valparaiso. In
1829 he established a line of passenger vessels be-
tween Valparaiso and Cobija, and in 1885 began
his efforts to establish a line <>f steamers on the
west coast. He was three years in obtaining the
necessary concessions from the Pac-iflc c<»a8t coun-
tries. Chili granted him her permission in August.
1835, but the more northern countries were slow to
see the advantages of his plan. In 18JW, after vain-
ly endeavoring to enlist American capital in his en-
terprise, he went to Kngland, whore he was more
successful. His scheme embraced the adoption
of the route across the Isthmus of Panama, and
the result was the formation of the Pacific steam
navigation company, with a capital of £250,000.
In 1840 he accompanied his new steamers, the
" Chili " and *' Peru," through the Straita of Ma-
^:y^^^iu/uot^
gellan. He was reci'ive<I with unbounded enthu-
siasm at Val{iaraiso an<l Callao. but the steamers
were laid ui> for three months on account of lack
of cr)al. an<i to supfilv them Whe**lwrieht ijegan
to o()erate mines in Cliili, which pnjvedvery pfx>-
ductive. He met with trouble at every step, and
it was not until 1845 that his plan wsm com-
i)let»«<l by the extension of his line to Panama. The
I'aciflc steam navigation com{>any, of which he
was the founder, njierated fifty-four steamers in
1876. Mr. Wheelwright suggesU^l in 1842, and
afterward built, a railroad from Santiago to Val-
naraiso. In 1849-'52 he constructed the railroad
from the port of (.'aldera. which he created, to
Copia|K), and in 1855 he planned a railwav from
Caldera across the Andes to Rosario, on the Parana,
934 miles. This was ofiened from Rosario to Cor-
doba, in the Argentine Republic, in 1870. but ita
completion was |)ost{Kme<l for years by the action
of tne government, which ri'sc-indeil its conces-
sions on Wheelwright's refusal to negotiate a loan
of $^30,000,000. which he susi)ectetl was to l)e di-
verted to the construction of irr>n-clads. from ita
ostensible purpose of building the nta<l. In 1872
he completed a railway, thirty mili»s long, from
Buenos Ayres to the harbor of Knsenada, on the
Atlantic coast, whose great mlvantages as a port
he had long urge<l. VS heelwright also constructed
the first telegranh line, the first gas and water
works, and the nrst iron pier in South America.
He gave for benevolent purposes during his life
about feOO.OOO. and left one ninth of his estat«
(about $100,000) to found a scientific school in
Xewbur>'{K)rt. His full-length portrait was placed
in the Merchants' exchange at Valfwraiso bv his
friends, and a bronze statue of him has \)een
erected by the boanl of tnule in the same city.
He published "Statements and Documents rela-
tive to the Establishment of Steam Navigation
in the Pacific" (Ix)ndon. 1838) and " (H»erva-
tions on the Isthmus of Panama" (Ix>ndon. 1844).
His life was written bv Juan B. Alberdi. minis-
ter of the Argentine Uenublic to England and
France, under the title of " I>a Vida y l<»s traba-
jos industriales de William Wheelwright en la
America del Sud" (Paris, 1876; English trans-
lation, with introduction by Caleb Cushing, Boa-
ton, 1877). See also " Biographical Sketch of
William Wheelwright, of Newburyport, Mass.." br
Capt. John Co«lman (Philmlelphia, 1888).— Will-
iam's cousin, John "Tyler, lawyer, b. in R<»x-
bury. Mass., 28 Feb., 1856. is the son of George W.
Wheelwright. He was graduatinl at Ilarvanl in
1876, and at the law-schcK)l in 1878. and practised
his profession in Boston. Mr. Wheelwright was a
founder of the Ilarvanl " liampoon " in 1876. and
has l»een a freouent contributor to " Life." He is
the author of aramatic sketches, which have been
reati in public by (H>«>rge Riddle; " Rollo's Jour-
ney to Cambridge," with FriMlerick J. .Stinis«)n (IVia-
ton. 1880); "The King's .Men." with Mr. Stimson,
John Bovie O'lteillv. and Rol»ert Grant (New Vork,
1882): and "A Chi'ld of the Centurv " (1886).
WHEILDON, WiUUni Willder, author, b.
in I3<»ston. Mass., 17 Oct.. 1805. His father waa a
native of Birmingham, England. The son waa
apprenticed to Nathaniel (freene. a printer, at
Ilaverhill, Mass.. in 1820, and in the next vear re-
I move<l with (Jret-ne to lioston, when* he oecame
I foreman in the ofTlce of his news|va|»er. the •• Ameri-
can Statesman." and its assistant editor. In May,
1827. he establishe<l at Charlestown the " Bunker
Ilill Aurora," of which he continued as editor and
i publisher till SeptemU>r. 1870, Since 1850 he has
I resided in Concord, Maaa. Mr. Wheildon has held
468
WHELAN
WHELAN
various local public offices. 11 is pafjer, the " Au-
rora," was begun under the favor of Edward
Everett, whose personal friend the editor was for
many years. Besides occasional p(jenis, Mr. Wheil-
don's publications include " Ijetters f rom Nahant"
(Charlestown, 1848); "Memoir of Solomon Wil-
lard. Architect and Superintendent of the Bunker
Hill Monument," which he prepared as chairman
of a committee of the Monument association
(Boston, 1865) : " Contributions to Thought.^' a
volume of lectures and essavs (Concord, 1874) ;
"New History of the Battle of Buni<er Hill"
(1875) ; " Siege and Evacuation of Boston and
Charlestown (1876): "Sentry or Beacon Hill:
the Beacon and the Monument of 16J35 and 1790"
(Concord, 1877) ; " Paul Revere's Signal Lanterns "
(1878); and "Curiosities of History" (1880). He
made the climate of the arctic regions a subject
of special study, and in 1860 read a paper before
the American association for the advancement of
science on an " Atmospheric Theory of the Open
Polar Sea," which was followed by others on the
subject, the last being "Remarks on the Last
Circular of Dr. Peterman " (Portland, 1873).
WHELAN, Charles, clergyman, b. in Ireland
about 1745; d. in Maryland in 1809. He was a
member of the order of Franciscans, and served as
a chaplain on one of the French ships of Admiral
De Grasse's fleet in the war of the American Revo-
lution. Gen. Lafavette, it is claimed, strongly
recommended Mr. Vf'helan to the kindness of the
authorities of New York state before he returned
to Prance, and he soon afterward became the first
regularly settled priest in the city of New York.
Having disagreed with his congregation, he was
dismissed in February, 1787, and was subsequently
sent by Bishop Carroll on a mission to Kentucky,
being the first missionary of the Roman Catholic
church in that state.
WHELAN, James, R. C bishop, b. in Kilkenny,
Ireland, 8 Dec, 1823 ; d. in Zanesville, Ohio, 18
Feb., 1878. He emigrated to the United States
with his parents in 1833, in 1839 entered the Do-
minican novitiate in Springfield, Ky., and took the
vows in 1842. He finished his course of philosophy
and theology in the Dominican convent at Somer-
set, Ohio, and was ordained a priest on 2 Au^.,
1846. He was engaged in missionary duties in
Somerset and its neighborhood until 1852, when
he was elected president of St. Joseph's college.
Perry co., Ohio. In 1854 he was made provincial
of the Dominican province, which included all the
United States except the Pacific coast. Having
been nominated coadjutor to Bishop Miles, of
Nashville, he was consecrated bishop of Marcopolis
in parfibus on 8 May, 1859. He became bishop of
Nashville on the death of Dr. Miles on 21 Feb.,
1860, and at once began to enlarge the cathedral,
established an academy and boarding-school, and
founded schools and an orphan asylum. Having
obtained permission to pass through the lines to
visit Bishop Spalding at Louisville, he was ac-
cused, on his return, of making remarks in the
National lines which the Confederates thought had
influenced the movements of the National army.
The reproaches of which he was the object on the
occasion, combined with his inability to find a
remedy for the evils around him, affected his
mind. In 1864 he resigned his see and retired to
St. Joseph's convent for a time. He published
"Catena A urea, or a Golden Chain of Evidences
demonstrating, ifrom Analytical Treatment of His-
tory, that Papal Infallibility is no Novelty," which
is regarded as one of the most learned and exhaust-
ive treatises on this question (1871).
WHELAN, Peter, cler^man, b. in County Wex.
ford, Ireland, in 1800; d. in Savannah, Ga., 5 Feb.,
1871. He received a chi-ssical education in his
native county, volunteered for missionary duty in
the United States, finished his theological course
in the diocesan seminary at Charleston, S. C, and
was ordained by Bishop "F^ngland in 1830. He was
f^iven charge of the eastern part of North Caro-
ina, and in 1833 was transferred to Locust Grove
church, a mission that embraced northeastern
Georgia, where he remained until 1850. He ad-
ministered the diocese of Savannah from 1859 till
1861. and as administrator took part in the eighth
provincial council of Baltimore, where he was of-
fered the variant see, but declined. During the
civil war he was general chaplain at all the stations
in Georgia from Anderson toTylx>e. In this capa-
city his devotion to the National prisoners was
very marked, especially at Andersonville, where
he shared with them all he possessed, even to his
wearing-apparel. He was engaged in administer-
ing the sacraments to the sick at Fort Pulaski
when it was taken, and was sent a prisoner to the
north. He was confined in Fort Lafayette for
some time, and. on his release, returned to Georgia.
WHELAN. Richard Vincent, R. C. bishop, b.
in Baltimore, Md., 28 Jan., 1809; d. there, 7 July,
1874. He was educated in Mount St. Mary's col-
lege, Emmitsburg, and afterward studied theology
in the Seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris. He was
ordained a priest
in 1832, and after
his return to the
United St-ates was
appointed pastor
of Harper's Ferry,
at the same time
attending neigh-
boring missions.
He was nominat-
ed second bish-
op of Richmond
on 19 Dec., 1840,
and consecrated,
at Baltimore by
ArchbishopEccle-
son on 21 March,
1841. There were
but 6,000 Roman
Catholics and six "f"
priests inVirginia,
and, in order to increase the number of the latter,
he appealed for help to the societies for the propa-
gation of the faith in Europe, receiving a liberal
response. He founded schools at Martinsburg. In
on^r to continue the supply of priests for his dio-
cese, he purchased land near Richmond and erecte<l
a theological seminary. He established missions at
WitheviTle, Summersville. Kingwood. and Lynch-
burg. In 1846 he went to Wheeling, where Roman
Catholics were increasing in numbers, and labored
as a simple priest on this mission. Feeling that his
personal supervision was required to build up the
church in western Virginia, he removed there, and
never returned. He erected a cathedi^l at Wheel-
ing, founded schools, and opened an ecclesiastical
seminary in his own house, in which he trained
young men for the priesthood. He attended the
seventh provincial council of Baltimore in 1849.
In 1850 the bishopric of Wheeling was created,
and Dr. Whelan was made its first bishop. His
efforts to develop Roman Catholicism in this dis-
trict involved him in hea\-y debt, and in 1857 he
went to seek assistance in Europe, where he ob-
tained aid that enabled him to labor with renewed
/d/<^yi7uijt^^:>^
WHELPLKY
WHIPPLE
4A)
enerfry. lie l»efran a collejjw at WhoelinK •" 1866,
and o|>eiu*<l st<v(<ral a(*ademtet(. Hm wa.s premont at
the Vatican council in IM<H>-'70. and ml<in«sstHi that
bcxly on j«ome of the most imiMtrtant (lUfstions be-
(opi« it. He o|)|>os«'d the definition of the do^ma
of |ia|Hkl infallibility, but subinitte<l to the dec-i-sion
of the council, declaring that his o|>position did
not arise fnun dislK«lief in it.s tnith, but from the
fact that he bt>liev««d its definition at the time in-
oj»|H>rtune. At the be^innin^ of the n<lmini!<tra-
tion of Hishop Whelan the diocese of Wheelinjj
contained two churches and two priests, and was
without Koman Catholic schools or institutions of
any kind. At his death there were 48 churches,
40 stAtiona where relifnous services were held, and
29 priests. It contained six >u-u«lemies for jcirls,
four convents, a hospital, an orphan asylum, and a
college. The Iloman Catlmlic |>opulation had in*
creased from less than l.(KK) to IM.(KK).
WHELPLEY, Samael, ckrevnum, b. in Stock-
bridge, Mass., in 1766; d. in New York city, 14
July, 1817. II is parents removed to a farm in
Stockbridge from Wilton, Conn. The son studieil
theology under Dr. Stephen West, was ordained
to the Itaptist ministry in 1792. and preache<l in
Stwkbridge and West Stockbridge till he took
charge of an independent church in Green River,
N. J. In 1798-1809 he was at the head of an aca«l-
emy in Morristown, N. J„ and in 1806 he was re-
ceived into the ministry of the Presbyterian church.
In 1809 he opened a school in Newark, N. J., but in
the latter part of the year failing health forced him
to go to Savannah, Ga, where he supported him-
self by teaching. He returned to Newark in 1811,
and in 1814 went to New York, where he ha<l charge
of a school for a short time, till his health fjiiled
utt<?rly. Mr. Whelpley was the author of "Com-
Send of History from the Earliest Times " (Phila-
elphia, 1808; new e<l., 2 vols.. New York, 1855);
" Letters on Capital Punishment and War," ad-
dressed to Gov. Caleb Strong (1816); and "The
Triangle : a Series of Numbers upon Three Theo-
logical Points enforced from Various Pulpits in
New York," a defence of the so-called New Eng-
land theology (New York, 1817), besides single ser-
mons, orations, and addresses. He also wrote oc-
casional p(x>ms. including an ode on the death of
George Wjishington, which was sung in Morris-
town at a commemorative service. — His son, Philip
Melanctlton, clergyman, b. in Stockbridge, Mass.,
22 Dec, 1792; d. on Schooley's mountain. N. J.,
17. July, 1824, was pastor of the 1st Presbyterian
church in New York city from 1815 till his* death.
He acr|uirc<l reputation as a pulpit orator, and pulv
lishcii several occasional sermons. — Philip Melanc-
thon'sson. JameH Uavenport. physician, b. in New
York city. 2;i Jan.. 1817; d. in Itoston, .Mass., 15
April, 18?2. was graduated at Yale in ISn. and
entered the service of the geological survey of
Pennsylvania under Henry D. Rogers, where he
continued for two years. He was graduated at
the medical department of Yale in 1842, and re-
mained in New Haven until 1846, engaging in the
study of science ancl in literary pursuits. Dr.
Whelpley then settled in Brooklyn, N. Y., where
he began to practise me<licine; but failing health
soon compelled him to relincjuish that profession.
In 1847 lie removed to New York city, where
he became alitor and one of the owners of the
" American Whig Review," to which he had l»een
a contributor since 1845. While thus engagc<l he
fonne«l, almut 1849. a pmject of establishing a
commercial colony in Honduras, and in further-
ance of this enterprise spent »two years in San
Francisco, purchasing and editing one of the daily
papers there. His arrangemeDts were disturbed
l»y the presence of the filiWstcr, William Walker,
and on going to lltmduras he was detainixl by
Walker f«)r nearly a rear and impre^^cd into the
service as a surgeon, during which time he sufferHl
great privation. Finally he eMui|>e<l to San Fran-
cisco, whence he returmnl early in 1857 to the east
and again devot«i himself to literarj- and !«<ientiflc
pursuits. He was a memlier of the American
aca<lemy of arts and scienc««s, to whose transao*
tions and to the "American Journal of .Science"
he contributed f»afiers, principally on physics and
metallurgy, giving the results df his researches.
The most important of these is " Idea of an Atom
suggested by the Phenomena of Weight and Tem-
P?rature" (1845), in which he anticipate<l Michael
anulay's ideas as set forth in his "Thoughts on
Ray Visions" (1846); and he was al84> the author
of " letters on Philosfiphical Induction "and " I^et-
ters on Philosophical Analogy," which discuss fun-
damental principles m scientific methcxls.
WHIPPLE, Abraham, naval ofllcer, b. in
Providence, R. I., 16 Sept., 173:1; d. in Marietta,
Ohio, 29 Mav, 1819. Early in life he commanded
a vessel in tfie West Indian trade, but during the
old French war in 1759-'60 he U»came captain of
the privateer " Gamecock," and captured twenty-
three French vessels in a single cruise. In June,
1772, he commanded the volunteers that took and
bume<l the British revenue-schooner "Gaspe" in
Narragansett l)ay. This was the first |>opular
uprising in this country against a British armed
vessel. In June. 1775, R^hrnle Island fitte<l out two
anmil vessels, of which Whipple was put in com-
maixl. with the title of commtKlor»>. A few days
later hechase<l a tender of the British sI<k>i> " Rose "
off the Conanicut shore, capturing her after sharp
firing. In this engagement Whipple flnnl the first
gun of the Revolution on the water. He was ap-
pointe<l captain of the "Columbus" on 22 Dec,,
1775, and afterwanl of the schooner" Providenw,"
which captured more Briti.sh prizes than any other
American vessel; but she was finally taken, and
Whipple was place<l in command of a new frigate
of the same name, in which, when Narragansett liay
was bl(K?kade«l by the British in 1778, he forced his
way, in a dark and stormy nit^ht^ through the ene-
my's fleet by pouring broadsi<u«s into it and sinking
one of their tenders. At that time he was Ixiunu
for France with imi»ortant despatches that relatcnl
to a treaty between the United States and that
goveniment, and after a succt*ssful voyage he nv
tunie<l in safety to Boston. In July. 1779, while
commanding the "Pn»vidence" as senior ofllcer,
and with two other shiits. he attacked a fleet of
English merchantmen tnat were under I'onvoy of
a shi|>-of-t he-line and s<»me smaller cruiserw. He
captun^l ei'ght prizes, and sent them to Ikiston.
The value «>f thes*' ships exceetlwl $1,000,000, In
1780 he went t»> Charleston. S. C.. in an endeavor
to n-lieve the city, which at that time was lH'^ieged
by the British; but he was captured and held a
prisoner until the close of the war. He »ul«»-
quently Ijecame a farmer at Cranston. R. I., but in
1788 he conne<te<l himself with the Ohio comfiany,
and settltMl at Marietta.
WHIPPLE, Amlel Weeks, soldier. b. in Green-
wich. .Mas.s,. in IHIS ; d. in Washington, I>. C, 7
Mav. 1«<KI. He studiwl at .\inherst. was gradu-
atii"! at the V. .S. militar)- academy in 1841, w»»
engage<l immediately afterward in the hydro-
graphic survey of Pata|iseo ri%-er, and in 1942 in
surveying the appmm'hes to New Orleans and the
harbor of Portsiiu>uth. N. H. In 1844 he was de-
tailed as aaaistant astronomer upon the north-
460
WHIPPLE
WHIPPLE
eastern boundary survey, and in 1845 he was em-
Sloyed in determining tlie northern boundaries of
few York, Vermont, and New Hampshire. In
1849 he was appointed assistant astronomer in the
Mexican l)ounuary commission, and in 1853 he
had charge of the Pacific jailroad survey along
the 35th parallel. In 1856 he was appointed
engineer for the southern light-house district and
superintendent of the improvements of St. Clair
flats and St. Mary's river. At the opening of the
civil war he at once applied for service in the field,
and was assigned as chief topographical engineer
on the staff of Gen. Irvin McDowell. In this ca-
pacity he was the aiithor of the first maps of that
part of Virginia that were issued during the war,
and performed creditable service at the first battle
of Fredericksburg. Upon the second atlvance of
the army he was attacned, as chief topographical
engineer, to the staff of Gen. George B. McClellun,
but, being appointed brigadier-general of volun-
teers, was recalled in May, 1862, and assigned to
the command of the defences of Washington south
of Potomac river. His service here was so well
performed that he received in orders the thanks
of the president of the United States. His division
was assigned in October, 1862, to the 9th corps,
and took part in the movement down the eastern
base of the Blue Ridge, upon the skirts of Lee's re-
treating army. At Waterloo his division was at-
tached to the 3d army corps, and he led it at the
battle of Fredericksburg. At the battle of Chan-
cellorsville it was much exposed, and suffered more,
probablv, in that engagement than any other divis-
ion of the army. He was shot on Monday, 4 May,
1863, when the battle was practically at an end,
and, living three days, was appointed major-general
of volunteers for gallantry in action. He had re-
ceived the brevets of lieutenant-colonel for the
Manassas campaign, colonel for Fredericksburg,
brigadier-general for Chancellorsville, and major-
general for services during the war — all in the
regular army. — His son, Charles William, was
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1868.
and is now chief ordnance officer of the Depart-
ment of the Missouri, with the rank of captain.
WHIPPLE, Edwin Percy, author, b. in Glou-
cester, Mass., 8 March, 1819; d. in Boston, Mass.,
16 June, 1886. His father, Matthew, who died
while Edwin was an infant, is said to have had
" strong sense and fine social powers." His mother.
Lydia Gardiner, was of a family in Gardiner, Me.,
noted for its mental gifts. She early removed to
Salem, Mass., where her son was educated at the
English high-school. Here he was noted for his
precocity, and took high rank. At fourteen years
of age he published articles in a Salem newspaper,
and at fifteen, on leaving school, he became a clerk
in the Bank of general interest. In 1837 he was
employed in the office of a large broker's firm in
Boston, and soon afterward he was appointed su-
perintendent of the news-room and of the Mer-
chants' exchange in State street. He was an active
member of the Mercantile library association, and
one of a club of six that was an offshoot from it,
and held its sessions, known as " The Attic Nights,"
for literary exercises and debate. There his com-
mand of the weapons of debate — his skill in intel-
lectual fence anu readiness of repartee, sustained
by large stores of information and a subtle critical
faculty — made him an acknowledged leader. In
1840 ne delivered a poem before the Mercantile
library association, portraying the manners and
satirizing the al^urdities of the day. He was intro-
duced to the general public by a critical article, or
rather panegyric, from his pen, on Macaulay, pub-
lished in the " Boston Miscellany " for February,
1843, which drew from the great essayist a compli-
mentary letter. The paper glows with enthusiasm,
leading occasionally to exaggeration, but manifests
a critical insight, and
a sweep, energy, and
vividness of style, that
indicate the advent of
a new force in litera-
ture. In October of
the same year he gave
a lecture before the
Mercantile library as-
sociation on " The
Lives of Authors," af-
ter which he was con-
tinually sought for as
a lecturer, till he aban-
doned the platform.
He is said to have ad- ^ » ^,y ^w ^
dressed more than a
thousand audiences in
the northern and mid-
dle states, from Ban-
gor to St. Louis. The
lectures, which embraced a wide range of topics,
biographical, critical, and social, were of a philo-
sophic cast, and abounded in fine analysis, shrewd
observation, and acute insight, relieved by apt
anecdote, epigrammatic wit, and poignant satire.
Besides lecturing before lyceums, he addressed,
on many occasions, the literary societies of col-
leges, as Brown, Dartmouth, Waterville, and Am-
herst; and in 1850 was the Fourth-of-July orator
before the city authorities of Boston. Mr. Whip-
ple-was an early and frequent contributor to Amer-
ican reviews, and wrote numerous articles for
the maijazines and public journals. Some of his
best writing is to be found in " Every Saturday,"
a weekly paper of which he was at one time edi-
tor, in pithy, thoughtful papers, condensing with
rare skill the results of years of observation, read-
ing, and reflection. His first published book was
" Essays and Reviews " (2 vols., New York, 1848-'9).
Among the best of its papers are those on " Byron,"
'• English Poets of the Nineteenth Century,"
" South's Sermons," " Henry Fielding," and " Rufus
Choate." The portraiture of the great New Eng-
land advocate — one of those rare and unique men
whose elusive genius seems to defy characterization,
and baffle all attempts to label it and put it into
any moi*al pigeon-hole — is one of the happiest ex-
amples of the writer's acute and discriminating
analysis. Choate he pronounces "a kind of Mira-
beau-Peel," who "combines a conservative intellect
with a radical sensibility " ; whose emotions, like
well-trained troops, are " impetuous by rule." " A
fiery and fusing imagination lies at the centre of
his large and fiexible nature, and is the chief source
of his power."
Mr. Whipple's next work was " Literature and
Life " (1849), a thin volume containing his lectures
on " Authors," " Wit and Humor," " The Ludicrous
Side of Life," " Genius," and others. In 1871 a new
edition was published, containing several addition-
al papers. In 1860 he resigned his post in the
Merchant*' exchange in order to devote himself
exclusively to literary pursuits. In 1866 appeared
his " Character and Characteristic Men," a work
composed of lectures and essays, in which the
various qualities that make up the complex web of
character, and the subtle essence that constitutes
the individuality of great man, are detected with
penetrating vision and set forth in vivid language.
The last paper, on "Washington and the Pnn-
WHIPPLE
WHIPPLE
461
oiple^ of the American Revolution," is a republica-
tion of the Fourlh-of-July a^ldress aln^atly nolicetl.
In 1871 was published "Suct-ws and it« (Con-
ditions," the key-note of which is that "virtue is
an aid to insicht," and which enforces and illus-
trates the truth that sham, in a lar^ri- stmse, is never
successful. In 1H?2 Mr. Whipple l>ecame literary
editor t>f the " Globe," then a new daily |»a|K'r in
Ii<xston, but re!»ijfned the place in the next year.
In 1H76 the " Literature of the Ajre of KlizalK'th."
a series of critical essays orif^inally delivered at
the Ix>well institute, wa.s published. In this work,
which is a discussion of the merits and defects of
the Kn);lish dramatist.s, with also critical estimates
of Siilney. lialci^h. lincon, and H<K)ker, Mr. Whii>-
ple's );enius rt»aches hijch-water mark. In 1877 he
wrote for the "North American Iteview" a |ia|>er
on Georife Eliot, which she and Mr. lA>wes de<'lare<l
to lie the most satisfactory criticism on her writinjrs
that ha<l then ap|x'ared. In 1878 Mr. Whipple and
James T. F'ields compiled and e<lited the " Kamilv
Library of British Poetry." After Mr. Whipple's
death was published his " Recollections of F^minent
Men. with other Papers," with an intrrnluction by
Cyrus A. Bartol (Boston, 1887). In this volume
are vivid oortraitures of Rufus Choate. Louis
Ajfassiz. lialph Waldo Emerson, John L. Motley,
Charles Sumner, and Georee Ticknor ; and to these
are added a paper on Matthew Arnold, who is
praised forlheexpansiveness, fertility, and subtlety
of his intellect, his felicitous critical phrasers and
definitions, and the exquisite beautv of his style,
but severelv censured for his "moraf and intellect-
ual sui)erciliousness " as a critic ; and |)aj)ers on
Barry Cornwall and some of his contemporaries,
and on the private life of George Eliot, who "al-
lowed her understanding to adopt opinions which
her deepest reason and affections repudiate<l." In
the same year with the latter work was publishwl
"American Literature and other Papers," with a
brief intrcxluction by the poet Whittier. The vol-
ume contains five essays : the centennial review of
"American Lit«rature," published in " Harp«>r's
Magazine " in 1876, a masterpiece of condensation
and of apt and discriminating criticism ; " Daniel
Webster as a Master of English Stvle," which hatl
been prefixed to a collection of t)mt statesman's
princijial .speeches published in 1879; and paf)ers
on " Emerson and C'arlvle," " Emerson as a Poet."
and the "Character and Genius of T. Starr King,"
The last collection of Mr. Whipple's (leriixlica!
papers was " Outlooks on Society, Literature, and
Politics" (Boston, 1888).
Mr. Whipple was one of the very few men who
have made the most of their natural gifts. Though
chiefly self-educated in the popular sense of tlie
terra, his mental training and equipment were such
as most college graduates might envy. He was
chieflv distinguishe<l for his critical faculty. En-
dowea bv nature with a rare degn»e of acuteness,
penetration, judgment, and symtwithy, he devel-
oped and strengthened these faculties by ceaseless
training and discipline, which matle him a mas-
ter in his chosen calling. Uniting a keen insight,
that wjis " almost a spwics of mental clairvoyance,"
with the jK>wer of logical analysis, a tenacious
memory with a nlayful imat^ination, and a grave
spirit with a lively sensibility to the comic, he in-
stinctively dist'riminated Ix-tween the essential and
the accidental, the wheat and the chaff, in letters,
and set forth the reasons for his discrimination
with a force and clearness that carrie<l conviction
to his rea«lers. Pure and sensitive, however, as was
his literary taste, his distinctive excellence was not
so much his judgment upon the quality of a book
as a more or less cunning work of art, as the rer»-
lation which ho saw in it of the p-nius and ctianMv
ter of the author. Like Sainte-muvc. he M>ught to
detect the man in his writing, his spiritual physi-
o^omy. his originality and indejiendence or iila-
verr as a thinker, the atmosphere in which he lived,
anct the exin-riencj-s of which the W(»rk was the
pHHluct. hew critiis hav»< lM>en inflnence«l less by
their idiosyncrasit's ami prtHlilwtions, bv the Mvret
leanings which "haunt every man as his sha<low,''
and war|i the mind from alisolute re<-titude. Itare-
ly blin<l to fault.s. he hwl a quick and keen eve for
excellence, and when he erred it was on the side of
leniency, never on that of excessivi- severity. Con-
M'ientious in all his statements, he carefully weighed
his wonls, and never sacriflt'tMl the tnit'h to epi-
gram and brilliant effect. Vvvr writers have Iteen
more |>ainstaking. He was as fastidious and self-
exa(;ting when writing an ephemeral article for a
newspa|)er as when i)n'[iaring a |»a|>er for a review,
often throwing into the fire three or four draughts
in succession, l)ecause thcv did not satisfy his
critical judgment. His style is saiil to have been
fornuHl on Mat-aulay's ; but he was no cf>pyist or
imitator. If, as some will think, it is stimetimes
oratorical, and sometimes injured by an excess of
antithesis and anecdote, the faults arc accounted
for by the fact that some of his most characteristic
pnxiuctions were written for delivery as lectures.
Mr. Whipple had fine conversational |Kjwers. He
had an inexhaustible fund of anecdote and illus-
tration from histor)' ami literature, n'ady for in-
stant use, and the felicity of his citations was only
eqiialliHl by that of his original wit. "The efffU of
society," "the gentleman of wealth and pleasure,"
" the organ of distaste " (said of a certain journal),
were some of his cum'nt sayings. Of Walt Whit-
mart's " Ijcaves of Grass " he said : " It has every
leaf except the fig-leaf." He hatl an even tem|>era-
ment. and was noticeably free frt>m envy, jealousy,
irritability, and other faults that tcK) often deform
the literary charac-ter. His marriiHl life was a c«)n-
tradiction to the popular notion concerning the
hymeneal infelicity of literary men. In 1847 he
married Miss Charlotte Hastings, in whom he
found at all tinu>s an intellectual, congenial, and
sym|tathetic conqtanion. Personally Mr. Whipple
wjusof sjMire figure and Itelow me<lium stature, with
a face of r(>markable mobility and expressiveness,
the large, lustrous eyes glowing with interest as be
talkiMl <»n favorite inspiring tliemes.
WHIPPLE, Henry Benjamin, P. E. bLshoo,
b. in Adams, Jefferwm co., N. Y.. 15 Feb., ItSw.
He prepared for willege, but, on account of feeble
health, turned his attention to mercantile pursuits,
and took an active interi'st in politics for several
vears. Ujwn de<'iding to study for the ministry,
he followed a theological course under Dr. Will-
iam D. Wilson, who was afterward professor in
Cornell university. He was onlered deat*)n in
Trinity church, Geneva. N. Y., 17 Aug.. 1849, and
ordaimnl priest in Christ church, Sackett's Harbor,
N. Y., 1« July. IKW. l)oth by Bishon IV lancer.
In the same year he l>ecame nt-tor <u Zion chun-n,
Rome. N. \'.\ when* he remainwl s*»ven years. In
the spring of 1H.')7 he remove«l toChicagi». 111., and
assuiiUMl the nH'tor>hip of the Chun-h of the Holy
Communion in that city. This |Mwition he held
until his election to the episc«)j»ate. He was oon-
secratwl the first bishop of Minnesota in Sc
James's church, Richmond. Va,, 13 Oct.. 1859. In
186() he took an a<.'tive |>»rt in organizing the Sea-
bury mission, out of which has grown Seabury
divinitv-s<'h«x>l ; St. Mary's Hall, a sch<M>l for girls;
and S^tuck school for boys— all at Faribault,
462
WHIPPLE
WHIPPLE
VAi .(Tb^ CjoJ^>^^A^v-V>^
Minn. Having many Indians within his jurisdic-
tion and in the neighboring territories, lie has de-
voted his energies largely to their improvement,
education, and evangelization. He is known
among the tribes as " Straight Tongue." He is one
of the origi-
nal members
of the Pea-
body educa-
tion fund.
For many
years he has
been a recog-
nized authori-
ty on all ques-
tions relating
to the vexed
Indian prob-
lem, and he is
often consult-
ed by the
U. S. govern-
ment in such
matters. He
is a member
of the govern-
ment commis-
sion for the consolidation of Indian tribes that are
capable of civilization, and has been able to do
much in this direction. In northern Minnesota
1.500 Christian Chippewa Indians are gathered on
White Earth reservation engaged in agriculture
and cattle-raising. He attended the third Pan-
Anglican council at Lambeth palace in 1888, and
took part in the funeral services of Bishop Harris,
of Michigan, in Westminster abbey. One of the
principal buildings in Faribault college is called
Whipple Hall in his honor. Racine gave him the
degree of D. D. in 1859. He has written much for
the press and periodicals on the Indian question, and
has also jpublished sermons, addresses, and charges.
WHIPPLE, John Adams, inventor, b. in
Grafton, Mass., 10 Sept., 1822. While a boy he was
an ardent student of chemistry, and on the intro-
duction of the daguerreotype process into this coun-
try he was the first to manufacture the chemicals
that were used in it. His health having become
impaired through this work, he devoted his atten-
tion exclusively to photography, in connection with
which he made many useful inventions and im-
provements. He prepared his plates and brought
out his pictures by steam, invented crayon daguer-
reotypes, and crystalotypes, or daguerreotyjjes on
glass, and, with the aid of the fifteen-inch equa-
torial telescope of the Harvard college observatory,
under the direction of Prof. William C. Bond,
took a daguerreotype of the moon's surface, for
which he was complimented by the Royal academy
of arts and sciences of London, and on 17 July,
1850. photographed Alpha Lyra, which is said to
have been the first successful experiment m stellar
photography. He received the prize medal at the
World's fair, London, and a silver medal at the
Crystal palace, Xew York.
WHIPPLE, Squire, civil engineer, b. in Wor-
cester county, Mass., 16 Sept., 1804 ; d. in Albany,
N. Y., 15 March, 1888. He earned sufficient money
by teaching to educate himself at Hartwick semi-
nary and Fairfield academy, and was graduated at
Union college in 1830. Having acquired a fond-
ness for mechanical pursuits as a boy in his father's
cotton'-factory, he now turned his attention to civil
engineering, and was successively a rod-man and
leveller on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. In
1840 he designed and built the first model of a
scale for weighing canal-boats, and subsequently
he built the first weigh-lock scale on the Erie canal.
He began his career as a bridge-builder in 1840 by
designing and patenting an iron-bridge truss.
During the next ten years he built several bridges
on the Erie canal and the New York and Erie
railroad. In 1853-'3 he built a wrought- and cast-
iron bridge over the Albany and Northern railroad,
and by his work acouired the title of the " father
of iron bridges." He obtained a patent for his
lift draw-bridge in 1872, and in 1873-'4 built the
first one over the Erie canal at Utica. Since that
time the Whipple iron bridges have stood in the
foremost rank. He possessed a fine cabinet of
models, instruments, and apparatus, mostly made
by himself, illustrating the different branches of
physical and mechanical science. Mr. Whipple
was elected an honorary member of the American
society of civil engineers in 1868. He was the
author of "The Way to Happiness" (Utica, 184'^,
and a " Treatise on Bridge-Building " (1847 ; en-
larged ed.. New York, 1873).
WHIPPLE, William, signer of the Declarar
tion of Independence, b. in Kittery, Me., 14 Jan.,
1730; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., 28 Nov., 1785.
His father, William, a native of Ipswich, Mass.,
was bred as a maltster, but, removing to Kittery,
engaged in a seafaring life for several years. The
son was educated at a public school in his native
town, and afterward became a sailor, having com-
mand of a vessel before he was twenty-one years of
age. He engaged in the European, West India,
and African trade, and ^—r-^
brought large numbers ^ ?7^l/^^
of negro slaves to this / '
country, but afterward, during the Revolution,
liberated those that belonged to him. In 1759 he
abandoned the sea entirely and entered into busi-
ness in Portsmouth with his brother Joseph, which
connection lasted till about two years previous to
the Revolution. At an early period of the contest
between the colonies and Great Britain he took a
decided part in favor of the former. He was
elected a delegate from New Hampshire to the
Continental congress in 1775. taking his seat in
May, was re-elected, 23 Jan., 1776, took his seat on
29 'Feb. following, and signed the Declaration of
Independence in July. He was re-elected to con-
gress in 1778, and declined to be chosen again,
but was a member of the state assembly in 1780-'4.
He was commissioned a brigadier - general in
1777, commanded
a brigade of New
Hampshire troops
at the battles of
Saratoga and Still-
witer, and, after
the surrender of
Burgoyne, signed
the articles of ca-
Eitulation with
ol. James Wil-
kinson on behalf
of Gen. Horatio
Gates. Gen. Whip-,
pie was afterward
selected as one of
the officers under
whose charge the British troops were conducted to
their place of encampment on Winter hill, near
Boston. In 1778 he participated in Gen. Sullivan's
expedition to Rhode Island, having command of
the detachment of militia from New Hampshire,
but the expedition failed of success, and he resigned
his military appointment, 20 June, 1782. In 17^ he
WHIPPLE
WHISTLER
463
was appointed a (Himmishinner of the txiard of ad-
miralty, which |M)Mt ho declined, lie was state su-
perintendent of iinancfs in 178:}-'4,ap|H>inUii judge
of the Huprvine court, 20 June, 1782, and justice of
the tK>ace and i|Uonun throughout the state in Ikv
cemiNT, 17H4, and Hrt<'<l in thiscuiuuMty till his death.
WHIPPLK, William DenUun, soldier, l>. in
NV1S.JI1. Madison co., N. V., 2 Auk-, 1^20- H«'
was ^nuluatc<l at the U. S. niiliUiry academy in
IH^l, and LM>came 2<1 lieutenant in the 'M infantry
on y Sept. of that vear. After six years of un-
eventful service in N'ew Mexico, he partici^iated in
the Uila expe<lition aj^inst the Apaches m 1M7,
the Navajo ox|>edition of 1H5H. and the defence of
Fort Defiance, N. M., in IHW). He became 1st
lieutenant in DtvemlxT, IH.*)*?, and on the openini;
of the civil war wa.s on (junrterinaster's duty at
Indianola, Tex. After the capture of the L. S.
pn>perty he escaped through the enemy's lines, was
commissione<l captain and assistant adjutant-gen-
eral, and in that capacity was present at the battle
of Bull Run and at the headquarters of the De-
partments of Pennsylvania and Virginia, respect-
ively, to June, 1802. when. l)ecoming lieutenant-col-
onel and additional aide-de-camp, he was on duty
in the Middle Department and Hth army corjis, and
as chief of staff to Gen. t'adwallader. He was af>-
p<->inted brigadier-general of volunteers on 17 July,
186y, and assigne«i as chief of staff to Gen. George
H. Thomas, being present during the o|)erations
near Chattanooga, tne siege of Atlanta, the battles
of Missionary Ridge, Resaca. Kenesaw Mountain,
and Nashville and at the lu'a<l*juarters of the De-
partment of the ("umU'rland in 18."):i-'5, He re-
ceivwl the brevets of brigadier- and major-general
in the regular army on Vi March. 18(15, for gallant
service in the Atlanta campaign and Ijattles before
Nashville. .Since the war Gen. Whipple has l)een
on duty as assistant adjutant-general at the head-
quarters of the princi|)al military divisions, and in
I875t-'81 as aide-<le-camn to the general of the
army. He was pn)moted colonel in the adjutant-
general's dopartment, 28 Feb., 1887.
W H ISTLEK. John, soldier, b. in Ulster, Ireland,
alxiut 17.")G; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 8 Sept., 1821>.
He ran away from home when a boy, enlisteil in
the British army, and ser>'e«l under Gen. Burgoyne
during the war of the Revolution. Upon his r»»-
tuni to Kngland he was honorably dischargwl, and
8<xin afterward, forming an attachment for a
daughter of Sir Kdwanl Bishon. a friend of hij>
father, he elojHnl with her, ana. coming to this
(•ountry, settle<l at Hagerstown. Md. He shortly
afterward entered the U. S. armv, serve<l in the
ranks, and was severely woundtnl In the dis<istn)us
campaign against the Indians in 17U1. He was
pnmioted captain, 1 July, 1797, and in the sum-
mer of 180!J was sent with his com|»any of the 1st
infantry from Detroit to the head-waters of I>ake
Michigan, where. U'fore the close of the year, he
complete*! Fort DearlK)ni on the site of the city of
Chicago. Having attainwi the bn»vet rank of ma-
jor, he was appointetl in 1815 militar>'' store-kit-jier
at Newport, ivy., and afterward at .)effersf»n l»ar-
racks, near St. Ix>uis, where he remaint><l till his
death. — His s<ni, William, soldier, b. in Mar>--
land in 1780; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 4 Dec.,
18<W, was appointed a lieutenant of infantrj-. 8
June, 1801, and tcM)k jmrt in the liattlenf Maguaga.
Mich., 9 Aug.. 1812. He was promoted captain in
December, 1812, major of the 2<1 infantry, 28
April. 182fi. lieutenant-colonel of the 7th infantr^',
21 July, 1834, and colonel of the 4th infantr>', 15
July, 1845. lie retired from the service on 9 Oct.,
1861. At his death he was the oldest army officer
in the Unit«I States, with the exception of Gen.
Winfleld Scott. — William's Mm. JoMph »lsoa
tiarUnd, soldier, b. in (>re«n Bay, 19 Oct.. 1K22,
was gnwluate<l at the U. S. military acwlemv in
1846, and entered the anny as 2d lieutenant n( the
8th infantry, but six nion'ths later was transferred
to the 'M infantry. He scrvwl in the war witli
Mexico, l)eing engage<l in the siege of Vera Cnix,
the princi|>al l>attlt*s of the camiwign that foll«>wod,
and the capture of the city «if Mexico. He was pro-
moted 1st lieutenant in June, 1852, in I8<n was
capturwl in Texas by the Confe<lerates and iiaroled
as a prisoner of war, and |)romote<l caiitain m May,
1861. He was then on duty at the U. S. military
aca<lemy as assistant instnictor of infantnt' tactics
till March, 1863. His services in the v<)lunteer
army date from Mav, 18(W, when he was made colo-
nel of the 2d New Vork artillery. He wrvinl in the
Richmond camjtaipi. {>artici{>aling in the iMttles
of S{Kittsylvania. North Anna, TolojK)tomv, Cold
Harl>or, and the assaults on Petersburg, where he
was woun<led during the siege. From July. 1864,
till September, 18(W. he commanded a brigade in
the defences of Wa.'^hington. In Deceml>er. 1865,
he was musteriHl out as brevet brigadier-g»-neral
of volunteers. In Septemljer, 1860, lie was trans-
ferred to the .Slst infantry, and in March. 1N59. to
the 22d infantry. In February, 1874. he was pro-
moted lieutenant-colonel of tHe 5th infantnr, and
in May, 188J1 he liecame colonel of the 15th in-
fantr)-. At the time of his retirement. 19 Oct.,
1886, he was in command at Fort Bufortl. Dak. —
William's brother, (jeorge Washington, engineer,
b. in Fort Waviie,
Ind., 19 May,
1800; d. in St
Petersbiirg, Rus-
sia, 7 April. 1849,
was graduate<l at
the U. S. military
academy in 181^,
ap|H)intiMl a 2d
lieutenant in the
corns of artillery,
and was after-
wartl, till 1821,
employed on to|>-
ographical duty
and part of the
time at Fort Co-
lumbus. From 2
Nov., 1821, till 30
April, 1822, he
was assistant nr
fessor at the I .
military academj
and he was em-
ployed in 1822-'6 in connection with the commis-
sion that was engaginl in tracing the international
lM)undary iK'tw***'!! I^ake .Su|H'rior ami the I^ke of
the Woo«ls. He was made 1st lieutenant in Au-
gust, 1829, and was on topographical duty almost
continually till 31 Dec., 183:^ when he resigned
fn»m the annv. With Jonathan Knight, William
Giblts SicNeill, and Ross Winans, he examined
the railroads of Kngland on U-half of the direc-
tors of the Baltimon> and Ohio railroa«l. and after-
ward enpigitl in the const nation of that road,
the lioston an<l Alliany, and other railmails. In
\Ki4 Lieut. Whistler Uvame engineer to the prtv
frietors of Itx-ks and canals at Lowell, and from
884 till 1837 he gave much of his time to the rp-
pro«luction, for the Boston an<l Alliany railroad, of
a locomotive that was iminirte*! from the works of
Q«orge and Robert Stephenson, at Newcastle, Eng-
•".V. / /
464
WHISTLER
WHITAKER
land. In 1887 he removed to Stonington, Conn.,
to take charge of the Stonington railroad, and
from 1840 till 1842 he was chief engineer of the
Boston and Albany railroad, with his headquarters
at Springfield, Mass. In 1842 he went to Russia
to act as engineer for the contemplated railroad
to unite St. Petersburg and Moscow. Not only was
the road to be built, but the iron for the track, the
locomotives, cars, and everything appertaining to
the road were to be manufactured under his super-
vision. In addition to the construction of railroads,
he was also employed to build extensive dock-yards
at St. Petersburg, and to improve the Russian har-
bors and rivers. In 1847, in recognition of his ser-
vices, the Emperor Nicholas conferred upon Lieut.
Whistler the decoration of the Order of St. Anne.
He is buried at Stonington. Conn., but a monument
was erected to his memory in Greenwood cemeterv
by American engineers. — George Washington s
son, George William, engineer, b. in New London,
Conn , in 1822 ; d. in Brighton, England, 24 Dec..
1869, began the practice of his profession as a civil
engineer under nis father in 1840. He was con-
nected with various railroads in this country, and
was superintendent of the Erie, and New York and
New Haven railroads. In the winter of 1856 he
went to Russia to take charge of the St. Petersburg
and Moscow railroad under the Winans contract,
and he continued there, with the exception of a
short interval, till the spring of 1869, when he re-
signed in consequence of impaired health. He was
specially noted for his knowledge of railway ma-
cninery and for executive ability in the manage-
ment of railways. — Another son, James Abbott
McNeill, artist, b. in Lowell, Mass., in 1834, was
educated at the U. S.
military academy,
studied for two years
under Charles Gabriel
Gleyre in Paris, and
in 1863 settled in Lon-
don. He holds pecu-
liar theories on art,
which have been the
subject of much criti-
cism. In many of his
later works especially
he has made interest-
ing experiments in
color, and he frequent-
ly succeeds in pro-
ducing extraordinary
results with few and
subdued colors. There
is at times, however,
a sacrifice of form to
color impressions in his " arrangements " and " noc-
turnes." His more important paintings are " White
Girl " (1862) ; " Coast of Brittany," " Last of Old
Westminster," and " Westminster Bridge " (1863) ;
" Princesse des Pays de la Porcelaine " (1865) ; " At
the Piano " (1867) ; "Portrait of mv Mother "(an
" Arrangement in Gray and Black ), and portrait
of Thomas Carlyle (1872) ; " Gold Girl." " Nocturne
in Blue and Gold," and " Nocturne in Blue and
Green" (1878); "Harmony in Gray and Green"
(1881); "Nocturne in Blue and Silver," "Blue
Girl," and "Entrance to Southampton Water"
(1882); "Great Fire Wheel" (1888); "Harmony
in Brown and Black " (1884) ; and " Arrangement
in Black" (Lady Archibald Campbell) and "Ar-
rangement in Gray and Green" (Aliss Alexander),
both exhibited at Munich in 1888. His skill in
etching has gained for him a position among etch-
ers that is even higher than that which he holds
?.(I.Vn,^Ji-.WWtW
as a painter. Among his works in this branch of
art are a series of plates on London, Venice, and
Bnissels. He has published "Ten O'Clock" (Bos-
ton. 1888). See an article by William C. Brownell,
in "Scribner's Monthly" for August. 1879, and
Frederick Wedmore's "i'our Ma-sters of Etching"
(London. 1883).
WHITAKER, Alexander, clergyman, b. in
Cambridge, England, in 1585 ; d. in Henrico county,
Va., after 1613. His father. Rev. William Whitaker,
was master of St. John's college, Cambridge. Alex-
ander was graduated at that university, took orders
in the Church of England, and for several years
was rector of a parish in the north of England.
He settled in Henrico county, Va., in 1611, and
during the same year built one church, laid the
foundations of another, and " impaled a fine par-
sonage with a hundred acres oi land, calling it
Rock Hall." His letters, in which he expresses his
great surprise that more of the English clergy
did not engage in missionary work, testify also to
his usefulness and energy. He baptized Pocahon-
tas, and subsequently oflBciated at her marriage
to John Rolfe. (See' Powhatan.) Mr. Whitaker
published " Good News from Virginia." which was
one of the first books that were written in that
colony (London, 1613).
WHITAKER, Epher, clergyman, b. in Fair-
field, Curaberiand co., N. J., 27 March, 1820. He
was graduated at Delaware college in 1847 and at
Union theological seminary in IfiSl, and since that
date has been pastor of the 1st Presbyterian church,
Southold, Long Island, N. Y. He has been stated
clerk of the Long Island presbyt«ry since 1851,
moderator of the synod of New York and New
Jersey in 1860 and in 1861, has been a councillor
of the Long Island historical society since 1862,
and is a vice-president of the Suffolk county his-
torical society and a founder of Southold academy.
He received the degree of A. M. from Yale in 1867,
and of D. D. from Delaware college in 1877. Dr.
Whitaker has contributed constantly to the maga-
zines for fifty years, and his writings in book-form
include " New Fruits from an Old Field " (New
York, 1865) ; " A Collection of Original Hymns "
(printed privately, 1872) ; " History of Southold
from 1640 till 1740 " (1881) ; " Old fown Records "
(1882) ; and " Bi-Centennial Celebration of Suffolk
County, N. Y." (Babylon, L. I., 1883).
WrilTAKER, Nathaniel, clergyman, b. on
Long Island, N. Y., 22 Feb., 1732 ; d. in Wood-
bridge, Va.. 21 Jan., 1795. He was graduated at
Princeton in 1752, and from that year until 1761
was pastor of a Presbyterian church at Chelsea,
near Norwich, Conn. He was then deputed by
the Connecticut branch of the Scotch society for
the advancement of learning to visit England',
Scotland, and Wales, to obtain donations for the
establishment of an institution for the educa-
tion and christianization of the North American
Indians. He was accompanied by Rev. Samson
Occom. an educated Indian of the Mohegan tribe.
The mission met with favor in both Scotland and
England, the Earl of Dartmouth, then secretary
of American afifairs, generously promoting their
object by his benefactions. George IH., it is said,
contributed £400 to the cause. Dr. Whitaker re-
turned with an endowment of £11,000, which was
devoted to " Moor's Indian charity-school." (See
Wheelock, Eleazar.) After his return from Eu-
rope, Dr. Whitaker was pastor in Salem for many
years, ofilciating in what was known as the Taber-
nacle church, which he built and owned. He was
an ardent Whig, zealously su{){>orting the cause
of the colonists during the Revolution. He sub-
WHITAKKR
WIIITniKU
400
sequently removofl to Maine, aiuI finally to Vir-
ginia, whiTtJ he i>it.Hs«'<l his lator life. Maiiy of liiH
wnnons were iuiIiHsIkhI and extensivelv OirculattHl
thn)ii);hout New Kncland. They indiiJe two "I)i!»-
courst's on Heconcilialion " (Ijondon, 1708). and
two "Discourses on Torvi^m" (Nt'wburviKirt. Ma-SM.,
1777).— His grandson, l)ani«l Kimball, i-«litor, l>.
in Shari>n, Conn., 13 April. 1HC)1 ; <l. in Ni-w Or-
leans, Im., 10 April, 1881, was ^rmluattHl at llar-
vanl in 1820, studie<I law, and, n-movinj? to South
Carolina, iKfanio th»' jiartner t)f .lohn Lyili' Wilson,
of that st«to. He pnu'tis«>d with success, but his
taste was for liteniturc, and he tN>cainc the founder
and wlitor of several |»eri<xlicai8 that include<l the
"Stmthem Literary Journal," " Whilaker's Mapt-
zine," and the " .Southern (Quarterly Review," which
he founded in Charleston, S. ('., in 1841, and con-
ducte<l successfully until the civil war. He re-
moved to New Orleans in 18«t6. where he founde<l
and edited for many years the*' New Orleans Month-
ly Keview." He was corresfxinding secretary t>f
the New Orleans academy of sciences. Mr, W'hit-
aker united with the Hoinan Catholic church in
1878.— His wife. Marj Scrinizeoiir, author, b. in
Beaufort district, S. C., 22 Feb.. 1820, is the
daujfhter of Kev. Samuel Furman, of South Caro-
lina. She was cducate<i in h^linburjjh. contributed
hor first poems to the Scottish press under the
aus))ices of Thomas Campbell, and was favorably
reviewed by the critics of that city. She marrieil
in 1837 John Miller, a Scotch attorney, who die<l
three months afterward. Mrs. Miller then returned
to this country, and in 1849 marrie<l Mr. VV'hitaker.
Her publications include manv nuijjnzine articles,
a collection of " Poems" (Phifadelphia, 18,")0), and
•'Al!)ert Hastings," a novel (1808).— Their daugh-
ter, Llljr C, |K)et, b. in Charleston, S. C., about
1850, was educated in New Orleans, contributetl to
the "Southern (Quarterly," undgr her father's di-
rection, and has written for the New Orleans press.
She has publishe«I " Donata, and other Poems "
(New Orleans. 1880).
» HITAKER, Ozi WnUani, P. K. bishop, b. ui
New Salem. Mass., 10 May. IKJO. He was gradu-
ated at Miildleliury college. Vt.. in 18.')«. was nrin-
cipal of the high-school in North Br<H)k field. Ma.ss..
for nearly four years, and then entere<l the Gen-
eral theological seminary. New York, where he was
fTaduatcd in 1863. He was ordere<l deacon in
irme church, Boston, Ma,ss., 15 July, 180:]. bv
Bishop fjislburn, ordaimnl nriest in St. Stephen's
chaix"), Boston, 7 Aug., 1863, by the .sanie bishop,
went at once to Nevada, and was made rector of
St. John's, Gold Hill. He n'turne<l to the east
in 1865, and became rector of St. Paul's church,
Englewood, N.J. Mr. Whitaker went to Nevada
again in 1867, and became rwtor of St. Paul's
church, Vircrinia City. He was electe<l missionary
bishoi) of Nevmla by the general convention in
New York in 18«J8, a?id i-otiM-i -rated in St. George's
church. New York, 13 0<t., 1H(»1». He n>ceive«l the
degree of I). I), from Kenvon collep*, Ohio, in the
same year. Bishop Whitaker was elected assistant
bishop of I'ennsylvania and translatwl in 188«J.
Ufjon the death of Bishop Stevens. 11 June, 1887,
ho bei-ame liishop of Pennsylvania. He attende«l
the third Pan-Anglican council in I»ndon in 1888.
He has published occasional st-rmons.
WIIITAKKU, Walter C, s<.ldier. b. in Shelby
county, Ky., in August, 1823: «1. in Lyndon, Ky.,
y July, 1887. He receive*! his education at liethany
college. West Virginia, under the presidenc-v of
Alexander CamplK>ll, and had U»gun thestuciyof
law, when, at the opening of the war with Mexico,
he entered the regiment of Kentucky volunt«en as
TOL. VI. — SO
a lieutenant and nerved with gallantry. At tba
end of the war he nvsumed hiit legal otudieii, and
»<K»n afterward he oiMnHtl an o(lli-<" nt Shelbyville,
Kv.. devoting hims«*lf chiefly to crimitml law, in
which he won reputation, lie also carried on a
large farm, and t4N>k an active {>art in |Mjliticii. He
was a meml>er of the state tienatc in 1801, when
Kentucky was invadi-d by the Confederate army,
which, earlv in .SeptfrnU-r. t<M»k {Mi^sfvion of Co-
lumbus, lie oO'en-*! the reM>lution. which wa»
almost unanimouslv adopte*]. "that the governor
be rei|ueste<i to call out the military fon-e of the
state to expel and drive out the invatlers." This
resolution terminatiMl the sham neutrality the
state had undertaken to uphold. S<M»n afterward
Senator Whitaker entere<l the military service as
colonel of the 0th Kentucky infantry! which was
mustered in early in S'ptemU«r. an»l move<l to
meet (len. Simon B. Buckner's a<lvance to .Mul-
draugh's hill. Fnmi that time till the chjse of the
war his service was c«>nstant. He t<M>k an active
part in the Imttle of Shiloh, in which his regiment
lost Wi killed or wounded, and also in the battle
of Stone river, and on 25 June, 18<13. he was c«im-
missioned brigadier- general of volunte<T^. At
Chickamauga his brigH<le was in the n-si'rve cor|»9
that marched uiton the field at the critical moment
and refH'lled the a.ssault of the enemy on the
National right. At the capture of Ixxikout Moun-
tain he was wounde<I, but hecontinutnl on the field.
He was suljsoquently in all the engagements of the
Atlanta campaign and the Imttle^of Nashville,
and was pn)motetl brevet major-general for gal-
lant services. At the end of the war he retunuil
to the practice of his profession at IxjuisvilU-. and
became conne<.'te<l with some of the most famous
criminal trials in that ri'gion. He was a man of
markeil individuality of manner and character,
and of an im{)etuous temiH>r. which involved him
in nunienms (H'rsonal dimculties, ami le<l to his
l>ei>omingfora time an inmate of an insane asylum.
But in his later years he fully recovered his health,
and hn<l his share of legjil pnw-tice.
WHITCHEK. FranreH Miriam, author, U in
Whitestown, Oneida j-o.. N. V., 1 Nov.. 1811: d.
there, 4 Jan., 1852. She was the daughter of liewis
lierry. While only two vears old, and ignorant of
the alphal)et, she learne«l to recite lone pieces of
p<K'try, and she Itegan very early to malie rhymes,
one of her earliest efforts l>eing a |«n¥ly on "My
Mother." She was e«lucate«l in the villas schools,
and in 1846 Iwame a c<»ntributor to " Seal's Sat-
unlay (iawtte." She sent to the latter publication
manv |»oems, and "Widow Btnlott's Table- Talk."
her Wst-known work: and to "GikIcv's Lady's
liook " " Aunt Maguire" and " I^etters from Tim-
berville." .She also wrote for other iounials. On
6 Jan.. 1847. she marrie<l the Kev. H-njamin W.
Whitcher. a clergyman of the I'nitestant Kpi>cop»l
I chiin-h. and in the following sitring she n-moved
j with her huslmnd to Klmira, >. Y. While Mrs.
I Whit<-her was at the height of her fame as a hu-
morous author, and while her writings were every-
' where in demaml, she was assailed with vitui^Ta-
tion and personal insult by tho8(> who fancied tliat
they had unwittingly s«'rve«l as nuMlels for her
I sketches. So high ran the tide of angr>- fwling in
Klmira that it s<»on liecame ap|iarent that Mr.
] Whitcher's usefulness as a clergyman would find
' fewer oltstacles in some other {larish. In the au-
tumn of 1850 Mrs, Whitcher returned to Whites-
town, and soon afterwani she liegan to suffer se-
verely from the dis«*ase that caused her death.
Before leaving Klmira she ha4i hegtin the story of
i " Mary Elmer," and continued it in her old home.
466
WIIITCOMB
WHITE
but died before it was completed. In addition to
her literary ability, Mrs. Whitcher was a clever
caricaturist, and illustrated the "Table Talk"
when it first appeared in the "Gazette." After
her death her writings were collected in two vol-
umes: "The Widow Bedott Papers, with an In- ,
troduction by Alice B. Neal" (New York, 1855), j
and " Widow Sprigeins, Mary Elmer, and Other
Sketches, bv Mrs. F. M. Whitcher; Edited, with
Memoir, by "Mrs. M. L. Ward Whitcher" (1807).
WHITCOMB, James, senator, b. near Windsor,
Vt.. 1 Dec, 1795; d. in New York city, 4 Oct.,
1852. His father removed to Ohio and settled near
Cincinnjiti when James was quite yoUng. The boy
prepared himself to enter Transylvania univei"sity,
where he maintained himself by teaching during
his vacations. On leaving college he entered a law-
office, and in 1822 was admitted to the bar of Fay-
ette county, Ky., where he practised for two years.
He then removed to Bloomington, Ind., where he
soon made a reputation in his profession, and in
182(i was appointed prosecuting attorney of his
circuit. In discharging the duties of this office he
travelled over a large extent of country, and be-
came acquainted with many men of note. In 1830
and 1833 he was elected to the state senate, where
he did much to stay the progress of the " internal
improvement " fever that was then at its highest
point. In October, 183(5, he was appointed a com-
missioner of the general land-office. He was re-
appointed by President Van Buren, and continued
to serve until the end of the latter's term. Early
in 1841 he returned to Indiana and opened a law-
office in Terre Haute. Business came quickly, and
he soon acquired a lucrative practice. He was
nominated for governor in 1843 by the Democrats,
and elected by 2.013 majority. In 1846 he was re-
elected bv nearly 4,000 majority. Wlien he entered
office In(liana was loaded down with a debt upon
whicli no interest had been paid for years; when
he left office the debt had been adjusted, and the
public credit was restored. He also, by his efforts,
created a public sentiment that demanded the
establishment of benevolent and reformatory insti-
tutions, and he awakened the people to the impor-
tance of establishing common schools and provid-
ing a fund for their maintenance. During his terra
of office he raised five regiments of infantry that
represented the state in the Mexican war. The
legislature of 1849 elected him to the U. S. senate
for the full term, beginning in March of that year,
but he was unable, owing to feeble health, to dis-
charge his senatorial duties as he wished, and died
of a painful disease when he had served little more
than half his term. In 1843 he wrote a pamphlet
entitled " Facts for the People," which is considered
by many one of the most effective arguments
against a protective tariff that has ever been
written. As a lawyer Gov. Whitcomb ranked high.
It was his custom in presenting a case to the jury
first to give his opponent's side of the question,
that he might the easier demolish it ' afterward.
Thomas A. Hendricks said : " Gov. Whitcomb . . .
declared what he believed to be the truth, and
trusted to its influence upon men's minds to bring
them into common action. He led legislators be-
cause it was safest for them t« follow. His manner
was grave and serious, his voice was full and mu-
sical, and his delivery almost without gesture."
WHITCOMB, John, soldier, b. in Lancaster,
Mass., in 1713; d. there. 17 Nov.. 1785. He won
renown as colonel of Massachusetts troops in the
campaigns against Crown Point. Ticonderoga. and
Montreal — 1755, 1 758, and 1760 — and was one of the
Provincial committee of war in 1756. Though un-
educated, and never self-seeking, he became a noted
leader of the people, and in 1773 was chosen a mem-
ber of the council. Feb. 5, 1775, the Provincial
congress appointed him a general officer. In that
capacity his energy was shown in the pursuit of the
British forces on their retreat from Concord, 19
April. Jan. 3, 1775, he was elected "first major-
general of the Massachusetts army," and during the
battle of Bunker Hill had command at Lechmere
Point. It was expected that Whitcomb's name
would be among tlie brigadier-generals first an-
nounced by the Continental congress. He. how-
ever, was not so commissioned until 5 June. 1776,
when Washington proposed to have him relieve
Gen. Artemas Ward. Whitcomb declined the com-
mission, excusing himself because of age.
WHITE, Albert Smith, senator, b. in Bloom-
ing Grove, Orange co., N. Y., 24 Oct., 1803 ; d. in
Stockwell, Tippecanoe co., Intl., 4 Sept., 1864, He
was graduated at Union in 1822, in the class
with William H. Seward. After studying law he
was admitted to the bar in 1825, and soon after-
ward removed to Indiana. In March, 1829, he
opened an office in Lafayette, where, and in the
neighboring town of Stockwell, he resided until
his death. During the session of 1828-'9 he re-
ported the proceeding of the Indiana legislature
for an Indianapolis journal, the first work of the
kind that had been done in the state. In 1830-'l
he was assistant clerk of the Indiana house of rep-
resentatives, and from 1832 till 1835 he served as
its clerk. In 1832 he was a candidate for congress
in opposition to Edward A. Ilannegan, but was de-
feated. Four years later he was elected, serving
from 4 Sept., 1837, till 3 March, 1*39. The year
before he had been an elector on the Whig ticket.
In 1839 Mr. White was elected to the U. S. senate
as the successor of Gen. John Tipton. There were
three candidates, and he was not chosen until the
36th ballot. In the senate he opposed the annexa-
tion of Texas, as well as ever)' other measure that
tended to extend the area of slavery. He was also
active in securing grants of land to aid in the ex-
tension of the Wabash and P]rie canal. On tjje
expiration of his senatorial term in 1845 he re-
sumed the practice of law, but soon abandoned it
to become actively engaged in the construction of
railroads. He was president of the Indianapolis
and Lafayette road from its organization until
1856, and for three years was also at the head of
the Wabash and Western railway. In 1800 Mr.
White was elected to congress as a Republican, and
served from 4 July, 1801, till 3 March, 1863. He
was made chairman of a select committee whose
duty it was to consider the question of compen-
sated emancipation, and reported a bill appropri-
ating $180,000,000 to pay loyal owners for their
slaves, and $20,000,000 to aid in the colonization
of the freedmen. This measure was recommended
and supported by Mr. Lincoln with all the influ-
ence of his office. In presenting the bill, Mr. White
accompanied it with an elaborate report on slavery
as a social and political problem. He contendea
that the white and black races should be separated,
and the latter colonized in the equatorial regions
of America. He also assured ihe sotith that if his
proposition were not accepted, their slaves would
ultimately be taken from them without compensa-
tion. Mr. White, at the close of his term, failed
to secure a renomination, mainly on account of his
action on this question. He was named by the
president one of three commissioners to adjust
the claims of citizens of Minnesota and Dakota
against the government for Indian depredations.
On the death of Caleb B. Smith, 7 Jan., 1804, Presi-
WIMTK
WHITR
467
dent Lincoln anpointed Mr. White U. 8. jii(i);e for
the (liMtriet nf Indiana, hut ho lived to 4iwhar((e
the diitit*s of thi* ofll* nly a f»'W inonthH.
WHITE, Alexander, legi.xlaior, b. in Kap[M»-
hanniH-k county, Va., in 173W: d. in NVtMKlville. in
the same fount v, in Septeinlier, IH(>4. He wan n--
inarkalile fur hiHeiiN|uence and {latriotism an«l t(M>i(
an active |uirt in the |x>litical agitation that pre-
ee<liMl the lie volution. He sat as a delegate in the
Continental congress in 17>W-'8H, was elec-twl a
rupr^»sentative from Virginia in the 1st conifress,
and r\'-ele<-ted to the 2d, serving from 4 >Iarch,
17H1>, till 2 Manh. 1T«:{.
WHITE, Alexander, merchant, h. in Klgin.
Scotland, Vi March, 1M14: d. in liake Forest, 111..
18 March, 18?2. He was one of the early settlers
of Chicago, where he arrive<l in the spring of IKJT.
Until 1857 he was a men-hant, Ix'ing the first
dealer in Chicago in fine-art go<Kls. From 1857
till 1867 he was engaged in real estate investments,
establishing the great auction sales that have
played an important part in the city's develof>-
ment. Retiring from business in 1807 to devote
himself to the collection of flowers and fwintings,
he purchased an estate at Ijake Forest, which he
matte amon^ the most artistic in the west. In
1859 he built in his Chicago residence the first
private art-gallery in Illinois, exhibiting his [laint-
in^ for the benefit of the city. In 1800 he sold
this collection at auction, and in 1809 he o|)ene<l
a gallery at his residence at I^ake Poorest with 10()
works of art. Returning from Europe with a third
collection when the great fire of 1871 occurretl,
his losses inducrtni him to sell his treasures at auc-
tion the same year in New York city. His artistic
taste found further expression in the cultivati<m
of flowers, es|)ecially or camelias an<l orchids, his
collection being recognized as the most com|)lcto
in the northwest.
WHITE, Alexander, lawyer, b. in Franklin,
Robertson co., Tenn., 16 Oct., 1810. He was taken
to Alabama when Ave years of age, and tnlucatcd
there and at the University of Tennessee, but he
volunteered in the Creek and Seminole war in
1830. and therefore was not graduated. He suliso-
quently studictl law with his father. John White
(1784-1842). who was one of the circuit and su-
preme court judges of Alabama. On his admission
to the l>ar in 1838 he practised at first as the asso-
ciate of his father, and afterwanl (1841-*55) as the
partner of Lewis K. Parsons at Tallmlega. He was
elected to congn»ss as a Union Whig after an ex-
citing contest iti a Democratic district, ami served
from 1 Dec., 1851, till 3 March. 1853. In 18.50 he
removed to S<'lma, and in IHViO he supptrtwl lit-ll
and Kverett for president and vice-|»resident. He
earnestly opposc<l secession, but decided to act
with his state when that event Ivecanie inevitable.
At the close of the war he was a member of the
ainvention to frame a new constitution for Ala-
bama, and he was elec-ted to the general assembly
of the state in 1872. In the following year he waa
chosen to congress as a Re|>ublican, and 8erve<i
from 1 Dec., 1873. till 4 Manh, 1K75. In the lat-
ter year he was ap{K>inti>d an as»«H'iate iustice of
the U. S. court for the territory of Utah. After
holding the oflice for a brief term he returned to
Alaluima, and in 1875 removed to Dallas, Tex.,
where he practises his profession.
WHITE, Andrew, clergvman, b. in Ijondon,
England, aliout 1579; d. there. 27 Dec.. 1050. He
wa's educate<l at Douay (»llege, France. when> he
was ordained priest in 160S. After his return to
England in IWM he was arrested, with sixteen
other priests, and sentenced to perpetual banish-
ment. He enteml the SrH-iety of Jesus on 2 Feb.,
10U9, n>tume<l to England at the risk of his life,
and wius engageil in missionary duticM there until
1019. He was Hul»s4-<juently proffsM>r of theology
and Hebrew in V'alladolid and .S4>villf, and of «Ti-
vinity in I><juayand Liege. In UKt^i he was chosen
by the Jesuit general, Mutius Vitell(*schi, to ac-
com|>any I>>rd Ilaltimore to this country, with
some other Jesuits. After landing he tjevoted
himself to the cimversion of the l*is<-atsway and
I'atuxent Indians, as well as to thos«' in the iieigh-
lM)rh<MKl of the new settlements. He n-tunuHlto
Eun>|K- sub>e<|uently. and brought Imck nion* mis-
sicmaries. Father White learned the language of
the Indians, and compiled a grammar. v<H-abular}-,
atjd catwhism. They were all sup|*osed to be hist,
until Father William McSherry dis<-overed the
catechism in the Jesuit archives at Home. Father
White was summone<I to sit in the first colonial
assembly of Maryland; but his rwiuest to \m) ex-
cused fntm taking part in s<-cular affairs was
grantwl. The " Extracts from the Ix-tters of the
Missionaries," appended to his "Relatio Itineris
in Marylandiani.' give some very interesting de-
tails altout his lalKirs and success among the In-
dians of I*ata|>aco. IMscataway. and I'atuxent. In
KM4 he was sei/,e<l by a band of ClailMime's sol-
diers and sent in irons to England, where he was
imprisontHl on a charge of violating the law con-
cerning "missionary jntpish priests.' After gn*at
suffering he was released and Iwnishetl from the
country. He ()etitione<l his su[teriors to be allowed
to go to Maryland ; but his re«|uest U'ing n-fused,
on the ground of his age and infinnities. he re-
turne«l to England under an a-ssunuHl name, and
wjis then' engage<l in missionary duties. Further
accounts of him an> vague and uncertain, although
the place an<l date of his death are given in the
ofllcial reconls of the JcMiit onler. He wn>te
" Kelatio Itineris in Marylandiani." which, with
" DtH'laratio colonia> Domini Haronis de lialti-
nioro" and " Excerpta ex Diversis Litteris Mis-
sionarionim ab anno 1035 ad annum 14>:(8." has
b<HM) publishtHl. acct>mi>aiiie<l by a translation, by
the Marvland liistoricnl wKJety (Haitimore, 1874).
WHIITE, Andrew Dickson, etlu«ntor, b. in
Homer. X. V.. 7 Nov.. 1832. He was of New Eng-
land twrentage. studieil one year at Hobart col-
lege. >. Y., ami |»asst"d the rt>niainder of bis col-
legiate course at
Yale, where he
was graduate*! in
1853. Aftergrwl-
uation ho s|)ent
alH)Ut two years
in EurojH'. chiefly
at I*aris anil Ik>r-
lin, inthe pnjsec-u-
tion of historical
studies. He was
also attache to the
American legation
in St. Petersburg
for six months,
and travellctl on
fiM>tthn)Ughinany
of the historical lo-
calities of t he c«in- ^ CM—^
in ^^northern and l^lto(. aXCO^^TL
western Franc*.
He n'turiuHl home in 18.50. atudietl history for one
vear at Yale, and in 1H57 was elcotwl jirufeasor of
historv and English literature in the tnirerslty of
Michigan. In 1882 ba reaigned in ooDaaqocnoe of
468
WHITE
WHITE
impaired health, returned to Syracuse, where he
had formerly resided, was elected to the state senate
for that pljK-e, and was re-elected in 1864. While
state senator he introduced bills that codified
the school laws, created the new system of normal
schools, and incorporated Cornell university. In
1867 he became fii-st president of Cornell, which
post he filled until failinjr health compelled him
to retire in 1885. He visited F]urope in 1867-8
for the purpose of examining into the organiza-
tion of the principal schools of agriculture and
technology and of purchasing books and apparatus
for liis university at the request of its triistees. In
January, 1871, he was appointed one of the U. S.
commissioners to Santo Domingo, and aided in
preparing the rejwrt of the commission. lie was
? resident of the Republican state convention of
Tew York in October. 1871, and was U. S. minister
to Germany from 1879 till 1881. From his own
resources President White contributed about f 100,-
000 to the equipment of Cornell university, and
on 19 Jan., 1887, he endowed the new school of
history and political science in that institution
with his historical library numbering 30,000 vol-
umes, besides 10,000 valuable pamphlets and many
manuscripts, all of which cost liim more than
$100,000. As a permanent tribute to him the
board of college nuinagers decided to designate
the new school as "The President White school
of history and political science." Besides con-
tributions to periodicals, he has published " Out-
lines of a Course of Lectures on History" (Detroit,
1861); "A Word from the Northwest" (London.
1863), in response to strictures in the American
" Diary " of Dr. William Howard Russell ; " Syl-
labus of Lectures on Modern Historv" (Ithaca,
1876); "The Warfare of Science" (Sew York,
1876); "The New Germany" (1882); "On Studies
in General History and in the History of Civiliza-
tion " (1885); aiul "A History of the Doctrine of
Comets" (1886). — His cousin, Edwin, artist, b.
in South Hadley, Mass., 21 May, 1817; d. in Sara-
toga Springs, N. Y., 7 June, 1877, began to paint
when he was a boy, was elected an associate of
the National academy in 1848. and in the follow-
ing year became a full academician. In 1850, and
again in 1869, he went abroad, and studied in
Paris. Rome, Florence, and Diisseldorf. He re-
turned to the United States in 1875, ajid opened a
studio in New York. He executed a large num-
ber of j)aintings, most of them historical. These
include " Washington resigning his Commission,"
which was Ijought by Marylaiul for $6,000. and
now in Annapolis ; " Milton's Visit to Galileo " ;
" Requiem of De Soto " ; " Pocahontas informing
Smith of the Conspiracy of the Indians"; "Old
Age of Milton" (1848); and "First Printing of
the Bible." Among liis portraits are those of
Elihu Burritt and S. Wells Williams. He be-
queathed his "Antiquary" to the Metropolitan
museum (New York), " Leonardo da Vinci and his
Pupils" (1868) to Amherst college, and' an unfin-
ished picture of the signing of the compact on the
"Mayflower" to Yale. The New York historical
society owns his " Murillo sketching the Beggar-
Boy "(1865); the Museum of fine arts, Boston, his
"Interior of the Bargello, J'lorence" (1875); and
his " Age's Revery " (1847) is at the U. S. military
academv. West Point.
WHITE, Anthony Walton, soldier, b. in New
Brunswick, N. J., 7 July, 1750; d. there, 10 Feb.,
1803. He was descended from Anthony White, a
royalist, who, after the execution of Charles I., re-
moved to Bermuda and became connected with
the government of the islands, of which his son.
Anthony, and grandson, liconard, were chief jus-
tices. Leonard's son, Anthony, removed to this
country and mar-
ried Elizabeth,
daughter of Gov.
Lewis Morris, of
New Jersey. Their
son, Anthony Wal-
ton,received hised-
ucation under the
immediate direc-
tion of his father,
who was a man of
great wealth and
the holder of sev-
eral important of-
fices. Until the
age of twenty-five
his time was em-
ployed in study
and in assisting his
father in the man-
agement of his
Oc-fobe?n75, he d^^^^^^l^^M^
obtained a com-
mission as major and aide-de-camp to Gen. Wash-
ington. On 9 Feb., 1776, he was commissioned by
congress as lieutenant-colonel of the 3d battalion
of New Jersey troops, and he was actively engaged
in the service at tne north till 1780. being succes-
sively apf)ointed lieutenant-colonel of the 4th regi-
ment 01 light dragoons in the Continental army,
13 Feb., 1777, lieutenant-colonel commandant of
the 1st regiment. It) Dec, 1779, and colonel, 16
Feb., 1780. At this time he was ordered by Wash-
ington to take command of all the cavalry in the
southern army, and upon his own personal credit
equipped two regiments, with which to operate
against Lord Cornwallis in South Carolina. On 6
May, 1780, with the remnant of Maj. Benjamin
Huger's cavalry, he crossed Santee river and cap-
tured a small party of British ; but while waiting
at Lanneau's ferry to recross the river he was sur-
prised and defeated bjr Col. Bannastre Tarleton,
and he and many of his trooj)s were taken prison-
ers. In 1781 he was ordered to join the army un-
der Lafavette in Virginia, and on his march to that
state had several successful encounters with Col.
Tarleton. He was present with Gen. Anthony
Wayne in the movement of that commander before
Savannah on 21 May, 1782 ; and, on the evacuation
of that place, returned to Charleston, S. C, where
he became security for the debts of the officers and
men of his regiments, who were in want of almost
all the necessaries of life. These debts he was sub-
sequently obliged to pay at enormous sacrifices of
his own property, and, on returning to the north at
the close of the war, his financial ruin was com-
pleted by entering into speculation at the persua-
sion of military friends. In 1793 he removed from
New York, where he had resided for about ten years,
to his native town, and in the following year was
appointed by President Washington general of cav-
alry in the expedition against the >jestern insur-
gents. Gen. White died at a comparatively early
age, and was buried in the grounds of Christ church,
in his native place. See " Memoir of Brig.-Gen.
Anthonv Walton White," bv Anna M. W. Wood-
hull (Newark. 1882).
WHITE, Charles, clergj-man, b. in Randolph,
Vt, 28 Dec., 1795; d. in Crawfordsville, Ind., 29
Oct., 1861. He was graduated at Dartmouth in
1821, studied at Andover in 1821-'3, and was pas-
tor of the Congregational church in Thetford, Vt.,
WHITE
WHITE
400
in 1825-*0, and of the Prpsbvtcrian ehurt-h at
Caienovia, N. Y.. in 1829-*8a. FVmu 1834 till 1841
he was {AMtor of tho I'rusbvterian church at Owcpo,
N. Y.. and fnjin 1841 till' 18<n he was prcsidt-nt
of Waliash college, Crawfordsville, Ind. He ro-
«'lved the degree of I). I>. fn)m Union in 1840.
IViiideH many itemions. he publiMhe<l "Kssaytt in
Literatim> ami Kthit-s" (lk)>t(»ii. 1853).
WHITE, Charlen Abiathar, fjeolopist, b. in
North l)i);hton, Mass., 2« Jan., 1820. He removed
to Iowa in 1839, and wtus Ki^luatinl at Rush
medical college in 1863. Thnn? vears later he be-
came state geologist of Iowa, which apfMiintment he
held until 1870, and in 1807-'73 he was professor
of natural history in the Iowa state university. In
187:J he was calle<l tt) the same chair in Kowdoin, but
he resigne<l two years later, and during 1874 was
geologist and palHH)ntologist to the V. S. geograjihi-
cal and geological surveys west of the 100th me-
ridian under Lieut. Get)rge M. Wheeler. He then
ried to the service of the survey under Maj. John
Powell in 1875, and in 1870 to that im<ler Fer-
dinand V. Hayden, with wh(tm he reinaine*! until
1871). Dr. White had charge of the nala'ontologi-
cal collections in the U. S. national museum in
l879-'82, and in 1881 was detailed to act as chief
of the artesian wells commission ujx)n the Great
Plains under the auspices of the U. S. agricultural
department. Since 1882 he has been connectetl
with the U. S. geological survey, first as geologist,
and since 1883 as palaeontologist in charge of the
division of mesozoic invertebrates. His knowl-
edge of his 8[»ecialty has gaimvl for him a reputa-
tion as an authority that is unecjualUnl in certain
branches of fossil life. The degree of A. M. was
conferred on him bv Iowa college, and he holds an
honorary curatorshin in the U. S. national muse-
um. He is a memocr of scientific societies, was
president of the Biological society of Washington
\n 1883-'4, and was elected a vice-president of the
American as.soc-iation for the a<lvancement of
science in 1888. His writings include nearly 2(X)
m(>ers. of which the most imfiortant are include<l
in the reports of the various surveys with which he
has l)een connectetl, also a work on the cretaceous
invertebrates of Brazil, which were collectetl bv the
Iroi)erial geological commission, under the direc-
tion of the late Charles F. Hartt, to form vol.
vii, of the "Archives of the Brazilian National
Museum "(Rio de Janeiro, 1887). S«»o " .Vnnotated
Catalogue of the Piiblishetl Writings of Charles
Abiathar White, 181)0-188.%" by John B. Marcou
(WiLshiiigton, 1885).
WHITE, CharleH Ignatinst, R. C. clergyman,
b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1807; d. in Washmgton,
D. C, 1 April, 1877. He was graduatwl at St.
Mary's college, Italtimore, in 1823, an«l iKK-ame a
Roman Catholic priest. He was at the time of
his death, an<l ha<l U'«'n for twefity years preci^ling,
the pastor of St. Matthew's church in Wa.shing-
t«m. I). C. He iHlit«'«l the " Catholic Almanac" in
1884-'57, and foundwl and e«lit«><l the " Religious
Cabinet " in 1842, a numthlv magazine, which was
repla<'e<l in 184^1 by the " Cnite<l States Catholic
Magazine." This again was renlace*! in 1849 by a
we«>kly [»aper. the " Catholic Mirror." He trans-
lated and edited Jaime Lucio lialmes's " Protestant-
ism and Catholicity compan'd in their Effects on
the Civilization of fcun)i)e" (New York. 1850); also
Chateaubriand's " Genius of Christianity" (1856);
and wrote a " Life of .Mrs. Kliza A. Seton" (1853).
WHITE, Daniel Apploton, jurist, b. in the
part of Methuen which is now Ijawrence, Mass., 7
June, 1776; d. in Salem. Mass.. 30 March, 1861.
He was graduate<l at Harvartl in 1797, was teacher
of the Medford grammar - Rchotil in 1797-*9 and
I^atin tutor in Harvard in 1799-lH0:i. Ho begatt
the study of law at Cambridge, was admitted to
the liar in 1804. and engage«l in practice in Ncw-
bury|»ort. where he resided till January. 1817, when
he remove*! to Salem. He was a meml»er of the
Massachust'tts legislature in 1810-'l.'), was choaen
to congress in 1814, but decline<l to serve, and waa
elected judge of nroljate of Ks>i'X county, Mass.,
which office he held for thirty-eight vears. He
was for many years an active member of the Essex
institute, to which he gave 8,(KX) volumes, nnd of
the Massachusetts historical society. Judge White
was the author «t a " Eulogy on (Seorge Washing-
t«»n" (Haverhill. 1800); " \ lew of the Jurisdiction
of the Court of Prolwte in Massachusetts" (Sa-
lem. 1822); " Eulogy on Nathaniel Bowditch "
(1822); and " New England Congregationalism, in
its Origin and Purity" (1861); and aidinl John
Pickering in pretmring his edition of Sallust (1805).
See a memoir of Judge White by James Walker,
written for the Massachus*'tts historical society
(186JJ). and also one by George W. Briggs for the
Essex institute (1864).
WHITE, David Njre, journalist, b. in Ware-
ham, Majvs., 22 Aug., 18a5; d. in .Sewickley, Pa., 1
April, 1888. He wa^ descende<l from Peregrine
White, and his father, EU-nezer, servwl through
the Revolutionary war. He reinove<l with his
parents to Ohio soon after the war of 1812; was a
frinter in Canton, Ohio, and Rochester. N. Y., in
)eceml)or. 1827, removed to Pittsburg, Pa., and in
1841 purchascil the Pittsburg "(lazette," of which
he was also editor. He was op[>«»e<l to slaver)',
and, desitairing of accomplishing anything to liene-
fit the slaves through the existing |>olitical (wrties,
he publisheil a call in 1855 for a county conven-
tion to fonn a new party. The call had few sign-
ers, but, when the convention met. every district in
the county was representeil by a <luly electwl dele-
gate. A ticket was nominated, ami from this
U'ginning, it is claimed, spniiig the Ri'publican
jMirtv. Mr. White was colht'tor of internal revenue
of the 2M district of Pennsylvania for four years,
a member of the state house of repres»»ntatire«
three years, and a delegate at large to the Consti-
tutional i*on vent ion of 1 873- '4.
WHITE, Edward Donglaii, statesman, b. in
Tennessee in March, 17S»5; d. in New Orleans,
I^., 18 April, 1847. He n-movtHl with his father,
James, who was sults«-(|uently ap|>ointe<l judge of
western Ix>ui.siana, to Attaka|tas parish, I^a.. in
1799. He was etlucatiMi at the University of Ten-
nessee, studied law, was admitted to the bar. and
ix-gaii to practise at Donaltl.sonville. but, on being
ap|K>inte<l to a judgeship in New Orleans, he re-
move«l thither. He was elected to congress for
three consecutive tenns, and serv<^l Irmn 7 Dec.,
1829. till 15 Nov., 18:J4, when, having been elected
governor, he resigne<l. He was gi>vernor of I»uisi-
ana in 18Ji4-*8, afterward reiiioviHl to a sugar-
plantation near ThibtHleaux, and was again elected
as a Whig to congress, sert'ing from 2 Dec.. 188l>,
till 3 >Ian-h, 1843. He was on the steamer " Lion-
ess " when she was set on fire by an explosion of
gunpowder. 11> May. IK'W. and narrowly escaped
death.— His son, Edward Douglaa, jurist, b. in
I^afourt-he parish, I^a.. 3 Nov.. 1845, was wlucateil
at Mt. St. Mary's college. Emmitsburg. M«l.. and
the Jesuit's college in New Orleans. During the
civil war lie scrvetl in the Confederate army. Ho
then studietl and practised law. was a state senator
in 1874-*8,and judge of t he Ixxiisiana .supreme court
in 1878-*80, and on 21» .May. Ihmh. was elwted U. 8.
senator for the term beginning on 4 March, 1880.
470
WHITE
WHITE
WHITE, Emerson Elbridjyre, educator, b. in
Mantua, P(jrta};e co., Ohio, 10 Jan., 1829. lie was
educated at Kwinsburg academy and the University
of Cleveland, taught in the former institution,
and was afterward an instructor of mathematics
in Cleveland university, and principal of the Cen-
tral hijjh-school in that city. He became super-
intendent of the public schools of Portsmouth,
Ohio, in 1856, state commissioner of common
schools in 1863, and was president of Purdue uni-
versity. Lafayette, Ind., in 1876-'83, and since that
time has been superintendent of schools in Cincin-
nati, Ohio. He was president of the Ohio teach-
ers' association in 1863, of the National superin-
tendents' association in 1866, of the National edu-
cation association in 1872, and of the National
council of education in 1884-'6. Mr. White was
editor an<l proprietor of the "Ohio Educational
Monthly " from 1861 till 1875, and of the " National
Teacher" from 1870 till 1875. writer of the memo-
rial to congress on the National bureau of educa-
tion, and author of the accompanying; bill that
was introduced bv James A. Garfield, and subse-
quently passed, fie has published several school
text-books, and a work entitled " Elements of
Peda<jogy." — His nephew, Emory Calvin, trav-
eller, h. in Monterey, Allegan co., Mich., 15 Oct.,
1858, was educated at Michigan university and at
Puniue university, where he taught for three
years. He then became superintendent of schools
at Albion, Ind., but resigned in order to accept
the presidency of the American college at Callao,
Peru. After filling this post for a time, he relin-
quished it for the sake of studying the ruins of
uie Incas, among which he spent three years, ex-
cavating, photographing, and surveying. He then
traversed the upper Amazon, visited Bolivia, Chili,
Brazil, the Argentine Republic, and Spain, in
search of further information regarding the Inca
and pre-Inca races, returning to the United States
in 1886, and is writing histories of Peru, Chili, the
Argentine Republic, and Brazil.
WHITE. Francis J., soldier, b. in New York
city in 1842 ; d. in San Francisco, 29 Aug., 1875.
He was the eldest son of James II. White, who
was at one time judge of the superior court of
New York. Francis received a good education,
and early in life contributed articles to magazines.
At the opening of the civil war he joined the 10th
New York regiment, participated in the battle of
Bull Run, and was subsequently on the peninsula
with Gen. Benjamin F. Butler. He then served
under Fremont, and in October, 1861, at the head
of his " prairie scouts," recaptured Lexington, Mo.
In the autumn of 1861 he was transferred to the
Army of the Mississippi, and in the autumn of 1862
he followed Porter, the guerilla chief, for thirteen
days and routed his band. At one period of the
war he was provost-marshal and judge-advocate-
general in central Missouri, and in the closing
years of the contest he was governor of the eastern
shore of Maryland. He was appointed brigadier-
general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865, and was
offered a captaincy in the regular army, which he
declined. After serving a short time in Texas, he
removed to St. Louis, studied law, was admitted to
the bar, and elected to the legislature. He subse-
quently went to California, where he resided till
his death, which was the result of disease contracted
during the war.
WHITE, Georgre Leonard, educator, b. in Ca-
diz, Cattaraugus co.. N. Y., 20 Sept., 1838. He was
the son of a blacksmith, and while attending school
assisted his father in the shop. When he was four-
teen years old his father's health gave way, and the
support of the family devolved upon him and his
sisters. He conducted his father's business, but
studied in leisure hours, removed to Chillicothe,
Ohio, and began to t«ach. In 1862 he enlisted in
the 73d Ohio regiment, and fought at Fredericks-
burg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Lookout Valley,
and Lookout Mountain. At the close of the war
he entered the employ of the Preedmen's bureau,
but in 1868 he resigned to give his entire time to
the work of Fisk university. Mr. White had heard
the simple negro songs that came info being dur-
ing the days of slavery, and he resolved to form a
band of his best voices to sing these songs in the
large cities of the north in aid of the university.
His means were limited, but, embarking his ail
in the enterprise, he left Nashville with his jubilee
singers on 6 Oct., 1871. By May, 1872, he had re-
mitted to the college $20,000. The troupe was
everywhere received with enthusiasm, and a sec-
ond tour netted as much as the first. Early in
1874 they went to Europe, where a like reception
met them. They sang before <^ueen Victoria and
nearly every crowned head on the continent, and
returned with a gain of $50,000. The total sura
that was realized to the institution was $155,000.
With the funds thus acquired twenty-five acres on
a commanding eminence near Nashville have been
purchased, and a fine building has been erected,
which has been called Jubilee Hall.
WHITE, George Savage, clergyman, b. in
Bath, England, in 1784 ; d. after 1839. He studied
at Chestnut college, anH was ordained a clergy-
man of the Church of England at Lady Hunt-
ingdon's chapel, Brighton, in 1809. He afterward
came to this country and was a minister in Rhode
Island. His publications include "Christian Me-
morial : containing God's Abundant Grace and
Providential Kindness to the Author," and " Me-
moir of Samuel Slater, the Father of American
Manufactures" (2d ed., Philadelphia, 1846).
WHITE, Harry, soldier, b. in Indiana county,
Pa., 12 Jan., 1834. He received a collegiate edu-
cation, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1855,
and practised at Indiana, Pa., till the beginning
of the civil war, when he entered the Nation^
service ivs major of the 67th Pennsylvania infantry.
While in the army he was elected a state senator,
serving in the winter of 1862-'3. He afterward
returned to his command, was captured by the
Confederate troops, and retained as a prisoner
sixteen months, but escaped and reached the Na-
tional lines near Atlanta in October, 1864. He
returned to his command, served till the end of the
war, was promoted to a colonelcy, and was bre-
vetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 2 March,
1865. He was re-elected to the senate of Penn-
sylvania in 1865, and served by successive elec-
tions till 1874, being speaker at the close of the term
of 1871. In 1872 he was elected a delegate-at-
large to the State constitutional convention, and he
served in congress from Pennsylvania in 1877-'81,
having been chosen as a Republican.
WHITE, Henry, clergyman, b. in Wilbraham,
Mass., 3 Aug., 1790; d. iii Garland, Me., 8 Dec.,
1858. He was graduated at Bangor theological
seminary in 1823. ordained over the Congregation-
al church at Brooks and Jackson, Me., 19 Oct.,
1825, and was pastor in various towns in that state
and New Hampshire till 7 Nov., 1858. He published
" Early History of New England, illustrated with
Numerous Early Incidents " (Concord, 1841).
WHITE, Henry Claj, educator, b. in Balti-
more, Md., 30 Dec, 1850. He was graduated at
the University of Virginia in 1870, and was pro-
fessor of chemistry in the Maryland institute, Bal-
WIIITK
WHITK
471
timorp, and then in St. John's eoll«>g(>, Anna|xilii«,
Mil., in lH71-'2. In tho sanif year he wan sfieij<-e
let'tunT in ihe Peal>K!y institute, HHltinioK*. and in
the latter year he wa.s Hi>|H>inte<l professor of chem-
istry in the Uni^'ersitvof Georjfia.wliich |>ost he still
holds. Since 1880 he has lieen state chemist of
Oeorcia. In l881-'2 he was president of the .Asso-
ciation of olTlcial chemists of the l'nite«l .States,
and in 1888 he Ixt-ame chief chemist of the (Jeorjria
state experimental station. Me receive<l the de-
gre<' of Ph. I), from the University of V'irjfinia in
1877, and is a fellow of the American asMK-iation
for the advancement of science. Dr. White has
publishe<l scientific addresses, reports on the chem-
i.<«try of the cotton-plant and on commercial fer-
tilizers, "The Complete ("hemistrv of the Cotton-
Plant" (Macon, 187:}), and, with William Gibbs
McAd(X). " Klementary Geology of Tennessee "
(Nashville, 1874).
WHITE, Horace, journalist, b. in Colebrook,
N. 11., 10 Aug., 1834. He was gra«luate<l at Beloil
college, Wisconsin, in 1853. In 1837 his father,
who was a physician, removed to Iteloit with his
family. After his graduation he engaged in
journalism. He was for many vears connecte<l
with the Chicago "Tribune." and from 18(J4 till
1874 was its e<litor and one of its chief f)roprietors.
C/on jointly with ?Mwin L. Gotlkin he has since
1883 edited the New York " Kvening Post." Mr.
White has edited Frederic Bastiat's " .Sophismes
^onomi(jues" (Chicago, 1809), and Luigi Cossa's
"ScienzH dclle (inanze " (New York, 1888).
WHITE, Hugh, soldier, b. in Dauphin county.
Pa., in 1737: d. in 1822. He was a captain in the
Pennsylvania line from 19 April, 1775. till 1778,
when fie was promoted to a colonelcy. He was one
of the first ctimmissioners of Lycoming countv,
and a member of the Pennsylvania assembly in
1795, 1796. and 180:3. He serve<l as colonel of
Pennsylvania troops in 1812.— His son, Robert
Grtjr.'jurist, b. in Selinsgrove. Pa., 21 Jan. 1807;
d. in Millsboro', Pa., C Sept., 1875. was gnuluate<l
at Jefferson college in 1820, stuilied law, an«l prac-
tised in Tioga county. Pa. He was a memlK>r of the
State constitutional convention of \HiiS, treasurer
of Tioga connty in 1841 and 184.'}. and electal
president-judge of the 4th judicial district of Penn-
sylvania in 1851 and 1801. retiring in 1871.
WHITE, Israel Charles, geologist, b. in Mo-
nonealia countv, W. Va., 1 Kov., 1848. He was
graduate<l at West Virginia university in 1872, and
took a graduate course in geology and chemistry in
1875-'0 in Columbia school of mines. In 1875 he
was app<^int(Hl assistant on the second geological
survey of Pennsylvania, where he remain«Hl until
1884, and sinct» that year he has l)een connwtetl
with the U. S. geological survey. He was called
to the chair of geology in the West Virginia uni-
versity in 1877, and still retains that appointment.
Prof. \Vhit« was the first geologist to harm<mize
the Pennsylvania and Ohio coal-measurt's, and in
1882 he recognized as Ix'longiiig to the Salina for-
mation riK-ks in Montour and Columbia counties
that had previously been classifle<l either with the
Clinton or Ix)wer Helderl»«»rg proups. He was also
the first to apply the anticlinal idea to the success-
ful locration of natural gas and oil Wells, and an-
nounced his theory in 1885. Prof. White is a
memlx>r of the American philos<»phical society
and a fellow of the American assin-iation for the
advancement of science, and has published jMi|)ers
in their transactions and in the " .\merican Jonr-
nal of Science." He is also the author of nine
volumes of the reports of the geological surrey
of Pennsylvania.
WHITE, Jaiiieti,r>ioniH>r. b. in Iredell munt v.
N. C., ill IT'il : «l. in Knoxville. Tenn.. in 181.'i. ||e
s«'rve<l as a soldier during the Revolution, and re-
ceiving his pay fn»m North t arolina in a land-war-
rant, locatcHl it, in the summer of 1787, on the
northern bank of the Holston river alwut four
miles below the mouth of the French Hmwl. Hero
he erecte<l a fort, built a grist-mill, and liegan a
st^ttlement. The plac*e was then on the extreme
fnnitier, and a treaty with the Chenik*-*^ U-ing
held there in 1791. it attract<-d the attention of
(iov. William Hlount, who at once dtH'idt**! to make
it the capital of the S4)uthwest territory. It was
laid out into lots, nanuMl Knoxville. and mum at>
tnu'tetl to itself a iMif)ulation, whose purchase of
his property ina«le White a wealthy man. In .Sep-
temiK'r, 1798, the fort, which containeil iUH) stand
of U. S. muskets, and a large amount of ammuni-
tion, was threatened with attack from a UMiy of
1 ..500 Cherokees. In the abs4'nce of (Sov. Blount
and Gen. Sevier, White a.ssume<I command of the
forty settlers, and pn'pare«l for a «les|M'r8te resist-
ance. The Indians came within eight miles of the
fort, and then, alarme<l by the near approach of
.S«>vier and his riflemen, suddenly retn-ate*!. Mr.
White was a memlH»r of the territorial legislature,
one of those that foundeil the state of " I* ranklin "
(see Skvikr, John), served a.s territorial delegate in
congress in 1794- '5. and. on the wlmissinn of Ten-
nessee into the I'nicm in 1790. was ele<'ted to the
state senate, and soon afterwanl chosen the sjieaker
of that iMKly. He held this [K>sition till iKn-emtjer,
1797. when he resigne<l to make place for ex-(»ov.
William Blount, who. for allege<l treason, had lieen
exjM'lled from the I'. S. senate. In November,
1813. as brigadier-genenil of Tenness4-e vohinteers,
he led a successful attack on the Creek Indians at
HiliaU'e Town.— His son. Hugh I<anson. b. in
Ire<lell county. N. C., liO Oct.. 1773; d. in Knox-
ville, Tenn., 10 April, 1840, ha<l meagre facilities
for wlucation. At
t he age of fourteen
he accom{»ani»Hl his
family U> the remote
ltackw<MMls, and
there soon after-
ward Ix'gan the
study of law in a
small log office. A
war with the Chero-
kees bn>aking out
when he was s«'ven-
teen years old, he
volunteered jus a pri-
vate under Gen. Se-
vier, and was with
him when he gave
that nation its la.st
crushinjf defeat at
the Itattle of Kto-
wah. Young White
doubtless de<Mile«l
that iMittle. for in the crisis of the fight he levelled
his rifle ujotu their leading chief. King Fisher, and
mortally wounded him. whereu|Hin the savage*
scattered in all directions. .\t the close of the
war he went to Philadelphia to study the rlaasics
and mathematics, and read law in the office of
James Hopkins in Iianca«ter. Pa. Then he rr-
tume<l to Knoxville and liegan practice. For a
short time he was private secretary t«j Gov. Blount.
At the age of twenty-eight he was appointed a
justice of the supn'me wiurt of Tennessee, which
ofllce he held for six years, and until he received
the appointment of C. S. district attorney. In
-^J^/y^^
473
WHITE
WHITE
1809 he was elected to the state senate, and dur-
ing the same year he was again appointed to the
bench of the supreme court. In 1820 he was again
chosen a state senator, and he served in this
capacity till 1825. During the session of 1807 he
compiled the land laws of the state, and in 1817
he drafted the act against duelling. In 1815 he
was elected president of the Bank of Tennessee at
Knoxville. In 1822, with Judge Burnett, of Ohio,
he had been chosen by Kentucky to adjust the mili-
tary land claims of Virginia. In October, 1825,
Juuge White was elected to the U. S. senate to
succeed Gen. Andrew Jackson, who had resigned.
The first important effort of Judge White in the
senate was on the Panama mission, in which he op-
posed the measure on constitutional grounds. He
delivered an able speech, 16 April, 1826, on the
apportionment of the judiciary. He opposed a
general system of internal improvements by the
government, favored a protective tariff, prevented
the recharter of the U. S. bank, and ardently
supported the action of President Jackson. lie
served many years on the committee of Indian
affairs Jis its chairman, and urged the policy of re-
moval of the Indians west of the Mississippi. On
16 Feb., 1835, Judge White made his spcedh in
favor of limiting executive patronage, which was
regarded as an attack upon the administration.
This effort wjis followed by an able argument
against Thomas H. Benton's proposition to ex-
punge from the record resolutions of censure that
had been passed against the president. Judge
White had voted against these, and had then de-
fencled the conduct of the president, but regarded
it as unconstitutional to obliterate the record. He
was in favor of so amending the resolution as to
declare the resolutions of censure " rescinded, re-
Sealed, reversed, and declared null and void."
Vom this time the breach between him and the
executive became impassable. The convention that
had assembled at Baltimore, 20 May, 1836. nomi-
nated Martin Van Buren unanimously for presi-
dent. The fifteen votes of Tennessee were cast by
a single citizen of the state, who happened to be
in the city ; not a single delegate had been sent
by Tennessee. Both branches of the assembly of
tliat state, on 16 and 17 Oct., 1835, pronounced in
favor of Mr. White, and he accepted the nomina-
tion for president. In the elections of 1824 and
1828 Gen. Jjickson had practically the entire vote
of the state, and the contest was now between him
and Judge White, who carried the state by a ma-
jority of nearly 10,000. He also secured the elec-
toral vote of Georgia. In the course of three years
the enemies of the judge gained the legislature and
passed resolutions of instructions that he could not
m conscience obey, and he therefore resigned his
seat. In the following year the Whigs, under the
lead of Gen. Harrison, placed Judge White upon
their electoral ticket, but his failing health did not
Jermit him to make the canvass. " A Memoir of
udge White, with Selections from his Speeches
and Correspondence," was issued by Nancy N.
Scott, one of his descendants (Philadelphia, 1856).
WHITE, John, clergyman, b. in Stanton, St.
John, Oxfordshire, England, in 1575 ; d. in Dor-
chester, England, 21 July, 1648. He was a kins-
man of Bisnop John White, whom Queen Eliza-
beth deprived of the see of Winchester on account
of his Romanizing tendencies. The younger John
was educated at Winchester and at Oxford, where
he became a perpetual fellow in 1595, and in 1606
was appointed rector of Holy Trinity church,
Dorchester, which post he held for forty years.
In 1624 he projected the new colony of Massa-
chusetts for those who could not conscientiously
conform to the discipline and ceremonies of the
Church of England, and in 1630 he succeeded
in establishing at Mattapan, Mass., which they re-
named Dorchester, a party of 140 Puritans from
Dorsetshire and the neighboring counties. He
became one of the assembly of divines in 1643,
and rector of Lambeth in 1645. He was known as
the " Patriarch of Dorchester." Edward Everett
says of him : " Like Robinson in reference to
Plymouth, John White never set foot on the soil
of Massachusetts, but he was the most efficient pro-
moter of the undertaking, which resulted in the
settlement not merely of our ancient town, but of
the colony." See "Dorchester in 1630-1776, and
1855," Ekiward Everett's "Orations and Speeches"
(3 vols., Boston, 1859). White pubjished "The
Planter's Plea, or the Grounds of Plantations Ex-
amined" (London, 1630); "A Way to the Tree of
Life" (1647); and "Commentary on the Three
First Chapters of Genesis" (1656).
WHITE, John, English lawyer, b. in Pembroke-
shire, Wales, in 1590 ; d, in London, England, 29
Jan., 1645. He was educated at Jesus college, Ox-
ford, actively engaged against the royalists, and
in 1640 became member of parliament for South-
wark. In that body he was chairman of the com-
mittee on religion, and, eays Lord Clarendon, " was
notoriously afiect&d against the church." He drew
up the first charter of the Massachusetts colony in
1628, which was confirmed by the crown with^w-
ers of government in 1629. He is buried in Tem-
ple Court, London, and on his tomb is inscribed :
" Here lies a John, a burning, shining light.
Whose name and words and actions all were
White."
He owed his name of "Century White" to his
book, " The First Century of Scandalous, Malig-
nant Priests" (London. 1643). He also wrote
" Speech concerning the Trial of Twelve Bishops "
(1641); "Speech concerning Episcopacy" (1641);
and "The Looking-Glass" (1643 or 1644).
WHITE, John, clergyman, b. in Watertown,
Mass., in 1677; d. in Gloucester, Mass., 17 Jan.,
1760. He was graduated at Harvard in 1698, after-
ward was chaplain at Fort Saco, and on 21 April,
1703, became minister of Gloucester, Mass., which
pastorate he retained till his death. He published
" New England's Lamentation for the Decay of
Godliness'^ (Boston, 1734; London, 1735), and a
"Funeral Sermon on John Wise" (1725).
WHITE, John, soldier, b. in England; d. in
Virginia about 1780. He was of Irish parentage,
and became a surgeon in the British navy, but,
leaving the service, he came with his family to this
country and settled in Philadelphia. He entered
the Revolutionary army as a captain, and was soon
promoted colonel of the 4th Georgia battalion. It
IS claimed that during the siege of Savannah, with
a small body of men, by a successful strata^fem,
he made prisoners of Capt. French and 111 British
regulars on Ogeechee river, about twenty-five miles
from Savannah, and also the crews of five vessels,
forty in number, and 130 stand of arms. He was
wounded at the assault of Spring-hill redoubt, 9
Oct., 1779, and obliged to retire from the army.
WHITE, John, member of congress, b. in "Ken-
tucky in 1805 ; d. in Richmond, Ky., 22 Sept., 1845.
He received an academical education, studied law,
was admitted to the bar, and practised at Rich-
mond, Ky. He served by successive elections in
congress from 7 Dec., 1835, till 3 March, 1845, and
was speaker of the 27th congress. He was then
appointed judge of the 19th judicial district of
his native state, but soon died by his own hand.
WHITE
WHITR
478
WHITE, John Blake, artist, b. near Rtitaw
Springs, S.C'i Sept.. 17H1 ; <i. in Charleston. S. ('..
24 \»(;., 1859. lie lic^in the Htutly of law in ('c>-
liiinhia, S. C, but in IHOO went t4) Kngland with
Washinjfton AIlst^>n. After four years of Htudy
with Benjamin West, he returuiHl'to the Unitecl
Slati's in 1804. The fi>lIowinj( year he nrocetHlwl
Ut Itoston to practise his art. but, not flnuint; sufli-
eieiit eneourajfement, he returnetl to Charleston
and fiiiishiHl the study of law. In this pnjfession
he achieved suc<«ss, and was n'|)eate«ily elefte<l to
the lef^islature of South Carolina. Althoui;h prat--
tisinj; art only as an amateur, he prtniucetl several
cre<litable historical iwintin^, among which are
"Battle of Kutaw Sprines" (1804); "Battle of
Fort Moultrie" (1806); "Battle of New Orleans"
(1816); and " Marion inviting the British Oflieer to
Dinner " and " Mrs. Motte presenting the Armws"
(1H.'}6). He received from the .South Carolina insti-
tute in 1840 a gold minlal for the l)est historical
nainting. was elected an h<morary nieml)er of the
National academy in 1847, and was als<j the recipi-
ent of numerous other honors. Among his por-
traits are those of Charles C. Pinckney. Keating L.
Simmons. John C. Calhoun, and Gov. Ilenr>- Mid-
dleton. lie was also note<l for his literary attain-
ments, and was the author of the dramas " Foscari.
or the Venetian Kxile " (180o) ; " Mvsteries of the
Castle" (1806); " M«xlern Honor" (1812); " Tri-
umi>h of Liberty, or Louisiana preserve<l " (1819) ;
and " Intemperance "(1839). He has In'en regarded
as the pioneer of literature and art in the s*>uth. —
His son. Edward Brlckell, architect, b. in Charles-
ton. 29 Jan.. 180<J ; d. in New York city, 10 May.
1882.entere«l the U.S. military academy in 1822. and
was graduated four years later. He served in the
army for ten years, resigning in 1K:{(), and during
that time was frec^uently iletached for engineering
duties. Settling in Charleston, he followeil suc-
cessfully his profession as an engineer, Imng en-
gagt>d in the buildingof various railroiuls. Heen»ct-
ed also numerous residences. Imilt Trinity church
in Charleston, and design^sl the monument to Col.
William Washington, at Kutaw Springs, and that
to William O. Simms, in Charlest<m, He entenMl
the ConfiMleriite army, and served thoughout the
war. In 180.') he removed to New York, where he
r»'maine<l until his death. — Another s<m. Oftarins
AiigilstnM, physician, b. in Charleston. 8 Feb.. 182(5.
was graduated at the College of Snith Carolina in
184(5. and at South Carolina tne<lical college two
years later. He lH>gan and continue<l the practice
of mi*<licine with suwess, until the o[>ening of the
civil war. when he received the commission of sur-
ge«)n in the Confe<Ierate army. ,\t the close of the
war he removetl to New York, where he has since
residwl. He is a memlier of the New York acade^
mv of medicine, and other medical societies. Dr.
White first intro<Iuced the practice of superficial
incisions within the os ut««ri for the relief of stenot-
ic «Iysmenorrh(ra, He also invente<l the " hyster-
otome." an instrument for pnu'tising safe incision
within the neck of the womb; also novel instru-
ments for the cure of hernia and varicocele, and a
new form of laryngoscojie. His contributions to
nie<lical literature include " New Metluxl of operat-
ing for liailical Cure of Hernia " (1851) : " Transfu-
sion, with Sjiccessful Ilesults. in Cases of Flooding "
(185;i): "A New and Safe Treatment in Stenotic
DvsmenorriKPa " 1855); " Bra«ivcsote Treatment
of Yellow Fever" (\HW) ; " Iteport on the Yellow-
Fever Epidemic of Wilmington. N. C," (1862):
"Varicocele and its RatUcalCure" (New York.
18?2); " Report on the Yellow- Fever Kpidemic in
Savannah, Ua." (1876); and " Observations on the
Pulse, introducing an Original Instrument of Pre-
cision (the Hemanimascope) for the DemoiiAtra-
lion of .Vrterial and Venous Currents " (1877>.
Vt'HITE. Juhn Silaa. itlucAtor. b. in Wrentham.
Mass.. H Feb., 1M47. He servwl as a private in the
42d Massachusetts infantry during the la^t year of
the civil war, was graduated at Harvard iii INTO,
was sub-master of the lioston Ijatin-school in that
year, master of the same in 1871-'4, and then found-
ed Brooks academy. Cleveland, Ohio, of which he
was hewl- master in 1874- '80, Frt^m the latter
vear he has be«-n head-master of Berkeley M-hrnil,
S'ew York city, and since 1888 pn>sid<*n't of the
lierkeley lyceum association. From June, 1878.
till Sep'teml)er, 1874, Mr, White was on a tour of
observation from the Ikmton Ijatin-sch<MiI, visiting
scho<i|s in Kuro[)e and stu<lying school systems,
and was corresiK)ndent of the Boston " Da'ilv Ad-
vertiser" on nlucational topics. In 1879 he re-
ceived the degree of LL. I), from Trinity. lie
has contribute*! occasionallv to iieritnlicals, and
ha.s published " Ii4iys' and Oirls' Plutarch " (New
York. 1883); " Bovs' and Girls" Herodotus" (1884);
and " Bms' and Girls' Plinv " (1885),
WHITE, John WIllIaniH, educator, b. in Cin-
cinnati. Ohio. 5 March. 1849. He was graduated
at Ohio Wesleyan universitv in 186M, was nrofes-
sf»r of Greek and I^atin at Willoughby college in
18(J8-'9. held a similar professorship at lialdwin
university in 186J»-'71. and from 1871 till 1874
was professor of Greek in the same institution.
He visited Europe in 1871-*2. was tutor in (J reek
at Harvard in 1874-'7. and assistant professttr from
1877 till 1884, when, on the death of Prof. Evan-
gelinus A. Sonho<-les, he was ap[K)intetl full pro-
fessor of GreeK. He rei-eivwl the degrees Ph. D.
and A.M. from Harvanl in 1877. He is als<i one
of the two eilitors of "College Series of (ireok
Authors," is a memU>r of Anu>ri<-an and foreign
learneil s<x'ieties, and memlier of the committee in
charge of the American .school of cla.*tsical .studies
at Athens. Prof. White publisheil "(Jviipus Tjr-
raniius of Sophocles" (1873); "First l/cssons in
(ireek " (1876); "First Four B«x)ks of Xenophon's
Anal>asis" and "Selections from Xenophon and
Herodotus." as joint e<litor with William W.tJiiod-
win(1877); and "(treek and liatin at Sight " and
"Schmidt's Rhythmic and Metric of the Classical
languages" (Boston. 1877); "Stein's Summarv of
the DialtH't of Hero<lotus" (1880); and the "Rc«lia
of Greek Literature" (1882).
WHITE, JoHeph M, c-ongre.ssman. Ii. in Frank-
lin count V. Ky., 10 Mav. 1781 ; d. in St. I/ouis, Mo.,
19 (Kt., IKW,' He was can-fullv e*lucMte«i, studied
law. and settled in Petisacola, Fla.. wher(> he gained
success bv his familiarity with French and S|ian-
ish. which enable<l him to obtain clients from si>t-
tlers of both these nationalities. He was chos4>n
to congress as a IX«moi'rat in 1824, and ««'rve«i till
3 March. 1837. but was defeatetl at the next elt«c-
tion. During his career in congress he was known
as an el«x)uent s|>eaker and delwter. He published
"New Collection of I^aws. Charters, etc.. of Great
Britain. France, and Spain, n-lating to the Conoea-
sions of I^nds with the Ijiws of Mexico," etc.
(2 vols.. Philadelphia, 1839).
WHITE, Julius soldier, b. in Cazennria. Madi-
son CO.. N. Y.. 29 .Si.pt., 1816: d, in South Evan-
ston. III., 12 May. 1890. He removt^l to Illinois
in 1836, where he was enptp^d in commercial
pun^uits. In 1849 he was a M)eujlK«r of the W|»>
consin legislature. He was made collector of cus-
toms at Chicapi. Ill . in the spring of 1861, bat
resignetl tliat office on his ap|>oiiitnient an colonel
of the 37th Illinois vohmteers. then known as the
L
474
WHITE
WHITE
Fremont rifle regiment. He commanded it dur-
ing Gen. John C Fremont's ex|)edition to south-
west Missouri in the autumn of 1861, and was
afterward placed at the head of a brigade, accom-
Sanying Gen. Samuel R. Curtis into Arkansas
uring the succeeding winter. He participated in
the battle of Pea llidge, and his appointment of
brigadier-general of volunteers dated from that
battle, 9 June, 1862. He was then assigned to the
Department of the Shenandoah, and was stibse-
quently ordered to report to Gen. John K, Wool.
He was at Martinsburg in September, 1862, and,
when that town became untenable, retired to Har-
per's Ferry, where he volunteered to serve as sec-
ond in command under his inferior officer, Col.
Dixon S. Miles, who was in charge of that post.
When Harper's Ferry was surrendered, on 15 Se[)t.,
1862, to Gen. Ambrose P. Hill, he became a pris-
oner of war, but was released on parole. He was
then placed under arrest by the U. S. government,
and, at his own request, a court of inquiry was
called, which found that he acted with capability
and courage. He resigned in 1864, and on IS
March, 1865, was brevetted major-general of volun-
teers. He resumed his business in Hlinois.
WHITE, Peregrine, the first white child born
in New England, b. on the " Mavflower," in Cape
Cod harbor, 20 Nov., 1620 ; d. in Marshfleld, Mass.,
22 July, 1704. His father, William, and his moth-
er, Susanna, were passengers in the " Mayflower."
Peregrine became a citizen of Marshfield, Mass.,
where the court gave him 200 acres of land in
"consideration of his birth." He was of "vigor-
ous and comely aspect," and filled several minor
civil and military offices in that town. During
his early life he is described as "extravagant," but
" much reformed in his later years, and died hope-
fully." Peregrine's father died shortly after his
arrival in this country, and two months afterward
his mother, Susanna, married Edward Winslow.
Tlifirs was the first English marriage in New Eng-
land. She was therefore the first mother and the
first bride in the country ; her husband, Edward
Winslow, was its first provincial governor ; and
her son by her second marriage, Josiah Winslow,
was the first native governor of the colony.
WHITE, Phillips, member of the Continental
congress, b. in New Hampshire about 1730; d.
there after 1783. He was chosen to the Continent-
al congress in 1782, taking his seat 3 Dec. of that
year. The only record of his appearance in that
body is his vote on the motion made by Edmund
Rutledge in January, 1783. "that congress having,
on 20 Dec, 1782, directed the secretary of foreign
affairs to transmit to the executive authority of
Rhode Island an authenticated state of the several
applications for foreign loans, and the result there-
of, it be resolved that the foregoing motion be
postponed." On the question of commitment Mr.
White voted in the affirmative.
WHITE, Pliny Holton, clergyman, b. in
Springfield, Conn., 6 Oct., 1822 ; d. in Coventry,
Vt., 24 April, 1869. He adopted the profession of
law, was admitted to the bar of Windham county,
Vt., in 1843, and practised there till 1853. He was
editor of the Brattlebo rough. Vt., " Eagle " in
1851-'2, and of the " Express" at Amherst, Mass.,
in 1857-8. In February, 1859, he was ordained
pastor of the Unitarian church at Coventry, Vt.
He was a member of the Vermont legislature in
1862-'^, chaplain of the senate in 1864-'6, and at
the time of his death president of the Vermont
historical society. He contributed frequently to
the newspapers, and is the author of a " History
of Coventry " (Irasburg, Vt., 1858).
Property
(iWv.MAi^t^Xu/iii/L
WHITE, Richard Grant, author, b. in Xew
York city, 22 May, 1821 ; d. there, 8 April, 1885.
His ancestor, John White, came from England
in 1636, and was a settler of Cambridge, Mass.,
and Hartford, Conn., and his grandfather, Calvin
(1763-1853), was rector of St. James's parish in
Derby, Conn., but ,
afterward became
a Roman Catho-
lic, although he
did not enter the
priesthood of that
church. He was a
Tory and just es-
caped hanging by
the mob because
he " refused to
shout
and liberty !
Richard Grant's
father, Richard
Mansfield White,
intended his son
for the church, but
after his gradua-
tion at the Univer-
sity of the city of
New York in 1839
he studied medicine and afterward law, and was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1845. His literary tendencies
drew him from law, and he soon became a contrib-
utor to the New York "Courier and Enquirer,"
where his musical, dramatic, and art criticisms at-
tracted attention. From 1845 till 1859 he was con-
nected with this journal, and he servetl as its editor
in 1854-'9. He was a founder in 1846-'7 of " Yankee
Doodle," and also a founder in 1860 of the " World,"
from which he withdrew in 1861. During the civil
war he wrote a series of letters to the London
"Spectator," signed "A Yankee," which were of
much service to the National cause. For nearly
twenty years he was chief of the U. S. revenue
marine bureau in the district of New York, which
post he resigned in 1878. He wrote for magazines,'
contributed articles to cyclopaedias, and edited the
" Illustrated Record of the New York Exhibi-
tion of the Industry of all Nations" (1854), and
" Poetry, Lyrical, l^arrative, and Satirical of the
Civil War" (1866). On the publication of John
Payne Collier's folio manuscript emendations of
Shakespeare (1852), Mr. White contributed a series
of papersto " Putnam's Magazine," in which he de-
nied the value of the emendations. The acumen
and style of these articles elicited general admira-
tion, and their subtile and vigorous criticism gave
him a place among the most learned Shakespearian
scholars. His publications are an " A ppeal f rom
the Sentence oi the Bishoo [Onderdonk] of New
York " (New York, 1845) : " Biographical and
Critical Hand -Book of Christian Art" (1858);
"Shakespeare's Scholar" (1*54); "The Works of
William Shakespeare." an annotated edition (12
vols., Boston, 1857-'65); "Essay on the Author-
ship of the Three Parts of Henry the Sixth"
(Cambridge. 1859); "National Hymna," an essay,
with selections from the hymns written for a prize
of $600 offered by a national committee, which
was not awarded (New York, 1861); "Memoirs
of William Shakespeare, with an Essay toward
the Expression of his Genius, and Account of
the Rise and Progress of the English Drama"
(Boston, 1865) ; " The New Gospel of Peace accord-
ing to St. Benjamin," an anonymous political sat-
ire (Cambridge, 1866): " Words and their Uses, a
Study of the English Language " (New York. 1870 :
WIIITK
WHITE
475
reriaed ed , 1879); "The American View of the
Copvrijfht 6iiostion"(18H0); •* Kverv-Dav.Knjclish"
<ISh"1); " Kii^jlaiid Without ami \Vithni " (1«M1):
"The llivorsidi- K<litiuii of the Works of William
Shakos|K-arp " (8 vols., Cambridge, IKS.'}); "The
Fate of Mansfli'ld Humphrev." a novel (1884);
and a serirs of articleM on tW " Failure of the
Pulilii- Soliool System in the United States." Hi.-*
last literary lalW was the gathering; of several
Shakes|H'nre articli*s that ha<l a|»|n'are<l in peri(Kli-
oals. which were completed ami publishe<l after
his death, under the title of "Studies in Shake-
speari'" (lioston. 1885). The part that is devoteil
to (glossaries and lexici>ns is of s|H>cial interest to
scholars. — His son, St-anford, architect, h. in New
York city, 9 Nov.. 1853. was educat*"*! in his native
city in public schools and under private tutors.
He studie«l an-hitectuH' under Charles D. (Jam-
brili and Henry H. Kichanlson, an<l was chief as-
sistant of that firm when they built Trinity church.
Boston. During 1878-'80 lie studitMl in Kuro[H\
and in 1881 h(> entered into jmrtnership with
Charles F. McKim and William K. Mead. Mr.
White has nia«le all of the designs for the archi-
tectural work of the statues by Augustus St. (Jau-
dons, notably the |)edestal of ihe Farragut m<mu-
nient in Madison s«|uare. New York city (see illus-
tration), and that of the Lincoln statue in Chicago.
He has furnished many designs for b<M)k-covers,
and those of the "Century" &nd "Scribner's Maga-
zine" were by him. The University of the city of
New York conferred on him the degree of A. M. in
1882. He is a meml)or of the Tile club, the .\meri-
can institute of architects, and other artistic and
professional organizations.
WHITE. Samuel, senator, b. in Wilmington.
Del., in 1 770 ; d. there, 4 Nov.. 1809. He was care-
fully etlucate«l. early engage<l in local politics, and
from 1801 until his death wa.s U. S. senator from
Delaware, having Ikh'U chosen lis a Federalist.
During the trial of Timothy Pickering l>efore that
. bo«ly m 180;>. i>ii the chargi' of the emU'Zzlemenl
of public funds. Mr. White defend***! him in the
words: "The jk-cusinl is not in default, but under
the awful visitation t>f (}«xi ; and, as he is deranged,
our procee<lings scarcely deserve the name of a
mock trial." Wilson Carv Nicholas, then congress-
man from Virginia. calltHlout : " I will n<»t submit
to hear our prm-einlings calle<l by the name of a
nuK-k trial." Whereu|Min Mr. White at once re-
plicl: " It is a mtxrk trial, and I am ready to give
till- gimtleman, if he is oiTendeil. satisfaction at any
time or place." The wntiment in favor of duei-
linfr waa m atrong at that time that it doe* not ap-
|N-iir on the records that the pre»i«lent of the aen*
ate a(liniiii>tered any n>buke to the conteatanta.
.Mr. White had a national reputati<m as a marks-
man, and iN-rforme*! n-markable feats in hh<M»ting.
He ardently op|M)se4l slaverv.and wasa |iopularand
influential niemlx-r of the Feileralist iiartv.
WHITE. St<>ph«n Van Calen. Unl^er. b. in
Chatham <-ounty. N. C., 1 Aug., 1881. His father
was a (Quaker and op(N)scd to slavery, and as he do-
cliiiwl to do |s>lice duty to prevent negnies hold-
ing meetings at night after the Nat Turner insur-
rection, was comiK-lled to leave the state. He
move«l his family l»v wag<m to (ireene (now Jerwy)
c*>unty. 111., when >%tephen was six weeks old. and
engaged in fanning. The son was graduat*-*] at
Knox college. III., in 1854, studie<l law in St. I»uis
with Benjamin (iratr. Rrown and John A. Kasson,
wjis a^lmitted to the liar. 4 Nov., 1850, and liegan
practising in Des Moines. He s^Ktn ac<|uire4l high
rank as a lawyer, and was nMaine*! in many im-
I>ortant cas<»s In'fore the U. S, court. In 18i81. in
the case of the Unite<l States vn. Hill, he sucoeaa*
fully defended the only treas<m cas*- that was ever
trie<l in Iowa, and in 186:^ he save«l to investors many
millions of dollars, which the state courts had n'-
pudiated. by a sui-cessfiil argument in the U. S.
supreme court in the case of (lelpke i'^. Dubuque.
involving the constitutionality of munici|)al Urnds
issued in aid of railroads. In 1804 he was acting
U. S. district attorney for Iowa, aiul attende<l to
all the civil and criminal busini-ss of the pivem-
ment. In 18155 he removed to New York and en-
gage<l in banking, and in 1882 he organiztnl the
bankiiig-tirm of S. V. White and Co. He was
ele<-te<l re|»res<>ntative in congress from Hr(M>klyn
in 1880. and wjis ap|>oint<Hl a memln>r of the ("om-
mittet» on iKJst-ofTlws and post-roa«ls. Mr. White
has Ix'en note«l as a Imnker for his large an«l bold
o|>erations in the interest of the Delaware. I.4M*ka-
WHiina, an<i Western railnwd. He has long l»een
a memlHT an«l trustee of IMvmouth church, i» an
exiK?rt astronomer, owns a private oljservatory. and
on the organization of the American astronomical
society, in 188:}. wa.s ele<'te«l its first president.
WrilTE, Thonia.s Canadian statesman, b. in
Montn'al. 7 Aug.. WH); d. in Ottawa. 21 Ai)ril.
1888. His father, a native of Ireland, carriwf on
business as a merchant in Montn-al for many years.
The son was eilucate*! at the high-s<'h(X)| oi that
city, afterwanl engaginl for several years in mer-
cantile nursiiits, and then became attache<l to the
eilitorial staff of the (Quebec "(ia/ette." In 18.%%
with Kobert Komaine. he establishe<l the I'eter-
Ixinmgh " K<'view," with which he remaineil con-
n«H-te<l till 18<5<), when he enter»»«l \i\xm the study
of law at Cobourg. In 1864, with his brother Kich-
ard, he iNM-ame proprietor of the ".Si»ectat4>r " at
Hamilton, where he remained till 18*0. He waa
an unsuccessful candidate for the Ontario legiala-
ture in 1807. and for the I)ominion (wrliament
three times, lieing first electe<l for Canlwell in
1878. He was re-elect*-*! in 1882. and again in
February, 1887. In 1885 Mr. White b««came a
member'of .Sir John A. Mac«!onal*l's cabinet, with
the portfolio of minister of the interior, and soon
afterwanl he visited the northwest in his uflldal
caiMM'ity, institute*! an in<|uiry into the cauaea ol
the insurrection umler I^>uis Kiel, and arrangad
for the rest<ration of the functi<ms of g*>reminent«
whi«'h ha*! U*en tem|Mirarily suspended. He was
managing e*litor at one time of the Montreal "Gar
zette," representative for several years of the Mon-
treal board of trade in the Dominion board, mem-
ber for three yean of the executive committee of
476
WHITE
WHITE
the Dominion board, and represented that body
for five years in the National board of trade of the
United States. He was in favor of such special
trade relations between different parts of the Brit-
ish empire as would strengthen the bond of union
between the mother country and the colonies. He
was one of the most popular members of the cabi-
net, and was highly regarded even by his political
opponents. — His brother, Richard, b. in Montreal,
14 May, 1834, established with Thomas the Peter-
borough " Review " in 1853, purchased the Hamil-
ton " Daily Spectator " in 1864, and in 1870 the
Montreal " Gazette," the oldest newspaper in the
Dominion. He is the managing director of the
" Montreal Gazette " printing company. In addi-
tion to the daily and weekly editions of the " Ga-
zette," the company publishes the " Legal News,"
the " Montreal Law Reports." the " Montreal Medi-
cal and Surgical Journal," and the " Educational
Record." Mr. White is actively connected with
various financial and industrial associations, has
been a member of the city government of Montreal,
and during the prevalence of small-pox in that city
did mucli to alleviate the condition of the people
and to stop the progress of the epidemic.
WHITE, Willlain, P. E. bishop, b. in Phila-
delphia, Pa., 4 April, 1748; d. there, 17 July, 1836.
His father. Col. Thomas White, removed to Phila-
delphia from Maryland in 1745, and married Esther,
widow of John
Neuman, and
daughter of
Abraham Hew-
lings, of Bur-
lington, N. J.,
7 May, 1747.
There were two
children of this
marriage. Will-
iam, and Mnry.
who became the
wife of Robert
Morris. Will-
iam entered the
English depart-
mentoftheCol-
lege and acad-
emy of Phila-
delphia at the
age of seven,
and at ten the
Latin-school. He was graduated in 1765, and soon
began his theological studies, which he completed
in 1770. In October of this year he sailed for Eng-
land to obtain holy orders, bringing such testimo-
nials that, although he was several months under
the required age, he obtained from the archbishop
of Canterbury a faculty allowing him to be ordained.
He was ordered deacon in the Chapel royal, St.
James's palace, Westminster, 23 Dec, 1770. by Dr.
Young, bishop of Norwich, acting for the bishop of
London, who nad episcopal oversight of all the colo-
nies, and was ordained priest in the chapel of Ful-
ham palace. 25 April, 1772, by the bishop of Lon-
don. He sailed for this country, where he arrived
on 13 Sept., and soon afterward became assistant
minister of Christ and St. Peter's churches. On 11
Feb., 1773, he married Mary, daughter of Capt.
Henry Harrison, mayor of Philadelphia. With-
in a few years he became rector of the united
Sarishes of Christ, St. Peter's, and St. James's. The
egree of D. D. was given him by the University
of Pennsylvania in 1782, it being the first honorary
decree of that college. All the clergy of Philadel-
phia sided with the colonies during the Revolution,
U/i/if6<^77z ^^y^iif-e
none more zealously than Dr. White. Upon the
occupation of Philadelphia by the British forces,
he removed in September, 1777, to Harford county,
Md., but he returned after the evacuation, and re-
sumed his duties. Then began the long and try-
ing struggle to sustain the life of the church, m
which he took an active part. Almost despairing
of success in obtaining the episcopat«, which was
essential to the reorganization of tne church. Dr.
White, in August, 1782, put forth a pamphlet with
the title " The Case of the Episcopal Churches Con-
sidered" (Philadelphia, 1782), in which he advo-
cated the appointment of superintendents, with
similar powers, to take the place of bishops in the
government of the church. This plan, which found
favor largely in the middle and southern states, was
bitterly opposed by the clergy of Connecticut, and
negotiations for peace having advanced to the point
of probability, tne pamphlet was withdrawn from
circulation, and the plan was abandoned. On 27
March, 1784, the clergy of the city of Philadelphia,
and lay representatives from its parishes, met in
Dr. White's study to take steps for the organiza-
tion of the church in Pennsylvania, which meet-
ing resulted in the assembling of a council in Christ
church, 26 May, 1784, the first council in which
laymen hpd been represented. Proposals were
sent out to the churches in other states to meet in
general convention. Dr. White's letters helping
largely in bringing atout this result. The first
meeting of that body was held in New York in
October, 1784, though delegates were sent only on
the authority of their several parishes. On Tues-
day, 27 Sept., 1785, clerical and lay deputies from
several states met in Christ church, Philadelphia,
and organized as a general convention, of which
Dr. White was chosen president. Steps were taken
at once by the appointment of committees to draft
a constitution for the church, and to prepare a
schedule of necessary alterations in the liturgy.
Dr. White made the original draft of the constitu-
tion, and also prepared an address to the arch-
bishops and bishops of the Church of England^
asking for the episcopate at their hands. He was
also largely instrumental in giving shape to the
liturgy and offices of the Praver-Book which were
to be submitted to the authorities of the Church of
England with the address. At the convention of
the diocese of Pennsylvania in 1786 he was elected
its first bishop, and sailed for England in com-
pany with Dr. Samuel Provoost. of New York, seek-
ing consecration, arriving in London. 29 Nov.,
1786. After many delays, and the passage of a
special enabling act by parliament, ne was, with
Dr. Provoost, at last consecrated in the chapel of
Lambeth palace, 4 Feb., 1787, by the archbishops
of Canterbury and York, and the bishops of Bath
and Wells, and Peterborough. He reached Phila-
delphia again on Easter Sunday, 7 April. 1787, and
entered upon his trying duties, not the least of
which concerned the recognition of the consecra-
tion of Bishop Seabury, in all of which his mild
temper and broad chanty were effective in restor-
ing peace and harmony to the councils of the
church. He was appointed chaplain to congress
in 1787, which office he held till 1801.* Besides his
episcopal duties, he was foremost in many public
charities and enterprises, and held the presidency
of the Philadelphia Bible society, dispensary. Prison
societjr, Asylum for the deaf and dumb, and In-
stitution for the blind. He died at the advanced
age of eighty-eight, after living to see the church
in the states thoroughly organized and rapidly
growing, and consecrating eleven bishops. His re-
mains were buried in the church-yara of Christ
WHITE
WHITKKIELD
4T7
chim-h, hut in Ilwemltor, 1870, were removed and
pla<-(Ml iH'noMth tho flrxtr of the chuioel. The
centennial aiinivernarv of his conM>crati<m was ap-
Sropriatelv celelirate*! in liamU-th italat'e, Lon-
on. and In t'lirist ehurch, I'hiladvlpliia. Ii«'»i(i»'s
the " Pa.ston»I Ix'tters" of llie hoiiM^ t>f lii!*hop«»
(180K-1835), live wldresw's to the trustees, pro-
fessors, and students of the (Jeneral thi"ol<>^ical
wMuinary (1822-'9), and episeojial eharj;es, Hishoii
White pul>lishe4l " Ix^etures on tlie Catechism
(F*hiia«lelphia, 1818); "Comparative View of (he
Controversy between the Calvinists and tlie Armin-
ians"' (3 vols.. 1817); " Memoirs of the Protestant
Kpis<'opal Churcih in the Tniti'd States of America "
(1820 ; 2«1 e4l.. with continuation. New York. 18;«) ;
and "Commentary on (Questions in the Ortlination
OfUces " and "Commentnrv on Duties of Public
Ministry" (1 vol., 18;W). llis " Opinions on Inter-
chanffing with Ministers of Non-Kpiscopal Com-
munions, Extracted fmni his Char>;es. Ad<lress«'s,
Sermons, and Pastoral Ij«>tters." apjK'ared in 186H.
See his life by Rev. Dr. Hinl Wilson (Phihwlelphia,
1831>). Portraits of Bishop White have been painted
by Gill»ert Stuart. Thomas Sully, and Henry In-
mnn. The accompanyin); vijjnette is copied from
a (lra\vin<; bv James H. Lonpwre.
WHITE, 'WnHani, Canailian ofTicial, b. in I^on-
don. England, 6 Jan., 183U. He was e<lucatiHl at
Burlington House schrtol. Hammersmith, and en-
tered the English civil service in 1848, but resigned
in 1854. and the same year entered the Canadian
post-oflice department. He InH-ame its secretary
in 1801 and deputy postmaster-general in July,
1888. Mr. White was ap|H)inted a meml)er of the
royal commission to incpiire into the organization
of the Canadian civil-service commission in June,
188(). He is lieutenant-colonel of the 4th Imttalion,
and conimande<l the Canadian team at the matches
of the National rifle ass<x;iation at Wimbknlon,
England, in 1884, when it won the Kolo|M»re cup.
He has published " Post-Onice(tazetteer of Cana-
da" (Uttawa, 1872), anil "Annals of Canada" in
the "Canadian Monthlv Magazine."
WHITK. WilHam rharlps. dramatist, b. in
Boston, Mass.. in 17T7: il. in Worcester. Mass., 2
May. 1818. He was the son of a merchant, but
left the counting-nxtm for the stage in 17SM{. ap-
Earing as Norval in the Fe«leral street theatre.
>ston. Mass. At the same time he prtnluccKl a
tra«legy cnlleil "Orlando." but. mivting with small
encouragement, ttirnetl his attention to law. and
ojMjned an office in Providence. H. I., in 18(H). He
returned to the stage for a few months in the same
year, but finally alwndoneti it in 18()1, and for a
short time wa.s an e<litor of the " National ..l-Igis."
In 1811 he l>ecame county attoniey. He published
and prtxluced the plays' "The Country Cousin"
(Boston. 1810), and "The Pfx.r Ixxiger" (1810).
He is the author of a "Com|KM>ilium of the I^aws
of Ma<sji<lms««tts" {'.i vols.. ISIO).
WHITE. William N.. horticulturist, b. in Wal-
ton. N. Y., in 181»: d, in Athens. Oa.. 14 July,
1867. He settled in Athens, (iji,. where he became
M lKK)ks«*ller. and for niany years previous Ut his
death edit4Ml the " Southern' Cultivator." the only
agricultural iiajM-r that sustaine*! itM-lf during the
civil war. .Mr. White was an authority in pnwti-
cal agriculture and all matters n>Iating to farm-
ing. He publishe<l "(ianlening for the S<iulh. or
the Kitchen and Fruit (Jarden " (New York, 18.*»«),
and "S<-ientific CJanlening" (18<Mi).
WHITEAVES, JoHpph Frodirlck, Cana«li«n
naturalist, b. in Oxfonl. Englaml. 2« iV-c.. 1885.
He lH»gan the study of zoolctgy when al)out twenty
years of age, and later that of the invertebrat*
palowntolngy of the Juraiwic rucks in the immedl-
ate vicinity of his native city. He publinhetl wme
of the results of his investigations in itala^jntoloffy
in the " KejKJrt of the British AwuM-iation for the
Advancement of S-iencc" for 1H4MJ, and in the
" Annals and .Magazine of Natural History "(Ix)n-
don. INOl). He removtnl to Cana«ia in IHiU. fnmi
1K»W till 1H70 was K-ientific curator and nM-onling
MM-retary to the Natural history wx-iety of Mon-
treal, and contribule^l many articles on' Canadian
ziMilogy and palaMUtology to its jonnial. the "Ca-
nadian Naturalist ami (iiMilogiMt." During 18(17-'78
he prose<'Ut*'<i flvedeep-si-a dre<lgingex|MHlitions in
the tiulf of St. I^awrence, the last three under the
ausoices of the defMirtment of marine an<l flsheriea
of the Dominion government. I^rge numbers of
marine invertebrates werecollecte<l by him, among
them several s|>ecies that had not previously lieen
found in Americ*. He published articlt^s descrip-
tive of the result of these investigations in the re-
|K)rts of the department of marine and fisheries, in
the "CanmlianN'aturalist." the " Annals and .Maga-
zine of Natural History" of Ix>ndon, and tlie
"American Journal of .Science." He first joine<l
the geological survey of Canada in 1874. was elect««d
imheontologist ami zcnilogist to the survey in 1876,
and subseouently InH-ame one f>f the a.ssistant di-
rectors. He has published illustrat4>4l monographs
on the invertebrate fossils of the up|>er cretaceous
rocks of Vancouver and mljacent islands, on those
of the middle cretaceous nx-ks of the (^u«*en Char-
lotte islands, of the (Juelph formaticm of western
Cantula, of the Laramie and cn't4M«M>us rocks of the
liow and Belly river districts, an<l on the fossil
fishes of the Devonian nx-ks of ea^teni Canada.
In addition to annual re|x)rts of the survey, he
has contribute*! [>a|M;r8 to the transactions of vari-
ous learntnl so<Meties.
WHITEFIELI), (Seorjre (whit -field), clergy-
man, b. in (tloucester, England, 27 IKh'., 1714: d.
in Newbury|>ort, Mass.. 80 S«'pl.. 1770. His father,
an innkeewr. die<l. leaving the son au infant of
two years in charge of the mother, who sent him
to the public s«'hool. When fifteen years old he rp-
fuse<l to attend .schfx»l longer, g<»ing to work in
the hotel. At this |)erio<l he composed sennons
and in other ways exiubitcHl the bent of the future
orator, and at the age of eight««en he embractnl an
opixirtimity to enter IVmltroke college. (.>xfonl. as
a M-rvitor. He hail alreiuly entere«l on a life of
religious zeal and self-denial, and he now sought
the i-ounsels of
Charles Wesley,
and adopted the
rules of the
Mellxxlists. He
visited the sick
in thealmshouse
an<l the prison-
ers in the jail,
and reclaimed
some to a life of
piety. The bish-
op of (Jlouces-
ter. on 20 June,
1780, onlaininl
him dem-on U>-
fon- he had taken
his degnH". Ho
r»»tunuHl to Ox-
fonl, was gradu-
ate«l anil re-
maimnl to ct)nt inue his studies and his ministrations
among the prisoners, leaving in August to ofUciate
for two montlis as chaplain of the Tower of London.
^/Cc<^4*^
478
WHITEFIELD
WHITEHEAD
He preached also in Bristol and elsewhere, aflfeeting
great audiences to tears and repentance. Al-eady
certain of the clergy began to close their pulpits to
him on account of his teachings of the new birth
and his religious enthusiasm and association with
dissenters, while his admirers offered him profitable
charges in London or Bristol. At the summons of
John and Charles Wesley, who were in this country,
he sailed on 10 Jan., 1738, for Georgia, arriving in
Savannah on 18 May. He saw the need of the
colony for material aid, and especially for an or-
phan house, as many settlers had died from the
effects of the climate, leaving destitute families,
and to raise a fund for this purpose, as well as to
receive priest's orders, on 8 Sept. he left Savannah
for England. The doctrines of regeneration and
justification by faith and the ecstatic sentiments
in his recently published "Journals" caused the
clergy who hmi formerly been friendly to White-
fiehl to withhold their countenance. Only four
pulpits in London were still open to him. His
powers of eloquence drew large assemblages, and
in the Countess of Huntingdon and her aristocratic
friends he found influential patrons. He was or-
dained priest in January, 17.59. The trustees of
Georgia presented him with the living of Savan-
nah and granted him 500 acres of land as a site
for the orphan house. Going to Bristol, he
fireached in tlie prison when the churches were re-
used to him, and on 28 Feb. began to address con-
gregations of colliers (which sometimes numbered
20,000 persons) in the open air, at Kingswood,
where Wesley followed him and founded the first
Methodist church and school. From that time
most of Whitefield's sermons were delivered to
out-door meetings. Every newspaper reviled him,
ministers denounced him from their pulpits, and
no fewer than fifty pamphlets were published in
condemnation or defence of his teacnings in the
year 1739. Wherever he preached in England or
"Wales he made a collection for his orphan school.
On 25 Aug., 1739, he took passage for Philadel-
phia. Instead of going to Georgia, he remained in
that city, preaching in the churches and from the
court-house steps in a way that wonderfully re-
vived the religious life of that place. Thence he
went to New York city, where the Episcopal pul-
pits were denied him, but other denominations
welcomed him, and for the first time he held ser-
vices in dissenting meeting-houses. In a few
weeks he returned to Philadelphia and set out for
his parish in Georgia, preaching in every village
on the way, and reaching Savannah on 20 Jan.,
1740. His collections for the orphan house
amounted to £2,530, besides many gifts in kind.
He gathered about forty children in a hired house,
and in March begun the building of the orphanage,
which he named Bethesda. He returned to Phila-
delphia in April, and in August, complying with
a request from Benjamin Colman, William Cooper,
and other Boston ministers, he made a tour into
New England, where he met with a cordial recep-
tion, except from the conservative part of the
clergy, who condemned his emotional ' methods,
and l)egan the long controversy with the Revival-
ists or New Lights. Churches were not large
enough to hold his auditors, and he therefore spoke
on the cximmon. He preached in other towns,
made large collections, returned to Savannah in De-
cember, and early in 1741 sailed for England. On
25 Nov., 1741. he married in Wales a widow named
Elizabeth James, who proved an uncongenial wife.
His influence in England was less than when he
worked in harmony with the other Methodists,
and was further impaired by his writings, espe-
cially an assault on the theological principles of
Archbishop John Tillotson. He gathered a con-
gregation in opposition to Charles Wesley's at
Bristol, and in London preached in a large edifice
that his friends built, called the Tabernacle. In
August, 1744. he embarked for this country, landed
in Maine, and on reaching Boston opened a series
of services at 6 A. M., with 2,000 or more hearers.
Afterward he went to Savannah, but finding his
health failing, visited^ the Bermuda islands in
March, 1748. Thence, in July, he went back to
England, where he became chaplain to Lady Hunt-
ingdon, and preached in her chapel to the nobility
and others. He revisited Scotland in 1750, spent
the winter of 1750-'l in London, made a snort
visit to Ireland, where he was badly used, and
went to Savannah in October, 1751. fie returned
to England in 1752, made his fifth voyage to this
country by way of Lisbon in 1754, and labored
energetically, with astonishing results. He re-
turned to England again in 1755, success attend-
ing his labors everywhere during 1755-'60. His
health was much impaired for two years. White-
field embarked for the sixth time for America in
1763, returned to England in 1765, where he spent
the next four years, laboring according to his abil-
ity and state of health, in consecrating new
chapels provided by Lady Huntingdon, and striv-
ing to promote peace anil concord in the Method-
ist body. He made his seventh and last visit to
this country in September, 1769. and for a time
preached with his accustomed energy in Georgia
and New England ; but death, from an attack of
asthma, came suddenly at the last. Whitefield's
coffin may still be seen
'* Under the church on Federal street."
He was, with the aid of Lady Huntingdon, the
founder of the Calvinistic Methodists. He preached
about 18,000 times, yet only eighty-one of his
sermons have been printed, and tliese are for
the greater part the productions of his immature
years. His voice was so clear that congregations
of 25,000 people could distinctly hear his ser-
mons in the open air, and his elocution and gest-*
ures formed the model of orators and actors in his
day. His two journals of his "Voyage from Lon-
don to Savannah," extending from 28 Dec., 1737,
till 7 May, 1738, were printed without his leave
by friends (London, 1738). Subsequently he pub-
lished the "Journal from his Arrival at Savannah
to his Return to London," and the " Journal from
his Arrival at London to his Departure from
thence on his Way to Georgia," which was supple-
mented by a "Continuation of the Journal during
the Time he was detained by the Embargo " (1739).
The " First Two Parts of his Life, with his Jour-
nals," appeared in a revised and abridged form
(1756). His " Letters, Sermons, Controversies, and
Tracts" were published (6 yols., 1771-'2). Chief
among his many biographies are " Memoirs of the
Life of the Rev. George Whitefield." by his friend
the Rev. Dr. John Gillies (1772): "Sermons," with
memoir by Samuel Drew (1838); " Life and Times
of Whitefield," by the Rev. Robert Philip (1838) ;
and a " Life," by the Rev. Luke Tveriyan (2 vols.,
1876). See also "The History of the Religious
Movement of the Eighteenth Century, called Meth-
odism." by the Rey. Dr. Abel Stevens (1861).
WHITEHEAD, Cortlandt P. E. bishop, b. in
New York city, 30 Oct.. 1842. He was graduated at
Yale in 1863, onlered (leacon at the close of a three
years' theological course in the Philadelphia divin-
ity-school, on 21 June, 1867, in Trinity church,
Newark, N. J., by Bishop Odenheiiner, and or-
dained priest in bt. Mark s chapel. Black Hawk,
WIIITKIIKAI)
WIIITKIIOl'SK
479
Co].. 7 AuKm 1868. hy Hi!<h<>|> KniKlall. After wrr-
iiiK lut a luisiiionary in Culoriiilo thnnt yoani he
retiinicd to the i>4i.<<t, and bcc*«in<* nt-tirt* of the
t'huri'h of the Nativity, South Ik'thlvlioin, I'a.,
when< he reiuaimHl until his I'levation to the t'pi»-
i^ojiato. He itHeivo<i the de^jree of I). I), from
Union colle^fo in 1880. During his rectorship at
lk*thii>hem he was assistant seeretary of the «ii<HTs««
of central Pennsylvania for eleven years, and twice
a deputy Ut the general convention from that dio-
tvse. lie was consecrated bisho[> of I'ittsburjj in
Trinity church, Pittsburg. 2r) Jan.. 1882. Hishop
Whitelieatl attendwl the third I'an-Anglican coun-
cil in I/>ndon in 1888.
WH ITKHEAI), William Ade«, historian, b. in
Newark, N. J.. 1S» Feb.. IKK); tl. in I'erth Ambov,
N. J.. 8 Auj;., 1884. He left sch(M)l in his thir-
t«t>nth year and entered a l>ank, but afterwanl Ix--
came a sur%'eyor, and in 1828 matle a survey of the
island of Key West, Via. lie then engaged in
commercial j)ursuits there, and was U. S. collector
of customs from 1830 till 1*W, when he removed
to New York and Inn-ame a stock-broker, lie wjis
c»)nnecte<l with the New .Jersey railroa«l and trans-
p«>rtatiim com|Miny from 1849 till 1871, except in
18.').>-"y, when he was treasurer of the New York
and Harlem railroad, and in 1871 he became treas-
urer of the American trust comjiany of New Jersey,
at Newark. He was a commissioner of' public
8ch(H)ls in the latter city in 18.'>9-'71, and in 1873
was president of the city board of education. Ho
was a founder and president of the Newark library
ass<M-iHtion, and. on the organization of the New
Jersey historical society in 184-"), iMH-amo its corre-
siMMiding secretary, which ofTice he held till his
death. He was also a memlx.'r of numerous other
historical and antiquarian stx-ieties. Of the " Col-
lections "of the State historical society he is au-
thor of vol i., " East Jersey under the l*roprietary
Ooyemments" (New York. 184tt); vol. iv., " Papers
of Lewis .Morris, Governor of New Jers«'y," with a
memoir and notes (18.')2); and vol. v.. " Analytical
Index to the Colonial Documents of New Jersey,
in the .State Paj>er Office in England " (IS-W), lie
e<liled. in part. vol. vi., " I{o<'ords of the Town of
Newark " (1864). and wrote the supplement to that
volume, entitled " Historical Memoir on the Cir-
cumstances leading to and conntK-ttnl with the
Settlement of Newark " (1866). Hisothcr writings
include " Biographical Sketch of William Frank-
lin "(1848): "Contributions to the Early History
of Perth Amljoy " (18o6): and numerous papers in
the "Proceedings" of the New Jersey nistorical
society, all the volumes of which wen« editeil by
Mr. Wliitehejwl <luring his secretaryship.
WHITEHim Robert, congressman, b. in
Peijuen, Ijancaster co.. Pa., 29 July, ITJW; d. in
liauther .Manor, Cumberland co.. Pa., 8 April,
IMIH. He received a common-school education,
and in 1770 pun'h»ise<l from the oroprietaries of
Pennsylvania two tracts of land in Lauther .Manor,
where "in 17J71 he erecte<l the first stone house. He
was a member of the Philadelphia convention of
July. 1776, which approve«l the l)eclarati<in of In-
denendeiuv and adopte<l a state constitution and
liill of rights, and also of the convention that rali-
fltnl the V. S. constitution, and the one that a<loptiHl
the state constitution of 17JM). He s«'rve<l often in
either branch of the legislature, holding a scat in
the lower house during the stormy s«>ssions of
1798-1800. and subse<|uently In-inff sjMviker of the
senate during the im|M>achment trial of the judges
of the state supreme court of PennsyWania. lie
was a meml)er of four successive congreasM, senr-
ing from 2 Dec., 1805, till 3 March, 1813.
WHITKIIORNK. Janeti, artint, b. in W•llin|^
fonl, Kutlniid < Vi., 'i-i Aug., 1808; d. in Nov
York city, 31 March, 1888. lie begsn to ntudv at
the National a«-ademy about 18d0, was clc( te«f an
a.^MK'iato memiNT in 1829, and an acatlemician in
18Itt. In 18:J8-'44 he was nntinling MH-retarv of
the acwlemy. He devot»««l hims<*lf to tif»rtniit-
paintiiig, exi<cuting a larp- numU-r of workn, not»-
bly tlie tK)rtrait of .Silas Wright that in now in the
city-lmll. New York. He made also the design for
the well-known mezzotint engraving. " Henry Clay
a<ldressing the Senate." publishtsl altout 1K46.
WHITEHOISE, Henry John. P. K. bishop,
b. in New York city, 19 Aug., 1X13; d. in Chicag»»,
111., 10 Aug., 1874. He was graduatetl at Colum-
bia in 1M21, and at the Pn»testant Episco^wl gen-
eral the<jlogical s«'minary. New York city, in IBM,
He was onlained
deacon by Hishop
William White in
St. James's church.
PhiljMlelt)hia,on26
Aug.. 1827,and im-
mediately entered
tipon his ministry
in Heading. Pa,,
from which in 1830
he was called to
St. Luke's parish,
Kmhester. N. Y,.
when* he wmaine'I
fifteen years, at-
taining wide rep-
utation as a pas-
tor and prea<her ;
was rector of .St.
Thomas's church.
New York city,
from 1844 till IK-il,
when he was elect-
ed assistant bishon of Illinois, to which see. on the
death of liishop Philander ('has*', he siu-cei-<le<l on
20 Sept.. 1852. While in England in 1WJ7. Hishop
Whiteh<»use deliven-*! the opening mtiiioii U'fore
the first Pan-Anglican conference at I^mU'th
j>ala<'e. by invitation of the archbishop of Canter-
Iniry, and it wa-s »lue to the advic<' of Hishop White-
house that invitations wen» extendwl to the Ameri-
can bishops. Oxfonl gave him the <legree of I). D.
and Cambridge that of LL. D.. while Columbia had
given him that of LL. D. in 1H65. Hishop White-
nouse wius one of the most a(*complishe<l |>relaleD of
the Episco{)al church. |H>ssessing versjitility of t«l-
lent with gn>at leaniing. He was a brilliant orator
and conversationalists " Not one in ten thousand,"
says Bishop Henry W. I^ee. of Iowa, in his memo-
rial sermon, "had such ready command of words
and such prtn-iMon of diction as mark his written
an<l sfxiken pnKluctions." His views had great
weight in the house of bishojis. an<l among fon*ign
communions his influence di<l much to M>cure
greater consideration for his own church. In the
Cheney ca.se, which precii>itate<l the fomiatiiin of
the liefonned Episcopal chun-h (m-e CilEXKY,
Ch-^rles Epwaru). he defende«l thechurx'h'sstand-
anl of Itaptismal doctrine. He was the flrxt bishop
of his church to advin-ate the adoption in thni
country of the cathe<lral system, which he did in
his first di«K-esana<l<lress. Though highly cuItunHl
antl deejily learnetl. he left no publish«"«l works other
than his annual wldressesi'ontaintNl in the jonmals
of the diocese of Illinois from 18,'>3 to 1878.
WHITEHOISE. JanieH Horton. designer. U
in Handsworth. .'statT.'nl'.hirf. England. 38 Oct~
1888. He was educated at King Edward's scbooL
^AsuL^^jJUr^<^;(^iuk^
480
WIIITELEY
W'HITELOCKE
in Birmingham, and came to this country in his
youth. He soon found employment as a designer
and engraver in the house of T'iffany and Co., with
whom he has since remained continuously. Many
of the bost-known art-pieces of silver- ware that
have l)ecn produced in this country were designed
by him, among them the Bryant vase, which was
presented to the poet on his eightieth birthday, and
IS to be seen in the Metroj)olitan museum of art in
New York city, also the silver casket presented to
Bishop Horatio Potter on 25 Nov., 1879, the
twenty-fifth anniversary of his consecration. The
elaborate design of the latter was wrought by
the repousse process, the golden enrichments are
carved by hand, and the danuiskeening was richer
and costlier than any similar work ever produced
in this country. The third seal of the United States,
which is now in
use in Washing-
ton, was desi|irned
by him. (See illus-
tration.) The first
seal was ' made
under President
Washington's im-
mediate direction,
while the second
was a failure. Mr.
Whitehouse has
designed numer-
ous national med-
als, as well as most
of the U. S. corps
badges that were made during the civil war, also
the beautiful memorial brasses in the tower of St.
James's church, Lenox hill. New York city. He
is a recognized authority on art, and is frequently
consulted in the technicalities of art-work, the va-
rious applications of art, and on heraldry.
WHITELEY, Richard Henry, congressman,
b. in Ireland, 22 Dec, 1830. He was taken to
Georgia in 1836, and engaged in the manufacturing
business in early boyhood, but in 1860, having
studied law, was admitted to the bar. He opposed
secession, but served in the Confederate army in
1861-'5. In 1867 he was chosen as a Republican
to the State constitutional convention, and in the
following year he wjis a Republican candidate for
congress and was apjKjinted solicitor-general of the
southwestern circuit. In February, 1870, he was
elected U. S. senator, but not admitted to a seat.
Meanwhile he and his Democratic opponent had
been contesting the congressional election of 1868,
and the seat was finally awarded to Mr. Whiteley
in February, 1871, at the close of the session. He
served from this time till 1875, and was a defeated
candidate for the two following congresses.
WHITELEY, Robert Henry Kirk wood, sol-
dier, b. near Cambridge, Md., 15 April, 1809. He
was appointed from Delaware to the U. S. military
academy, where he was graduated in 1830, ana,
being assigned to the 2d artillery, served in various
arsenals and garrisons, including that of Fort Moul-
trie, S. C, in 1832-'3, during the threatened nullifi-
cation troubles. He was promoted 1st lieutenant,
28 Dec, 1835, brevetted captain, 19 July, 1836. for
gallant conduct in the Florida war, and in 1838 was
transferred to the ordnance. He was promoted
captain in 1842, and commanded successively the
arsenal at Baton Rouge, Ija., that in St. Louis, Mo.,
the New York ordnance depot, and the arsenal at
San Antonio, Tex., till the lavst-nametl was seized bv
the state on its secession in 1861. During the civil
war he was in charge of the New Y'ork arsenal till
1862, and then of Alleghany arsenal, Pa., which
latter post he held till his retirement from active
service on 14 April, 1875. He became major, 8
Aug., 1861, lieutenant-colonel, 1 June, 1863, and
colonel, 6 April, 1866, and on 13 March, 1865, was
brevetted colonel and brigadier-general.
WHITELOCKE, John, British soldier, b. in
England alxnit 1757; d. after 1808. He entered
the army, and by promotions became colonel in
1793. When in tnat year the planters in the
French part of Santo Domingo petitioned the Brit-
ish government for a protectorate, the governor of
Jamaica received orders to otjcupy the island, and
despatched, on 9 Sept., 1793, an expedition of 700
men under command of Col. Whitelocke. He
landed on 19 Sept. at Jeremie, but was routed in
an attack on Tiburon. After receiving re-enforce-
ments, he took St. Marc, Logane, and Arcahay,
and made a second attack on Tiburon, by which
nearly the whole western coast, except fort au
Prince, became subject to his control. Assisted
by an auxiliary force from the Spanish part of the
island, he besieged Port de Paix on the northern
coast, and, after vainly trying to bribe the com-
mander. Gen. Lavaux, to surrender, retired; but,
after the arrival of re-enforcements from Jamaica,
he soon gained advantages, and on 14 June, 1794,
occupied Port au Prince. He was afterward in
India, Egypt, and the Cape of Good Hope, and,
being promoted lieutenant-general, he was chosen
commander-in-chief of the British army on the
river Plate. Gen. Beresford hatl capitulated in
Buenos Ayres, 12 Aug., 1806, and the re-enforce-
ments under Sir Samuel Auchmuty, arriving too
late, had occupied Montevideo, 1 Feb., 1807.
Whitelocke arrived in Montevideo in April, 1807,
with 6,000 men, and. with the forces of Auchmuty
and the remnants of Beresford's army, he soon had
a body of 12.000 disciplined men under his com-
mand. Leaving a garrison of 2,000 in Montevideo,
he marched with the rest to Maldonado, and, es-
corted by the fleet under Admiral Popham, landed
on 28 June, 1807, in Ensenada, to the south of
Buenos Ayres. On his march he was attacked in
the Pass of Riachuelo, 1 July, by the Spanish army
under Santiago De Liniers, and routing and out-
flanking the mtter, he could have easily occupied
the capital, but tarried on the battle-field. During
the night the mayor of the city, Alzaga, intrenchea
the streets and gathered the routed troops, so that
Liniers found the defence prepared and refused to
surrender the city, when he was summoned by
Whitelocke to do so on 3 July. The latter pre-
pared everything for storming the city, and early
on the 5th led his army in eight columns to the
assault. The resistance was terrible in the barri-
caded streets and houses, and, after struggling the
whole day, he retired with the loss of 1,100 killed
and 1,500 prisoners. On 6 July the assault was
renewed, but by noon the British forces were
beaten and surrounded, with a loss of 2,000. and
Whitelocke offered to capitulate. He was forced
to submit to humiliating conditions, to evacuate
the southern border of the river within forty-eight
hours, and to return the city of Montevideo within
two months in the state in which it was captured.
The capitulation was ratified on 7 July, and com-
plied with by the British commander, who left Mon-
tevideo on 1 Sept. with the last of his forces. On
his arrival in England he was court-martialed and
sentenced to be severely censured, and retired from
service. The " Proceedings of the General Court-
Martial and Defence of Gen. John Whitelocke"
were published (2 vols., London, 1808.) See also
"Narrative of the British Expedition to La Plata
under Gen. Crawford " (1808).
WIIITKSIDE
WHITFIELD
481
WHITESIDE. Jenkln. nenator. b. in Uncas-
ter. I'a., in ITH'i; «1. in XH<*hvillo. Tcnn., jW S-pl.,
18^2. He n-innvcHl to TtMinf^s*-!', anil U-cairu' a
liiwyiT of note in the early hist«iry of that state,
((ivinf; s|HH-ial attention to the law of real estate,
nntl a('(|uirin^ a larjji* pn>|)erty. On the re.^i^na-
tion «)f Daniel Smith trom the l', S. M-nnte, Mr.
Whiteside was eleetetl to fill the vaeanev, and
served from 20 May. 1H(M». till 1 Sept.. IHll'. when
he n*sij;n»Hl and returne<l to the praetiee of his
profession, lie was a man of vigorous mind, but
uf uncouth and ru^^red manners.
WHITESIDE. Peter, patriot, b. in Puten.
England, in 1752; d. in I'hilatlelphia. Pa., in De-
cember, 1828. He came to Philadelphia, and was
for many vears one of the foremost merchants in
that city, becoming the partner of RolK*rt Morris.
He was a friend of Washtngton. and at the o|)ening
of the li«>volut ion declined the |)ost of aide de-camp
on his staff. During the struggle he advancetl a
large part of his fortune to procure sh(x»s for the
Continental army. Subse<juently Washington sent
him on a mission to France to arnujge for better
commercial intercourse between that i*ountry and
the United Stjites. Alxmt the time that John
Fitch and James Rumsey were trying their ex|H'ri-
ments on steam navigation, Whiteside and two
friends constructed a side- wheel steamboat in Phila-
delphia, and tried it si'ccessfully on Schuylkill
river. With Robert Morris, and his brother,
William Whiteside, a wealthy tea-merchant, he
sent out the first tratling-ship from this hemisphere
to the East Indies, the three realizing jointly
$;«).000 from the venture. In his house in Phila-
delphia he often entertainiHl Washington, the
French exiles, and other men of eminence.
WHITFIELD. Henr^-, clergyman.!), in Eng-
land in 1597; d. in Winchester, England, after
lUoL His father, an eminent lawyer, hail destine<l
hira for the same profession, and after leaving the
university he was entereil at the Inns of court, but
he subseouently took orders and was minister of
Ockham, Surrey, where he als4) maintaine^l another
clergyman out of his private income, that he niiuht
devote himsi'lf to missionary lalxirs in the auja-
cent country. He was much l)elove<l by the Non-
conformists, whom he prott>cte<l from jjerstfution.
and finally, after twenty years in the establishe<l
church, he publicly joined them, and resignetl his
charge on being prose<'Uteil for a refusal to read
the " Ikx)k of Ijawful Sunday Sports." I>is|M>sing
of his personal estate, he came to this country with
Gov. Theophilus P^ton in nW7, accomimnied by
many of his former pjirishioners, ami uegan the
M'ttlement of (tuilford. C'<mn., the site of which he
puix-hased from the Iiulians. The place was nameil
for Guilfonl
, , inSurn-y. the
. ~^ ^ - - . native place
of many of
the cf>lon-
ists. In IILV)
he r«'tunie«l
to England,
and, sav8 Cot-
ton Mather,
"at the time
of parting,
the whole
town accom-
panied him
unto the water-side with a springtide of tears." On
his return he Ixn-aine |)astor at W inchester, England,
where he probably remaimd until his death. Mr.
Whitfield's residence in Guilford, known as the
TOU VI. — SI
"old stone house." is shown in the illostrmtion. It
was built aliout 1630 to serve both as a dwelling
and a fortification. Aci-onling to tradition, the
stcme of which it is built was brontfht by Indians
on hand-barrows across a ^WHm|> fn>m (iriswold's
hxlge. alM.ut eighty hmIs distant. The walls are
three feet thick. The houM* was kept in its origi-
nal fc»rm till IMOH. when it underwent considerable
renovation. Whitfield was the author of "Helps
t<> stir up to Christian Duties" (London. IKM);
"The Light ap|tearing more and more toward the
Perfect Day, or a Farther Di^-overy of the Pres^ent
State of the Indians in New England " (lO/il); and
"Strength out of Weakness, or a (ilorious Slani-
festation of the Further Pn-gresse of the Orjsiiol
among the Indians in New England "(I(W2). The
last two works wen' reissues! in Jo.seph Sabin's r*>-
prints (New York, 18(W).
WHITFIELD. James. R. C. archbishop, b. in
Liver|K>oI. England. a Nov.. 1770: d. in Baltimore.
Md., 19 Oct., 1h:J4. His f«tlur die<l when James
was seventeen years old. and the Ix.y left England
for Italy with his mother, who was in delicate
health. He engaceil in mercantile pursuits in the
latter country and in France, adding largely to the
fortune that his father U'jueathe*! him. After the
issue of the de<-ree of Na(M>leon ordering the im-
prisonment of such Englishmen as hapjx-ned to l>e
in France, he was arrestt^l and detained at Lyons,
where he became intiinate with Dr. (afterward
Arc-hbishoj)) Marechal. and his thoughts turned
toward the priestluKKl. He lieptn a c<»urse of
theology uiich-r the guidance of his friend, and was
onlainwl a priest in IKJO. Some time afterwanl ho
returned to England, and was Hp[Miinted |>arish
priest of Cosby. He continual in this {x»st until
1817. when, on the invitation of Archbishop Man^
chal. he went to the I'nited States, lie was ap-
jioiiitwl pastor of St. Peter's chiinh. lialtimore,
and in 1825. by a .siMK-ial distiensation from Rome,
received the tlegn-e of D. D. The same year he
was [tartly instrumental in placing the insiitution
of the Colored Sisters Oblate of St. Francis in a
pros|H>rous condition, and began to take a practical
inltTi'st in the welfan* of the negroes. When An-li-
bishop Marechal became feeble. Dr. Whitfield
heathMl the list of projK>se<l coailjutors. He was
nominat<Hl bishop of A|M>llonia in partibus on 8
Jan., 1828. but the brief did not arrive in the
I'nited States until after the death of Archbishop
.Mar«'-<-hal. and Dr. Whitfield was consec-rated arch-
bishop on 2.') May of the same year. He was also
an|K>inte«l ailministnttor of the see of Richmond,
lie siient his large private fortune in building
churclies, sup|ilying priests and ervt-ting institu-
tions of education and charity. When this re-
source failed him he ap|ieale4l for help to the
Society for the profwgation of the faith, to the
king of France, and to ecclesiastics and lay-
men of that country. Siine of the letters lliat
he wrote on these tx-casions have an imtN>rtant
(tearing on the history of the Roman ( atholio
church in the United States. In rt-ply to his first
ap|H*al he received 82.00(» francs U'>idi>s large sums
for the supfKirt of St. Marv's college. He began
to build the Italtimore or|>)ian as) liim. and made
a visitation of every itart of .Maryland and Virginia
where Roman Catholics n'sideil. In thedioccaeol
Richmond, which extendt^lover 7,(KN) square milcik
he found only three priests. He .it once raoewed
his apfioals to Euroite for help, and the response
that he received enal>le<I him to remedy this state
of things. He held the first provincial' <*ouncil of
his suffragan bishops at lialtimore on 4 Oct.. 1820.
Its deliberations were directed by him, and, at his
482
WHITFIELD
WHITING
suggestion, thirty-eight decrees, regulating the con-
duct of the Roman Catholic clergy of the United
States, the tenure of church property, and other
important interests, were adopted. In 18;}4 he
built St. James's
church, Balti-
more, entirely
from his private
means. He assist-
ed in procuring
the incorporation
of St. Mary's col-
lege, p]mm its-
burg, founded the
Mary Marthian
society for the re-
lief of the poor,
as well as other
charitable insti-
tutions, finished
the Baltimore ca-
thedral, the tower
of whith he de-
signed, and erect-
ed an episcopal
mansion. In 183.3 he conveneil the second provin-
cial council at Baltimore. In this council the mode
of episcopal election was fixed, boundaries of dio-
ceses were arranged, and steps were taken for the
evangelization of the Indiansand ncgroesof Liberia.
WHITFIELD, Robert Pairr, palaeontologist,
b. in New Hartford, N. Y., 27 May, 1828. He is
of English parentage, and was educated at home
and at public schools. In 1835 he went with his
family to England, but he returned in 1841, learned
the trade of making spindles, and had charge of a
factory of telegraphic and philosophic instruments
in Utica. N. Y. In 1858 he was appointed assist-
ant to James Hall, state geologist of New York,
and in 1870 he became first assistant curator, with
charge of the geology and paheontology in the
New York state museum in Albany, and much of
the work on the palaeontology of the state natural
history and regent's report of the New York state
cabinet was done by him. In 1872 he began teach-
ing geology in Rensselaer polytechnic institute at
Troy, and in 1875 he was given the professorship
of that branch, which he held until 1878. In June.
1877, he was appointed curator of the geological
department of the American museum of natural
history in New York city, which office he still
fills. Wesleyan university conferred on him the
degree of A. M. in 1882, and he has been since
1874 a fellow of the American association for the
advancement of science. Prof. Whitfield has de-
scribed a large number of new fossils, and has been
very successful in studying the internal struct-
ure of fossil brachiopoda. many of which are pub-
lished in the New York state paheontology. He
has also reported on sjiecimens gathered by the
exploration under Clarence King, the nala'ontology.
of the Black Hills, and fossils from the geological
surveys of Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana, and other
states, and is now engaged on the palaeontology of
New Jersey. The value of his work is greatly en-
hanced by the drawings of fossils that he has made.
His publications, which include nearly thirty me-
moirs, besides frequent papers, have appeared in
reports of the state surveys with which he has been
connected, and in the " Bulletins of the American
Museum of Natural History," of which six numbers
under his editorship have been issued since 1881.
WHITING, Daniel Powers, soldier, b. in Troy,
N. Y.. 31 Julv, ISaS. He was graduated at the U. S.
military academy in 1832, and assigned to the 7th
infantry, with which he served in various garrisons,
becoming l.st lieutenant, 8 June, 1836, and captain.
18 April, 1845. During the Mexican war he was
engaged at Fort Brown, Monterey, Vera Cruz, and
C/'erro Gordo, where he was brevetted major. After
serving against the Seminoles, on the frontier,
and in the Utah expedition in 1859, he attained
full rank on 20 Dec, 1860. He was in command
of Fort Garland, Col., in 1861-'2, became lieuten-
ant-colonel, 15 Feb., 1862, served on a board of
examination at Annapolis, Md., in 1862-'3, and on
4 Nov., 1863, was retired " for disability, result-
ing from long and faithful service, and from sick-
ness and exposure in the line of duty." He has
published " 'rhe Army Portfolio," a series of litho-
graphed views illustrating the Mexican war (Wash-
ington, 1849). It was intended to continue the
series, but Col. Whiting's sketches were lost on a
steamboat that sank in the Mississippi river.
WHITING, George Elbridge, musician, b. in
HoUiston, Mass.. 14 Sept.. 1842. He went to Hart-
ford, Conn., at the age of fifteen, and there founded
the Beethoven socjiety. In 1862 he settled in Bos-
ton, and later in New York, where he studied with
George W. Morgan. Afterward he went to Liver-
p<3ol, and became the pupil of William T. Best,
and he subseouently studied also in Berlin under
Robert Radecke and others. After filling various
engagements in Albany and Boston, he Ijecame. in
1874. organist of the Music hall in the latter city,
and he was also for a time head of the organ de-
partment in the New England conservatory of
music. In 1878 he liecame organist of the Music
hall in Cincinnati, Ohio, and head of the organ de-
partment in the College of music, but after five
years he returned to his old post in the New Eng-
land conservatory. His compositions include a
mass in C minor (1872); a mass in F minor (1874);
"Dream Pictures" (1874); "The Tale of the Vi-
king" (1878): "Leonora" (1880), three cantatas;
some pieces for orchestra ; and several songs. He
has also composed music for the organ, and has pub-
lished "The Organist" (Boston, 1870), and "The
First Six Months on the Organ " (Boston. 1871). '
WHITING, Henry, soldier, b. in Lancaster,
Mass., about 1790; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 16 Sept.,
1851. His father, John (1759-1810), fought in the
Revolution, and at his death was colonel of the
5th infantry. The son became a clerk in the dry-
goods store of Amos Lawrence in Boston, but on
20 Oct.. J808, entered the U. S. army as a comet of
light dragoons. He rose to be 2a lieutenant in
1809 and 1st lieutenant in 1811, became aide to
Gen. John P. Boyd, and served with credit in the
capture of Fort George, Upper Canada, 27 May,
1813. He was afterward aide to Gen. Alexander
Mac!omb in 1815. promoted captain in 1817, and in
1821 transferred to the Ist artillery. After 1835
he served in the cjuartermaster's department, and
on 6 July, 1846. he joined thearmvof Gen. Zachary
Taylor as chief quartermaster. He was brevettcil
brigadier-general. U. S. army, on 23 Feb., 1847, for
trallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of
Buena Vista. He was elected a regent of the Uni-
versity of Michigan in 1848. Gen. AV'hiting was
the author of " Ontway. the Son of the Forest: a
Poem" (New York, 1822): ".Sannillac: a Poem,"
with notes by Lewis Cass and Henry R. School-
craft (Boston, \m\); "The Age of Steam";
and " Life of Zebulon M. Pike " in Sparks's
" American Biography." He was co-author of
" Historical and Scientific Sketches of Michigan"
(Detroit. 1834), and edited George Washington's
" Revolutionary Orders issued during the Years
1778, 1780, 1781 and 1782; selected from the MSS.
WHITING
WHITINO
488
of John Whitinjr," his falher(Ncw York, 1844).—
Ilis son, Hknkv Macomb (IM*21-'.W). nlso !»ervi'«l in
the Mi'xifun war in tht- Hrtillory, rti-vivinjj lht> bre-
vet of 1st liciitfiuiMt for ^lluntrv at Hiiciitt ViittA.
WH1TIN<J, Niithttii, r«ol<li*>r; l>. in WiixUmm.
{'<»nn., 4 May. 1724: d. in New Huvcn, Oonn., U
April, 1771. Ills father. Saniiipl, who whs tint
minister of Windham, diwl diirinf? the wm's in-
fancy, and the boy was bnjujjht up chiefly bv his
sister Mary and her husband, Uev. 'riioiniis {'lap.
who became president of Yah- in 1740. Nathan
was graduated at that college in 174^^, studied
there for two vi'ars lonjEfi>r. and then iKH-aine a
merchant in Kew H.iven, but accompanied the
Connecticut troops to the siege of Ijouisburg
in 174-5 as an ensign, and in the same year was
commissioned lieutenant. Me then forme<l a
business partnership with Thomas Darling, but
at the lM>ginning of the French war of 1755 he
was an[>ointcil, in March of that year, licuttm-
ant-colonel of the 2<1 Connecticut regiment. His
command formed part of the garrison of Kort
Edward, and on 8 Scot, he was with ('ol. Kphriam
Williams when the latter was surprised oy the
French and Indians near Lake George. On the
death of Williams the command devolve<l on
Whiting, who led the retreat with much skill and
coolness. He was promoted colonel in 175rt, and
served throughout the war. Col. Whiting was a
representative in the Connecticut general assembly
in 17(51) and 1770. aod at the time of his death was
a candidate for the upper house. President Timo-
thy Dwight says of him: " He was an exemplary
professor ot the Christian ndigion. and for refined
and dir^niflml manners an<l noi>Ieness of mind has
rarely oeen excelled." His jwrtrait is in the rof)ms
of the Connecticut historical society at Hartford.
— His elder brother, John, soldier, b. in Win<lham.
Conn.. 20 Feb.^ 1700; d. there. 2S Aug., 17S(J, was
graduated at Vale in 172(1, and entered the minis-
try, but, removing to Newrjort, II. I., entcre<l the
military service of that colony, became captain,
and in 1701 h.u\ risen to the rank of colonel. He
participated in several campiiigns against the
French, and was wounded at the battle of Tjakc
George in 17.W. He afterward returned to Wind-
ham, and was made judge of prol)ate there in 177.').
WHITIN(t, Samnel. clergyman, b. in Boston,
Lincolnshire, Kngliinil. 20 Xov., LW?; d. in Lynn.,
Ma.ss., 11 Dec., Itirs*. His father, John, was mayor
of his native city. The son was graduated at Cam-
bridge in lOKl, entered the ministry, and olTlciated
at Lynn, in Norfolk, and in .Skirl)etrk. near his
native place, but, after two prosecutions for non-
conformity, he emigrated to this country, where
he was the first minister of Lvnn, Mass., serving
from 8 Nov., l(j;{0, till his death. He was a close
student and an accomplished Hebrew and I^atin
scholar. " In his preaching." says Cotton Mather,
" his design was not to please but to pn>flt ; to bring
forth, not high things, but fit things." He |)ul>-
lished"Omtioquam Comifiis Cantab. Americanis"
(1«49); "Treatise on the Last Judgment " (UMW) :
and a volume of s«'rmons on " Abraham Interc«««I-
ing for Sodom ".(1(5(1(1). His sewmd wife was the
daughter of Oliver St. John, chief justiw of Kng-
land under Cromwell, and their son. Sa»H'EL(1(W^-
1713). was graduated at HarvanI in IftW and W-
came the first minister of Hillerica. Mass. An
" Elegy on the Rev. Samuel Whitinvr.of Lynn," by
Benjamin Tompson. " ye nMiowntnl poet of New
England." is printtnl in Cott«m Mather's " Mag-
nalia." See also " Memoirs of Kev. Samnel Whit-
ing and of his Wife. ElizaJioth St. John, with Refer-
ence to some of their English Ancestors and Ameri-
can tVflcendantC br William Whitini;. LI* I).
(printitl privately. Uiiston. 1871).— Ilis dracendant,
William, lawyer, b. in ('oncord. Mas-t., 3 March,
IMI.1; d. in ItoMon. MasH.. 2U June. 1873. was
gnwluat<il at HarvanI in IHiKi, and. after teaching
at Plymouth and Concord, studied law in Ik«tnn
and at Harvard law-si-hool, when'! he was rmdu-
ated in 1838. He then ticgan practice in lH>9ton,
where he soon attained eminence at the bar, and
was engaged in many important easos. In 18QS
he iNH-anie solicitor of the war de|iartment in
Washington, where he s«>rvetl three vears. In 18W
he was a |)residential elector, and in 1872 he was
electeil to congress as a Re[iublican. but he died
before he couhl take his s(«t. Colby univen»ity
gave him the »le:,'ree of LL. I), in 18?i. He left
^.'i.tMW tf» Harvard for a schrilarship. Mr. Whiting
was for five years president of the New England
historic-genealogical society. His princi[>al w«)rk
is " The War Powers of the Pre^^idf-nt Hn<l the
Ijcgislative Powers of Congrpss in R4>la(ion to lie-
bellion. Treason, and Slavery "(Ik)st on. 18(52; 10th
e«l., with large additions. 18(5:}: iiUl ed., 1871). In
this he formulate<l views that he ha4l urg«'d at the
oj)ening of the civil war, namely, that the V, H.
government had full Ixdligerent rightjt against the
inhabitants of secede<l states, and without going
lieyond the constitution amid confiscate their
pro|ierty, emancipate their slaves, and treat them
as public enemies. Thj'se opinions wert> at first
rei-eive*! with caution by most public men. but
they were finally sanctione*! and adopted by the
government. The Iwok hwl a large sale in' this
c>ountry an<l abroad. Ik>sid(>s this, he published
various pamphlets, chiefly legal arguments be-
fore the U. S. courts, and a " Memoir of Rev.
Joseph Harrington," prefixe<l to a volume of his
sermons (lioston. 18.')4). and was the author of the
privately print(><l memoir of his ancestor, Samuel,
mentioned alxive.
WHITING, William B., naval officer, h. in
Trov. N. v.. i:{ Nov., 1813; d. in Milwaukee. Wis..
1(5 I)ec.. 188:^ He was ap(K>inte<l a midshipman
in the navy. 2 Feb., 18*29.and cruiso«l on the Pacific
station in 18:31-'4. princiiMilly engagisl on surveys.
He be<'ainea pasMnl mKlshipnuiii. 4 June. l^^M,
serveil on c<Mist-survey dutv in 18:i7-'4ii. in the
frigate " MacTtlonian," on the cfwist of Africa, on
surveying dutv in 1842)- '5. and at the naval ol>-
servatory at Washingtcm in 1845- '50, during which
he drew plans of the defences of Vera Cni« pre-
liminary to the exiMHlition of the navy and Gen.
Winfield .Scott's anny. He was again on the (<oast
survey in 1851-*2. and cruised in the sloop " Van-
dalia,^* IKVi-'d. measuring the c«Mists of China and
Jaftan. He was placed on the rrserve<I list by the
notorious retiring iKtanl of 18,%5 be<'ause his entire
service had betm in surveying duty rather than the
military duties of the naval profession. He was
then attache*! to the V. S. naval ol)servatonr at
Washinjrton until 1871. where he r^-ndere*! valua-
ble s«'rvices in aHtronomical work. In rHoognitiim
of his s<-ientiflc attainments, he was promotisl to
commander and captain in 18(57. and to eomroo-
don* in 1871. After this last promotion he was
relieviMl from active tint v.
WHITINU, William nanforth. narai omcv^r.
b. in B<)ston. Mass., 27 .May, 1H2:5. He entered the
navy as a midshipman, 1 .Mnn-h. 1841. and fsnrsd
in the sl<¥ip " I<«>vaiit " in 184('»-'7. at the cspturo
of Monterey, Cal.. when the Ameri(>an flag waa
first hoisted on that shore, 7 July. 1848. He at-
tende<i the naral aoademjr in 1847-*8. was gradu-
ated, and bedame • passed midHhipman. 10 Aus^
1847. He was promoted to master, 1 Majr, 18U^
484
WHITING
WHITMAN
and to lieutenant, 14 Sept.. 1855, and was attached
to the steam frigate '• Niagara " when the first
Atlantic cahle was laid in 1857. He was execu-
tive of the sloop " Vandalia " at the capture of
Port Roval in 1861, and commanded the steamer
" Wyandotte " on the South Atlantic blockade and
in the Potomac flotilla. Lieut, Whiting was pro-
moted to lieutenant-commander, 145 July, 1862, and
in the gun-boat "Ottawa" participated in the at-
tacks on the defences of Charleston, engaged Bat-
tery Gregg and Fort Wagner, and assisted in the
capture of the lower end of Morris island in
1863-'4. In 1864-'5 he commanded the "Savan-
nah," in the Eastern Gulf station. He was com-
missioned a commander, 25 Julv, 1866, had the
steamer " Tioga" on the coast of Maine and in the
Gulf, was at the New York navy-yard in 1867-'9
and 1871-'2, and commanded the sloop " Sara-
toga" and the monitor " Miantonomoh " in the
North Atlantic squadron in 1869-'70. He was
promoted to captain, 19 Aug., 1872, and command-
ed the steam sloop " Worcester," flag-ship of the
North Atlantic squatlron, in 1871-5. In the first
year of that cruise he took out contributions of
food and clothing from the American people for
the relief of the French sufferers in the franco-
Prussian war. Owing to the want of means to
transport these contributions to the needed dis-
tricts in the east of France, the stores were taken
to Liverpool and Ijondon, where a favorable mar-
ket realized a much larger sum of money than
that which was exjHjnded for the purchase of these
stores in this country. The American relief com-
mittee in France also urged that the money was
more needed than contributions in any other
shape. lie was present at New Orleans during the
political excitement owing to the overthrow of the
Packard government, and won the confidence of
the citizens by wise measures, contributing to allay
the excitement. On 11 .hine, 1878, he was ap-
pointed chief of bureau of navigation and office
of detail, with the rank of commodore. Failing
health and almost total blindness resulting from
exposure incidental to the service compelled him
to be relieved from this duty, 12 Oct., 1881, from
which date he was placed on the retired list, with
the rank of commodore, by special act of congress.
WHITING, William "Henry Chase, soldier,
b. in Mississippi about 1825; d. on Governor's
island. New York harbor, 10 March, 1865. His
father, Levi, a native of Massachusetts, was an
officer of the regular army from 1812 until his
death in 1852, wiien he was lieutenant-colonel of
the 1st artillery. The son was graduated at the
U. S. military academy in 1845 at the head of the
class in which were Charles P. Stone, Fitz-John
Porter, and Gordon Granger. He was assigned to
the engineer corps, and engaged in the construc-
tion of forts and internal improvements in the
west and south, becoming a captain. 13 Dec, 1858.
He resigr.ed on 20 Feb., 1861, entered the Confed-
erate service, and in June and .July of that year
was chief engineer, with the rank of major, of' the
Army of the Shenandoah, under Gen. Joseph E.
Johnston. Ho was promoted brigadier-general on
27 Aug., 1861, and commanded the brigade whose
timely arrival won the battle of RuU Run for the
Confederates. Ho took part in the battle of West
Point, Ya., 7 May, 1862, was made a major-general
in 186.3, and built Fort Fisher, N. C. of which he
took command in the autumn of 1864. He de-
fended the fort during the unsuccessful attack by
Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, and the successful one
by Gen. Alfred II. Terry (q. v.), and on its cap-
ture was severely wounded and taken prisoner.
WHITMAN, Bernard, clergyman, b. in East
Bridgewater, Mass., 8 June, 1796; d. in Walthara,
Mass., 5 Nov., 1834. He early decided to enter the
ministry, and earned money to defray his expenses
by working in factories. He entered Harvard in
1818, but was rusticated for a breach of discipline
in 1819, and, on joining a lower class at the expira-
tion of a year, asked and received an honorable dis-
missal, lie then taught and studied theology till
1824, when he was licensed to preach, and on 15
Feb., 1826, he was ordained pastor of the 2d church
in Waltham, Mass., where he remained till his early
death from consumption. This church had just
dismissed an orthodox clergyman, who had carried
with him a large part of the congregation, and
thus Mr. Whitman was led to a bold exposition of
Unitarian views which he had adopted some time
before. His published sermon on " Denying the
Lord Jesus" (Boston, 1827) went through several
editions, was widely circulated, and j)laced him in
the front rank of the defenders of his faith. He
was also successful as a lecturer on temperance.
His works include " Two Letters to the Rev. Moses
Stuart on the Subject of Religious Liberty " (1831) ;
"Village Sermons" (1832); and " Friendly Letters
to a Universalist on Divine Rewards and Punish-
ments" (1833). — His brother, Jason, b. in Bridge-
water, Mass., 30 April, 1799; d. in Lexington,
Ma.ss., 25 Jan., 1848, was graduated at Harvard in
1825, studied theology, and was pastor of Unita-
rian churches at Saco, Me., in 1830-'4, at Portland
in 1835-'45, and at Lexington from 1845 till his
death. For one year, in 1834-'5, he was general
secretary of the American Unitarian association.
Besides numerous sermons, he published memoirs
of his brother, Bernard (Boston. 1837). and their
father. Deacon John Whitnian, who lived to the
age of 107 years (1843); "The Young Man's As-
sistant in Efforts at Self -Cultivation " (1838);
"Young Lady's Aid to Usefulness" (3d ed.. 1845);
"Discourses on the Lord's Prayer" (1847); and.
with William E. Greely, "A Brief Statement of
the Unitarian Belief" (1847). See a sketch of his
life contained in a volume of his sermons (1849). '
WHITMAN, Ezekiel, jurist, b. in East Bridge-
water, Mass., 9 March, 1776; d. there, 1 Aug.,
1866. He lost his parents in early life and was
brought up by his uncle. Rev. Levi Whitman, of
Wellfleet. who op[)osed his desire to go to sea and
induced him to prepare for Brown university,
where he was gnulujited in 1795 after supporting
himself ^luring his course by teaching. lie then
studied law. was admitted to the bar of Plymouth
county in 1799, and removed to the district of
Maine, where he j)ractised in Turner, and after
1807 in Portland. He was an unsuccessful Feder-
alist candidate for congress in 1806, but was elected
two years later, and served in 1809-'ll. In the
election of 1810 he and William Widgery had each
1,639 votes, and at a second trial tne latter was
successful. Mr. Whitman then devoted himself to
his large practice and was a member of the execu-
tive council of Ma.ssachusetts in 1815-'16 and of
the Constitutional convention of 1819. In 1817-23
he was again in congress. On the admission of
Maine to the Union he became a judge of its court
of common pleas, serving from 1822 till 1841, and
in 1841-'8 he was chief justice of the state. In
1852 he retired to his native place. Judge Whit-
man was one of the last of the " old-school " law-
yers in his state. He presided in court with much
dignity, and his judicial opinions, which were re-
ported by John Shepley in volumes xxi.-xxix. of
"Maine Reports." are characterized by simplicity
and directness of application. In congress he at-
WHITMAN
WHITMAN
485
Uckcd Gen. Andrew Jackson neverely for his course
in Fl«iri<ltt, s|Miko eArni'Mtiy apiinst strikini; oiU the
clau!it> to (tnthiltit slavery from the bill to ailiiiit
Missouri to the rnion, t(Nik an active iiart in (li»-
cussImms on the tnriiT. and in 1HI8 MMike in favor
of a lNinkru[>t law. lie was the author of a (mm-
nhlet, *' (}enealo<;y of the DeM-endants of John
Whitman" (prinlwl privately, I'orthmd, lM3*i).
WHITMAN, MurruH, pitineer. b. in Ku.shville,
Ontario CO., N. V.. 4 S-pt., 1H02; d. in Waftiatpu,
Ore., 21* Nov., 1847. lie wa-x etiucated under pri-
vate tutors, studiinl in lierkshire medical institu-
tion, I'ittstleld, Mas.s., and in \i<ii was ap^Miinteil
by the American lK)anl a mi.ssionary physician to
Oregon. Dr. Whitman, Rev. Henry N. Spauhiing.
and their young wives, set out in 1886, and, j<mr-
neying slowly we-^tward, crossed the Rocky moun-
tams by the South Pass through which John (".
Fremont's partv penetratetl six years later. Mrs.
Whitman and Mrs. Spaulding were the first white
women to cross the mountains. On 2 Sept. the
party arrivwl at Fort Walla Walla. Whitman had
insistinl on bringing one wagon with him despite
assertions that the route was imfiassable for wheels,
and by thus opening a wagon-road he le<l tlie way
for emigratitm. The Hudson bay company's offi-
cers at Fort Hall, whose interest it was that no
American settlers should be allowe<l to enter Ore-
gon, and who hatl turned awav many trains of in-
tending emigrants, had \'ainly tried to dissuikle
him from his attempt. After several years' resi-
dence ifi the country. Dr. Whitman, seeing that
the purjxwe of the British was to discourage Amer-
ican colonization of the territory by spreading re-
ports of its inaccessibility and at the sjime time to
nil it with English emigrants, resolvetl to visit
Wa5hington and lay the matter U'fore the U. S.
covemment. In October. 1842, the rejoicing at the
Knglish fort at Walla Walla over the approiwh of
a large {>arty of Knglish colonists, and the knowl-
edge that the Webster-Ashburton treaty was then
under consideration, im{K>lled him to lose no time,
and he set out within twenty-four hours for the
east on horseliack after much op|M>siti(m from his
associates. With him wen? one com^mnion and a
guide, with three pack-mules. On 3 Ja^i.. 1843.
thev reache<l IJent's fort, on Arkansas river, after
undergoing manv hardshi|)s, and s«M»n afterward
Whitman arriv«><l at St. I/>uis. where he learned
that the Ashbtirton treaty had U-en ratifie<l already
antl that it left the Oregon question unsettled. On
8 March he was in Washington, where the infor-
mation that he gave the government served to
show how valuable Oregon was notwithstanding
the efforts of interested jiersons to prove that it
was ina<'cessible. Had it not iK>en for him the
Unite«l States might have givt-n up Ori'gon to
Kngland as comparatively worthless. He was also
earnest in his endeavors to show how eiisily it could
be roachetl, and on his return in 184^i he led back
a train of 200 wagons to the valley of the Colum-
bia. Others followi><i in great numlx*rs, and this
"army of otrupation" went far t«)wanl securing
Oregon to this country. Four years later. Dr.
Whitman, with his wife, two wtopted children, and
ten others, was massatrrwl by the Cayuse Indians.
See "Oregon: the Struggle for Possession," by
Williiim Harrows (Boston. 1884).
WHITMAN, Sarah Helen, poet, b. in Provi-
dence. R, I., in 1803; d. there, 27 June. 1878. She
wa« the daughter of Nicholas Power, of Provi-
dence, and in 1828 marrii^l John W. Whitman, a
Boston lawver. after whose death in 183.3 she tv-
tumed to her native city and devoted herself to
literatura. Mrs. Whitman was well known for her
7.^*"^
conversational powers. She was an admirer of Ed-
gar A. Poe, with whom, about 184^ she entered into
a conditional engagentcnt of marriaffe. Thourh it
was broken off soon afterwani. her friendly feeling
for Poe ilid not cease, and insitiriHl several of her
Poems, notalily the elegy " Resurgamus^" Mm.
Whitman contributtMl (o magazines prize ewiavs on
literary topics, including critical nrticlii) on Euro-
pean writers, and many poems, which Imve lieen
admireil for their tendeniess. mel<Hly, and philo-
sophic spirit. She publishe<l in Uxtk-fomi a collec-
tion of these, entitletl "Hours of Life, and other
P<R'ms" (Providentr. IKW), and " h>lgar A. Poe
and his Critics," in which she defended her friend's
character fn)m harsh asjH'rsions (New York, 18(10).
She was often calle<l on for occasional |Kx-ms, and
one of these she read at the unveiinig of the statue
of Roger Williams in Pmvidence in 1877. Part*
of her " Fairj- Ballads," "The (Jolden I»all," " The
Sleeping Beauty." and "Cinderella" (1807) were
written by her sister, A.v.va Marsh Power. After
Mrs. Whitman's death a full collection of her
"PfK'ins" ap|K'ared (Bost<in, 1879).
WHITMAN, Walt, or Walter, poet, b. in West
Hills. Ix>ng Island, N. V., 31 May. 18Itf. He was
Hlucated in the public schools of Brooklyn and
New York city, and learned printing, working at
that trade in summer and teaching in winter. Sub-
sequently he also
ac(|uireil skill as
a car{>enfer. For
l)rief peri<Ml>*hee<l-
itetl news|mpers in
New Orleans and
in Huntington,
L. I. In 1847-'8
he matle long
pedestrian tours
through the Unit-
e<l States, gener-
ally following the
courses of the
gr»»at western riv-
ers, and also ex-
tende<l his jour-
ney through Can-
ada. His chief
work, " lycaves of
( I rass " ( New York,
18.'V.'>). is a serii*sof
Cienis dealing with moral, social, and [nilitical prob-
ms. and moreestNH-ially with the inten-sis involved
in 19th centurj' American life and progress. In it
he iniu]c a new and abrupt deiiarture as to form,
casting his thoughts in a moutu the style of which
is something bi-twwn rhythmical pn»s«' and verse,
altogether dis<'anliiig rhythm and n-gular metre,
but uttering musical thoughts in an unconventional
way which isentin»ly his own. Kx|wting the o|>.
position and abus«> with which his volume was as-
saileil, he siieaks of it as a sortie on common liter-
ary use and wont, on both sfiirit and form, aihiini^
that a century may elapse U>fore its triumph or
failurt^ can l>e a-vsun-*!. ror thirty years Whitman
has iHH'n corriH-ting and adtling to this work, and
he says that he looks u|Min " licaves of Uraas**
"now'flnishe<i to the end of its op|iort unities and
powers, as my definitive r/ir/r rijiite to the coming
generations of the New World, if I mar asrame to
say so." In the war Whitmiln's lm»ther was
woundeil on the bsttlo-fleM. which le<l to the poet's
at once hastening to join him in the camp, where
he afterwarvl rvmaiiied as a volunteer arniY nurse
at Washington and in Virpnia in 188^*5. His
experiences during this service are vividly rMonled
^i^A£e J^^^Ou^A^
486
WHITMARSH
WHITMORE
in "Drum-Taps" (1865) and ''Memoranda during
the War" (1807). His fatigue and night-watching
in 1864 brought on a serious illness, from which he
hjis never entirely recovered. In 1870 he published
a volume of prose essays culled *' Democratic Vis-
tas," a new edition oi which has been issued by
Walter Scott (London, 1888), with a jireface writ-
ten by Whitman in April of the same year. In
this volume he explains that he uses the word
" Democrat " in its widest sense as synonymous
with the American form of government. From
1865 till 1874 Whitman held a government clerk-
ship in Washington. In February, 1873, the lin-
gering effects of his nursing fatigues and illness
during the war culminated in a severe paralytic
attack. He left Washington for Camden, N. J.,
and was recovering when in May of the same year
his mother died somewhat suddenly in his pres-
ence. This shock caused a relapse. He abandoned
Washin^^ton and has continued to reside at Cam-
den. ^fr. Whitman has been called "the good
gray poet." His admirers, especially in England,
have been extravagant in their praise of his works,
comparing him with the best of the classic writers,
and in this coimtry Ualph Waldo Emerson said on
the appearance of "Leaves of Grass": "I find it
the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom
that America has yet contributed. ... I find in-
comparable things incomparably said." On the
other hand, the peculiar form of his writings pre-
vents their popularity, and their substance has
been widely regarded as of no value. " Leaves of
Grass" has even been comlemned for indecency on
account of its outspokenness, and when a complete
edition of the work was published (Boston, 1881)
the Massachusetts authorities objected to its sale
in that state on the ground of immorality. Be-
sides the works already mentioned. Whitman has
published "Passage tolndia" (1870); "After All,
not to Create Only" (1871) ; " As Strong as a Bird
on Pinions Free" (1872); "Two Rivulets," includ-
ing " Democratic Vistas" and " Passage to India"
(1878) ; " Specimen Days and Collect " (1883) ; " No-
vember Boughs" (1885); and "Sands- at Seventy*'
(1888). A selection of his poems, by William M. Ros-
setti, was published (London, 1868). Besides the
complete edition of " Leaves of Grass " that has l)een
mentioned, another, edited by Prof. PMward Dow-
den, has since been issued (Glasgow, Scotland).
A popular selection, with introduction by Ernest
Rhys, was published by Walter Scott (London,
1886). See " The Good Gray Poet, a Vindication."
by William I). O'Connor (New York, 1866), and
"Notes on Walt Whitman as Poet and Person,"
by John Burroughs (1866).
WHITMARSH, Caroline Snowdcn, author, b.
in Boston, Mass., 1 Jtme, 1827. At the age of five
she was hurried home from the Ursuline convent in
Charlestown, Mass., by the mob that destroyed
it, and afterward, being a delicate child, attended
school but little. She has written and compiled
about twenty-three volumes, chieflv religious and
educational. In 1870 she married Jair^es Guild,
of Roxburv. Her books include "Violet" (Bos-
ton, 1855); "Daisy" (1856); "Never mind the
Face" (New York, 1^56); and the "Summer-
House Series "on scientific subjects (7 vols., Bos-
ton, 1859-'64). She has compiled " Hymns for
Mothers and Children" (2 series, Boston. 1860);
"Hymns of the -Ages," the first series with Mrs.
Anne E. Guild (3 series, 1859-'64) ; and " Pravers
of the Ages" (1867).— Mr. Guild's first wife, Anne
(182(J-'68), whose maiden name was Gore, was a co-
worker of Miss Whitmarsh, and the author of
** Grandmother Lee's Portfolio" (Boston, 1857).
WHITMER, DaYid, Mormon elder, b. in Har-
risburg, Pa., 7 Jan., 1805; d. in Richmond. Mo.,
25 Jan., 1888. He move<l to Ontario county, N. Y.,
when a youth, and in 1829 was engaged in farm-
ing near Palmyra, N. Y., when Oliver Cowdery,
the village schotjl-master, told him that he in-
tended to visit Joseph Smith and examine the
alleged discovery of golden plates that lx)re upon
their face curious inscriptions that no one could
read. In June, 1829. Cowdery and Smith called
upon Whitmer, and, by instruction from an angel
of the Lord, as claimed by Smith, requested Whit-
mer to go into the woods near by. On reaching a
secluded spot they all engaged in prayer, when
suddenly a very brilliant light filled the space
around them. A moment later an angel appeared,
and also a table on which weie several golden
plates that they were told to examine. Thej
were commanded to bear witness of their experi-
ence to the world. This they have done by prefix-
ing a statement to each copy of the "Book of
Mormon," where it is stated that they, "through
the grace of God and our Lord Jesus Christ, have
seen the plates which contain this record, which
is the record of the people of Nephi." In June.
1838, Mr. Whitmer withdrew from the Mormon
church, taking with him the original manuscript
of the " Book of Mormon," and setHed in Richmond.
Mo., where he resided until his death, a useful and
respected member of the comnmnity. In 1887 he
issued "An Address to all Believers in Christ," in
which, among his reasons for withdrawing from
the Mormon church, were the ordaining of high-
priests in 1831. the compiling of a book of doc-
trines and covenants in 1835, the publication of
many revelations that were made, the organiza-
tion of a band of Danites in 1838 at Far West, and
the revelations that favored polygamy. He claimed
to " believe in the doctrine of Christ as it is
taught in the New Testament and the ' Book of
Mormon.' the same gospel being taught in both
these books." In the " Book of Alormon " is a posi-
tive command that " not any man among you nave
save it be one wife ; and concubines shall he have
none; for I the Lord delight in the chastity of
woman." He was a faithful believer in Mormon-
ism to the end, declaring during the last few
hours of his life : " I want to say to you, the Bible
and the record of the Nephites [the 'Book of
Mormon'] is true, so you can say that you have
heard nje l)ear my testimony on my death-bed." He
was the last of "the three witnesses" to the divine
authenticity of the record of the Nephites. See
" Earlv Davs of Mormonism," by James Harrison
Kennedv (Now York, 1888).
WHITMORE, Edward, British soldier, b. in
England in 1691 ; d. off Plymouth, Mass., 10 Dec.,
1761. He was probably a son of Arthur Whit-
more, of York, England. He served in the war of
the Austrian succession, and was made lieutenant-
colonel of the 36th regiment in 1747. He was pro-
moted in July, 1757, colonel of the 22d regiment,
and next year was made brigadier-general. He was
at the siege of Louisburg in 1758, and, after the sur-
render of the town, was left there as ^nilitary gov-
ernor. On a voyage to Boston in December, 1761.
the ship put into Plymouth harlx)r to seek shel-
ter from contrary winds, and Gen. Whitmore, go-
ing on deck at midnight, accidentally fell over-
board and was drowned. His body was taken up
next morning near the "Gurnet." and carried to
Boston in the same vessel. On Wednesday, 16
Dec he was buried with military pomp in the
king's chapel. See Richard Brown's " History of
the Island of Cape Breton " (London, 1869) ; Francis
WIIITMORE
WHITXKY
487
I'Hrkinnn's " MontcMlni and Wdlfi* " (RoHton, 18W) :
and Wtllinin II. Whitinorc':* " Old Stutc-liuusu* Mv
inoriul " ( ll<tst«>ti, IH»1).
WHITMOKE, William Henry. Kenealnfrist. b.
in I>orthc><ti>r. Maxs.. U S<>|>1.. 1830. lie in the
Mm of a lioston iiivrchant, was e<liK'«U>d in the
public i«ch(»ols of that city, and hai< devoted the
IciMire of his business life to anli<|uarian research
and aiitliorshi[). For eight years ho wjus a memlwr
of the IVtston common council, of which he Im--
eaine president in 1870, and he is a truhteo of the
lioston [)ublic library. The degree of A. M. was
conferred on him by Harvard and Williams in
18(57. About 18(J8 ho was one of the patentees of
a machine for making culte-siigar, and in lw£3 he
IHitentetl one for making hy|Misulphite of soda,
lis "Ancestral Tablets" (Ik)ston, i8<W) is an in-
vention of great use to geneulopists. Iteing a set of
jtages cut and armngCHl to mlmit the insertion of a
pe<ligree in a condensed form. He wa.« a founder
of tne "Historical Magazine" in 1857, of the
Prince society in 1858, an<l of the Itoston antiqua-
rian society in 1879, to which the Bostonian socie-
ty succeeded. Mr. Whitmore has been an e<litor
of the "New England Historical and (Jenealogical
Register," in which many of his pa|H>rs first aj*-
[H'jired, and "The Heraldic Journal," which he es-
tablished in 1863. He has editwl "The Po<>tical
Works of Winthrop Mackworth Prae*! "(New York,
1860): "The Hutchins<m Papers," with William
Appleton (2 vols., Ikjst^in, 1865), " Dunton's Ijct-
ters" (1867), and the " Andros Tracts" (3 vols..
1868-'74), the last three iH'ing for the Prince socie-
ty; and the " Records" of the lioston record com-
mission, which he estal>lished in 1875 (19 vols.,
with others ready for the press); and he was co-
e<litor of "Sewall's Diary,' writing all the local
notes (Boston, 1875-'82). He nre|>aretl the " I^aws
of Adoption," his codification oeing (>asse<l by the
legislature almost unchange<l in 1876; a " Revis-
ion of the City Ordinances." with Henry W. Put-
nam (1882); and a " Itofwrt on the State Seal,"
which was accepted by the legislature in 1885.
He reprinted in fac-simile the " Laws of .Massa-
chusetts of 1672" (Boston, 1887). Mr. Whitmore
has contributed to various magazines, native and
foreign, and is the author of many gi'uealogies. the
most important of which are the families of Tem-
ple, liane. Norton. Winthrop, Hutchinson. I'sher,
Ayres, Payne, Whitmore, Lee, Dalton, and Wil-
cox. His other works c<miprise " HandlNM)k of
American Genealogv" (Albany, 1862), renrinte*!
with additions as "The American (ienealogist "
(18»i8); "The Cavalier Dismounted," an essay
(Salem, 1864); the " Klemonts of Heraldrv" (lios-
ton. 18(>6) ; " Mas.sachusi«tts Civil List, 16.36-1774"
(Altiany, 1870); " Copp's Hill Epitaphs" (AU»any.
I878);'"Histx»rv of the Old State-House." issuwl
bv the citv of "Boston (1HM2): and "Life of Abel
Brown." the engraver (lioston. 1SH4).
WHITNEY, AdeUne Dutton Train, author,
b. in Boston. Mass., 15 .S<'pt., 1H24. She is the
daughter of En«x-h Train, founder of a line of
packet'ships between lioston and Liver[K)o|, and
a cousin of George Francis Train. She was e«lu-
caled chiefly in Boston, ami at the age of nine-
teen mnrrie<l Seth D. Whitney, of Milt<m, Mass.
Mrs. Whitney has patented a set of "Alnhaliet
Blocks," which are now in general use. Besides
contributing to magazines for the young, she is
the author of " Foot-stejw on the Seas," a p<^>em
(Boston, 1857); "Mother Goose for Grown Folks'*
(New York, 1860 ; rv viseil eds., Boston, 1870
and 1882); " liovs at Che<|uass«'t" (Boston, 1862);
"Faith Gartneys Girlhood" (1863); "The Gay-
' worthys" (ISO.'S): "A Summer in I^enlie Oolil-
thwailu's Life" (IHJMl); "Patience Slnmg's Out-
ingn" (1H08); "Hitherto" (1869): "We GirU"
(1870): "It*'al Folks" (1871): " PanMes," poems
(1872J: "The Other Girls" (187:^; ".Sights and
Insights" OH76); ".lust How: a Kev to the Cook-
Books" (1878); "0«I<1 or Even" (I8WJ); " Ikinny-
lK»rough " (1885) ; " Homespun Yarns " and " IlolV-
Tides" (1886): and " Daffodils" ami " Bird-Talk'"
(1887). The last thn-e are v«tlumes of ver*e.
WHITNEY, Anne, sculptor, b. in Watertown,
Ma.H.s., 2 Sept., 1821. She wa*. iNhu-ateil by private
tutors, and early manifeste*] a love for poetry and
sculpture, the latter becoming ^nwlually an alMorb-
ing pursuit. Her poetical writings were collected
in a volume entitletl " Poems" (New York. 1850).
In the same year she o|tene<l a studio in her na-
tive place, and sul>s«Hjuently making several vis-
its to Eun)iK', studied there four years, prtxlucing
two of her l»est works during that time. On her
return in 1873 she
established a studio
in Bost<m. where she
has since n'maine«l.
She has executwl
[N>rt raits and ideal
works in groups,
busts, medallions,
and statues, includ-
ing a sUitueof Sam-
uel Adams, of which
two copies, one in
bronze and one in
marble, are resjKK-t-
ivelv in the capitol
at VVashington and
in Boston (18(KJ):
"I^)ma"(186.5): "Af-
rica," a colossal ri«-
cuml>ent figure of a
woman, illustrating
the civil war in the
l"nit«lStates(187:J):
a statue of Harriet
Martineau, belong-
ing to Wellesley college (188;?); and the fountain
of " Iveif Erikson" (1886). The last was unveiled
in Boston, 20 Oct- 1887, and the statue above the
fountain represents the Norse- Icelandic discoverer
of America as a man of physical U-auty and vigor,
in the costume of the ancient .Sundinavian war-
rior. (See the acconifwinying illustration.)
WHITNEY, Asa, man'ufa4-turer. b. in TownM?nd,
Ma-ss., 1 lX>c.. 1791 : d. in Philadelphia. 4 June.
1874. His op|M)rt unities for e<iucation wer»» meagre,
ami. after st>ending several years in his father's
blacksmith-snop, he went in 1812 to New Hnm|>-
shire, and soon Itecame so ca[mble as a machinist
that his employer sent him to Brownsville. N. \.,
to supt>rinten«l the ere«"tion of machinery in a cot-
ton-factory. Here he remainetl till 18:«». carrying
on a business in machine- an«l forp'-works. when
he was ap()ointe<l assistant su|ierintendent of the
Mohawk and Hudstm railmad. an<l U-canie super-
inten<lent the following year. Resigning this i>o«t
in IKjy. he was elected canal commissioner of New
York state, and for two years sujierintende*! the en-
largement and management of the Erie canal and
its branches. In 1842 he n'move«l |o Phila<Iel|>hia
and entere«I into the manufat-ture of hxHmiotives
with Matthew W. liaMwin. but withdrew from
the partnership in two ye«p«. Soon aff^rwarrt he
became president of the M \, for
which he aftfiliiil s|ie<'ial i ^ of
incline*! planes worked b) -.nm. ... r.,.,.., .i.eatis
488
WHITNEY
WHITNEY
its boats could pass elevations. He took out pat-
ents on 23 May, 1847, for the corrugated plate car-
wheel, and the curved corrujrated plate wheel, and
began their manufacture with his son George as
partner. On 2'i April, 1848, he f)atented his pro-
cess for annealing car-wheels. It consisted in pla-
cing the wheels, soon after they were cast, in a heated
furnace, where they were subjected to a further
gradual increase of temperature, and were then
slowly cooled for three days. The discovery of this
process of annealing, as applied to chilled cast-iron
wheels, marked an era in the history of railroads.
It enabled them with safety to increase both loads
and speed. Previous to this discovery it was im-
possible to cast wheels with solid hubs, and there-
fore impossible to secure them rigidly to the axle.
Now the whole wheel was easily cast in one piece,
and capable of being forced securely upon the axle
at a pressure of forty tons. Over ten million car-
wheels are now in use in this country, aiul this
principle of annealing is applied in some form to
everv wheel that is made of chilled cast-iron. On
19 ^farch. 1850, he patented the tapered and ribbed
corrugatitl wheel. For many years he mmle from
50,000 to 75,000 car- wheels per annum. The busi-
ness is still carried on by the firm of A. Whitney
and Sons. In 1860 Mr. Whitney was made presi-
dent of the Reading railroad, but he resigned in a
year from failing health, after contributing largely
to the success of the road. He gave liberally dur-
ing his life, and among other public bequests he
gave $50,000 to found a professorship of dynamical
engineering in the University of Pennsylvania,
$12,500 to the Franklin institute, and $20,000 to
the Old men's home in Philadelphia.
WHITNEY, Asa, merchant, b. in 1797; d. in
Washington, D. C, in August, 1872. He was in
mercantile business in New York city. He recog-
nized the necessity of a railroad to the Pacific,
was the first to suggest its feasibility, and from
1846 till 1850 urged it upon congress, the legisla-
tures of several states, and the public, by personal
influence and his writings. He was finally instru-
mental in securing appropriations in 1853 for the
first surveys of the northern, southern, and middle
routes, and lived to see communication opened
from sea to sea in 1889. He was the author of
" A Project for a Railroad to the Pacific " (New
York, 1849), and " A Plan for a Direct Communi-
cation between the Great Centres of Populations
of Europe and Asia " (London, 1851).
WHITNEY, EU, inventor, b. in Westborough,
Mass., 8 Dec, 1765; d. in New Haven, Conn., 8
Jan., 1825. During the Revolutionary war he
was engaged in making nails by hand. Subse-
quently, by his industry as an artisan and by
tejvching, he was able to defray his expenses at
Yale, where he was graduated in 1792. In the
same year he went to Georgia under an engage-
ment as a private tutor, but, on arriving there,
found that the place had been filled. He then
accepted the invitation of the widow of Gen, Na-
thanael Greene to make her place at Mun)errv
Grove, on Savannah river, his home while he stud-
ied law. Several articles that he had devised for
Mrs. Greene's convenience gave her great faith
in his inventive powers, and when some of her
visitors regretted that there could Ije no profit in
the cultivation of the green seed-cotton, which
was considered the best variety, owing to the great
difficulty of separating it from the seed, she ml-
vised them to apply to Whitney " who," she said,
"could make anything." A p(mnd of green seed-
cotton was all that a negro woman could at that
period clean in a day. Mr. Whitney up to that
time had seen neither the raw cotton nor the cot-
ton seed, but he at once procured some cotton
from which the seeds ha<i not been removed,
although with trouble, as it was not the season of
the year for the cultivation of the plant, and be-
gan to work out his
idea of the cotton-
gin. He was oc-
cupied for some
months in con-
structing his ma-
chine, during which
he met with great
difficulty, being
compelled to draw
the necessary iron-
wire himself, as he
could obtain none
in Savannah, and
to manufacture his
own iron tools. Near
the end of 1792 he
succeeded in mak-
ing a gin of which
the principle and ^-''t-^^ H^ x'^-<-^!-'57--ec^
mechanism are both /
exceedingly simple. Its main features are a cylin-
der four feet long and five inches in diameter, upon
which is set a series of circular saws half an inch
apart and projecting two inches above the sur-
face of the revolving cylinder. A mass of cot-
ton in the seed, separated from the cylinder by
a steel grating, is brought into contact with the
numerous teeth on the cylinder. These teeth
catch the cotton while playing between the bars,
which allow the lint, but not the seed, to pass.
Beneath the saws is a set of stiff brushes on an-
other cylinder revolving in the opposite direction,
which brush off from the saw-teeth the lint that
these have just pulled from the seed. There is
also a revolving fan for producing a current of
air to throw the light and downy lint that is thus
liberated to a convenient distance from the re-
volving saws and brushes. Such are the essential
principles of the cotton-gin as invented by Whit-
ney and as it is still used ; but in various details
and workmanship it has been the subject of many
improvements, tne object of which has been to
pick the cotton more perfectly from the seed, to
prevent the teeth from cutting the staple, and to
give greater regularity to the operation of the
machine.^ By its use the planter was able to clean
for market, by the labor of one man, one thousand
Sounds of cotton in place of five or six by hand,
fi-s. Greene and Phineas Miller were the only per-
sons that were permitted to see the machine, but
rumors of it had gone through the state, and be-
fore it was quite finished the building in which it
wjts placed was broken into at night and the ma-
chine was carried off. Before he could complete
his model and obtain a patent, a number of ma-
chines based on his invention had been made sur-
reptitiously and were in operation. In May, 1793.
he formed a partnership with Mr. Miller, who had
some property, and went to Connecticut to manu-
facture the machines; but he became involved in
continual trouble by the infringement of his pa'ent.
In Georgia it was boldly asserted that he was not
the inventor, but that something like it had been
produced in Switzerland, and it was claimed that
the substitution of teeth cut in an iron plate for
wire prevented an infringement on his invention.
He had sixty lawsuits pending before he secured a
verdict in his favor. In South Carolina the legisla-
ture granted him $50,000, which was finally paid
WHITNEY
WHITNKY
after vexatious delavH and lawouitA. North Carolina
allowed hitn a {HTfciitaKt^ for the use «>f »ac'h ttaw
for flvo yt'urs. hikI collt'ctiHl mui |>aid it over to the
SatontiH>!< ill giMHl fiiith.aml Ti'iidchmh* i>r<>iiii.Ncd to
o the Haiiic tiling, but nftorwunl reM-in'if<l licr con-
traot. For years — amid luviunululed misfortunes
lawsuil.H wroiifcfully «liH-ided upiinst him, the de-
Htruotioii uf his maiiufaetorv \>y tire, the industrioutu
cireuiation of the refiort that his maehine injured
the fll>re of the cotton, the refusal of ecjnjfress, on
account of the o|>|)«>sition of southern meiiilK«rs. to
allow the (Mktent to be renewed, and the death of
his partner — Mr. Whitney strujfpled on until he
was coiivincwl that he should never receive a just
com|)ensation for his invention. In 17V1 the
amount of cotton that was ex|H>rteil amounted to
only 189,500 {xnnnls. while in 180:{, owing to the
uso'of his gin. it hud risi>n to more than 41,000,000
pounils. l)esjmirinjf of gaining a com|K?tence, he
turned his attention in 1798 to the manufacture of
tire-arms near New Haven, from which he eventu-
ally gained a fortune, fie was the first manu-
facturer of fire-arms to effect the division of labor
to the extent of making it the duty of each work-
man to perform by machinery but one or two
operations on a single part of the gun, and thus
rnmle interchangeable the parts of the thousamls of
arms in pnK-ess of manufacture at the same time.
His first contnu't was with the U. S. government
for 10.000 stand of muskets to be finished in about
two years. For the execution of this order he
took two years for prepjiruti<»n and eight more for
completion. He gave lK)nds for ijtyu.OOO, and was
to receive $18.40 for each musket, or l|ti;W,0<K) in
all. Immediately he liegan to build an armory at
the foot of Fast ll<K"k, two miles from New Haven,
in the present village of VVhitneyviJle. wher»»,
through the successive administrations from that
of Jonn Adams, reijeatetl contracts for the supply
of arms were maue and fulfilled to the entire
approbation of the government. The construc-
tion of his armory, and even of the commonest
tools, which were devised by him for the prose-
cution of the business in a manner peculiar to
himself, evince<l the fertility of his genius and the
precision of his mind. The buildings biH?ame the
mo<lel ujK)n which the national armories were after-
wanl arrangi^l, and many of his improvements
were transferre<l to other establishments and have
become common projwrty. His a«lvance in the
manufacture of anns lai<( this country under per-
manent obligations by augmenting the means of
national defence. Several of his inventions have
Ix'en applied to other manufactures of iron and
steel and luldtvl to his reputation. He establislunl
a fund of $500 at Yale, the interest of which is ex-
l)ended in the purchase of books on mechanical and
I ihysical science. In 1817 he marriinl a daughter
of Judge PieriMint K«lwards. I{i>l>ert Fulton said
that "Arkwright, Watt, and Whitney were the
thre>e men thai did most for mankind of any of
their conteinj)oraries," and .Macau lay said : " NVhat
IVler the Great «lid to make Russia tlominnnt. Kli
Whitney's invention of the cotton-gin han more
than e<|ualkHl in jts relation to the (Ktwer and pmg-
ri'ss of the United .States." See " Memoir of Kli
Whitney." by Denisrm Olmsted (New Haven, 1840).
WHITNI-'Y. JamoN Ainaziah, lawyer, h. in
RjK'hester, N. Y., :{0 .luiie. \KW. He removed in
childlxxKl with his p«in'nts to .Maryland, Otsego
CO., N. Y., where he received a common-sf-hool edu-
cation, and lK'i;an life ii.s a farmer, but in IHflO-'.'S
studied chemistry, me<'lianics, and engine«'ring
without a ma.ster, and in the latter year ).<e<-ain^ a
writer of specifications iu the office of a firm of
patent solicitors. In 1808 he became mi editor of
the ** American .\rtisan," and Untk an active |«it
in organizing the New York snx-ietT of practical
engineers, of which he wa(« presitleiit f«»r iieveral
years. In 1809-'7*<i he waj« pn>fe«»or of agricul-
tural chemistry in the Ameritnn in»titute, and
in the latter year he established hinuelf a« •
solicitor of fiat'entii. In 187U he was admitted to
practice in the I'. S. cireuit courtK. lowaoollem
gave him the degree of IAj. I), in IKHO. BoidM
nuinen>us essays on scientific. m«H-hanicaI, legal,
and |>olilical siibjecta, Mr. Whitney is the aullior
of a monograph on "The Relations of the Patent
I^aws to the Development <»f Agriculture" (New
York. 1874); '•The Chinese and the Chinese 6ue»-
j tion" (^1880; enlarge*! «!., 1888); "Shobab, a Tale
of HetnesMla,'* a poem (1884); -Sonnet* and Lyr-
ics "(1884): "The Children of Ijimech," • poem
I (188.'>): and " Poetical Works" ,2 vols,. 1886).
i WHITNEY, Jutilah Dwight, gi-.logist. b. in
j Northampton, .Mass., 28 Nov.. 1819. Hewaflgradu-
{ ate<l at \ ale in 18^i9, and then spent six months
I in the chemical laliorntory of Dr. Robert Hare in
Philadel[ihia. In 1840 he joine<l the survey of
I New Hampshire as assistant geologist under Charles
I T. Jackson, and remained connected with that work
! until May, 1842. when he went abroad. For five
! years he trayelle<l on the continent of Eiimpe. and
pursued chemical, geological, and mineralogical
studies. On his return to this country in 1847
he engage*! in the geological exploration of the
l^ke Su|>«»rior region, and with John W. F'oster
1 was in the same year apjMiinte*! by the U. 8.
government U> assist Charles T. Jackson in mak-
ing a geological sur^'ey of that <!istrict. Two
years later the c-ompletion of the survey was in-
' trusttnl to Foster and Whitney, who published
! ".Synopsis of the F.xplorations of the (teological
Corps III the I^ake SujH'rior Isanti District in the
Northern Peninsula " (Washington. 1849), and
" Re^>ort on the G«v»logy and To|H)gniphy of a
Portion of the liake SujH'rior l>and District' in the
.State of Michigan" (part i., Cop|»er l^nds, 18,V);
part ii.. The Iron Region, 1851). On the c>omi»letion
of this work he travelle<! for two years tnrough
the states east of the Mississippi for the purj»oseof
ct>lle<'ting information with regan! to the mining
and mineral interests in this country. His results
were is.sue<! as "The Metallic Wealth of the United
States descrilied and coin|iarrHl with that of other
Countries" (Philadelphia, 1854). In IKVi he was
ap|M>inte4! state chemist and pmfess4)r in the Iowa
state university, and was associate*! with James
Hall in the gi>ological survey of that state, issu-
ing " ReiM>rts on the (Jeological Survey of Iowa"
(2 vols., AlUny. lKi8-'9). During 1H5H-"«10 Prof.
Whitney was engage*! on a geological suni'ey of
the lea*! region of the up|K»r Missouri in c*»nneftion
with the official surveys of Wisconsin and Illinois,
riublishing, with James Hall, a " Rei>ort on the
ffologieal Survey of the State of Wisconsin "
(.\lliany, 1802). He was ap|>oint«'*I state geologist
of California in ISOO. and enpnp-*! in ronducting
a to|M)graphical. ge<ilogical. and natural hist*>ry sur-
vey «»f that state until 1874. when the woric was
*lis<>ontinued by act of legislature. IV>«.ides various
iiamphlets and annual re|iorts on the subject, he
lssue*l six v*>lume« un<ler the title of "(MH>l«»gifiil
Survey of California" (Cambri«!ge, 1864-'70). In
1805 he was a[>(Miinte*l j>n>fess<ir of gt-ohigy in
Harvani, which chair he still ntains, with charg*»
of its schrtol of mining and practical g*^>logv. The
degree of LI^ D, was conferre*! on him by Vale in
1870. Prof. Whitnev was one of the original itiem-
bers of the National aoademjr of acienees named
490
WMITNKY
WniTNEY
by act of conprcss in 1883. but he has since with-
drawn fn»ni that Inidy. He is also a mcmlKT of
otluT si'iiMitiflc IxmIIos. Ixith at home an<l abn)a<l.
In adililion to cuntributinp to tht" " AnuTJcan
Journal of Science," the "North American Re-
view," and similar peri<KUcals. he has translated
lierteliiis's " I'se of the BltiwpiiH-" (Ii<iston, 184")),
and is the author of "The Yosomite Ciuidc-IJ<K)k "
(San Francisco. 18(H)). I'rof. Whitney has mmle a
sjK'cialty of collecting a library of peolojjicai and
UCiigraphical Imoks. Mount Whitney, the hijjhest
mountain in the United .States, was named in his
honor.— His wifi-. Louisa (lOddard, b. in Manches-
ter. Kngland, 17 Dec, lHI«;d. in Cambridpe, 111 May,
1882. is the author of "The Hurningof the Convent :
H Narrative of the Destruction of the I'rsuline
.Sfho<il on Mount lienedict. ("harlestown. I)y One of
the Pupils" (Cambridjje. Miu^s., 1877), and " Pejusy's
Childluxxl : an .Vutobiojrranhy " (1878).— His broth-
er, William Dwigiit, philolopi.st, b. in Northamp-
ton, Mass., 9 Feb., 1827, w»is graduated at Williams
in 1840, and obtained a clerkship in a banking-house
in Northampton. This occupation he followed for
three years, and devoted his leisure to the study of
languiwrt's. t)articularly Sanskrit. In 1849-"5() he
studied uiKler Prof. Kdward K. Salisbury at Yale,
and in 1x50 he went to tfcrmanv and studied at
the University of Berlin under l*Vanz Bopp and
Albrecht Wi»lH>r, and at the University of Tilbingcn
under Rudolf lloth. With the latter he prepared
an edition of the " Atharva Veda Sanhita' (Berlin,
18.')H). for which he copied the text from the manu-
scripts in the Royal library in Berlin, and collated
it with other copies in the libraries of Paris, Lon-
don, and Oxford. In 1854 he was appointed pro-
fessor of Sanskrit at Yale, and in 1870 of com-
parative philnlugy also at that university, and he
still retains the combined chair. Prof. Whitney
deliveri-d a series of lectures l)efore the Smithsonian
institution in 18154, whi(^h he repeated in extended
form before the Lowell institute in Boston, and
then published as " Language and the Study of
lianguage" (New York, 18(57). He was elected a
member of the American oriental society in 1849,
was its librarian in 18.")5-'78, its corresptjnding
secretary in 1857-'84. and since then its president.
His contributions to its "Journal" have been very
large, and of its volumes vi.-xii.. half the contents
were written by him, incluiling a translation of the
" Surya Siddhanta," with notes and appendix, being
a Hindoo treatise on astronomy (18(50); text, with
notes, of the "Atharva Veda P'rati(;akhya " (18(52);
the text, with Knglish vei"sions, notes, and native
cxunmentary, of the " Taittiriya Prati(;akhya "
(1871), which gained for him the Bo[)p prize from
the Berlin aca<lemy as the most important Sanskrit
publication of the prece<ling three years, the "In-
dex Verljorum U) the Atharva- Vecla" (18S1): and
reviews of Karl R. Lepsius's phonetic alphaU't and
of the opinions of Jean B. Biot, Albrecht Welicr,
and Max Milller on Hindoo a^tronom v. He was
also a contribuU>r to the great Sanskrit diction-
ary of Bohtlingk and Roth (7 vols., St. Peters-
burg, l8.W-(57). Prof. Whitney ranks as one of
the foremost Sanskrit stjholars of his time, and his
text-books have Ijcen awanled high praise for their
exact statements of general grammatical doctrine.
In the science of language, of which his exposi-
tions and classifications are accef)t«d as authorita-
tive, he claims that the development of speecli is by
the acceptance of conventional signs, and that its
beginnings were imitative, in lieu of the view ad-
vanced by others who conten<l that language was
sfH.ntaneonsly generat^Hl in the niind and coexist-
ent with thought. The dejfree of Ph. D. was con-
ferred on hitn by the University of Breslau in
18(51. and that o? LL. D. by Williams in 18(>8.
William and Mary in 18G9, and Ilarvanl in 1876,
while that of J. U. I), was given him by St. An-
drews, Scotland, in 1874, and Litt. D. by Columbia
in 188(5. He was the first president of the Ameri-
can philological association in 1809, and in 1865
was elected to the National academy of sciences.
Besides his memljership in many other scientific
bodies, both at home and abroad, he is a cor-
respondent of the Berlin. Turin, Rome, and St.
Petersburg acatlcmies, the Institut of France, and
is a foreign knight of the Prussian order " Pour
le mcrite." Prof. Whitney has written for the
" North American Review," the " New Englander."
and similar periodicals, and various articles in
cyclopa»dias, and has contributed to the transac-
tions of societies of which he is a member many
pajwrs, of which may be mentioned (besides those
mduded in his Oriental and linguistic studies)
"(Contributions from the Atharva Veda to the
Theory of Sanskrit Verbal Accent" (1856); "On
the Jyotisha Observation of the Place of the Col-
ures and the Date derivable from It" (1864); "On
Material and Form in Language" (1872); "Dar-
winism and Language" (1874); "Logiii-al Consist-
ency in Views of Language" (1880); "Mixture in
Language" (1881); "The Study of Hindoo Gram-
mar and the Study of Sanskrit" (1884); "The
Upanishads and their Latest Translation " (1880).
His other works, several of which have been trans-
lated into one or more languages, include "Com-
pendious German Grammar" (New York, 1869);
"(jerinan Reader in Prose and Verse" (1870);
" Oriental and Linguistic Studies " (1st series,
1873; 3d series. 1875); "Life and Growth of
Language " in the " International Scientific Se-
ries " (1876) : " Essentials of English Grammar "
(Boston, 1877); "Sanskrit Grammar, including
i)oth the Classical Language and the Older Dia-
lects of Veda and Brahmana" (Leipsic, 1879); and
"Practical French Grammar " (1886). At present
he is superintending editor of the " Dictionary of
the English Language" in course of preparation
by the Century company in New York.
WHITNEY, Mjron W., singer, b. in Ashbury,
Ma.ss., 5 Sept., 1830. He went to Boston at the age
of sixteen and made his first appearance there in
1858 at a Christmas performance of the " Messiah "
that was given by the Handel and Haydn society.
After about ten years of concert-singing he went
to Florence, Italy, where he studied with Luigi Van-
nucini,^and then to London to become a pupil of
Alberto Randegger. He then filled various engage-
ments and attracted attention especially by his ren-
dition of the part of Elijah at the Birmingham fes-
tival. In 1876 he was the principal solo-singer at
the opening exercises of the Centennial exhibition
in Philadelphia. Since that year he has sung in
his native country, and has appeared in nearly all
the May festivals held in different cities of the
Union. For several years he was a meml)er of the
Boston ideal opera company. He possesses a fine
bass voice of nearly three octaves compass, and is
especially noted as an oratorio-singer.
WHltNEY, Peter, clergyman, b. in North-
borough, Mass., 6 .Sept., 1744; d. there, 29 Feb.,
1816. He was graduated at Harvard in 1762, and
on 4 Nov., 1767, ordained pastor at Northl)orough,
where he remained till his death. He was the au-
thor of a "History of the County of Worcester"
(Worcester, 1703); single sermons; and paf)ers in
the " Memoirs of the American Academy." — His
son. Pktkr (1770-184^^). w»is graduated at llarvard
i in 1791, had charge of the church atQuincy, Mass.,
WHITNKY
WIIITSITT
491
from 1800 till his death, nnd published various dis-
(•<)urs««.— The whmukI IVtcr's son, <i}eoixe, clerjry-
rn;in. I>. in C^uiiicy, Miuvs., 2 July. lHt)4; d. in J«i-
nmica Plain. Mass.. 2 April. lfS42. was -^nwluaUHl
at llarvanl in 1H24 and at the divinity-.sfh<H)| in
1H2H. and from IKd till his death was iMistor of
churehes in Koxburv. lie published ".Some Ac-
count of the VltirW llistory an<i Present State of
the Town of (^uincy. Mass." (Boston, 1H27). of
which he was nreparin^ an enlar^^ed edition at the
time «»f his cleat h.—Ueorfje's brother. Frederic
Aiiifustlis. der^^vman. b. in (juincv, Mass.. \',i
Sept., 1H12: d. in' Brighton. Mass.. 21 Oct.. 18«().
was gra<luated at llarvanl in 18:W and at the di-
vinity-sch«Mjl in 1838, teaching in the mean time.
After doint; missionary work, he was pastor at
Brijjhton. Mass.. in 1843-'59, and afterward livetl
in that town without a pastoral charge. He issued
thirteen annual reports as chairman of the town
school committee, and nine as president of the
trustees of the Public library. Besides these, and
various sermons, atldresses, and contributions to
current literature, he published *' Historical Sketch
of the Old Church at Quincy " (Albany, 1804). and
" Biography of James Iiolton," founder of the Hol-
ton library, Brighton (Boston, 18(J5). lie was also
the author of various hymns, some of which are
cH>llectetI in Uev. Alfivd P. Putnam's " Singers and
Songs of the Liberal P'aith " (Boston, 1875).
WHITNEY, Thoniait Richard, author, b. in
New York city in 1804: d. there. 12 April, 1858.
He serve<l two years in the asstmibly of the state in
1854-'5, and one term in congress in 1855-'7, having
been electe<l by the American party. Mr. Whitney
was editorially connected with the >few York " Sun-
day Times " and other papers, and publishe<l " The
Arabus<-a«le," a poem (S'ew York, 1845). and " De-
fence of the American Policy as opposed to the En-
croachments of P'oreign Influence, and es|)ecially
to the Interference of the Papacy" (1856).
WHITNEY. William Collins, secretary of the
navy. b. in Conway. Mass.. 15 July, 1841. His
father. James S. Whitney, was at one time collec-
tor of the port of lioston. and in 1800 was a dele-
gate to the Charleston convention. The son was
graduated at Yale in 180JJ and at Harvard law-
school in ISd'). and continued tlie sludv of law
under Abraham R. Lawrence, in New York city,
where he wasmlmitted to the bar and practised his
profession. In 1871 he assisted in the organiza-
tion of the Young men's Democratic club, and was
suljsoquently brought into notice by his active
measures in the movement against the Tweed
ring. He was made inspector of the city schools
in 1872. and was defeate«l the same year as the
candidate of the reformed Democracy for district
attorney. In the following year he took an active
part in the Tilden canvass. He was ap|K>inted
corporation counsel of New York city in 1875.
1870. and 1880. and is creditc«l with having save<I
the city several mi'lionsof dollars by hisop|H>sition
to claims against the city treasury. He als<i put
in practice a svstein for the protection of the legal
riglits of the con>oration. which has prove<l of jter-
munent value. He resigned this office in 1882. and
on 5 March, 1885. was ap(><>inted secretary of the
navy. Yale conferre«l the degree of LL. D. ur)on
him in 1888. His administration has been marked
by the completion of several vessels that form the
nucleus of a now U. S. navy, in whos«> develonnient
he has taken much interest. .Secret^iry Whitney's
resilience, at the corner of 5th avenue and 57th
street. New York, is one of the finest in the citv,
WHITON, John Milton, clergyman, b. in Win-
chcndon, Mass., I Aug., 1785; d. in Antrim, N. H.,
28 Sept., ia50. He wan graduated at Vale in IfWi,
and was fia.>«tor of the Presbyterian church in An-
trim. N. H.. from 28 .Sept.. Ihoh. till 1 Jan.. ia%3,
and then of the Congregational church in the
ncigh>>oriiig town of B4>nnington till his death.
He n'ceivcd the degree of D. D. from Princeton in
1848. Dr. Whiton wrote *' Brief Notices of the
Town of Antrim." in the " Collections of the New
Hampshire Historical Society" (vol. iv., 18.52):
"Sketches of the Early History of New Hamf>-
shire. 1623-18^13" (Concord. 1834): also statistical
account of the Congn-gational and Presbyterian
ministers of HillslKtrough county, in the " New
Hampshire Repository' for 1840. At the time
of his death he was preparing a " Ilistorv of Pres-
byterianism in New Hampshire."— ifis grend-
s<in, James Morris, clergyman, b. in Boston,
Ma.s.s.. 11 April, 18J13. was educated at the Boston
Ijatin-s(;hooi and at Yale, where he was graduated
in 185ii. He was rector of Hopkins grammar-
school. New Haven. Conn., from 1854 till lH(i4,
pastor of the 1st Congregational church, Lynn.
Mass.. l8(55-'69. and of the North Congregational
church, Lynn, 1869-'75. In 1870-'8 he was princi-
pal of Williston seminary. Easthampton. Mass., and
piistor of the 1st Congregational cliurch, Newark,
N. J., in 1879-85. and became pastor of Trinity
Congregational church, Tremont, New York city,
in 18i86. He is regarded as a Christian evolutionist.
His views regarding endless punishment were made
the siibiect of an inquiry by a council of Congre-
gational churches at Newark in 1879. the result
being a vote of confidence and fellowship, notwith-
standing his disavowal of that tenet. He has Ijcen
a frequent contributor to religious journals, and.
in addition to various school-books, has i)ublished
"Select Orations of Lysias" (Boston. 1875); "Is
Eternal Punishment Endless?" in which he main-
tains that endless punishment is not decisively re-
vealed in the New Testament (1876): " Essav on
the Gospel acconling to Matthew" (1880); "The
Gospl of the Resurrection "(1881): " Early Pupils
of the .Spirit " (London, 1884); " The Evolution of
Revelation " (New York. 1885) ; " The Divine Satis-
factiim'* (London, 1880); and two series of dis-
courses given in Congregational churches in Eng-
land, entitled " Turning of Thought and Conduct "
(London. 1887) and "The Law of LiUTty " (1888).
— His daughter, Mary Bartlett, e<lucator. b. in
New Haven. Conn., 17 Aug., 1857. was graduated
at Smith college in 1879, taught in Newark high-
sc-hool in 1881-'3. and has since been a teacher in
PiK'ker institute. Brooklyn. N. Y. She was the au-
thor with her father of "Six Months' Preparation
for Reading Xenoi>hon " (New York. 1885).
WHITSITT, William Heth, clergyman, b.
near Na.shville, Tenn., 25 Nov.. 1841. He wjis
graduated at Union university. Tenn.. in 1861. and
at the Southern Baptist theological seminary in
1809. meanwhile spending a year at the University
of Virginia. He studiwi in 186y-'70 at the Univer-
sity of Leipsic, and in 1870-'l at the University of
Berlin, s«^rve<l for a short time as {lastor of the
Baptist church in Albany, Ga.. and in 1872 was
ele<-ted professor of (M-clesijistical history in the
Southern Baptist theological .-eminary. Louisville,
Ky., which place he still holds. .Mercer university
gave him the degree of I). D. in 1874. Besides va-
rious contributions to reviews and other |)eri«Hli-
cals. he is the author of "History of the Rise of
Infant liaptism" (Ijouisville, 1^78): " History, of
Coniinuni(m among Baptists" (1880): and "Origin
of the Discii»les of Christ, a Contribution to the
Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of Alexander
Campbell " (New York,' 1888).
492
WHITTAKER
WHITTHORNE
WHITTAKER, Henry, Biithor. b. in Radnor-
Hhirt'. Walt's. 15 Oct., 1808 ; d. in New York city,
9 Fob.. 1881. He canie to New York in 1850,
and liecanie uitina^in^ clerk in a law-office. He
published " Pnictice and Plen«linp under the Cotlc.
Ori(?inal and Amended, with Afi|H'ndix of Forms"
(New York, 1852; M ed., 1803: with a supple-
ment, 18fi7). and " Analysis of Recent Decisions
on Practice and Pleatlings" (1863). — His son.
Frederick, author, b. in London, Kiifrland, 12
Dec., 18JiH. came to this country with his father in
1850. and studied architecture. Durinfr the civil
war he was in the National cavalry service, rising
to the rank of lieutenant and brevet captain.
After the war he l)ecame a teacher and journalist.
Concerning the circumstances of the battle in
which Gen. George A. Custer met his death, he
entered into a long and hitter controversy, through
a congressional memorial and otherwise, which re-
sultea in a military court of inquiry being held in
Chicago in 187S>, in which his version of the facts
was virtually sustained. Since that controversy
Mr. Whittaker has withdrawn from all literature
save that of the fxipidar order. He has written
numerous stories for the New York " Ledger.'" and
in March. 1884. he published in the New York
*• Trilmne " a " Defence of Dime Novels, by a Writer
of Them." He has published a *' Life of Gen.
George .Armstrong Custer" (New York, 1876) and
"Ca<lot Mutton." a novel (1878).
WHITTAKER, James, Shaker elder, b. in Old-
ham, England, 28 Feb.. 1751 ; d. in Enfield. Conn..
20 July. 1787. Ho was brought up in the faith of
the French [)rophi'ts, and in his youth was placed
in the care of .Vnu Lee. l)ecoming her chief disci|)le.
He accompanied her to America, and when she
and her brother William died in 1784 he succeeded
as the head of the church, which, under his active
ministry, increiist>d in New Lebanon. N. Y.. Shir-
ley, Harvard, and Woburn, Mass., Enfield, Conn.,
and other j)la(cs.
WHITTEMORE, Amos, inventor, b. in Cam-
bridge, Mass., 1!) April, 1759; d. in West Cam-
bridge, Mass., 27 March. 1828. He was the son of
a farmer, and, after working for several years as a
gunsmith, formed a partnership with his brother
and others for the manufacture of cotton and wool
cards. After engaging in this business for a short
time he invented a mac^hine lor puncturing the
leather and setting the wires, an oi)enition that had
previously been j)orformcd by hand. In experi-
menting for this invention he met with the great-
est difficulty in l)ending the wires to a given angle
after thev were finally fastened in the leather, and
was on the point of giving up the attempt, when
in a dream fie discovered the metho<l of effecting
it. The invention was patented in the United
States in 171*7, and Mr. \N hittemore went to Eng-
land to secure his rights there, but was unsuccess-
fuL In this country the invention was sold for
$150,0(X), but afterward it was repurchased by his
bn»ther, Samuel, who then conducted the business.
His last years were devoted to the construction of
an orrery, in which every planet was to describe its
own orltit. but he did not ctmiplete it.
WHITTEMORE, Don Jnnn, civil engineer, b.
in Milton, Vt.. 0 Dec, \mO. He received his early
eilucation from his father, wh«) was a lawyer, and
then spent two terms at the Bakersfield atmlemv.
In 1847 he liecame an engineer, and in 1853-'7
was made chief assistant engineer of the La
Cnwse and Milwaukee railroad, after which he was
chief engineer of the Southern Minnesota railway
company. His health then failing, he accepted the
place of chief assistant engineer of the Western
railway of Cuba, but returned to the United States
in 1861. and became chief assistant engineer of the
La Crosse and Milwaukee railroad. In 1865 he was
appointed chief assistant engineer of the Chicago,
Milwaukee, and St. Paul railway company, and in
1866 its chief engineer. At that time the road
was only 275 miles, but it has steadily increased
until it is now 5.675, being the largest railway
under one ownership and management in the
world. He has had charge of the construction of
2.700 miles of railway line and bridges, including
those across Mississippi river at La Crosse, Minne-
apolis, and Sabula, and across Missouri river at
Kansas City. During 1874-'5 he became much in-
terested in the subject of hydraulic cement, and
experimented with a product made from stone
found near Milwaukee, From these investigations
has resulted the establishment of works that now
produce 4(X),000 barrels yearly. A switch-stand of
nis invention is now in use on more than one tenth
the mileage of railways in the C^nited States. The
degree of C. E. was conferred on him by the Uni-
versity of Vermont in 1884. and that of Ph. D.
by the University of Wisconsin in 1884. He is a
member of scientific societies and was president of
the American society of civil engineers in 1884.
WHITTEMORE, Thomas, clergyman, b. in
Boston, 1 Jan., 1800; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 21
March, 1861. He was apprenticed, at the age of
fourteen, to a morocco-dresser in Charlestown, sub-
sequently to a brass-founder, and then to a shoe-
maker in Boston. Becoming acquainted with the
Hev. Hosea Ballon, he was led to study theology
under his direction, and in April, 1821, became
rastor of the Universalist church at Milford. Mass.
n 1822 he removed to the church in Cambridge-
port, the pastorate of which he resigned in 1831.
At an early period in his career as a minister he
was joint editor of the "Universalist Magazine,"
and in 1828 he established the " Trumpet, a Uni-
versalist newspaper in Boston, of which he was sole
editor and proprietor for thirty years. He repre-
sented Cambridge repeatedly in the legislature,
and was president of the Vermont and ^lassachu-
setts railway, and of the Cambridge bank for many
years. Tufts college gave him the degree of D. D.
in 1858. He published " Modern History of Uni-
versalism, from the Era of the Reformation to the
Present Time" (Boston. 1830; enlarged ed., 1860);
"Notes and Illustrations of the Parables" (1832) ;
" Songs of Zion " (1836) ; " Commentary on the
Revelation of St. John " (1838) ; " Guide to Univer-
salism " (1839) ; " Commentary on the Book of Dan-
iel" (1^40); "The Gospel Harmonist "(1841); "Con-
ference Hymns" (1842); "The Sunday-School
Choir" (1844); "Life of Rev. Hosea Ballon" (4
vols., 1854-'5) ; and an " Autobiography " (1859).
W HITTHORNE, Washington Curran, sena-
tor, b. in Lincoln (now Marsliall) county, Tenn.,
19 April, 1825. He was graduated at EJast Ten-
nessee university in 1843. studied law, and was li-
censed to practise. He was a member of the state
senate in 1855-'8, and of the Tennessee house of
representatives in 1859-'61. Mr. Whitthorne was
on the Democratic electoral ticket in 1860, and
delegate to the Baltimore convention. At the open-
ing of the civil war he became assistant%dju tan t-gen-
eral toGen. Samuel R. Anderson's Tennessee brigade
in the Confederate army, and served throughout
the western Virginia campaign. He was adjutant-
general of the state of Tennessee in 1862-'5, and was
in the various campaigns of the Confederate army
of Tennessee as aide on the staffs of Gen. Samuel R.
Anderson. Gen. Marcus J. Wright, Gen. John C.
Carter, and Gen. William J. Hardee. lie was elect-
\
i
'^V^WJrff*
c^^^^^^^-t^y^^^^sIO
I<JU>PIJ0TOK *C?
WHITTIER
WIIITTIER
493
ed rcpn'jvntative in oonjfrpwj from Tcnnemee in
1870. aii«l swTvwl by ro-t»lcct i<«i till 1H8;J. He wao
HpiMiiiittil to till' L^. 8. ttenate as a |)ciii(K-rnt to All
the va<*atu'V ocfAsiontHl by the resij;iiHtion.of How-
ell K. Jmk'son, took his sent. 2ti April, 188G. and
was aft<;rwHrd eloctwl to till out the unexpireil
term. He had previously In'en electe<l to tho house
of repn's«'iitntivf« for tfie 5()th conjjress. In the
Iioiise Mr. Wiiilt home was for six years chairman
of the committee on naval affairs.
WIIITTIKR. John direenleaf, {xnt, b. in Ha-
verhill. Miuss.. 17 \Uh:, 1807. His part>nts were
memlxTs of the Society of Friends, and to the
principles and praetices of this sect he always re-
mained faithful, conforming even to its tieculiari-
ties of s|HM3ch and jrarb in a community wnere such
obs*Tvance, by bein^ sinjjular, must often have
been trying to a tem[)erament so shy and sensitive
«i) his. His first American ancestor came to Mas-
sachusetts in 1038, and the conversion to Quaker-
ism took place in the second generation of the
family, after the settlemsnt of the Bay C'olony, at
a tinie when that sect was sternly persecuted.
There may therefore be something of heredity in
the unswerving constancy of Whittier to unpopu-
lar opinions. At the date of his birth Haverhill
was still a farming village, one of the prettiest
among the many pretty hamlets which then gave
a }^>eaceful charm to the rural scenery of Massachu-
setts. Born on a farm, Whittier's first occupations
were those of a farmer's boy. driving the kine to
and from pasture, riding to mill, fetcning in wood
for the undying kit<.-hen-fire, and helping in the
lighter lalM)rs of haying and harvest, ilo was thus
early brought into that intimate communion with
Mother Karth and with Nature which comes not by
mert» obst>rvation, and which gives such a jHXJuliar
charm of picturesque truth to so many of his poems.
How much he thus learned and to how good profit
he put it are visible in many of his poems, but es-
pecially in his " Snow-Bouiid." which, in addition
to its other merits, has now also a historical value
as a vivid picture of mrxles of life even then obso-
lescent ana now almost as far away as those pic-
tured by Homer. And not only will tho scenery
of New F^ngland. both outwanl and domestic, live
in his verse, but it is worth remark that the nobler
qualities of tho Puritans have nowhere found such
adequate literary expression since Milton as in this
memlwr of a stnit which they di<l their utmost to
8up[)ress. Almost alone among American jKiats,
he has revivetl the legends of his neighlM)rhood in
verse, and his " Floyd Ireson" is among tho l)est
of modern ballads. sur[)asse<l by none save Scott,
if even by him. His schooling in other resja'cts
must have been scanty enough, since his only op-
portunity during l}oyh«K)d would be the nearest
district school (taught commonly by a college stu-
dent younger than 8»>me of his rustic pupils), where
he got such training in tho simpler rudiments of
knowledge as was possible under the conditions
then existing. And this training, as usually in the
country, was limited to the winter months, when
farm-work wiis n»H'essjirily sus|)ended. He has
recorded his indebtedness during boyhood to Dr.
VAias Weld, of Haverhill, who gave iiim the free-
dom of his library.
A farm-hand taught him shoemaking. the com-
mon occupation during winter in the fishing and
farming villages along the coast, and by this
means he earned enough to warrant his attend-
ing Haverhill wademy during six months of
18'i7. He was now sufliciently learned, according
to the sim|»ler notions of those days, to be himself
a teacher, and taught in the district school of West
Amesbury during the following winter. This sup-
plied the means for an<»ther six months at tne
academy. In Whittier's cjise, as in that of so
many other New Ktiglanders, nothing is more
characteristic or more touching than the fiersist-
ent resolve to get the best education within their
reach at whatever sac riflce.
The literary impulse in him must have been
stnmg, for while yet in his nineteenth year hecon-
trilmted anonymous verse to the |>oet's corner
of the " Free Press," a journal e<litetl by W. L,
(Jarrison in Newburyport, and enjoyerl the furtive
bliss of print. Garrison saw signs of promise in
these immature ex{)eriments, sought out the au-
thor, and gave him the precious encouragement of
praise and symjmthy. This led to a lasting friend-
ship, and, with the traditions of his se<-t, may have
hiul some influence in preparing Whittier to enlist
in the anti-slavery cruswle which In'gan with the
establishment of the " Liberator" in IK'Jl, and af-
terward caught so much of its inspiration from his
fervid lyrics. The ambition to become a p<^)et was
awakened in him appropriately enough by a copy
of Ro)>ert Burns's poems, which fell into bis hands
in his fourteenth year.
His father dying, he carried on the farm for the
next five years, and in 18:i5 was sent to the general
court from Haverhill. During all these years he
had been an industrious writer, seeking an outlet
in all directions and contributing iK)ems to John
Neal's " Yankee " and to the '* New England Maga-
zine," where the "Autocrat" began his admirable
discourses. In 1829 he undertook the e<litors})ip
of the "American Manufacturer" in Boston, and
in 1830 succee<led George I). Prentice as editor of
tho "Haverhill Gazette" during the first six
months of the year, and then of tho " New Eng-
land Weekly lleview" in Hartford, Conn. This
office he resigned in 1833 on account of failing
health and retume<l home. In 1830 ho became
secretary of tho American aiiti -slavery society,
and afterward removed to Philadelphia, where for
a year (1838-'9) he edited the " Pennsylvania Free-
man." This he did with such sincerity that its print-
ing-office was sacked and burned by a mob. At that
time it n'quired thecourage of passionate conviction
to maintain principles the noisier profession of
which wjis to become profitable a few years later.
Delicate as hii< organization was, Whittier faced
many a bruUd mob with unflinching composure.
He was never a mere fanatic, but always quick to
recognize and celebrate high qualities even in an
adversary, as many of his jKX'ms show. He re-
fused to follow Garrison in the retmnciation of
i)olitical action as one means of reform. In 1840
lie took up his abo<le in Amesbury, a quiet village
near his birthplace, and there (with the exception
of six months s(ient at Lowell as editor of tho
" Mi«ldles«»x Standard "), in the simple dignity of a
frugal intlependence, the fruit of his own literary
lalxirs, he ha* livwi ever since, and happily still lives,
known and lov«l wherever our tongue is sjK>ken.
Fn)m 1847 to 18.')9 he contributed e<litorially to
the " National Em," an anti-slavery newspaf>er
published at Washington, in which " Uncle 'Pom's
Cabin " was first printed.
In his seclusion Whittier was never idle, nor did
he neglect his duties as a citizen while confirming
his quality as a poet. Whenever occasion offered,
some burning lyric of his flew across the country,
like the fiery crt)ss, to warn and rally. Never
mingling in active politics (unless filling the office
of presidential elector may l»e calUnl s«>). he prob-
ably did more than anybody in prei>aring the ma-
terial out of which the Republican party was
494
WIIITTIER
WHITTINGHAM
■fr^.
made. When the eivil war was impending he
would hav»? evmlwl it if jiossible by any concession
short of siirr»'n<ler. as his "Won! for the Hour"
(January, ISGl) shows. While the war continued
ho wrote little with direct reference to it, antl
never anything that showe<l any bitterness toward
the authors of it. After it was over he would
have made the terms of settlement litx>ral and con-
ciliatory. He was too wise an<l t«x) humane to
stir the still livin<r eml)ers of passion and resent-
ment for any political end however dear to him.
Of all .American fioets. with the sinjjie exception
of Longfellow, Whittier has been the most |x)pular,
an<l in nis case
more than in
that of any other
the |)opu]arity
has been warmed
tliroufjh with af-
fection. This has
l)een due in part
to the nobly sim-
ple character of
the man. trans-
jMirent through
(lis verse, in part
to the fact that
his poetry, concerning itself chiefly with the ol)vi-
ous asjKH'ts of life an<l speculation, has kept close
to the highest levels of the average thought and
sentiment. His themes have been mainly chosen
from his own time and country — from his own
neighlK)rli()(>d even — he deals with simple motives
and with experiences common to all. and accord-
ingly his scenery (whether of the outward or the
inward eye) is domestically welcome txi all his
countrymen. He is never complex in thought or
obscure in expression, and if sometimes his diction
might gain in (luality by a more delilwrate choice,
yet the pellucid simplicity of his phrase and the
instant aptness of his epithet as often st^cure a
more winning felicity through his frankness of
lonfldence in the vernacular. His provincialisms
of word <ir accent have an endearing property to
the native ear. though even that will consent to
a few of his more licentious rhymes. One feels
that it is a neighlior who is speaking. Nor should
the genial piety of his haliitual thought and the
faith that seeks no securer foothold than the Il«)ck
of Ages, on which the fathers stof)d so firmly, be
overlooked among the fpialities that give him a
privilege of familiar entrance to a multitude of
hearts and minds which woidd be barred against
many higher, though not more genuine, forms of
poetry. His religion has the sincerity of Cowjxjr's
without those insane terrors that niado its very
sincerity a torture. There are manv points of
spiritual likeness lK?tween the Knglish and the
American poet, especially in their unmetaphvsi-
cized love of outward natures, their austeritv tem-
pered with playful humor, and in that humanity
of tone which establishes a tie of affectionate eoni-
p.inionship l)etween them and their readers. Whit-
tier has d<me as much for the scenery of New Eng-
land as Scott for that of Scotland. Manv of his
|K>ems (such, for example, as "Telling the Bees"),
in which description and sentiment mutually in-
spire each other, are as fine as any in the language.
Whittier, as many of his |>oems show, and as,
indeed, would be inevitable, has had his moments
of doubt and «listrust. but never of despair. He
has eticountereii everywhere the moral of his in-
scription on a sun-dial, convinced that "there's
light above me by the .^hade below." He, like
others, has found it hard to reconcile the creed
held by inheritance with the subtle logic of more
modem ukkIcs of thought. As he himself has said:
" He reconciled as best he could
Old faith and fancies new."
But his days have been " bound each to each with
i natural piety" : he has clung fa.st to what has lieen
i the wholesome and instructive kernel of all creeds;
he has found consolation in the ever-recurring
miracles, whether of soid or sense, that daily con-
front us, and in the expression of his own delight
and wonder and gratitude for them has conveye<l
that solace to the minds and hearts of all his
readers. One quality above all others in Whittier
— his innate and unstudied Americanism — has
rendered him alike acceptable to his countrymen
and to his kindred beyond the .«ea. His first vol-
ume was " Legends of New Flngland," in prose and
verse (Hartford. 1831), which has been followed by
".Moll Pitcher" (18;«): " Mogg Megone" (Boston,
1830); " Ballads "(1*^8); " Lays of My Home, and
other Poems" (184.3); "Miscellaneous Poems"
(1844); the first English edition of his poetry, en-
titled " Balhuls, and other Poems," with an mtro-
duction by Elizur Wright (London, 1844); "The
.Stranger in Lowell " (1845); " Supfimaturalism in
New England" (New York and London, 1847);
" Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal " (Boston,
1849); "Voices of Freedom " (Philadelphia, 1849);
a larger English collection of his " Poetical Works"
(London, 1850) ; " Old Portraits and Modem
Sketches" (Boston, 1850); "Songs of Ijal>or, and
other Poems," and " The Chapel of the Hermits,
and other Poems" (1853); "A Sabbath Scene: a
.Sketch of Slavery in Verse " (1853); " Literary Rec-
reations and Miscellanies" (1854); "The Pano-
rama, and other Poems" (185G); "Complete Poeti-
cal Works" (2 vols., ia57); "Home Ballads and
Poems" (1860); "Snow-Bound" (1862); a new edi-
tion of his " Complete Poetical Works " (1863) ; " In
War Time, and other Poems" (18<)3); "National
Lyrics" (1805) ; a collection of his " Prose Works"
(2 vols., 1866); "The Tent on the Beach" (1867);
"Among the Hills" (1868); an illustrated edition
of his "Complete Poetical Works" (1868); one
corresponding in typography with the " Proge
Works" (1869); a volume of his "Ballads of New
England " contains sixtr illustrations bv various
artists (1869) ; " Miriam, and other Poems' " (1870) ;
"The Pennsylvania Pilgrim, and other Poems"
(1872) ; " Hazel Blossoms " (1874) ; " Mal)el Martin "
(1875); a new collected edition of his " PoeticjJ
Works" comprising poems that he had written
till the^ date of publication (1875); "Centennial
Hymn " (1876) ; " The Vision of Echard. and other
Poems" (1878); "The King's Missive, and other
Poems" (1881); "Bav of Seven Islands, and other
Poems" (1883); "Poems of Nature" (18*5); and
"St. Gregory's Guest, and Recent Poems" (1886).
A final edition of his poetical and prose w^orks has
been supervised by himself, and includes his sister's
poems (7 vols., 1888-9). See a " Biography." by
Francis H. Underwood (Boston. 1873; new eiL,
1883). and "John G. Whittier: his Life. Genius,
and Writings," by W. Sloane Kennedy (1882).— His
sist«r, EHzabeth Hiissey, b. near Haverhill, Mass..
7 Dec. 1815 ; d. in Amesbury, 3 S«'pt., 1864. although
not a literary aspirant, was the author of poems
marked by tenderness, grace, and rhythmic felicity.
Several of them were included by her brother in
his volume entitled " Hazel Blossoms." Like him,
she was a member of the Society of Friends, and an
ardent a<lvocate of liberty. The engraving repre-
sents Whittier'shome. Oa(v Knoll, in Danvers, Mass.
WHlTTIN<iHA.M, Wniiam RoUinson, P. E.
bishop, b. in New York city, 2 Dec., 1805 ; d. in
WHITTINGHAM
WHirrLKSEY
495
Omnirc. N. J.. 17 Oct., 1879. He was the son of
|ji.ll-^h pnrents. His fHthcr, while aotivoly cn-
^1^ 1 in hu!iiiu's.s. foutul time for scholarly pur-
Miit-i. while his mother, with a view to her sou's
tNliicntioii, mmle hers«>lf a(>i|iiiiiiite(l with the
learned lan;;iiiij;es, and became so profleient in
them that she pive lessons in llehn'W to divinity
students. Voun); Whittingham had no instruc-
tion other than that he recteived at home until he
was MMJt to the General t he< »lo(iical s<Mninary,
where he was graduated in 1825. After IxMiip or-
deitnl deiicon in 1S27 he was assif^mil to mission-
ary work in the neighborhood of Orange, N. J.
He was ordained priest, 17 Dec.. IH2», when he be-
came rector of St. Mark's in the latter place. In
185H he acceptetl the rectorship of St. Luke's, New
York city, and remaine<l there until 1835, when,
after a voyage to Europe for his health, he was
chosen pr«)fessor of ecdesiastical history in the
General theological seminary. This chair heoccu-
pie<l until 1840. In that year, after a spirited con-
test among the friends of several candidates, he
was elwted bishop of Maryland, an<l consecrated
on 17 Sept. in St. Paul's. Baltimore. From his ac-
cession the diocese advanced rapidly in all tht.t
concerns church improvement, and his personal
influence with both clerg>' and laity was as extra-
ordinary as it was beneficent. Among several
cht;ritable and educational institutions that were
foundeil through his efiForts were St. James's col-
lege. Hagerstown, Md. ; the Church h(mie and in-
firmary. Baltimore; an order of deaconesses ; and
the SisterhcHxI of St. John in Washington. At
the l)eginning of the civil war Dr. Whittingham's
earnest advocacy of the Union cause separated him
temj)orarily from the sympathies of many of his
(leople. but his attitude then enableil him to lal)or
more successfully for the unity of the church when
the struggle had ended. In 1869 the diocese of
Ka.<ton was set off from that of Maryland, and in
1870 Ilev. William Pinkney. I). D., was ap|K)intefl
to relieve Bishop Whiltingham of a part of his
labors. In 1872 he re[»resente«l the American church
at the Lamlwth conference, and subsequently
he attended the
meeting of Ohl
Catholics at
Bonn in a sim-
ilar capacity.
Bishop Whi't-
tingham was
a pronounce<l
high - church-
man, although
he is under-
8to<xl to have
somewhat mod-
ified his opin-
ions later in
life. His pecu-
liar views en-
gaged him on
several <x'ca-
sionsin contro-
versies with his
clergy on |x»ints
of church gov-
ernment. Among these were his presentation in
1876 for not bringing to trial the rector of Mount
Calvary for reading prayers for the dead, and the
earlier contest with Rev. Dr. Jf>seph Trapnell.of St.
Andrew's, concerning the prior right of the bishop
to celebrate communion at confirmations. During
the war he ha<l occasion to rebuke his clergy severe-
ly for omitting from the service the prayer for the
CuV^UJl%>i/ttc^*^£>ei.'*^^.
president. For many years before hi.* death Dr.
Whittincham was an invalid. His la.st official act
was jK'rformed on 7 Nov., 187H. At the time of his
consecration he was the youngest of the American
bislioi>s; at his death he was the oldest but one.
having U'en thirty-nine years in the efiiscopal
o(n<-e. He nH'eive<l the degnn* of S. T. D. from Co-
lumbia in 1827. Ik'sides wliting the " Family Visi-
tor" and "Children's Magazine," monthly publica-
tions, and "The Chun-hman," issued we<>kly, he was
the editor of "The Parish Library of Standard
Works," with an intrfnluction and notes (l.H vols,,
1828 d seq.) ; Jahn's " Introduction to the Old Tes-
tament," with Dr. Samuel H. Turner (1827) : Will-
iam Palmer's "Tn-atise on the Church of Chri.st"
(2 vols., 1841): the "Commonitorium" of Vincent
of Ijerius. being a new translation with notes, etc.
(1847) : and " Ratramm on the liord's Supj)er." with
a revised translation (1848). He also contributed,
with three other dergvnu'n, to " fCssavs and Disser-
tations in Biblical Literature "(New York. 1829).
WHITTLE, Francis MoXeece. P. E. bishop,
b. in M(K'klenburg countv, Va.. 7 July, 1823. lie
was gmdmited at the \ irginia theological semi-
nary. Alexandria, in 1847, ordered deacon, 16 July,
1847. and ordained priest, 8 Oct.. 1848. He was
n'ctor of Kanawha parish, Kanawha co.. Va.. in
1847-'9, of St. James, Northam parish, Gooch-
land CO. in 1849-'52. of Grace church. Berrwille,
in 1852-'7, and of St. Paul's, Ixjuisville, I^y.. in
1857-'(58. He was elected a.ssistant bishop of Vir-
ginia. 17 May. 1867, and consecrated in St. I'aul's
church, Alexandria. Va., 30 April, 1868. Upon the
death of Bishop Johns, 4 April. 1876, he l)ecanje
bishop of Virginia. He received the «legreeof D. I).
from the Theological seminary of Ohio in 1867,
and that of LL. D. from William and Mary col-
lege in 1873. In 1877 the diix-ese of Virginia was
divide<l. West Virginia Ix'ing set off as a separate
di<x'ese. Bishop Whittle chofe the o]<l diocese.
WHITTLESEY, Aliijrail Goodricli, e<lucator.
b. in Ridgefield, Conn.. 29 Nov., 1788: d. in Col-
chester, Conn., 16 July, 1858. She was a sister of
Charles A. and Samuel G. Goodrich, w'as educated
at Jierlin. Conn., and married in 1808 the Itev.
Samuel Whittlesey, who wa.s pastor at New Pres-
ton. Conn., for several years, tnen was steward for
a short time of the American asylum for the deaf
and dumb at Hartford, and afterwan.1 was as.soci-
ate<l with her in c<inilu(ting large female semina-
ries in Utica and Caiiandnigua, N. Y. She lH>gan
in 18^^2, while in Utica, the publication of the
" Mother's Magazine," which she etiited till about
18.")0. and subsequently revived under the title of
"The Magazine for Mothers and Daughters."
WHITTLESEY, EI isha, lawyer, b. in Washing-
ton. Conn.. 19 Oct., 17h;{; d. in Washington. I). ('.,
7 Jan., 18(53. He was brou};ht up on a farm. rt»-
ceivwl an academical education. studie<I law. and
on his admission to the bar liegan practice in Can-
field. Ohio, in 1806, He serve«l as an aide-de-camp
during the war of 181^'15, was for sixteen years
prosecuting attorney of his district, a memWr of
the Ohio state house of representativtw in 1820-'!.
and served in congress from Ohio bv successive
elections from 1 Dec,, 1823, till 9 Julyi IK'W, when
he resigned. He was one of the foun«Iers of the
Whig party, was ap[x>inted by Presitlent Harri-
son in 1841 auditor of the [Kwt-ofllce department,
and by President Taylor in 1849 first ctimptroller
of the treasurv. from which post he was removeci
by President Buchanan in 1857, but he was rcap-
|xMnte<l by Pr(wident Lincoln in 1861, and held
office till his death. In 1845 he was appointed
general agent and director of the Washington
496
WHITTLESEY
WIIITTREDGE
(S^L6^^^^Ja^
national monument assofiation, and contributed
greatly to the sucti'fi.s of that entrrprise. — Ilis neph-
ew, (iiHrIrs, K»'<>l<tj:ist. h. in Southinpton. Conn.,
4 Oft.. is<)8: d. in Cleveland, Ohio. IM Oct., IHSO.
wa.«« jjraduttttKl at the U. S. military aca<ii'iny in
1S31, and assi>.'ne<l to the 5th infantry. In 18^2
he was stationed at Fort Howard. Wis., and. after
serviiijj in the
^^^mo^ Black I lawk war.
^^ ^*. ^^ resigned on !{()
r ^ A .^ept. of the sjune
vear. After study-
inj; law he fol-
lowed that pro-
fession in Clove-
land, and in IKJ}!)-
'7 he wjis editori-
ally connected
with the Cleve-
land "Herald."
In \K\1 he was
ap[)(>inted assist-
ant peolopist of
Ohio, under Will-
iam W. Mather,
and given charge
of the to{)ogranh-
iod and niathe-
PDitical parts of
that siin'ey, which disclosed the rich coal and
iron dc|M)siis of eastern Ohio that are tlie founda-
tion of its rnaniifactiiriiig industries. At this time
he carefully «'xauiiiied and measured several of
the works of the mound-builders, and his plans
and notes of twenty of these remains were em-
bodied in Davis and .S(|uier's "American Moiui-
ments of the .Mississippi Valley " (Wnsliington.
1K4M). From 1H47 till 1851 he was engaged by the
L'. .S. govennnent in nuiking a mineralogical and
geological survey of. the region about Lake Supe-
rior and the u|iper Mississippi. Subsequently he
was professionally engaged as a mitiing engineer
in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and in
18.")8 iK'came associated in the geological work of
the survey of Wisconsin. In February, 1801, he
was enroli<Hl in a company that tendered its ser-
vices to Gen. Winfield Sc-ott to escort the president-
elect, Abraham Lincoln, to Washington. He was
made assistant (piartermaster-genend on the staff
of the governor of Ohio on 17 April, 18(51, and dur-
ing the western Virginia campaign acted as chief
engineer of the Ohio troops. At the expiration of
his three-months' service he was appointed, on 15
A«>g., 1861, colonel of the 2()th Ohio infantry, and
detaile<i as chief enginwr of the Department of
Ohio, with charge of planning and constructing the
defences of Cincinnati. He was present at Fort
Di>nels<in, where he led his regiment, and after the
surrender was sent to the north in charge of over 10-
000 prisoners. At the battle of Shiloh hecommand-
e<I the :W brigade of Gen. Lewis Wallace's division,
but failing health comfR'Hwi his retirement from
active service, and he resigned on 19 Ajiril, 18B2.
He then resumed the geological exploration in the
Ijake .Superior antl upiKT Mississi|tpi basin, and
continued his literary laljors. In 1807 he was ac-
tive in the founding of the Western Heserve and
northern Ohio historical society, of which he was
president until his death. His bibliography included
alxiut 200 titles, and, in addition to his reports for
thegiH)logical surveys, he published in the"Smith-
Mmian C<»ntributions" " Descripticms of Ancient
Works in Ohio "(Washington, 1851); "On Fluctua-
tionyof I^vel in the North American liakes " (1860) ;
" Ancient Mining on the Shores of Lake Superior "
(1863): and "On the Fresh-Water Glacial Drift in
the Northwestern States" (186({). He is also the
author of " Life of John Fitch." in Sparks's " Ameri-
can Biography" (Boston, 1845); and "Early His-
tory of Cleveland and \'icinitv" (Cleveland, 1867).
Whittlesey, Frederick, jurist, b. in Wash-
ington, Conn., 12 June, 171M> ; d. in Rochester, N. V.,
Yd S<'pt., 1851. He was graduated at Yale in 1818,
and was admitted to the bar in Utica, N. Y., in
1821. He settled in Kmhcsfer in 1822. was a mem-
In-r of the " Morgan committee," and conducted an
anti-Masonic |K)liticaI newspaper in the canvass
of 1828. He was treasurer of Monroe county in
182f<-'30, representative in congress from New York
in 18i^l-'5, vice-chancellor of the 8th judicial dis-
trict of the state in 18y9-'47, and judge of the su-
preme court of New York in 1847-8. Judge Whit-
tlesey was professor of law at Genesee college in
1850^'l. He published an address that he deliv-
ered at Rochester. 4 July, 1842. and pamphlets.
WHITTLESEY, Joseph H., soldier, b. in New
York in 1821 : d. in Seattle, W. T., 2 Aug., 1886.
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy
in 1844, and assigned to the 2d U. S. dragoons.
Incoming 1st lieutenant, 18 Oct., 1847. He served
in the military occupation of Texas and in the war
with Mexico, and was brevetted 1st lieutenant for
gallantry at Biiena Vista in 1847. Until the open-
ing of the civil war he was on duty in New Mexico
and Oregon. As major of the 5th U. S. cavalry he
served with the Army of the Potomac till May,
1802. During the remainder of the war Maj.
V\ hittlesey was employed in organizing volunteer
cavalry. He was retired from active service on
account of disability resulting from exposure in
the line of duty. He was employed on light duty
until February, 1807. when he was ordered to in-
s|)cct the educational institutions of the United
States, for the purpose of devising a system of
military instruction for colleges and universities
with relation to a scheme for future National de-
fence. He was professor of military science at
Cornell in 18e8-'70, and treasurer of the Soldiers'
home, Washington, D. C, till 1881.
WHITTLESEY, Sarah Johnson Cogswell,
author, b. in Williamston. Martin co., N. C, abobt
1825. She was graduated at La Vallie seminary,
in Halifax county, N. C, in 1841. She removed to
Virginia in 1848 and resides in Alexandria. Miss
Whittlesey has written for the periodical press
nrosc and verse, and among other works has pub-
lished " Heart-Drops from Memory's Urn " (New
York, 1852); "The Stranger's Stratagem, or the
Double ^Deceit, and other Stories" (1800); "Her-
bert Hamilton, or the Bas Bleu " (1867) ; " Bertha,
the Beauty: a Story of the Southern Revolution "
(Philadcl})hia. 1871): and, with her brother, "Spring
Buds and Summer Blossoms " (1888).
WHlTTREDtlE, Worthington, artist, b. in
Springfield, Ohio, 22 May. 1820. When he was al)Out
twenty years of age he went to Cincinnati, where
he soon began portrait-painting. In 1849 he vis-
ited Europe, gouig first to London and Paris, and
then to DQsseldorf, where he was for three years a
pupil of Andreas Achenbach. He studied al.so in
Belgium and Holland, and in 1855 went to Rome,
remaining there until 1859. In the letter year he
returned to the United States and settled in New
York, where he was elected an as.sociate of the Na-
tional academy in 1860, and an academician the
following year. In 1874 he was president of the
academy. He made a sketching tour to the west
in 1865. accompanying Gen. John Pope on his tour
of ins^^ction. Mr. Whittredge is an alert student
of nature, whose well-finished landscajHJS, though
WIIYTE
WICKES
497
doubtless improve<l by his training; Hbrowl, are yet
dutinctivflv individuMl, with no inuiiiierisin result-
ing fn>in ^oreifjn inrtuonce. His works, mostly
pietures of American scenery, include "ThpSchllt-
zenfest " (1857); "The Itomun Camtrngnu " ami
•'The Uuinsof Tusculum"(18.')«); "TheOld Hunt-
ing drounils" (l!S04); " Berkeley's Seat, Newport"
nscMJ): "The Itockv Mountains from the Kiver
hatte" (18<J8); "Poorest IinH)k " (187:i): "Trout
Brook" (1875); "Twilight on the Hudwm" and
" Sunnv I)ay in the WckkIs " ( 188!J) ; " The Plains of
Colonwlo" (1884); and " Afternoon in the Wo<kIs"
and "A BrtH.k among the Hills" (1887).
WHYTE, William Pinkney, senator, b. in
Baltimore, Md.. » Aug., 1824. His grandfather.
Dr. John Camplndl White, was a native of Ire-
land, who settliMl in lialtimore alx)ut 1800. and his
mother was Istibella, daughter of William Pink-
ney. The son was educatinl by a private tutor and
at Baltimore college. After serving alM>ut two
years in the Imnking-house of Pealxiuy, Itiggs and
Co., of which (leorge Pealx^iy had been the head,
he studiwl law in Baltimore, and completed his
course at Harvard, and in 184fi he was admitted
to the bar of Maryland. He serve<l in the legis-
lature in the session of 1847, and in 1848 was ap-
j)ointed by John Y. Mason, secretary of the navy,
as judge-mlvocAteof a court-martial, of which Cap-
tains Farragut, Buchanan, Barron, and others were
memlnrs, at the U. S. naval academy, Annapolis.
He was elwted comptroller of the treasury of Mary-
land in 1853, and in 1868 he was a delegate to tfie
I>em<K'ratic national convention at N^ew York.
When Reverdy Johnson became U. S. minister to
Gn«at Britain in 18(58, Mr. Whyte was appointed to
the U. .S. senate by the governor of Maryland, to fill
the vacancy that was thus creaUnl. He served until
8 March, 1869. In 1871 he was elected governor of
Maryland, but in
1874 he resigtied
that office to en-
able the legis-
lature to ch(K)se
his successor, on
his electi(m to
the U. S. senate.
He took his seat
in the senate, 4
March, 1875, and
served until 8
March, 1881. In
1874 he received
the degree of LI J.
D. from the Uni-
versity of Mary-
land. During
that year he was
counsel for the
state, Ijeing ap-
jHiinted by the
governor, in the trial of the iKiundary disnute Ik*-
tween Maryland and Virginia, which was suomitted
to the arbitration of Judge Jeremiah S. Black,
ex-(i»>v. Charles J. Jenkins, of (Jeorgia. and .S«Mia-
tor James B. Be<-k, of Kentucky. In the autumn
of 1881 he was elected mayor of Baltimore without
opposition, and he served till Xovemlxr, 1883. In
1887 he was chosen attorney-general of Maryland,
which oflice he now holds.
W I BERG. Andreas, Swedish clergyman, b, in
Tuna, H<'lsinglan<l. Swe<len, 17 July. 1816 ; d. early
in NovemlxT, 1887. He was grmluated at the
University of U|>sala in 184^3, ordained the same
year, and in 1843-'51 was a minister of the Lu-
theran state church of Sweden. In 1852 be united
VOL. Tl. — 82
i:'
4^d/*<^^,^^^^Oo^(^
with the Baptist denomination, and immeiliately
afterwanl he came to this country. In 185'-J-'3 he
was col|)ortcur evangelist in the service of the
American Baptist indilication society among sail-
ors in New York and Swedish emigrants in the west,
and in 1855 he was sent to Sweden by the same
society as su|terintendent of colfMirtage, and ha8
lalK)re<l there ever since. He has publisheil. in
Swe<lish, "Who is to Ik; Baptized f" (Upsala 1852);
"Christian Baptism as set Forth in the Holy S<-ri|>-
tures," in Knglish and Swedish (Philadelphia, 1854);
"Translation of the (lospel aci'onling to St. Mat-
thew, with Commentary " (St<x'kholm, 1858) ; " The
I)(K'trine of the Holv .^-ripture <m Sanctificati<m "
(1868); "The I)(H-trine of Justification** (186»);
"•Come to Jesus" (1869); " Unity of Christians"
(1878); "The Victorious Keign of Christ" (Chris-
tiana. 188:1) ; and " The Church " (1884). He edited
"The Kvangflisl" from 18.')6till 1873.
WICKEKSHAM, James Pyle. educator, b. in
(Chester county, Pa.. 5 March, 1825. He is of the
fifth generation in direct descent from Thomas
Wickersham, who in 1701 settled on a l,0(K)-acre
tract of land in Chester county that had Ixn-n
deede<l by William Penn in 1(582 to his father-in-
law, Anthony Killinglteck. The Wickersham fami-
ly came from the parish of Bolney, county of Sus-
sex, England. James received a gcwMl ediu-ation
in the public schools and at Union ville acjidemy,
near his birthplace. When he was sixtw;n years
old he was teacher in a public school, and in 1845
he Ix'came principal of the Marietta (Pa.) academy.
He was the first county su|>erintendent of Lan-
caster county in 18.'>4. and in 18.55 he o|K>ned the
normal school at Millersville, Pa, which in 1K59
became the first state normal school in Pennsyl-
vania. In 18(56 he was ap|X)inted state suiH>rintend-
ent of public instruction, and held that {)ost for
nearly fifteen years. He assisted in the organiza-
tion of the Lancaster county educational as.socia-
tion, and l)ecame its second president in 18(53. He
heljx^d to organize the Pennsylvania state teachers'
association, was its fourth president in 18.5.'), as-
sisted at the organization of the National echwa-
tional association, and was its seventh president
in 18(55. He was twice ele<-tt'd president of the
Natioiuil department of s<'hool suiM>rintendcnts.
In 18(5:J he raised a n'giment of sohliers for three
months' service, and commanded it during the
(lettysburg campaign. Lafayette gave him the
degree of LL. D. in 1871. In 1882 he was a|>pointed
U. S. minister to Denmark. He ha>« written on edu-
cational subjects for nuigazines and newspajH-rs.
For ten years (1871-'81) he was editor of the
" Pennsylvania School Jounuil." His " S<"htKd
Economy" (Philadelphia. 18(54) and "Methmls of
In.struction " (18(5.5) have Ik'cu translate<l into the
Spanish, Fn»nch, aixl Ja|)anese languages. His
most elaborate work is the " History of L<lucation
in Pennsylvania" (1886).
WICIiES, Lambert, naval officer, b. in New
England aUmt 1735; d. at sea on the Ivinks of
Newfoundland in 1778. He was among the first
naval officers that were apiminttnl in the war of inde-
|KMidence, his first commission IxMugdate*! 22 Dec.,
1775. In the summer of 1776 he commanded the
brig " Reprisal." and in a cruise to the West Indies
he capture<l the British ships "Friendship" and
" SharK " and the schooner " Peter." On his re-
turn in July he took Benjamin Franklin to France
in the " Reprised." which was the first American
war-ship that ever visited Eumjie. On this cruise
he capture*! two British brigs in Novendxr, 1776.
After his arrival ih France with his prizes, which
were sold, he sailed on a cruise in the Bay of Bi»<
498
WICKES
WICKLIFFE
cay. where he captured several other English prizes.
The British governmorit remonsimtoil with France,
then at |)OJU!o with Knpland, wliich lu'cessitated
mock sales of the prizes at sea. Tiie French (nov-
ernmeiit was thereafter ohli>,i'd to order the Ameri-
can cniist'rs to leave France. Wickes took com-
mand of the .Vmerican s<iuadrou. consisting of the
brijf " Ix'xington," which ha<l arrived from the
Uniteil States, and the "Dolphin." Wickes ca{H
turt'il fourteen vessels in five days in the Hav of
Biscay and in the Kn^lish channel, all of which
were sent to Franco and sold in .lune. 1777. Wickes
wjis afterwanl chased by a British ship of the line.
Hn<l escape<l by throwin;,' his jjiins overboard. He
contiinietl his "cruise toward this country in the
" Ueprisjil " alone, as the little scpiadron had .sepa-
rated, and was lost in a storrn on the banks of New-
foundland in 177S. All the crew of the '• Keprisal "
w^ere lost with the ship except the cook.
WICKES, Stejiheii, phvsician. b. in .Tamaica.
Loni: Island, X. Y.. 17 March. 1818. He is a de-
scendant of Th(»nias Wickes. of the Massjichusetts
colony of 1(W5. IIt> was ijraduated at L'nion col-
lege in lH;n. In Wi2 he entered the Rensselaer
polytechnic institute. Troy. N. V.. where he studied
chemistry and natural science one year, and after-
ward he was ^rraduated in medicine at the LTniver-
sity of Pennsylvania in bS;{4. He practised one
year in New York, fifteen in Troy. N. Y.. and since
IH'fi has JM-en in Oran>re. X. J. He received the
honorary detcree of A. M. from Princeton in 1808,
an<l is connected with medical and other learned
societies, and is secretary of the New Jersey his-
torical s(x-iety. In February. 1886. he withdrew
from the active labor of his profession, and htvs since
devoted himself to iiterarv work. He edited the
"Transactions" of the Me<lical society of Xew
Jersey from 18()0 till 1882. also the old transac-
tions of the same from 176(5 till 1858. and has
publishe<l "Topoj^ntphy of Oranjfe" (X'ewark. 18.59):
"Water-Cure in Oranjire " (1861); "Memoirs of
Thomas W. Blatchford. M. I)., of Troy "(1866);
• Memorial Volume, First Presbyterian Church.
Oraufje, X. J." (1870); "Living and Dying, their
Physics and Psychics" (1874); " History of Medi-
cine in Xew Jerst^v. and of its Medical Men to A.
I). 18(K)" (1879); "Sei)ulture. its History. Methods,
and Ue<piisit^^s " (1884); and " History of the New-
ark .Mountains " (1888). — His brother. Thomas,
clergyman, b. in Jamaica. X. Y., 81 Oct., 1814; d.
in Orange. X. J.. 10 Xov., 1870, was graduated at
Yale in 18:14, studied theology at Princeton and
at Xew Haven theological seminary, and was or-
dained as an evangelist in 1839. He became pas-
tor of the Ist Congregational church of Marietta,
Ohio, in July, 1840, and after a successful pastor-
ate of twenty-nine years resigned and was called
to the Presbyterian church of Jamestown, N. Y.,
where he remained only alwiut a year, owing to the
failure of his health. He had In-en active in the
formation of the Marietta (Congregational con-
ference and of the Ohio state conference, and was
chos<m mcxlerator of the latter in 1853, and again
in 1800, In 1849 he was elected a trustee of Mari-
etta college, an«l he received the degree of D. D.
from Waliash college in 1860. He published " Kx-
{Kjsition of the Apocalypse" (New York, 1851);
"The .Son of Man '' <B<.ston. 1868); "The House-
hold " (186H) ; and " Economy of the Ages " (1869),
WICK HAM, John, lawyer, b. in Southold,
I^ng Island. N. Y., 6 June, I'lm ; d. in Richmond,
Va.. 17 Jan., 1839. He was intended for the army,
but .after studying at the military acmlemy of
Arras, France, returned to this country, settled in
Williamsburg. Va., and in 1785 began to practise
^/^
^>^X.
law. He removed to Richmond in 1790, and for
many vears occupied a high place at the bar of
that city, engag-
ing, among other
im|K)rtant cases,
in the trial of
Aaron Burr for
treason against
the U. S. govern-
ment, in which
h<! was counsel
for the defend-
ant. Of his and
hisassoeiate coun-
sel's efforts in this
celebrate<l trial,
tiie chief Justice
said : " The sub-
ject has been ar-
gued in a manner
worthy of its im-
portance. A de-
gree of eloquence
seldom displayed
on any occasion
has embellished
solidity of argument and depth of research." Mr.
Wickham continued in active practice until his
death, and, although he declined political office, it
is said ho could have obtained any post in the gift
of the people. John Randolph of Roanoke refers
to him in his will as " My best of friends, without
making any profession of friendship for me. and the
wisest and best man I ever knew." Mr. Wickham
was noted for his fine presence and courtly man-
ners, which obtained for him the encomium of the
poet Moore that " he was the only gentleman he had
found in America, and would have graced any court
in Europe," — His grandson, WilHams Carter,
soldier, b, in Richmond, Va., 21 Sept.. 1820; d.
there. 23 July, 1888, was educated at the University
of Virginia, adopted the profession of law, served
in the sUite senate, and was an active member of
the " old-line " Whig party. At the beginning of
the civil war he entered the Confederate army as
captain, and became colonel of the 4th Virginia
regiment, rising to the rank of brigadier-general.
He served in most of the iinf)ortant battles of the
Array of Northern Virginia, and was wounded
three times, severely at Williamsburg. In 1864 he
was a member of the Confederate congress. After
the war he joined the Republican party, attaching
himself to the conservative branch of that body.
He was an admirer and advocate of Gen. Grant,
supported him for the presidency, and exerted a
pacific influence in the reconstruction of the state.
From the first he opposed the adjustment of the
state debt as proposed by the followers of William
Mahone, and engaged in many controversies with
that senator. He was chosen to the state senate in
1882-'3, and in the next election he was returned
without opposition. At the time of his death he
was a vice-president, general manager, and receiver
of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad.
WICKLIFFE, Charles A., politician, b. in
Bardstown, Ky., 8 June. 1788; d. in Howard
county, Md.. 31 Oct., 1869. He wa» educated at
the Bardstown grammar-school, studied law. was
admitted to the Imr in 180i>. and began practice in
Bardstown. He soon achieved distinction as a
lawyer. He was aide to Gen. Samuel Caldwell at
the "battle of the Thames, 5 Oct., 1813, was a mem-
ber of the state house of representatives in 1814-'23,
and sat in congress from Kentucky in 1823-'33,
having been chosen as a Henry Clay Democrat.
WICKSTKKD
WIOOER
499
IIo was then electe<l apiin to the state lej^islature,
and was its speaker in 18:14. In IWG he was
elected iieutenant-j?overnor of his native state, and
in 18Ji9 ho became acting governor. In 1841 he
was appointed postmaster-general by President
Tyler, holding tne post till March. 184^'), and in
the latter year he was sent by President I'olk on a
secret mission to Texas in the interests of annexa-
tion. IIo was a member of the Stale constitutional
convention of 1845, a member of the Peac-e congress
in February, 1861, servinl agaiti in congress in
1861 -'3. having been chosen as a Union Whig, and
was a delegate to the Chicago national Democratic
convention in 1864. Mr. Wickliffe was wealthy,
and his aristocratic bearing and contempt for the
{»oorer classes won him the name of " the Duke."
>VICKSTEEI». Uustavus William. Canadian
lawyer, b. in Liverpool, Kngland, 21 Dec, 1799.
He removed to Canada in 1821, began the study
of law in 182o, was admitted as an advocate in
1832, and was made a queen's counsel in 1854. Mr.
Wicksteed entered the public service in 1828, l)e-
came law-clerk of the Canada assembly in 1841,
and the same year was appointed one of thi*ee com-
missioners to revise the statutes and ordinances of
Lower Canada. In 1856 he was chosen with Sir
James H. Macaulay and others a commissioner to
revise, consolidate, and classify the public general
statutes of Canada, and in 1867 he became law-
clerk of the house of commons. In addition to
various indexes and tables of the statutes of Cana-
da, he has published " Waifs in Verse" (Montreal,
1878). — His s<jn, Richard John, advocate and
barrister, is assistant law-clerk and Knglish trans-
lator in the Ciinadian house of commons.
WIDDIFIELI). Joiin Henry, Canmlian phv-
sician, b. in Whitchurch, Ont., 12 June, 1812. lie
was graduated as a physician and surgeon at the
lioyal college of surgeons, England, the Royal
college of physicians, Edinburgh, Victoria uni-
versity, Canada, and the College of physicians and
surgeons of Ontario, and established himself in
practice in Newmarket, Ont. He receivctl the Re-
form nomination for the Dominion parliament in
1874, and again in 1882, but declined on both
occasions. He was elected to the legislature of
Ontario in 1875, re-elected in 1879, 1883, and
1886, and was ministerial " whip " under the Mowat
government from 1877 till 1883, when he resigned.
WIDMER, Christopher, Canjwlian physician,
b. in P]ngland in 1780; d. in Toronto, 2 May, 1858.
As surgeon of the 14th light dnigoons he served
thn)ugn nearly the whole of the peninsular cam-
{>aiga, and held the medal with five clasps. Ho
removed to Canada during the war of 1812, settled
in Toronto, and on 15 Aug., 1843, was appointed
a memljer of the legislative council of Canada
under a writ of summons from the crown.
WIERZBICKI, Felix Paul, author, b. in Po-
land; d. in California in 1861. He came to the
United States on the failure of the Polish revolu-
tion of 18^10, and. after teaching for a time, studied
medicine and began to pnictise in Providence.
R. I. Ho emigrated to California in 1848. and
turned his attention to metallurgy, publishing one
of the first books issued uj)on the mines of that
state. At the time of his death he was emnloyecl
in the San FriincLsco mint. He is the autnor of
** The Ideal Man, a Conversation l)etween Two
Friends ufxin the Beautiful, the OikkI, and the
True as manifested in Actual Life, bv Philokalist "
(Boston, 1841).
WKiFALU Lonis Trezerant, senator, b. in
Ivlgefiehl district, S. C. 21 April. 1816; d. in Gal-
veston, Tex., 18 Feb., 1874. He was educated at
the College of South Carolina, but left before
graduation to go, as a lieutenant of volunteers, to
Florida, where he took part in the operations
against the Indians. He subse<{uentlv studied
law at the University of Virginia was admitted to
the bar, and removed to Marshall, Tex., where
he practise<l his profession. He serve<l in the
lower branch of the Texas legislature in 1849-'50,
and was a meml)er of the state senate in 1857-'8,
and again in 1859-'60. During the latter session
he was chosen U. S. senator, and took his seat, 4
Jan., 1860. In that body he was among the ablest
and most uncompromising defenders of the slave
power. As he did not take his seat at the called
session ol the 32d congress, he was ex[)elle<l on 11
July, 1861. In the mean time he had U-en present
at the bombanlment of Fort Sumter, as a memlier
of Gen. Pierre G. T. Beauregard's staff. On the
aft«m(K)n of the second day, 13 April, being on
Morris island, and noticing that the fire frc»m the
fort had ceasetl and that the flag ha<l U^en shot
aw^ay. Col. Wigfall, with the approval of (ien. James
Simons, in command of the forces on the island,
embarked in a skiff, and set out across the bay. On
reaching Fort Sumter, he made his way through an
open port-hole inside the fortification, where he met
Maj. Robert Anderson, and demande<l the uncon-
ditional surrender of the fort, on the ground that
the work was no longer tenable and that further
resistance would be madness. After some parley,
Maj. Anderson consented to have a white flag
hoisted, and the surrender was an accomplished
fact. Wigfall subsequently Ijecame colonel of the
2d infantry in the provisional Confederate army,
and was promoted brigadier-general, 21 Oct., 1861.
He commanded a brigade composed of thre<' Texas
regiments and one of Georgia troops until 20 Feb.,
1862, when he n?signeti. Besides nis military ser-
vice, he alsfj represented Texas in the provisional
Confederate congress from February, 18<51. till Feb-
ruary. 1862. He was also senator in the Confeder-
ate congress from February, 1862, until the end of
the war. He then went to England, where he
resided for several years. In 1873 he settled in
Baltimore. He died while visiting Texas on a lec-
turing tour. Gen. Wigfall was a forcible sjjeaker,
being remarkable for his impassioneil style, and an
ardent partisan, and took part in several duels.
WIOGER. Winand Michael, R. C. bishop, b.
in New York city. 9 Dec, 1841. He was graduated
in 18(K) at the College of St. Francis Xavier in his
native city, and studiwi theology at Seton Hall,
N. J., where he remained several years. In Octo-
ber. 1862, he entered the seminary of Bri^noli Sale,
at Genoa, where he completed his divinity studies
and won the doctor's cap. He was ordaintHl priest
in 1865, and returning to the Unitetl States became
assistant at the cathedral at Newark, N. J. In
April. 1869. he was appointed rector of St. Vincent's
chureh. Madison, N. J., and remained there until
May, 1873. After occupying the same office one
year at St. John's. Orange, and two years at Sum-
mit, N. J., he returned to Madison, where he served
as rector until Bishop Michael A. Corrigan was pro-
moted coadjutor of New York in 1881. On the oc-
currence of this event, the diocese of Newark, over
which Bishop Corrigan had presided, was reducetl,
the rest of the state being erectetl into the new see
of Trenton. To the charge of the former Dr.
Wigger was elected, being consecrated in Octo-
l)er, 1881. Under his care the diocese, although
small in extent, has increased in f)0[)ulation, and
now contains over 160,000 Roman Catholics. 105
churches, and 184 priests. There are also within
its limits three colleges, eighteen seminaries for
600
WIGGINS
WIGGLESWORTH
paroc
8ch<H>ls, and fuurtccn a.syliims ami hospitals.
Bishop Wijf^iT rwfivcil the th'jfree of D. 1). from
th»> rnivorsily of Sanionza, Rome, Italy, in 1801).
WIGWINS, Ezekiel Stone, Canadian meteor-
olojjist, b. in l^iu'on's county, New IJrunswick, 4
Dee., \Xi\K He l»e<anie a teacher in Ontario, and
in 1H«M5 was ap]H)inted su|X'rintendent of schools
for I'rince Edward county. Ho wjis jjraduated at
the I'hiladelpliia colle^je of medicine and sur^rery
in IHIW and at AUktI college, Ontario, in IMfiO,
and in 1871 was ap[M>inted principal of the new
institution for the education of the blind at Brant-
ford, which {K»st he resijjned in 1874. From that
vear till 1878 he wjis princi[>al of the Church of
l"]njrlanil collejje at St. John. He was an unsuc-
cessful candidate for the Dominion parliament in
1878. and the sjin)e year was ajipointed to a perma-
nent |M>st in the civil service of Canada. In
18(}G-'7 he liecame involved in a controversy with
the L'niversjilists, and in the latter year puidished
at Xananee his " I'niversjilisin Unfounded." He
owes nis notoriety chieHy to his predictions of
storms, which for many years have lH>en published
bv newspapers tlirou;rhout the world. (Occasion-
ally his [.rofjiiixticatioiis have iH'en verifietl, but in
the fjreat majority of cases it has In'en otherwise.
At U'st his successes in this department of meteor-
olojjy were simply fortunate conjectures. His bjisis
for the j)redi(;tion of storms, tlie juxtajwsition of
planets, is not rejrardeil by men of science as bav-
in;: any ajipreciable effect upon the atmospheric
condition of the earth. He has published "Archi-
tecture of the Heavens" (Montreal, 1804).— His
wife, Susnn .4iina Giinhilda, b. in Lakeside.
(Queens CO.. New Brunswick. 0 April, 1840. greatly
aidtMl by her wrilinj^* and personal appeals in se-
curiiii,' the pass<i;,'e of the bill to lefralize marriajje
with a dt'ceased wife's sister, through the Canadian
senate. In recofrnilion o[ her services in this par-
ticular her bu-<t has Iwen placed in the parliament-
ary iibnirv at Ottawa. Canada.
"WIGiiLESWORTH. Michael, clergyman, b. in
Ejigland. 18 Oct.. Um : d. in Maiden. Mass.. 10 June,
17<).*i. His father, Kdward, arrived in New Eng-
land with his family in 1038, and in Octoljer of
that year removed from Charlestown to New Haven,
where he resided until his death, in October. 1053.
Michael was graduated at Harvard in 1051, and
from 10.V2 till 1(J.")4 was a tutor there and studied
theology, supplying the piditit of Charlestown dur-
ing the winter of 10."»;}-'4; in 1055 he began to
prea<-h in Maiden, where he was settled as the
rastor in 1057 and remained there till his death,
n 1003 he made a voyage to Bermuda in search of
health, and during his abs«>nce tin as.soc-iate minis-
ter was ordained at Mal<len. His health prevented
him from ofTiciating in the pulpit for alMiut twen-
ty years, during which time he studied medicine
and l)ecame a skilfid physician. In 1680 he re-
sumed his pulpit lal)ors, continuing to practise as
a physician. C^otton Mather delivered Ids funeral
sermon. In it he says : " It was a Surprize unto us
to s«H» a Little. Feeble Shadow of a Slan. beyond
Soyenty. Preacrhing usually Twice or Thrice in a
Week; Visiting and Coiiiforting the Afflicted;
Encouraging the Private Meetings; Catechising
the Children of the Flock; and managing the
Government of the Church; and attending the
Sick, not only in his own Town, but also in all
those of the Vicinity." In 1602 Mr. Wigglesworth
eomplete<l and publishetl a \x>en\ entitled "The
pay of Doom, or a Description of the Great and
La»t Judgment," in which he pictured in vivid
colore the terrore of the judgment-day and the
awful wrath of an oflfended God. Thus the poem
recommended it.self to the sternest of the Calvin-
ists a.s well a.s to their children. The first edition
consisteil of eighteen hundred copies, which were
dis[K>sed of in a little more than a year. In view
of the small numl)cr of the population at that
time, and its sparseness, this indicated a great suc-
cess. The poem maintained its popularity, in the
rural districts at least, till the time of the Revo-
lution. It was twice reprinted in P^ngland (in
1071 in Londim, and in 1711 at Newea.stle-upon-
Tyne). Ten editions have been printed in this
country, the last, with other poems and a memoir,
edited "by William Henry Burr (New York, 1867).
In the same year when the "Day of Doom " was
published, Mr. Wigglesworth wrote a poem en-
titled "God's Controversy with New England,
written in the Time of the Great Drought, anno
1002, by a Lover of New England's Prosperity."
This was not published till 1871, when it was print-
ed in the " Proceedings of the Ma.ssachusetts His-
torical Society." Afterward he issued a new poem,
" Meat out of the Eater, or Meditations concern-
ing the Necessity, End, and Usefulness of Afflic-
tion to God's Children" (1009 ; Oth ed., 1770). In
1070 he wrote an elegy on the death of his col-
league, the Rev. Benjamin Bunker (printed in
1872, in the "New England Historical and Genea-
logical Register"). See a sketch of his life by
John Ward Dean, with a fragment of his auto-
biography, some of his letters, and a catalogue
of his library (Albany, 1871). — His son, Samuel,
clergyman, b. in Maiden, Mass., 15 Feb., 1089 ; d.
in Ipswich Hamlet (now Hamilton). Mass., 3 Sept.,
1708, was graduated at Harvard in 1707, studied
medicine, and in March. 1710, began to practise in
Ipswich Hamlet, The following Decemr>er he re-
turned to his native town and studied divinity.
After preaching at Dracut and Groton for the
next two years, ne accepted a call at Ipswich Ham-
let, and was ordained 27 Oct., 1714. There he re-
mained until his death. He published, Vietween
1727 and 1705. nine occasional discourses, besides
"A Short Account of the Rev. Mr. Hale, of New-
bury," in the "Christian History "(1744); a"Dud-
leian Lecture" (1700); and an account of a cori-
troversy "with the Fourth Church, about Admit-
ting Persons from Neighboring Churches" (1765).
— His son, Edward, educator, b. in Maiden, Mass.,
in 1093: d. in Cambridge, Mass., 16 Jan., 1766,
was grmluated at
Harvard in 1710,
and studied theol-
ogy. When Thom-
as Hoi I is, of Lon-
don, established a
professorship of
theology at Har-
vard, Mr. Wiggles-
worth was chosen
to occupy it, 24
Jan., 1722, and
held the office
during the rest of
his life. In 1724 "^^WUi »
he was elected a
member of the cor-
poration of Har-
vard. Dr. Wig-
glesworth was one
of the chief writers in the Whitefieldian contro-
versy, and in 1745 wrote "An Answer to Mr.
Whi'tefield's Reply to the College Testimony." In
1754 he delivered two lectures on the " Distinguish-
ing Characters of the Ordinary and Extraordinary
WIOOLKSWORTH
WIGHT
501
Ministers of Christ." which were chUciI forth by
Wliil«'fli'lir8 preacliing ut Carnhridffi', and were
priiitwl by re<iiiest of the students. He was for
some time coininissioiier of the Ijondon aixiiety for
pro|>ti};Hting the gosfH"! ainoiii; the Indiana,* but
resi^n«Hl tlie ofllc-e in ITS.'), In 17110 he receive*!
the dejfree of I). I), from Ktlinburgh university,
liosides occasional sermons, his |>ublications in-
clude " SiU'r Ileinarks on a Modest Pr<H)f of the
Onier and Government Settled by Christ and His
Apostles in the Church" (1?24); "A Seasonable
Caveat against lielievinp: Every Spirit." two lec-
tures (I7!i5); "An Inquiry into the Truth of the
Imputation of Adam's First Sin to his Posterity"
(173M); two lectures on "The Sovereignty of God
in the Exercise of His Mercy" (1741): "Some Evi-
dences «tf the Divine Inspiration of the Scriptures
of the Old Testament, from the Testimony of
Jesus Christ and His Apostles" (175o); the " Dud-
leian " lecture (1757) : ami " The iXx-trine of Repro-
bation briefly Considered " (ndii). — Edward's son,
Edward, educator, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 7 Feb..
17H2; d. there, 17 June. 1794, was graduated at
Harvard in 1749, became tutor there in 1704. and
succeeded his father as Ilollis professor of the-
ology. In 1771) he was chosen a fellow of the cor-
poration. When the society in Scotland for pro-
moting the gospel among the Indians of North
America established a corresponding board in
Boston, he was chosen secretary. In 1791 he re-
signed his professorship in consequence of a para-
lytic affection, and was made professor emeritus.
He received the decree of I). I), from Harvard in
1786, and was an original member of the American
academy of arts and sciences. He wrote " Calcu-
lations on American Population " (Boston, 1775);
" Auth«)rity of Tradition Considered," being the
Dudleian lecture for 1777; and "The Hope of Im-
mortality," a sermon on the death of John Win-
throp (1779). — Samuel's son, Edward, soldier, b.
in Ipswich, Mass., 8 Jan., 1742; d. in Newbury-
|>ort, Mass., 8 Dec.. 1826, was graduated at Har-
vard in 1761. He engaged in commercial pur-
suits, and. in June. 1776, received a commission as
colonel of a regiment to l)e raised in the counties
of Essex. York, and Cuml)erland (of which the
two latter are now includeil in the state of Maine).
He took part in the o|)erations of the American
fleet on Ijake Champlain under Gen. Benedict Ar-
nold and Gen. Horatio Gates, being third in com-
mand. In the winter of 1777 he returned to his
home in Newburvport to raise a second regiment,
but such was"tfie distress of the times" that he
was ordered to march to Ticonderoga before the
full complement of men could be recruited. Col.
Wigglesworth subsecjuently took part in the battle
of Monmouth and other engagements, and in 1778
was made president of a court of inquirv that con-
vened to investigate the surrender of f'ort ^lont-
gomery and Fort Clinton on the Hudson bv Gov.
George Clinton. In 1779 he applied to lien. Wash-
ington for leave to resign, which was granted.
(Jen. Wjishington afterward ap|iointed him col-
lector for the i)ort of Xewburyport. as his pecuni-
ar)' prospects liatl l)een ttiined by his devotion to
his country, and in 1818 he was grante<l an annual
|)ension of $240 by congress. thn)Ugh the influence
of President M(>nn>e. who had serve<l with Col.
Wiggiesworth in the army in the Jerseys. — The
second Eclwanl's gninds«>n. Edward, editor, b. in
li<jstoii, 14 Jan.. 18()4; d. them. 15 Oct.. 1878. was
graduat4>d at Harvard in 1822. and at the law-
sch<K)l in 1825. studietl law als<j >»-itli William Pres-
cott. and was admitted to the Suffolk bar. After
practising for a time, be entered his father's count-
ing-room, thereafter devoting his time mainly to
men-antile pursuits. He assisted Francis Lieljer,
from 1827 till 1834, in the pre[iaration of the " En-
cyclopa«dia Americana" (18 vols.. Philmlelphia,
r828-'32). Intellwtual and scholarly culture, with
the oversight and atlministration of a large num-
ber of charitable, UMievolent. and humane s<»cieties.
of which he was a generous ]>atron, divided in alxiut
e«iual measure the whole half centurv of Mr. Wig-
glesworth's mature life. He was the author of
" Reflections," a collection of apothegms (Boston,
1885) that were published after his death.
WIGHT, MoMes, artist, b. in Ikjston. Mass., 2
April, 1827. He was engaged in portrait-painting
until 1851, when he went to Euro|K'. After three
yeai-s of study under Antoine A. E. IlelxTt and
Leon Bonnat in Paris, he returned to the Unite<l
States, but went abroad again in 1860, and a third
time in 1865. His portraits include those of Alex-
ander von Humbolut, Louis Agassi/, C'harles Sum-
ner, F]dward Everett, and Josiah Quincy. Among
his ideal works are " Sleening Beaut v," " Eve at the
Fountain," " Lisette." " Confidants.'' " John Alden
and Priscilla," and " Pet's First Cake."
WIGHT, Orlando WHHamM, author, b. in
Centreville. Alleghanv co., X. Y., 19 Fel).. 1824;
d. in Detroit, xMich., 19 Oct., 1888. He was edu-
cated at Westfleld academy and Rochester col-
legiate institute. New York, engaged in literary
work, and was afterward ordaine<l to the Uni-
versalist ministry. He was settled in Newark,
N. J., for three years, but in 1853 visitetl Europe,
and afterward he engaged in literary work, Sul>-
sequently he studied medicine, receiving his degree
at the Long Island college hospital in 1865, and
practised in Oconomowoc. Wis., and then in Mil-
waukee. In 1874 he was appointed state geologist
and surgeon-general of Wisconsin, and in 1878-'80
he was health commissioner of Milwaukee, also
health officer of Detroit for several years. The
degree of A. M. was conferred upon him by Yale
in 1861. Dr. Wight has published " The Philosophy
of Sir William Hamilton " (New York. 1853) ;
"Life of Abelard and Heloist' " (1853; enlarged
as " Lives and Letters of Aln-lard and Helolse,
1861); and has translated Victor Cousin's "His-
tory of Modern Philosonhy," with Frederick W.
Ricord (2 vols., 1852). ana " Lectures on the True,
the Beautiful, and the Good" (1854); "Pascal's
Thoughts" (1859); Balzac's novels, in part (6 vols.,
1860); Henry Martin's " History of France." with
Mary L. Booth (4 vols.. 18(J;{) ; and " Maxims of
Public Health " (New York. 1884). He also edited
and revised "Standard French Classics " (14 vols..
ia58-'60), and edited "The Household Library"
(18 vols., 1859 et aeq.). He left a book of travels
entitled " A Winding Journey around the World "
(Detroit. 1888).
WIGHT, Peter Bonnett, architect, b. in New
York city. 1 Aug.. 1838. He was graduated at the
College of the city of New York in 1855. an<l. after
studying architecture for eighteen montiis, went
to Chicago in 1858 to practise that profession, but
returned the following year to his native city.
Between 18(J2 and 1868 \\e built the New York
aca«lemy of design (see vignette), the Yale school
of the fine arts, and the Brooklyn mercantile libra-
ry, now known as the BnM)klyn library. In 1862
he planne<l the first army hospital that was built
by the government during the civil war. In 18(54
he erectwl the building of the I'nion s<juare branch
in New York city of the sanitary fair, and man-
aged it until its close. Immediately after the
Cnicago fire in 1871 he reniove<l to that city, and
between 1873 and 1876 was chiefly engaged in the
502
WIOIITMAN
WILBOUR
erection of commercial buildings to the value of
nearly $2,000.()<M). Amonj,' the latter was the
American expn'ss Imildiii^. in executinfr which
he was assiK-iatcd with Henry H. Kichurdson. In
187H he reliriHl imrtiHlIy from" the more m-tive pur-
suit of his profession, and practis<'d mainly as a
consuifins archite<'t. devotinjj liis time to con-
stnu'tive enfjinecrinf;. and sanitary matters con-
ne<'ted with buildinj;. In 1880 he organized the
Wifjht flre-j)r<M)finjr company for the con.Mniction
of firc-priM»f liuil<liii);s. of which he is still the fren-
eral manager and princ-ipal stockholder. In 18(}8
he invented the first improvement in the construc-
tion of flre-prrKif buildings. In 1874 he took out
a patent for his method of rendering iron col-
unuis fire-jjroof. and he luis since been granted
thnn' others for the same pur|v>se. Other patents
«)f his are for the construction of fire-proof ceil-
ings in buildings
in which wooden
joists are used for
floor - construc-
tion ; for making
iron floor -beams
fire - proof when
flat, hollow, tile
floor - arches are
used ; for devices
for automatical-
ly closing gates
to swing-ljridges ;
and for making
terra-cotta coping
for i)rick walls.
Mr. Wight. besides
frequently con-
tributing articles
on subjects con-
nected with his
specialty to various |H>rimlicals, has published a
monograph on the "National Academy of Design
HuiMiug." with photographic illustrations (New
York. lH(i.")). and "One Phase in the Revival of the
Kme Arts in America" (Chicago. 188G).
WKiHTMAN, Valentine, clergynum. b. in
North Kingston. R. I., in 1681; d. in Groton.
Conn.. !) .lune. 1747. He was h ilescendant of Ed-
ward Wight man. the Baptist, who was burned for
heresy in Lichfield. Kngland. in l(jl2. After his
ordination to the ministry in Rliode Island he re-
moved in 170.") to (iroton, Coini. lie was tiie first
Baptist minister in Connecticut, planted in (iroton
the first church of that denomination, and was
ac-tive in establishing other churches throughout
the state and in the city and state of New V'ork.
He was a scholarly num. as was evinee<l in a famous
debate that he held at Lynn in 1727 with the Rev.
John Bulkley. a minister of the standing order.
The discussion was subse(jueutly {lublished. Mr.
Wightman was also the author of a "Letter on
singing Psalms" (1725).
WKiHTMAN, William May, M. E. bishop, b.
ni Charleston, S. (".. 29 .Ian.. 1808; d. there, K)
Feb.. 1882. He U'came an active Christian in
April. 182.'), iH'gan to preach in the same vear, in
1828 was received on trial into the South Caro-
lina c<mference, and ordained ileacon by Bishop
Soule, and elder by Bishop Hed<ling. V'rtmx 1828
till 18:W he filled stations in South Caroliiui, then
for two years was agent for liiindolph Macon col-
lege, and for one vear was professor of English
literature in that institution. In lKW-'40 he was
presiding elder of the Cokesburv district. He was
ameifilx-rof the general omference of the Meth-
odist Episcopal church in 1840. and also of the
famous conference of 1844, which resulted in the
division of the church. From 1840 till 1854 he
was e<litor of the " Southern Christian Advocate "
in Charleston, and for the next five years he was
president of Wfxnlford college, S. C. In 1859 he
was transferred to the Alabama conference, and
became chancellor of the Southern university,
which i)ost he filled until July, 1867. In May,
1866, he was elected and ordained bishop at the
general conference that met in New Orleans. He
receivetl the degree of I). I), from Randolph Macon
college, and that of LL. 1). from the College of
Charleston. He edited the autobiography of Bish-
op William Capers, with an interesting memoir
(Nashville, Tenn., 18.58).
WIKOFF, Henry, author, b. in Philadelphia
in 181:^; d. in Brighton. England, 2 May, 1884.
His father, a jthysician of Philadelphia, was owner
of the township of Blocklev, on Schuylkill river,
and left a large fortune. The .son was graduated
at Union college in 1831, admitted to the Phila-
delphia bar, and in 1834 sailed for Europe, where
his career was made notable by intimacy with
many of the foremost men of his time, and he
had the reputation of being better acquainted
with important unwritten history than any other
man of his <lay. In 18;i7 he was appointed at-
tache to the U. S. legation at London. He visited
Paris soon afterward, and carried back to Lon-
don to Joseph Bonaparte the jewelry and per-
sonal effects of Napoleon I., for which he received
one of the first consul's silver drinking-cups. He
received the cross of the Legion of honor from
Napole(m III., whom he had visited in 1845. when
the ])rince was imprisoned at Ham, and he also
rendered valuable service during the days that
followed the defeat at Sedan in 1870. Mr. Wi-
koff's title of "chevalier," by which he was com-
monlv known, belonged to him as a knight-com-
mander of the Spanish order of Ysabel la Catolica,
which was conferred by (jtieen Isabella of Spain.
In 1849 he was editor of the " Democratic Review."
In 18.55 he was employed by Lord Palmerston as
a secret agent of the British government in Paris.
No man had a brighter diplomatic career before
him. and no one ever threw it away so lightly. He
last visited this country in 1880 to arrange for the
publication of an autobiography, under the title of
"Reminiscences of an Idler. He published "Na-
poleon Louis Bonaparte. First President of France:
Jiiographical and Personal Sketches, including a
Visit to the Prince at the Castle of Ham "(New
York, 1849); "Life of Alfred, Count d'Orsay"
(1849); ''•Mv Courtship and its Consequences,"
which is said to have been published first in Lon-
don, and there " suppressed by the foreign office "
(18.55); "Adventures of a Roving DipTomati-st "
(1856); "A New-Yorker in the Foreign Office, and
his Adventures in Paris" (London, 1858); and
"The Four Civilizations" (1870).
WILBOUR, Charles Edwin, Egyptologist, b.
in Little Compton. Newport co., R. 1.. 17 March.
1833. He received a classical education, and en-
tered Brown, where he took a prize for proficiency
in Greek, and was noted for his thorough ac-
quaintance with the ancient and mo<lern languages,
but wjis not graduated, owing to delicate health.
Having taught himself short-hand, when he had
sufficiently recovered he went to New York city in
18.54 and became connected with the " Tribune "
as a reporter. He also studied law, and was admit-
ted to the bar in 18.59. The following eighteen
vears were devoted to literary and journalistic work.
In 1872 he l)egan the study of Egyptian antiquities,
and visited the princijml libraries of the Unite<l
WILBUR
WILBUR
608
States and Canada. Two years later ho went abroa<l
and spent much time inoonsultinfrthe nroha'ologi-
cal tri'asurvs of tlie British !niis«Mnn and the |>rreat
liliraries of the continent. He then iKH-uine a co-
lalx)rer with Heinrieh Karl Hru^seh. commonly
known ajt Bnipich Bey. and Gaston ('. ('. Mas|)ero,
in the field of Kj^yptoloev, aeeompanyinjj the
latter on five winter exploring exf)e«litions up
the Nile. Mr. WillK)ur now (1889) eontirmes the
work, using his own dahal)eeyah. or Nile Inrnt. He
has nublisheil " Il^ichel in the New World," from
the French of Leon Bcauvallet. with John W.
Palmer (New York. IR'MJ); a translation of Victor
Hugo's " Les Miserable^ " (18«2-'3) ; and " The Life
of Jesus." from the F'rench of Krnest lieTian (1863).
— His wife, Charlotte Beebee, h. in Norwich,
Conn., 2 March. 1830, w»is e<lucated at Wilbraham,
Mass., and marrietl Mr. Wilbour, 18 Jan., 1858.
She was elected president of Sorosis in 1870, and
five times re-elected. She was a founder of the
club, devoted much time and thought to securing
for it a permanent foundation, and was instrumen-
tal in organizing the Asstxiiation for the advance-
ment of women that was formed by it in 1873.
She instituted lectures on health and dress reform,
suggested and aided in preparing entertainments
for various purposes, and assisted many women in
obtaining public recognition. Since she has re-
sided abroad she has maintained her interest in
the elevation of her sex, and sought every opportu-
nity to lalv>r for it.
t\'ILBl'R, Hervey, author, b. in Wendell,
Franklin co., Mass., in 1787; d. in Newburyjwrt,
Mass., 5 Jan., 1852. He studietl theology and
had charge of the Congregational church in his
native town in 1817-'23, but afterward was princi-
pal of several schools for girls. He was a pioneer
in the establishment of Bil)le cla.sses, and wa.s prob-
ably the first in this country to compile and pub-
lish a Bible-class text-b«x)k. He engaged in many
literary and scientific labors, and was the author
of a popular work on astronomy, the compiler of
a "reference" Bible, and a lecturer on natural
history and astronomy. He received the honorary
degree of A. M. from Dartmouth in 1812. Mr.
Wilbur publisheil " A I)iscours<« on the Religious
Education of Youth" (2d ed., Boston, 1814); "A
Reference Bible " (1828); "Elements of Astrono-
my " (New Haven. 1829) ; " Ijexicon of Useful
Knowle<lge " (New York, 1830); and " A Reference
Testament for Bible Classes " (London, 1831). —
His daughter, Anne Toppan, b. in Wendell,
Franklin co., Mass., 20 June, 1817; d. near Mari-
etta, Ohio, 14 Sept., 1864, was educated at New-
burvport and elsewhere. After completing her
studies, she taught music at New Hampton, N. IL,
Gorham, Me., and in st?h(M)l8 in other phices. She
translated s<'veral volumes from the French and
other languages, among them " The Solitude of
Juan Fernandez" (BosUin, 1851), and contributed
chiefly fiction, under the name of " Florence Leigh,"
to various periinlicals. In 1848 she edited the Bos-
ton " Ladies' Magazine" and the Lowell, Mass.,
" Ladie.s' Casket." After l)ecoming Mrs. Joseph
WfKxl, she published English versions of X. B.
Saintine's " Queen of the I)anul)e " and Edmond
AlK)ut's "La question Romaine " (Boston, 18.59),
and " Romance cf a Mummy " (Columbus. 1860). —
His son, HerTer BackuH, philanthropist, b. in
Wendell, Franklin co., Mass., 18 Aug., 1820; d. in
Syracuse, N. Y., 1 May, 1883. was graduated at
Amherst in 18Ji8, and at the lierkshin* meilical in-
stitution, Pitt«field, Mass.. in 1842. Meantime he
8tudie<l engineering, an<l he subsequently practiso<l
medicine at Lowell and Barre, Mass. Being greatly
impresseil by the (>eruHal of an account of Dr.
I<)douard Seguin's Hc-h«x)l for i<liots at Paris, he re-
ceived several idiot punils int^) his own house at
Barre in July, 1M4M, auA organized the first s<-h<M»l
for idiots in the United States. By his own ear-
nest personal studies and efforts, he thus develoiied
the sy.stem of education for the w(!ak-minded tiiat
has (>een adopted in every similar institution in
this country, in Canada, and in some |«rts of Eu-
rope. In 1815 Dr. Hervey liackus prevailed u|)on
the legislature of New York to establish an ex|H'ri-
mental school at Albany, which, under Dr. Wilbur's
direction, was sf> successful as to l)e fully organized
in 1854 as the State asylum for idiots at Syracuse.
Dr. Wilbur n»mained in charge of this institution
until his death. He published numerous re{)orts
and other pafwrs on iui«>cy. A tablet with the fol-
lowing inscription has l»een placed on the walls of
the asylum: "Hervey Backus Wilbur. M. I)., the
F"'irst in America to Attempt the Education of the
Feeble-Minde<l ; and the Urst Superintendent of
thus Asylum. By his Wisdom, Zeal, and Humanity
he Secured its Permanent Establishment. To his
Memory this Tablet is raised by the Board of Trus-
tees."—Another son, CharleH Toppan. physician,
b. in Newburyport, Mass., 18 May, ISIio, while a
student of medicine became connected as a teach-
er with the New York state asylum for idiots,
of which his brother was superintendent, and he
was thus led to an investigation of the various
forms of dementia. In 1858 he was called to as-
sist in the organization of the Ohio state asylum
for idiots at Columbus, and for some time he acted
as its assistant su{>erintendent. In 1859 he re-
moved to Lakeville, Conn., and aided in the estab-
lishment of a school for feeble-minded children,
which was afterward conductetl by Dr. Henry M.
Knight. In 1860 he was graduated at the Berk-
shire medicalinstitution and returned to Ohio, set-
tling at Marietta, where he began to practise. The
following year he entere<i tne volunteer service,
and remained in the army until the end of the
civil war as assistant surgeon and surgeon. In
Septemljer, 1865. he took charge of the Illinois in-
stitution for the education of feeble-minded chil-
dren at Jacksonville, and he was so successful in
its management that the legislatiin> subsequently
voted the erection of larger and more appropriate
buildings at a cost of $185,000. It was afterward
removed to Lincoln, III. In 1883 he severed his
connection with the institution, and the following
year he opened a private asylum for the feeble-
minded at Kalamazoo. During his connection
with the Illinois asylum Dr. Wilbur was instru-
mental in estal)lishing similar institutions in Iowa,
Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, an<l other
western states. In January, 1882, he foundetl the
" Philanthropic Index and Review," a monthly
publication devotwl to the interests of feeble-
minded children, and the only perio<licaI of the
kind in existence.
WILBUR, John, Quaker preacher, b. in Hop-
kinton. It. I.. 17 July, 1774; d. there. 1 May,
1856. He was the son of Quaker pjirents, and Ik?-
came a preacher of the so<'iety. lie optM»se<l the
introduction of religious views that he (U»eme<l to
be at variance with the original d(wtrinesof his
sect, an<l in 18.38 was accused by several members
of the Rhode Island yearly meeting of circulating
in his conversation and writings opinions and
statements derogatory to the diameter of the Eng-
lish Quaker. Joseph John (iurney. then on a visit
to the United States. He was sustained by a large
majority in his own monthly meeting (that of South
Kingston, R. I.), but that body having been dis-
604
WILCOX
WILD
8()lvtHl, Hud its incinWrs luldod to the Greenwich
nie«'tiiij;. he whs formally (lisowned by the latter
ill January. 1K48. its at-tion Ihmiijt sul)sequently
confirmed by the (juarterlv meetinjf and the Rhode
Island yearly me«'t in L'. ilis 8upiH»rter« were suffi-
ciently numerous in Hho<le Island and other |>arts
of New Kni;land to form an independent yearly
meetinp. the memlx-rs of which were known as
Will)urites. Mr. Wilbur twice visit«l Knpland.
the wcond time in 1854. He published several
polemical pam|»hlets. but his "Journal and C'or-
res|M)ndence " (Providence, 1859) did not appear
until after his death.
WILCOX, CudniUH Maroelliis, soldier, b. in
Wayne county. N, ('.. 20 May. 1H2«». He studied
at CumlH'rland college, Nashville, his parents hav-
ing remove<l to Tennessee <lurinp his infancy, then
entered the V. S. military academy, and was grad-
uated in 184<5. He served through tin. war with
Mexico, being engaged as acting adjutant of the
4th infantry in tTie siege of Vera Cruz and the
iMittle of ("erro (Jordo, and as aide to Gen. John A.
Cjuitman in the storming of Chapultejx'c, where he
earned the brevet of 1st lieutenant, and in the cap-
ture of the city of Mexico. He was promoted 1st
lieutenant on 24 Aug.. 1851. served as assistant
instructor of tactics at the military academy from
IKV' till 1857. then went to Europe for a year on
si<-k-leave. wius niade captain of infantry on 20
Hec, 18(i(>. and at the iK'ginning of the civil war
was <m frontier duty in New Mexico. Resigning
his commission on 8 June. 1861, he was appointed
colonel in the provisional army of the Confederacy,
and assigned to the command of an Alabama regi-
ment, lie joined Gen. Joseph K. Johnston's army
with his regiment on 16 Julv. 1861, marched to
Manassjis to re-enforce tJen. f'ierre G. T. IJeaure-
gard. and served with the Army of Northern Vir-
ginia till its final surrender, being j)ronioted briga-
dier-general on 21 Oct., 1861, and major-general on
y Aug.. 186;{. He commanded a brigade in (Jen.
James Longstreet's corps at the second Bull Run,
Kn'dericksburg. Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg,
ai.d a division under (ien. Ambrose P. Hill, which
resisted the rei)eat(Hl lussjiults of (Jen. Winfield S.
Hanc(K'k's tnnips at the battle r>f the Wilderness.
Gen. Wilcox declined a brigadier-general's com-
mission in the Egyptian army after the war. In
1886 he was apiMiinted chief of the railroad division
of the generni land-office in Wjushington, D. C,
He is the author of a lx)ok on '• Rifles and Rifle-
PriM-tice " (New York, 1859). and the translator of
"Evolutions of the Line, as practised bv the Aus-
trian Infantrj- and adopted in 185:3" (1860).
WILCOX. Carlos, clergyman, b. in Newport,
N. H.. 22 Oct., 1794; d. in Danbury, Conn., 29
May. 1827. His father, a farmer, removed in 1798
to Orwell, Vt., where the son's youth was spent.
He was a precocious child, and this, with an acci-
dent to his knee which unfitted him for agricul-
tural lalKir, decided his parents to send him to col-
lege. He was graduated at Middlebury in 1813,
and at Andover theological seminary in 1817, after
wime interruptions from an affection of the heart,
which continuetl till it ended his life. He preached
in several niaces in 1819-20, though still in feeble
health, and sjient the years 1820-'2 in the house of
a friend in Salisbury, Conn., writing on his long
pwin "The Age of Benevolence," which he had
projectetl in college. He was pastor of the North
church in Hartford. Conn., from 1824 till 1826,
when he accepted a call to Danbury. His poem,
"The Age of lienevolence." was to contain five
books, of which he completed the first and parts of
three others. The first was published separately
(Salisbury, 1822). and fragments of the work ap-
peared after his death in a volume of his " Re-
mains," which contains also "The Reli^on of
Taste," a pt)em that he read before the \ ale Phi
Ik'ta Kappa s<x;iety in 1824, fourteen sermons, and
a menjoir of the author (Hartford, 1828). His
verst»s alK>und in accurate rural description.
WILCOX, Klla Wheeler, author, b. in Johns-
town Centre, Wis., about 1845. She was educated
in the public schools of Windsor and at the Uni-
versity of Wisconsin. In 1884 she married Robert
M. Wilcox, of Meriden. Conn., and since 1887 they
have ri'sided in New York city. Mrs. Wilcox be-
gan to write for newspapers at an early age, has
contributed much to periodicals, and has published
in book-form " Drops of Water " (New York, 1872);
"Maurine" (Milwaukee, 1875) ;" Shells " (1883);
" Poems of Passion " (C'hicago, 1883) ; " Mai Mou-
lee," a novel (New York, 1885); and "Poems of
Pleasure "(1888).
WILCOX, Leonard, senator, b. in Hanover, N.
H., 29 Jan., 1799; d. in Orford, N. H., 18 June,
1850. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1817,
studied law. and practised at Orford. He became
a judge of the state superior court, 25 June. 1838,
but infirm health forced him to resign on 20 Sept.,
1840. After the resignation of Franklin Pierce
from the U. S. senate. Judge Wilcox filled his
seat for the remainder of the unexpired term, first
bv ap[K)intment of the governor and then by the
choice of the legislature, being elected as a Demo-
crat. He served from 7 Marc-h, 1842, till 3 March,
184;^, was made a justice of the New Plampshire
court of common pleas, 7 Dec, 1847. and on 26
June, 1848, wjis again placed on the bench of the
superior court.
WILCOX, Pliineas Bacon, lawyer, b. in Mid-
dletown. Conn., 26 Sept., 1798; d. in Columbus,
OhuK 25 March, 1863. He was graduated at Yale
in 1821, and practised law at Columbus, Ohio, for
about forty years, paying particular attention to
land-titles. He was the autnor of " Condensed Re-
ports of the Superior Court of Ohio" (Columbus,
1832); "Ohio Forms and Practice" (iaS3) ; "A
Few Thoughts by a Member of the Bar" (1836);
" Reports of the Superior Court of Ohio," being vol.
X. of the "Ohio Reports" (1842); "Digest of the
First Twelve Volumes of Ohio Reports" (1844);
"Practical Forms in Action, Personal and Real,
and in Chancery" (2d ed., 1858); and "Practical
Forms imder the Code of C^ivil Procedure " (1862).
WILD, Edward Aug'nstns, soldier, b. in Brook-
line, Mass., 25 Nov., 1825. He was graduated at
Harvard^ in 1844, and on 21 April, 1861, became
captain in the 1st Massachusetts regiment, with
which he served in the peninsular campaign, being
wounded at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks. He be-
came major of the 32d Massachusetts, 24 July, 1862,
lieutenant-colonel on 7 Aug., and colonel of the
35th on 20 A ug., and took part in the battle of South
Mountain, where his left arm was shattered. After
assisting Gov. John A. Andrew in raising and or-
fanizing colored troops in February-April. 1863,
e was made brigadier-general of volunteers on 24
April, and, with the exception of a few months at
the sie^ of Charleston, served in North Carolina,
recruit mg colored troops. In December he led an
expedition through the eastern couilties of the
state, and on 18 Jan., 1864, he took command of
the district of Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va. He
commanded a brigade in the affair at Wilson's
wharf, and was in front of Petersburg when he
was placed under arrest on 23 June, 1864, for re-
fusing to obey the order of his superior to relieve
his brigade quartermaster and take another. The
WILD
WILDE
606
flndingof the court-martial was set aside by the
coiniuandin^ ffciu'nil, and this ac-tion was sulise-
tjui'iitly coiifirined by tlie judffo-advoeate-gi'iieral
lit Washington. He afterward served on the ex|)e-
dition to liounoko river in Decernlter, ViM, and
then U-fore Uichmond till its cantiire, and in 1865
superintended the operations oi the Kreedmen's
bureau in UiM)r^iii. On 15 Jan.. ISWi, he was mus-
tered out of servioe. Since the war Gen. Wild
has been engaged in silver-niining.
WILD, JoHeph, Canadian clergyman, b. in Sum-
mit, Littleborough, Jjaneashire, England, 16 Nov.,
1834. He enteretl the loc;al ministry of the Primi-
tive MethcHlists at the age of sixteen, became a
travelling preacher, and at twenty-one emigrated
to the United States. After travelling througti
the south and west as a preacher ana lecturer,
he wjis stationed as a minister of the Methodist
Episco|)al churtrh in 1857 at Hamilton, Ont., re-
maining one vear. He then took a three-years'
course in theology at the Biblical institute at Con-
cord, N. H., leturned to Cana<Ia, preached for a
year at Qoderich, and in 18(53 was settled at
Urono, Me., whence ho was transferred two years
later to lielleville. Out., where he was pastor of
the Methodist church and bursar and professor
of Oriental languages in Albert university. Wes-
leyan university of Ohio gave him the degree of
D. I), in 1870. In 1872 he was called to Brook-
lyn. N. Y., and, after remaining the allotted thi-ee
vears, being dissatisfied with the itinerant system,
he accepted a call to the Union Congregational
church in the same city. In 1^1 he was installed
as pastor of the Bond street Congregational church,
Toronto, where he still officiates. He is popular
as a preacher, has the largest regular congregation
in Canada, and his sermons are printed in the
" CantMlian Advance," and circulated in Great Brit-
ain and Australia, as well as in the Dominion. In
1888 he acted as chairman of the Congregational
union of Ontario and (Quebec. Dr. Wild is a large
and successful cultivator of fruits. He has ptib-
lished ''The Lost Ten Tribes" (Xew York, 1878);
"How and When the World Will End" (1879);
" The F'uture of Israel and Judah " (London, 1879) ;
"Talks for the Times" (Tonmto, 1886); and
"Songs of the Sanctuary" (1886). Editions of
most of his works have been issued in the United
States and England as well as in Canada.
WILDE, Richard Henry, scholar, b. in Dub-
lin, Ireland, 24 Sept., 178!) ; cl. in New Orleans, La.,
10 Sept., 1847. His father, Itichanl Wilde, a Dub-
lin merchant, came to the United States in 1797,
and ditnl in 1803. The widow and son removed to
Augusta, Ga., where he fitted himself for the bar
and was admitted in 1809. He was elected at-
torney-general of Georgia, and then chosen to
congress as a Democrat, serving one term, in
1815-'17. He returned to the bar, but sat again
in congress from 7 Feb. till 3 March, 1825, Innng
elected to fill a vacancy, and. after a defeat for
the next congress, was a meinlwr again from
1827 till 1835. His Ijest speeches were those on
internal impn)vements (Washington, 1828), in op-
position to the Fon»e bill and to the removal of
the deposit^H fmin the U. .S. bank, and those on
the tariff and the currency. His oppositi<m to
President Jack>M)n mmle him unpopular with his
constituents, and he was defeated in 1H:J4. where-
uj>on he went to P'urope and remaine<l then> till
1H40. engaged in scholarly pursuits. He devoted
himself s{)ecially to Italian literature, chiefly in
P'lorence, and, obtaining access to valuable private
libraries, discovered s<jme forgotten dtx-uments
bearing on the life and times of Dante, and also a
portrait of tiie |ioet that had lieen painte<l on the
wall of thechafK-'l of Bargelloby Giotto, but coveriti
for many years with whitewash. He also made a
study of the life
of lorouato Tas-
80, ana became
the friend of many
Italian literary
men. After his re-
turn to this coun-
try he was a mem-
ber of the Whig
state convention
at Milledgeville,
Ga., in 1842, but
took no further
part in {politics.
He removed to
New Orleans in
1843, and. on the
organization of ^_ ^
Ltt'^r.htK: oM^e^^^
versitv of Louisi-
ana, became its professor of constitutional law,
which post he heki till his death from yellow fever.
Mr. Wilde's brother, James, who had been a sub-
altern officer in the Seminole war. interested him
in Florida, and he began to write an epic whose
scene was laid in that state. This was never fin-
ished, but a lyric that it containe<l. called " The
Lament of the Captive." but now known bv its
first line, "My Life is like the Summer Rose.'^ be-
came widely popular. It was suggested by the
story of Juan Ortez, the last survivor of the ill-
fated expe<lition of Panfilo de Narvaez. The verses
apj)eared first in print alxmt 1815 without Mr.
Wilde's authorization, and were continually re-
publishe<l. Soon afterward it was said in the
" North American Review " that they were trans-
lated from a Greek cnle that pur|K)rte«l to have lM»en
written by Alcwus. Scholars soon discovered that
the latter was not genuine, and it was found that
it was the work of Anthony Barclay, (if Savannah,
who had translated Mr. Wilde's song into Greek
for his own amusement. The song was set to
music by Charles Thibault. Mr. Barclay subse-
quently wrote an " Authentic Account of Wilde's
Alleged Plagiarism," which was j)ublishe<I by the
Georgia historical sm-iety (Savannah, 1871). The
story of the jwem in its entirety was first told in
" Our Familiar S<ings" by Helen Kendrick Johnson
(New York. 1881). Mr. Wilde's only published
work is "Conjectures and Researches concerning
the Ijove, Madness, and Imprisonment of Torquato
Tasso," the fruit of his studies in Italy, a scholarly
work, which is also valuable for the jwetical trans-
lations from Tasso that it contains (2 vols.. New
York, 1842). He contributed an essay on " Pe-
trarch " to the "Southern Review," and wrote poet-
ry, original and tmnslated. for the niapizines. His
translations from the Italian, Spanish, and French
are graceful and correct. He left many manu-
sc^ripts. including an unfinishe<l " Life of Dante " :
a collection of translations of Italian lyrit^s. which
he intended to publish with biographical sketches
of the authors; and a completed |)oem of several
cantos, entitltnl " Hes|H>ria, ' which was e«lit(Hl by
his son and issued after his death (Boston. 1867).
WILDE, Saninol Snniner. jurist, b. in Taun-
ton. Mass.. 5 Feb., 1771; d. in Boston. Mass., 22
June, 1855. He was graduate<l at Dartmouth in
1789. studied law in his native place, and was 8*1-
mitted to the l)ar in 1792. .\fter practising till 1794
in Waldoborough, Me., and till 171)9 at Warren, Me..
606
WILDKR
WILDER
which he represented in the Massachusetts legisla-
ture in 171»8-'ft. he reniovwl to llallowell, Me. He
.serve<l as a presidential elector in IHOO ami 1808,
was a state eoimcilor in 1814, and a delepate to the
Hartford convention in the same year, and from
1815 till his resignation in 18.'>0 wius'a judge of the
Massachusetts supn-me court. In 1820. after the
se(Mration of Maine, he renioved to Newburvport,
Mass., and in 18:]1 he went to resi<le in Boston.
Judge Wilde was a delegate to the State constitu-
tional convention of 1820. and a memlwr of the
American academy of arts and sciences. He was
one of the lH>st ni/it pritm judges in the state, and
possesse<l profound legal learning and great in-
tegrity, liowdoin gave him the degri'e of LL. D.
in 1817, Harvard in 1841. and Dartmcmth in 184!>.
Judge WiMe published sevend orations. He mar-
ried Eunice, daughter of tien. David C^obb. and
their daughter Caroline Iwcame the wife of Caleb
Gushing. A dis<'ourse on his life by Rev. Dr.
Ephmim PealxMly. with the procoediiigs of the
Boston bar. was published (B(iston. 1855).
WILDER. Alexander, physician, b. in Verona.
Oneida co., N. Y.. 14 May. 1823. He attended the
common schools, was self-e<lucated in the higher
branche-. taught for some time, and wjis graduated
in mwlicine at Syracuse in 1850. He was an editor
of the Syracuse " Star " in 1852 and of the "Jour-
nal " in 1853, and took charge of the " New York
Teacher" in 185(1. In 1857 he went to Spring-
Held. III., where he prepared the bill to incor|K)rate
the State normal university. Removing to New
York city, he l)ccame connected in 1858 with the
" Evening Post," on whose staff he remained for
thirtwn vears. In 1871 he was elected an alder-
man of Kew York on the anti-Tweed ticket. He
was president of the Eclectic medical society of
New York in 1870-'l, of whose "Transactions"
he edited two volumes (Albany, 1870-'l), and be-
c«n»e secretary of the National association, whose
annual '• PrcK-eedings " he has issued since 1876.
In 1873-'7 he was i)rofess<^)r of physiology in the
I'>lectic medical college of the city of New York,
and from 1878 till 1883 he held successively the
chairs of physiology and psychological science
in the Unitinl States medical college. Dr. Wilder
is a memlK'r of the American Akademe. a philo-
sophical society, and erlitor of its " Journal,"
published in Onmge, N. J. He has ])ublished
many monographs, including "The Intermarriage
of Ivindred " (New York, 1870) ; " Plea for the Col-
legiate Education of Women" (1874); "Vaccina-
tion a Medical Fallacy" (1878); " Paul and Plato"
(St. Louis, 1881) ; " Life Eternal " (Orange, N. J..
1885); and "The (langlionic Nervous System"
(1887). He has edited essays on "Ancient Sym-
lx>l- Worship" (New York, 1873); Thomas Taylor's
" Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries" (1875); kich-
ard Payne Knight's "Sytnbolical Language of
Ancient Art and Mythology" (1870); and "In-
dia: what can it I'each us!" by Max MtlUer
(188:1): and tmnslated lamblichus's work on "The
Mysteries of the Egyiitians, Assyrians, and Chal-
daeans." in "The Platonist."
WILDER, Burt (treen, naturalist.!), in Bos-
ton, Mass.. 11 Aug., 1841. He was graduated at
the I^awrence scientific school in 18(52 and at the
me<lical department of Harvard in 186tt. Meanwhile
he served m the U. S. army as a medical cadet in
1862-'3 and as assistant surgeon and surgeon in
the 55th Massachusetts volunteers in 18(J;{-'5. In
1867 he was elected professor of physiology, com-
parative anatomy, and zoOlogy in Cornell univer-
sity, which chair he still holds, and he was also
professor of physiology in the Medical school of
Maine, Bowdoin college, in 1874-*84. His dis-
covery in 1862 that silk might be drawn from a
living spider to the extent of 150 yards at a time
led to his further researches on the habits of the
spider and the qualities and usefulness of the silk.
Since 1880 he has devoted his attention mostly to
studies on the vertebrate brain. He has also striv-
en earnestly for the adoption of a uniform anatomi-
cal nomenclature, claiming that names should be
as far as possible mononyms, and that in each lan-
guage shotild Ix' used the appropriate paronym of
the Latin name rather than the Ijatin form. In
1887 he descriljed the brain of cerotodus and
showed that among vertebrates the proper cerebral
hemispheres, the special organs of the mind, occupy
five different positions relative to the olfactory
tracts and bulbs, which are the direct continua-
tions of the general brain axis and were probably
the primitive and at first most important parts of
the prosencephal. In brain publications he has
insisted upon the morphological significance of
the cavities, and upon the need of greater care
and improved methods in dissection and prepara-
tion. In 1857 he described the slip system of notes,
consisting of the brief statement of facts, ideas, or
references to books, written lengthwise upon slips
equal to the sixth part of a sheet of note-paper.
He also uses these slips for correspondence, ana in
1886 invented a note-wheel on the circumference
of which they are filed. Prof. Wilder lectured at
Harvard in 1868, at the University of Michigan in
1876-'7, at the Lowell institute,* Boston, in 1866
and 1870, at the American institute, New York, in
1870-'3, and on the Cartwright foundation before
the Alumni association of the College of physicians
and surgeons in 1884. He is a member of scien-
tific societies, presided over the section on biology
of the American association for the advancement
of science in 1885, and was president of the Ameri-
can neurological association in 1885. His bibli-
ography includes nearly 100 technical papers in
scientific and medical journals and in the publica-
tions of learned societies, also about 80 reviews
and articles in magazines. He has published in
book-form " What Young People Should Know "
(Boston, 1875); "Emergencies: how to Avoid
them and how to Meet them " (1879) ; " Health
Notes for Students " (1883) ; and, with Prof. Simon
H. Gage, "Anatomical Technology as applied to
the Domestic Oat " (New York, 1882).
WILDER, Daniel Webster, journalist, b. in
Blackstone, Mass., 15 July, 1832. He was gradu-
ated at Harvard in 1856. and became a lawyer
and jou^nialist. lie has been an editor of the
Ijeavenworth, Kan., " Conservative " and " Times."
the Port Scott " Monitor," the Rochester, N. Y.,
" Express," the St. Joseph, Mo., " Herald," and the
" World," of Hiawatha, Kan. Mr. Wilder was one
of the chief organ izei-s of the Kansas historical so-
ciety, and has served as its president. He was ap-
pointed surveyor-general oi Kansas and Nebraska
in 1863, and elected state auditor of Kansas in
1872 and 1874, and superintendent of insurance
in 1887. He has published "Annals of Kansas"
(Topeka. Kan., 1875).
WILDER, Marshall Pincknejr, merchant, b.
in Rindge, N. H., 22 Sept., 1798; d. in Boston,
Mass., 16 Dec, 1886. He received* a common-
school education, and engaged in farming, but in
1819 became a partner of his father, who was a
merchant in his native place. In 1825 he removed
to Boston, where he established a wholesale busi-
ness in West India goods, and in 1837 he became a
meml)er of the commission firm of Parker, Blanch-
ard and Wilder. He acquired a large fortune, and
WILDER
WILEY
607
o^^J^J^^^^^^
Bervwl alwi as a (liret-tor in many commercial or
flnaiu!ial fomjianies. Mr. Wilder servtMl in the
lej:islaturi' in 1889. in the govenior's council in
1H4S». and in the state senate, of which he wa-s
president, in It^V), and he was one of the founders
of the (\)nstituti(mal
Union party in 1800,
being chairman of
the Massiwiiusetts
delegation to its Na-
tional convention of
that year, which
nominated 1^11 and
Everett. Through-
out the war he was a
firm sup|)orterof the
U. S. government,
lie took s|)ecial in-
terest in agriculture
and horticulture, was
president of the Mas-
sachusetts agricul-
tural society for eight
years, of the Norfolk
agricultural society for twenty years, and for six
vears of tiie U. S. agricultural society, of which
he was the founder. He was also a founder of the
American pomological sticiety. and becauje its presi-
dent on its organization in 184^, continuing many
years in ofTice. The value of his researches in hy-
bridization and fruit-culture were recognize<l not
only in the United States but abroad. Mr. Wilder
was also president of the New England historic-
genealogical soc-iety from 1868 till 188(5. and was a
leader in the movement that gave to Boston the
Natural history rooms and the Institute of tech-
nology. He published a large numln'r of historical,
agricultural, and other addresses, including those
"On Laving the Corner-Stone of the First Massa-
chusetts'Horticultural Hall" (Ik>ston. 1844); "On
the 225th Anniversary of the Settlement of Dor-
chester" (1855); annual addresses before the His-
toric-genealogical society (1868-'73) ; lectures on
"California" (1871) an(\ "The Hybridization of
Plants" (1872); "On the Progress and Influence
of Rural Art" (1872); and addresses l)efore the
American pomological society (1848-'73) and the
U. S. agricultural society (1852-'6).
WILDER, Samson Vryllngr Stoddard, mer-
chant, b. in Bolton, Mass., in 1780; d. in Eliza-
beth. N. J., 2 April. 186.5. He In'came a merchant
in lioston, visited Eurof)e in the interests of his
business, where he formed the acrpiaintance of
Kev, Rowland Hill and other eminent men, who
enlisted his sympathies in the formation of Bible
and tract societies, and in 18J30 went to New York,
when> he engaged in banking. He was president
of the American tract society in 182Ji-'42. and was
connecte<l with many similar organizations, fn>m
all of which he nHired in 1842. He was the author
of numerous religious tracts that were widely cir-
culated. Si'e " Reconls of the Life of S. V. S.
Wilder" (New York. 18«)«).
WILDES, George Dudley, clergyman, b. in
Newburyport. Mass., 19 June. i819. He was fitted
for Harvard, and became usher in mathematics at
Chauncey Hall sch«^)l. lioston. He was L^raduatinl
at the Virginia theological seminary at Alexandria,
was ordained deacon in New Ik^f<»rd. Mass.. in
1846. by the bishop of Kentucky, and at the same
time invitinl to the pn>fesst»rshipof mathematics at
Shelby college, Ky. Ho was ordainiil priest in Detl-
haiii. Mass.. in 1848. by Bishop Ejustburn. After
holding several charges, he became a.ssistant at St.
Paul's, Boston, and also supervisor of the Episcopal
s<'hool of Massachuwtts, Afterward he was at
Br(M>kline and tluMi at Salem, where he bei-ame a
memljer of the State Ixtanl of eilucation. At the
outset of the civil war Dr. Wildes was instrumental
in raising the 2iJtl and I9th Massachusetts regi-
ments, forming also the field hospital corps, vol-
unteering as its head for service, and l>eing com-
missioned a chaplain. Sim-e 18(J7 he has In-en rec-
tor of Christ cnurch, Riverdale, New York. He
received the degrtn-of A. M. from Harvard in 1855,
of S. T. I), fnun Holmrt in 1871, and that of D. D.
from the College of Kansas in 188(5. Since its
organization in 1874 he ha.s Ix-cn general sci-re-
tary of the church congress, lieing one of its origi-
nal founders. In this capacity he has edited eleven
volumes of par)ers and addressM-s (1872-'88). Dr.
Wildes has puulished sermons and addresses, has
edite<l Bishop Griswold's "Lectures on Prayer,"
an<l translated (Jeorge Herbert's Ijatin poems.
WILDEY, ThoniaH, a founder of the Order of
Odd-Fellows in the United States, b. in Ixindon,
England, 15 Jan., 1783; d. in Baltimore, Md., 19
Oct., 1861. He came to this country in 1817. and
laboretl in Baltimore as a maker of coach-springs.
In 1819 he established in that city the first lodge
of Od<l-Fellows in the United States, and from
1825 till 18Ji3 he was grand-sire of the grand lodge.
A monument has been erecte<l to his meniory in
Baltimore by members of the ortler.
WILES, Lemuel Maynard, artist, b. in Perry,
Genesee co. (now Wyoming). N. Y.. 21 Oct.. 1826.
In 1848-'51 he studied with William Hart in
Albany, and Jasper F. Cronsey in New York. He
followed his profession in Washington. I). C. Buf-
falo, Utica and Albany, N. Y.. and in 18(54 ojH'ned
a studio in New York. In 1875 he assume^! the
directorship of the College of fine arts in Ingham
univei"sity, Le Roy, N. Y., and in 1888 he founded
the Silver Lake art-school at Perry. N. Y. His
works include " The Pillar of Fire," " Mount
San Jacinto, California," " Ruins of the Cathe-
dral of San Juan Capistrano, Cal.." " The Noon-
day Retreat." "The Vale of Elms." "Snow-
Innind." and "A Song of the Sea.".-^His son.
Irving Ramsay, artist, b. in Utica. N. Y.. 8 April,
1861, studied painting at first under his father
and afterward at the Art students' league. New
York, and in 1882- '4 under Jules Joseph Jicfebvre
and Carolus Duran in Paris. He is known as a
clever figure-painter, and his "Corner Table"
gained the third Hallgarten prize at the Academy*
of design in 188(5. He is a member of the Society
of American artists, and the Water-color society.
WILEY, Calvin Henderson, clergyman, b. m
Guilford county. N. ('., 3 Feb.. 1819 ;d. in Win-
ston. N. C. 11 Jan.. 1887. Ho was graduated at
the University of North Carolina in 1840. studied
law. and was admitted to the bar soon after his
graduation. He wa« electe<l to the state legisla-
ture in 1850. and again in 1852. and in the latter
year was chostni the first state suiH'rintendent of
common schools, to which [Ktst he was re-elected
for six successive terms of two years each by an
almost unanimous vote. So efficient was the sys-
tem of public instruction under his administration
that the schools were kept in operati<»n during the
entire |)eri(Kl of the civil war. something which it
is claimed did not occur in anv other s<iuthern
state. Having previously studied theology, he was
licensed \o preach by the pn>sbytery of Orange in
18.-»5. in 18(59 was a|>]>ointed general agent of the
American Bible s<x»iety for middle and eastern
Tennessee, and in 1874 was transferred to North
Carolina, South Carrtlina l)eing included in his
field of labor in 1870. During the civil war Mr.
COS
WILEY
WILKES
Wiley was instrumental in establishing a publish-
ing-house at (treenslwro' to supply the state with
text-lxx>ks; also in orjranizing at Columbia, S. C,
an tHlucational association for the Conftulenicy,
an<l in estahli>*hing a North rarolina state e<luca-
tional association, of whose journal he was one of
the eilitors. He fountktl with William I). ('<M)ke
the "Southern Weekly Post" of Kaleigh, which
he also edited, published and eilitod the " Oxford
Mercury," was one of the founders of the " North
Carolina Presbyterian." and contributed to other
i'ournals. In addition to s<-h<M>l-lM)oks, he pul)-
ishe<l "Alamance, or the (rreat and Final Exj)eri-
ment." a novel (New York. 1K47) ; " Adventures of
Old I)an Tucker with liis Son Walter " (London.
1851); "Utopia: a Picture of Early Life at the
South " (Philadelphia. 1852): " Life m the South :
a Companion to ' I'ncle Tom's Cabin'" (18.52):
"S«Tii)tural Views of National Trials" (Greens-
boro'. 1S(K^); and "Roanoke: or Where is Uto-
pia f" (Philadelphia, IHSC).
WILEY. Harvojr Washington, chemist, b. in
Kent. Jefferson co., Ind., 18 Oct., 1844. lie was
gra<luated at Hanover college in 18B7. and was
professor of Latin and Onn'k in 186H-'71 at Butler
university. Indiana|)olis. also studving at Indiana
nie<lical college, where he reeeived the degree of
M. I), in 1871. After teaching science for a year
in the Indianapolis high-s<h<K>l. he entered the
Lawrence scientific s<-hool at Harvard, where he
was graduated with the degree of S. B. in 1873,
and then accepted the chair of chemistry at Butler
university, which institution gave him the degree
of Ph. I), in 187<). He studied chemistry at the
University of Berlin itj 1878, and during *1874-'83
was pn>fessor at the Agricultural college of Indiana
(now Purdue university). He also held in 1881-'3
the office of state chemist of Indiana, and in 1883
he was apfminted chemist of the U. S. department
of agriculture in Washington, which place he has
since held. Prof. Wiley is a memlK'r of scientific
societies, and in 188<i was vice-president of the
American association for the advancement of
science, with charge of the section of chemistry.
He was also in 18H(J president of the Chemical
society of Washington and of the Ass<XMation of
official agricultural chemists. His work has been
chiefly in technology, and more especially in rela-
tion to f<MHl-j)roducts. The sulijects of glucose and
graiK'-sugar were very thoroughly studied by him
while he was state chemist, and since his appoint-
ment in Washington he has investigated sorghum-
sugar. Prof. Wiley has published presidential and
college addresses, and nis jiapwrs numlx^r more
than fifty. These include the results of his re-
searches, and have U-en published in scientific
journals, the transactions of societies of which he
IS a memlK'r. and government ret>orts.
WILEY, Inaar WUHam, M. E. bishop, b. in
Lewistown. Pa.. 2» March, 1825; d. in Kooehow,
China, in NovemlxT, 18H4. At fourteen years of
age he went to an aca<lemy to fit for college,' hoping
to l)e a minister, and in his eighteenth year he was
license*! as lay preacher. Owing to impaired health.
he gave up the idea of entering the ministry, and
in 1844 he was graduated at the medical depart-
ment of the University of the city of New V ork.
In 1846 he>)egan medical practice in western Penn-
sylvania, where he continued several years with
success. In 1*50 he offered himself as'a minister
to the Philadelphia conference, but there was no
room for him. At this time Dr. John P. Durbin.
hearing of his abilities as a physician and his
desire to enter the ministry, induced him to go
to China as medical missionary. At Foochow, in
1858, his wife died, and in the following year he
brought Imck his motherless children to tne United
Suites. He entere<l the ministry in New Jersey,
and. after filling pastorates for four years, became
principal of Pennington seminary, w'hich post he
fille(l until 18(53. In 18(J4 the general conference
electe<I him editor of the " Ladies' Repository,"
published in Cincinnati. In 1872 he was made
bishop. As a nastor Dr. Wiley was useful and
highly respecteu, as princijMil of a seminary he
was greatly Iwloved. and as an editor his taste was
excellent and his style chaste. As a bishop he was
prudent, deliberate, and clear, and seldom fell into
any error either of the interpretation of constitu-
tional or parliamentary law, or the selection of
men for ymrticular posts. He died in China on an
episcopal tour to the mis.sions that he had done so
much to found. His death took nlace in a house
on the very lot that he had occupieu as a mi.'^sionary
thirty-two years before. Bishop Wiley received the
degree of I). D. from Wesleyan university in 1864,
and that of LL. D. from Ohio Wesleyan university
in 1871). Fie published "The Fallen Missionaries
of Fuh-Chau'' (New York, 1858), and "Religion
in the Family": and among other works edited
Rev. Thomas R. Birks's " Tne Bible and Moslem
Thought " (Cincinnati. 1864) ; " The Life and Work
of Earnest Men." by Rev. W. K. Tweedie (1864) :
and Fricdrich Tholuck's "Christ of the Gospels
and of Criticism " (1865).
WILHORST, Cora de, singer, b. in New York
citv, 16 Oct., 1835. Her maiden name was Withers,
and her father belonged to a well-known New York
family. Her maternal grandfather, David Dun-
ham, was associated with Robert Fulton in the
construction of the fii-st steamlxjat. Cora was
educated in her native city, studied music, and
became sej)arated from her family through her
marriage with her music-teacher Henri, Comte de
Wilhorst. She then appeared in concerts with
Sigismund Thalberg, the pianist, her debut tak-
ing place at Newport, R. I., 21 Aug., 1856. She
made her first appearance in opera at the New York
academy of music as Lucia, 28 Jan., 1857. After
visiting Paris and singing with Mario in " Don
Pasquale," she returned to this country and begMJ
an operatic engagement in Philadelphia, 2 Nov.,
1858. During the next four years Mme. de Wil-
hoi-st sang in the United States, opening the first
opera-house in Cincinnati and the first music-
hall in Chicago. She retired from the stage in
1860, but resumed her profession in Paris in 1869,
singing in concerts. In 1870 she appeared in
" Rigoletto " in that city, taking the place of
Adelina Patti, who had gone to Russia. The
Franco- Prussian war compelled her to give up a
three-vears' engagement to sing in the French capi-
tal. In February, 1871, she sang for the first time
in Great Britain, appearing with Sims Reeves at
the Crystal palace, Sydenham. She remained in
England, taking part in oratorios, concerts, and
festivals until 1874, when she married Oliver de
Raucourt. and retired from the stage. In 1880 she
retunied to the United States, where she has since
devoted herself to teaching singing. Mme. de
Wilhorst claims to be the first American singer
that began her operatic career in thi» country be-
fore studying abroad.
WILKES, Charles, naval officer, b. in New
York city. 3 April, 1798 ; d. in Washington. D. C,
8 Feb., 1877. He entered the navy as a midship-
man, 1 Jan.. 1818, and was promoted to lieutenant,
28 April, 1826. He was appointed to the depart-
ment of charts and instruments in 1830, ana was
the first in the United States to set up fixed a.stro-
WILKES
WILKESON
009
*::^^At^
noinical instruments and observe with thorn. On
18 Autf., IHJW. he sHiltni fn)nj N<irf()Iit, Va.. in wmi-
man<l of a s(|iia«ln>n of flvi< vess(>ls and a store-ship,
to explore the southern seas. He visite<l Madeira,
the Cape Ven(
islands, Rio de
Janeiro, Tierra
del Fuejfo, Val-
paraiso, Callao,
the Paumotou
group, Tahiti,
the Sainoan
group (which he
surveyed and
explored), VV'al-
lis island, and
Sydney in New
South Wales.
He left Sydney
in December,
1839, and dis-
covered what
he thought to
l)e an Antarctic
continent, sail-
ing along vast
ice-fields for several weeks. In 1840 he thoroughly-
explored the Feojee group, and visited the Hawai-
ian islan<ls, where he measured intensity of gravity
by means of the pendulum on the summit of Mauna
Lloa. In 1841 he visited the northwestern coast of
America and Columbia and Sacramento rivers, and
on 1 Nov. set sail from Sjin Francisco, visited Ma-
nila. Sool(X). Borneo, Singapon*, the ('a()e of Good
Hope, and St. Helena, and cast anchor at New
York on 10 June, 1842. Charges preferred against
him by some of his officers were investigated by a
court-martial, and he was acquitted of all except
illegally punishing some of his crew, for which he
was reprimanded. He served on the coast survey
in 1842-'3, was pnMnoted to commander, 13 July,
1848, and employed in connection with the report
on the exploring expedition at Washington in
1844-'01. He was commissioned a captain, 14
Sept., 18.'j5, and when the civil war ()pene<i was
place<l in command of the steamer "San Jacinto"
m 1801 and sailed in pursuit of the Confederate
privateer *' Sumter." On 8 Nov., 1861, he inter-
cepte<l at sea the English mail-steamer *' Trent,"
bound from Havana to St. Thomas, W. I., and sent
Lieut. Donald M. Fairfax on Ixianl to bring oil the
Confederate coin^nissioners, John .Slidell and James
M. Mason, with their secretaries. The officials
■were removed to the " San Jacinto," in which they
were taken to Fort Warren, in Itoston harlior. The
navy department gave ('apt. Wilkes an emphatic
commendation ; congress passed a resolution of
thanks, and his act caust>d great rejoicing thn)ugh-
out the north, where he was the hero of the hour.
But on the demand of the British government that
MiLson and Slidell should Ix- given up. Sec. Seward
complied, saying in his despatch that, although the
commissioners and their pajwrs were contralmnd
of war, and therefore Wilkes was right in captur-
ing them, he shcmld have taken the "Trent' into
port as a prize for adjudication. As he had failed
to do so. and had constituted himself a judge in the
matter, to approve his act would be to sanction the
"right of search," which had always In'en denied
by the U. S. government. The prisoners were
then^fore released. In 1802 Wilk«'s commanded
the James river flotilla, and shelled City Point. He
was promoted to commotlore, KJ July, 1S62. and
took charce of a sjMM-ial sfpiatlron in the West
Indies. lie was placed on the retired list because
of age, 25 June, 1864, and promote<l to rear-admiral
on tlie retireil list, 25 Julv. 1866. For hi* servicoB
to science as an explorer )ie receive<l a gold miHlal
from the (ieograpliical society of Ijondon. The
re|K)rts of the Wilkes exploring exiMHlition were to
consist of twenty-eight quarto volumes, but nine
of thes(» were not completed. Of those that were
published, Capt. Wilkes was the author of the
" Narrative" of the exjKHlition (6 vols., 4to, also 5
vols., 8vo, Philadelphia, 1845; abridged ed.. New
York, 1851), and the volumes on "Meteorology"
and " Hydrography." Admiral Wilkes was also
the author of " Western America, including Cali-
fornia and Oregon" (Philadelphia, 1849), and
"Thwrv of the Winds" (New York, 1856).
WILkKS, Weorge, journalist, b. in New York
city in 1820; d. there. 2:i .Sept., 1885. In 18.'>0 he
became co-editor, with William T. Porter, of the
"Spirit of the Times" in New York, and suljse-
quently he wji.s proprietor of that paper. He was
well known as a p<jlitician,and travelled refieatedly
in Europe. In April, 1870. he received from the
emi)eror of Russia the grand cross of the Order of
St. Stanislas for his services in suggesting to the
Russian government an overland railway to China
and India by way of Russia. In addition to con-
tributions to periodicjils. he published "History
of California, Geographical and Political " (New
York, 1845), and " Euroiie in a Hurry" (18.52).
WILKES, Henry. Canadian educator, b. in
Birmingham, P^ngland. 21 June, 1805; d. in Mon-
treal, Canada, 17 Nov., 1886. He removed to Cana-
da in 1820. was graduated at Glasgow university,
Scotland, in 18JW, studied in the(ila.sgow theologi-
cal academy, and wa.s pastor of the Albany street
Congregational church in Edinburgh in i83.3-'6.
He was pastor of the Congregational church. Mon-
treal, fmm 1836 till 1871, princiiial an<l pmfessor of
theologv in the Congregational college of British
North America in 1870-83, and from 18*^ till his
death professor of theology and church history in
this instituticm. He ri'presented the Colonial mis-
sionary society, London. England, in ls:}6-*Ki. The
Universitv of Vermont gave him the degree of D. D.
in 1850. and McGiil college. Montreal. that of LL. D.
in 1870. Dr. Wilkes published numerous sermons
and addresses, and "The Internal Administnition
of the Congregational Churches" (Montreal. 1858).
WILKESON. Samuel, manufacturer. b. in Car-
lisle. Pa., in 1781 ; d. in the mountains of Tennes*-
see in July. 1848. His father, John, a native of
Ireland of Scotch descent, came to this country in
1760, settled in Delaware, and served acainst the
British in the war of the Revolution. Ihe son re-
ceived few educational atlvantages. and worke<l on
a farm till al)out 1806, when he began his career
as a builder and owner of vessels and a tnuler on
Lake Erie and elsewhere. During the war of
1812 he su[>plie<l Gen. William Henry Harrison
with transjjorts for the use of the troops in invad-
ing Canada. In 1814 he settle<l in Buffalo and en-
gaged in business as a merchant. In 1H19 he was
an active advocate of the constructitm of the Erie
canal, and in 1822 he was chiefly instrumental in
securing the selwlion of Buffalo as its terminus.
He was api>ointe<i first judge of the Erie court of
common jtleas in February. 1821, though he was
without a legal etlucation. was electe<l to the state
s(>nate in 1842. and serve<l in that IhhIv and in the
court for the cornH-tion of errors for six vears. In
18:{6 he was electtnl mayor of Buffalo, fie ent-ted
and put in operation a furnace in Mahoning county,
Ohio, the first in this country to " blow in " on raw
bituminous coal and smelt iron with that fuel un-
coked, built the first iron-foundry in Buffalo, and
510
WILKIK
WILKINS
established in that city the business of manufac-
turing stcain-enjjiiics. stovi-s. and hollow-ware. He
favoreil a system of >,'ra<lual and coniitciisjited
eniancijwtioii of the slaves, and advm-aled the colo-
ni/iition of tiie iieffroes on the west coast of Africa,
lie afterward renu)V(>d to Washington, the liead-
([uartersof the .\merican colonization siK-iety, over
which he i>reside<l. for two yeai*s edited its oi-gan,
the " African Repository." directt^l the affairs ol
the colony of Liln'ria. estahlishinj; conimercial re-
lations I H't ween it and Baltimore and Philadelphia.
and jjatliered colonists wherever he could in the
south.— His son Samuel, h. in Huffalo. N. V., 1>
Mav, 1M17, was educated at Williams and Union,
an»f was graduated at the latter in 18:i7. He was
for twelve years a staff- writer on the New Vork
" Tribune," and its war-corres|»ondent in the Army
of the Potomac, and was the editor and owner of
the Huffal() " Democracy "' and of the Albany
"Evening Journal." having lK>ught out Thurlow
Weetl in 1865. He has lK>en secretary of the
Northern Pacific railn)ad comi>any since March,
1 80S).— The S4'<<)iid Samuel's son, Itayard, b. in
Allmny. N. Y., 17 May, 1844; d. near Gettysburg,
Pa.. 1 ".luly. 18(»:5, in the first year of the civil war
solicited and obtainetl a commission as 2d lieuten-
ant in the 4th V. S. artillery. He served with his
iiattery in and about Fortress Monroe and Nor-
folk, and took part in the battle of Fredericksburg.
He was promoted captain of his battery, and com-
manded it at the batt le of (Jettysburg, where he was
killed. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel
of artillery after his death for gallantry in battle.
— Another son. Frank, b. in Buffalo, N. Y., 8
March, b'^4o, has contributed to the New York
"Times," the New York "Sun," and other papers,
and has published " Recollections of a Private
•Soldier in the Army of the Potomac" (New York,
1887). — .\nother son, Samtkl, was one of the build-
ers of Tacoma, on Puget sound.
WILKIK, Francis Bangs, journalist, b. in West
Chariton. N. Y.. 2 July, 18:«. He was graduated
at Union in 1857, during which period he had
editorial charge of the "Daily Star" of Schenec-
tady. Soon after he settled in Davenport, Iowa,
where he established the "Evening News," and in
18G1 became the war-correspondent of the "New
York 'I'imes," having charge of all the military
movements in the region west of the Alleghany
mountains. He then became an editorial writer
on the "Chicago Times" in 1804, which he held
till the close of 1887. He was the correspondent
of the latter during the Russo-Turkish war, and
for several vears was at the head of the European
bureau of that jourmil. His published works are
"Davenport, Past and Present " (Davenport, Iowa,
ia58); "The Iowa First" (Dubuque, Iowa, 1802);
" Walks alwut Chicago, and Army and Miscellane-
ous Sketches" (Chicago, 1871) ; " the Chicago Bar "
(1872); " Sketches beyond the Sea" (1879); "His-
tory of the Great Inventions and their Influence on
Civilization" (Cincinnati, 1883); "The Gambler,"
a novel (Chicago, 1888); and "Pen and Powder"
(Boston, 1888). He signs his articles " Pollute."
WILKINS, Isaac, clergyman, b. in Withywood,
Jamaica, W. I., 1 7 Dec. 1 742 ; d. in Westchester,
N. Y., 5 Feb., lim. His father, Martin, who at
one time held a seat on the \^ench of the island,
brought the son to New York in early youth to be
educated. He was graduated at Columbia in 1760,
was a member from the Ixirough of Westchester of
the New York colonial legislature in 1772, and for
several years was actively and efficientlv engaged
in jMiblic affairs. He supjKirted the loyalist side of
the controversy with the mother country, wrote
p<:>litical i)amphlets which appeared in the " West-
chester Farmer," and thereby rendered biipself
otiious to the Whigs. He was comj>elled by the
Sons of Liberty to leave this country in 1775, and
the British government conferred upon him a life
annuity of £125. Mr. Wilkins returned to New
York before the end of the war, sold his property^
in Westchester, and resided on Long Island until
the return of |)cace. In 1784 he remcned to Shel-
burne, Nova Scotia, purchased a farm, and took an
active part in political affairs. He went to New
York again in 1794, studied for the ministry, was
ordained deacon in St. Peter's church, Westchester,
in 1798, by Bishop Provocjst, and called to the rec-
torship, being ordained priest in the same church,
14 Jan., 1801, by the same bishop. He received
the degree of I). I), from Columbia in 1811. He
married Isalnjlla, daughter of Lewis Morris. — His
frandson, Lewis Morris, Canadian jurist, b. in
lalifax, Nova Scotia, 24 May, 1801 ; d. in Wind-
sor, Nova Scotia, 14 March, 1885, was the son of
Lewis Morris Wilkins, who was a member of the
house of assembly of Nova Scotia, a speaker of
that body, and a judge of the supreme court. The
son was graduated at King's college, Windsor, in
1819, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and
practised at Windsor from 1823 till 1856, when he
became judge of the supreme court of Nova Scotia,
which post he held till 1876. Previous to his ap-
E ointment to the judiciary, he had served in both
ranches of the Nova Scotia legislature.
WILKINS, John, pioneer, b. in Donegal, Lan-
caster CO., Pa., 1 June. 1733; d. in Pittsburg, Pa.,
11 Dec, 1809. His father, John, an early settler
on Chiques creek, was an Indian trader, and took
an active part against the Marylanders during the
boundary difficulties, who offered £50 for his arrest.
He was captured and taken to Annapolis jail, but
subsequently released, John, the younger, re-
moved to Carlisle in 1763, and ten years later to
Bedford, engaging in mercantile pursuits. At the
opening of the Revolution he organized a company
of associators, and in 1776 was commissioned a
captain in the Continental service, and was at
Brandywine and Germantown. He >^as a member
of the Pennsylvania constitutional convention of
15 July, 1776, from Bedford county. In Novem-
ber, 1783, he removed to Pittsburg, entered into
business, and, upon the organization of Alleghany
county, was appointed one of the associate judges
of the court. He served as member of the supreme
executive council in 1790, was chief burgess of the
borough of Pittsburg, commissioner of public
buildings, and county treasurer from 1794 till 1803.
—His son, Wllllani, b. in Carlisle, Pa., 20 Dec,
1779; d. in Ilomewood, Alleghany co.. Pa., 23
June, 1865, attended Dickinson college for a short
time, read law at Carlisle, and was admitted to the
bar at Pittsburg on 28 Dec, 1801. He practised
law there for more than fifty years, except when
engaged in the performance of public duties. He
was president of the common councils of the city
in 1816-'19, was elected to the legislature in 1820,
and was a candidate for speaker, but was defeated
and made chairman of the judiciary committee.
He resigned on 18 Dec. 1820, when he was ap-
pointed president-judge of the 5th judicial district
of Pennsylvania. He held this office ^intil 25 May,
1824, when he was made judge of the U. S. district
court for western Pennsylvania. While on the
bench in 1828, he was elected to congress, but de-
clined to serve. In 1831 he was chosen U. S. sena-
tor for the full term of six years, and gave up the
judgeship. He was a supporter of Andrew Jack-
son in opposition to John C. Calhoun's doctrines,
WILKINSON
WILKINSON
611
and, as chairmHii <»f the 8»»nat« oommittoe, he re-
jK)!!!^! the bill that imsst'd {•onjjri's.s, uuth(>ri7.in;r
the preM<lent to use the Hriiiy to suppreiss the milli-
ficfttion movement. In 18JW the elwtoral vote of
Pennsylvania was cast for him for vice-president.
In IXW he was apixiinteil minister to Russia. In
1842 he wtus Hixuui electwl to the house of repre-
s«Mitatives. iiiid s«>rved until HJ Jan., 1844, when he
was ma<le stK-retary of war by President Tyler. In
18.V) he was chosen state senator from AUesfhanv
county. At the openinjf of the civil war, although
more than eijjhty years of age, he took an active
inU»rest in s,up|>ortinjf the government as major-
general of the home-guard, Iwing always a stanch
war Democrat. From 1805 until the tin»e of his
death he was a<^tive in any matter for the improve-
ment of Pittsburg. In 1810 he helped to orj^anize
the Pittsburg manufacturing company, which in
1814 was incorporated as the Bank of Pittsburg,
and he wa.s its first president. Ho was interested
in biiilding the bridge across Monongahela river,
and aided the Pennsylvania railroad in reaching
the city of Pittsburg. His second wife was Matilda
Dallas, daughter of Alexander James Dalhis.
WILKINSON, James, soldier, b. in Benedict,
M(i.. in 1757; d. near the city of Mexico, 28 Dw.,
1825. He had just completed his studies for the
rae<lical profession when he enlisted in the army
under Washington at Cambridge. There he so<in
formed a close in-
timacy with Col.
Benetlict Arnold
and Capt. Aaron
Burr, and, being
given a captain's
commission, joined
Arnold in Sejitem-
ber, 1775, on hisex-
jx'dition into Can-
ada. He w^as ad-
vanced to the rank
of major, and in
June, 1770, ap-
pointed to the staff
of Gen. Horatio
Gates. Subsequent-
ly he was promot-
ed to a colonelcy,
and appointed ad-
jutant-general. In
thiscApac-ityhewas
in the battle of Bemis's Heights on 19 Sept., 1777,
and in the more importtmt engagement of 7 Oct.
Under cover of darkness. Col. John Hardin, of
Kentucky, had penetrated the British lines and
obtained an accurate view of their strength and
position. He regained the American outposts, and
there met Wilkinson, who was making tne rounds
with some lKX)n companions. Hardin confided to
him his discoveries, and begged he would at once
make them known to Gen. Gates. This Wilkinson
did, suppressing Hardin's name, and making him-
self the hero of the midnight adventure. The con-
scfjuence wa-s that when Burgoyne had surren-
dere<l, Wilkinson was made bearer of the tidings
to congress, with a recommendation for his ap-
[Kiintment as a brigadier-general. He was eighteen
days on the way, and the news was a week old when
he finally deliveretl his desiiatches. After several
days a proposal was intrtxluced into congress to
present him with a sword, whereupon Dr. John
Withersi>oon dryly remarked : " I tlnnk ye'd better
f',ie the lad a pair of spurs." This defeated the reso-
ution, but congress, several weeks later, did ap-
point him a brigadier-general by brevet, and soon
^;^y,<ijUl^C^ (^■xy^^ c^-'\^^
afterward secretary of the boanl of war, of which
(iat(>s was a member. Wilkinson was at this time
d(>ep in the (.'onway cabal, which pn)posed to ele-
vate Gates to the chief command of the armv, sn<l
the dist«very of the conspiracy was due to his tell-
ing the secret in a convivial hour to I^>rd Stir-
ling. Forty-nine army officers of his own grade
jH'titioned congress to rescind his ap[K)intincnt aa
urigadier, and he at once resigned his bn^vet com-
mission, retaining his rank of colonel. He was not
again actively employed till toward the close of the
war, when he served for a time as cloth ier-^eneral
of the army. lie then emigrated to lA>xington,
Ky. Mississippi river wjis then closed to Ameri-
can commerce, and western jtnKluce was rotting
on the ground for lack of a market. Wilkinson
saw that he might realize a speedy fortune if he
could obtain from the Spaniards an exclusive right
to trade with New Orleans. Securing the good-will
of the commandant of Natchez, by the present of a
pair of thoroughbreds, he loaded a flat-boat with
Kentucky pnKluce, in the spring of 1787, and sent
it lx)ldly down the Mississippi, while he went by the
land-route to New Orleans. The flat-lx)at precwled
him, and was promptly seized by the authorities
on its arrival ; out it was quickly liberated on the
appearance of Wilkinson, wno secured an unlimited
tniding |>ermission from the Spanish governor.
The price he was to pay for this commercial con-
cession and an annual pension of $2,000 was the
l)etrayal of his country. In the entire district west
of the Alleghanies great dissatisfaction then ex-
isted with the Federal government, in consequence
of its inabilitv to open the Mississippi to western
commerce and its failure to protect the people
against the raids of the savages. It was thought
that advantage could be taken of this disafltec-
tion to sever the west from the east and erect it
into a separate republic in close alliance with Spain.
Thus divided, b<nh republics would lie weak, and
neither would l»e dangerous to the Spanish |>osses-
sions. Wilkinson went alx)ut the accomplishment
of this treasonable project with consummate ability,
and by June, 1788, by means of S[)anish gold and
Spanish promises, was able to count uiK)n the sup-
|)ort of a majority of the convention, which was
to meet on the 28th of the ensuing July, to form a
constitution for the new state of Kentucky. Ilis
work he now considere<l done ; but Diego Gardoqui,
the Spanish minister, desiretl the secession of the
entire west, and despatchetl a messenger with cor-
rupt overtures to Jolin Sevier, leader of the settlers
st)uth of Kentucky. Sevier at once despatched a
quick messenger to Isaac Shelby, at Danville, Ky.,
who, with the aid of Thomas Marshall and George
Muter, succeeded in thwarting Wilkinson's trea-
sonable designs in the convention. Wilkinson con-
tinued his efforts, but with no chance of success.
His trading adventures not proving successful, he
applied, in 1791, for reinstatement in the army.
In December of that year he was appointed a lieu-
tenant-colonel on the recommendation of Thomas
Marshall, who justifie<l the appointment by saying
that so long as Wilkinson was unemployed he con-
sidered him dangerous to the public quiet, if not
to the safety, of Kentucky. He took service in the
western department under Gen. Anthony Wayne,
but continued a treasonable correspondence with
the Spanish officials, and there is proof that down
to 1800 he was in n^ceipt of a r>(>anish pension.
His intrigues encounjged Spain to persist in the oc-
clusion of the Mississippi, and they entaileil twelve
years of savage warfare upon the bonier settle-
ments. Wilkinson performed good service against
the northwestern Indians, and was promoted to a
012
WILKINSON
WILKINSON
brigatlior-ppncralship on 5 Man-h. 1792, and to the
supremo c-oininaiid of the army on the death of
Wayne in 17UW. He was mtule j^fovernor of Louisi-
ana in IHOi). and in tlie autumn of tliat year dis-
closed to the jjovernment the plan of Aaron Hurr
to erect a southwestern empire. Burr asserted, and
Ja<!ks(»n believed, that he was implicated in this
conspiracy, and the presumption is very strong that
he was its originator. In IbU he was court-mar-
tialed, charged with complicity with liurr, and with
being in the pay of Spain, but was accjuitted for lack
of evidence, his sul)sequently published correspond-
ence with the Spanish government, which conclu-
sively shows his guilt, not being then accessible.
In ISl.'J he was made major-general, and employed
in the northern department, where he was not suc-
cessful, owing to a disjigreement with (Jen. Wade
Hampton. A court of incpiiry exonerated him in
1815. He was discharged from the service at the
close of the war, and removed to Mexico. His life
he has. in part, related in his '* Memoirs of ^ly
Own Times" {}i vols., Philadelphia, 181G). His
treas<jn is outlined in Humphrey Marshall's "His-
tory of Kentucky" (2 vols., Frankfort, 1824), and
more fully related in Charles (layarre's "Spanish
Dominiitiuii in Louisiana" (New York, 1854), and
James U. (Jilmore's " Advance-Guard of Western
Civilization " (1887). S<^e also Daniel Clark's
" Proofs of the Corruption of tien. James Wilkin-
son" (1H()!»), and " Burr's Conspiracy Exposed and
Gen. Wilkinson Vindicated" (1811).
WILKINSON. Jeiiil ma, religious impostor, b.
in Cumberland, It. I., in 175:}; d. in Jerusalem,
Yates CO., N. Y., 1 July, 1819. She was brought
up as a (Quaker, and at the age of twenty, having
recoven-d after a severe fever and an apparent sus-
pension of life, she claimed to have been raised
from the dead, to have received a divine commis-
si(m, and to be able to work miracles. She was
shrewd and persuasive, and, having secured numer-
ous followers, retired with them in 1789 to a tract
of 14.0(X) acres wiiich had been purchased in Yates
< i>unty, N. Y., and which she named Jerusalem.
She assumed the name of *' Universal Friend," was
accompanied by two " witnesses," Sarah Richards
and Rachel Miller, and insisted on the Shaker
doctrine of celibacy. The exercises of her religious
meetings also resembled those of that sect. When
she i)ri'aclied she stood in the door of her bed-
chamlier, wearing a waistcoat, stock, and white silk
cravat. Though she recommended poverty, her
dupes enabled lierto live in luxury, and she owned
lands that were purchased in the "name of Rachel
Miller. After her death the sect was entirely dis-
Krsed. See "History of Jemima Wilkinson," by
ivid Hume (Oenevai N. Y., 1821).
WILKINSON, Jesse, naval officer, b. in Vir-
ginia al)out 17!K); d. in Norfolk, Va., 23 May, 1861.
He entered the navy as a midshipman, 4 Julv, 1805,
and was commissioned a lieutenant, 10 April, 1810.
During the war of 1812 he commanded the schooner
" Hornet," which was used as a despatch-vessel on
Potomac river in 1813-'15. He served at the Nor-
folk navy-yard in 1810-'18 and in 1820-'l. and in
the intervening time commanded the "Hornet"
and was on coast-surv'ey duty. He whs, promoted
to master-commaiidant.'l8 Aj)ril, 1818, commanded
the brig "Spark." of Com. David Porter's flotilla,
for the suppression of piracy in the West Indies in
1822-'3, and served at the Norfolk navy-yard in
1824-'5 and at Boston in 1826. He served in the
"John Adams" in the West Indies against the
mnites in 1827-'8, was promoted to captain, 11
ManHi, 1829, and was at the navy-yard at Norfolk
in 1829-'33. He commanded the frigate " United
States," of the Mediterranean squadron, in 1835-'40,
and the West India squadron, in the flag-ship
" Macedonian," in 1840-2, and was commandant
of the Norfolk navy-yard in 1843-'7. In l848-'9
he was commodore commanding the West India
s(|uadron in the flag-ship " liaritan." After this
he served on boards and courts-martial until his
death, though most of this period of his life was
spent on leave or waiting orders.
WILKINSON, John, naval officer, b. in Nor-
folk, Va., 6 Nov., 1821. He entered the navy as a
midshipman, 8 Dec, 1837, attended the naval
school at Philadelphia, and became a passed mid-
shipman, 29 June, 1843, served in the "Oregon"
on special service in 1844-'5, and in the " Ports-
mouth " in 1845-'6. He was attached to the
"Saratoga "in the later operations on the Gulf
coast of Mexico, was commissioned a master, 26
June, 1850, and became lieutenant, 5 Nov., 1850.
He served in the steamer "Southern Star," on the
expedition to Paraguay, in 1858-'9, was on duty in
the coast survey in 1860^'l, and when the civil war
began resigned his commission, 20 April, 1861, and
entered the Confederate navy as a lieutenant. He
was assigned to duty in Fort Powhatan on the
James river, and then ordered to command a bat-
tery at Acquia creek. In the spring of 1862 he
was appointed executive of the ram " Louisiana,"
at New Orleans, in which he was taken prisoner at
the capture of the city by Farragut. He was ex-
changed, 5 Aug., 1862, and on 12 Aug. left Rich-
mond with funds and Confederate bonds with
which to purchase and load a vessel in England
with a cargo of war material. He there bought
the steamer " Giraffe," in which he ran the blockade
at Wilmington, N. C, having on board machinery
to make Confederate paper-money. Shortly after-
ward the "Giraffe" was renamed the "R. It). Lee."
He made regular trips from Wilmington to Ber-
muda with cotton, and back with cargoes of arms
and militaiy stores. In October, 1863. he was or-
dered to command an expedition to release the
Confederate prisoners on Johnson's island ; but the
Canadian governor-general learned of the plot, and
it was a failure. He served in the iron-clad "Al-
bemarle " in 1864, and in Sej)tember had command
of the " Chickamauga." in which he destroyed a
great many merchant-vessels. In 1865 he had
charge of the blockade-runner " Chameleon," which
he took to Liverpool, where she wa-s seized after
the war, and delivered to the U. S. government.
Narrative of a Blockade-
He has published "The >
Runner '* (New York, 1877
WILKINSON, Morton Smith, senator, b. in
Skaneateles, Onondaga co., N. Y., 22 Jan., 1819.
He received an academical education, went to Illi-
nois in 1837, was engaged for two years in railroad
business, afterward returned to his native place,
where he studied law. was admitted to the bar in
Syracuse in 1842, and in 1843 began practice at
Eaton Rapids, Mich. He removed to St. Paul,
Minn., in 1847, was elected a member of the first
territorial legislature in 1849, and was appointed
one of a board of commissioners to prepare a code
of laws for the territory. He was elected to the
U. S. senate as a Republican in 1859, and held his
.seat till 1865, serving as chairman of ^the commit-
tee on Revolutionary claims, and as a nrember of
the committee on Indian affairs. He was a delegate
to the Baltimore convention of 1864 and to the
Loyalists' convention of 1866 at Philadelphia, and
served in congress from Minnesota from 4 March,
1869, till 3 March. 1871. He was a member of the
state senate in 1874-7, and afterward united with
the Democratic party.
WILKINSON
WILLARI)
518
WILKINSON. William Clearer, clerjoman,
b. in Wostfonl, Vt.. 1» Oct.. IK'JIJ. He was >rrmlu-
ated at Itochester university in 1857, and at the
theoloj^icai seminary there in 18ol). lu the same
year ho became pastor of the Wooster place Bap-
tist church, New Haven, Conn., and he rcnuiined
there until 1801, when he resi^jned, and made an
extensive tour in Europe. After srwnding a year
as tutor in modern languages in Rochester uni-
versity, he accepted a call to the pastorate of the
Mount Auburn Baptist church, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Resigning this charge in 1800, he opened a school
in Tarrytown, N. Y., where he stdl resides. In
1872 he Was elected to the professorship of homi-
leticsand pa.storal theology m Rochester theological
seminary, but in 1881 he retired from this oflice
and has'since devoted himself to literary work. He
is counsellor of the Chautauqua literary and scien-
tific cii'cle, and dean of the dojiartment of litera-
ture and art in the Chautauqua university. He
has also lectured at Wellesley college on English
literature. Rochester gave him the degree of I). D.
in 1873. Dr. Wilkinson ha** contributed exten-
sively to periodicals, and has prepared text-books
in languages for the Chautauqua university, which
have been widely used (1883-'7). His other publica-
tions include '* The Dance of Modern Society "
(New York, 1809) ; " A Free Lance in the Field
of Life and Letters " (1874) ; "The Baptist Prin-
ciple" (Philadelphia, 1881); "Webster, an Ode"
(New York, 1882); "Poems" {\S>i3); and "Edwin
Arnold as Poetizerand as Paganizer " (1884).
WILLARI), Abljah, soldier, b. in Lancaster,
Mass., in 1722 ; d. in Lancaster. N. B., in 1789. He
served at the capture of Cape Breton, was wounded
in the campaign, and rose to the rank of captain.
In 1774 he wjis .appointed a mandamus councillor,
and soon became an object of public indignation.
While in Union, Connecticut, he was seized and
confined, but was release<l on the signing of a dec-
laration that was dictatml by his captors. He com-
manded a Massachusetts regiment under Jeflfrey
Amherst, went to Halifax with the royal army in
1770, and at a late period of the Revolutionary war
was on Long Island. In 1778 he was proscribed
and banished, and in July, 1783, was in the city of
New York, where he joined fifty-four other loyal-
ists in a petition to Sir Guy Carleton for extensive
grants of land in Nova Scotia. These petitioners
are known as the " Fifty-five." and their petition
caused much excitement in New York and St. John.
In a controversy l)etween " Viator " and a " Con-
sistent Loyalist," published in London in 1784, his
name often appears. On the one hand, it was said
that as commissary he "saved the government
several thousand pounds," and on the other he
"saved to himself and nephew many thousand
Kunds more than they were worth when the re-
llion began." Willard settled in New Bnms-
wick, and was a member of the council. After his
death his family returned to Massachusetts.
WILLARI), Eiiinia, educator, b. in Berlin,
Conn., 23 Feb., 1787: d. in Troy. N. Y., 15 April.
1870. She was a daughter of Samuel Hart, and
a sister of Mrs. Alinira Lincoln Phelps. She re-
ceived her education at the village acatlemy. and
in Hartford, Ci)nn.. and began to teach at the age
of sixteen. After serving as principal of various
academies, she took charge of an institution in
Middlebury, Vt, and in 1809 married Dr. John
Willard. who was then U. S. marshal of Vermont.
In 1814 she opened a Iwarding-school for girls in
Middlebury, where she introduced new studies
and mmle many improvements upon the ordinary
methods of instruction. Deciding to establish a
VOL. VI. — 33
'<x^i?*<i^^^isc<,<tZ_-.
seminary for girls, she matured her plans in a
treatise on the " Eilucation of Women," which
was published in the form of an ad<lre.ss to the
legislature in 1819, and in that year she o|>ened a
scnool in Water-
ford, N. Y., which
was incor|)orated
and in [mrt su|>-
ported by the state
government. In
1821 she removed
to Troy, N. Y.,
which town had
offered her an ap-
propriate build-
mg. and her school
Ijccame known as
the Troy female
seminary. In 1825
Dr. Willard died,
and theentire busi-
ness management
devolved upon her.
She continued suc-
cessfully until 1838, when she resigned, and was
succeeded by her son, John Hart Willard. and his
wife. In 1830 .she travelled in Europe, and on her
return she j)ublished her "Journal and Letters
from France and Great Britain " (Troy. 1833), de-
voting her share of the proceeds of its sale.anu>unt-
ing to $1,200, to the support of a strhool in Greece,
that had been founded mainly by her exertions, for
the education of native fenuile teachers. She was
associated in this enterprise with Almira Lincoln
Phelps, Sarah J. Hale, Lydia H. Sitjourney. and
others. In 1838 she married Dr. C'nristopher C.
Yates, from whom she was divorced in 1843, and
resumed her former name. For many years before
her death she resided in Troy, N. Y., and directed
her energy to the revision of her mnnerous school-
books and to public lal)ors in the cause of higher
education. In 1840she made a jonrneyof 8.000miles
through the western and southern states, addressing
teachers' conventions, and in 1854 .she attended the
World's educational convention in London. She
is considered the pioneer in the higher education
of women in this country, and educated about 5.000
pupils. Her school-books have had a large sale,
and have lieen translated into many of the lan-
guages of Europe and Asia Her publications in-
clucle " The Woodbridge and W illard Geogra-
phies and Atlases," comprising a universal geog-
raphy and atlas, a school geography and atlas,
aT» ancient geography and atlas, geography for
beginners, and atlas (1823) ; " History of the
United States, or Rei)uVilic of Anierica '* (New
York. 1828); "Universal History in Perspective"
(18JJ7) ; " Treatise on the Circulation of the Blood "
(1840); "Respiration and its Effects, particularly as
respects Asiatic Cholera" (1849); "La.st Leaves of
American History " (1849); " Astronomy" (185J}) :
"Morals for the Young" (1857); and numerous
charts, atlases, pamphlet.s. and addresses. She was
the author of many [loems. the litest known of which
is " R<x'ked in the Cradle of the Deep." Tliese
were publishe<l in a volume, which was afterward
suppres.sed (New York, 1830). See her " Life," by
John Lord (New York, 1873).
WILLARI), Frances Elizabeth, reformer, b.
in Churchville, N. Y., 28 St>pt., 18;J9. She was
graduated at Northwestern female college. Evans-
ton. 111., in 1859, became profes.sor of natural s<-i-
ence there in 1802, and was principal of Genesee
Wesleyan seminary in 1800-'7. The following two
years she spent in foreign travel, giving a part of
514
WILLARD
WILLARD
the time to study in Paris, and contributing to
periodicals. In l'871-'4 she was professor of jps-
thetics in Northwestern university and dean of the
Woman's college, where she developed her system
of self-government, which has Ihmju adoptwl by
other e<lucat<)rs. Miss Willard left her profession
in 1H74 to identify herself with the Woman's
Christian temiwrance union, serving as corres{j<}nd-
ing secretary of the National organization till
1879, and since that date as president. As secre-
tary she organizwl the Home protection movement,
and sent an a|)|K>al frnm nearly 200.000 [)eople to
the legislature of Illinois asking for the temperance
Iwllot for women. On the death of her brother,
Oliver A. Willanl, in l!^7». she succeeded him as
e<iitorof the Chicago " Kvening Post." .Since 1882
she has been a memljer of the executive committee
of the Prohibition narty. In 1886 she a<cepted the
leadership of the White Cross movement in her
own unions, which has obtained through her in-
fluence enmtments in twelve states for the protec-
tion of women. In 1888 she was made president
of the American branch of the International coun-
cil of women, and of the World's Christian tem-
perance union, which she had founded five years
Defore. Besides many pamphlets and contributions
to magazines and the press. Miss Willard has pub-
lished " Nineteen Beautiful Years," a tribute to her
sister (New York. 1868); "Woman and Temper-
ance " (Chicago, 188;j) ; " How to Win " (New York,
18H6) ; and " Woman in the Pulpit " (Boston, 1888).
WlLIi.4RI). John, jurist, b. in Guilford, t^onn.,
20 May. 1792; d. in Saratoga Springs. N. Y., 31
Aug.. 1862. He was gra<luated at Middlebury col-
lege in 1813, a<lmitte(l to the bar in 1817, and he
began the practice of law in Salem. Washington
CO., N. Y. On the elevation in 18;}6 of Esek Cowen
to the bt'uch of the supreme court, he was appoint-
ed judge and vice-chancellor of the 4th judicial
district of New York, filling that office until the
new organization of the judiciary under the con-
stitution of 1846, when he was elected one of the
justices of the supreme court. In 1854 he was a
memlx'r of the court of appeals. In 1856 he was
appointed by President Pierce one of the commis-
sioners to examine into the validity of the Califor-
nia land-titles which were claimed under Spanish
and Mexican grant.s. In 1861 he was chosen state
senator by the votes of all parties, and. by his ef-
fort* in that Ixnly, the confusion in the laws re-
specting murder and the rights of marrie<l women
was removed, and simple statutes were substituted
in their place. The rapidity and ability with
which he discharged hisoliicial duties, his uniform
courtesy and kindness to the profession, his al>-
horrence of pettifogging and chicanery, and the
purity and integrity of his character as a judge
and lis a man, commanded universal resjtect and
esteem, and did much to elevate the juciiciary of
his native state. Dartmouth gave him the degree
of LL. I), in IHHO. After his retirement from the
bench he published " Equity Jurisprudence" (Al-
bany. 1855) ; a " Treatise on ExedUtors, Adminis-
trators, ami Guardians" (1859); and a "Treatise
on Real Ustate and Conveyancing" (1861). works
of great learning and ability. They are constantly
cite«l with confidence, and received as authority
both in the Unite<l .States and in England.
WILLARD. John Dwight, jurist, b. in Lan-
caster, N. Y., 4 Nov.. 1799; d. in Troy, N. Y., 16
Oct., 1864, After graduation at Dartmouth in
1819 he .studied law. was admitted to the bar of
New York about 1823, and Ijegan practice in Troy
in t828. He was editor of the Troy "Sentinel''
for several years. He was judge of the court of
common pleas and also of the New York circuit
court, and seryed in the state senate. The degree
of LL. D. was conferred on him by Dartmouth in
1860, and by La (Jrange university of Kentucky
in 1862. He left $10,000 to Dartmouth.
WILLARU, Simoji, settler, b. in Horsemonden,
Kent, England, in April, 1605 ; d. in Charlestown,
Mass., 24 April, 1676. He was the son of Richard
Willard, came to New England in l&M, and was
a founder of Concord, of which he was clerk from
1635 till 1653. lie represented it in the legis-
lature from 1686 till 1654, and was assistant and
councillor from 1654 till 1676. He removed to
Lancaster in 1660. in 1672 to Groton, and on the
dispersion of the inhabitants of that town by the
Indian wars, in which he served as major of mili-
tia, settled in .Salem. He became a magistrate, and
died while holding a court in Charlestown. The
Ilev. Ebenezer Pemberton calls him "a sage pa-
triot in Israel, whose wisdom assigned him a seat
at the council-board, and his military skill and
martial spirit entitled him to the chief place in the
field." A letter from Maj. Simon Willard to the
commissioners of the United Colonies in 1654 is
contained in Thomas Hutchinson's " Collection of
Original Papers relative to the History of the
Colony of Massachusetts Bay " (Boston, 1769). See
his " r^ife," by Joseph Willard (Boston, 1858).— His
son, Saninef, clergyman, b. in Concord, Mass., 81
Jan., 1640; d. in Boston, Mass., 12 Sept., 1707, was
graduated at Harvard in 1659, studied divinity,
was ordained minister at Groton in 1663, and con-
tinued there until
the Indian war of
1676. He became
colleague with
the Rev. Thomas
Thacher, the first
pastor of the Old
South church in
Boston, and con-
tinued in connec-
tion with that
church until his
death. A story il-
lustrating his ex-
cellent delivery is
told. His son-in-
law, the Rev. Sam-
uel Neal, {)reached
for him in the Old
South church, and
the sermon being considered yery poor, the con-
gregation reouested that he should nol be invited
to fill the pulpit. Mr. Willard borrowed the iden-
tical .sermon and read it to the same audience,
which immediately requested a copy for publica-
tion. On the retirement of Increase Mather from
the presidency of Harvard, Mr. Willard. being
yice-president, succeeded to the government of
that college, serving in 1701-'7. He published nu-
merous sermons, including " Sermon occasioned by
the Death of John Leverett. Governor of Massa-
chusetts " (Boston, 1679) : " The Duty of a People
that have renewed their Covenant with God "
(1680); "Ne Sutor ultra Crepidam, or Brief Ani-
madversions upon the New Englan^ Anabaptists'
Late Fallacious Narrative" (1681); "Mourner's
Cordial against Excessive Sorrow" (1691); "Peril
of the Times displayed " (1700) ; and other treatises,
and left " Expositions upon Psalms, Romans, Co-
rinthians, and Galatians," and other compositions
in manuscript, which were edited and published
by Joseph Sewall and Thomas Prince, colleague
pastors of the Old South church, with the title of
s ic^:^^
WILLARD
WILLARD
615
•♦ A Coinpleat Ikxly of Divinity in Two Ilundrwl
and F'ifty Ijecturos on the Assembly's Shorter
Catefhism," in what is said to he the first miscel-
laneous folio volume that was nublishutl in this
i-ountry (Boston, 172(5). — Samuel's son. Jo8iah,
jurist, b. in Massachusetts, 1 May, HJ81 ; d. in
Boston, Mass., 6 Dec., 1756, was ^ra<luate<l at Ilar-
vanl in UMW. and was secretary of Ma-ssm-hu setts
from June, 1717, until his death, iH'inj; known as
*• the jjoixl secri'tary." He was judjje of prol>ate in
1731, and a member of the council in MM. — Sam-
uel's erandson, Sainnel, clergyman, b. in Kings-
ton, Jamaica, W. I., in 1705; d. in Kitterj-, Me.,
25 Oct., 1741, was the son of John, who was gradu-
ated at Harvard in 1690, and was a merchant of
Jamaica for several years. After griuluation at
Harvard in 1?2^1, the son was ap|>ointcd to the
charge of a pastorate in Biddeford, Me., in 1780.
.Set^ "The Minister of Gotl approved : a Sermon at
the Ordination of Mr. John llovev. with a Funeral
Sermon on Samuel Willard," by William Thomp-
st>n, A. M., and a preface by Thomas Prentice
(lioston, 1748). — The second Samuel's son, Joneph,
clergyman, b. in Biddefora, Me., 9 Jan., 1738; d.
in New Bedford, Mas.s., 25 Sept., 1804, was left
fatherless at an early age, and made .several coast-
ing voyages. Through the genemsitv of friends
he enteretl Harvard, was graduatetl in 1765. and
in the next year wjis chosen tutor there, remain-
ing until 1772. He was ordained colleague, with
the Rev. Joseph Champnev, of the 1st Congrega-
tional church m Beverly, Mas.s., on 25 Nov., 1772,
and in 1781 was elected president of Harvard, serv-
ing until his death. His only publications were a
few sermons, a Ijatin a<ldress on the death of
Washington, prefixed t« the Rev. David Tappan's
" Discourse" (Cambridge, 1800), an«l mathematical
and astronomical papers in the " Memoirs of the
American Academy,' and the "Transactions" of
the Philosophical 8<x;iety. He was a sound Greek
scholar, ana left a Greek grammar in manuscript,
— The second Samuel's grandsoD, Suloiiion, arclii-
tect, b. in Petersham, Worcester co., .Ma.ss., 26 June.
178:^: d. in t^uincy, Ma^^s., 27 Feb.. 1862. worked
in his father's carpenter-shop, and farmetl till 1804,
when he went to Boston, where he followed his
trade. Subsequently he liecame an expt>rt wood-
carver, his first important work in that art being
the colossal sprea<l eagle that was placed on the
old custom-house in Boston. He l)egan to carve
in stone in 1815. was employed in decorating many
public buildings in Boston, and gave lessons in
architecture and drawing. He was a founder of
the Ik)ston mechanics' institute. On 2 Nov., 1825,
he was chosen architect and su[)erintendent of
Bunker Hill monument, his design having been
accepted by the building committee in the follow-
ing year. He was engaged on this work for the
subsequent seventeen years, being fretjuently in-
terrupted by want of funds and by disagreements
in the committee in charge; but on 23 July, 1842,
the top-stone of the mommient was laid, and on
the anniversary of the battle in \H4ii its completion
was celel)ratetl in the presence of the prt>sident «»f
the United States, his cabinet, and a large con-
course of citizens from every part of the I'nion.
Mr. Willard's other works include the U. S. branch
bank, Boston, the plan of the .soldiers' monument
at Concord, Ma)«s., the court-hous«» at Dedham,
Mass., and the Harvanl monument in ChHrlestown,
Mass. He introduced the fri'c ust« of granite as a
building material in this countrj', furnisluMl the
first granite paving-stones that were ever used in
Bo8t/^)n, invented many ingenious plans for work-
ing stone, and, as carpenter, designer, architect,
and builder, was greatly in advance of his con-
tem|)orBries. See " Memoir of Solomon Wil-
lard," by William W. Wheildon (Boston. 1865).
— Joseph's son, Sidney, e«lucator. b. in Beverly,
Ma«.s., 19 Sept., 1780; d. in Cambridge, Mass.. 6
Dec., 18.'>6, was graduated at Harvard in 1798,
where he was librarian in 1800-'5. and Hancock
profes.sor of Hebrew and other (►riental langua^^
from 1807 until his resignation. In crmnection
with this professorship he was al.so profes.sor of the
Knglish language, and in 1H27 the charge of the
liatin department was a.'«signed to him also. He
studied theology and sometimes preached. He
was mayor of Cambridge from 1848 till 1850,
served frequently in the legislature, and was once
a member of the executive council. He was a
memlK>r of the Anthology club, and a founder of
"The Literary Miscellany," estabiishe«l and edited
the '• American Monthly Review " (4 vols.. \Ki2-'S),
was eilitor of " The Christian Register," contril)-
utetl to numerous periodicals, and published a
" Hebrew Grammar " (Cambridge, 1817), and
" Memoirs of Youth and Manhoo<l " (2 vols., 1855).
— Another son of Joseph. Joseph, atithor. b. in
Cambridge. Mass.. 14 March. 1798; d. in Boston,
Mas.s., 12 May, 1865. studiwl at Phillips Exeter
aca<lemy, was grmiuated at Harvard in 181(J, stu<l-
ied law in Amherst, practised in Waitham and
Ijancaster, and settled in Boston in 1829. He be-
came master of chancery in 18Ji8, was appointed
joint clerk with George C Wilde, of the supreme
court and court of common pleas of .Suffolk county,
and held these offices until 1856. when they becan>e
elective. He was then chosen clerk of the superior
court for five years, and re-elcctetl for a like term
in 1861. Mr. VVillard was corresfwnding secretary
of the Massachusetts historical society from 1829
till 1864, and many years a trustee of the old lios-
ton library. He was the author of " Topographical
and Historical Sketches of the Town of Lancaster
in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts" (Wor-
cester, 1826); '* Address to the Menibers of the liar
of Worcester County, 2 Oct., 1829" (Ijancaster,
18^30); "Address in Commemoration of the 2(X)th
Anniversary of the Inconxiration of Lancaster,
Mas.s.. with an Appendix (Boston. 1853); "The
Willard Memoir, or Life and Times of Major Si-
mon Willard, and Some Account of the Name and
Family in Kurope from an Vmt\\ Day" (1858);
" Naturalization ni the American Colonies " (1859) ;
and " Letter to an Engli.sh Friend on the Rei>ellion
in the United States and on the British Policy"
(1862). He edited the fifth edition of the " Narra-
tive of the Captivity and Removes of Mrs. Mary
Rowlands«)n among the Indians" (Ijancaster, 1828),
and was the author of many adilresses, pamphlets,
and contributions to various macrazines. He left,
incomplete, a "Life" of (ien. Henry Knox. — .h>-
seph's nephew, Samuel, clerg>'man. b. in Peters-
ham, Mass., 19 April, 1775 : d. in Deerfield. Mass., 8
Oct., 1859. spent his early life on his father's farm,
I and, receiving an injury in the back which unfit-
I ted him for agricultural labor, prepared for college,
was gni<luated at Harvar<i in 180,3. He was a
tutor at Ik)wdoin in 1804-'5, studie<l theology there
and in Cambritlge. and in 1807 iH'came |>a.stor of
the Congrt"gational church in Deerfield, where he
remained until he resignctl in 1829. owing to loss
of sight. He then conducte<l a sch<K)l with his
son-in-law in Hingham, Mass., for three years, and
(K'casionally preached. He iKH-ame a nieml)er of
the American aca«lemy of arts an<l scienc««s in
1815, and received the degree of D. D. from Har-
vanl in 1826. In addition t^^ many |>amphlets
sermons, and school-books, he published the " Deer-
616
WILLARD
WILLCOX
fleld Collection of Sacred Music" (1808): " Orijji-
nal Hymns" (1823); "Index to the Bil)Ie. with
Juvenile Hvmns"(1826); " The Kranklin Primer"
(1826); H "General Ciass-Iiook " (1828): "Sacred
I'lx-'try and Music Reconciled: a Collection of
Ilyinns" (IKJO): and an " Intnxluction to the
lii'itin I>iiii),'uajre" (183.')). — The second Joseph's
win, Sidney, soldier, b. in l^ancastcr, Mass., 3
Feb., 1831: d. in Fretlericksburjr, Va., 13 Dec.,
18(52, wa-s graduated at Harvard in 1852, and stud-
ietl and practised law in Boston. During the civil
war he entere«l the National arniy. and was made
major of the 3r>th Massachu«"tts n-giinent on 27
Aug., lH(i2. and fell at Fredericksburg. Va.
nlLLAKI), Simon, watch-maker, b. in Rox-
Imry, Mass.,!* Jan., 1705: d. in lioston. Mjvss., 24
Aug., 1874. He wa-; graduate*! at the U. S. mili-
tary aciuiemy in IHl.'), apjK>inted 3d lieutenant of
ordmince, and ordered to the Pittsburg arsenal.
cro.ssing the Alleghany mountains on foot. He re-
signed from the army on 1 May, 181(5, and after an
unsuccessful liusiness career of seven years entered
his father's dock-making establishment in Boston,
and at the end of two years aj)j)renticed himself to
a mechanician in New York city. After learning
the mdhtxlsof constructing chrononu'ters, he re-
turned to Boston, where he established himself in
business, occupying the same premises forty-two
years, during which time he acquired a fortune.
lie constructed an astronomical clock that was for
fortv vears the standard in his part of the citv.
WriJ.ARl), Sylvester David. physician,"b. in
Wiltnn. Conn.. 19 June. 1825; d. in Albany, N. Y.,
2 April, lSti5. He was educated in the academy in
his native town, graduated at Albany medical col-
lege in 1848, and acciuired a large practice in that
city. From 1857 till 18(55 he was swretarv of the
New York state medical society, whose "'transac-
tions " he edited, and he was president of the
medical s<H'iety of Albany county in 1858. He en-
tere<l the National army as volunteer surgeon in
18(52, and in 18(55 became surgeon-general of the
state of New York. Being directed by the legis-
lature to rc^^tort the condition of the insane in the
state. Dr. \\ illard urged the necessity of erecting
a large asylum for the jMwr, and a bill to establish
such an asylum was in the state senate at the time
of Dr. Willard's death. It afterward passed, and
the institution was called the Willard asylum for
the insane. It is one of the largest of the kind
in this country. Both houses of the legislature
mss*!*! resolutioiis of regret upon his death. Dr.
Willartl devoted much tinu^ to historical and an-
ti(juarian research, and was the author of many
scientific pa|)ers. addres.ses, and contributions to
metlical journals. He published " Historical Ad-
dress" (Albany, 1857): " Biographical Memoirs of
Physicians of Albany County" (1857): "Memoir
of Thomas S|)encer, 'M. D." (1858); and "Annals
of the .Medical S<K'iety of the Countv of Albany,
180()-'51. with Biographical Sketches" (1804).
WILLAIMETZ, Jean-Baptlste Philibert
(yeel-o-metz). Count, French naval oflicer, b. in
Bclle-Isle-en-Mer, 7 Aug., \Hiii; d. in Suresnes,
near Paris, 17 May, 1845. He entered the French
navy in 1777, was with I)'f:staing at Savannah in
1779. and De Grasst> at Yorktown in October, 1781.
and in the engagements with Lord Rodnev ofiF
Dominica, 9 and 12 April, 1782. He served after-
ward in the Indian ocean. In 1802 he commanded
the " Hercule " in I.K?clerc's expedition to Santo
Domingo, and as commander of the station south
of Mole St. Nicolas held in check the insurgents,
whom, despite his instructions, he treated with
humanity, and refused to cause the prisoners to be
shot. After his promotion to rear-admiral he sailed
on 14 Dec, 1805. with a division for Cayenne, Jerome
Napoleon serving under him as post-captain. He
pillaged the coast of British Guiana, and then
turned to the north, his instructions being to de-
stroy the cod-fisheries along the coast of New-
foundland: but on 20 Aug.. 1806, the fleet was
struck by a hurricane, which dismasted and dis-
jHjrsed all the vessels. Two were sunk near the
coast of South Carolina, and two others reached
Chesapeake bav. where they were condemned and
sold. Jerome K^apoleon sailed for France, and the
admiral, with his remaining two ships, put into
Havana for repairs. Here he received orders to
abandon the expedition to Newfoundland, and to re-
turn to Brest. He was made a count by Napoleon,
vice-mlmiral by Louis XVIII., and in 1832 retired
and was created a peer of France. He published
" Dictionnaire de marine" (2 vols., Paris, 1820).
WILLCOX, Albert Oliver, merchant, b. in
New York city, 10 May. 1810. He wa.s educated
in the New Y^ork high-school, and emV)raced a mer-
cantile career. Between 1835 and 18(50 he was an
active member of several anti-slavery societies. As
chairman of the executive committee of one of
these, he issued, on 3 Nov., 1838, an address con-
taining the first proposal of f)olitical anti-slavery
action. He was among the founders of the " Na-
tional Era " in Wa.shington, D. C, in 1844. He
was engaged for many years before the war in ex-
tending the earliest mercantile agency, and in the
dry-goods business, and has since followed the in-
surance business in New York city, and devoted
himself to the public advocacy of woman suffrage.
WILLCOX, Orlando Bolivar, soldier, b. in
Detroit, Mich., 16 April, 1823. He was gradu-
ated at the U. S. military academy, in 1847, eighth
in a class of thirty-eight, among w^hom were
Ambrose P. Hill
and Ambrose E.
Burnside, and
was a.ssigned to
the 4th artillery.
He served in the
latter part of the
Mexican war, on
the plains, and
in the final cam-
paign against
the Seminoles in
1856-'7, but re-
signed his com-
mi.ssion on 10
Sept. of the lat-
ter year, studied
law, and in 1858 ^.^ ^
was admitted J^"^^ /y/ 'a a /
to the bar at L< ff 0. I^UUUs-cyL
Detroit, Mich., /
where he practised till the opening of the civil war.
lie l)ecame colonel of the 1st ^lichigan regiment
on 1 May, 1861, and his command was the first
from the west to arrive at the seat of war. He was
engaged in the capture of Alexandria, Va., and
commanded a brigade at Bull Run, where he was
wounded and captured. After confinement in
Charleston and Columbia, S. C, till yi Aug., 1862,
during part of which time he was kept a close
prisoner as a hostage for Confederate privateers
that were on trial for their lives in New York, he
was exchanged and commissioned brigadier-gen-
eral of volunteers, to date from 21 July, 1861. He
took part in the Maryland and Rappahannock
campaigns, temporarily'commanded the 9th army
corps and the oistrict of central Kentucky from
WILLEKENS
WILLETT
617
10 A|)ril till 9 June, 1863. hatl charge of the
district of Indiana and Michigan flaring the draft
riots, and then ongagwl in the operations in eastorti
Tciincs.sco till March. 1M04. lie commanded a «li-
vinion in the Oth corps of the Army of the Potomac
in the Richmond cam()aign. and on 1 Aug.. 18((4.
was hn'vi'ttcd major-general «»f vohmteers "for
distinguished and gallant services in tlic several
a<*tions since cn)s.sing the Itunidan." At Petersburg
his division was the first to break through, and re-
ceivwl the actual surrender of the citv. From
20 April till 28 July, IH^*), ho had charge of the
district of Washington, N. ('., and from 7 Aug.,
of that year, till 15 Jan., 1860, he (roinmanded that
of Michigan. On the latter day he was njiistertHl
tiut, and returned to the practice of law at Detroit,
where he was also made U. S. assessor of internal
revenue; but on 28 July, 186(J, he was r«>commis-
siono<l in the regular army, as colonel of the 20th
infantry, and on 2 March. 1807, ho received the
brevets of brigatlier-general for Sf)ottsylvania, and
major-general for the capture of Petersburg. He
was transfernnl to the 12th infantry on 15 March,
180*.), was superintendent of the general recruit-
ing service in New York city in 1873- '4, and com-
manded vari(»us posts and departments till his
nn»motion to brigadier-general, 13 Oct., 1880.
While in command of the Department of Arizona,
ho receive«l the thanks of the territorial legislature
on H) Feb., 1881, for " his constant and vigilant
care, his untiring effort and military skill in pro-
te<-ting the people and freeing the territory of Ari-
zona from the cruel and brutal outrages of the
hostile Indian tribes within the militjiry depart-
ment." On 16 April, 1887, he was placed on the
ri'tin-d list, at which time he was in command of
the Department of the Missouri. Gen. Wilcox
has published "Shoejiack Recollections" (Boston,
1H56), and " Faca, an Army Memoir, by Major
March " (1857).
WILLEKENS, Jacobns, Dutch admiral, b. in
Hrwla in 1571 ; d. in Ternate in 1033. He was in
the employ of the Hast and West Indian company
for years, and in 1620 presented to John l\xseling.
pn-sident of the board of directors, a memoir in
which he atlvocated a combined attack on the
Spanish possessions of the Atlantic and Pacific
coast. Lsseling commended the memoir to the
directors, and in 1623 the expedition was decided
up<m. Willekens, being appointed commander-in-
cnief. directed the armament of two fleets. One,
in conimand of Ja(!ob L'llermite-Clerk, sailed from
Amsterdam, 29 AnriU 1623, to operate against
Peru and Mexico, while the main fleet, under Wille-
kens, was to attjick Hrazil. and sailed from Texel,
22 Dec., 102:}. Early in June, 1024, he began ojx'r-
ations against San Salvador da Hahia, and after
his vice-atlmiral. Piet Ilein (q. v.), had crossed the
bar on 10 June and captured the Portuguese flwt.
the city surn-ndered at discretion on the following
day. itishop Texeira preached the war against
the heretics among the Imlians. and the Portu-
ffuese, having rallietl. U'sicged Willekens; but the
atter repelled them, and led an exinnlition into
the interior, on his return from whicn he was de-
feated by the Indians. Surn'ndering the com-
mand to Ilein, he sailed, 24 Aug., 1024. for Am-
sterdam to obtain re-enforcements. lie returnetl
in June, 1025, but f<tund Hahia abandomHl by
Ilein and in the |Missession of a Sjxmish-Portu-
iruese fleet, which he attticked. IJeing driven l)ack.
ne sailed to the south, landing at intervals and
destroying t he Portuguese establishments. Chased
by Uie Spanish fleet, he returne<l to Holland, where
he learned of the new expedition that had been
sent to Brazil under command of Hein in 1020
and sailed to his succor, lie ma<Ie a successful
attack against Rio de Janeiro, which paid ran.som,
and joine<I Ilein ; but the two admirals di.sagreeing
as U^ the chief command, they sejtarated and Wille-
kens returned to Amsterdam. He afterwanl com-
mandiHl in the East Indies, djing at Termite after
a successful attack against "Manila. Willekens's
clerk wrote an account of the expeiiition to Hrazil,
and it was published in Dutch (Amsterdam. 1020),
but is Ijost known in the French version, entitlo<i
"Journal de I'exjdHlition entreprise par ordre de
nos seigneurs des Etats-Ot^ncraux, au llresil. et du
siege et de la cai)tun' de I^hia, sous Ics ordres de
I'Amiral Jacob Willekens " (1629).
WILLET, JoH<*ph Edg-erton, educator, b. in
Macon, Ga., 17 Nov., 1820. lie was gradtiated at
Mercer university in 1840 and elected in 1847 «<1-
junct profes.sor of natural j)hilosophv and chemis-
try, but s[)ent some time in the analytical labora-
tory of Yale college before fully taking up the du-
ties of his chair. Since 1849 he has been engaced
in teaching natural science in Mercer university,
having Ijeeii made full professor in 1848. During
the civil war he was emploved by the ('onfederate
ffoveniment to superinteiul the lalniratory at At-
anta, in which all kinds of ammunition were
manufactured, and in recent years he has servwl
on the U. S. commission to investigate the habits,
nature, and ravages of the cotton caterpillar. I'rof.
Willet has delivered a course of lectures on " Sci-
ence and Religion," besides lecturing l)efore agri-
cultural societies. He is the authi^r of a prize-book,
" The Wonders of Insect Life " (1809).
WILLETT, Thomas merchant, b. in England
in 1611 ; d. in Harrington. R. I., 4 Aug., 1674. He
came with Isaac Allerton from Leyuen in WiO,
and became a trader and sea-captain of Plymouth
colony, but lived much of the time in New Amster-
dam, and in 1650 acted as a commissioner on lie-
half of the New Netherlands to settle Ixmndary
disputes with New England. In 1651 he lK>came
a magistrate of Plymouth colonv. He was the first
to inform Peter Stuyvesant of the coming of a
hostile English fleet in 1004. After the surrender
he accompanied the officers that went to take p<is-
session of^ Albany as a mediator with the Indians,
and on 12 June, 1065, was appointetl bv Gov.
Richard Nicolls the first mayor of New York. On
23 Aug. he was nominated one of the commis-
sioners of admiralty. He was a councillor under
Gov. Richard Lovelace. When the Dutch retook
the colony in 1073, his property in New York was
confiscatefl. and he retired to Is'ew England. — His
son. ThoiiiaH, soldier, b. in Plymouth. Mass.. 1 Oct.,
1046, was major commanding the militia of Oueens
county, and summoned them to meet the French
under the Marquis Denonville in 1(»87. He was a
councillor under Sir Edmund Andros. and was
continued in the oflfice under (lov. llenrv Slough-
tor. — The first Thomas's great-grandsftn. Marinns,
soldier, b. in Jamaica. L. I.. 31 July. 1740; d. in
New York city. 22 Aug.. IKiO, s«'rve«l with dis-
tinction as a lieutenant in Gen. James Abercrom-
bio's expedition against Fort Ticoufleroca in 1758,
and participate<l in the capture of Fort Frontenac,
He was one of the leaders of the Stms of Liberty
in New York city, and on 6 June. 1775. i>revente«l
the sending of arms from the arsenal to the Hritisli
troops in Hoston harl)or. He joined Gen. Richard
Montgomery's force, was commissjoruHl as captain,
took part iii tho exp<»dition against Canada, and
remained in commaixl of the {)ost at St. John's
after its capture. He was appointetl lieutenant-
colonel of toe 3d New York regiment, and was en-
618
WILLETT
WILLEY
M^
fipificed in skirmishes near Now York city in the
spring of 1770. In August, 1777. he was second
in command at Fort Stanwix. whence he led a
sally against the main force of Col. Barry St. Ijeger,
and thus gave the
victory to t^e
militia at Oris-
kany. He joined
Gen. Wa.shing-
ton'sarniyinNew
Jersey in June,
1778,'and in 1779
accomjianifdGen.
John Sullivan in
his expedition
{^inst the Six
Nations. From
1780 till the end
of the war he
commandod the
forces in the Mo-
hawk valley, en-
countering the ir-
regulars of Sir
John Johnson at
Johnstown in the
summer of 1781. and in February, 17^3. conducting
the last hostile movement against the British, which
wa-* an attempt to surprise the garrisf)n at Oswego.
He was elected to the state assembly after the peace,
but Viicat«'d his s<>at in February, 1784, on being
app)iMte(l shcrifl of New York, which office he held
till 1792. In the latter year he wasoffered the com-
mand and rank of a i)rigadier-genera! in the expedi-
tion against the western Indians, but doclinetl. He
was sent by President Washington in 1794 to the
south on a mission to the Cnnik Indians, and brought
Alexander Med illivray and his principal chiefs and
warriors to Xew York, where tney signed a treaty
of f)eace. When De Witt Clinton was removed
from the office of mavor of New York, in 1807,
Willetl was apjKtinted in his place. In 1810 the
beet ion of the m-publicans that Ijecame the Tam-
many pjirty nominated him for lieutenant-governor
in op|K)sition to Clinton. On 24 June, 1812, he
was secretary of a ma,ss-nuH?ting in favor of mili-
tary preparations against the British. See "A
Narrative of the Military Actions of Col. Marinus
Willett," prepare«l chiefly from his manusc-rint
journals by his son, William M. Willett (New Yorlc,
IWil).— Marinus'ssoii. >Yilliam MuriniLS, author,
b. in New York city. :} Jan.. 1803, entered the New
York conference of the Methodist Episcopal church
in 182J}, and prwu'he<l iti eastern New York and
Connecticut, and afterward in the limits of the
Genesee conference, to which he was transferred
in 1820 till \K*A. In lKi8 he became instructor in
Hebrew at Wesleyan university, and in 1841-'2
was professf)r of Hebrew and biblical literature,
and also e<lited the last numlxirs of the college
magazine that was called the " Classic." In 1843
he founde<l the Biblical institute at Newbury, Vt.,
of which he was j)resident till 1848. His life has
since l)een snent in literary labor. He edited the
"Newbury Biblical Magazine "in 1843-'4, and in
1882 the " New Biiile Magazine," which was con-
tinued only through one volume. His works in-
clude'•.S<'enes in the Wilderness: Authentic Nar-
rative of the Lal)ors and Sufferings of the Moravian
Missionaries among the North American Indians "
(New York, 1842) : " A New Life of Summerfleld "
(Philadelphia, 1*57); "The Life and Times of
Herrxl the Great, as connected, Historically and
Proplietically, with the Coming Christ " (Philadel-
phia, 1860) ; " Herod Antipas, with Passages from the
Life of Jesus," a seauel to the last-named (New
York, 1800); "The Messiah" (Boston, 1874): and
" The Restitution of All Things " (New York, 1880).
WILLETTS, Jacob, educator, b. in Fishkill,
N. Y., in 1785; d. near Mechanic, Dutchess co.,
N. Y.. 12 Sept., 1860. He was educated at the
Friends' boarding-school near Mechanic, and on
his eighteenth birthday l)ecame head teacher there.
Ab<jut 1813 he settled' on the island of Nantucket,
where with his wife he conducted a flourishing
schotil for many years; but in 1824 they returned
to Dutchess county and established a school near
Mechanic, which they continued until 1852. He
was an accomplished mathematician, and published
text-books of geography, arithmetic, and book-
keeping, which were much used throughout the
country. — His wife, Deborah, b. in Marshfield,
Ma.ss.. in 1789; d. near Mechanic, Dutchess co..
N. Y.. in 1880, was educated in the same school
with Mr. Willetts, and married him in 1812. Her
maiden name was Rogers, and she was a lineal de-
scendant of the martyr of Smithfield. She was a
skilful grammarian, and was often consulted on
difficult miestions by Goold Brown, who in the
Creface of his celebrated grammar acknowledged
is indebtedness to her.
WILLEY, Austin, reformer, b. in Campton, N.
H., 24 June, 1800. He was educated at Pembroke
academy, studied at Bangor theological seminarj-.
where he was graduated in 1837. and in 1839 be-
came editor of the " Advocate of Freedom," an
anti-slavery j)aper that had been established in the
5 receding year at Brunswick, Me., which he con-
ucted until the abolition of slavery. He was also
an early advocate of prohibition, and contributed
to the "adoption of the Maine law. He has pub-
lished in lx)ok-form a " Family Memorial " (San
Francisco. 1865). and " History of the Anti-Slavery
Cause in State and Nation " (Portland. 1886).
WILLEY, Benjamin Glazier, author, b. in
Conway, N. H.. 1 Feb., 1796; d. in East Sumner.
Me., 17 April, 1867. He was graduated at Bowdoin
in 1822. studied theology with Rev. Asa Cummings,
was ordained as colleague pastor at Conway in
1824, and preached there for seven years, and sub-
sequently at Miltan and F'armington, N. H., and
East Sumner, Me. His father, Samuel, was one of
the first settlers of Conway, and his brother, who
was also named Samuel, perished with all his
family in the avalanche of 28 Aug., 1826. An ac-
count of this catastrophe is given in Mr. Willey's
" Incidents in White Mountain History " (Boston,
1856). which was enlarged and republi.shed under
the titlfc of " History of the White Mountains,
together with many Interesting Anecdotes, illus-
trating Life in the Backwoods " (New York. 1870).
WILLEY, Calvin, senator, b. in East Haddam,
Conn., 15 Sept., 1776; d. in Stafford, Conn., 23
Aug., 1858. lie studied law, was admitted to the
bar in 1798, and began practice at Salford. He
served in the state house of representatives for
nine successive years and in the state senate for
two years, was postmaster at Stafford Springs in
180fr-'8, and afterward at Tolland till 1816, and
for seven years filled the office of probate judge for
the Stafford district. He was a presidential elector
in 1824, voting for John CJuincy Adauis. and was
electe<l a U. S. senator, serving from 9 Dec, 1825,
till 3 March, 1831. At the end of his term he re-
sumed practice at Stafford.
WILLEY, Henry, botanist, b. in fleneseo.
N. Y., 19 July, 1824. He was educated at the
normal school in Bridgewater. Mass.. and after-
ward taught a farm-school for boys in Geneseo.
Subsequently he studied law, and was admitted to
WILLKY
WILLIAMS
519
the l»ar of the supreme c«iiirt of New York in Au-
gust. 1H4H. For wvoral yenrs he pnu-tiiwd his
pn)ft*.'<"<iori, first in CJeneseo. and then in Sjiencer-
port, N. Y. In IHW ht- went to Mtts.s<irhu setts, and
after tewhins for sevoml veitrs st-ttied in New
Kedfonl asiMlitorof the " Daily KvoninjrStnndanl,"
which occupation he still continues. During this
time he InH-anie interested in the study of lichens,
of whicli he h;is made a collection. tM)th of exotic
and native s[H>cies. His publications on liche-
nolojry have Ihhmi quite extensive, and, l)e«ides vari-
ous re|wrts to the national surveys of si)ecimens
sulimittetl to him for examination, include " A
List of North American Lichens" (New Iktlford,
1872) atid •' An Introduction to the Study of
Lichens" (1887). He is als<i the author of a
" Willcy Genealogv" (188S).
WILLEY, Waltman Thoniatt, senator, b. in
Monongalia county, Va. (now W. Va,), 18 Oct.,
1811. He was graduated at Madison college,
Uniontown, Pa., in 1831, studie<l law, and wa.s ad-
mitted to the Imr in 1883. He was clerk of the
county and circuit courts successively from 1841
till 185o. and a memlwr in 1850-'l of the Virginia
constitutional convention. Mr. Willey was a dele-
^te to the State ct>nvention that met at Richmond
m February, 1861, and after the adoption of the
ordinance of secession was elected by tne Unionist
legislature at Wheeling to occupy the seat in the
U. S. senate that was vacated ny James M. Ma-
son, taking his seat on 13 July, 1861. He attended
the convention that decide<l to create a new state,
was chosen to represent West Virginia in the sen-
ate, and took his seat on 3 Dec., 1863. In the
following vear he was re-elected for the full term
that endetl on 3 March, 1871, and serve<i as chair-
man of the committees on patents and on claims.
In 1866 he was a dele^te to the Ix)yalists' con-
vention at Philadelphia, and in 1871 he was a
member of the Constitutional convention of West
Virginia. He has written for reviews and de-
livere<l lectures on various subjects, including a
series on " Meth<xlism " in 1853. Allegheny col-
lege gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1863.
WILLIAMS, Abram Peaite, senator, b. near
Portland, Me., 3 Feb., 18112. He attended acade-
mies in North Anson and Farmington, Me., re-
moved to California in 1858, and, after engaging in
mining, tM>came a merchant at Mono Lake, but the
Indians destroyecl his property, and in 1861 he
went to San Francisco, where he has since engagwl
in commerce. He has also devoted some time to
agriculture and shec|>-raising. Mr. Williams was
the founder of the San Francisco board of trade,
and for two years its president, and was first vice-
r resident of the chaml)er of commerce of that city,
n 1884-'8 he was chairman of the Ii4>publican state
central committee. On 4 Aug.. 1886, he was elected
U. S. senator to fill the unexpirwl term of John
F. Miller, decoase<l. succeeding George Hearst, who
had bet!n api>ointe«l by the governor. Mr. Will-
iams served till 3 March, 1887, and was in turn
suceeede<l bv Mr. Hearst.
WILLI.VMS. Alpheus Starker, soldier, b. in
Savbr<M)k. Conn., 10 Sept., IHIO; d. in Washing-
ton. D. v.. 21 Dec., 1878. He was graduated at
Yale in 1831, studied law there, and afterward
sjH'Ut some time in Kuropean travel, a part of his
tour being in com|)anv with Ktlwin Forrest and
Nathaniel P. Willis. In 18J16 he lx>gan the prac-
tice of law in Detroit, Mich. In 1838 he was cap-
tain of a local militia companv. In 1840 he was
appointed judge of proljate of Wayne county, and
he held that post until 1844, when he was elected
recorder of the city of Detroit. At the opening of
the war with Mexicro he was commissioned lieu-
tenant-colonel of the Ist Michigan volunteer in-
fantrv, and serveil with cre<Iit until the close of
hostilities, when he returned to I)etrr>it and re-
sumed the practice of law. In IWIl. when the civil
war Ix'gan, he was one of the first to offer his ser-
vices in supj)ort of the government, and as he had
always Ix-en an wtive member of the Democratic
narty, his example had great influence. On 17
Slay, 1861. he was ap[K)inted brigadier-general of
volunteers. He at once entered ujion his duties in
the Army of the Potomac, ancl in the spring of
1862 was made commander of a division in the
corps of Gen. Nathaniel P. Itanks in the Shenan-
doah valley. During the retreat of the corps in
May. 1862, he did himself great credit by his skill
ancl courage. While still a brigadier-general he
commanded, with ability and success, an army
corps in the battles of South Mountain, Antietam,
and Gettysburg. In the autumn of 1863 he was
sent with his corps to Tennessee, and in the follow-
ing spring, as division (H>mmander, he entered
upon the Atlanta campaign. He t<K)k an active
1)art in all the battles of that summer. At the
lead of the 20th corjis he marched with Sherman
to the sea, and at Savannah he was promotecl to
be brevet major - general of volunteers to rank
from 12 Jan., 1865, being 39th cm the list of such
brevet appointments, though far in advance of
them all in date of previous commission and in
actual service. Perhaps his was the only instance
during the civil war wnere an officer of his grade
was placed in command of a corps, except in a
momentary emergency. Notwilhstandinjj this
neglect to recognize his merits. Gen. ^\ illiams
gave his best energies to his work. He shared in
the cam|mign in the Carolinas and in the grand
review at Washington, and was retained in service
during the reconstruction era in Kentucky and
Arkansas, until July, 18(>6, when he was honorably
mustered out. He was scx>n afterward anj>ointed
U. S. minister to San Salvador, where ne s[K>nt
three years in diplomatic duties. He returned in
1870 to his old home, and was in that .vear an un-
successful candidate for governor of Michigan. In
1874, and again in 1876. he was elected a repre-
sentative in congress. He had est«blishecl a repu-
tation as an honest and independent legislator, when
his career was cut short by death. During his
second term in congress he was chainnan of the
committee on the District of Columbia, and did
much to l>eautifv the capital citv.
WILLIAMS,' Arthnr Trefusls Heneage, Ca-
nadian soldier, b. at Penryn Park, Port Hope,
Ont.. 13 June. 1837; d. on Saskatchewan river.
Northwest territory, 4 Julv, 1885. His father had
been a commander in the British navy, and. sulise-
quentlv removing to Canada, was a memlier of the
Canada assembly from 1840 till 1848. The son was
educated at Upper Canada college and F^lini)urgh
university, and afterward spent several years in
travel through Great Britain, Ireland, and the
European continent. From 1867 till 1871 he rep-
resented Jjist Durham as a Conservative in the
Ontario legislature, and from 1878 till his death
he sat for the same constituency in the Dominion
parliament. He was ai>|>ointcMl a li»>utenant-colonel
of militia in 18(56, in IHHO commandcHl the Cana-
dian rifle-team at WimbUnlon. and in 1885 led the
Midland l>attali<m in suppressing the Northwest
insurrecticm. . He was present with his command
at the liattle of Batoche. and afterward went with
Gen. Sir Frederick Middleton to Prince All»ert-,
and thence to liattlefoni and Fort Pitt. From the
last-named place he was sent in pursuit of Big
520
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
Bear, an Indian chief who had joined Louis Riel,
and while i*ng»jre<l in this stTvife he contracted a
cold which rcsiiltcil in his death soon afterward.
WILLIAMS, Barney (tlie sta>;e nanu' of IttR-
SARi) Ki-AMKKTY), uctor, b. in Cork, In-land, in
182a ; d. in Niw York city, 2") April, 1870. He
came to this c<i»iitry as a Inn-, tiiitl in 18^0 was
connwtcd with the old Franklin theatre. New
York. In 184.') he was the inanaf^er of the Vaux-
hall jfarden, in the Bowery, and after his niarriujje
in 18,'iU he |)laye<l, with his wife, in Irish comedy.
After a successful visit to .Sjin Francisco in 18.54
they wt-nt abroad in 185o. hut n-tunu'd to the
Unit»'d States in 18.')», and filletl a hmj,' enpifje-
ment at N'iblo's jjarden. In 18HT Williams U'came
manager of Wallm-k's olil Broadway theatre, and
subse<|ueiitly he played with success in this coun-
try, (treat Britain, and Caiuida. Mr. Williams
attaimsl a wide reputation as an Irish comedian.
Amoujf his last plays were " The Kmerald Hiiij;,"
"The ('ounie S<M)jjah," and "The Fairv Circle," —
His wife, .Haria Pray, b. in Xew Vork city in
1838. U'came a ballet-j^irl at fifteen years of age,
|K'rfi>rming at the Chatham theatre, and shortly af-
terward niarried Charles .Mestayer. After his death
shemairii-d .Mr. Williauis in 18.')0. and thereafter
geiit'rally ap|M'are<l with him. playing; star enjjajre-
nifiils. She is a sister of Mrs. William. I. Florence.
WILLIA.MS. U<>njuiiiin, jjovernor of North
Carolina, b. iii North CarDliua in 1734: d. in Moore
county. N. ('., in 1814. He entered the Revolu-
tionary army as a captain, and did ffood service at
Guilford, for which he was promoted colonel. Col.
Williams si'rved manv years in the lefjislature. sat
in cnui,'ress in 17y;J-o. and was governor of his
stale in 17i>!»-1803, and again in 1807-8. In
18()S-"!( he was a memiKT nf the state siMiate.
WILLIA.HS, Ciitiiorine R. (A rxold), author,
b. in Providence, K. I., al)out 1787; d. there, 11
Oct., 1872. .She was a granddaughter of Oliver
Arimld. altorney-gcneral of the state of Rhode Isl-
and, and daughter of ("apt. Alfred Arnold, and in
l'-il8 married Mr. Williams; but the match was un-
fort unaie, and, after a separation from her husband,
she suppurtfd herst^lf i)y literarv work. She was
the author of " Original Poems " (Providence, 1828) ;
"Ii<'ligion at Home" (182!»); "Tales, National and
Revolutionary" (2d series, 18^30 and 18:}o); " Aris-
tocracy " (18:}2); "Fall River, an Authentic Narra-
tive "{1*};}); " Biography of Revolutionary Heroes"
(1*39); "Neutral French, or the Kxiles of Nova
Scotia" (1841); "Annals of the Aristocracv of
Rho<le Island " (2 vols.. 184:3-'5). .See " Bibliograph-
ical .Memoirs of Three Rhode Island Authors," by
Sidney .S. Rider (Providence, 1880).
WILLI A. US, Cliaiiiiiiif; Moure, P. E. mission-
ary bishop, b. in Richmond. V^i., 18 .Inly. 1829.
Hf wjis graduated at the College of William and
Mary in 18.">;j and at the tlu-ological seminary at
Alexandria, Va.. iu IH')'}, ordered deacon in' St.
Paul's church. Alexandria, 1 .July, 18.5.'). and sailed
for China as a missionary under" Bishop I3oone in
November of that year.' He was ordained priest
in the mission cha|)el. Shanghai. China, by Bishop
Boone, 11 Jan., 18.")7, and shortly afterward, by
•linxrtion of the foreign committee, he was trans-
ferrctl to Japan. He wjus consecrateil missionary
bishoj) of China, with jurisdiction in Jaj)an, in St.
John s cha|)el. New York,;3 Oct., 18<i(;. Ho received
the degree of H. T. I), from Columbia in 1807. The
convfuiion of 1874 relieved him of the China mis-
sion, and change<l his title to bishop of Yedo.
WILLIAMS, CharleH Langdoii, lawyer, b. in
Rutland. Vt., in 1821 ; d. there, 10 Feb., 18G1. He
was grmluated at Williams in 1839, admitted to
the bar in 1842, and practised in Brandon, Vt,
in 1844-'8, and afterward in Rutland. He pub-
lishtxl " Statistics of the Rutland County Bar,"
with biographical sketches (Brandon, Vt., 1847);
"Statutes of Vermont" (Burlington, 1851); and
vols, xxvii.-xxix. of " Vermont Supreme Court
Reports" (Rutland. 1856-'8).
WILLIAMS, David, patriot, b. in Tarrvtown,
N. Y., 21 Oct., 1754; d. near Livingstonville, N. ¥.,
2 Aug., 1831. He enlisted in the Revolutionary
army in 1775, served under Gen. Richard Mont-
gomery at St. John's and Quebec, and continued
in the army till 1779. During his service his feet
were batUy frozen, and this partially disabled him
for life. With John Paulding and Isaac Van
Wart, he was one of the captors of Maj. John Andre
on 23 Sept., 1780. (See Paulding, Joh.v.) Many of
the details of the capture are related in Williams's
deposition that he ma<^le on the following day.
Some time after the war he bought a farm near the
Catskill mountains, that had been the property of
Daniel Shays, leader of Shays's rebellion. Will-
iams was very generous, and indorsed freely for his
friends. The farm l>ecame heavily mortgaged, yet
he succeeded in retaining it, antl received also a
pension of $200 a year from the government. The
estate is now in the possession of his grandson,
William C. Williams. Williams was given a silver
medal by order of congress, and also received in
New York city a cane that was made from the
cheval-de-frise for obstructing the Hudson at W^st
Point. In December, 1830, he visited New York
by invitation of the mayor, who gave him a horse,
harness, and carriage, and the pupils of one of the
city schools presented him with a silver cup. A
monument has been erected to his memory, by the
state, at the stone fort near Schoharie court-house.
The purity of the motives of Andre's captors has
been called in question by some historians, but it
has been vindicated by Horatio Seymour and Henry
J. Raymond in mldresses at Tarry town in 1853,
by Samuel J. Tilden and Chauncey M. Depew at
the same place in 1880. and by Grenville Treraaine
and Daniel Knower at Schoharie in 1876.
WILLIAMS. David Rosrerson, soldier, b. in
Robbins Neck, S. C, 10 March. 177(5; d. in Lynch's
creek, S. C, 15 Nov., 1830. He was graduated at
Brown in 1797, studied law, and was admitted to
the bar. In addition to his practice he conducted
a large plantation. He served in congress in
1805-'9, and was again chosen in 1810 as a Demo-
crat, serving till 1813. In the latter year, on 9
July, he was appointed a brigadier-general in the
regular Army, but after seeing some service he re-
signed on 6 April, 1814, and in 1814-'16 was gov-
ernor of the state. He was killed by accident at a
new bridge over Lynch's creek.
WILLIAMS. Edward, English author, lived in
the 17th century. He published "Virgo Trium-
phans. or Virginia richly and truly V^alued " (Lon-
don, 1()50 ; 2d ed., " With Addition of the Discovery
of Silkworms, etc.," 1050). The book is said In*
some authorities to be in substance the work of
John Farrer, of Getling.
WILLIAMS, Edward P., naval officer, b. in
Castine, Me., 26 Feb., 18:33 ; d. in Yeddo bay, near
Yokohama, Japan, 24 Jan., 1870. Ha was gradu-
ated at the U. S. naval academy, 10 June, 1853.
and was commissioned a lieutenant. 16 Sept.. 1855.
During the first year of the civil war he served in
the steamer " Paul Jones" on the South Atlantic
blockade, and subsequently he was executive of
the steamer " Powhatan." He was promoted to
lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862. Williams
was one of the volunteers that were called for by
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
Sii
Admiral I>ahlprpn to storm fort Sumter, and on
the iiij^ht of 8 Sept., 1868, coinniandtHl the first
division of tN>Ht.s with sailont and murines in that
HttHc-k. He WJI.S c-Hptured and sent as prisoner to
ColutnbiH. .'^. ("., where he remained for one year
until exehnnp***!. lie was promoted to commander,
as .July, 1H(MJ, served at the rendezvous at Hoston,
18(V>-'rt, and on ordnance duty at Hoston and New
York. 186(>-X On 9 Feb.. 18«», he took command
of the steamer " Oneida " on the Asiatic station.
He saile<l fmm Yokohama at 4.30 p. m., 24 Jan.,
1870. and at (5.30 p. m. his vessel wjis run down by
the Knglisli mail-steamer " liomlwy " and «ink in
flfltHMi minutes. The " Hombay" was not injured,
and. after Iwicking out to clear her sharp stem from
the "Oneida," she steamed away without waitinjf
to jfive a-Hsistance or heeding signals of distress.
Twenty-twoodlcersand 1 15 men were lost, 2 officers
and 37 men were savwl. Capt. Williams sto«Kl on the
bridge and refuse<l to leave his ship when he was
urged to do so by those in the lK)at. The secretary
of the navy said in his oflicial report to congress
that, after a thorough investigation of the collision,
he concluded that the disjister wjis due to the reck-
lessness and bad navigation of the English steam-
er. Another theory was that the captain of the
" Bombay" mistook the " Oneida" for a rival mer-
chant steamer of the American Pacific mail line,
and ran into her purposely.
WILLIAMS, Edwin,' author, b. in Norwich.
Conn.. 7 March, 175)7: d. in New York city, 21
Oct., 1854. His father, Joseph, was extensively en-
gage<l as a shipping and inifHirting merchant, and
was a general of Connecticut militia. The son re-
moved to New York, was for many years secretary
of the AmericAU institute, and actively connected
with the historical, geographical, and statistical so-
cieties. He contributed constantly to periotlieals,
published " The New York Annual Register " in
18^J0-'45, and was the author of ** The Politician's
Manual" (New York. 1832-'4); "New Universal
Gazetteer" (1833); "Book of the Constitution"
(1*J3) ; " New York as it Is " (1883) ; " Arctic Voy-
ages " (18;J5) ; " The Fashionable Puzzler" (1835);
" The Statesman's Manual " (1838, many e<litions :
continued after his death by Benson J. Jjossing):
" Truths in Relation to the Vlr'w Railroad " (1842);
"Political History of Ireland" (1843); "Wheat
Trade of the United .States and Europe" (1840);
"Presidents of the United States" (1849); and
" The Twelve Stars of the Republic " (1850). With
C. Edwards I^ester he issued "The Napoleon Dy-
nasty, or History of the Bonaparte Family "(1852).
W'lLLIAMS, Elisha, lawyer, b. in'Pomfret,
Conn., 29 Auc., 1773; d. in \ew York city, 29
June, 18;J3. lie studied law with Judge Tapping
Reeve in Litchfield, Conn., and with Chief-Justice
S|»encer, of Hudson, N. Y., was admitte<l to the bar
in June, 1793, and began i)ract ice at Spencertown,
N. Y., but removed to HudstMi in 1800. In 1815
he founded the town of Waterloo, N. Y.. which he
nanunl immediately after the battle of Waterloo,
and in 1830, leaving the bar «m account of feeble
health, he removed there with his family. The
exjH'nse of building the court-house in that town
was lM)nu' chiefly by him. He exertinl great jwiliti-
cal influence in Columbia county, N. Y., in the
Federal iwirty.' was frequently ele<'te<l to the as-
sembly, and was an active memb<*r of the New
York constitutional convention of 1821. Mr. Will-
iams won a reputation which, during his lifetime.
}>laced him at the head of American orators and
iiigh among the nigi priun lawyers of the country.
His power over a jury was astonishing, and his
delivery was remarkable for forf.-e and elegance.
In thlo respect he ranked, in his day, as the equal,
if not the su^ierior of Rufus Choate. In apiH>ar-
ance Mr. Williams's form was erect, his shoulders
were square, and he was more than six feet in
height. His eyes were dark and sfmrkling and his
forehead high and straight. His manners were
courteous and bland.
WILLIAMS, Elkanah, physician, b. in I^w-
rence county, Ind.. 19 Dec.. 1822; <1. in Hazle-
wo<xl. Pa., 5 Oct., 1888. His father, Isaac Williams,
was a captain in the war of 1812 and one of the
earliest .settlers of Indiana. The son was edu-
cated at liedford seminary, the State university at
Bloomington, and at Asburj- university, where he
was graduated in 1847. He took his ine^lical de-
gree at the University of Ijouisville in 1850, prac-
tised in Indiana, and in 1852-'3 spent eighteen
months in the study of ophthalmology in Paris,
London. Prague. Vienna, and Berlin, lie retuniecl
to Cincinnati in 1855 and began practice as a spe-
cialist in diseases of the eye and ear, Ix'ing the first
regular physician in the United .States to confine
his practice strictly to those branches. Soon after-
ward he became associated as a clinical lecturer in
Miami medical college, and in 1860 he was given
the chair of ophthalmology, the first of the kind
in the United States, and held it for many years.
He was ophthalmic surgeon to the Commercial hos-
pital in Cincinnati in 1862-'72, and early in the
civil war was apfxiinted assistant surgeon to the U. S.
marine hosoital. which post he held till the close of
the war. He attended the international ophthalmic
congress at Paris in 1862, where he reail a iia|H*r on
" Plusieurs questions de therapeutique,' and in
1872 attended a similar meeting at London. In
1876 he was elected president of the ophthalmic con-
gress in New York. Dr. Williams was al.so elected
president of the Ohio state nanlical society in 1875.
WILLIAMS, Ephraini, soldier, b. in" Newton,
Mass., 24 Feb., 1715; d. near Lake George, N. Y.,
8 Sept., 1755. In early years he was a sjiilor, and
made several voyages to EuroiK» ; but he afterward
joined the army and served in Canada in the
war of 1740- '8 against the French, attaining the
rank of captain. In 1750 the goveniment of
Massachusetts granted him 200 acres of land in
the present townships of Adams and Williamstown,
upon which, in the following vear. he erected Fort
>lassachusetts, and was ap{K)lnted commander of
the whole line of frontier [K>sts we.st of Connecticut
river. In 1755, on the renewal of the war between
France and England, he led a regiment of Massa-
chusetts troops to join Sir William Johnson, who
was on his
way to invade ^,<yiitiA ' •A-iA^^A^t^tttfliu*
Canada. At ~
Albany, un-
der a present-
iment of ear-
ly death, he
made a will
leaving the
bulk of his
landed and
other proper-
ty to found
a fn'e school
at William.s-
town. On 8
S«-pt., 1755,at
the head of
1.200 men, while making a reconnoi.ssance of Baron
Dieskau's advancing force, he fell into an ambus-
catle of the eiienjy near the head of I^ke George,
and, at the first volley, was shot through the bead.
522
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
The fund» that he left were allowed to accumulate
for thirty years, when a free school was iiicorpo-
ntcil. Tne'intititution was afterward converted into
a college, the first commencement of which was
held on 2 Sept., 1795, when seventy-seven students
were present, four of whom graduated. Col. Will-
iams never married. In 1854 the alumni of Will-
iams erected a monument (consisting of a huge
Iwulder) .to him near Lake George, on the sp<3t
wherti he fell. See illustration on precetling irnge.
— Ephniim's brother, Thoma.s pnysicinn. b. in
Newton. Mass., 1 April. 1718: d. in Deerfiold,
Mass., 28 Sept., 1775, studie<l medicine in Hoston,
and settled in Deerfield, Mass., in 1739. In 174;3
he was ap|)ointed surgeon in the army in the pro-
jected ex{»edition int<i t'anatla, which failed to set
out. He was afterward surget)n of the chain of
forts that extended from Fort Drummer. Vt.. to
Fort MassiU'husetts at lloosac or Adams, suffering
much hardship and danger in visiting these posts,
which were ex|)osed to the onslaughts of the In-
dians. He wjis a surgeon in the army under Sir
William Johnson at Ijiike George in 1755, and pres-
ent at the skirmi.sh on 8 Sept. of that vear in which
his brother, Col. Ephraim. was killed. Dr. Will-'
iams beiume lieutenant-colonel in 1750. serving on
Lake George. His letters during that campaign
•re interesting an<l faithful histories of its events,
and furnish many medical and military facts.
When he resumed practice he was the only surgeon
in his neighlMirhiMxl. and was frequently called to
Vermont and New Hampshire. He was a justice
of the peju-e, judge of the court of common pleas
and of probate, town-clerk for many years, and
held many minor civil offices. He educated several
students in the profession of medicine, and left a
large and valuable library.
nlLLI.\NS, Weorge Henry, jurist, b. in New
Iiel)anon, Columbia co.. N. Y., 23 March, 1823. He
was educate<l at an academy in Onondaga county,
studied law. was arlmitted to the bar in 1844, anci,
nMuoving to Iowa. l)egan prac^tice there. He was
elictiHl judge of the first judicial district of that
state, serving from 1847 till 1852. and was a presi-
dential elector in 1852. In 1853-7 he was chief
justice of Oregon territory, and he was reappointed
to that office by President Buchanan, but declinefl
He was a member of the convention that framed
the ccmstitution of Oregon in 1858. and, having
been elected U. S. senator from the state as a
Unit)n Il4>publican, served from 4 Dec., 1865, till 3
March. 1871. He Was a meml)er of the joint high
commission that in
1871 arranged the
treaty of Wash-
ington for the ad-
justment of dif-
ferences Ijetween
Great Britain and
the United States
gnawing out of the
Alabama claims,
and was appointed
by President Grant
at t ornev-general of
the United States,
serving from 10
Jan.. 1872, till 15
May, 1875. On 1
Dec., 1873, he was
nominateil by President Grant chief justice of
the U. S. supreme court ; but his nomination was
not confirme<l by the senate, and his name was
withdrawn. He afterward practised law in Wash-
ington, D. C.
^IX^^ti^i/U
WILLIAMS, Oeoree Washington, author, b.
in Bedford Springs. Pa., 1« Oct., 1849. He is a
mulatto. He served in the civil war. was a lieu-
tenant-colonel of artillery in the Republican army
of Mexico in 1805-'7, and attended school at New-
ton Centre, Mass., until 1874. For a year he
preached in Boston, but in 1875 he became a jour-
nalist. He was graduated at Cincinnati law col-
lege in 1877, si)ent two years in the office of Al-
})honso Taft, and in 1879-'81 was a meml)er of the
Ohio legislature. In 1880-'2 he was judge-advo-
cate-general of the Grand army of the republic,
and in 1885-6 he was U. S. minister to Hayti. In
1888 he was a delegate to the world's conference
of foreign missions at London, England, where
his speech on " The Drink Traffic in the Congo "
attracted much attention. He has edited " The
Southwestern Review" at Cincinnati and "The
Commoner " at Washington, and is the author of
" History of the Negro Race in America from 1619
till 1880 " (2 vols.. New York, 1883); " History of
the Negro Troops in the War of the Reljellion"
(1887); and "llistorv of the Reconstruction of
the Insurgent States '^ (2 vols., 1889),
WILLIAMS, Henry Shaler, geologist, b. in
Ithaca, N. Y., 6 ^larch, 1847. He was graduated
at the Sheffield scientific school of Yale in 1868,
and received the degree of Ph. D. in 1871 from
that university for advanced studies. Subsequent-
ly he became professor of pala;ontologv in Cor-
nell university, which chair he still holds, and he
is also engaged in palaeontological researches for
the U. S. geological survey. Prof. Williams is a
meml)er of various scientific societies, and since
1882 has been a fellow of the American association
for the advancement of science. His contributions
to scientific literature include papers that have
a{>r)eared in the "American Journal of Science,"
"The American Naturalist," the "Bulletins of the
U. S. Geological Survev," and in the proceedings
of the societies of whicli he is a member, and he is
also the author of " Bones, Ligaments, and Muscles
of the Domestic Cat " (New York, 1875).
WILLIAMS, Henry Willard, physician, b.
in Boston. Mass.. 11 Dec, 1821. He was educated
in the schools of Boston and Saletn, and from his
seventeenth till his twenty-fourth year was en-
gaged in mercantile business. He was graduated
in medicine at Harvard in 1849, engaged in prac-
tice in Boston, Mass., and became distinguished
as an oculist. He has been for twenty-five years
ophthalmic surgeon to the Boston city hospital', was
a lecturer in Harvard medical school in 1869-'71,
and frona that time has filled the chair of ophthal-
mology. Dr. Williams is connected with many
medical societies, American and European, was for
some years president of the American oj)hthalmo-
logical society, and at the International congress
at London in 1872 was a vice-president. The de-
prree of A. M. was conferred on him by Harvard
HI 1868. He published a " Practical Guide to the
Study of the Disea.ses of the Eye " (Boston, 1862) ;
" Recent Advances in Ophthalmic Science " (1866) ;
"Optical Defects in School-Children" (1868); a
Boylston prize essay; "Our Eyes and how to take
Cafe of Them "(1871); and "The Diagnosis and
Treatment of Diseases of the Eye " (18«0).
WILLIAMS, James, soldier, b. in Hanover
county, Va., in 1740; d. on King's Mountain. Gas-
ton CO.. N. C, 8 Oct., 1780. He emigrated first to
Granville county, N. C, and then to Little River,
Laurens district, S. C, in 1773, and was a mem-
ber of the Provincial congress of South Carolina in
January, 1775. He was appointed a lieutenant-
colonel of militia in 1776, commanded a detachment
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
523
at thf> iNittle of Stono, 20 June, 1779, and drfetttetl
the British and Tories at Musjfrove's Mills, IM
AuR.. 1780. He Iwl one of the Httturkinj; columns at
the luittleiif Kinc's Mountain, where he was kille<l.
WILLIAMS, Janie8 Dou^Iah, governor of In-
diana. l>. in Pirkaway crounty. Ohio, 10 Jan., 1808;
d. in Indiana|H)lis, Ind.. 20 Nov., 1880. His par-
ents were euiijfrants from Kuro|x?. and m<>ve<l
with liim to Knox countv, Ind., in 1818, and at the
death of his father in 18'i8 the sup|X)rt of the fam-
ily devolved on him. James was almost entirely
self-taught. In 1843 he IxM-ame a meml)er of the
legislature, and from that time till 1874 sat almost
continuously in this body, either in the house of
representatives or in the senate. He was a dele-
gate to the National Democratic convention at
Baltimore in 1872, was the Democratic nominee
for U. S. senator from Indiana in 1873 against
Oliver P. Morton, who was elected, and wjis then
chosen to congress, serving from 6 Dec., 1875, till
1 Dec., 1876, when he resigned, having lieen elect-
e<i governor of his state. He held this office till
his death. Gov. Williams was a farmer, and his
foremost object was the development of the agri-
cultural interests of his state. He was one of the
inairporators and president of the state Iward of
agriculture, originated many of the laws that have
jHTfected s<'ho<)l and college facilities in Indiana,
and was instrumental in establishing as law the
right of widows in that state to hold tlieir deceased
husband's estates, when not in excass of $300, with-
out administration. He was a man of the strictest
integrity, plain and simnle in his manner and at-
tire, and was known as Blue-Jeans Williams, owing
to his wearing trousers of that material.
WILLIAMS, James William, C^anadian An-
glic^iii bishop, b. in Overton, Hampshire, Kngland,
15 Sept., 1825. Uis father, liev. David Williams,
was for many years rector of Banghurst, Hamp-
shire. The son's pre-
liminar>' education was
received under his fa-
ther. For a time he
attended the grammar-
school at Crewkerne,
Somersetshire, whence
he went to Pembroke
college, Oxford. In
1851 ne was graduate<l,
taking hiijh honors in
t-lassics. The bishop of
Oxford admitted him
to deacon's orders, and
in 1856 the bishop of
Bath and Wells or-
dained him priest. He
held curacies in Buck-
inghamshire and Som-
ersetshire, and for two vears <x;cupied the post
of assistant master in tjeamington college. In
1857 he accepted an invitation to organize a
school in connection with Bishop's college, Ijen-
noxville, province of Queliec. He went to Can-
a<la, l)ecame rector of the school, and shortly after-
wanl succee«led to the chair of classics antl In-lles-
lettres in the college, which post he continued
to hold until his elevation to the episcopate. Un-
der his direction both school and college took a
high jilaee. In 18(J3 Bishop Mountain, of Queliec,
died, and the synod promptly selecttnl Mr. Will-
iams to succeed him in the see. At that time the
jurisdiction of the bishop was very extensive. In
1793 it had extended over the whole of L'pjH'r and
Lower Canada. From time to time its limits have
been curtailed, and it is now confined to that part
^ Xji^O^^^
of the province of (^uel)ec which extends from
Three Kivers to the Straits of ik^llisle and New
Brunswick, on the shores of the .St. Ijawrence and
east of a line drawn fr(»m Three Kivers to I^ake
Memphremagog. The new bishop of the diocese
was consecrated at Quel>ec on 11 June, 18tf{. Bish-
op Williams is a close student of literature. As a
jiulpit orator he occupies a high place. The
charges that he delivered to the clergv of the dio-
cese of Quebec at the visitation helil in Bishop's
college, Lennox ville, in 1864, and in June, 1888, in
Quelx'C city, at the close of his twenty-fifth year as
bishop, attracted attention. His lecture on "Self-
Education " (Quebec, 1865) and several naiwrs he-
fore the Literary and historical society of that city
have also been much admired. Dr. VCilliams, dur-
ing the t wenty-fi ve years of his episco(»acy, con firmed
11,176 persons, ordained 47 deacons and 43 |>riests,
and consecrated 37 churches.
WILLIAMS, Jared Warner, senator, b. in
West Woodstock, Conn., 22 Dec., 1796; d. in I^n-
caster, N. H., 29 Sept., 1864. He was graduated at
Brown in 1818, studietl law, was admitted to the
bar, and in 1822 began to practise at I^ncaster.
He was a member of the state house of representa-
tives in 1830-'l and 1835-'6, and a member of the
state senate in 1832-'4. Mr. Williams was elected
to congress from New Hanii)shire as a Democrat
for two successive terras, and served from 4 Sept.,
1837, till 3 March, 1841. He was governor of New
Hampshire in 1847-*9, and was ap|)ointed a United
States senator from that state in place of Charles
G. Atherton. deceasetl, serving from 12 Dec., 1853,
till 3 March. 1K55.
WILLIAMS, Jesse Lvnch, civil engineer, b. in
We^tfield, Stokes co., N. C, 6 May. 1807; d. in
Fort Wayne, Ind., 9 Oct., 188<5. llis ancestors.
English Quakers, came to Maryland aUiut 1700.
His parents, who adhennl to the same faith, re-
moved to Cincinnati in 1814, and sul)sequentlv to a
place near Richmond, Ind. The son was first a
rod-man and then an engineer on the preliminary
survey for the Miami and Erie canal, and contin-
ual iii the service of the state of Ohio from 1824
till 1832, when he was ap|K>inte<l by Indiana chief
engineer of the Waliash and Erie canal. In 1837
he became chief engineer of all the internal im-
provements of the state, including about 1,300
miles of canals, railroads, an<l other works. In
1853 he became chief engineer of the Fort Wayne
and Chicago railroad, and in 1856, after its consoli-
dation with other roads to form the Pittsburg,
Fort Wayne and Chicago road, he becanje a dirtn--
tor. From 1864 till his resignation in 1869 he was
apjMiinted annually a government director of the
Union Pacific railroail and devoted himself to se-
curing the best location through the Rocky moun-
tains. He was chief engineer and receiver of the
Grand liapids and Indiana railn^ad in 1869-'71,
and was connected with other rtmds. Mr, Williams
was active in the councils of the Presbyterian
church, and served as a director of the Theological
seminary of the northwest from its organization
till his death. A discourse on his life by the Rev.
David W. Moffat, D. D.. was printed' privately
(Fort Wavne. Ind., 1886).
WILLIAMS, John, clergyman, b. in Roxbury,
Mass.. 10 Dec.. 1644; d. in Deerfleld. Mass.. 12
June, 1729. His grandfather, Rolx-rt. came to this
country about IftiH, s(>ttliiig in Roxbury. Mass.
John was gra«luatwl at Harvard in lOCJ, onlained
to the ministry in 1688, and settled as pastor in
Dei'rfteld, which. Ix'ing a frontier town, was con-
stantly exix>setl to the attacks of the Indians. On
the night of 28 Feb., 1704, 300 French and Indians
624
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
under the command of Mai. Hertel de RoiiTille
tuttk advanta^i^eof the unfaithfulness of the guards,
surpriiH'd the garrison, and took JKK) citizens cap-
tive, U»sides killing several, inc-lmling twu of Mr,
Williams's children and a negnt woman-servant.
They then comin-lktl him, his wife, and all his re-
maining children, except one, wlio w»is absent from
hrtuK', to begin on ftK>t the march toward Canada,
in which they were accompanied by their fellow-
settlers. Mrs. Williams fell exhausted on the sec-
ond ilay t)f their journey, and was at once de-
spatched with a tomahawk. After travelling aUtut
8()<> miles Ihev reached their destination, and, al-
though Mr. VVilliams sujTeretl many cruelties from
his caj>tors, he was finally rt'deemcd by (lov. I'hil-
ip|H« (le Kigaud Vuudreuil. and returned to Boston
in ITIXS, leaving his daughter Eunice still in cap-
tivity. He resumed his ciiarge in Dii-rfield in the
latter part of 1700 and remained there until his
death. He also gave mucjj tiu)e lo scientific re-
searches and left many nuinuscripts on these sub-
jects. He published several sermons and a mirra-
tive of his captivity called "The Redeemed Cap-
tive" (Boston. 1707). See a " Biographical .Memoir
of Rev. .Fohn Williams, with A|i|)en(lix. contain-
ing the .lournal of his Son, Rev. Stephen VVilliams.
during his Captivity." by Stephen W. Williams
((Jreenficld. .Mass.. 1M;{7). This is in a great part
a reprint of "The Redeemed Captive." — His son.
Eleazer, clcriryniaii. b. in Deerfield, 1 .Tuly, 1688 ;
tl. in .Mansfield, Conn., '.21 .Sept., 1742, was gradu-
ated at Harvard in 1708. and from 1710 until his
death was past<tr at Mansfield. He ptd)lished sev-
eral s<'rmons. — .Vnother son. Stephen, dergvman,
b. in Deerfield, Mass., 14 .May, 109:}; d. in "Long
Meadow. .Mass.. 10 .June. 17S2. was taken captive
by the Indians in his eleventh year, and, with the
other I>('erfield prisoners, marched on foot to Cana-
da. After iK'ing detained for about fourteen months
he was Ixiught from the Indians l»y the governor
of Canada, and in November, llOo, was returned
to liostou. His nn'nute account of this experience
i- incorporated in the " Memoir of ,Tohn Williams"
that has been mentioned. He was graduated at
Harvard in 17i;}. ordained to the ministry in 1716,
and was pastor at Long .Mea<low. Mass., for sixty-
six years. In the course of his ministry he served
as cha()iain in tim'e different campaigns against
the French and Indians, accompanying: Sir Will-
iam I'epjK'rrell to Cape Breton and Sir William
.Iohns<;n to Lake (teorge during the old French
war. He allied in establishing the mission among
the .St^x-kl)ridgp Indians in 17:i4. of which John
St>rgeant. f>f Yale, was subseiiuenflv in charge.
Dartm.iuth gave him the degree of I). I), in 177:3.
He published a ".Si'rmon on the Ordination of
John Keen" (1772). — lohn's daughter, Eunice, b.
in Deerfield, 17 Sept., l<i!)«; d. in Canada in 1786,
was carried captive to Canada when she was in her
eighth year. When her father was redeemed she
was left among the Indians and no monev could
sulisofpiently pnx-ure her relejise. She forgot the
Knglish language, adopted the Roman Catholic re-
ligion, married an Indian nam(Kl John de Rogers,
and conforme<l to Indian views and habits. She
visited her relatives .several times, but alwavs re-
fuse<l to adopt Knglish dres.s or civilized customs.
The legislature of Massa<husetts offered her a
tract of land if she and her familv would settle in
New Kngland; but she refused, saving that it
would emlanger her soul.— Her putative great-
granclson. Kleazer, missionary, b. in Caughnawa-
K^.^"■ ^•' P«"f>hably in 1787;" d. in Hoganstown,
N. 1.. 28 Aug., 18.58, is supposed to have been a
grandson of Ezekiel Williams, an English physi-
■^l^L^c'-^i^^^^ln^o^^'i'a'''*^!^^
cisn, and Eunice's daughter. Their son, Thomas,
married an Indian woman named Mary Ann Kon-
watewenteta on 7 Jan., 1779. Eleazer was sent to
school at Long Meadow about 1800, and remained
there nine years. He then studied three years un-
der the Rev. Enoch Hale in Westhampton, Mass.
At the beginning
of the second
war with Great
Britain he Iw-
came sujierin-
tendent - general
of the Northern
Indian depart-
ment. At the
battle of Platts-
burg, 14 Sept..
1814, he was se-
verely wounded.
He subsequently
ofTiciated as lay
reader among the
Oneida Indians
and took orders
in the Episcopal
church. About
1820 this tribe
.sold lands to the
state of New York and removed to Green Bay,
Wis., Mr. Williams accompanying them. In 1846
the Society for the fuopagation of the gospel among
the Indians gave money for his support as a mis-
sionary, which was withheld at tne end of two
vears, the rejiorts of his service not being favorable.
He left Wisconsin in 1850 and settled at St. Regis.
In February. 1853, an article by the Rev. John H.
Hanson, D. I)., appeared in " Putnam's Magazine,"
entitled "Have we a Bourbon among us?" The
author had .seen a pul)Iished paragraph to the effect
that "Eleazer Williams was none other than Louis
XVII., the son of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoin-
ette, who was born at Versailles, 27 March, 1785,
and supfH)sed to have died in the Temple." Dr.
Ilan.son sought an interview with Williams, who
a.ssured him that he was convinced of his royal
descent. In an interview he told Dr. Hanson that
until he was thirteen or fourteen years of age his
mind was a blank ; but by a fall He recovered his
intellect, though not his memorv. He then .said
that in 1841, on a steamboat, the Prince de Joinville
urged him to sign a solemn "abdication of the
throne of France," which he refused to do. Dr.
Hansoii^issued a volume entitled " The Lost Prince "
(New York, 1854), intending to prove the identity of
Williams with Ijouis XVII. Hanson's arguments
in favor of Williams's Bourbon descent are that
his baptism was not registered and that his puta-
tive mother once admitted that he was an adopted
son. Many physicians attested that Williams was
not an Indian, and he had a remarkable resem-
blance to the Bourbon family. The belief was gen-
eral that the Dauphin was removed from pri.son and
brought to America. Skenondough, an Indian,
had made oath that the youth was brought by two
French gentlemen to Lake George. Other evi-
dences are the money that was sent from an un-
known source to educate him, the De •Joinville in-
terview, which Williams recorded in his diary, and
the marks on his Inxly, which the Dauphin also
bore. On the other hand, many Indians denied
Skenondough's story, and Bishop Charles F.
Robertson. Williams's literary executor, refutes
from Williams's own papers the statement that
he was educated with funds that were supplied
by unknown persons, he having original bills to
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
626
the contrary. Prince de .loinville denied the
alleged interview with Willinms. in a letter a<l-
dressud to John Ja^, of New York. Williams
became intere»te<l in genealogical res«-arch in
1K22 and assiste<l in nrepHring a life of" Kunice
Williams, and it is prohnhle that his t^iste for in-
vestigation of historical suliie<'ts, with the knowl-
edge of the doubtfulness of his parentage, created
in his mind a sinceri' adherence to his singular de-
lusion. He was an authority on Indian history,
manners, and customs, and was thoroughly familiar
with the laltors of the early French missionaries.
In 1K46 he became a corres|K)nding member of the
against
Iroquois langujige (Albany, 1813: English trans-
lation, 181.5); and a "Life of Te-h(vra-gwa-ne-
gen, alias Thomas Williams" (printed privately,
1859). lie also translated into Iroouois " The
liook of Common Prayer" (New York, 18.53).
— .John's grandson. Sanniel, clergyman, b. in Wal-
tham, Mass., 23 April, 174J}; d. in Rutland, Vt.,
2 Jan., 1817, was gnwluated at Harvard in 1761,
where his proficiency in mathematical studies in-
duced Prof. John Winthrop to select him to go as
his companion to Newfoundland to observe the
transit of Venus on 6 June of that year. Mr. Will-
iams taught at Hradford while studying theology.
was licensed to preach in 17tt3, and was pastor of
the church in Bradford in 17G.5-'80. He continuetl
his school while occupying this charge, and gave
lessons in natural philosojiny to I^njamin Thomp-
son, afterward Count Rumford, who was an inmate
of his family, and with whom he maintained a sci-
entific correspondence in later vears. He was Hol-
lis professor of mathematics and natural philosophy
in Harvard in 1780-'8. lectured on astronomy to the
senior class in 178.5-'8, and in the last-named year,
by request of the American academy of arts and
sciences, went to Penobscot bay to observe a total
eclipM> of the sun. In the same yejir he was &]>■
pointed by the colonial government to survey the
western boundary of >rassachusetts. In 178^ he
resigned his professorship, and he was pastor in
Rutland, Vt., from 1789 till 1795. He subsequently
f)reachetl in Burlington, Vt.. for about two years,
)ut his later life was passed in Rutland, where he
e«lited the " Herald." He surveyed the western
Ixiundary of Vermont in 1805 by appointment of
the governor, and delivered a course of lectures
in the University of Vermont not long after its es-
tablishment. T^he University of Edinburgh gave
him the decree of LL. I), in 1785, and Yale the
same honor in 1786. He wa.s a memlxT of several
scientific Uxlies, here and abroad. He left many
valuable manuscripts on philosophical, scientific,
ami mathematical subjects, and published, besides
[mmphlets and address<'s, "The Rural Magazine,"
a monthlv devoted to historical and literary suIh
iects, an({ a " Historvof Vermont," a work of great
lalx)r and research (kutlan<l. 1794; 2 vols.. 1809).—
Siimuel's son. Charles Kilboiirnp. jurist, b. in
(^ambridge, Ma.ss., 24 Jan., 1782; d. m Rutland.
Vt.. 9 March. 18.5.3. was gra<luated at Williams in
1800, practis»'d law in Rutland, Vl..and In^camean
eminent member of the state bar. During the sec-
ond war with Great Britain he M-rved in one cam-
paign on the northern frontier. He was frequently
in the legislature frt)m 1809 till 1821. and again iii
1849, state's attorney in 1814-'1.5,a judge of the su-
preme court in 1822-'4and in 1829-'42. collector of
cust<^ims for the st«te of Verm<mt in 1825-'9, and
chief justice of the supreme court ot Vermont in
1843-'6, at the same time mrcupying, ex offirto, the
position of chancellor of the state. He wa.s presi-
dent of the officers of censors in 1847, anil gover-
nor in 18.50-'2. With his retirement from that
office he closed a public life of forty vears. Vlnrh
in his career he t(K)k great interest in the organi-
zation of the militia, and rose to the rank of briga-
dier-general. He was an active memljer of the
AlKilition i)arty. and while governor of Vermont
he a|)proved the once celebrated hal)ea.s corpus act
which had passed the legislature and wjis the be-
ginning of the struggle in Vermont against sla-
very. In 1845 he l)ecame a corres|Kinding meml)er
of ihe New England historic-genealogical wx-iety.
In 1834 he ivceived the degree of LL. D. from
Middleburv. See a "Memoir" of him bv Chief-
Justice I.>Miac Redfield (Rutland. Vt.. 'lK52).—
A great-grandson of John, Stephen West, phy-
sician, b. in Deerfield, Mass., 27 March. 1790; d. in
Ijaona. 111.. 9 Julv. 185.5, was the son of Dr. Thomas
Williams, a well-known physician in western Ma.ssa-
chusetts. Stephen was educated in his native town,
studied medicine under his father and, after at-
tending a course of lectures at Columbia, settled in
practice in Deerfield. and attained to success in his
profession. In 1816 he turned his attention to the
study of natural history and lx)tany. With Ed-
ward Hitchcock and Dennis Cooley he explored
the forests and valleys of Deerfield in search of
plants that were subse<juently collected in an herba-
rium. He lectured on medical jurisprudence lx>fore
the Berkshire medical school in 1823-'31. and in
1838 became professor of materia medica, phar-
macy, and medical jurisprudence in Willoughby
university, Cuyahoga co.. Ohio, which chair he re-
signed in 18.53. In 1838-'9 he lectured at Dart-
mouth metlical college. Dr. Williams was a mem-
ber of many historical societies, president of the
Franklin county. Mass., medical society, and vice-
F resident of the Massachusetts medical scx-iety.
le delivered many lectures on scientific subjects,
and published, lH?sides many pamphlets, " ReiK>rt of
the Indigenous Medical Botany of Massachusetts*'
(Deerfield, 1819); "Traditionary and . Historical
Sketch of the Indians who formerly resided in the
Valley of the Connecticut," in the "Scientific
Tract " series (1819) ; " Catechism of Medical Juris-
prudence " (Northampton, Mass., lKi3); "Bio-
graphical Memoir of Rev. John Williams "(Spring-
field, Mass., 1837) ; " American Medical Biography "
(1845); and "The Genealogy of the Williams Fam-
ily in America" (1847). He edited James Beding-
field's "Compendium of Medicine" (Deerfield,
Mass., 1818). — John's first cou.sin, William, cler-
gyman, b. in Newton, Ma.ss., 2 Feb.. 1665; d. in Hat-
held. Mass.. 29 Aug.. 1741, was graduated at Harvard
in 168J1 He was settle<l as pastor of the chun-h at
Hatfield in 1685, and lalxiretl there for fifty-five
years. He published numerous s«'rmons and theo-
logical treatises, and comman<li'd a wide infiuence
in his community. — William's son. Elisha, clergy-
man, b. in HatAeld, Mass.. 24 .\ug., 1694; d. in
Wethei-sfield, Conn., 24 July, 17.55. was graduati'd
at Harvard in 1711, studied law. settled in Weth-
ersfield, ('onn.. and for st»veral years was clerk of
the state general assembly and a niemU'r «>f that
Ixxly. After the Collegiate sch<xil of C(mne<'ticut
(now Yale) was removal from Sjiybrook to New
Haven, some of the students refusing to oljey the
rules of government. Mr. Williams was chosen to
instruct such as wishtHl to withdraw, and taught
them at Wethersfield for two years. He was t>r-
dained to the ministry in \72\. and served the
church at W'ethersfleld till 1726, when he lx>came
president of Yale, holding office till 17*39. He sub-
626
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
MMiuently represcntwl Wethersfiold ajrain in the
Ip^slatu're.atul was chosen a justice of the superior
court. In 1745 he wont to Cape Breton as cha[>-
lain of the Connecticut troops, and the next year,
when an exiHHlition was planned to Canada and a
regiment of 1,000 men was raised in Connecticut,
he was apiwinfed its colonel. The tr<Kins were not
calletl out, and in 174J) he went to Knplnnd to so-
licit the royal jrovernment to pay the wages of the
enlistwl men that hiul held them'si^Ives in reiwliness
to march for more than a year and a half. His
mission was unsuccessful, but on his return he was
employed in several public offices. I)r. Philip
I)oddridge, who was his intimate friend, said of
him : " lie possessed an ardent sense of religion,
solid learning, and consununate prudence. I look
u|M>n him as one of the most valua)>le men on
earth."— Klisha's son. Samuel Porter, clergyman,
b. in Wethersfield, Conn., in 1779; d. in Newbury-
port. Mass., 23 Dec.. 1H2«J. was graduated at Yale
\n 17911. was ordained to the ministry, and in
charge of the church at Mansfield. Conn., in
1807-'17. Fmm 1H21 until his death he was pas-
toral Newburvport. He j)ublislied many sermons
and a<hlress«>s. a volume of which, with a memoir,
apjM'are.l after his death (New Haven. 1827). —
Another son of William. Solomon, clergvman, b.
in Hatfield. Ma.s,s.. 4 June, 1700; d. in fjebanon,
Conn., 29 Feb., 1770, was gra<luated at Harvard in
1719. onlained pastor of the church in Lebanon in
1722. and held that charge until hisdeath. Yale gave
him the degree of I). I), in 1778. Dr. Williams nos-
s«'ss«'d wide iiifiuence among the clergy of New Kng-
land. In the course of his ministry he engaged in
two im[Kirtant controversies. One. in 1741, was
with Rev. .Andrew Croswell, on the "Xature of
Justifying Kaith." and the other with his relative,
Jonathan Kdwanls. the elder, in 1751, on "The
Oualificatioiis Necessjiry to Lawful Communion in
the Christian .Sicraments." He had an extensive
correspondence abroad and in this country. He
published nineteen sermons (1729-'75). — Solomon's
son. Ellphalet, clergvman, b. in Lebanon. 21 Feb.,
1727; d. in Ha.st Hartford, Conn.. 29 June. 1803,
was graduated at Yale in 174Ji, and held a pastor-
ate in Fast Hartford from his ordination m 1748
until his death. Yale gave him the degree of
I). D. in 1782. He was a memU'rof its'cor[K)ration
from 1709 till 1801, and published several popular
dis<<»urs«'s. — Kli[)halet'ss<m. Eliphalet Scott, cler-
^man, b. in East Hartfonl. Conn., 7 Oct.. 1757; d.
iii lieverly. Mass.. 3 Feb.. 1845. was graduated at
Yale in 1775, the same year l)ecame adjutant of a
Connecticut regiment, and foucht at the battles of
Trenton and Princeton. He tlien enlisted in the
navy, and participated in the engagement between
the " Hancock *' and the " Levant." in which Capt.
Edward Hardy was shot down by his side. He set-
tled in Maine in 1790, taught and was a farmer,
and in 1799 was ordained to the ministry of the
Baptist church. He was pastor of the church in
Beverly, Ma.ss., in 1803-'12, and was then dismissed
at his own request, becoming a minister at large,
with his residence in Boston. He gave lil)erally
for the erection of churches, and to missions.—
Another son of .Solomon, William, signer of the
Declaration of Indej)endencc. b. in Lebanon, Conn.,
18 April. 17:J1 ; d. ther<;. 2 Aug., 1811, was gradu-
ateil at Harvard in 1747, resided with his father
anrl studinl theolopy for about a year, and in 175.5
attendi-d his relative. Col. Ephraim Williams, on
the expe<lition to Lake Oeorge. He l)ecame town-
clerk of Ijeltanon in 175G, holding that oflice for
fortv-flve years, was a represent«tive in the as-
aembly for more than fifty years, for many years
^^^^ /^^^U^a-»'^.
sneaker, and for more than ninety sessions was not
ausent more than five times, except during his ser-
vice in congress in 1776-'7. He became colonel of
the 12th regiment of militia ni 1773, but resigned
his commission
in 1770 to ac-
cept a seat in
congress, sign-
ing the Declara-
tion of Inde-
pendence on 4
July of that
year. During a
greater part of
the war he was
a memlx?r of the
council of .'safe-
ty, exf>ended
nearly all his
property in the
patriot cause,
and. abandon-
ing his busines.s,
which was that
of a merchant,
went from house
to house .soliciting private donations to supply the
army, and making speeches to induce a larger en-
listment. He became an assistant, or councillor, in
1780, held office for twenty-four years, was judge
of the county court of Windham, and judge of pro-
bate for Windham district for forty years. Al-
though prudent and economical in many cases, he
frequently devoted all the emoluments of his offi-
ce*! to lienevolent objects. Throughout the war his
house was open to the soldiers in their marches to
and from tne army, and in 1781 he gave up his
dwelling to the officers of a detachment that was
stationed for the winter in Lebanon. He was a
memlH»r of the Connecticut convention in 1787
that ratified the constitution of the United States,
strongly advocating its adoption. He married
Marv. second daughter of Gov. Jonathan Trumbull.
Williams, John, member of the Continental
congress, b. in Ilanover county. Va. : d. in Gran-
ville county, N. C, in October, 1799. He was
brought up to the trade of a house-carpenter, but
removed to North Carolina, where he was admitted
to the bar. In 1770, while attending court at Hills-
borough, he was seized by the Regulators and se-
verely beaten. He was one of the first judges un-
der the state constitution in 1777-90, and sat in
the Continental congress in 1777-'8.
WILLIAMS, John, author, b. in Ijondon, Eng-
land, about 1705; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 12 Oct.,
1818. He was educated at the Merchant Tailors*
school and intended for the church, but adopted
literature instead, and, after acting as a translator
for London booksellers, went to Dublin, Ireland,
where he was connected with various journals. His
violent denunciations of the government caused
his prosecution, and he was fined heavily and judi-
cially declared in 1797 to be "a common libeller."
Soon afterward he came to the United States,
where he edited a Democratic newspaper. He died
in great poverty. Mr. Williams wrote under the
pen-name of " Anthony Pasquin." Ilg was the au-
thor of several plays; "Poems" (London, 1789);
" Legislative Biography " (1795) ; " The Hamilton-
iad" (Boston, 1804); " Life of Ale.xander Hamil-
ton " (1804) ; and " The Dramatic Censor " (1811)
WILLIAMS, John, P. E. bi.shop, b. in Deer-
field. Mass., 30 Aug.. 1817. He entered Harvard
at the age of fourteen, and after remaining there
two years joined the junior class at Washington
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
027
(now Trinity) collej^e, whcro he was fn^luated in
\HS!i. He studied theology with Dr. Sutnuel F.
Jarvis, and was onlainod bv Hishop Thomas C
Brownell in I«:W. From 1837 till 1840 he served
as tutor in Wa.shin|^on i-ollege, and he then spent a
year in travel in Knjjland and Franco. On his re-
turn he U'came assistant minister of Christ church.
Midtlletown. Conn., from which he was called to
the rectorship of St. (ieorp>'s church, Schenect^uly,
N. Y. While rector in Schent>cta<ly his influence
was grvat in his iiarish, amoni; the students of
Union c<)llef^, ami he was nearlv elected provis-
ional bishop of New York on the susjwnsion of
Bishop Benjamin T. Onderdonk. In 1848, when he
was but thirty-one years old, he was chosen presi-
flei^t of Trinity college, and the announcement of
his election was received with great enthusiasm,
while his inaugural address showed the scholarly
principles on which he considered all true educa-
tion to be l»i.setl. In connection with the presi-
dency Dr. Williams held the professorship or his-
tory and literature. In 18.51 I)r. Brownell, bishop
of Coiniecticut, having asked that, on account of
his growing infirmities, an assistant bishop might
be electe<l, the diocesan convention chose Dr. Will-
iams, and he was consecrated on 29 Oct. He was
able to continue in charge of the college for two
years, but in IS/i;}. as his episcopal duties became
more numerf)us and urgent, he lelt obliged to re-
tire from the presidency. Under his administra-
tion the college had increased in prosperity, its
course of instruction had been develo|jed. and its
library funds had l>een increased. Owing to Dr.
Williams's profound learning in theology and his
gifts as a teacher, several gra<luates and others
studying for holy orders had been for a few years
under his care, and an informal theological de-
partment hmi grown up at the college. In 18.54 a
charter was obtaine<I for the Berkeley divinity-
school, and it was hx-ated at Middletown. In this
school Bishop Williams has been from the begin-
ning the dean and the principal instructor in doc-
trinal theology, in the history of the Reformation,
and in the Prayer-Book, and his lectures at differ-
ent times have covered the whole range of theo-
logical studies.
Many of the cler-
gy of the Episco-
pal church in
this country
have thus been
ijj %. ly trained by him.
^yi ^ He has also con-
jt* , "■ V tinued to lecture
' on hist or V at
Trinity college,
of which he was
made vice-chan-
cellor at the time
of his resigna-
tion of the presi-
dency, succee«l-
ing to the chan-
cellorship when
he became bish-
op of the diocese
on the death of
Bishop Brownell
in 1885. For many vears before that time the whole
wl ministration of t\\e dioce.se had Un-n in Bishop
Williams's hands. In 1881 he was appointitl the
first lecturer at the (leneral theological seminary.
New York, on the Bishop Padd<H'k foundation, and
in the same year he delivered the first series of
Bedell lectures at the seminary and college in
>^^^^»^7^
Gambler, Ohio. At the general conventions of
1888 an«l 1880 he was chosen chairman of the
house of bishops, and he has constantly served on
imiH>rtant committees of the bishops and joint
commissions of the c«mvention. In 1884 he visited
Scotland for the centenary commemorati<»n of the
consecration of the first bi'shop of Connecticut, and
delivered the commemorative serm<ni in AU»r-
deen. Bishop Williams is a churchman of the
type that was once represented by Dean H«M)k and
Hishops Wilberforce and Wordsworth. Since his
ordination he has Iteen a diligent student of ecclesi-
astical history. He is remarkable for his genial
manners to youn^ men, and in an eminent degree
exerts a personal influence over his students. His
manner in the pulpit is dignified and impressive,
and he is one of the most eloquent speakers in the
Protestant Episcopal chureh, of which he is now
the presiding bishop. He received the degree of
I). D. from Union in 1847, Trinity in 1849, Colum-
bia in 18.51, and Yale in 188:^ aiid that of LL. D.
from Hobart in 1870. His literary works include
many and valuable contributions to the " American
Chureh Quarterly Review," the "Churehman,"and
other periodicals, a charge on "Everlasting Pun-
ishment " (1865), with many occasional sermons and
a<Idresses; "Ancient Hymns of Holy Chureh"
(Hartford, 184.5); "Thoughts on the Gospel Mira-
cles " (New York, 1848) ; Padd<x,'k lectures on " The
English Reformation" (1881); Bedell lectures on
"The Worid's Witness to Jesus Christ" (1882);
historical sermons in the "Seabury Centenary"
(1885) ; and " Studies in the Book of Acts " (1888).
He also edited, with additional notes, an American
e<lition of Bishop Harold Browne's "Exposition
of the Thirty-nine Articles" (1864).
WIIiLI.\)lIS, John .Kthurhilld, Canadian cler-
gyman, b. in Carmarthen, Wales, 19 Dec., 1817.
lie removed to Canada in 183Ji, was ordainetl a
minist<'r of the Methodist chureh in 18.50. elected
president of the London conference in 1874, was
joint representative to the general conference of
the Methodist Episcopal church of the Unit4?d
States in 1876, and was president of the united
general conference in 1888 for the imification of
the various branches of the Methodist church in
Canada. He was joint repre.'sentative at the cen-
tennial conference of the Methodist churehes of
the United States in 1884, and in 1885 was ap-
pointed general sujx'rintendent of the Methodist
chureh in Canada. Victoria university gave him
the degree of I). I), in 1877,
WILLIAMS, John Foster, naval officer, b. in
Boston, Mass., 12 Oct., 1743; d. there. 24 June,
1814. He early adopted the life of a sailor, and in
the spring of 1779 commanded the Massachusetts^
cruiser " Ilazard," of fourteen guns, with which in
that year he captured the " Active," eighteen guns
and performed other gallant exploit,*. In 1780 he
was given the " Protector," another Massju-husetts
ship, with which, on 9 July. 1780, he fought the
letter-of-inarque "Admiral Duff," which blew up
after an action of an hour and a half. After tak-
ing many prizes he had a running fight with the
frigate '* Thames " and narrowly escaixxl capture.
lie commanded the " Hazard " again in the unfor-
tunate expedition to Penol»scot river, in which
that vessel with others was lost. Late in 0<'tob«»r
he set out for a cruise in the West Indies, where he
took valuable prizes; but. falling in with two ships
of suiM'rior foree, he was captured and renuiinetl a
prisoner till the peace. From 1?.K) until his death
he was in command of a rev«Miue-<'utter.
WILLIAMS, John Joseph, R. C. arehbLsbop,
b. in Boston, Mass., 27 April, IS22. Ue studied in
528
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
VN n ,
'i-A97^ /h/^Oti-^f^^^
his native city, antl in 1883-'41 at the College of
Montreal, where he was graduate<l in the latter
year. Me then followetl a course in theology in the
Siilpitina seminary in Paris, France, where he was
onlained in 1845.
He was stationed
at the Bostt>n ca-
thedral till 1H.")5,
when he wjus ap-
pointed its rector,
and in 1857 he was
transferred to the
Jastorate of St.
aines's church in
thesiinu'citv. On
9 Jan., 18(i(}. he
was choserj coad-
1'utor to Hishop
''itzpatrick and
titular bishop of
Tripoli, but Ikj-
fore his consecra-
tion, which took
[)laceonll March,
18f»(). he had suc-
cee<led to the bishopric of Boston by the death
of his superior. The new sees of Springfield and
Providence were created from his original difK«se
in IHTOand 1872. respectively, and on 12 Feb., 1875,
a new ec<-lesiHstic piovince was established, cm-
bracing these dioceses and those of Portland and
Hurlington. Hoston iK'came the archiepiscopal
see, and Hishon Williams was made archbishop, re-
ceiving the pallium from the hands of Archbishop
Mct'loskey. During his administration many edu-
cational institutions have been established. of which
the most imiKirtant is the Sulpitian theological
seminary, which was opened in 1884. In 1886 his
diocese contained ;}20.()(K) Itoman Catholics, 300
priest^, anil 1(17 churches.
WILLIAMS, John Mason, jurist, b. in New
Iie<lford, Mass.. 24 June, 1780; d. there, 28 Dec,
18(»8. He was graduated at Brown in 1801, studied
law, and, on his admission to the bar in 1803, rose
rapidly in his profession. He became as.soeiate
justice of the court of common pleas in 1821, and
Its chief justice in 1839-'44. In 1844-'5« he was
commissioner of insolvency. Among Judge Will-
iams's published addresses are " Remarks on Ani-
mal Magnetism " (New York, 1837), and orations
on the lives of .Samuel Howe (Worcester, Mass.,
1828) and Peter (). Thacher (Boston, 1843). He
was also author of a pamnhlet entitled "Nullifica-
tion and ('omi)romise " (New York, 1863).
WILLIAMS, John S, lawver. b. in Lockport,
N. Y., 14 Dec., 1825. He received a liberal edu-
cation, studied law, was a<lmitte(l to the bar, and
|)ractis«*d in his native j)lace and in Lafayette, Ind.,
where he settled in 1853. He was elected mayor
of that town in 1850 and 1858, and for some time
e<lited the Lafayette " Daily American." He re-
cruite«I the (Ukl fndiana volunteers in the autumn
of i8<n, was commissi(med as its colonel, and was
with his regiment at the second battle of Bull Hun,
and till July, 18(W, when he was compelled through
illness to resign. He resumed practice, and in
1M60 was appointed by President Johnson collector
of internal revenue for the 8th district of Indiana,
holding the ofl[lce till the accession of a new ad-
ministration in 1869, Subse«pientlv he became the
publisher of the I^afayette " Sunday Times."' In
April, 18a5, President Cleveland appointed him 3d
auditor of the V. S. treasury demrtment.— His
brother, (Jeorre BnrchelL financier, b. in Jjock-
port, N. Y., 5 Dec., 1841, received his education at
IxKikport Union aciwlemy. In 1858 he removed to
Ijafayette, Ind., where he became largely interested
in mercantile and manufacturing pursuits. He be-
came supervisor of internal revenue for the st-at«
of Indiana in Novemljer, 1868, and in July, 1870,
dej)nty commissioner of internal revenue at Wash-
ington, D. ('..but resigned at the end of November,
1871, having Iwen ap|K)inted by the Japanese gov-
ernment, at the suggestion of his own government,
which had been requested to recommend some per-
son who was qualified to as.sist in the organization of
a financial system, to be counsellor to the imperial
authorities in all matters relating to finance, and
particularly upon banking, internal revenue, ex-
|)ort and import duties, and economic and mone-
tary matters. In 1873 he visited the United States
anil Europe on a financial mis.sion for the imperial
government, returning to Japan in the summer of
the following year. He was again ap[)ointed a
commissioner to Europe and the United States in
October, 1875, and resigned the office of financial
counsellor in November, remaining in Europe till
June, 1876, when he retired from the Japanese ser-
vice. He has since resided at Washington, D. C.
WILLIAMS, John Stuart, senator, b. in Mont-
gomery county, Ky., in 1820. He was gratluated
at Miami university, Oxford, Ohio, in 1838, studied
law, was admitted to the bar, and engaged in prac-
tice at Paris, Ky. He served in the war with
Mexico, first as a captain and afterward as colonel,
and was in command of the 4th Kentucky volun-
teei-s at the taking of the city of Mexico. After
his return he resumed practice, and engaged in
agriculture and the breetling of fine stock, took an
active part as a Whig in politics, served as a dele-
gate to national conventions and as a presidential
elector, and was in the legislature of Kentucky in
1851-'2. Although he had opposed secession, he
raised a brigade for the Confederate army, received
a commission as brigadier-general in 1862, and was
serving under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston when the
surrender took place. Going back to his home, he
urged the people to renew their allegiance to the
National government. He served again in the
legislature in 1873-'4, and was elected a U. S. sena-
tor from Kentucky as a Democrat, and served from
4 March, 1879, till 3 March, 1885. Since that time
he has been engaged in farming, in improving
lands in southern Florida, and in promoting rail-
ways in the mineral regions of Kentucky.
^VILLIAMS, John Wilson Montgomery,
clergyman, b. in Portsmouth, Va., 7 April, 1820,
He was graduated at Columbian college, Washing-
ton, D.X.. in 1845, and subsequently at Newton
theological seminary. After preaching for several
years in Virginia, chiefly at Lynchburg, he was
called to the pastorate of the 1st Baptist church of
Baltimore, Md., where he still remains. He has
been president of the Maryland tract society since
1870, vice-president of the Southern Baptist eon-
yention, several times moderator of the Maryland
Baptist union association, and tnistee of Columbian
college (now university) since 1851, In 1866 that
institution conferred upon him the degree of D. D.
Besides several sermons, he has j)ublished " Pas-
tor and People, a Lecture" (Washington, 1867);
" Reminiscences of a Pastorate of Thirty-three
Years" (1884); " Training of our Mrtnbers'in the
Distinctive Principles of our Denomination a Duty
and a Necessity " (Philadelphia, 1855) ; and " How
to enlarge the Congregation," a tract (1887).
WILLI.\MS, Jonathan, soldier, b. in Boston.
Mass.. 26 May, 1750 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16
May, 1815. tlis father, of the same name, was a
patriot of the Revolution. The son received a
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
629
good education, entered c counting-house in Boston,
and then made several voyages to the West Indies
and to Kngland. lie was in the latter country in
1770 and I77:i. and was intrusted by iiw grand-
uncle, Ik^njaniin Franklin, with iNtlitical desputches
to this country. He w»is also tranklin's M'cretary
during the latter's residence in France as L'. ,S.
anibissador, and for part of the time si>rved as
U. S. commercial agent. While in France he
8tudie<l military science, es{)ecially fortification.
After his return to this country in 1785 he was for
several years a judge of the court of common
pleas in Phihulelphia. but on (J Feb., 1801, he was
ap|Miiiited major of the 2d regiment of artillerists
and eiiginwrs in the regular army, and on 4 Dec.
ho WJI.S made irjs|)ector of f()rtificjitit)ns, and took
command of t-ho jxjst at West Point, with the duties
of instruction in his branches. On the establish-
ment of the present military academy in 1802 he
became its su{)erintendcnt, but on 20 June, 180ij,
he ri'signed his commission on a (juestion of rank.
On 19 April, 1805, he returned to the army, at
Presitlent Jefferson's request, as lieutenant-colonel
and chief engineer, resuming also the sut)erintend-
ence of the academy. He nlanned and l)uilt most
of the inner forts m New York harbor, including
Fort Columbus, Fort Clinton (now Castle Garden),
and Castle Williams, which was named for him.
At the beginning of the war of 1812 Col. Williams
claimed the command of the last-named work, and
on being refused it by the secretary of war, resigned,
31 July, 1812. He then returned to Philadelphia,
and was for several years vice-president and cor-
responding secretary of the American philosophical
society. He was elected to congress in 1814, but
died without taking his seat. Cul. Williams has
been called "father of the corps of engineers."
His full-length
portrait is in the
librarvof the U.
S. military acad-
emy, among
those of other
superintendents
and |)rofessors.
He was the au-
thor of a me-
moir on "The
Use of the Ther-
mometer in Nav-
igation "(Phila-
delnhia, 1799),
and translat-
ed " Elements
of Fortiflca-
/ — ') ^ /^"r^^ ^'*'"" , (^*^^^
C^>W^ >%^:^i:2jc:i^ El's "M^^T
vres for Horse
Artillerj- " (1808), iK'sidos contribnting to the
"Transactions" of the American philosophical so-
ciety.— His son, Alexander John, s<ddier. b. in
Philadelphia in 1790; d. in Fort Erie, Upper
Canada, 15 Aug., 1814, was gra<luatetl at the U. S.
military academy in 1811, and assigned to the
engineers, but was made captain of artiller)', 17
March, 1813. He commanded Fort Mifflin, Pa.,
in 1812-'14, and then engaged in the cam|)aign on
the Niagara frontier. During the defence of Fort
Erie, while he was repelling the fourth assault of
the enemy in a hand-to-hand encounter, a lighted
port-fire in front of the British enabled them to
direct their volleys on his company. He sprang
forward, cut it ofr with his sword,'and fell mor-
tally wounded by a musket-ball.
VOL vi. — 34
WILLIAMS, Mary liiiMhDell, author, b. in
Bat«)n Uouge, La., in 182U. Her father, Judge
Charles Hushnell, wa« a native of Ikwton, MaM.
She was e<lucMte<l by Prof. Alexander Dimitry,
married Josiah P. Williams, a planter of Hapides
parish, and resideil near Alexandria, oji Uetl river,
till 18(J9, when she removeil to Opelousatt. Her
husl>and died, and their residence, "The Oaks,"
was destroyed during the Ke<l river ex()edition in
1864. For some time during the civil war she
was a refugee in Texas. She has contributed to
pericxlical literature, and her poetry has been
much admired, notably the verses entitled "The
Serfs of Chritcney." She has in preparation a vol-
ume of "Tales and Legends of Louisiana."
WILLIAMS, Nelson (irotivenor, soldier, b.
in liainbritlge, Chenango co., N. Y., 4 May, 1823.
He was educated at Utica academy, and spent one
year at the U. .S. military academy. At the be-
ginning of the civil war he was appointed colonel
of the 3d Iowa voluntwrs, and served in Missouri
until March, 1862. He commanded the 1st brigade
of the 4th division of the Army of the Tennessee at
the battle of Shiloh, where a horse was killed un-
der him, and was at the siege of Corinth. He was
made brigadier-general on 29 Nov., 1862, but re-
signed soon afterward, owing to injuries received
at Shiloh. In 1869 he entered the U. S. custom
service in New York city.
WILLIAMS, Otho Holland, soldier, b. in
Prince George county, Md.. in March. 1749: d.
alK)ut 1800. His ancestors were among the earliest
settlers in Maryland from Kngland after Lord lial-
timore l)ecame proprietor of the province. Otho
was left an orphan at twelve years of age, and a few
years later placed in the derlt's oflice of Frederick,
Md., whence he was transferred to the clerk's oflfice
at Baltimore. In 1775 he was appointed a lieuten-
ant in a rifle corps that was raised in Frederick
cfjunty. The company to which he was attached
inarched to Boston, and the captain having been
promoted, young Williams succeeded to the com-
mand, when Fort Washington was attacked he
was a major. He was severely woumleil. taken
prisoner, and carried to New York, where he was
released on his pan)le. On suspicion that he would
oj)en a secret correspondence with Washington, he
waa reapprehended and placed in confinement,
where he suffered great indignities and cruelty.
He was exchanged after fifteen months of im|)ris-
onment. During his captivity he was promoteil to
the command of the 6th regiment of the Maryland
line, and after his exchange he partici|mted in all
the battles of that command. He ncte<l as deputy
adjutant-general of the southern army under Gen.
Horatio Gates; and Gen. Nathanael Greene, on
assuming command of that army, appointed Col.
Williams adjutant-general. During Greene's cele-
brated retreat he led the light corps that acted as a
rear-guard, and did efticient servict>. At a critical
moment in the Iwittle of Kutaw, Gen. Greene issue«l
the onler " Ix»t Williams advance and sweep the
field with his bayonets." He led a charge that
gained him the highest honors of the day. Near
the close of the war Williams was sent by Gen.
Greene with despatches to congress, and he waa
promoted by that Ixnly to the rank of brigadier-
general. On the cessation of hostilities, (ien. Will-
iams settled in Baltimore, and was ai>|K»intiHl by
the governor collector of the jnirt. He held that
oflice under the governor's ap|M>intment until the
at^loption of the Federal constituti<in. and was
then reappointed by Washington, retaining the
office till his death. See memoir by Osmond
Tiffany (Baltimore, 1851).
530
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS, Peter, cU'rgvman, b. in New
Bninswkk. N.J..alKmt 17H0: d.in New York city,
18<K't., 1H4(). His fntluT. IVttT. a nejrn). was Jx)rn
a slavo, Un-aino M-xtoii of thf 1st Mi'thodist Kpis-
copal chiircli in New York, aftorward cnjiaj;''*' '»
Inwli'. aiwl wius tlio prinfij»al foiiiKli-r of a churc-h
for c'olortMl Mfth»Hlist,s. Thf son embnuwl Prot-
estant K])iscopal tenets with his pastor, tlie Kev.
Thoniati Lvell. was eduiaUHl by the Kev. Hiehanl
C. M<M)re. Wanie a lay re««ler. and in 1^20 was
onlained by Hisliop John H. llobart, and inducted
SM rector of an Episeopal chunli for people of his
race. He published an "(►ration on the Abolition
of the Slave-Trade" (New York, 1H()8). and "Dis-
cours4« on the Death of (apt. Paul C'uffee" (1817).
WILLIAMS, Reiiel. st^nator, b. in Hallowell
(now Au>rusta). .Me., 2 .June, llKi; d. in Aupusta,
Me., i't July, 1H(J2. He was educated at Hallowell
academy, studied law, was udniitte<l to the bar in
1H02. and practis»'d in Augusta. He was a ineinlwr
of the state house of representatives in 1823-'6.
then sjit in the state senate for three years, and
after that wa» in the house again till 18:W. In
liiiH\ he was a presidential elector on the Van
Hun>n ticket. In the following year he was elected
to the L'. S. senate as a DenuH-rat to fill a vacancy,
taking his sea» on 4 Sept., 18^7. He opposed the
Ashlturton tn»atv. which adjusted the northeastern
l)oundary. In Kbruarv, 1843, in consenuence of
a resolution of the legislature, in which tlie Whigs
had oi>tained a preponderance, he offered his resig-
nation, and in the congress that li«'gan its sessions
on 4 Dec., 184;$, he was replaced by John Fairfield.
He was the principal promoter of the railrojwl
between Portland and Augu.<ta, which afforded
din»ct rail coniinunication with lioston,and was its
president from 1847, when the work was Ix'gun,
and the chief manager after its completion in 1851
for about ten vears. The degree ot LL. I), was
conferrtnl on him by Howdoin in 1855. — His son,
Joseph Hartwell, lawyer, b. in Augusta, Me., 15
Feb., 1H14, was graduated at Harvard in 1834, and
at the law-school in 1837, and practised his pro-
fession in Augusta till 18(52. He married a sister
of the Kev. Sylvester Judd. He was president of
the state senate in 1857, and became acting gov-
ernor on the resignation of Hannibal Hamlin in
February of that year. Gov. Williams was nomi-
nated to the office of judge of the Maine supreme
court in 1802, but declined. In 18({4-*« and 1874
he was a memln'r of the legislature, serving in
18<>5-'0 as chainnan of the committee on finance.
He is the author of " A Brief Study in Genealogy,"
treating of the Cony family, to which his mother
belonged (printe<l privately. Cambridge, 1885). —
Heuel .s nephew, Seth, .soldier, b. in Augusta, Me.,
22 Man-h, 1822; d. in Boston, Mas-s., 23 March,
1866, was graduated at the U. S. military acade-
my in 1842, cominissione«l as 2d lieutenant of
artillery on 31 Aug., 1844. and as 1st lieutenant on
8 Man-h, 1847, and during the Mexican war served
as aide-de-camp to (Jen. Koltert Patterson, partici-
pating in all the princi|)al battles, and gaining the
t>revet of captain for gallantry at ("erro Gordo.
He was a<ljutant of the military academy in 185()-'3,
and sul)si'(piently s<>rved in the adjutant-general's
department till his death. He was promoted major
on 11 May, 1801, and ap{)ointe<l a brigadier-general
in the volunteer army on 23 Sept., and from 20
Aug., 1861, till 11 Nov., 1862. .served as atljutant-
pneral on the staff of Gen. George B. McClellan,
being promote<l lieutenant-colonel on 17 July, 1862.
He was adjutant-general of the Army of the Poto-
mac while it was commanded by Gen. McClellan.
and continued to serve in that capacity under Gen.
Ambrose E. Bumside, Gen. Joseph Hw)ker, and
Gen. George G. Meade, winning the brevet of
colonel for pillant conduct at Gettysburg. His
health was impaired by continued and arduous
duties, and from November, 1864. till the close of
hostilities he 8ei-ve<l on Gen, Ulysses S. Grant's
staff as inspector-general of the army. He took
part in nearly every important engagement, and
received the brevet of major-general of volunteers
on 1 Aug., 18(J4, for brave conduct in the field in
the campaigns from Gettysburg to Petersl)urg,
that of brigadier-general in the U. S. army on 13
Marcli, 1865, for gallantry in the final campaign
near Richmond, and that of major-general on tne
.same date for gallant and meritorious services
throughf)ut the war.
WILLIAMS, Robert, clergyman, b. in Eng-
land about 1745; d. in Norfolk county, Va, 26
Sept., 1775. He was a local preacher in John
Wesley's society, and from him received permission
to preach in this country under the direction of
the regular missionaries. Arriving in New York
city in October, 1769, he began his labors in the
chapel there, then received a general license from
Joseph Pilmoor in Philadelphia, assisted Robert
Strawbridge in evangelistic work, and in 1772 en-
tered Virginia as the apostle of Methodism. When
he began by singing and preaching on the court-
house steps in Norfolk, his ecstatic manner caused
the citizens to suspect his sanity, yet he .soon made
converts and organized a society. He was received
into the travelling connection at the first general
conference, which was held at Philadelphia in
June, 1773, and in the following year married and
located. He was the first to print Methodist books
in this country, and ^ave a wide circulation to
Wesley's sermons until the conference that ad-
mitted him appropriated the right of publication.
WILLIAMS, Robert, member of congress, b.
in Surry county, N. C, 12 July, 1773; d. in Louisi-
ana alx)ut 1820. His father, Maj. Joseph, was a
Whig partisan who had many desperate encounters
with the Tories during the Revolution. The son
became a lawyer, and during the war acted as
adjutant-general of the state. He also collected
the acts of the general assembly from 1776. For
many years he was a trustee and treasurer of the
University of North Carolina. He was a member of
congress for three terms, serving from 15 May,
1797, till 3 March, 1803, and was then appointed
land commissioner for Mississippi. Retiring from
that office in 1805, he went to rennessee, and sub-
sequently settled in Louisiana — His cousin, Rob-
ert, lawyer, b. in Caswell county, N. C, about
1765; d. in Ix)uisiana, was appointed governor of
Mississippi territory by President Jefferson, filling
that office from 1805 till 1809.— The second Rob-
ert's brother, Marniadnke, member of congress,
b. in Caswell county, N. C. 6 April, 1772; d. in
Tuscaloosa, Ala., 29' Oct., 1850, studied and prac-
tised law, was a member of the state senate in
1802. and served in congress three successive terras,
entering the house when his cousin retired. After
the conclusion of his last term he emigrated to
Alabama in 1810. He was a delegate from Tusca-
loosa county to the convention that framed the
state constitution in 1819, and on it« adoption was
a candidate for governor, but was defeated by Will-
iam W. Bibb, who had held that office in the terri-
torial government. He was elected to the legisla-
ture in 1821, and was ten times re-elected. In
1826 he was appointed a commissioner to settle
territorial accounts between Alabama and Missis-
sip{)i, and he was judge of the county court from
1832 till 1842, when he was retired by limitation
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
^81
of age. — The first Rolwrl's brother. John, senator,
b. ill Surry coutity, N. ('.. 29 Jan., 177H ; il. in Knox-
villf, TfiJii.. 10 Aug.,'l><J}7, WII.S HpiM)iiiti'<l n t'Hi>tHin
in the Gth I*. S. infjintry in April. 1791), Init n*-
siifuctl in JiUH>, IHOO. studiitl law in Sali.tbiiry,
N. (_'.. was mlnultiHl to the bur in IHOJJ, ami re-
luovitl lo the vicinity of Knoxville, Tonn., where
he entcreil into practice. In 1812 he raised a rvgx-
ment of niountwl volunteers, and conducteil a vic-
torious cunipai{;n against the Seniinoles. On his
return he was conmnssioned as colonel of the ittKh
U. S. infantry, and ordered to the t'reek nation,
where he was in the battle of the Horse-Shoe Bend
of the Tallapoosa. Gen. Andri'w Jackson's rejMjrt
of this action failed to do justice to his eonnnand
in the opinion of Col. Wdlianis, who from that
time was Jackson's most j)owerful and determined
atlversary. He served till the close of the war
with Great Hritain, and wjus then electetl U. S.
senator from Tennessee to serve through the unex-
pired term of George W. C'amplx'll, and was re-
elected, serving from 4 Dec., 1815, till 3 March,
1823. He was in 1825 apf)ointed cliarge d'affaires
in Central America, but remained in that post only
six days. He was afterward a member of the state
senate", and dei-lined a seat on the supreme l)ench
of Tennessee. — His wife, Mklinua, was a sister of
Hugh L. White. — Another brotiier, Lewis, member
of congress, b. in Surrv countv. X. C, 1 Feb., 1780 ;
d. in Washington, D. C., 20 l4b., 1842. was gradu-
ated at the University of North Carolina in 1808,
and in 1813 entenni (tolitical life as a memlier of
the state house of commons. He was re-elected in
1814, and on 4 Dec., 1815, took his seat in con-
gress*, to which Ixxly he was returned twelve times,
remaining a member until his death. John Q.
Adams and other representatives pronounced eulo-
gies on Mr. Williams, who was commonly styled
" the father of the house." — Lewis's twin brother,
ThoDiBM Lanier, jurist, b. in Sussex county, N.C,
1 Feb., 178(}; d. in Nashville. Tenn., 3 Dec, 1856,
was graduated at the University of North Carolina
with the valedictory. After studying law. he re-
moved to Knoxville, Tenn. He was several times
elected a representative and also a senator to the
General assembly. For a short time he was one
of the judges of the supreme court, and voluntarily
relin(iuished that office to the regret of the bjir.
In 1H;{({, on the establishment of corporate courts
of e«juity juris«liction in Tennej<see, he was chosen
chancellor and servwl as such for sixteen vears.
He was regarde«i as the father of equity juris|)ru-
dence in Tennessee, and during his long judicial
career only one or two of his decisions were re-
versed.— John's son, Joseph Lanier, mender of
congress, b. in Tennessee, aUmt 1800. resided in
Knoxville, and was clecte«l as a Whig to congress,
and twice re-elected, serving from 4 Sept., 1837,
till 3 March, 1843.
WILLIAMS, Robert, soldier, b. in Culpeper
county, Va., 5 Nov., 1829. His grandfather, James
Williams, served in the Virginia line in the Kevo-
lutionary war and also in command of Virginia
tnM)ps <luring the war of 1812. KoU-rt was wlu-
cated at the local sch(X)ls and at the U. S. military^
academy, where he was gnidiuit(Hl and proinote<l to
brevet 2<l lieutenant in the 1st dragtxms in 1851.
He served at the cavalry-school for practice and
with his regiment in Oregon for six years, in the
mean time becoming 24l lieutenant in 185^), and 1st
lieutenant in 18.5.5. In 1857 he was assigned to
duty as an assistant instructor in tactics at West
Point. Having Ikhmi apfHiinted in May, 1S(»1. cap-
tain and assistant adjutant-general, he serve<l as
such until October, when ne was commissioned
colonel of the Ist Massachusetts cavalry. He was
engaged in o|)erations at Hilt<m Hewl, S. (*., in the
atta<-k on Sece-ssionville, James island. S. C, and in
central Virginia till Octol)or, 1802. when he re-
signed from the volunteer service and wu.s assigned
Ui duty at the war department, having U'conie
major and assistant adjutant-general in July of
the same year. He afterward s<'rved as ailjutant-
general, resjiectively, of the Departments <if the
>Iiss<)uri and of the Platte, and of the Division of
the Missouri. He was promoted by senifjrity in
his department to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in
February, 1809. colonel, 1 July, 1881. and by brevet
to the grade of brigadier-general, U. S. Army, 18
March, 1865, " for diligent, faithful, and meritori-
ous services during the rebellion." Gen. Williams
marrietl the witlow of Stefdien A. Dougla.s. He
has published professional paiK'rs in jK?ri(Klicals.
WILLIAMS, Roger, founderof Rhode Island.b.
in Wales in 1599; d. in KhiKle Island early in 1683.
Little is known of his family or his early life. He
seems to have l)een employt-il in some capacity by
the great lawyer Sir Edward Coke, who place<l him
at the Charterhouse school in 1621, and afterward at
Pembroke college, Cambridge, where he tcM)k a de-
gree. He was admitted to orders in the Church of
England, but soon becjime the friend and com-
ptinion of John Cotton and Thomas H<K)ker, and
adopted the most advanced views of the Puritan
party. He embarked at Bristol, 1 Dec., 16;W, in
the ship " Lion," and on 5 Feb., 16;il, arrived at
Boston. He hmi then been recently married, but of
his wife's earlv history very little is known. Ho
was distinguished as an eloquent preacher and ripe
scholar, and soon after his arrival in Massachu-
setts he was invited to the church at Salem, as
assistant to the pastor, Mr. Skelton. But rumors
of his heretical ojjinions were already abroad. It
was said that he ha<i declared the ministers at
Boston blameworthy for not formally pnxjiaiming
their jienitence for ever having live«l in commun-
ion with the Church of England, and that he de-
nieti the right of magistrates to inflict puuishment
for Sabbath-breaking, or "any other offence that
was a breach of the first table." In spite of o|)po-
sition based upon these charts, Mr. Williams was
settled, 12 April, 16^J1, as assistant or teacher in the
Salem church. But he found his position there so
uncomfortable that before the enu of the summer
he thought it best to seek shelter under the more
tolerant jurisdiction of the Plymouth colony. At
Plymouth he was settled in August. IftSl. as assist-
ant to the pastor, Ralnh Smith. IIen> he made his
first acquaintance with the chiefs of the Wampa-
noags and Narragansetts. and, l>eing an excellent
linguist, soon learne<l to talk in the language of
these Indians. About this time lie was first sus-
pected of the " heresy of Anabaptism." F'or such
an aggressive and vigorous thinker the field of ac-
tion at Plymouth seeme<l too narrow, and in 1633
he returned to Salem, followed by several members
of the congregation who had become devottnlly at-
ttiched to him. In 1634 he was settled as pastor of
the church in .Salem. There he soon got into trou-
lile by denying the valitlity of the charter grante<I
111 1629 by Charles I. to the Comjuiny of Massachu-
setts Bav. He inainr«ined that the laii<l belongeti to
the Indians, and not to the kinp of England, who
therefore ha<l no right to give it away. The pro-
mulgation of this view seemed dangerous to the
founders of Massachusetts, who were in many wavs
incurring the risk of arousing the hostility of the
king, and were therefore anxious to avoid offend-
ing him on such a point as this. It was likely to
be interpreted in England as indicating an inten-
532
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
tion on the part of the settlers of Massachusetts to
Uirow off thiur ailegianee. and accordinjfly they
ha.stcne«l to condemn Mr. Williams and his views.
This puri'ly iM>litical «juestion was comnlicated
with disputes nrisinjj from Mr. Williams's aiivancwl
opinions on tnleration. lie maintained that "no
human [lower had the rifjht to intermeddle in mat-
ters of conscience ; and that neither church nor
state, neither bishop nor king, may prescribe the
smallest iota of religious faith." For this, he main-
tained, " man is res|)<insible to Gml alcme," The
ministers, with his friemls, Cotton and Hooker at
their heml, sent a committee to Salem to censure
him; but he dt-nird tJieir spiritual jurisdiction,
and declarnl his dotcrmituition to '• remove the
yoke of s<iul-oppression." In July, KWo. he was
summoned Ix'fore the general court at Boston, and
in October he was ordered to quit the colony within
six weeks, but |M'rmission was presently granted for
him to remain until s|)ring. It was then reported
that many i>cople in Salem, " taken with an appre-
hension of his godliness," repaired to his house for
religious instruct ion, and that they meditated with-
drawing from Massm-husetts and founding a colony
upon Niirragansett bay, in which the pnnciple of
religious toleration should \)c strictly upheld. To
ftrevent this movement, it was decided to send him
»ack to England. He was again summoned to
Itoston, but refused to o1m\v the summons, where-
upon the magistrates sent to .Salem a warrant for
his arrest. He suspected what was coming, and left
his home just Ix^fore the officers arrived. He made
his way through the wilderness to the wigwams
of the I'okanokets. Their chief, Massa.soit. granted
him a tract of land on Seekonk river. There,
in the spring, he was joined by friends from Sa-
lem, and they began to build; but, in order to
avoid any complications with the Plymouth colony,
they moved to the site ot Proviilence, where they
made their first settlement in June, 16136. This
territory was granted to Mr. Williams by the Narra-
gansett chiefs, Canonicus and Miantonomoh. His
influence over thest^ Indians was great, and it soon
enabled him to jwrform for the infant colonies a
service that no other man in New England could
have undertaken with any hope of success ; he de-
tached the powerful tril)e of Narragansetts from
the leaguf that the Pe<juot sachem Sassacus was
forming for the purpose of destroying all the Eng-
lish settlements. The effect of Mr. Williams's
diplomacy was to leave the Pequots to fight with-
out allies, and the English soon exterminated them.
During tin- Pe(piot war the magistrates of the
colony that had banished him sought his counsel,
and he gave it freely. In IGJiH he assisted John
Clarkeand William Coddington in negotiating the
purchase of Aquidneck, or Rhcxle Island, for which
the Indians were lil>erally paid. True to his prin-
ciple of tolemtion, while he opposi-d the opinions
of that restless agitator, Samuel (lorton, he refused
to join in the movement for expelling him from
Providence. In IG-Vi he went to England and ob-
tained the charter for the Rhode Island and Provi-
dence settlements, date<l 14 March, 1044. While
in Kngland he published his " Key into the Lan-
guage of America" (Ijondon. 164^1),' a work of great
value on the sjieech of the New England Indians.
He also wrote and published anonymously his
famous lK>ok "The Bloody Tenent of' Persecution
for Cause of Conscience" (London, 1644). In this
book the doctrinesof religious freedom are ably and
•ttractively presente<l in the form of a dialogue
between Truth and Peace. It was dedicated to the
parliament, then waging war against the king, and
It attracted general attention from its great literary
merit as well as from the nature of the subject. It
was answered by Mr. Cotton's book entitle^l "The
Bloody Tenent' washed and matle White in the
Bloo<i'of the Lamb "(London, 1(547). After a while
Mr. Williams published an effective rejoinder en-
titled " The Bloody Tenent made yet more Bloody
by Mr. Cotton's Endeavor to wash it White " (Lon-
don, 1652). The controversy was conducted on
lM)th sides with a candor and courtesy very rare in
those times. While in London, in 1644, Mr. Will-
iams hIso published a reply to Mr. Cotton's state-
ment of the reasons for his banishment. This ad-
mirable lx)ok, a small quarto of forty-seven pages,
entitled "Mr. Cotton's Letter Examined and An-
swered," is now exceedingly rare. Mr. Williams
landed in Boston, 17 Sept., 1(J44, with a letter signed
by several members of parliament, which was vir-
tually a safe-conduct for his passage through Massa-
chusetts territory. Through his exertions a treaty
was made with the Narragansetts, 4 Aug., 1645,
which saved New England from the horrors of an
Indian war. In order to obtain the abrogation
of the commission of William Coddington as
governor of the islands of Rhode Island and Co-
nanicut, Mr. Williams sailed in November, 1651,
for P^ngland, in company with John Clarke.
Through the aid of Sir Henry Vane this mission
was successful. While in England, Mr. Williams
spent several weeks at Vane's country house in
Lincolnshire, and he saw much of Cromwell and
Milton. At this time he wrote and published his
" Hireling Ministry None of Christ s " (London,
1652), which is an able argument against an estab-
lished church and the support of the clergy by
taxation. In the same year he published "Experi-
ments of Spiritual Life and Health, and their Pre-
servatives. He returned to Providence in 1654
and took part in the reorganization of the colonial
government in that year. He was chosen, 12 Sept.,
1654, president of the colony, and held that ofRce
until May, 1658. During this time he secured the
toleration of the Quakers, who were beginning to
come to New England, and on this occasion he was
again brought into conflict with the government of
Massachusetts. A newcharter was granted to Rhode
Island, 8 July, 1663, under which Benedict Arnold
was first governor and Roger Williams one of the
assistants. This charter established such a liberal
republican government that the Revolution in
1776 made no change in it, and it was not super-
seded until 1842. (See Dorr, Thomas Wilson.)
Mr. Williams in 16()3 was appointed commissioner
for settling the easteni boundary, which had long
been the subject of dispute with both Plymouth
and Massachusetts. For the next fourteen years
he was most of the time either a representative or
an assistant. In 1672 he was engaged in his fa-
mous controversy with the Quakers, of whose doc-
trines and manners he strongly disapproved, though
he steadfastly refused to persecute them. George
Fox was then in Newport, and Mr. Williams chal-
lenged him to a public discusjsion of fourteen tlu>o-
logical profwsitions. Fox left the colony before
the challenge ha<l been delivered to him, but it
was accented by three Quaker champions, John
Stubbs. .John Burnet, and William Edmundson.
Mr. Williams, though seventy-thretf years of age,
rowed himself in a boat from' Providence to New-
port, about thirty miles, to meet his adversaries.
The debate was carried on for three days in the
Quaker meeting-house, without changing anybody's
opinion. Mr. Williams afterward wrote an ac-
count of the affair, and maintained his own view,
in the book entitled " George Fox digg^ out of
his Burrowes," a small quarto of 327 pages (Boston,
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
588
167fi). A oopv of this book in in IlarvAnl collejje
lihrHPy. His last written dcN-unuMit U-ars the date
IG Jan.. 10H8. and relatoM to the dispute alK)Ut tho
Pawtiixi't lands. In a letter written, 10 May, ICWJ,
by John Thornilike, of Providence, to the Rev.
Samuel Iliiblwrd, he sa^'a : "The Ijord hath ar-
rested by death our ancient and a[>|tntved friend,
Mr. Kojjer Williams, with divers others here." His
death must have occurred between 1(1 Jan. and 10
May, probably at Providence, as he was buried
there. He was a man of wonderful strength and
activity. In private life he was as gentle and kind
as he was undaunted and pugnacious in contro-
versy. His opinions and conduct in regard to tol-
eration entitle him to a place among the foremost
men of the world in the 17th century, and this is
fully recognized in Prof. David Masson's work on
Milton, where the history of mwlem lilx'ralism is
discussed with profound' leaniing. See James D.
Knowles's " Memoir of Williams " (lioston. 1834) :
William GarameH's "Life of Koger Williams"
(I84.'j): Komeo Elton's "Life of Roger Williams"
(Ixindon, 1852): and Henr>' M. Dexter's "As to
Roger Williams" (Boston, 1876). Dr. Dexter has
recovered a lost tract by Williams, " Christenings
make not Christians" (I^ondon, 1645), which he
found in the British museum, and edited for
Rider's historical tracts. No. 14, 1881.— A de-
scendant, BetHey, b. in Cranston (now a part of
Providence), R. I., in 1789; d. there, 27 Nov.. 1871,
inherited a farm of one hundnnl acres, by direct
succession through five generations, from Roger
Williams, and iK-queathed it to the city of Provi-
dence to form the park that lx>ars his name. The
statue lately erected is shown in the illustration.
WILLI.\MS, Samuel, pioneer, b. in Carlisle,
Pa.. 10 Oct., 1786; d. in Cincinnati. Ohio. 3 Feb.,
1H,J9. In his youth he learned the trade of a halter,
and r»Mnove<l'with his |mrents to Chillicothe, Ohio,
in 1807. He .served in the war of 1812, and was
with a detachment at River Raisin, Mich., when
Gen. William Hull surrt!n«lere<l Detroit. An ac-
count of this military expedition, written by him,
was publish«><l in 1^70, entitled "Two Western
Campaigns." In 1815 he was apinunted by the
surveyor-general of Ohio chief cleric of that office,
which jMtst he fllle«l for thirty years. His familiar-
ity with the public surveys was of great value to
the »er\'ice, and he compiled for the general land-
offlce the " Instructions to Surveyors-General f»f
Public Lands," which is still used, and of which
I several editions have been issue<l. He was one of
I the founders in 1845 of the Ohio Wesleyan uni-
i versity, and in 1843 of the Wesleyan female col-
lege at Cincinnati, of both of which he was for
many years a tnistee and jwtron, Itequeathing to
the former a valuable private librarj'. He left in
muiiUM-ript copious memoirs of his own life and
times, Hiul a genealogy of his family.
»'ILLIAMS, ThoniaM, clergyman, b. in Pom-
fret, Conn., 5 Nov., 1779; d. in'Prtnidenee. R. I.,
29 Sept., 1876. He studied for two years at Will-
iams, then entered Yale, was graduate*! in 1800,
and taught at Beverly, Mass., and W<M)dstfX'k and
Norwich, Conn., till 1803. when lie ojiened a school
for colored pupils in Boston, Mass. He was there
license<l in order to act as chaplain of the alms-
house, was sent to New York state us a missionary
in the sjime year, and refH-ated his tour in 1H04 and
1805, after ()eing ordained as an evangelist on 16
May, 1804. From 1807 till his death, excei)t while
officiating as pastor at Foxb«»rough, Mass., in
1816-'21, at Attleborough in 1823-'7, at Hebron-
ville in 1827-30, and at Barrington, R. I., in IKiH,
he resided mainly at Providence, and, while hold-
ing no charge, preached to colored t)eople and
others through the state of RIkhIc Island. He
drafted the articles of faith an<l the rules of the
Rhode Island evangelical constx-iation, and was
its tirst scril)e. Of his many printed sennons, some
of which were signed by the pi'n-name " Demens
Egoinet," one was called "An Explicit Avowal of
Nothingarianism," another had the title "Jehovah,
or Uni-trini-tarianism,"and ()thers commemorated
the first settlement of Rhode Island and the re-
vival of religion in 1740. .Several volumes of col-
lec'ted sermons were issued at various times.
WILLIAMS, Thomas lawyer, b. in Greens-
burgh, Westmoreland co.. Pa.. 28 Aug.. 1806. He
was graduatetl at Dickinson college in 1825, studied
law, was a<lmitte<I to the bar in 1828, and entered
into practice at Pittsburg. He serve<l in the state
senate from 1*38 till 1841. In 1861 he entered the
state house of representatives, and after serving
two years was elected to congress as a Republican,
taking his seat on 7 Dec., 1863. He was twice re-
electe<l, was a memlwr of the committee on the
judiciary during his entire jK»riod of service, and
in March. 1868, acted as one of the managers of
the imiK'achment of President Andrew Johnson.
WILLIAMS, ThoniaH, st)ldier, b. in New York
state in 1815; d. in lititon Rou^e, I^.. 5 Aug.,
1862. He was appointtnl a cadet in the U. S. mili-
tary academy from Michigan, graduated in 1837,
and immiHliately LHimmissioned as 2d lieutenant
of infantry. He servinl in the Florida wars and
during the Canadian n'lH?llion on the northern
frontier, was a.ssistant professor of mathematics at
the military acatlemv in 1840-'l, U'ing promoted
1st lieutenant on 5 Oct., 1840, and from 1844 till
18,50 was aide-diM-amp to (Jen. Winfleld Scott.
During the Mexican war he was present at Vera
Cruz and the other princijMil engagements of the
war, rw-eiving the brevet of captain for braverj'
at Contreras and Chunibusco, and that of major
for taking a gallant |)art in the Iwttleof Chapulte-
pec. He liecame a captain on 12 Sept., 1850, was
enga^l in operations against the Seminoles in
Florida in 1856-'7 and in the Utah expwiit ion in
1858, was promoteil maior on 14 May. 1861, and
made a brigmlier-geiieral of volunteers on 28 Sept.,
18(51. He t(K>k part in the North Cart>lina ex|KHli-
tion, anil remainetl in command of Fort Hatteras
till March. 1862, then t(K)k command uf a brigade
in the Ship island expe<lition, was engagini in
opening the lower Mississippi in April and May,
534
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
1862, commanded in the first unsnccessful attack I
on Vifkstmrjr. and jirojwtcd and suiwrintended
the flitting <>f a cnnnl timt was desijjnt'd ti) turn
the courso of the Mist^issippi away from that city.
On the failure of this enterprise he was placed in
command at Baton It4mjre, where lie successfully
repelled the vigorous aftjick of (ien. John ('. Breck-
inridge, and was killed in the moment of victory
while leailing to the charge an Indiana regiment
whos«- fleld-otricers liad fallen.
WllililAMS, Thomas H., senator, b. in Vir-
ginia. aJM)Ut ITJl"). lie went to Ponfotw, Miss.,
soon after the Indians were removtHl from that
region, and iK'came a meniWr of the state housi'
of r»'pres«'ntatives. Mr. Williams wjus apf)ointed
by the governor, and afterward elected by the
legislature, a V. S. s«'nator. to fill the vacancy
cauM'd bv the resignation of James F. Trotter,
and served from i:{ Dec. 1K58. till a March. 1839.
WILLI.4MS. Thomas Hill, V. S. s«nator. b.
in North Carolina. al)out 178(): d. in Robertson
county, Tenn.. alniut 1H40. He received an aca-
demical t ruining, studied law, was admitted to the
Itar, atid Ix-gan practice, but Ixvame a clerk in the
war department at Washington. In IHO.'i he was
appoinicd by I'residcnt Jefferson register of the
land-odice for the territory of Mississipjii. and he
was colifctor of customs at the port of New Orleans.
He was a delegate to the convention that frameil
the state constitution of Mississippi, and w>is elected
one of the first V. S. senators from that state. He
was re-elected, ami served from 11 Dec, 1817, till
8 March, 182SI. During the session of 1820-'l he
voted for the Missouri compromise bill. He then
remove«l to Tennessee, where he remained until
the time of his death.
WILLIAMS. Thomas Scott, jurist, b. in
Wetliersfield. Conn., 2(> June, 1777: d. in Hart-
fonl, 15 Dec. IHOl. He was graduated at Yale in
1794, studied law. was admitted to the bar in 1799,
and l)egan practice at Mansfield, Conn,, but re-
moved to llartfonl in 18():J. He was appointed
attornev of the l)oard of managers of the school
fund in"lH(K), from 18i:{ till 1829 represented Hart-
fonl in the general assembly, and sat in congress
in 1817-'19. In May, 1829, ho was appointed an
a.'«sociate judge of the supreme court of errors and
of the su|H'rior court, and in May, 18,34, he was
ai)i)oint»^l chief justice, which ofTice he held until
the constitutional expiration of his term in 1847.
After retiring from the Ix-nch he never resumed
the i)ractice of his profession further than to act
occ-asionallv as an arbitrator or referee. He was
mayor of tlie city of Hartford from la^l till 1835.
For several years he ha<l Ikm'ji president of the
American tra<'t s<K'iety, and he was active in vari-
ous other religious and iK'nevolent organizations.
He was a contributor to objects of benevolence, and
UHiueathed $28,000 to charitable institutiims.
WILLIAMS, Sir William, British officer, b. in
Kngland alnnil 1770; d. in Bath, England, 17 June,
1832. He was appointinl ensign in the 40th foot
in 1794. lieutenant in 1795, captain in 1799, major
in 1802, atid lieutenant-colonel in the 60th foot in
1809. He served at Corunna, Salamanca, and
other battles during the campaign in the iH?nin-
Bula, an<l in 1814 in Canada, when he commanded
at St. John's and at the |K)sts in advance on Riche-
lieu river, and was coniplimente<l in general or-
ders for his services. He was ap)K)inteu a knight
counnander of the Bath. 5 Jan., 181.5, l)ecame a
colonel in 1819. and a major-general in 18.30.
WILLIAMS, William, publisher, b. in Fram-
ingfiani. Mass.. 12 Oct.. 1787: d. in Utica. N. Y.,
10 June, 1850. He was a descendant in the fifth
generation from the Puritan settler, Robert Will-
iams, of Roxburv. His father's family removing
to the village of 5>ew Hartford, Oneida co., in 1791.
he was there apprenticed at the age of eleven to
William McLean, a pioneer of printing and found-
er of the first newspaper in central New York.
In 1800 he entered the establishment of Asahel
Sewanl, his brother-in-law. in Utica, and upon com-
ing of age formed a partnership with him under
the firm-name of Seward and Williams. The works
issued from their press were chieflv religious and
instructive. They were also publishers of a news-
pajwr which, under the name of the *' Utica Pa-
triot and Patrol," and other titles, strongly advo-
cated De Witt Clinton and his canal pMihcy, but
ende<l in 1821 in a lawsuit and loss. Seward with-
drew in 1824, leaving the business entirely to his
partner, who indulged his anti-Mason proclivities
in issuing a weekly paper entitled "The Elucida-
tor," which wjis also a financial failure. In 1829
he published " Light on Masonry," which brought
u|x)n him the ill-will of the Masons. Mr. Williams
was an elder in the Presbyterian church, and the
organizer and superintendent of one of the earliest
Sunday-schools in the country. During the cholera
strourge in 1832 he gave his whole time to prescrib-
ing for the sick, distributing aid to the needy, and
burying the cU'ad, until he was taken dangerously
ill toward the end of the plague. He raised a com-
pany of volunteers in 1813 for the relief of Sackett's
Harbor, and served elsewhere in the war, remaining
after its close as colonel of the militia regiment in
Utica. — His son, Samuel Wells, sinologist, b. in
Utica, N. Y., 22 Sept., 1812 ; d. in New Haven,
Conn.. 16 Feb.. 1884. entered Rensselaer polytechnic
institute at Troy in 1831. While in this school
he accepted a proposal to go to China and take
charge of a printing-office recently established there
by the American board of missions. Arriving at
Canton. 25 Oct., 1833. he found Dr. Robert Morrison,
an Englishman, and Elijah C. Bridgman.an Ameri-
can, the only Protestant missionaries in China. He
joined the latter as editor of the " Chinese Reposi-
tory," which he both printed and edited until its
conclusion in 1851. In all he contributed about
130 articles to this magazine. In 1835 he removed
his office to the Portuguese colony of Macao in
order to complete the printing of Dr. Walter H.
Medhurst's Hokkeen dictionary, which hml been
left unfinished at the dissolution of the East India
company's China branch, and the company's font
of Cninese type was from this date placed entirely
at his disposal. During the winter of 1837-'8 he
began Yo print the "Chinese Chrestomathy," by
Dr. Bridgman, to which he contributed one half.
While this was in press he was also kept busy
learning Japanese from some sailors, and with
their aid mjule a version of the books of Genesis
and Matthew in that language. In 1844 he re-
turned to the United States by way of India,
Egypt, Palestine, and Italy, and proposed to the
secretary of the Presbyterian board of mis.sions to
assist them in obtaining a full font of Chinese
type, from matrices to be cut in Berlin. His share
of raising the necessary funds was performed by
delivering many courses of lectures on China in
various cities of the Union, and thes^ being ampli-
fied, were published under the title of the " Middle
Kingdom, with a new map of the empire (2 vols..
New York. 1848). The .same year he returned
with his wife to China and began at once a new
Chinese dictionary, the completion of which was
delaye<l, while he accompanied Com. Matthew C.
Perry's two ex{)e<litions to Japan in 1853-'4, as
Japanese interpreter, and materially assisted in
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS
086
ooncliuHng tho treaty that oikmkhI that couiitrv to
forpijfn commerce ami civilization. In SeptemWr,
1855, he was ap{K)inteil secretary and interpreter
to the U. S. lejfation in China. His "Topic Dic-
tionary of the Chinese Language in the Canton
Dialect " was tinishe<l in Angust, 1850, eight years
frtun its lieginning and just before the destnic-
tion of the foreign fat^tories at Canton, which
with Ijis press and more than 7.0()() books, were
burne<l in DecemU'r of that year. He resigned his
connection with the American l)oanl in 1857, and
in the following vear assistinl the American envoy.
William B. Uee<f, in negotiating a new treaty and
tho si>ttlement of claims of Americans upon the
Chinese government for losses at Canton and else-
where. To Mr. Williams's abiding interest in the
cause of missions was due the insertion in this
treaty of a clause tolerating Christianity in China,
a sti|)ulation which was borrowed from his draft
and hiserted by each of the three allied European
powers there assembled. The next year he ac-
comnaniwl Mr. Ward to exchange the ratifications
on the first visit of Americans to Peking. When
the legation returned to the south, Mr. Williams
mmle a second visit to the United States. In
18()2 he went with Anson Burlingume to Peking,
when> he resided with his fatnily several years, in
the course of which ho built at his own exjMjnse
and from his own designs the buildings that are
still occupied by the U. S. legation in that capital.
Besides his ofiicial duties, he found time to complete
in these years his great work. " A Syllabic Diction-
ary of the Chinese Language," a quarto volume of
13iJ6 pages, containing 12,527 characters and their
pronunciations in four diah'cts. In order to
superintend the printing i)ersonally, he sj)ent the
year 1873 in Shanghai, wnere it was stereotyped
and published (1874) at the Presbyterian mission
press, from the font of Chinese type, the funds for
which he was instrumental in raising in 184d-'8.
Much impaired in health, he returned in 1875, go-
ing back to China in 1876 to close his affairs
there and resign his office of secretary and inter-
treter, the olilest commission at that time in the
'. S. diplomatic service. During his term he had
acted as charge d'affaires nine times, amounting
to nearly five years of service as acting minister.
He was the oldest foreign resident in China at the
date of his departure. In 1877 he was appointed
professor of the Chinese language and literature
in Yale, being the first professor of the sort
in this country. In 1881 he was elected presf-
dent of the American Bible society, and later in
the year president of the American oriental society.
In 1848 Mr. Williams receivwl the degree of LL. ft.
from Union college. liesides the works alreadv
mentioned, he published " Easy I^essons in Chinese''
(Macao, 1842) ; " English and Chinese Vocabulary "
(184Ji); "Chinese ToiKiKraphy " (1844); and "Chi-
nese Commercial Ouiue, ' based on a previous work
(1844: 5lh revised ed.. Hong Kong, 180.3); and
<<)mpletely rewrote, enlarged, and brought down
todat« his important work on "The Middle King-
dom " (2 vols.. New York. 188:3). See " The Life
and Letters of S. Wells Williams," by his son,
Frederick Wells Williams (New York. 1888).
WILLIAMS, Sir William Fenwick, hart.,
Canadian soldier, b. in Annaix)lis Hoyal. Nova
Scotia. 4 Dec., 1800 ; d. in Ijondon, England. 26
•July, 1883. He was graduatc<l at W(M>lwich in
1821, and in 1825 l)ecamo 2<1 lieutenant of artil-
lery-. In 1829 he was transferrin! to the Pkst
Indifs, and was statione<l in ('eylon. where he
secureil an apix>intinent in the surveyor-general's
office, and superintended tho construction of sev-
eral public works. He travelled much through
India, visited Egypt, Syria. an<l Constantinople,
and in Itiiii) he returned to England and rejoine<l
his corps. He l)ecame captain in 1840, was sent
to Turkey, and afterward was British commissioner
to the confer-
ence at Erze-
roum to settle
the boundary-
line Ix'tween
Persia and Tur-
key in Asia. In
1848 he was ad-
vanced to a lieu-
tenant - colonel-
cy. During the
C'rimean war,
when the Rus-
sians hjul driven
tho Turks un-
der the walls
of Kars, and it ^
was feared that jC^^ ^^ '
Prince lietutoff /V^ ^'ZCcyl^'Ct.^i^t^tyO
might follow up
his success in Asia, Col. Williams was despatched
as commissioner, and. going to Kars. proceede*! im-
mediately to reorganize the troops. He was ap-
pointed a lieutenant-general in the sultan's army
under the name of Williams Pacha. After defend-
ing Kars for four months against the Russians, he
met their commander. Gen. Mouravieff, at the head
of a large force, on the heights alx)ve the city, and
defeated him with great slaughter. Assisted by
the Hungarian General Kmety, he did all in his
power for the defence of Kars; but on 14 Nov. he
capitulated. When the war was over, Williams
returned to England. The fjueen created him a
baronet, and decorated him with the ribbon of the
Ortler of the Bath. A pension of £1,000 was
granted him, and l)oth houses of {wrliament
thanked him. The sultan of Turkey conferred on
"the hero of Kars" the rank of a pacha of the
highest order, and the decoration of the Medjidieh.
Napoleon III. created him a grand officer of the
Legion of honor, l»esides presenting him with a
diamond-hilted sabre. Oxford gave him the de-
gree of D. C. L., the corporation of Lotulon in-
vested him with the freeuom of the city and a
costly sword, and his native province of Nova
Scotia gave him a sword costing 150 guineas. In
July, lB56. he was given the command of the gar-
rison at Woolwich, and electe<l to parliament for
Calne. At the general elections in the following
vear he was again returne*!. but he retire<l in IMO.
In the latter vear he was apixjinted comman<ler-in-
chief of the forces in British North America. He
was administrator of Canada from 12 Oct., 18(i0. to
22 Jan., 1801. during the alisence of the governor-
S'neral. .Sir Edmund Hea<l. When Lieut.-Gov. Sir
ichani Graves Macdonnell left Nova Scotia in
186.5, Sir Fenwick Williams adniinisterf^l the gov-
ernment of that province. He was the first lieu-
tenant-governor of Nova Scotia after the union of
1867. which post he held three m<mths. On 2
Aug., 1868, he was matle a full general, and in Au-
gust, 1870, he was appointwl governor-general of
Gibraltar. That post he n'signinl in 1875. In Oc-
tol)er, 1877, he retire<l from the army, and in 1881
he was apfxtinted constable of the Tower.
WILLIAMS, WHHaiii (ieoreo, engineer, b. in
Philatlelphia, 1 Jan.. iNtll : d. in Monterey. Mexico,
21 Sept., 1846. He was graduatt'd at the X'. S. mili-
tary academy in 1824, and enteretl the 7th infantry
as ^ lieutenant. He was promoted 1st lieutenant.
636
WILLIAMS
WILLIAMSON
80 April, 1888. surveyed the site for a fort on Pea
Paten island, in Delaware river, in 1834. and was
pn>mote<l brevet captain of staff in the to[K)jfraphi-
cal enjfineers on 2H Jan. in the same vear. Ho
survpywl the route for a ship-canal around the Palls
of XiaKam in IHiW-'O. and |)crfornied similar ser-
vices on Lake Champlain, at (,'harleston, S. C, and
at Cincinnati, Ohio. He went in. 1837 on a mili-
tary nvonnoissimce to the country of the Chero-
kccs, tittaine<l the rank of c^iptnin of engineers in
1838. and during the eight succc«'<ling vcars was
engaged in making triangulations and in con-
structing harlK)r works on Lake Krie. He was
sujwrintendent of the survey of the northwestern
lakes ftud of the l>oundary l)etween Michigan and
Wisconsin, served under Oen. Znchary Taylor in
the war with Mexico as chief of engineers, and was
mortally wounded at the battle of Monterey. 21
Sept., 184/5, dying the same day. He was an adept
in painting, and his literary and scientific attain-
ments were of a high order.
WILLIAMS. William R, clergyman, b. in
New York city, 14 Oct., 1804: d. there, 1 April,
18H.5. His father, the Itev. John Williams, c^me
from Wales in 17W.5. and was pastor of a Bap-
tist church in New York from 1798 till his death
in 1«25. The son w»is graduated at Columbia in
1822, and studied law with Peter A. Jay, whose
mrtner l)e became. Religious convictions caused
nim to leave that profession and to devote himself
to the Christian mmistry. He was ordained pastor
of the Amity street Baptist church in 1832. In this
relation he continued until his death, though often
solicited to accept various chairs in colleges and
theological seminaries. Dr. Williams's lii)rary was
one of the largest and choicest private collections in
the country. Though he was a man of very positive
convictions, his temjK'r was gentle and eminently
catholic. He was one of the foremost leaders in
the councils of his own denomination, and an ac-
tive manager in the great societies that are sup-
IK)rted by evangelical Christians in general, as the
American tract stx-iety and the American Bible
society. Columbia gave him the degree of S. T. D.
in 1837, and he was a trustee of that college in
1838-'48. The degree of LL. D. was given him by
Unitm in 1859. llis chief works, liesides many
sermons and a<ldresses. are " Miscellanies " (New
York, 1850); " lieligious Progress" (1850); and
"Ijectures<m the Lord's Pmyer " (1851). He was
co-e<litor also of the " Baptist Library."
WILLIAMSON, Hiifch, statesman, b. in West
Nottingham, Pa., 5 Dec., 1735; d. in New York
city, 22 Mav, 1819. He was graduated at the Col-
lege of Philmlelphia in 1757, studied theology, and
was license<l to i)n'ach in 1759 in Connecticut. He
was sul>s<'<i^uently julmitted to the presbvtery of
Philadelphia, and preached altogether al>out two
years, init, partly in consequence of ill health, he
was never ortlai'ned nor assumetl a pastorate. He
was professor of mathematics in the College of
Phila«lelphia in 1760-'3. stmlied medicine at
K«linbiirgh and Utrecht, where he ,took his de-
gree, and (m his return to this countrv practised
successfully at Philadelphia. On 7 Jan., 1769, he
was ap|>ointed one of a commission of the Ameri-
can philosophical society, to which he had been
elected in 1708, to observe the transits of Ve-
nus and Mercury, his account of which is con-
taineil in vol. i. of the "Philosophical Transac-
tions." In 1772 he visitwl the West Indies to pro-
cure aid for the academy at Newark, Del., anu in
1773 jie procee<le<l to England to solicit further
aasistance for that institution. He was examined
in February, 1774, by the privy council on the
'MlM^l..,.*^nc^
subject of the destruction of the tea in Boston
haroor, and other matters relating to the political
state of the colonies. He afterward spent some
time on the continent, and returned to this coun-
try in 1776, after the Declaration of Independ-
ence, bearing im-
rortant pafjcrs.
n 1777 he engaged
in mercantile pur-
suits in Charles-
ton, S. C, with a
younger brother,
and subseriuentl^
he practised medi-
cine at Kdcnton,
N. C. He served
as surgeon in the
militia of North
Carolina in 1780-
'2, and rendered
aid to the wound-
ed at the battle of
Camden. He was
a member of the
house of commons
of North Carolina in 1782, was elected to the Con-
tinental congress in 1784, 1785, and 1780, and was
a delegate to the convention that framed the con-
.stitution of the United States in 1787, as well as to
the State convention to act upon it in 1789. He
was elected to the 1st congress as a Federalist, re-
elected to the second, and served from 19 March,
1790, till 2 March, 1793, when he removed to New
York. He married there, devoted himself to lit-
erary pursuits, and was associated with De Witt
Clinton in organizing the Literary and philosophi-
cal society in 1814. He was an advocate of the
New York canal system, and an active promoter of
philanthropic, literary, and scientific institutions.
Dr. Williamson was a frequent contributor to the
transactions of learned societies in Europe and the
United States. He published a series of essays on
"Paper Currencv" in 1786; fugitive articles on
"Languages in Politics" in the "American Mu-
seum ; "Observations on Navigable Canals," an
essay on " Comets " in the " Transactions " of the
Literary and philosophical society of New York ;
" Discourse on the Benefits of Civil History " (New
York, 1810); "Observations on the Climate of
America" (1811); and "History of North Caro-
lina" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1812).
WILLIAMSON, Isaac Dowd, clergyman, b. in
Pomfret, Vt, 4 April, 1807; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio,
26 Nov., 1870. He was a Universalist minister, on
10 Sept., 1829, at Townsend, Vt., was pastor at
Albany, N. Y., from 1830 till 1837, and subse-
giiently held charges in Baltimore, Md., New
York city, Philadelphia, Mobile, Ala., Cincinnati,
Ohio, Lowell, Mass., and Louisville, Ky. In 1873
he again l)ecame pastor at Cincinnati. He com-
S3sed a large part of the ritual of the Order of
dd-Fellows, of which he was chaplain for many
years. At different times he was editor of the
" Gospel Banner," at Troy, N. Y.. the " Religious
Inquirer," at Hartford, Conn., the "Herald and
Era," at Louisville, Kv., and the "Star in the
West," at Cincinnati, ^e published *" Argument
for the Truth of Christianity" (New York, 1836);
" Exposition and Defence of Universalism " (1840) ;
" The Crown of Life, a Series of Discourses" (Bos-
ton, 1850); " Examination of the Doctrine of End-
less Punishment" (Cincinnati, 1854); "The Phi-
losophy of Odd-Fellowship " (1*55) ; " The Philoso-
phy of Universalism" (1800); and " Rudiments of
Theological and Moral Science " (1870X
WILLIAMSON
WILLIAMSON
637
WILLIAMSON. iHuao Halnted, jurist, b. in
ElizaU'thtown, N. J., in 17(M<: d. there, 10 July.
1844. He was e<iucat(>(l at the local st^hools in his
bi rth place, studietl law with nis brother Matthias,
and waM adtnittcd to the bar in ITIH. Soon after-
ward he U'caino prosecuting attorney for Morris
county, and rose to a high rank at the bar of New
Jersey. In 1817 he was elected to the assembly,
and he was governor and chancellor of the state
from 6 Feb., 1817, till Octoljer. 1830, as, previous
to the a<loption of the constitution in 1844, the
governor wa.s, ex-officio, chance!lf)r. He was presi-
dent of the convention that was called to revise the
state constitution in 1844, and died soon after the
convention a<lioume<i.
WILLIAMSON. James, Canatlian educator, b.
in Kdinburgh. Scothmd. 19 Oct., 1800. Ho was
one of the fcmnders of the " Fxl in burgh Presby-
terian Review," and was ordained as a Presby-
terian minister in 1845. In 1843 he became pro-
fessf)r of mathematics and natural philosophy in
Queen's college, Kingston, Canada, and he was
afterward vice-principal, professor of astronomy,
and for many vears director of the Kingston Ob-
servatory. He }ias been given the degree of LL. D.
by Glasgow university. Dr. Williamson has pul>
lishe<l " Inland .Seas of North America " (Kingston,
18.')4), and abstnu'ts of meteorological observations
at Kingston. Canada.
WILLIAMSON, James Alexander, soldier, b.
in Adair county, Ky., 8 F'eb., 1829, He was edu-
cated at Knox college, III., but was not graduated,
studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but was
mustered into the military service of the United
States, 8 Aug., 1861, as 1st lieutenant and atlju-
tant of the 4th Iowa infantry. After the battle of
Pea Ridge, where he was wounded, he was pro-
moted to lieutenant-colonel of the regiment and
immediatelv afterward he was made its colonel.
At the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, near Vicksburg,
on 28 Dec., 1862, he led the assault of Thayer s
brigade on the enemy's lines and was seriously
wounded. By order of Gen. Grant he was allowed
to ins(;ril)e on the colors of his regiment " First
at Chickasaw Bayou." He was present at the
siege of Vicksburg, and immediately after the sur-
render was jriven command of the 2d briga<le of
the 1st division of the 15th army corns. Col. Will-
iamson continued in command of a brigade or di-
vision until the capture of Savannah, when he was
made a full brigadier-general of volunteers, lH
Jan., 1865, having previously Ikm^u promotefl bv
brevet on 19 Dec., 1864. He wjis also brevetted
major-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865. After
the capture of Savannah he was ordered to St.
Louis, Mo., to take command of the district of
Missouri, where he rcmaine<l until some time after
the surrender of the armies of the Confederacy,
when he was onlered to rei>ort to Gen. GrenvilJe
M. Dodge for duty in a military and inspecting ex-
pcflition of posts in the northwest, on liarainie. Pow-
der, and Bighorn rivers. While on this duty he
was mustered out of the military service ; but he
did not receive the order imtil his return to St.
Louis in October, 18JVJ. Gen. Williamson then re-
sumiHl his profession, and wjis commissioner of the
general land-offlce from June, 1876, till June, 1881,
and chairman of the public lands commission
cn»atcd by act of congress, 3 March, 1879. He was
electc<l chairman of the Iowa delegation to the Na-
tional Republican convention at Baltimore in 1864,
but did not attend in consequence of his military
duties, and he was again elected chairman of the
delegation in 1868. He is now general solicitor
for the Atlantic and Pacific railroad company.
WILLIAMSON. John, artist, b. in Toll Crajii,
near (ilasgow. S<rotland. 10 April, 1826 : d. in Glen-
w(MKl-on-the-Hudson, 28 May, 188,'}. His itarents
remove*! to this country when he was a chilu. For
several years he followed his profession in Brcwk-
lyn, N. Y., where he was a memljcr and secretary
of the Art a.«sociation. He was also one of the
original members of the Artists' fund society, and
in 1861 was elected an asstK-iate of the National
aca<lemy. Many of his paintings are scenes near
Hudson river aiid in the Catskills. They include
"Trout Fishing" ; " American Trout "; "Summit of
Chocorua"; "Autumn in the Adirondacks " ; "A
Passing Shower, Connecticut Valley " (1869) ; "Af-
ter the Storm, Blue Ridge" (1877); "In the Mo-
hawk Valley " and " Sugar-Ixmf Mountain " (1878) ;
and " The Palisades " (1879).
WILLIAMSON, John, British physician, lived
in the 18th and 19th centuries. He was a fellow
of the Royal college of physicians of Jklinburgh,
and at one time surgeon to the Caithness High-
landers. In 1798 he went with his family to Jamaica,
W. I., where he practise<l nearly fourteen years near
Spanish Town, returning to his native country
in 1812. During his absence he kept a journal of
his cases and other topics of interest, which he
utilized in the preparation of his "Medical and
Miscellaneous Observations relative to the West
India Islands" (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1817).
WILLIAMSON, Peter, Scottish author, d. in
Edinburgh, Scotland, 19 Jan., 1799. He was kid-
napped when a boy at Alwrdeen, and st'nt to this
country, but he afterward returned to Scotland,
where he recovered damages from his captors. He
passed much time among the Cherokees, and on
nis return amused the public with descriptions of
their manners, assuming the dress of a chief and
imitating a war-whoop. He instituted a penny-
post at Edinburgh, for which, when it was a.ssumed
by the government, he received a pension, and he
was also the first to publish a city directory. He
was the author of " French and Indian (!^ruelty
Exemplifiwl" (Glasgow. 1758), and "A Brief Ac-
count of the War in North America" (1760).
WILLIAMSON. Robert Stockton, soldier, b.
in New York in 1824 ; d. in San Francisco, Cal.,
10 Nov., 1882. He was graduate<l at the U. S.
military academy in 1848, assigned to the topo-
graphical engineers, and took part in various sur-
veys on the Pacific coast till 1856, when he Ufame
1st lieutenant. From that time till the civil war
he was on the staff of the commanding general of
the Department of the Pacific, and in charge of
military roads in southern Oregon, with meteoro-
logical observations on that coast. On 6 Aug.,
1861, he was promoted captain, and, after recon-
noissances on the lower Potomac till March, 1862,
he was chief topographical engineer in the ojjcra-
tions in North Carolina, being brevetted maior, 14
March, 1862, for services at New Ik'rne, and lieu-
tenant-colonel on 26 April for the siege of P'ort
Macon. Ho then served with the Armv of the
Potomac, of which he was chief to|Kigra{>liical en-
gineer, from 21 Nov. till 21 Dec. 18G2. hiu\ held
that post m the Dejwrtment of the Pacific from 9
Feb. till 3 March, 186;^, when he was transferred
to the corps of engineers, in which he was made
major on 7 May. Afterward he ser^'wl on the Pa-
cific coast as superintending engineer of various
surveys of rivers, harbors, and sites for fortifica-
tions. On 22 Feb., 1869, he was promoted lieuten-
ant-colonel. Col. Williamson publishe<l " Report
of a Reconnoissance and Survey in Califoniia in
Connection with Explorations for a Itailway Route
to the Pacific " in vol. lii. of " Pacific Railway Re-
538
WILLIAMSON
WILLICH
Krta " (Washiiifrton. laVS): "On the Use of the
.mmeter on Surveys and Roronnoiswances" (New
York. 1H<{H); and " I'ractic-al Tables in Meteor-
olopy and Hypsoinetry," lieing an apjjendix to the
fon'iroiiijr (1H«>U).
WILLIAMSON. Walter, physician, b. in New-
town, iK'lawarc co.. I*a., 4 Jan.. IHl 1 ; d. in Pliilad«'I-
phia. I'a.. !!• I't'c. 1>^T0. He was ffraduated in medi-
cine at the I'liivcrsity of IVnnsylvania in IKW, and
in 1H4'^ was professor of obstt-trics in the Honuro-
pithic nie<lical eollep" of Pennsylvania. In 11S.V2
he was transferred to the chair of materia niedica
and therapeutics, which he n*si);ned in IS.").') on ac-
count of failinj; healtii. He held the chair of
of)stetrics ajrain in lH."(7-'9. and in 1H(}() was made
(irofessor emeritus, which jMist he continued to
lulii in Hahnemann medical collejje when the Ho-
niii'opathic colle^,'e was mer<jed in it. In lH(!!>-'7()
he lectured there on hy^rieiie. Dr. Williamson was
president of the .\merican institute of homd'opathy
in 1M4<J and of the state hom(i>o|)athic medical so-
ciety in IHGM. Me was the author of " Instructions
coucerninu the Diseases of Females, and the Con-
duct to Im" (ibserved ilurinjr IVe;;nancy. Laltor. and
("oiitiMement"(I'hiladelphia. 1H4!>). and "Disi-jises of
Females .lud Children, and their Ilonueopathic
Tn-aimeiit ' (1S.")4 : revised ed. by (leorire N. Kims.
Lond'Hi. ix')7). ami has contriiiuted to.the"Ilo-
niti'opathic Materia Medica of .Vmerican I)ru<;
Provm;,''*" (IMiiladelphia. \H4(\). and to the "North
American .Journal of Ilomn'opathy." of which ho
was an assisiant eilitor. He also oilited Dr. Joseph
lijiurie's - Parents" (luide" (1S4!>).
WILLI A.HSON, William Diirkoe, historian,
b. in Caiiterl)ury. Conn., ;{1 July, 177!); d. in Han-
f^)r, .Me., 27 .^(ay. 1H4(). He removed with his
ather in boyhood to .\mherst. Mass.. and entered
Williams coile;re. but was fjraduate<l at Hrown in
1W)4. He stuilied law in Amherst, and bej^an to
practise in Bangor. Me., in 1S()7. Afterward he
serveij as attorney for Hancock county in 18()8-'l(i,
ami as a member of the Massachus<'lts senate in
l>l<)-"'2(). On the separation of .Maine from that
state in 1H2() he was the presi<lent of its first state
»'nate, and he thus became actinjj "governor on the
n'sijjnation of (!ov. William Kinj;. He was then
elected to coni;re<s as a Democrat, and served in
lH-2l-';{. In lM24-'4()he wasjirobate judjje for his
count V. and in 1h:{S-'41 he was a bank commissioner,
(iov. Williamson was for some time presick'Ut of the
Haii.:or bank, and a memln'r of several historical
and liteniry sixieties. Hesides contributions to the
"American (Quarterly Re;,'ister" and to the "(Col-
lections" of the .Massa<'husetts historical society,
he published a valual>le " History of the State of
Maine, frr)m its First Discoverv td the S<M)aration "
(2 vols.. Hallowell, 1H:{2: 2il ed., enlar^'od, Wid).
WILLIAMS-KKK(H.LKI)0. Jiian, Chilian na-
val ofTicer, b. in Cura<'avi, province of .Santiajro. in
1H20. His father was a comnanion of Admiral
C<K'hrane. The son entenMl tne naval service of
his ountry. and at the oiKMiing of the war ajjainst
SjMiin had obtaiiu-d the rank of ca[)tain, and was
in command of the corvette " Esmeralda." He
was at anchor in tln^iK)rt of Papudo on 20 Nov..
1H<5.'», when the Sjianish pun-l)oat " Covadonjja "
Ciih,s«n1 with flespatches. and, after a short chase and
alf an hour's engagement, Williams captured her
with about 110 men. For this victory he was
raised to the rank of post-cantain, and "presented
by the jM'opIe with a sword of nonor. He was later
a me?nlK'r of the munici()ality of Valparaiso and
elected to congress. When the war against Peru and
I^ilivfa l)«'gan, he commanded the Chilian fleet as
rear-admiral, and on 29 March, 1879, occupied the
Bolivian ports of Cobija and Tocopilla. establish-
ing in April the blockade of Iquique with his flag-
ship, the iron-cla<l " Blanco Encalada," and other
vessels of the scpuwlron. But after the destruction
of the " Ksmenilda " by the "Iluascar," and the
successful cruise of the Peruvian fleet, great dis-
content arose in Chili with the inactivity of their
iK)werful squadron. According to Admiral Will-
iams, this was caused by the condition of the bot-
toms of his ships and their defective machinery,
so that he was unable to cope in speed with the
Peruvian vessels. Owing to this and on account
of ill health. Williams resigned in September, 1880,
and was succeedetl by .\dmiral Galvarino Kiveros.
WILLICH, .\iigiist, b. in Gorzyn, in the Prus-
sian province of Posen. in 1810; d. in St. Marj-'s,
.Mercer co.. Ohio. 2:^ Jan., 1878. His father, a
captain of hussars during the Napoleonic wars,
died when August was
three years old. With
an elder brother, the
boy found a home in
the family of Fried-
rich Schieiermacher.
the famous theolo-
gian, whose wife was
a distant relative. He
received a military
education at Potsdam
and Berlin, and at
eighteen years of age
was commissioned 2d
lieutenant of artillery
in the Prussian army,
becoming a caj)tain in
1841. In 184(). in com-
pany with anumber of
the younger and more
ardent officers of his
brigade, he l)ecanie so imbued with republican ideas
that he tendered his resignation from the army in
a letter written in such terms that, instead of its
being accepted, he was arrested and tried by a
court-martial. By some means he was acquitted,
and afterward was permitted to resign. When
the great revolution of 1848 threatened the over-
throw of all European monarchies,- Willich, with
several former army friends, among whom were
Franz Sigel, Friederich K. F. Hecker, Louis Blenk-
er, and Carl Schurz. went to Baden and took an
active part in the armed attempt to revolutionize
(lermany. After its failure, Willich and many of
his compatriots became exiles. He escaped to
Switzerland, but afterward made his way to Eng-
land, where stneral of his fellow-exiles had also
found refuge. Here he remained till 1853, devot-
ing much of his time and labor to aiding his dis-
tressed countrymen to reach the United States.
He had learned the trade of a carpenter while in
England, and so earned a livelihood. Coming to
the United States in 1853. he first found employ-
ment at his trade in the navy-yard at Brooklyn.
Here his attainments in mathematics and other
scientific studies were soon discovered, and he
found more congenial work in the coast survey.
In 1858 he was induced to go to Cincinnati as
editor of the "German Repul)lican«" in which
work he continued till the opening of the civil
war in 1861. He enlisted, at the first call to arms,
in the 1st German (afterward 9th Ohio) regiment,
which within three days mustered about 1,500 men.
He was at once appointed adjutant, and, on 28
May, commissioned major. This regiment after-
ward became one of the liest in the service. In the
autumn of 1861 Gov. Oliver P. Morton, of Indiana,
A..V)jiixrV
WILLING
WILLIS
539
who was raisin If a Oemian rofjiment in that state,
eominissioniMl niin &» \t>* colonel. This was the
H2<1 Indiana infantry, famous in the Army of the
CumlMTJand for its drill and discipline, as well as
for its pillantrv in action. Willich ilevoted him-
self to this regiment, and with such jfotxl results
that, on 20 Nov., 1801, three companies, deployed
as skirmishers, repelltHl in confusion a regiment of
Texan rangers. This affair gave it a prestige that
it retaineii to the end of the war. On 17 July,
1802. he was appointed brigjuiier-general of volun-
teers. At the battle of Stone River, 31 Dec., 1802,
he was cajitured almost l)efore the action liegan,
and was held a prisoner for several months. He
wjis excliangwl in season to take jiart, at the head
of his brigade, in the battle of Chickamauga, 19
and 20 Sept., 1803, and from that time on he
shared in all the movements and battles of the
anny, including the Atlanta campaign and the
march to the sea and through the C'arf>linas. He
was made brevet major-general, 21 Oct., ISO.'), and
WHS mustered out of service, 15 Jan., 1800. On his
return to Cincinnati he was chosen county auditor,
which post he held for three years. He was
visiting his old homo in Germany at the l)eginning
of the Franco- Prussian war, and at once offered
his services to the king, whom he had before at-
tempted to dethrone. His offer was gratefully
acknowledged, but, on account of his advanced age,
it was not accepte<l. He found consolation, if not
more congenial occupation, in attending lectures
on philosophy at Berlin. Returning to the United
States, he chose St. Mary's, Ohio, as his residence.
WILLINU, Thomas, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia,
19 Dec, 1731 ; d. there, 19 Jan., 1821. He was
carefully e<Uicated at Bath, Kngland, and, after
reatling law in the Temple, London, in 1754, be-
came the head of the mercantile house of Willing
and Morris, one of the largest in the country, his
partner being Robert Morris, the financier of the
Revolution. This partnership continued until
1798. During the Revolution this firm were the
agents of congress for supi)lying naval and military
stores. In 1755 he was elected a member of the
common council of Philadelphia, and in 1759 was
made alderman, but did not accept until 1701.
On 2 Oct, 1759, he was made an associate justice
of the city court, and on 28 Feb., 1701, became
justice of the peace of the court of common pleas,
quarter sessions, and orphans' cotirt, and was re-
apjK)inted in 1704. On 4 Oct., 1703, he was elected
by the common council mayor of the city, and from
14 Sept., 1707, till 1774 was an associate justice
of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, and justice
of the oyer and terminer, and general jail delivery.
He was a leader in the movement against tHe
stamf)-act, and one of the committee to enforce the
non-importation agreement of 1705. He presided
at a mass-meeting held in Philadelphia, 18 June.
1774, to take action for a general congress of all
the colonies, and was appointed one of the com-
mittee of corres[)ondence. On 15 July he was
chairman of a patriotic meeting in Carpenters' hall.
He was afterward a memln^r of the committee of
safety, was elected a representative to the as-
sembly on the " mo<lerate men's" ticket in April,
1775, and was a delegate to the Continental con-
gress in 1775-*0, l^eing elected in the place of
Joseph Galloway. In congress he voted against i
Richanl Henry Ijee's preliminary resolutions and '
the Declaration of Independence, liecause he con-
sidered the act premature and unnecessarv, and the ,
colonies not rea<ly for inde[)ondenoe. \Vhen the I
British took possession of Philadelphia in 1777, he I
remained during their occupation and held com- |
munication with Jjonl Howe. At a critical period
of the war, in 1780. when there was great danger
of the dissolution of the American army for want
of provisions to keep it together. Willing and
others in Phila<lelfihia subscril)e<l £200,000 toward
the foundation of the Pennsylvania l>ank to pro-
cure the necessary supplies and to promote the re-
cruiting service. Of this amount he suliscrilted
£5,000. Upon the formation of the liank of North
America in 1781, which was the first Imnk char-
tered in this country, he was electetl its presi-
dent, and continued to serve until he resigned. 9
Jan., 1792. He was also first presi<lent of the
Bank of the United States, which was organized in
1791. With his many public duties he united the
biisiness of an active and successful merchant.
WILLIS. AliHon, lawyer, b. in Ulster county,
N. Y., 28 Jan., 1802 ; d. in Portchester, N. Y., 14
Dec, 1874. He was self-taught, studied law. and
was for forty years a resident of New York city,
which he representetl in the assembly in 18;W-'fl.
Afterward he served two tenns as judge of the 0th
judicial district court in that city. During the
civil war he was a zealous suppf)rter of the U. S.
government. Judge Willis published "Our Rulers
and Our Rights, or Outlines of the United States
Government " (Philadelphia, 1808), and left un-
finished " Origin of all the Nations of the Earth."
WILLIS, Michael, Canadian educator, b. in
Green<K'k, Scotland, in 1799; d. in Atx'rdour,
Banffshire, Scotland. 19 Aug., 1879. He was the
son of the Rev. William Willis, who for nearly
fifty years was a minister first in Greenock an^
then in Stirling. The son was educated at the
University of Glasgow and at the Divinity hall,
onlained minister of the Renflehl street church,
Glasgow, and almut the same time was appointed
professor of divinity for the secession branch of
the Presbyterian church, to which both he and his
father belonged. At the disruption in 1843 Mr.
Willis acconifwnied the Free church, and soon
afterward remove<l to Canada as a deputy of that
body, an<l also to render assistance to the recently
estaljlished Knox college. Toronto. He became
professor of theologv ifi that institution in 1845,
which chair he filled till 1870, when he resigned.
During the latter years of his connection with the
college he was its principal. He did much to pro-
mote the cause of Presbyterianisni in Canada, and
was well known for his eU>quence as a preacher.
He published a volume of " Pulpit and College
Discourses," and many jmmphlets and sermons.
WILLIS, Nathanfel Parker, poet. b. in Port-
land, Me., 20 Jan., 1800; d. near Cornwall-on-the-
Hudson, N. Y., 20 Jan., 1807. He came of a race
of printers and publishers. His great-grandfather
was a printer in Boston, his grandfather was the
proprietorof the "Independent Chronicle." the" Po-
tomac Guardian," and the "Sciota Gazette." which
still exists in the town of that name, and his fa-
ther, Nathaniel (1780-1870). estal)lish.-d the " ?:ast-
ern Argus" at Portland, Me., in 1803. afterward
projecteil and conductetl in Iioston(in 1810-'20)the
" Re<'order," one of the earliest religious |)a|>ers in
the world, and also founded iu 1827 the " \ outh's
Companion," which is said to he the first chil-
dren 8 pa[)er that was ever published, and which
is still issue*!. The son was grmluatinl at Yale in
1827. During his course at college he wrote under
the pen-name of "Roy." for his father's jwper, a
series of religious narrative p(H'ms that found many
readers, and he also gainetl the prize of fifty <lollars
offeretl for the best poem by the editor of " The
Album." After leavmg college, Willis e<lite«i for
Samuel G. Goodrich, of Boston, two illustrated an-
540
WILLIS
WILLIS
^^'^^hi^ei^
nuals, "The legendary" (1828) and "The Token "
(1829). During the last-inentionwi year he j'stab-
lishwl "The American Monthly Magazine." which
ran a two years' career, and IxHJaine merged in the
" New York Mirror."
This weekly publica-
tion, devoted to art,
literature, and soci-
ety, established by
Samuel Woo«l worth,
was at this time
conducted by George
P. Morris. Its most
readable articles were
extriu'ts from Kng-
lish pericMlicals. The
accession of such con-
tributors as The<jdore
S. Kay and Mr. Wil-
lis, with other able
writers, changed the
character of this pa-
j>er and miule it the
chief organ of soci-
ety and literature. In laSl Iwth Fay and Willis
departed for the Old World and l)ecame weekly
corre-s|Kiiidents for their journal. Willis travelled
over the greater part of Kurope and into Asia
Minor. William ('. Hives, then U. S. minister at
the court of Fnince, attached him formally to his
legation, which gave the young poet great facilities
for informiition and travel and an entrance into
distiiiguisheil society. In I8;n Mr. Willis married
the daughter of (Jen. William Stace, commandant
of the VVoolwich arsenal, and in the same year re-
turned to this country. They settled in a romantic
home, which the pcK't named Glenmary, near Owego,
N. Y., for several years dispensing open-handed
hospitality. In 18i^9 the author made a brief visit
to Kugland in the interest of his private afifairs,
and in 1844. on the dejith of his wife, Willis again
crosse<l the Atlantic for the purpose of recruiting
his shattered health. In 184(5 ne married the adopt-
etl daughter of Joseph Grinnell, of New Bedford,
and settled on a small e^state which he called Idle-
wild, near (VmiWHll-on-the- Hudson, seen in the
vignette. From 182;{. until 1842, with brief inter-
ruptions, he had continued his connection with the
" Mirror." A short breach occurred between him
and Morris in IKJfl, when Willis united his interest
with that of William T. Porter to publish " The
(■orsiiir," a short-lived weekly. The then unknown
William M. Thjickeray was one of its regular con-
tributors. On the discontinuance of the " Mirror,"
Morris and Willis issued the " New Mirror," but,
having no succes.s, their paf>er was chancetl in form
and feature and became the successful " Homo Jour-
nal." which still continues to pros|>er. Both edit-
ors conducted it until the time of their death. Al-
though far from iK'ing handsome in jwrson, Willis
betrame known as a man of elegant manners who
dressetl in the extreme of fashion. His early
career as a writer was one of remarkable success.
His scripture versions quickly became jiopular and
the^y were <pioted fnjm the pulpit. " Absalom " and
" The Ijeper ' were especial favorites. Among his
8e<'ular moces, '* The Belfry Pigeon," "Unseen Spir-
its," and " Parrhasius the" Painter " were included
in mwt anthologies. As a prose writer of ease and
elegance. Willis was justly admired. He was an
oljsorving traveller and knew how to pn>sent his
adventures in glowing colors. As a man of society
he attracted and charmwl the fashionable world.
To tWs day " Pencillings by the Way " can be read
with pleasure, and his thoughtful " Letters from
under a Bridge," written in the seclusion of Glen-
mary, continue to attract the attention of readers.
But the elegance of Willis's prose was occasion-
ally marreil oy frivolous conceits and aflfected Gal-
licisms in writing for effect by overstate<l simple
truths, and ho made merchandise of facts and
opinions that he gleaned in private intercourse.
These la.st transgressions eventually led to quarrels
and personal encounters. Lockhart gave him a
severe castigation in the " Quarterly Review," and,
with Capt. Marryat, then etlitor of the " Metropoli-
tan Magazine." he fought a bloodless duel. The
ephemeral character of most of Willis's books is
indicated by their titles; some were evidently re-
vised collections of old magazine articles. During
his stay in England he contributed to " Black-
wood," the " New Monthly," and other periodicals.
His early prose works, published in London, at-
tracted a wide circle of readers, but the author's
ambitious poems, " Melanie," " The Latly Jane,"
and " Lord Ivon's Daughter," were failures, as was
also his novel, " Paul Fane." The two dramas,
"Bianca Visconti " and " Tortesa, the Usurer," per-
forme<l for several nights at the Park theatre. New
York, strongly cast and well mounted, were with-
out dramatic vigor and failed to interest the pub-
lic. Willis was a careful elaborator, who retouched
his manuscripts so continuously that he frequently
found it necessarj' to make a fresh copy for the
printers. On various occasions Willis delivered
poems at college commencements, and in 1844,
at the New York Lyceum, an address on fashion
which was attended bv Cooper, Irving, and other
authors and poets of the day. Many a struggling
aspirant for literary fame received aid and advice
from Willis, who, as llalleck said. " was one of the
kindest of men." Thackeray asserted that " it is
comfortable that there should have been a Willis."
Of his writings it has been remarked : " The prose
and poetry of Mr. Willis are alike distinguished for
exquisite finish and melody. His language is
pure, varied, and rich, his imagination brilliant,
and his wit of the first quality. Many of his de-
scriptions of natural scenery are written pictures,
and no other American author has reprci^nled with
equal vivacity and truth the manners of the age."
His publications include " Scripture Sketches "
(Boston. 1827) ; " Fugitive Poetry " (1829) ; " Poem
delivered before the Society of the United Breth-
ren " (New York, 1831); "Melanie, and other
Poems " (liondon. 1835 ; New York. 1837) ; " Pen-
cillings bv the Way" (London. 1835: New York,
1836); "Inklings of Adventure" (1836); "Bianca
Visconti." a drama (1839) ; " Tortesa. the Usurer," a
drama (1839) ; " Loiterings of Travel " (New York,
ia39); "11 Abri, or the Tent pitched" (1839:
London. 1840) ; " Letters from under a Bridge "
(London, 1840) ; " Poems " (New York. 1843) ;
•• Lady Jane, and other Poems " (1844) ; " Dashes at
Life with a Free Pencil " (1845) ; " Rural Letters "
WILLIS
WILLISTON
541
(1849): "Liffl llm- and There" (laV)): " People I
have Met " (IKK)): " Ilurrypraphs " (1851): "Fun
Jottinp< " (185;$) : " A Summer t'ruise in the Medi-
terranean " (18.M); "A Health Trip to the Troj)-
k'»" (1854); "Out l)tx>rs at hllewild " (1854);
" Famous Persons and Places" (1854); " The Kag-
IUk"(1855): "Paul Fane." a novel (1*57): "Po-
ems ' ( 1858) : and " The Convalest-ent " (1859). He
also e<lite<l and conipile<l " St'enery of the United
States and Canada " (Ix)ndon. 1840) ; " Scenery and
Antiouities of Ireland" (1842); "A Life of Jennv
Lind''(PhiIjulelphia, 1851); and "Trenton Fjills*'
(New York. 1851). His life has In-en written by
Henry A. Uit-rs in the " American Men of Letters''
series' (lioston, 1885), who has also issued " Selec-
tions" fn)m his nrose writings (New York, 1885).
— His only son, Uailey, was ^rnuUiated at the Co-
luirtbia college school of mines in 1878, and is
now an assistant on the U. S. geological survey.
— His brother, Richard Storrx, journalist, b. m
Boston, Mass., 10 Feb., 181J), wa.s graduated at
Yale in 1841, and wlopted literature as a pn»fes-
sion. He has edited the "New York Musical
World " and " Once a Week," contributed to cur-
rent literature, and published " Church Chorals and
Choir Studies" (New York, 1854); "Our Church
Music; a liook for Pastors <knd People" (1855);
and "Carols and Music Poems" (15 nos., 1860-'l).
He contributed to "National Hymns" (1801) and
to the American edition of the "Life of Felix
Mendelssohn-Hartholdy " (18(55).
WILLIS. William, lawyer, b. in Haverhill,
Ma.<s., :n Aug., 17»4; d. in Portland. Mc., 17 Feb..
1870. He wjus gratluated at Harvard in 1813, and
after studying law was admitted to the Suffolk
bir in January, 1817. Opening an office in Boston,
he practised there till April, 1819, when his former
preceptor, Prentiss Mellen, having been elected
to the U. S. senate, invitetl Mr. Willis to take
charge of his practice. In 1820, on the organiza-
tion of the state of Maine, Mr. Mellen bec^ame its
first chief justice, and then Mr. Willis continued
his profession alone until 1835, when he became
associated with William P. Fessenden. P^or twenty
! rears this |)artncrship continued. His tastes never
e<l him toward court-practice, but rather toward
conveyancing and other departments of real-estate
business, in which he was considered unusually
well informed and accurate. In 1855 he was elected
to the Maine senate, and in 1859 he became mayor
of Portland. He was chosen a licpublican presi-
dential elector in 18(K), and the degree of LL. I),
was conferrwl on him by Bowdoin in 1867. He
was a member of nearly all the state historical
societies, including that of Ma.ssachusetts. of which
in 18<J7 he was elected vice-presitlent, and in
1855-"!) he was one of the vice-presiilents of the
New Knglan<l historic-genealogical society. He
became in 1828 a memlM>r of the Maine historicAl
society, of which he was successively recording sec-
retary, treasurer, and then president in 185(i-'05.
He was also chief editor of all the publications of
the sfX'iety. His publications include " The History
of Portland, from its First Settlement, with Notices
of the Neighlxiring Towns, and of the Changes of
the(iovemment in Maine. Portland" (2j)arts. Port-
land. 18:}I-'3; enlarged ed. entitlwl "The History
of Portlaml from UW2 to 1864." 18<>5): "Report
of the Committee on the Riot in Portland " (1855) :
" Introductory Address liefore the Maine Historical
.S(Miety" (18.55): "Inaugural Address before the
Maine Historical Society " (1857): "Genealogy of
the .McKinstry Family, with a Preliminary Kssavon
the Scotch-Irish Immigratiims to America" (lios-
ton, 1858) ; " Descriptive Catalogue of Books and
Pamphlets n»lating to Maine "(New York. 1859);
and " A History of the I^aw. the Courts. an«I the
Ijiwvers of Maine from its P'irst Colonization to
the fcarlv Part of the Present Century "(Portland,
I86:j). ^MM< "A Tribute to the Men'H>ry of Hon.
William Willis," by Charles IJenry Hart (Phila-
delphia, 1870).
WILLISTON, Ebenezer Bancroft, e<Iucator,
b. in Tunbridge. Vt.. in 18(M ; d. in Norwich, Vt.,
27 Dec., 1837. He was a second cousin of Oeorge
IJancroft. He sfx'ut three years at Dartmouth,
and was graduate<l at the University of Vermont
in 1823. He had alreaily begun to teach in Capt.
Alden Partridge's military academy in Norwich,
Vt., where he was sul)sequently a professor. Fee-
ble health forced him to spend most of the last
nine years of his life at the south, where he was for
some time president of Jefferson college. Miss. He
published an editi<m of Tacitus (Hartford, Conn..
1826) and "The Eloquence of the United States"
(5 vols.. Middletown, Conn., 1827). — His son. Ed-
ward Bancroft, a major in the 3d U. S. artillery,
receiveii four brevets for gallantry in the civil war.
WILLISTON, Saninel, philanthropist, b. in
Easthampton. Mass.. 17 June, 1795; d. there, 18
July, 18*4. His father. Rev. Payson Williston
(1763-1856), was graduated at Yale in 1783, was
minister of Easthampton from 1789 till 1833, and
published several sermons. The son began to
study at Phillips Andover academy with a
view to the ministry, but abandoned his pur|x>se.
owing to weakness of the eyes, and engagetl in the
manufacture of buttons, in which he gained a large
fortune. This occupation was begun at his own
home by his wife, and extended until many hun-
dred women in the neighlwring towns were em-
ployed in it under his superintendence. In 1831
Jtiel Hayden l)egan to malte buttons in Williams-
burg. Mass., with machinery of his own invention,
and, Mr. Williston entering into partnership with
him. they continued the business there till 1848,
when W'illiston bought Hayden's rights and re-
moved the factory to Easthampton. Afterwartl he
engaged also in the manufacture of suspenders.
In 1840 he established at his native nlftce Williston
seminary, a prejMiratory sch<X)l of nigh grade, to
which he gave at various times almut f 270.(K)0 and
Ijequeathed $500,tKX) more. He also g:ave to Am-
herst f;150.000, endowing professorships there in
1858-'9, gave liberally to Mount Holyoke female
seminary, and three times erected a church at
I'^asthampton, which was twice burne<l. His bene-
factions amounted to more than f 1.500,000. He
also did much to improve the apj>earance of his
native town. In 1841-3 Mr. Williston was a mem-
ber of the Massachusetts legislature. His widow
crave to the seminary that bears his name the
Williston homestead to hv used as the princijiars
house after her death, which occurred in 1885.
WILLISTON, Seth, clergyman, b. in Suffield,
Conn., 4 April. 1770; d. in Guilford Centre. Che-
nango CO., N. Y., 2 March, 1851. His father was a
farmer and saddler, and the son assisted him in
l)oth occujMitions. He was graduate*! at Dart-
mouth in 1791. taught at Win<lsor and New Ix>n-
don. Conn., and, after studying tluH)logy with Rev.
Dr. Charles Backus at Soiners. wa-s licensed to
preach in 1794. After occupying several pulpits
in Connecticut temporarily, he went to Chenango
county, N. Y.. and labored as an evangelist, U'ing
! ordaine<l in 1797. He organized several churches,
including that of Lisle, N. Y., where he InK-ame
minister in 1799. On 4 July. 1810. .Mr. Williston
was installed over a Presbyterian church in Dur-
ham, N. Y., where he remained till his dismissal.
642
WILLS
WILMARTH
at his own rwiuest, on 22 Dec,, 1828, after which
he i)ivache«l in vnrious nlaces, chiefly in the state
of New York, and also uevoted much time to lit-
erature. Hamilton college jjave him the degree of
I). I), in 1838. Dr. Wilhston published " Address
to Parents" (SufTleld, Conn., ITW*; Greenock, Scot-
land, 1H()2): "Sermons on Doctrinal and Kx|K'ri-
mental Religion" (1812); " Fivi- Discourses on the
Sabbath" (1813): "Vindication of Some of the
Most Essential Dtxitrines of the Reformation"
(1817); " Sermons on the Mystery of the Incarna-
tion and the S|)ecial Influences of the Sjjirit"
(1H2:1); "Sermons adai)te<l to Revival!- ' (1828);
" Harmony of Divine Truth" (18i3tt); " Discourses
on the Temi>tations of Christ" (IHJiT) ; "Christ's
Kingdom not of This World," three discourses
(184Ji); " Ijectures on the Mond Im|M»rfections of
Christians" (1846); and "Millennial Discourses,"
which he soKl for the benefit of missions (1848).
^'ILLS, Jaiiie.s, philanthropist, b. in England
alM)Ut 17«J0: d. in Philadelphia about 1830. His
father wjis in early life a coatrhman, but subse-
quently amassed a fortune in business in Philadel-
phia, which he U'(jueathed to his son. James was
a memlRT of the Society of Friends, and never
marriisl. He was well known as a gnn-er in Phila-
delphia, when* his integrity and uprightness in
business gained him the esteem of the whole com-
munity. He l)e<juejithed to the " mayor and cor-
|H>ration of Philadelphia and to their successors
forever" more than !fl2*3.0OO to found "the Wills
hospital for the relief of indigent blind and lame,"
giving preference to those in Philadelphia and vicin-
ity. The corner-stone was laid on 2 Ar)ril, 1832.
WIIiLSON, Forceythe, jwet, b. in Ijittle Gene-
see, Alleghany co., N. Y., 10 April, 18:J7; d. in
AlfriHl. N. Y.'. 2 Feb., 1867. He was christened
Byron Forceythe, but dropped the first name in
early manhocMl. His father, Hiram Willson, a na-
tive of Vermont, had been a teacher, wiv* afterward
postmaster at Little Genesee, and was engaged
in the lumber business there. In 1846 he placed
his family and his household goods on a rait, and
descende<l the Alleghany and Ohio rivers. They
live<l for six years at Covington, Ky., where Mr.
Willson was the chief founder of the common-
8cho«jl system. Subsequently they removed to
New Albany, Ind., where he died iri 1859, leaving
H comfortable fortune to his ftnir children. For-
cej-the, the eldest, studied at Anti(x;h and at Har-
vard, but failing health prevented him from finish-
ing the course. He Itecame an editorial writer for
the Louisville "Journal," vigorously sustaining the
National caus*> during the civil war, and his earli-
est poems also a{)peared in that paper. In 1864-'6
he lived in Cambridge, Mass., to suixjrintend the
education of a younger brother. lie was a firm
believer in spiritualism. His Injst-known poem is
"The Old .Sergeant," originally written as a car-
rier's atldress for the Louisville "Journal," 1 Jan.,
1H<W, which tells a literjiUy true story, even the
names being genuine. He publishcnl a small vol-
ume, containing all of his poems that he caretl to
preserve (lioston, 1866). — His wife, Elizabeth
C'onwell, b. in New Albany, Ind., 26 June, 1842;
«1. in Cambridge, Mas.s., 13 6ct., 1864, married him
in 186;i Her maiden name was Smith. A volume
of her iioems was printed privately in 1865. See
an article by John James IMatt in the " Atlantic
Monthly" for March. 1875.
WILLSON, J amen Ren wick, clergyman, b.
near Pittsburg, Pa., 9 April, 1780; d. in" Colden-
ham, N. Y., 29 .Sept., 185:}. He was graduated at
Jefferson in 18a5 and licensed to pn-ach as a
Reformed Presbyterian in 1807. He then took
charge of schools in Pennsylvania till 1817. when
he became pastor of the Coldenham and New-
burg congregations in New York, and, with the
exception of a pastorate at Alljany in 1830-'3, re-
tained the former charge till 1840. In 185i8 he
had Ijeen appointed profes.sor in the Eastern theo-
logical seminary, and retained his chair after the
union with the' Western seminary till 1851. He
received the degree of D. D. in 1828 from the
western University of Pennsylvania. He edited
"The Evangelical Witness" in 1822-'6, the "Chris-
tian Statesman" in 1827-'8, and the "Albany
(Quarterly" in 1831-'3. In connection with the
last he published a " History of the Church of
Scoland. ' His other published works are "An
Historical Sketch of Opinions on the Atonement"
(Philmlelphia, 1817); "Prince Mes.siah's Claims to
Dominion over all Government" (Albany, 1832);
"The Written Law" (1840); and many single ser-
mons and addresses. — His son, James McLeod,
clergyman, b. near Elizalieth, Allegheny co.. Pa.,
17 Nov., 1809; d. in Allegheny, Pa., 31 Aug.,
1866, wa^ graduated at Union in 1829, licensed
by a Reformed j)resbytery in 1834, and from that
year till 1862 held a pastorate in Philadelphia,
Ix'ing elected professor in the Reformed Presby-
terian theological seminary at Allegheny in 1859.
From Westminster college, Pa., he received the
degree of D. D. in 1865. He was chairman of
the committee that published "True Psalmody"
(Philmlelphia, 1859). and etlited the "Covenant-
er," a monthly, from 1845 till 1863, when it was
consolidated with the " Reformed Presbyterian,"
of which he was co-e<litor till his death. f)r. Will-
son published "The Deacon" (Philadelphia, 1841);
"Bible Magistracy" (1842); "Civil Government"
(1853); "Social Religious Covenanting" (1856);
and "Witnessing" (1861). — James McLeod's son,
David Burt, clergyman, b. in Philadelphia, Pa.,
27 Sept., 1842, was graduated at the University
of Pennsylvania in 1860 and at Jefferson medical
college in 1863. serving in the medical corps of
the U. S. army from that date till 1865. He was
then graduated at the Allegheny seminary in 1889,
ordained as a Reformed Presbj^terian, and was
pastor in Allegheny from 1870 till 1875, when h§
was chosen to his present post in the seminary
there as professor of theology. Besides publish-
ing occasional addresses he edited an edition of
"Lyman's Historical Chart" (Philadelphia 1867),
and since 1874 has been an editor of the " Reformed
Presbyterian and Covenanter" in Pittsburg.
WlliLSON, Marcins, author, b. in West Stock-
bridge, Mass., 8 Dec, 1813. He was graduated at
Union college in 1836 and became a teacher, but
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1839.
A bronchial affection compelled him to relinquish
both professions till 1849, when he became princi-
pal of Canandaigua academy, and remained there
four years. Among his numerous etlucational
works are " Civil Politv and Political Economy"
(New York, 1838); " I'erspective, Architectural,
and Landscape Drawing" (1839); series of his-
tories (1845-'54); two series of reading-books (New
York, 1860-'72; Philadelphia, 1881-'2); spellers
(1864-'70); "New System of Plane Trigonome-
try " (1874) ; " Mosaics of Bible Hist<vy " (2 vols.,
1888); "Mosaics of Grecian History" (1883); and
" The Wonderful Story of Old," an illustrated work
on the Bible (2 vols., fhilatlelphia, 1888).
WILMARTH, Lemuel Everett, artist, b. in
Attleborough, Mass., 11 Nov., 1835. He studied
at the acatlemy in Munich under Wilhelm von
Kaull)ach in 1859-'63. and under Jean L. Gerome
at the .£cole des beaux arts, Paris, in 1864-'7.
WILMARTH
WILMER
543
Sinw 1870 ho lias hiwl chnrce of the schools of the
Natioiml ac'JuK'iny. of which he wiw electwl an as-
sociate in 1871 and an academician in 1873.
Among his works, nrinciixillv penre pictures, are
"Captain Nathan Hale'' (18<W1); " Plaving two
(James at the s<imo Time" (1807): "T))e llome
Missionary" (18(i9): "Another Candidate for
Adopticm" (1871); "(Juess what I have brought
You" (1873); "IWt in Charge" (1874) ; "Ingrati-
tude " (1875) ; " F'eat of Courage " (1876) ; " A Plea
for the Homeless" (1877); " Pick of the Orchard"
(1878): and ".lack's Return" (1879).
WILMARTH, Seth, inventor, b. in Brattle-
Itoro', Vt.. 8 Sept.. 1810; d. in Maiden, Mass.. T)
Nov., 188<J. Ho iHx^mea machinist in Pawtucket.
R. I., and in 18.'i.') was appointtnl superintendent
and master- m whan ic of the Charlestown navy-
vanl. During the twenty years of his service there
ho made many valuable impmvements in various
departments, the most im|>ort«nt being the large
planer and the great lathe in the machine-shop,
which were then the largest of their kind in the
world, both bearing his name as inventor. Among
his jMitents. numljering al)out twenty, were those
for [lis revolving turrets, and for the hvdraulic lift
for raising the turret shafts on monitor vessels.
Soon after the war the latter was submitted to
the navy department, and was rejected as being of
questionable utility, if not dangerous, its purpose
having been efficiently accomplished by the means
of a sle<lge-hammer and screw-wedge on many ex-
isting vessels. Aliout 1873 the same plan was pur-
chased bv the U. S. government for $50,000.
WILMER, Lambert A., author, b. alxjut 1805 ;
d. in Brooklyn. N. Y., 21 Doc., 18(W. In early life
ho edited the Baltimore " Saturday Visitor, and
for many years afterward he was connected with
"The Pennsyl%'anian," in Philadelphia. He was
the author of a *' New System of Grammar " ; *' The
(Quacks of Helicon " (1851) ; '• Life. Travels, and
A'lv.iitures of Ferdinand de Soto " (Philadelphia,
l-- i-^i; and "Our Press-Oang, or a Complete* Ex-
l;uMtion of the Corruptions and Crimes of the
Anjcrican NowspaiMTs' (1H.")0).
WILMER. WiHium HoUand, clergvman. b.
in Kent countv, Md.. 29 Oct., 1782 ; d. in Williams-
burg. Va., 24 July, 1827. His ancestors were early
settlers of Maryland, and his uncle, James J. Wil-
mer, a clergyman of the Episcopal church, was
secretary of the first meeting of the clergy of the
United States in 1783. On his motion the
"Church of England in the colonies" adopted the
name of the Protestant Episc-opal church. Will-
iam was educated at Washington college in Kent
county, and was for some time occupied in mer-
cantile pursuits. He was admitted to orders in
IMOH bv Bishop Claggett. and was ret^tor of Chester
parish.' Md., in 1808-'12. and of St. Paul's. Alexan-
dria. Va.. in 1812-'22. He was elected rector of St.
•John's. Washington city, in 1816. but decliniHl. In
1X1!) he l)egan the publication of the" Washington
Theological Repertory," and he continued in con-
nection with it until 1826. During his pastorate
in Alexandria he built the present St. Paul's
church, was an originator of the Fklucation society
of the I)istrict of Columbia, ami its president for
several years, aiding in prejmring for orders the
first grmluates of the Virginia Protestant Episco-
pal seminary, of which he was a founder. When
It was removeil from Fairfax Court-House to Alex-
andria in 1823, he was appointed professor of sys-
tematic theology, ecclesiastical history, and church
nf)lity, and he was chosen assistant rector of the
Monumental church, Richmoml. Va., in 1826, but
declined. The same year he became president of
I (^^^^/y6^/hA*z/^
William and Mary college, and rector of the church
in Williamsburg, which |M>sts he held till his death.
Dr. Wilmer was verv active and efficient in trying
to resuscitate the ^''niscopal i-hun-h in Virginia,
and use<l his |)en freely and effet-tually. He was a
delegate to general conventions in 1821-'6, and
1)resident of the house of clerical ami lay deputies,
le receivetl the degree of D. D. from Brown in
1820. He published numerous sermons oii s|K*cial
occasions (1813-'20); many able articles in the
"Theological Rejwrtory " (1819-'26) ; "Episcopal
Manual* (1815); and "Controversy with nnxtf-r, a
Jesuit Priest "(1818).— His s<m. Richard Hooker,
P. E. bishop, b. in Alexandria, Va., 15 March. 1816,
was graduated at
Yale in 18:w.and
at the Theologi-
cal seminary of
Virginia in 1*39,
was ordained in
the Monument-
al church. Rich-
mond. Va., on
Ea.ster-day, 1840,
and was rector of
numerous church-
es, chieflv in Vir-
ginia, ti'll 1864,
when he was con-
secrated bishop of
Alalmma in St.
Paul's church,
Richmond, Va.,
6 March, 1862.
He received the
degree of D. I), from William and Mary college,
Va.. in 18.50. and that of LL. I), from the Uni-
versitv of Oxfonl, England, in 1867, and from
the ifniversity of Alabama in 1880. At the close
of the civil war Bishop Wilmer recommended to
the clergy of his diocese the omission of the
nraver " for the president and all in civil author-
ity,'' on the ground that only military govern-
ment existed .in Alabama, whereujKtn Gen. George
H. Thomas susjjended him and his clergy from
their functions; but the order was afterward set
aside bv President Johnson. He is the author of
" The ftecent Past, from a Southern Standp<iint :
Reminiscences of a Gnindfather" (New York. l.S)^7).
—William Holland's nephew. Joseph Pere Bell,
P. E. bishop, b. in Kent countv, Md., 11 Feb.,
1812; d. in New Orleans. La.. 2 Dec. 187H. was
educated at Kenyon college, and the Protestant
Episco|)al theological seminary. Alexandria, Va.
He was ordered deacon in July, 1834, and ordained
priest in May. 1838, and. after serving for a few
months as chaplain at the L^niversity of Virginia,
was appointed in 1839 a chaplain in the II. S.
arinv. He resignefl his commission in 1843. was
in charge successively of Hungar's [uirish. North-
ampton CO., and St. Paul's iwrish, (nK>c-liland co.,
Va., became rector of St. Mark's church. Phila-
delphia, in 1848, continuing there till the be-
ginning of the civil war, when he resigned, and set-
tled on his plantation in Alb«»marle countv, Va.
He went to England in 186J3 to pim-hase t^ibles
for the Confederate army, was captureil on his re-
turn voyage, and for a short time confined in the
old Capitol prison, Washington. I). C. He Itecame
bishop of Louisiana in 1866. The diocese at that
time wa-s in a disorganized condition, but he de-
voted himself with great energy to reconstructing
churches that ha<l l)een buriie<r. and supplying va-
cant pulpit.s, and was successful in restoring the
affairs of the diocese to a prosperous condition.
644
WILMOT
WILMOT
Bishop Wilmcr was popularly classed with the
high church party. Ife was noted as an eloquent
speaker, and a iH)|)ular pulpit orator.
WILMOT, I)avld, jurist, b. in lk>thany. Pa.. 20
Jan., 1814; <1. in Towanda, Pa.. 1« March, 1868.
He receiveil an aca<lemical e«lucation at liethany
and at .\>irorH, N. Y., was adniitu-d to the bar at
Wilkfslmrre. Pa., in 18:}4. and soon began prac-tice
at Towanda. where he afterwaril resided. Ilis sup-
port of Martin Van liuren in the presidential can-
vass of 1830 brought hnn into public notice, and he
was sul)se(iu('ntlv sent to congrt>ss as a Democrat,
serving from 1 iW. lH4o, to 3 March, 1851. Dur-
ing the wssion of 1846, while a bill was |>ending
to appropriate |2.000,(KK> for the purchase of a part
of Siexico, he moved an amendment "that neither
slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist
in any part of said territory." This, which became
known as the " Wilmot proviso," pju^sed the house,
but was rejected by the senate, and gave rise to
the free-soil movciiient. Mr. Wilmot was presi-
dent-judge of the 13th district of Pennsylvania in
18.'):J-'61. a delegate to the National Republican
conventions of IH.'WJ and 1860, acting as temporary
chairman of the latter, was defeated as the Rejiub-
liean catxlidate for governor of Pennsylvania in
18o7, and elected to the U. S. senate as a Republi-
can, in place of Simon Cameron, who resigned to
U'come secretarv of war in President Lincoln's cabi-
net, serving froln IH March, 1801, to 3 March, 1803.
In that l)0(ly he was a member of the committees
on |)ensi()ns, claims, and foreign affairs. He was
ap|K)iiited by President Lincoln judge of the U. S.
court of claims in 18(53, and died in oflice.
WILMOT, Lemuel Allan, Canadian states-
man, b. in the county of Sunbury. New Bruns-
wick, 31 Jan., 1809; d. in Fredericton, 20 May,
1878. He was educatetl at New Brunswick univer-
sity, Fredericton, be-
came an attorney in
1830, and two years
later was called to the
bar of New Bruns-
wick. In 1834 he
was elected to par-
liament by acclama-
tion for the county
of York. From the
first he espoused the
side of the Liberals,
opposing the Family
compact party, and
advocating the prin-
ciples of responsi-
ble government. He
soon became the ac-
knowledged leader of the Reformers of his r)rov-
ince. In 1836 Mr. Wilmot went tp England as a
delegate with William Crane on the subject of
crown revenues and the civil list. The colonial
s«»<'ri'tary, Ijord Glenelg, received the delegates
cordially and drafted a bill granting the reforms
that they asked; but the lieutenant-governor of
New Brunswick, .Sir Archibald Campljell, withheld
his approval, and tendered his resignation. The
delegates were again despatched to England, with
an ad<}ress to the king, by whom they were favor-
ably received. Sir Archibald Camnbell's resigna-
tion was accepted, the civil-list bill became law,
and a vote of thanks to the diplomats was passed
by the legislature. Mr. Crane was called to the ex-
ecutive council, and Mr. Wilmot became a queen's
counsel. In 1844 he accepted a seat in the execu-
tive Council, without portfolio ; but when the lieu-
tenant-governor, Sir William Colebrooke, without
consulting his advisers, appointed his son-in-law
to the office of provincial secretary, Mr. Wilmot,
with three colleagues, resigned his place in the
cabinet. In 1847 Elarl Grey, the colonial secretary;
declared that the memliers of the executive coun-
cil should hold office only while they possessed the
confidence of a maiority of the people. In 1848
the New Brunswick house of assembly passed a
resolution approving of Earl Grey's desjwitch, after
a long anu spirited debate. Mr. Wilmot, who
made the great sf)eech of the occasion, was called
on to form a government. He accepted the task,
and his cabinet l)ecame a coalition ministry, with
LilK'ral tendencies. As premier and attorney-gen-
eral he became identified with the consolidation of
the criminal laws and the municipal law. In 1850
he attended the International railway convention
at Portland, Me. In the same year he visited
Washington in a similar capacity, on the subject
of reciprocity. In 1851-'08 he was a puisne judge
of the supreme court of New Brunswick, during
which time he employed the interval of leisure at
his command in lecturing and in forwarding the
cause of education, and benevolent and religious
institutions. He was elected a member of the sen-
ate of the University of New Brunswick, which
gave him the degree of D. C. L. When the ques-
tion of union arose in 1865, Judge Wilmot was
ready to espouse the side of the Unionists, but
took no very active part in the contest. After
the confederation was consummated he was se-
lected to preside over his province as the first
native governor. This office he held from 27
July, 1868, until 14 Nov., 1873, when he received a
pension as a retired judge. In 1875 he became
second commissioner under the Prince Edward isl-
and purchase act of that year, and he was also
named one of the arbitrators in the Ontario and
northwest boundary commission, but death pre-
vented him from serving in the latter capacity. —
His cousin. Robert Duncan, Canadian statesman,
b. in Fredericton, New Brunswick, 16 Oct., 1809, is
the son of John M. Wilmot, for several years a
member of the provincial assembly. The son, at
the age of five years, left his native town with his
father to reside at St. John, where he attended
school. On reaching manhood he engaged in ship-
ping and milling. Afterward he went to Liver-
KooT, England, where he resided until 1840. when
e returnetl to St. John. He entered the parlia-
ment of his province in 1846. and held his seat for
fifteen years. He was a strong Protectionist, and
an uncoranromising advocate of the greenback
svstem «f tianking. In 1849 he was mayor of St.
J'ohn. In 1851 he was asked to enter the New
Brunswick government, and he filled the office
of surveyor-general from that year until 1854. In
1856-'7 he held the office of provincial secretary
in the Wilmot-Grey administration. In 1865 Mr.
Wilmot opposed tlie scheme of union, and with
his colleagues he succeeded in defeating the ad-
ministration ; in the new government he held
his old portfolio. He attended the Colonial con-
ference in London, England, on the union question
in 1866-'7, and when, in 1807, the union was con-
summated, Mr. Wilmot was called to the senate of
Canada by royal proclamation. He hplds a patent
of rank and precedence from the queen as an ex-
councillor of New Brunswick. On 8 Nov., 1878,
on the formation of Sir John Macdonald's minis-
try, he was sworn a member of the privy council
of Canada, without portfolio. On the same day he
succeeded David Christie as speaker of the senate.
This government adopted the policy of protection
to Canadian industries, which Mr. Wilmot aided
WILMOT
WILSON
645
ill formulating. In Fobmury, 1880, he ro8ignc<I
tlie presidency uf the senato to accept thu lieutcn-
ant-g«>vornorship of N»w lirunswick, which post he
heltl unUI 188.5.
WIL.VOT, Samuel, Canadian piscricultiirist, b.
in riiirke. \N i>t 1 )urhHnj co., Unt.. 2a Aug., 1822. He
was educated at L'p|>er Canada college, Toronto,
and Iwcaiue a farmer. Mr. Wilmot has been war-
den of the unit^xl counties of Durham and North-
unilx>rlund, a member of the agricultural and art
a.'vsociations of Ontario, and presided over the first
Dominion ex{>osition of agriculture, arts, and
manufactures, at Ottawa in 1879. For many years
ho has given ^reat attention to the subjef^-t of flsh-
cultun>. and in 1873 received through the French
goveniment a medal from the Societe d'acclimata-
tion for the services he had rendered in that de-
partment of practical science. He also obtained
the goltl medal for excellence in piscicultnral ex-
hibits in the Dominion cx|M)sition of agriculture
and arts at Ottawa in 1871). Mr. Wilmot is super-
intendent of flsh-culture operations for the Do-
minion governnient, and collected the exhibit of
the fishery products of the Dominion for the
World's fishery ex|>osition in Ix)ndon in 1883,
where he acted as chairman of the Canadian com-
mission, and obtained by his system of fish-breeding
the gold metlal for "the best and most complete
fish-breeding establishment in the great Interna-
tional fisheries exposition."
WIL.MSHURST, Zavarr, author, b. in Tun-
bridge Wells. England. 25 Nov., 1824 ; d. in Brook-
lyn, N. Y.. 27 Jan., 1887. His name was William
fiennett, but he early adopted by legal right the
name he afterward bore. In youth he was one of
the literary associates of the Countess of Blessing-
ton, and at that time attracted special attention by
his translations of Norse poems. He was subse-
quently a clergyman for several years. On coming
to the United States, he became connected w^ith the
New York press, and was associated editorially for
many years with "The Atlas," "The Industrial
Monitor," and " The Insurance Times," while for a
short time he edited the "New York Weekly lie-
view." He wrote for the stage, and also contributed
8t<)ries and religious poetry to |)eriodicals. Many
of his hymns are mucn admired. Among his plays
are a drama on Hawthorne's "Scarlet Letter, and
" Nitocria," a tragedy. His other writings are
"The Viking," an epic (London, 1849): "The
Winter of the Heart, and other Poems" (New
Y<.rk, 1874); "The .Siren " (San Francisco, 187«) ;
and " Kalph and Rose." a poem (New York, 1879)-
WILSON, Sir Adam, Canmlian jurist, b. in Ed-
inburgh, Scotland, 22 Sept., 1«14. He emigrated
to Canada in lS:iO, and during the succeeding three
years was employed in the mills and store of his
uncle. George Chalmers, in Trafalgar. Halton co.
In Ibiii he Itegan to study law under Roliert Bald-
win Sullivan in Toronto,' and in 1839 he was ad-
niitte<l to the bar of Upper Canada, in 1840 he en-
tere<l into partnership with Itol)ert Baldwin, leader
of the Refonn party, and on 28 Nov., 1850, was ap-
pointed a (|ueen's counsel, \mng the same year
elected a l)encher of the Law society of Upper
Canada. He was appointed in IK'ifi a commis-
sioner for revisijig the statutes of Canada and of
UpiKT Canada, elected mavor of Toronto in 18.59
and 1860. and was the first to hold that office by
popular election. He was in the Canada assembly
for North York in 18.59, and from May, 1862. till
May. 186;?. was solicitor-general in the Sandfleld-
Matrdonald government, with a seat in the execu-
tive. On 1 1 May, IHdH, he was appointed puisne
judge of the court of queen's bench. Three months
VOL. yi. — 36
afterward he was transfernnl to the common pleaa.
He was reap|Miintcd to the queen's Ijench in 1868,
l)ecame chief justice of the court of common pleas
in 1878, and in 1884 was made chief justice of the
court of queen's bench. In 1871 he was apiM>int(*d
a member of the law reform commission, lie was
knighted, 20 Dec., 1887. As a judge he has been
noted for his learning and his mastery of the prin-
ciples of law. He has published " A Sketch of the
Otlice of Constable" (Toronto. 1861).
WILSON, Alexander, ornithologbit, b. in Pais-
ley. Renfrewshire, Scotland, 6 July, 1706; d. in
Piiiladelphia, Pa., 23 Aug., 1813. 'His father, a
master weaver, had intended that Alexander should
ItG a minister, but
family cares and al-
tetvd circumstances
interfered. He at-
lendetl the gram-
mar-school, and his
father imbued his
mind with a passion
for reading and a
love for the beauties
of nature, which
clung to him for life.
In 1779, when thir-
teen years of age, he
was bound appren-
tice as a weaver to
his brother-in-law,
and after serving
his time he contin-
ued working at the
loom as a journey-
man for four ye^rs
more. During leisure hours he continued his studi-
ous habits, and indulged in solitary rambles, giving
utterance to his thoughts in verst\ Many of his early
efTusiims anneared in the Glasgow "Advertiser"
(now the "Herald"). His brother-in-law, Duncan,
findine the weaving-trade inade(|uate for the sup-
port of his family, now resolved to try that of a {»ed-
dler. He continued this wandering life for about
three years, at the end of which he ha<l accumulated
as much material in verse as would make a volume.
He accordingly returned to Paisley and imblished
it (1790). Taking copies of his book witn him, he
again set out with his pack, but met with so little
succe.ss that he resumefi weaving. A second etlition
of his poems ap^teared in 1791, but its sale was still
very limited. In 1792 Wilson's admirable narrative
poem, " Watty and Meg." was published anonymous-
ly as a penny chaplxtok, and had an enormous circu-
lation. Its authorshi]) was generally ascrilKHl to
Burns. Wilson, however, is gi-eater as an ornit holo-
gist than as a p<H't. but his poems entitle him to a re-
8i)ectable place among the minor bards of Scotland.
His verse is mostly descriptive — terse and true, with-
out being of a high or imaginative order. In Paisley,
a dis{)ute having arisen between the manufactu-
rers and weavers, Wilson joined in the fray by writ-
ing some stinging personal lamjioons. fi>r which
he was prosecuted and imprisoned. This induced
him to leave the country. He walke<l to P»)rt
Patrick, crosse<l to Belfast", and there emlwrked in
a vessel bound for New Castle. Del., sleeping on the
deck of the crowded vessel during the voyage. He
landed, with his fowling-piece in his hand and only
a few shillings in his ixK'ket. on 14 July, 1794. and
set out at once to walk to Philadelphia. There he
found employment from a copp-r-plate printer for
a few weeks, then t<Hik to weaving for about a year,
and, having saved a little money, resumetl his pack,
and so traversed the greater part of New Jersey,
546
W1I.S0N
WILSON
successfullv dispwing of his wares. Then he be-
came a sihfK)!- master, teaching sucoossively at
Frankfort, Pa., Millstone, Pa., Bloomficld, N. J..
and lastly, in 1802, at Kinpsessinp. noar Philadel-
phia. Here he was welcoint'il by Williuin liartrain.
the botanist, and by Alexander Lawson, the en-
§ raver. The former jjave him access to his gar-
en and library, and the latter pve him jtractical
instructions in drawing, coloring, and etching.
After trying to draw various objects with indiffer-
ent success, he In-gan to delineate birds, and in this
walk he rapidly attained such a degree of profj-
ciencv that he far outstripped his teacher. This
marked success seems to have fortified, if it did not
suggest, his resolution to make a collection of birds.
In October, 1804, accompanied by his nephew and
another friend, he set out on a walking expedition
to Niagara, which he satisfactorily accomplished.
His comimnions left him. but he persevered, and
reached nome after an absence of fifty-nine days
and a walk of 1.200 miles. He graphically de-
scrilK-d this journey in a long |X)em called "The
Foresters." On his return he set about making
Erei«rations for his great work, and with his own
ands etched two plates from his drawings, color-
ing them from nature. At this time he was em-
ploveil in editing a new edition of Kees's " Cyclo-
pailia," by Thomas Bradford, who cordially en-
tere»l into his scheme and undertook to issue
his " American Ornithology," the first volume of
which made its appearance in 1808. On its pub-
lication Wilson set out with a copy to obtain sub-
scrilwrs, but the cost— $120 for the completed
work— was a serious barrier. In 1810 the second
volume was published, and Wilson again set out
on a journey, this time lasting for six months, both
to obtain subscrilwrs and to collect material for
succee<ling volumes. On his way to New Orleans
he had sailed 720 miles down the Ohio alone in a
little oiKMi skiff, walked long distances, and ridden
througn wildernesses well-nigh impassable, slept
for weeks in the W(xids, subsisting the while on
biscuits and dried l^eef, and drinking water. His
reputation was now spreading over the world. In
1812 he was elected a meml>er of the American
i)hilosophical society, and similar honors were con-
erred on him by other learned bodies. In 1813
the seventh volume of the " Ornithology " was pub-
Iishe<l. and the eighth was also nearly ready, but
kept back by the want of pro|)er a.ssistants to color
the plates. In this emergency Wilson himself un-
dert<K)k the work of this department, in addition to
all his numerous other duties. Intense application
an<l excessive lalxjr weakened his constitution. In
1813 he swam a river with his clothes on, in pur-
suit of a rare bird, which he succeeded in cap-
turing: but he took cold. Dysentery Seized him,
and he died after an illness of ten days. He was
burie<l in the cemetery of the Swedish church,
Philadelphia, with public honors, and a simple
marble monument was placed over his grave. In
personal appearance Wilsf)n was tall and handsome,
nis dark-brown hair hung over his shoulders, his
countenance wa.s thoughtful and expressive, his
eye full of intelligence and fire, and his conver-
sation remarkable for vividness and originality.
The plates for the ninth volume of the "Orni-
thologj' " had all been completed under Wilson's
own eye. and the letter-press was supplied by
Mr. George Ord, who had been Wilson's com-
panion in several expeditions. Ord also furnished
a memoir of the deceased naturalist. Three sup-
plepientary volumes of the "Ornithology," con-
taining American birds not described by' Wilson,
were added by Charles Lucien Bonaparte. An edi-
tion in three volumes, with illustrative notes, and
a life of Wilson by Sir William Jardine, was after-
ward published (3 vols., London, 1832). Numerous
lives of Wilson have appeared, including one by
William H. O. Peabody, in Sparks's "American
Biography " ; an anonymous one prefixed to the
Belfast edition of Wilson's poems (1867); those by
C. Lucy Brightwell (London, 1860), and Allan
Park Paton (1863); and the memoir prefixed to
the latest collected edition of "Wilson s Miscella-
neous Prose Works and Poems," bv the Rev. Alex-
ander B. Grosart, LL. D. (2 vols., tjondon, 1876).
WILSON, Allen Benjamin, inventor, b. in
Willet, N. Y., 18 Oct., 1824 ; d. in Woodmont, Conn.,
29 April, 1888. He was a cabinet-maker, and in
1849. while in Pittsfield, Mass., invented a sewing-
machine without ever having seen one before. It
used a double-pointed shuttle in combination with
the needle, which made a stitch at each forward
and backward movement of the shuttle, instead
of one at each throw of the shuttle, as in Elias
Howe's machine. His first patent bears the date
of 12 Nov., 1850, and is the fifteenth on the patent-
office record for an improved sewing-machine. This
included the double-pointed shuttle and the two-
motion feed-bar. In 1851 he secured a patent for
the rotating hook, which was designed to supersede
the shuttle, and to make the lock-stitch with greater
rapidity, neatness, and economy of power. A year
later he devised the four-motion feed, which was
subsequently adopted in all machines. In his
device the hook seizes the loop of thread in the
needle when it has descended to its lowest point,
opens it out, and carries it around the bobbin, so
that the thread is then passed through the loop of
the stitch. This is then drawn up with the thread
in the needle, so that the two are looped together
about half way through the cloth, forming the
strongest possible seam, showing the stitching ex-
actly even upon both sides, with no threads above
the surface to wear off and allow the seam to rip.
On the completion of his machine, Mr. Wilson
entered into partnership with Nathaniel Wheeler,
a practical manufacturer, and they began to make
their machines in a small shop in W^atertown.
Their first machine, completed early in 1851. was
sold for $125, and for a time this output was lim-
ited to eight or ten machines a week, but the de-
mand soon increased, and they removed to Bridge-
port, where they established the largest factory of
its kind in the world, making 600 machines a day.
In 1852 the firm was organized as the Wheeler and
Wilson sewing-machine company, and Mr. Wilson
withdrew from the business and settled in Water-
burv, where he engaged in other entei*prises.
Wilson, AlpTieus waters, M. E. bishop, b.
in Baltimore, Md., in 1834. His father. Rev. Nor-
val Wilson, was a well - known minister of the
Methodist Episcopal church in Maryland and Vir-
ginia. The son was educated in Baltimore and
Washington, and pursued the study of medicine,
but left it for the ministry. When he was about
nineteen years old he united with the Baltimore
conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, and
rose rapidly, taking some of the best appointments
in Baltimore and other parts of the conference.
His labors having impaired his health, he pursued
the study of law, but as soon as his physical
condition improved resumed the ministry. Dur-
ing the civil war the Baltimore conference of
the Methodist Episcopal church, south, was organ-
ized, and he identified himself with it, and has
been elected four times to its general conference.
In 1878 he became secretary of the Board of mis-
sions, and a great change took place under his
WII.SON
WII^SON
047
adininistTHtion. In 1H81 he attcmliMl iis a dclopitc
tlw ci'umfnical (•onforencc in I^mdoti, reading a
Stafx^r on tin* "Inlluejife of MetluMlitim on oIIkt
k'noniinations," which was imhli.sh(Ml • in the
transac-tions of the cunfereni-c, and mve (crcat
satisfaction, lie has also written a work on " Mis-
sions" (Nashville. 1882). In 1883 he was elected
to the ei)isco|)acv, being chosen on the first Imllot.
Hishop Wilson Is a remarkable preacher, and, ex-
cept when cornf>elled by sickness to sus|>end his
labors, has U'en attentive and successful in every
work committed to his cart*. In 1888 he set out on
an ei)iscoj)al tour around the world.
WILSON, Sir Daniel, Canadian e<h>cator, b.
in t^linbur^h, Scotland, 5 Jan., 181U. His brother.
Dr. George Wilst)n, was the famous chemist and
Iirofcssorof technology in the Univei"sity of J^din-
»urgh. Daniel receive<l his eilucation at the high-
school of his native city and at Edinburgh uni-
versity, where he
won nigh encomi-
ums. At the age
of twenty-one he
left college and re-
movetl to London,
where he adopted
literature and jour-
nalism as his means
of support. A few
years afterward he
ireturiuKl to Edin-
burgh, where he
resumed his pen,
pursued the science
of arch«»ology, be-
came the secretary
yr , — , . y of thc Scottlsh SO-
i/M. JimoL^ *,riisr;s
editorship of the
proceedings of that institution. He also devoted
nimself to art with much skill and l)ecame proficient
as a draughtsman. Wilson was offered the post of
jirofessor of history and English literature in Uni-
versity college, Toronto, in 18.W. He had held
the {X)st but a short time when the authorities of
McUill university, Montreal, offered him the prin-
cijMilship of that institution, but he decline<l to
leave Toronto. In addition to his regular work,
he continued to devote himself to archaeology and
ethnology. These he prosecutetl with untiring
industry, and always with excellent results, his
lectures and disctiurses on those subjects, as well
as on history and literature, being characterized by
breailth of view and rij)eness of scholarship and
thought. As an exammer his tact and discern-
ment served him well, and as a teacher he at once
took a high pla(;e. In his cajMicity of lecturer he
spoke with great clearness and vigor, and his
public addresses always attracted large audiences.
Ilis plea Iwfore the committee of the Canadian
parliament in liehalf of University college and
non-sectarian endowments is rememl)ered as one
of the most effective addresses ever heard l»efore a
Sublic boilv. In 1880 he was calle<l to the presi-
ency of I'oronto university, which post he still
holds. In 1882, on the formation of the Roval
society of Canada by the Marquis of Ijorne. I)r.
Wilson was selected bv the governor - general to
S reside over the second section of that body, the
epartment devoted to histon*, archa>ology'. and
English literature. In 1885 he succeeded to the
presidency of the society. He has contributed
many valuable papers on ethnology and archipology
to the annual volumes of the "Proceedings " of
that society, which have attracted attention abroad.
Dr. Wilson is a fellow of the Itoyal societies of
Edinburgh, Italy, and Co|HMihagen. an<l member
of the Hoyal histx>rical »<K'ietv of Great Itritain,
and many other leametl bodies in lM)th hemispheres.
In 1885 McGill university conferrinl on him the
degree of LL. D. Other colleges have honored
him in a similar way U-fore and since that date. In
1888 the same degree was conferreil on him by
Princeton. In 1888 the queen offered him the
dignity of knighthood, which he declined for iier-
sonal reasons. This act her majesty declirjeu to
entertain, and on 1 Aug. she issued letters-jmtent
declaring him a knight of the Unite<l Kingdom.
For many years he has been president of the
Young men's Christian association of Toronto, and
all schemes of a l)enevolent and charitable nature
have ever found in him a devote<i advwate. The
Newsboys' home of Toronto was founded by him.
For s«.'veral vears he has l)een chairman of the
Ontario teachers' assoc-iation. and twice he was
elwted by the high-school masters as their repre-
sentative in the old council of public instruction.
Hesides voluminous contributions to pericxlical
literature, and the proceedings of societies of
which he is a member, he is the author of '* Me-
morials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time," illus-
trated by himself (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1840-'8);
'•Oliver C'romwell and the Protectorate" (London,
1848); "The Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals
of Scotland," with illustrations by the author,
which established his rej>utation as an archaeolo-
gist of the first rank (F^dinburgh, 1851 : revised
ed., entitled "Prehistoric Annals of Scotland." 2
vols.. liondon, 1863); "Prehistoric Man " (2 vols.,
1802; revised ed., 18(55): "Chatterton: a Bio-
graphical Study" (London, 1869); "Calil»an: the
Missing Link "(1873): and " Reminiscences of Old
Edinburgh " (2 vols., 1878). He has also imblished
two volumes of poems, the second entitle<i "Spring
Wild Flowers" (London, 1873), and has written
many of the important articles on Canadian topics
in the " Encvclo|»a?<lia Britannica."
WILSONi David, author, b. in W>st Hebron,
Washington CO., N. Y., 17 Sept., 1818; d. in Al-
l)any, N. Y., 9 June. 1887. lie was graduated at
Unitm in 1840, studie<l law, was admitted to the
bar in 1843, and practised at Whitehall. N. Y.,
until his health failed and he was comiwIkHl to re-
lin({uish his profession, after which he devote<l him-
self largely to literary employments. He was a
memU'r of the assembly in 1852, and in 1854 de-
clineil a nomination for congress. He removed to
Albany in 1857 on Ijcing apjH)inted deputy state
trejisurer. and in the following year was elected
clerk of the assembly. He was deputy clerk of the
court of appeals in 1861-'4. and afterward engaged
in the brewing and malting business. Mr. Wilson
published " Life in Whitehall : a Tale of Ship-
Fever Times" (.\ubum. IKW): "Solomon North-
rup. or Twelve Years a Slave," a narrative of the
alMluction and enslavement of a free negro of Wash-
ington county (1853): " Life of Jane McCrea," in-
cluding an acc<iunt of Gen. John Burgoyne's cam-
paign (1854); "Life of Henrietta Robinson, the
v'eiled Murderess " (1855); and "A Narrative of
Nelson Jjee, a Captive among the (\imanches*'
(1859). He colleote<l materials for a history of the
Six Nations, but did not live to complete the work.
WILSON. Enhraini King, senator b. in .Snow
Hill. M<1.. 22 Dec. 1H21. He was graduatwl at
Jefferson college in 1S41. studiinl law, was admit te«l
to the l>ar, and in 1847 was electe<l to the legisla-
ture. He establishes! himself at .Snow Hill, and
practised with success in the Maryland courts till
548
WII.SON
WILSON
1868. In 18S2 he was a presidential elector on the
Deinix;ratic ticket. Four years aftt-r retiring from
legal practice he was elected to the National house
of repres«'ntative>». serving from 1 Dec, 1873, till
3 March. 1875. He was a judge of the Maryland
circ-uit court from 1878 till 1884, when he was
cIocte«l United States M-nator for the term ending
a March. 1891, and was re-ele<ted in 1890,
WILSON, Franklin, clergyman, h. in Balti-
more, Md., 8 DiH-.. 1822. He was gratluated at
Bn)wn in 1841. studied theology in Newton theo-
logical seminary, and wax ordained to the Baptist
ministry in 184(5, hut has held no [uistorate, and has
pn-ached irregularly. (Hi account of physical in-
firmities. He has Wrved various worthy causes
gratuitously, Ix'sides giving to them largo sums of
money. For many years, l)oginning with 18.51. he
was the e<litor of' "The True Union," a Baptist
weekly imjH'r published in Baltimore, and he has
long b«'en a trustee of ('oluml)ian university. Wash-
ington. I>. ('. He is the author of a prize essayon
"The I)utics of Churches to their Pastors," and of
several essays and tracts. In I860 Columbian uni-
versity couferred on him the degree of 1). I).
WILSON, (ieorge Francis, manufacturer, b.
in Uxbridge, Mass., 7 Dec, 1818; d. in P3ast Provi-
dence. 11. I., 19 Jan.. 188;J. He was apprenticed to
the trade of wool-sorting at the age of seventeen,
and at the end of three years iMX-ame an expert in
the business and familiar with all the iniichinery
in the mill. Being ambitious of obtaining a l)et-
ter education, he entered the academy at Shelburne
Falls, Mass., where he subsequently became a
teacher. In 1844 he removed to Chicago, where
he opentnl an academy that soon l)ecame a flour-
ishing institution. lie returned to the east in
1848 and s«'ttled in Providence, where he devoted
himself to the manufacturing business. In 1855,
with KIkmi N, Ilorsford, he began the manufacture
of chemicals, under the style of George F. Wilson
and Co., and two years later their establishment
l)ecame known as the Rumford chemical works.
The direct management of the works was controlled
by him, and by his knowledge of mechanics he was
al)le to devis*' various improvements in the ma-
chinery, resulting in the more economical manu-
factiire of the goods. He also invented an im-
Krovement in the manufacture of steel, a revolving
oiler for i>a|ter manufacture, and several improve-
ments in illuminating aj)naratus for light-houses.
Mr. Wilson devoted consulemble attention to agri-
culture, to methinls of fertiliziition of s<nls, and to
the bre«'ding of stiK-k. while the range of his scien-
tific knowledge was unusual for one whose life was
almost entirely <levoted to business pursuits. The
degree of A. M. was conferred on him by Brown in
1872. He was a member of the city school com-
mittee, and was twice elect^tl to represent Provi-
dence in the general assembly. During his resi-
dence in Kast Providence, whither he removetl in
18<H, he was for many years ass^x'iated with the
management of municipal affairs. He left ii«l(X).0<K)
to Brown university, and $50,000 to Dartmouth
college, to lie use«l for scientific purjKJses.
WILSON, (ileurge Henry, musical writer, b.
in Lawrence, Mas.s., 18 Feb., 1854. He was e<lu-
cated at the Lawrence high-school, and since 1874
has been a clerk in the custom-house at Boston.
He is also the musical critic of the Boston "Trav-
eller," and in 188:} l)egan the " lioston Musical
Tear- Book," the title of which was changed in 1886
to the " Musical Year-B<K)k of the United States."
Sin»e 1885 he has prepared annually an analytical
and historical programme of the concerts of the
Bo8t<jn symphony orchestra.
"^^-^^Jrm^
WILSON, Henry, statesman, b. in Farming-
ton, N. H.. 16 Feb., 1812 ; d, in Washington. I). C,
22 Nov., 1875, He was the son of a farm-lalwrer,
whose ancestors were from the north of Ireland,
and at the age of ten was apprenticed to a farmer
till the age of twenty-one. During those eleven
years of service
he received not
more than twelve
months' school-
ing altogether,
but rcjwl more
than a thousand
volumes. When
his apprentice-
ship terminated
in December,
1833, he set out
from Farming-
ton on foot m
searc^h of work,
which he found
at Natick, Mass.,
in the house of a
shoemaker. On
attaining his ma-
jority he hatl his
name, which was
originally Jeremiah Jones Colbaith, changed by
legislative enactment to the simpler one of Henry
Wilson. He learned the trade of his employer and
followed it for two years, earning enough money
to return to New Hampshire and study in the
academies at Stafford, W olfborough, and Concord
At the same time he made his appearance in public
life as an ardent Abolitionist during the attempts
that were made in 1835 to stop the discussion of
the slavery question by violent means. The pers|on
to whom he nad intrusted his savings became in-
solvent, and in 1838, after a visit toW'ashington,
where his repugnance to slavery was intensified by
the observation of its conditions, he was compelled
to relinquish his studies and resume shoemaking at
Natick. In 1840 he appeared in the political can-
vass as a supporter of William Henry Harrison,
addressing more than sixty Whig meetings, in
which he was intnxluced as the " Natick cobbler."
In that year and the next he was elected to the
Massachusetts house of representatives, and then
after a year's intermission served three annual
terms in the state senate.
He was active in organizing in 1845 a conven-
tion in Massachusetts to oppose the admission of
Texas into the Union as a slave state, and was
made, with John Greenleaf Whittier, the bearer of
a petition to congress against the proposed annexa-
tion, which was signed by many thousands of Mas-
sachusetts people. In the following year he pre-
sented in the legislature a resolution condemnatory
of slavery, supporting it with a comprehensive and
vigorous speech. In 1848 he went as a delegate to
the Whig national convention in Philndelphia, and
on the rejection of anti-slavery resolutions spoke
in protest and withdrew. On his retuni he de-
fended his action before his constituents, and soon
afterward bought the Boston " Republican " news-
f)aper, which he edited for two years', making it the
eading organ of the Free-soil party. He was chair-
man of the Free-soil state committee in 1849-'52,
In 1850 he returned to the state senate, and in the
two following years he was elected president of
that body. He presided over the Free-soil nation-
al convention at Pittsburg in 1852, and in the en-
suing canvass acted as chairman of the national
committee of the party. As chairman of the state
WILSON
WILSON
540
committee he hiu\ arranjfwl a coalition with the
DeiiKX-rats by which Ooi>r>rc S. I)<iutwell waselcctetl
governor in 1851 and Charles Suninrr and Kobert
Rantoul were ttcnt to the V. S. !w>nati'. He was a
cantlidate for conjcress in 1852, and failc*! of elec-
tion by only ninety-three votes, althon^'h in his
district the majority ajjninst the Fn-e-soilers was
more than 7.50(). In 1853 he was a niemUT of the
State constitutional convention and pro|K»sed a pro-
vision to admit colored men into the militia or>;an-
ization. In the same year he wtis defeated as the
Fri'e-sfiil candidate for governor. Me acted with
the American party in 1855. with the aid of which
he was chosen to succee<l l^xlwanl Kverett in the
U. S. senate. lie was a ilclcgate to the ^\merican
national convention in Philadelphia in that year,
but, when it adopted a platform that countenanced
slavery, he and other Abolitionists withdrew. lie
had delivered a speech in atlvocacy of the repeal of
the fujritive-slave law and the al)olition of slavery
in the District of Columbia shortly after taking his
seat in the senate in Febniary, 1855, On the dis-
ruption of the American organization through the
8ecessi<m of himself and his friends, he took an
active part in the formation of the liepublican
party, with the programme of opjiosition to the
extension of slavery. On 23 May, 1856, the morn-
ing after his colleague in the senate, Charles Sum-
ner, was assaulted by Preston S. Brooks, Mr. Wil-
son denounced the act as "brutal, murderous, and
cowardly.*' For this language he was challengetl
to a duel by Brooks : but ne dw-lined on the ground
that the practice of duelling was barban)us and
unlawful, at the same time announcing that he be-
lieved in the right of self-defence.
During the next four years he took part in all
the important debates in the senate, delivering
elaborate speeches on the admission of Kansas, the
treasury-note bill, the ex|)enditures of the goveni-
ment, the Pac-iflc railroad project, and many other
topics. Ilis sjK'eches bore the impress of j)ractical.
clear-sighted statesmanship, and if the grace of
oratory and polished diction was wanting, they
always commanded attention and resjK'ct. The
congressional records during his long term of ser-
vice in the senate show that he was one of the
most industrious and efficient members of that
body, and that his name stands connected with
nearly all the important acts and resolves. Strong
in his convictions, he was fearless in their expres-
sion, but he was scrupulously careful in his state-
ments, and the facts he adduced were never suc-
cessfully dispute<l. In Marcrh, 1850, he ma<le a
notable reply to James II. Hammond, of South
Carolina, in <lefence of free lal)or, which was print-
ed and widely circulate*! through the northern
states. He had been continued in the senate for a
full term by an almost unanimous vote of the
Massachusetts legislature in the pr(>ce<Iing Janu-
ary. In March, 18<H, ho was made chairman of
the committee on military affairs, of which he had
been a meml)er during the precetling four years.
He induced congress to authorize the enlistment
of 500.000 volunteers at the beginning of hostili-
ties between the states, and during the entir»»
periml of the war he remained at the hea<I of the
committee, and devis«'d and carrie<l mea.sures of
the first imfMirtance in reganl to the organization
of the army and the raising and equipment of
troojw, as well as attending to the many details
that came before the committee. He had been
connected with the state militia as major, colonel,
and brigadier-general from 1840 till 1851, and in
1861 he raised the 22d regiment of Massachusetts
volunteers, and marched to the Qeld as its colonel,
serving there as an aide to Gen. George B. Mo-
Clellan till the reassembling of congress.
During the scnsion of 18Sl-'2 he intro<luced the
laws that alK)lishe<l slavery in the District of Colum-
bia, put an end to the " l)lack c<Kle," alloweil the
enrolment of blacks in the militia, an<l grantetl
freedom to slaves who enten-d the service of the
United States and to their families. During the
civil war he ma<le manv [patriotic sjK'eches l>efore
|K)pular assemblages. lie took a prominent fwrt
m the legislation for the re<luction of the army
after the war and for the reconstruction of the
southern state governments, advocating the jxjlicy
of granting full {K^litical and civil rights to the
emuncipatcil slaves, joine<l with measures of con-
ciliation towani the ^K'ople who had lately lx»me
arms against the United States goveniment. He
was continued as senator for the term that ended
in March, 1871, and near its close was re-elected
for six years more. He was nominated for the
office of vice-president of the United States in
June, 1872. on the ticket with Ulysses S. Grant,
and was electe<l in the following November, re-
ceiving 286 out of 354 electoral votes. On 3
March, 1873, he resigned his place on the floor of
the senate, of which he ha<l been a memlier for
eighteen years, in order to enter on his functions
as president of that IxHly. The same year he wjis
stricken with paralysis, and continued infirm till
his death, whicli was caused by apoplexy.
It is but just to say of Henry Wilson that with
exceptional opportunities which a less honest
statesman mignt have found for enriching himself
at the government's expense, or of taking advan-
tage of his knowledge of public affairs and the
tendencv of legislation upon matters of finance
and business, he died at his post of duty, as he had
lived, rich only in his integrity and self-resjiect.
Among his many published sfx-eches mav In? men-
tioned " Personalities and Aggressions o? Mr. But-
ler "(1856); "Defence of the Republican Partv"
(1856); " Are Workingmen Slaves? " (1858) ; "fhe
Pacific Railroad "(1859); and "The Death of Sla-
very is the Life of the Nation " (1864). He was the
autnor of a volume entitled " History of the Anti-
Slaverj' Measures of the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-
eighth United States Congresses," in which he re-
lates the progress of the bills relating to slavery
and cites the speeches of their friends and oppo-
nents (Boston. 18(J5): of a history of legislation on
the army during the civil war, with the title of
"Militarv" Measures of the I'nited States Con-
gress" (1866); of a small volume called "Testi-
monies of American Statesmen and Jurists to the
Truths of Christianity," being an a<l«lress that he
gave before the Young men's Christian associa-
tion at Natick (1867); of a " History of the Recon-
struction Measures of the Thirtv-ninth and Forti-
eth Congresses, 1865-'8" (1868) : of a series of
articles on JMwin M. Stanton that were reprinte<l
from a magazine, with those of Jeremiah S. Black,
with the title of "A C«miribution to History"
(Easton. Pa., 1868) ; of a publishe<l oration on
"The Republican and DenuK-ratic Parties " (IVw-
ton. 18(J8); and of a great work lieariiig the title
of " History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave
Power in America," on which he lal>ore<l indefati-
gably during his last illness, yet was not quite
able to complete (3 vols.. Boston. 18?2-'5). See
his " Life and Public Services." which was written
by his friend, Thomas Russell, and Rev. Klias Na-
son. who was his pastor for many years (1872).
Congress directe<l to In? printi**! a volume of
" Obituar)' Addresses." that were delivered in both
houses, on 21 Jan., 1876 (Washington. 1876).
650
WIIiSON
WILSON
WILSON, Henry Parke Cnstls, physician, b.
in VVorkinpton, Somerset co., Md., 5 March, 1827.
His Scotch-Irish ancestors emifjrated to this coun-
try in 1700 from Ireland, l)eing driven out by re-
lipious persecution, and founded the first Presby-
terian cmin:h in tliis country at I{eholK)th. Somer-
set CO., Md. Henrv was praduatwi at Princeton in
1848, studied mwlicine at the University of Vir-
ginia and the University of Maryland, and settled
in Baltimore. Dr. Wilson has contributed numer-
ous articlt.»s on ffvnecology and obstetrics to the
minlical journals and the transactions of medical
s«x*ieties, and has invented important and useful
prnet'olopical instruments. In 18r)(;-'7 he was
Imysician to the Baltimore countv and city alms-
loiise. Me is president and one o^ the founders of
the Baltimore ^rynecoloffical and obstetrical society,
has Ix'cn president of the medical and chirurtjicAl
faculty of Maryland and the Baltimore acailcmy
of medicine, vice-president and one of the founders
of the .\mericati gynecological society, and vice-
rresi<lenl of the American me<iical jisscK-iation.
le is a fellow of the British gynecological society
and the British medical association, and of numer-
ous other local and national medical societies.
WILlSON, James, signer of the Declaration of
In(le|K'ndence, b. near St. Andrew's, S<*otland. 14
Sept.. 1742: d. in Kdenton, X. ('., 28 Aug., 1798.
After receiving a university education at St. An-
drew's, ltla.sgow, and Edinburgh, he emigrated to
this country al)out
1763, remained for
some time in New
York city, and in
17(5(5 went to Phila-
delphia, Pa., where
he was for several
months tutor in
Ijatin at the City
college, which was
afterward merged
in the University of
Pennsylvania. lie
left this employ-
ment to study law
with John Dickin-
son, was atlmitted
to the bar in 1767,
bepan practice in
Roadinfj. hut soon removed to Carlisle, and was
estal>lished in his profession l)efore the Revolu-
tion, havinjj made his reputation by an argument
in an imjw)rtant land case against the proprietors
of Pennsylvania. He esjxjuscd the popular cause
from the beginning of the dilTlculties with the Brit-
ish jfovernment, contributinj; many essavs to the
contrr>versy. He was a nu'ml)er of the Provincial
meeting of deputies of 15 July, 1774, and a dele-
jcate to the Pnjvincial convention of 2^3 Jan.. 1775.
When three representatives were atlded to the Penn-
sylvania delegation on 6 May, 1775. he was selected
with licnjamin Franklin and Thoraa-s Willing, and
was present at the opening of congres.s on 10 May.
He was successively re-elected on 3 Nov., 1775, 20
July, 1776, and 10 March, 1777, but was superseded
at the election of 14 Sept., 1777, because he hoA
hesitated to declare for independence while there
remained a prospect of obtaining justice from par-
liament. He ha<l resisted separation on 8 June,
1776. after the legi.slature of Pennsylvania had
withflrawn its restrictions on the votes of its rep-
resentatives; yet on 1 July he and John Morton
were_ the first of the Pennsylvania delegates to
vote for indeiiendence. and they were the only
ones, except Benjamin Franklin, who voted for
.^^>.
the adoption of the declaration on 4 July. He
took an inpportant jjart in the discussion of mili-
tary and commercial questions, and op}K)sed the
views of the southern delegates on questions of
slavery and taxation, believing it to be the duty of
congress to discourage slave-holding. In July,
1775, when the Indians were divided into three
departments, he was appointed by congress com-
missioner and superintendent of Indian affairs for
the middle department. He was a meml)er of
committees to consider the state of the colonies
and measures for their defence, to supply the
treasury, to investigate the condition of tne army,
to su[)pre.ss internal enemies, to re-enforce Wash-
ington s army, and to strengthen the American
cause in Canada ; was one of the authors of an ap-
peal to the assembly of Jamaica, a letter to the
people of Canada, and an address to the United
colonies, and served on the standing committees
for Indian affairs and for hearinc appeals on libels
from the decisions of the state admiralty courts, as
well as on the first board of war. When hostilities
began, Wilson was chosen colonel of a battalion of
militia that was raised in Cumberland county, with
which he took part in the New Jersey campaign of
1776, but afterward he took no part in active o|>era-
tions, owing to his civil appointments. When i>arty
spirit caused his removal from the Pennsylvania
delegation in congress, he went to Annapolis, Md.,
and practised there for a vear, at the ena of which
he settled permanently in Philadelphia. On 5 June,
1779, he was appointed advocate-general for the
French government in the United States, the ap-
pointment being confirmed by letters- patent from
the king on 18 Feb., 1781, On 31 Dec, 1781. he was
appointed by congress a director of the Bank of
North America, He made himself obnoxious to the
democracy by denying the right of the town council
to regulate the price of food, opposing the more
liberal provisions of the constitution, and acting
as counsel for Tories who were prosecuted for trea-
son, and when he and other citizens of conserva-
tive views were threatened, they gathered in his
house, where, on 4 Oct., 1779, they were attacked
by the raob and militia, and, after many shots were
exchangetl, were rescued by the city troop. There
was loss of life on both sides, and the feeling
against Wilson was such that he absented himself
from the city for a time. On 23 May, 1782, he was
appointed a brigadier-general of militia. He acted
as counsel for Pennsylvania before the court of arbi-
tration that in November, 1782, decided against
the claims of Connecticut to the lands of the Wy-
oming settlement. On 12 Nov. of that year he was
re-elected to congress, taking his seat on ^ Jan., 1783.
He proposed the plan of general taxation which
was adopted on 12 Feb., 1783. He was not a mem-
ber of congress in 1784, but was returned in 1785,
and continued by re-election till the adoption of
the present constitution. He was a member of
the Federal convention, and in its debates sup-
ported direct popular suffrage and a single execu-
tive. He exercised much influence in determining
the character of the constitution, and was appointed
on the committee of detail. He explained and
defended the constitution, as finally framed, in the
Pennsylvania convention for its ratifVcation. Hav-
ing been the chief of the Republican party in Penn-
sylvania, which approved a firmer goyemment than
tne Federation, and was bitterly opposed by the
Constitutional party, Mr. Wilson now became a
leader of the federalists. In the convention of
1789-'90 for framing a new state constitution he
successfully a<lvocated the plan of the direct elec-
tion of state senators. He was ap[X)inted on the
W1I.S0N
WILSON
661
drafting cominitteo, and prcpHrwl the form of the
instrunifnt. In (>c*tol)cr, 17HU. I'rvsident Washinj^
ton npp«>lMt*<l him an a.H!«KMHtt« justice of the U, S.
supn'Mui court, and h« renminwl in this ofllce till
his ilortth. In KIM) ht> was Hp|M)int<Ml pnifossor of
law in IMiihuK'Iphia colic;;!', which conferred on him
the dcnn>o of IAj. I), in that year, and in the two
following winters ho delivere<f Ie<;turcs. In March,
171»1. he wjts ap|K)intcd by tho state house of repre-
sentatives to revise anddij^st the laws of Pennsyl-
vania, and after the senate hml refustnl to concur no
continuiHl the work as a private undertaking, but
dietl lK'f<»ro completinjf the digest. He published,
besides other pamohlets, an " Address to the Citi-
zens of I*hiladel^»hia" (Phila<lelphia, 1784), and,
with Thomas McKean, " CommenLaries on the Con-
stitution of the Unit«Hi States " (Ijondon, 1792). His
"Works," comprising law lectures, s|)eeches, and
legal disquisitions, were publishetl under the direc-
tion of Hird Wilson (3 vols., Philatlelphia, 1803-*4).
— His s«in. Bird, clorgvman, b. in Carlisle, Pa.. 8
Jan., 1777; d. in New York city. 14 April, IHTyQ,
wjis gnuluatcd in 175)2 at the College of Phila<lel-
phia, studied law, and was atlmitted to the bar in
rhihidelohia in 1797. He was appointed commis-
sioner of bankrupt law, and in 1802 wtus made
president- judge of tho court of common pleas in
tho counties of Chester, Delaware, Montgomery,
and Bucks. He resigned his j)ost in 1818, studied
theology under Bishop White, and was ordainetl
dea<'on in Christ church, Phihwlelphia, 12 March,
1M29. and priest a year later, by the same bishop,
Mr. Wilson was n^ctorof St. John's church, Norris-
town, and St. Thomas's church, Whitemarsh, Pa.,
in 1819-'21. He received tho degree of D. D. from
the University of Pennsylvania in 1821, and that
of LL. D. from Columbia in 1845. He was elected
professor of systematic divinity in the Episcopal
general theological seminary in 1821, which post
he held for nearly thirty years. Ho wjis secretary
of the house of bishops' in 1H29-'41. The last few
years of his life were passetl in retirement in New
York city. Dr. Wils<jn was an able theologian
of the school of Hooker, Tillotson, Waterland,
and other like divines of the Church of Kngland,
and pref)arcd numerous valual)le tractates for
the classes under his charge. His chief publica-
tions were "Abridgment of the Ijaw by Matthew
Bacon" (7 vols., Philatlelphia, 1811-13). and " Me-
moir of the Life of the Hight Rev. William White,
D. I).. Bishop of tho Protestant KpiscopAl Church
in the State of Pennsvlvania " (18:^9). See a " Me-
morial of the Kev. Bi'rd Wilson, I>. D., LL. D.," by
W. White Bronson (1864). — James's kinsman,
IViUiam, poet. b. in Perthshire, Scotland, 25 Dec.,
18()1 ; d. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 25 Aug., 18«0.
At an early age ho was imbued with a pjissionate
love of pje'try, derivinl from his mother, who sang
with great lieautv the Jacobite songs and ballads
of her native land. While a scho<il-l)oy he lost his
father, the generous merchant's death being pre-
code<i by his failure in busines.s, and a bachelor
brother's fortune in Jamaica was in some way lost
to his children, for whom it was intendi>d. so that
Wilson's early life was accompanied by many depri-
vations, including the completion of his etluca-
tion. At twenty-two he became the editor of the
Dundee *' Literary Olio." a large pn)|K>rtion of
which, both in pros*' and verse, was from his i»cn.
In 1820 he was inducetl by influential friends to
remove to Edinburgh, where he established himself
in bu8ines.s. In the same year he lost his young
wife, and he sought relief from his great sor-
row in composition. His ctmtributions were wel-
comed in the " tklinburgh Literary Journal " and
other leading periodicals. In 1880 Wilwm married
Miss Sibbald, of Borthaugh, a de^celldant of Sir
Andrew Sibttald and a niece of James Siblmld, the
lit^^rary anti«juary and editor of the " Chronicle
of .Scottish Pm'try,"
also the friend of
liobert Burns. At
this period the
young jMjet'scharm-
ing conversation
and manners made
him a welcome
guest in the liter-
ary circles of Pklin-
burgh. At the house
of Mrs. Grant, of
Laggan, he was a
constant visitor,
and she claimed
the privilege of
pos.sessing hisj>or-
trait by Sir John
Watson Gordon,
from which the ac-
companying vig-
nette IS copie<l.
When thirty -two
years of age Wilson
remove<l to the United States and settled at Pough-
keepsie, on the Hudson, where he engaged in lKK)k-
selhng and publishing, which hecontinue<l till his
death, a portion of the time in partnershij) with
tho elder brother of Bishops Alonzo and Honitio
Potter, and later with his son, James Grant. In
the New World, Wilson occasionally contributetl in
prose and verse — generally anonymously — to vari-
ous American i)erio<licals, and sometimes sent a
contribution to " Blackwoml " or " Chamlwrs's Jour-
nal." Selections of his poems ap|H'aretl in "The
Cabinet," "Modern Scottish Minstrel." and I^ong-
fellow's " Poems of Places," but he never issmni
them in a volume, or even collated them, and it
was not till 1809 that a portion of his fioems were
publishe«l in Poughkeepsie with a memoir bv Ben-
son J. Ijossing. A second e<lition, with additional
poems, appearetl in 1875, and has since been fol-
lowed by a third. Willis pronounced one of Wil-
son's poems " the best moclern imitation of the old
ballad style that he had ever met with." and Bryant
said " the song in which the writer jx'rsonates liich-
ard the Lion-hearted during his imprisonment is
more spirited than any of the lutllads of Aytoun."
All of Wilson's .sons bv his second marriage served
in the civil war, the eldest, with whom the idea of
this work originated in 1879, attaining the rank of
brigadier-general; the second fell at the head of
his company at Fredericksburg. an<l the youngest,
leaving his studies at sixteen, volunteered with
several of his classmates and went to the fnmt.
— His son. James (lirant. b. in E«linburgh, 28
April, 1832, was e<lucate<l at College Hill, Pough-
keepsie, continuing his studies in the languages,
music^ and drawing, under private teachers, joined
his father in business, later U-coming his imrtner.
In 1855 he went abroad, and soon after his return
established in Chicago the first literary paper pul>-
lished in the northwest, an<l l>ecame known as a
public speaker. In 1802 he dis|K)sed of his jounial
and was commissioned major of the 15th Illinois
cavalry, becoming soon after acting c<ilonel of the
regiment, and taKing part in many engagements,
and in tho Vicksburg campaign. In August. 1868,
he accomi>anied Gen. Ulyssi>s S. Grant to New Or-
leans, aim there a<'cepteil, bv his advice, the colo-
nelcy of the 4th regiment, t^nited States colored
r)52
WILSON
WILSON
cavalry, ami was assiffiied to duty as aide-de-camp
to the commanding general of the Department of
the Itulf. with whom he remained till April, 1865,
taking part in the Teche, Texas, and lie<l liiver
eampAigns, and in the latter aiding Lieut.-Col.
Josi'ph Bailey in the construction of tiie Red Kiver
dam. During the same j)erio<l of nearly two years
he acted as military agent in Louisiana for the
stjUo of New York. When Gen, lianks was rc-
lievetl. Col. Wilson was brevetted briga<iier-general
and sent to Port Hudson, where for a time he was
in (Himmand, and in July he resigned and returned
to New York city, where he has since resided, pur-
suing a literary career, with the exception of several
ve«rs spent with his family in Kurope. Since 1874
he has been a delegate fn)m St. .James's church to
the New York diocesan conventions, and he was a
memlxir of the (ieneral convention that met in Rich-
mond, Va. In 1879 ho was appointed a member of
the l)oard of visitors to the V. S. naval acatlemy,
and the following year he was a visitor to the U.S.
military a(!a«lemy, delivering the mldress to the
cadets, and preparing the reports of both boanls.
(ien. Wilson wasapp<)iiitt'<l in 1HS2, by the governor,
chairnum of the committee to collect $40.(XK) as
the stati''s contribution to the Garfield monument.
(See vol. ii., p. G04.) Since 18H.") ho has been presi-
dent of the New York genealogical and biographi-
cal s«K;iety, is a vice-president of the Association for
the reform and codification of the law of nations,
a memlH'r of the executive committee of the Society
for the prevention of cruelty to animals, and an hon-
orary member of many American and foreign his-
torical and other societies. He was instrumental
in erecting a monument over the grave of Fitz-
Greene Halleck at Guilford, Conn., and a statue in
Central jmrk. New York, the first in honor of an
American poet, and is active in the movement for
the New \ork sUitue of Columbus. (See vol. i., p.
05)8.) He has published numerous addresses, includ-
ing those on Cf»l. John Bayard, Com. Isaac Hull,
Chief-Justice Kirkpatrick, and Bishop Samuel Pro-
V(V)st. and contributeil upward of a hundred arti-
cles to '* Harjier's " and other American and Eng-
lish magazines. Among the principal works that
he has written or e<lited are " Biographical Sketches
of Illinois (JlTicers" (Chicago, 18(52; 3d ed., 1863);
" Ljve in Letters: Illustrated in the Correspond-
ence of Kminent Persons" (New York, 18(57);
•• Life of Gen. U. S. Grant " (18(58 ; 3d ed., enlarged,
188.')): " Life and Ijetters of Fitz-Greene Halleck "
(1869): "Sketches of Illustrious Soldiers" (1874);
" Poets and Poetry of Scotland, from the Earliest
to the Present Time" (2 vols., London and New
York, 1876); "Centennial IIistx)ry of the Diocese
of New York, 178.'>-188.5" (New York, 1886); " Bry-
ant and his Friends : Some Reminiscences of the
Knickerbocker Writers " (12mo ; illustratetl ed.,
8vo, 1886): " Appletons' Cyclopaxlia of American
Biography" (6 vols., 1886^'9); and "Com. Isaac
Hull and the Frigate 'Constitution'" (1889).
WILSON, James F., senator, b. in Newark,
Ohio, 19 Oct., 1828. He received a classical edu-
cation, studied law, and in 18.53 began practice
in Iowa, making Fairfield his residence. He was
a raemlier of the State constitutional convention
in 18.56, and in the following year entered the
legislature. Ho passed into the state senate in
18.59, was chosen itj* nresident in 1861. and in the
sarao year was electo«l to congress to fill the vacancy
that was causwl by the resignation of Samuel 11.
Curtis, taking his seat on 2 Dec. He was re-elected
for the following term, serving as chairman of the
judiciary committee, and on his .second and third
re-election was placed at the head of the same
committee, and of that on unfinished business. In
1868 he was one of the managers of the impeach-
ment trial of President Andrew Johnson. In 18fi9
he was made a commissioner for the Pacific rail-
road. He was elected a senator from Iowa for the
terra that will expire on 4 March, 1889, and was
apixiinted on the committee on foreign affairs.
WILSON, JanieH Harrison, scHdier, b. near
Shawiieetown, 111., 2 Sept., 1837. His grandfather,
Alexander, a Virginian by birth, was one of the
founders of Illinois, and his father, Harrison, was
an ensign in the war of 1812, and captain during
the Black Hawk
war. The son was
educated at the
common schools,
at McKcndree col-
lege, and at the
U. S. military
academy, where he
was graduated in
1860 and assigned
to the corps of top-
ographical engi-
neers. He served
at the headquar-
ters of the Depart-
ment of Oregon
until June, 1861,
when he became
2d lieutenant, and ^
on 19 Sept., 1861, // .^ /^"^
he was made 1st ^.)iZU{£^n!^(/c<S^f?t'
lieutenant, lie was ^^
on duty as chief
topographical engineer of the Port Royal expedi-
tion till March, 1862, then served in the Depart-
ment of the South, including the bombardment of
Fort Pulaski, and was an acting aide-de-camp to
Gen. George B. McClellan in September, 1862. being
present at the battles of South Mountain and An-
tietam. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel in
the volunteer staff of the army in November. 1862,
and served as chief engineer and inspector-general
of the Army of the Tennessee till Octolier, 1863,
being active in the operations before and during
the siege of Vieksburg. He became captain of
engineers in May, 1863, and brigadier-general of
volunteers, 31 Oct., 186^^, and w»is engaged in the
operations near Chattanooga, the battle of Mis-
sionary Ridge, and the relief of Knoxville, con-
structing bridges till December, 1863. Gen. Wil-
son, after a short tour of duty at Washington in
charge of the cavalry bureau, was placed in com-
mand of the 3d division of the cavalry corps in
the Army of the Potomac, and bore a conspicuous
Sart in the operations under Gen. Philip II. Sheri-
an from May till August, 1864, including the
Richmond raid and combats near Petersburg. He
also led his division during the Shenandoah cam-
paign, including the battle of the Opequan, till
October, 1864, when he was assigned to the com-
mand of the cavalry corps of the military division
of the Mississippi, organizing a body of 15,0(X)
mounte<l men, and contributing largely to the suc-
cess that attended the armies in the west under
Gen. George II. Thomas and Gen. .William T.
Sherman, particularly by the assault and capture
of Selma, Ga., Montgomery, Ala., and Columbus
and Mac!on, Ga., on 20 April, 18(55, the date of his
promotion as major-general of volunteers. In
twenty-eight days he captured five fortifie<l cities,
twenty-three stand of colors. 288 guns, and 6.820
prisoners, among whom was Jefferson Davis. Hav-
ing been mustered out of the volunteer service in
WIUSON
WII^ON
508
JHnimry. 1806, (ifn. Wiloon wa» for four years
vnga^Hl ill the improvement of MisniKsippi river,
lie wiia c«>mmis«tionecl lieiiteiiant-<uiluiu*l of the
:J5th infHritry. 2H July, 18WJ. and brev«»tt«!il to the
^nule of major-general. U. S. army, *' for gallant
iind meritorious nervit-es" in the capture of F<»rt
i'ulaski, the Itattles of C'hattancKiga, the Wilder-
ness, and Na.shville, and capture of Si'lnia, resjiect-
ively. lie was honorably dischargcil. at his own
HMiucst, 81 iKu',. 1870. He has Ix'cn lar>rely engaged
in railroad and enginwriiig o|)erati()ns since his
retirement from the army. He is the author of
"China: Travels and Investigations in the Middle
Kingdom" and "Life of Andrew J. Aiexander"
(New York, 1887) : also, in conjunction with Charles
A. Dana, " Life of Gen. U. S. Grant" (Springfield,
Mas#., 1808). — His brother, Blukord, served during
the civil war as assistant atljutant-genenil of vol-
unteers, and afterwanl was solicitor of the U. S.
treasury during the "whiskey-ring" prosecutions.
WILSON, James JefTerMon, senator, b. in Es-
sex county, N. J., in 1775; d. in Trenton, N. J., 28
July, 1824. He receivetl a common-school educa-
tion, was for many years clerk of the New .Jersey
legislature, of which he was a member in 1809-'ll,
and e<lited the "True American" at Trenton. He
was also adjutant-general of the state in 181(>-'12
and 1814, and captain of a company of infantry in
service on the coast of Xew Jersey during the war
of 1812-'lo. He was elected to the U. S. senate,
and serveil from 4 Dec., 1815, till 1821, when he re-
signe<l on l)eing appointed pf>stmaster at Trenton.
He sat in the legislature in 1822. and in December
of that year he sustained severe injuries while he
was delirious from illness.
WILSON, John, clergyman, b. in Windsor,
England, in 1588; d. in Boston, Mass., 7 Aug.,
1007. Ho was the son of Dr. William Wilson,
prebendary of St. Paul's, of Rochester and of
Windsor, who had been chaplain to Edmund Grin-
dall, archbishop of Canterbury, and grandnephew
of Sir Thomas Wilson, secretary of state to Cjueen
ElizaU'th. Young Wilson was educated at Eton
and at Cambridge, where he wjus graduated about
1606. He studied law three years at one of the inns
of court, and took orders in the Church of Eng-
land, but soon became conspicuous for his Puritani-
cal leanings. He preached at Mortlake, Henley,
Bumstead, Stoke, Clare, and Candish, and for sev-
eral years was minister of Sudbury, Essex, where
lie was re|x^ate<lly suspended or silenced by the
bishop's court for his opinions, but was befriend-
ed b^ Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick. liecom-
ing interi'sted in the ct)lonization of Massmhu-
wtts, he and man^ of his neighliors embarkinl
on 8 April, 16JJ0, m the great fleet with John
W'inthrop and his associates of the Massachu-
setts company. He landed at Salem on 12 June,
and soon afterward rvmove*! to Charlestown,
where he preached under a tree, and on 30 July
organized what was sul)se<|iientlv the 1st church in
lioston. to which place the majority of the mein-
l>ers 8<K)n removed. He was ordained teacher of
the church on 27 Aug. by imposition of hands by
the several c-ommunicants. In KWl he sailed for
England, where he remained until May, 1032, and
was ordained {lastor in November of the latter
Vf'ar. He again visitp<l England in the autumn of
10:U, and remained alisent a year. Soon after his
ri'turn the Antinomian contrf>versy arose in his
congrepition. and (Jov. Winthrop ami Wilson
foupht stoutly against the faction that was letl by
Anne Hutchinson. While this discussion wjls
pending, an exjiodition was sent against the Pe-
quot», and Mr. Wilson was selected by lot as its
chaplain. For this service he rec-eived a grant of
1.000 acres of land in what is now (juincy. He
also acc«)mpanied the Indian a|)ostle, John Eliot,
in his visit to the native settlements, and labored
among the savages. He outlive<l two colleagues in
the ministry, Jolin Cotton and John Norton, and
was left at the age of seventy-six with the entire
charge of his congregation on his hands. He cr>n-
tinned in the active discharge of his duties until
finally disabled by a fatal disease. Of his charac-
ter Cotton Mather has said: "Indeed, if the pic-
ture of this good and therein great man were to be
exactly given, great zeal with great love would be
the two princi{>al strokes that, joined with ortho-
doxy, should make up his {>ortraiture." Ik-sides
many occasional productions, the titles of which
are unknown, Mr. Wils<m published "Some IIel{>s
to Faith," a theological treatise (lif)ndon, 1025);
"Famous Deliverances of the English Nation," a
poem (1620; new ed., Boston, 1080); a Latin |M)em
to the meinor)- of John HarN'anf ; and a tract, " The
Day Breaking, if not the Sun Rising, of the Gospel
with the Indians in New England "(1647; newed^
New York. 1805).
WILSON, John, printer, b. in Gla.<«gow. Scot-
land, 10 April. 1802; d. in Cambridge. Mass., 3
Aug., 18(58. Although of humble birth and enjoy-
ing but meagre etlucational advantages, he lx»came
later in life a leameil man, having mastered He-
brew, Greek, I^atin, French, Geniian, and other lan-
guages. He was apprenticed to a printer, and in
1840 removed to Boston. Mass., where he established
himself in business, and became widely known for
his excellent work. He subsequently removed to
Cambridge, Ma.ss., and was the lounderof the pres-
ent firm of John Wilson and Son, that, for several
vears, has had charge of the University press.
Wilson was also a sturdy champion of I'nitarian-
isni, and wrote several books in its defence that
have been highly coinmende<l. His principal pub-
lication is connecte<l with his art, Wing a "Trea-
tise on Grammatical Punctuation " (Belfast. 1826;
new e<l.. entitled " A Treatise on English Punc-
tuation," Boston, 1850). Of this work, of which
over twenty editions have l)een issued, it has
been said that it "places punctuation on a clear
and intelligible grammatical basis, and so com-
pletely exhausts the subject as to leave nothing to
i»e desired." He received the degree of A. M. from
llar^'ard in 1866. He also prefixed an " Essay on
the Character and Writings of Rol>ert Bums" to
an edition of that t)oet's works (lielfast, 1887). and
delivered an " Address on Burns," which is con-
tained in the "Report of the Burns Centenary
Meeting" (Boston, 1859). His other publications
comprise "Scripture Proofs and Scripture Illus-
trations of Unitarianism " (1833; 3d ed.. Ix>ndon
and Manchester, 1846 ; abridged. Boston, jmrt i. ;
new e<I., New York, 1847); "The Concessions of
Trinitarians " (Manchester, 1842 : Ik>ston, 1845) ;
" Unitarian Principles Conflrme*! by Trinitarian
Testimonies" (Boston, 1855-'7); and "The Ele-
ments of Punctuation," an abridgment of the
first-named work (1856).
WILSON, John Allttton, civil engineer, b. in
Phopnixville. Pa.. 24 April, 1837. He was gradu-
ated at the Rensselaer piilytechnic institute in 185<J,
and in 1857-'8 servetl as tofxigranher on surveys in
Central AmericA for the Honduras intenK-eanic
railway. In 18.58 he enteriMl the stTvice of the
Pennsylvania niilroa«l »»s assistant engineer, and in
1861-'4 he was principal assistant engineer in
charge of construction, after which he was chief
engineer for the Pennsylvania railroad company
on their main line or on affiliated roads until 187&
554
WILSON
WILSON
Meanwhile, in 186iJ. ho served as aide on the staff
of Gen. I)ttrius N. Couch (then in command of the
Department of the Susfiuehanna). atid had charge
of the construction of fortifications at llarrisburg
and vicinity. In 1875 he was engaged as consult-
ing engiiuHjr on the construction of the buildings
for the World's fair in Phihuldjihia. and since
January, 1876, he has been a partner in the firm
of Wilson Brothers and Com|)any. civil en','ineers
and architects. Mr. Wilson hasU'cn chief engi-
neer for various railroa<]s in Pennsylvania and New
York : also has l)een connected with lumber-manu-
facturing and coal-mining interests in Pennsyl-
vania. A large number of railway structures, m-
cluding bridges, have l»een built by him, especially
along the lines of the roatls with which he has been
connecte<l. He is a memljer of the Franklin insti-
tute, the American institute of mining engineers,
the American society of civil engineers, and other
technical societies.— ^11 is brother, Joseph Miller,
civil engineer, b. in Phcenixville, Pa., 20 .June,
18:38, was graduated at the Rensselaer polytechnic
institute in lH."i8, and studied chemistry. He en-
teriHl the service of the Pennsylvania railroad in
March. 1860, as assistant engineer, and in 1867
was given juris<liction as engineer of bridges and
building over all lines that were controlled by
the Pennsylvania company from New York on the
east to Pittsburg on the west, and from Canan-
daigua. N. Y., on the north to Quantico. Va., on
the south. This office he resigned in 1886. In
lH74-'6 he was joint engineer and architect with
Henry IVttit for the main exhibition building and
machinery hall of the World's .fair in Philadel-
Ehia, and in .January, 1876. in association with his
n)tlier. he organized the firm of Wilson Brothers
and Company, with which he is still connected.
Among tlie important structures that he has built
are the Suscjuehanna bridge at llarrisburg, the
S<.'huylkill river bridge of the Fillx-rt street line
in Philadeljihia, and bridges at Trenton, and
New Brunswick, N. .T. Mr. Wilson designed the
Hrexel bank and the Drexel Vmilding in Phila-
delphia, the St. Francis de Sales industrial school
in Eddington. Pa., and other buildings. He re-
ceived mcdalsand awards for his plans of bridges
and buildings at the World's fair in 1876, and the
degree of A. M. was conferred on him by the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1877. He is a member
of the London institution of civil engineers, of the
American s(X'icty of civil engineers, and other so-
cieties, and was president of the Franklin insti-
tute in 1887-8, and of the Engineers' club of
Philjulel[)hia in 1888. In addition to various tech-
nical papers in scientific journals, he wrote the
mechanical, .scientific, and historical parts of the
'* Illustnifed Catalogue of the International Ex-
hibition of 1876" (Phihulelphia. 1876-'8).
WILSON, John (irover, clergvman, b. in Mid-
dletown. New Castle co., Del., in 1810 ; d. in Phil-
a<lelphia. Pa.. 20 Feb.. 18a5. He was educated at
Delaware college, and liecame a minister of the
Methodist Protestant church. This connection he
severed in 185.5. but while affiliating with the sect
called Christians. or Campljellites, he never formally
joined them. On the contrary, he and the churcfi
to which he ministered in Philadelphia continued
until his death to l)e free from any denominational
associations. The society still exists, and is known
a-s the " Ebenezer Independent Christian church."
Mr. Wilson never used the prefex '* Rev." in writ-
ing his name, but insteatl preferretl the initials
V. D. M., a contraction for " Verbi Dei Minister"
—minister of the word of God. He expounded
his peculiar views in various periodicals, and es-
pecially in the " Homiletic Magazine and Reposi-
tory of Pa,storal Theology " (1843-'4), which was
founded by him. From 1842 till 1845 he was
secretary of the Baltimore annual conference of
the Methodist Protestant church. He published,
among other works, " Discourses on Prophecy "
(Philadelphia, 1850) : " A Vindication of the
Scheme of Redemption " (1858) ; " Writings in
Prose and Verse'' (1860); "The Gospel of the
Epiphany " and " The Branch of David " (1867) ;
" The Sabbath and its Law " ; " Lyre of my
Youth"; and "God, All in All," a prize poem.
WILSON, John Henry, Canadian educator, b.
near Ottawa, 14 Feb., 1833. He was educated at
the Grannnar-sehool. St. Thoma.s, and at the Uni-
versitv of the city of New York, and was graduated
as a physician at Victoria university, Cobourg, Ont.,
in 1858. He subsequently became professor of
anatomv in Victoria university, and was a member
of the legislative assembly of Ontario from 1871
till 1879. He was elected to the Dominion parlia-
ment in 1882. and re-elected in February, 1887.
WILSON, John Laird, journalist, b. in Croft-
head, Bridge of Weir. Renfrewshire, Scotland, 20
Sept., 1832. He is the eldest son of Alexander
Wilson, an architect and surveyor. He was gradu-
ated at the University of Glasgow in 1852, studied
at the Theological hall of the United Presbyterian
church in Edinburgh, and was licensed as a preacher
of the gospel in 1857. In the same year he accepted
a call to the west of Scotland. After several years'
successful work he resigned this charge, on account
of feeble health, and went to Egypt, where he re-
gained his strength. In the summer of 1866 Mr.
Wilson came to tliis country, and was on the edi-
torial staff of the New York " Herald " before the
close of the year. In 1874 he retired from the
" Herald," and. at the head of a joint-stock com-
pany, established the New York "Scotsman." but
the following year he abandoned the enterprise.
He has contribut€>d largely to periodicals, ana has
published " The Battles of the Civil War " (2 vols..
S'ew York, 1878), and "John Wycliffe, Patriot and
Reformer — a Biography" (1884). He is now pre-
paring a histoiT of the Huguenots.
WILSON, John Leig'hton, mis.sionary. b. in
Sumter county, S. C, 25 March, 1809; d. near
Mavesville, S. C, 13 July, 1886. He was graduated
at Union college in 1829, and at the Columbia (S.
C.) theological seminary in 1833, being a member
of the first class
that was educated
in that institution.
He was ordained
as a missionary
the same year,
and, after study-
ing Arabic at An-
dover seminary,
sailed in Novem-
ber on a voyage
of exploration to
western Africa, re-
turning in the
following spring.
As a result of his
investigations, he
decided that Cape
Palmas was a
promising field for
missionary work. In May, 1834. he was married,
and returned with his wife to Africa before the
close of that year. Here they labored until 1841.
during which period they organized a church of
forty members, educated more than one hundred
>>=:^\^-'*-G^J:i-,^,HyJ'lyCA-fi-*\.
WILSON
WIUSON
000
native youth, and re<luc»Hl the Oh'Ik) lanK^iaf^ to j
writinj;, publishing a grammar and dictionary, and I
translating; the fj()S|)ols of Matthew and John, to- '
gether with s«»veral snuill vohnnes. into the native '
tonjrue. In 1K42 Mr. and Mrs. Wilson nnnoved to i
the (ial)oon river, 1,2()0 miles southeast of Cape |
Pal mas. and In^gan a new mission among the
Mpoiijjwc p<»<»j»le. Mere aptin the language was
nnUK-t'd to writing for the first time, and a gram-
mar, a vooal)ulary, parts of the Hible. and several
small volumes were publishwl. In the spring of
IKW. owing to failing health, he and his wife
retununl to the United States. The following
autumn he became secretary of the board of for-
eign missions of the Presbyterian church, and con-
tinued to discharge his duties until the begin-
ning of the civil war, when he returned to his
home in the south. On the organization of the
Southeni Presbyterian church. Dr. Wilson was ap-
pointe<l secretary of foreign missions, and contin-
ue<l to act as such until 1885, when he was made
secretary emeritus. For seven years during this
fM'riod the home mission work was combined with
that of foreign missions, he taking charge of both.
In 1852 a strong eflfort. was made in the British
f>arliament to withdraw the British sfjuadron from
the African coast, under the impression that the
foreign slave-trade could not be suppressed. To
prove that this view was erroneous. Dr. Wilson
wrote a pamphlet, and pointed out what was neces-
sary to make the crusaae against the traffic success-
ful. The pamphlet, falling into the hands of Lord
Palmerston, wjis republished in the " United Ser-
vice .lournal," and also in the parliamentary " Blue
B<x)k." an e<lition of 10,000 copies l)eing circulated
throughout the United Kingdom. Lord Palmer-
ston subst»quently informed Dr. Wilson that his
protest had silenced all op|X)sition to the squadron's
remaining on the coast, and in less than five years
the trade itself was brought to an end. Dr.'Wil-
son edited "The Foreign Record" (New York,
1858-'G1), which gave an account of the progress of
work in the fon-ign missionary field, and "The
Missionary" (Baltimore. 18Gl-'85). He received
the degree of I). D. from Lafayette college in 1854.
While in Africa he sent to the Boston society
of natural history the first sr)ecimen of the gorilla
that was sent from there. He contributed to the
"Southern Presbyterian Ileview" and other perio<li-
cals. He also publishe<l "Western Africa: its His-
tory, Condition, and Prospects" (New York, 1857).
Wilson, John Lydo, lawyer, b. in Marllwr-
ough district, S. C, 24 Slay, 1784; d. in Charleston,
S. C, 12 Feb., 1849. He received a gotMl academic
e<lucation, studied law, and was admitted to the
l»r in Columbia, S. C, in 1807. He began to prac-
tise in Georgetown, and in 1808 he was returned to
the South Carolina house of representatives from
Prince Cieorge Winyaw. He was rei)eatedly re-
elected and sul>sequently was chosen senator. In
1822 he was ma<le prt'sident of the senate, and dur-
ing the sanu' year elected governor and commander-
in-chief, liefore his election as governor he pul>-
lished a severe attack on the court of a})tK>als,
which is believed to have contribute<l matenally to
the abolition of that tribunal. Gov. Wilson" re-
maine«l in office until 1824. In 1827 he was again i
elected to the senate. He was also a member of
the Nullification convention of 18JJ2, and a<lv<H.^«te<l
the most violent of the measures that were prf>-
posed then and during the session of IXiS. In |
l888 he published a "Code of Honor," which he |
affirmed was the means of saving life, but which
8ecme<l to be intended rather to regulate duels, in
several of which he took part. Gov. Wil'son's in- ;
tellectual powers were remarkable, and his speeches,
political and legal, were always prepared with the
greatest care. He also iK>sse8so<l the art of extem-
t)oraneous speaking. I lis voice wa* g(Mxl and hi«
manner graceful. He published a "Speech on the
('(Mlification of the liaws of the State' (New York,
1827), and " Cupid and Psyche: from the 'Golden
Ass' of Apuleius" (Charleston, 1842).
WILSON, Matthew, clergyman, b.in East Not-
tingham, Chester co., Pa, 15 Jan., 1731 : d. in
Ijewes, Sussex co., Del., 80 March, 1790. He wa«
licensed to preach in 1754, and in 175fl was in-
stalled pjistor of the congregations at Ijewes and
Cool Spring, Del. By consent of his two congre-
gations, he iK?gan, in 1767, to preach every third
Sabbath at the neighboring town of Indian River.
For this extensive parish he continue<l to minister
until his death. As he ha<i received a medical as
well as a theological training, Dr. Wilsrm divided
his time between the two professions, and few phy-
sicians of his day displayeid more learning, skill, or
achieved greater success. In the " Old Side " and
" New Side " controversy that preceded the " Plan
of Union," that restoretl peace to the Presbyterian
church in 1758, he took jwrt with the former, al-
though his piety and amiable character made him
esteemed by both parties. In the Revolutionary
struggle he held decided views in favor of the in-
dej)endence of the colonies. He received the degree
of D. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in
1780. — His son, James Patriot, clergyman, b. in
Lewes, Sussex co., Del., 21 Feb.. 1709; (I. in Bucks
coiinty, Pa., 9 Dec, ISJiO, was graduate<l at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1788. and was at once
ofTered the chair of assistant professor of mathemat-
ics in that institution, but declined on account of
feeble health. Subsequently, and after teaching in
his native town, he studied law and was admitted
to the bar of Sussex county, Del., in 1790. He also
acted for some time as surveyor-general of the
state. Although he rose to eminence in his pro-
fession, the sudden death of his wife and the mur-
der of his brother combined to turn his attention
to the subject of religion, an«l he abandoned his
profession for the pulpit. He was licensed to preach
m 1804, and the same year was installed as pastor
of the three congregations over which his father
hatl so long presided. In May, 1806, he was called
to the charge of the 1st Presbyterian church in
Philadelphia Here he remained until May, 1828,
when he retired to his farm, ab«iut twenty miles
from that city, on account of failing health. He
preache<I occasionally until 1880. when hi^ri'signa-
tion was accepted. Dr. Wilson was noted for ec-
centricities of character, but they were overlooked
in view of his sterling worth. As a preacher he
was deliberate and unimpassioned, an«l spoke with-
out notes. He was prolmbly the only clergyman
of his country and tinie who hjul not only read all
the volumes extant of Patristic thwilogy, but liter-
ally lived among them. On a blank loaf of his
copy of Henry Ware's tract on " F'xtom|x)raneous
Preaching" he wrote: "I have preached twenty
vears, and have never written a full sermon in my
life, and never reatl one wonl of a sermon from the
pulpit, nor opened a note, nor committetl a sen-
tence, and have rarely wandered five minut«s at a
time from my mental arrangement previously
made," " I heard him i>rea<h one sermon," says a
writer, who knew Dr. N\ ilson. " and it was through-
out as consecutive and condensetl as the demon-
.stration of a problem of Euclid." He reoeivetl the
degree of D. D. fmm the University of Pennsyl-
vania in 1807. His publications include " Jjeo-
tures upon Some of tfte Parables and Historical
666
WILSON
WILSON
Passages of the New Testament " (PInladelphia.
1810); "An Kasv Introduction to the Knowledge
of the Ili'brt'w' Imnguiige" (1H12); " Kidgely's
' Body of Divinity,* witli Notes, Original and Se-
lected " (1814) ; "An Essay on Grammar " (1817):
" An Essay on the Probation of Fallen Men "
(1827) ; " Common Ohjet-tions to Christianity " and
the " Ho|>e of Immortality " (1829) ; and " A Free
Conversation on the Unpardcmable Sin" (1830).
WILSON, Matthew, artist, b. in London. Eng-
land, 17 July, 1814. He tame to this country in
18:^3, and for several years painted miniatures in
Philmlelphia. He then became a pupil of Henry
Inman. aii<l in 18;^') went U) Paris, where he stud-
ied with ftdouard Dubufe. He was elected an as-
sf>ciate of the Natitmal academy in 184^3. Among
his numerous jKirtraits are those of Samuel J. Til-
den ; (lov. Thoma>< O. Pratt, of Marvland ; Secre-
taries tiideon Welles, George M. Itoteson, and
William E. Chandler, for the U. S. navy depart-
ment; AllxTt Gallatin, for the trejisury depart-
ment; Wa><liington Irving; James Fenimore Coop-
er ; Henry Wilson ; and Thaddeus Stevens. He
also painted the last portrait of Abraham Lincoln
two weeks l)efore the president's death, and has
since executed a full-length picture of Mrs. Wash-
ington for the White House.
WILSON, Oliver Morris, lawyer, b. in Lo-
gansiH)rt, Ind., 10 Aug., 18;J6. He was grailuated
at Hamilton college in 1858 and studied law.
After serving in the civil war as captain and ma-
I'or of Indiana volunteers, he was secretary of the
ndiana senate in 18()5-'J), assistant U. S. attorney
for the state in 18()5>-'71, and member of the legis-
lature in the latter year. He was adjutant-general
of the Grand army of the republic for Indiana in
1866-'8, and organized the first department in that
onler. Maj. Wilson has published " Digest of Par-
liamentary Ijaw" (Philadelphia, 1869), and "In-
diana Superior Court Reports" (1875).
WILSON, Peter, educator, b. in Ordiquhill,
Banff, Scotland, 23 Nov., 174G; d. in New Barba-
d'cs, N. J., 1 Aug., 1825. He was educated at the
University of Aberdeen, where he paid particular
attention to classical studies. Removing to New
York city in 17(vJ, he soon found employment
as a teacher, and was called to be the principal
of Hmrkensack (N. J.) academy, where, over the
front windows of his residence, his own and his
wife's name are still to 1x5 seen cut in the stone.
In 1775 he threw himself with great zeal into the
|K)litical movements that preceded the Revolu-
tion, and from 1777 till 1783 he served in the
New Jersey legislature. In the latter year he was
appointed to revise and codify the laws of that
state. In 1789 he was elected professor of Greek
and Ijatin in Columbia, and he held the office
until 1792, when he resigned to Ijecome principal
of Erasmus Hall, Flatbu.sh, L. I. In 1797 he
was recalled t« Columbia as professor of Greek
and Ijatin and of Grecian and Roman antiquities,
which chair he filled until 1820, when he was re-
tire«l with a {>ension by the trustees. He received
the degree of LL. I), from Union in 1798. He
fiublished " Rules of Ijatin Prt)sody, for the Use of
Sch<K>ls " (New York, 1810) ; " Introiluction to Greek
Prosody" and "Com[)endium of Greek Prosody"
(1817); together with editions of Sallust, Longi-
nus, the Greek Testament, and revised Dr. Alex-
amler Adams' "Roman Antiquities" (1826).
WILSON, Samnel Farmer, journalist, b. in
Connecticut in 1805; d. in New Orleans, Ija., 11
March, 1870. He was gnuluated at Columbia in
1822,'studied law in New York citv, was admitted
to the bar there in 1826, and at lialeigh, N. C, in
1828. removed from that place to New Berne, and
from there to Mobile, Ala., in 1832, where he aban-
doned law to become joint editor of the " Register."
He went to New Orleans in 1849, and joined the
staff of the " Crescent," connected himself with
the " Picayune " in the following year, and became
a joint owner and the chief editorial writer of that
newspaper. For several terms he was a member
of the Louisiana legislature. He was the author
of a " History of the American Revolution," which
passed through several editions (Baltimore, 1834).
WILSON, Theodore Delavan, naval construct-
or, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 11 May, 1840. He served
an apprenticeship as a shipwright at the Brookljrn
navy-yard, and at the beginning of the civil war
was a non-commissioned officer in the 13th New
York militia regiment for three months. Upon
his return he was appointed a carpenter in the
navy, 3 Aug.. 1861. and he served in the steamer
"Cambridge," of the North Atlantic blockading
s(piadron, in 1861-'4, and with Rear- Admiral Greg-
ory as inspector of vessels in the private establish-
ments near New York city. After passing the re-
quired examination he was commissioned as an as-
sistant naval constructor, 17 May, 1866. He served
at the Pensacola navy-yard in 1866-'7, and at Phila-
delphia in 1867-'9, and was instructor in naval
arcliitecture and ship-building at the U. S. naval
academy in 1869-'73. He was commissioned naval
constructor, 1 July, 1873, and served at the Ports-
mouth navy-yard" in 1873-'82. He was elected a
member of the Institute of naval architects of Eng-
land, being the first American member of that sci-
entific \ioay. He was appointed chief of the bu-
reau of construction and repair, 3 March, 1872, and
reappointed for a second term of four years, 15 Dec,
1886. In 1870 he received a patent for " air-ports,'*
which have been adopted in the naval service and
merchant-ships, and in 1880 he patented a bolt-
extractor, which is in general use. While chief
of the bureau of construction and repair he has
designed several of the modern ships that have
been recfently built and are now building. He de-
signed the " Chicago," " Boston," and " Atlanta."
to meet the requirements of the advisory board,
and the cruisers " Newark," " San Francisco,"
" Concord," " Yorktown," " Bennington," " Pe-
trel," and " Maine," the latter of which is shown
in the illustration. He is the author of "Ship-
Building, Theoretical and Practical," which is used
as a text-book at the naval academy and by the
profession generally (New York, 1873).
WILSON, Thomas, clergyman, b. in England
in 1761 ; d. in Washington county, Ky., in 1824.
He was a member of the Dominican order, and was
president of its college at Bornheim^Belgium, in
1803, when the building was attacked and plun-
dered by the French troops. He escaped to Eng-
land, where he petitioned the general of the order
to be allowed to establish a house in the United
States. He was employed, for several years after
his arrival in this country, on missions in Mary-
land and the neighboring states, and it was not till
1808 that the first Dominican convent in the United
WII.SON
WILSON
007
States, that of St. Rose, was founilml in Washing-
ton county, Kv. Shortly afterwanl. Father Wil-
son WHS ujipomttMl provincial of his order, and
8U|)orior of ihc convent and colU'jje. In- 1809 he
e»tttblishe<i a novitiate, in which ho trained a larjje
nunilH>r of priests for the Kentucky mission. lie
continuinl at the head of these institutions until
the close of his life.
WIIiSON. Thomas, author, b, in Philadelphia,
Pa., nlxiut 17«W; d. then; atxait 1H2H, lie IcHrned
the printer's traile, wrote extensively for the press,
remove*! in IHll to HultimoriN Md., and there con-
ducttnl a newspap*>r, returning in IHIO to Phila-
delphia. He was the author of "The Biography
of the Princiiml American Military and Naval lle-
nx'« " (New V ork. 1H21); ami "The Picture of Phil-
adelnhia in 1824" (Philmlelphia, 1824).
WILSON, Thomas merchant, b. in Harford
County. Md.. 5 Feb.. 178}); d. in Baltimore. 2 Sept..
1871>. His parents were members of the Society of
Friends, and removed to Baltimore in 1798. The
son recei vetl a plain education, and at the age of sev-
enteen was apprenticed to Thorndick Chase, a mer-
chant of Baltimore.trading with the West Indies and
the Spanish Main. He was advanced by Mr. Chase
to the post of chief clerk before he was nineteen,
and u|xm attaining his majority became a partner
in the firm of Brown and W ilson. He sjx'ut much
of his time from 1811 till 1816 at La Guayra, Vene-
zuela, as resident partner of his firm ; but during
the war of 1812 he returned to I^ltimore and or-
ganized a line of small vessels to run from Boston
to Folly Ijanding, Va., whence their cargoes were
transfmrteil overland to Onancock, and thence by
boats to Baltimore. While engaged in these ven-
tures he narrowly escai)ed capture by the British
on several (x-casions. In 18.j7 he retired from
mercantile business, and confined his operations to
dealing in stx-urities. He was identified with many
of the manufacturing interests of Maryland and
Pennsylvania, was a memljcr of the Maryland colo-
nization society, and for many years president of
the Baltimore manual lalxir school, in which char-
ity he tfx)k great interest. During the civil war
of 1801-'.') he was a firm supp<irter of the National
cause. By his will he devoted $(525,000 to various
charities, endowing the Thomas Wilson sanita-
rium for children — an institution designed to take
care of sick children during the summer months —
with $500,000; and a fuel-saving society — to aid
deserving poor people to purchase their fuel cheap-
ly, and sewing-women to obtain sewing-machines
at low cost— with $100,000.
WILSON, Thomas, jurist, b. in County Tyrone.
In-land. 16 May. 1827. He was bniught to the
I'nitetl States in IKjy. was graduate<l at Allegheny
college in 1852. studied law, was admitted to the
bar in Meadville. Pa., in 1855. and settled in
Winona. Minn. He was a memlK>r of the Con-
stitutional convention of Minnesota in 1857, was
electe<l a district judge, and took his seat on the
iM'nch in 1858, on the organization of the state
government. In the spring of 18(M he was ap-
pointed a judge of the supn>me court, and in the
autumn of the same year he was electcil chief
justice for the term of seven years. In 1869 he
resigned, and . has since follower! the practice
of his profession. He was electe<l to the state
house of representatives in 1880, and in 1882. after
declining a nomination for congress, was elected
to the state senate, and sorve<l till 18K5. In the
latter year he was the Democratic candidate for a
seat in the United .States senate, and in 1886 he
was elected to the National house of representa-
tives, taking his wat on 6 Deo., 1887.
WILSON, Thomas Bellerby, physician, b. in
PhiliMlelphia, Pa.. 17 Jan.. 1807; d. in Newark.
Del., 15 March, \>Mi.'i. He was educated at the
Friends' s<;h<Mi| in Philadelphia, and then studied
nunlicine, which he practised in his native city
with c«)nsiderable success. Subsequently he de-
voted himself to natural history, and j^aid sfH-cial
attention to birds, of which he ma<le a remarkable
collection. In 18212 he was elected to the Aca<lemy
of natural scriences of Phila<leliihia. and at once
t<K)k an active part in its procceAiiigs. Its library
was largely created through his lil»erality. and his
collection of birds, which then rank'e<l as the third
in the world, was |>resented by him to the a<.-ademy,
of which he was i)resident in 18(W-'4.
WILSON, William, physician, b. in Scotland
in 1755; d. in Clermont, Columbia co., N. Y., in
DecemU'r, 1828. He was the brother of Sir Alex-
ander Wilson, ba(t., of Bath, England. He was
ethurated at the University of Glasgow, where he
received the degrees of A. B. and M. D., and came
to the United States in 1784, bringing letters of in-
troduction *to Chancellor Robert R. Livingston
and other citizens. The chancellor, feeling the
need of a skilled medical man in his |>art of the
country, induce<l Dr. Wilson to take up his resi-
dence at Clermont, N. Y., where he remained until
his death. When Mr. Livingston went to Euro|)e
in 1800 as minister to France he left his extensive
estates in the care of Dr. Wilson, and afterward aji-
pointe<l him one of his executors. On the organi-
zation of the County medical society, he was made
its president, and subsequently held the same post
in the Medical association of the state of New
York. In 1804 Dr. Wilson was named first judge
of Columbia county, being the second incumbent
of that office, the duties of which he continued to
discharge until he was disqualified by age. The
latter part of his life was spent in agricultural pur-
suits, and he was mainly instrumental in organiz-
ing the Farmers' club of Dutchess and Columbia
counties, N. Y., which is believed to have l)een the
first purely agricultural a.ssociation in the state. —
His son. Stephen Bayard, naval officer, b. in Cler-
mont, Columbia co., N. Y.. 18 Aug.. 1796; d. in
Hudson. N. Y,. 15 March. 186;i. entered the navy as
a midshipman, 1 Jan., 1812, and serveil at Norfolk
for a short time, and then on the lakes during the
war until 1816. In 1817 he was attached to the
ship "Independence" at Boston. He cruised on
the Mediterranean station in the frigate "Guer-
riere " and the ship "Washington" in 1818-'21,
was stationed at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., in 1822,
and served in the Mustjuito fleet in 182a-'7 for the
suppression of piracy in the West Indies. He was
commissioned a lieutenant. 18 Jan., 1825. serve<l at
the naval rendezvous at Baltimore in 1827-'30,
cruise<l in the frigate " Potomac," of the Pacific
souadron, in 1831-'4. in the " John Adams" on the
Mediterranean station in 1835-'7, in the ship " Mace-
donian," in the West Indies in 1838-'40. He was
promoted to commander, 8 .Sept., 1841, and had
the frigate " Columbus," of the Brazil station, in
1843-'4. He serve<l at the Boston navy-yard in
1845-'7. commands! the sloop "John Adams," in
1847-'8. during the latter |»art of the Mexican war,
and after the war continue<l cruising for s»ime time
on the Gulf coast of Mexico. He |>artici|)ate«l in
the expedition that captured Tus|>an. He served
at the New York navy-yar«l in command of the
receiving-ship in 18.50-'!. On 14 .Sept.. IK'io. he
was promoted to captain, and commandetl the
frigate "Columbia" on the home station for a
few months after his promotion. His health
failed, and he was on waiting orders until he was
fid8
WILSON
WIMAN
retired by operation of law, 21 Dec., 1861, because
of his ape. He saw no service during the civil war,
on account <>f his feeble health.
WILSON, William Dexter, cUTjfvnmn. b. in
Stoddard, N. Fl.. 2H Feb., 181(5. He was f,'ra<luaU'd
at VV'ttliH)le aoa<K'iny. where he iKH-nine teacher of
mathematics, enteri'd the Harvard divinity-schotd
in ISJW. and was graduated in 1838. liecoining
dissatisfied with Lriitarianism, he took orders in
the Pmtestant Episcopal church, was ordained
deacon in St. Anne's church, Lowell, Mass., 7
April, 1842, by Bishop (Jriswold, and jmest in
Trinity church', Rutland, Vt., 21 .Sent., 1847, by
Bishop Hopkins. He wjis.ininister of Christ church,
.Sherburne, N. Y.. from 1843 till 1850, when he was
elected professor of moral and intellectual philoso-
phy in Geneva (now Hobart) college. On the
opening of t'ornell university in 1H08. he became
professor of philosophy in that institution, which
post he held until 1886, when he was retired as
emeritus professor. He now resides in Syra<!use,
N. Y., and is dcjicon of St. Andrew's divinity-school
in that city. He n'ceived the degree oT I). D. from
Geneva college in 1849. that of LL. I), from Bed-
ford university. Tenn.. in 1868, and that of L. H. I),
from thu regents of the University of the state of
New York in 1872. Dr. Wilson has l)oen active in
the affairs of the church in various ways, and has
contributed to reviews and magazines during forty
years. His chief publications are "The Church
Identified '* (Ttica, 1848) ; " Elementary Treatise on
Logic" (New York, 1856); " Psychology, Compara-
tive and Human" (1871) ; "Text-Book of Logic"
(1872) ; " Introduction to the Study of the History of
i*hilosophy " (1872) ; " Live (Questions in Psychology
and Metaphysics" (1877) ; and "The Foundations
of Kelitrious"Beliff." Pmldock lectures (1883).
WILSON, William Lviie, congressman, b. in
Jefferson county, Va., 3 May, 184^3. He was grad-
uated at Columbian college in 1860, afterward
studied in the University of Virginia, served in
the Confederate army, wjis professor of Ijatin in
C<>lumi)ian college from 1865 till 1871. studying
law at the same time, and on being admitted to
the bar in the latter year engaged in practice at
Charlestown, W. Va. He was a delegate to the
Denjocratic national convention and a presidential
elector in 1880. In 1882 he l)ecame president of
West Virginia university, but he resigned in oriler
to take his seat in congress on 1 Dec, 1883. lie
was re-elected for the three following terms, and
served on the ways and means committee that pre-
pare<l the Mills tariff bill, taking an active part in
the deliatcs on that measure in 1888. He was a
regent of the Smithsonian institution in 1883-'7,
and received the degree of LL. D. from Columbian
university in 1883.
WILSON, Wood row, educator, b. in Staunton,
Va., 28 Dec. 1856. He is a son of the Rev. Joseph
R. Wilson, I). D., an<l nephew of the Rev. James
Wood row, D. D., of Columbia, S. C. He was grad-
uated at Princeton in 1879, studied law at the
University of Virginia, and practised at AtlantJi,
Ga., in 1883-'3. Preferring to devote himself to
.sfwcial studies, he abandoned the legal profession
and took a post-grwluate course in history and
IK)litics at Johns Hopkins university in 1883-^'5, re-
ceiving the degree of Ph. I), from that institution
in 188<J, and that of LL. D. from Wake Forest col-
lege, N. C, in 1887. He was associate in history
at Bryn Mawr college. Pa., in 1885-'6, and asso-
ciate professor of history and political science in
the s<yne college in 1886^'8. In the latter year he
was elected to the chair of history and politi-
cal economy in Wesleyan university! Prof. Wil-
son has published " Congressional Government :
a Study in American Politics " (Boston, 1885).
This work has attracted attention in England,
Belgium, and Germany. In England it has been
accepted as an authority on American institutions.
It has also been ef)itomized by Prof. Emile de
Laveleye in the " Revue des Deux-Mondes." He
has contributed to a collection of essays by Ameri-
can economists, entitled " The National Revenues "
(Chicago, 1888), and articles on political and ad-
ministrative subjects to periodicals.
WILSTACH, John Augustine (wil'-stack), au-
thor, b. in Washington, I). C, 14 July, 1824. He
was educated in a military and academical in-
stitute that was taught by Ormsby M. Mitchel,
and in Cincinnati college, studied law, and began
practice in 1850. From 1852 till 1862 he was a
master in chancery. In 1867 he was sent to the
Paris universal exposition as commissioner for
Indiana, and from that year till 1872 he was com-
missioner of immigration for the same state. He
has devoted his attention to philological studies,
and has made the only complete translation of the
works of Virgil into English verse, with various
readings and notes (Boston, 1884). He also pub-
lished a review of the literature relating to Virgil
imder the title of " The Virgilians " (1884). More
recently he has prepared a poetical translation of
the "Divine Comedy "of Dante Alighieri, with
notes and illustrations (1888), and a volume of criti-
cism entitled " Dante, the Danteans, and Things
Dantean " (1889). Mr. Wilstach has invented a
new character (tu) to represent the Greek diph-
thong eu, which was first used in typography in
his translation of the " Divina Comraedui." He has
almost completed a free translation of the entire
Bil)le from the original languages. — His son, Jo-
seph Walter, author, b. in Lafayette, Ind., 28
June, 1857, was educated at St. John's college,
Fordham, N. Y., studied law, and established him-
self in practice at Lafayette, Ind. He has made a
translation of some of the •' Odes " of Horac-e
(printed privately. New York, 1883), and, besides
review articles, has published a " Biography of
Count Charles d'Alembert " (1885).
WIMAN, Erastns, capitalist, b. in Churchville,
Peel CO., Ont., 21 April, 1834. He received a scanty
education in a country school, removed to Toronto,
and, after working four years as a printer, became
a reporter on the Toronto " Globe,' and in 1854-'7
was commercial editor of that paper. He edited
the Montreal " Trade Review " in 1864-'5. In 1856
he entered the service of R. G. Dun and Co.'s mer-
cantile agency, and in 1867 became a partner in its
New York house, and subsequently its principal
manager. He became president of the Great
Northwestern telegraph company of Canada in
1881, is a director of the Western Union telegraph
company, and president of the Staten Island Rapid
Transit railway company in 1884, and succeeded in
carrying through congress the authorization of the
Arthur Kill bridge between New Jersey and Staten
island, which makes ten miles of water front in
New York harbor accessible to trunk railroads.
Mr. Wiman was mainly instrumental in establish-
ing the Canadian dub of New York in 1885, and
was its first president. Through Ms influence
chiefly the project of the commercial union of
Canada with the United States assumed public im-
portance in the former country, and was finally
adopted in the winter of 1888 as the main clause
in the platform of the Canadian Liberals, under
its changeil name of unrestricted reciprocity. He
was instrumental in securing in 1886 the aboli-
tion of imprisonment for debt in New York state.
WIMMER
WINCH EIJi
600
WIMMER, Boalface. R. (\ nrplatp, b. in Thal-
roasBinfC. Bavaria, 0 Jan., IHOU ; a. in Wci^tmoreland
county. Pa.. 8 DtK!.," 1H87. He nH-oivotl a claKxical
education, took an acwlemic coursi> at Ratisl^n,
ami entered the Munich university with the in-
tention of studvin^ law, but. chan};in^ his mind,
pursueil a theofopical course in the liati-slion sem-
inary. On 31 July. 18J{1, he wa.s onlained priest;
and in the following; year he wa.s adniittinJ to the
lienetiictine ujona-slery in Metten. liavaria, chanj;-
inf; his liaptisnial name Sebastian to Boniface.
During; 18;J3-'0 ho lal)oretl as professor and priest
in hi^lenstetler. Aujfsburj;. in 1840 Ix'caine profes-
sor in the Louis j;vmnasiuni, Munich, and in 184U
arrive*! in the United States with four theological
students and fifteen artisans, for the purpose of
establishing an ablH?y for the education of German
youth for the Roman Catholic priesthood. Heset-
tle«l near IJeattv, Westmoreland co.. Pa., and on 28
Sept., 1848. laid the foundation of the present St.
Vincent's abbey. Two years afterward he founded
St. Mary'^ priory in Elk county. Pa. Po|)e Pius
IX. raise<l his original settlement to the dignity
first of a monastery, then of an abbey, and ap-
pointed him su|)erior of St. Vincent's, 21 May, 1852,
abb«)t ad Iri'nuttum, 17 Sept., 185o, and abbot for
life and president of the American congregation.
27 .July. 1806. When the parent abbey was fully
estAblishe<l and provided with a variety of manu-
facturing industries for its supjwrt. he set a))out
founding branches in the south, and organized col-
onies in Ijouisiana, North Carolina. Alabama, and
Oi«oreia in 1876-'7,and in southern Illinois in 1881.
On 2J) Dec.. 1883. he celebrated the fiftieth anni-
versary of his Beneilictine profession amid cere-
monies in which members of the order from all
parts of the world participated, and on that occa-
sion Pope Leo XIII. elevated him to the dignity of
arch-ablmt. He was a man of attractive manner,
fine business ability, and large scholarship.
WIMPFFEN -liERNEBrRiJ, Alexander
Stanislaus, explorer, b. in I)eux-Ponts in 1748;
d. in Paris in 1811). He was a younger brother
of the two French generals. Franyois Ix)uis and
Felix. receive<i his education in his native city,
entere<i the French army, and served in this coun-
try as a captain under Count Rochamlteau in
1781 -'2. He was afterward employetl in the West
Indies, but resigned in 1788. and visited the West
Indies and Mexico. In 1804 he secured an em-
ployment in the military household of NajKiletin I.,
which he retained till 1814, when he n^tired to
Srivate life. He wrote " Voyage i^ S<iint Domingue
ans les annees 1788, 1781». and 1790" (2 vols..
Paris. 1797), which was translate<l into German a.**
" Iteisen nwh St. Domingo" (Erfurt, 1798), and
into English (Ixindon, 1797): "Voyage dans lea
Antilles Franvaises et Espagnoles" (Paris. 1799);
" Impressions de voyage et essai sur le royaume de
la Nouvelle KsjMigne'* (1802); and "Histoire na-
turelle du Cacao et du Sucre" (1805),
WINANS, R0H8, inventor, b, in Vernon, N. J.,
in OctoU'r, 171HJ; d. in lialtimore, Md.. 11 April,
1877. He l)egan life as a farmer, and exhibited at
an early age great inventive genius. One of his
first devices was a iilough. Afterwanl he invente<l
the friction- wheel for cars, and the outside In'aring
on axles, now almost indis[H>nsable to the us(> of
railways. He was also the inventor of the eight-
wheeled car system. He was sent to Englantl by
the lialtimore and Ohio railroad com|)any to study
the English systems, and spent a year in making
observations that prove<l of great value to the com-
pany. He built the first successful locomotive used
on this railroad, and also invente«l the camel-back
locomotive. He (established in lialtimore the largest
railway machine-shops in the countr}', and his sons
were associattnl in their management. Mr. Winans
was solicite<l by the Russian government, thrrmgh
the agency of (teorge W. Whistler, to go to Ru.-^sia
and build rolling-stock for the railroad U-tween
Moscow and St. IVtersburg. but de«-lined to go him-
self, and sent his two sons. During the <ivil war
ho t(Mik an a<-tive part in i>oIitic.s, and was chosen
to represent Raltimoro in tne extra session of the
Maryland legislature in 1861 ; but he was arrested
an<l impri.soned in Fort McIIenry. He made nu-
merous compilations of gleanings from the works
of eminent writers, upon philosophical subji^cts,
and was himself the author of various pamphlets
on religious subjects, and of "One Religion. Many
Creeds" (Baltimore, 1870). — His son. TliomaH De
Kajr, engineer, b. in Vernon, N. J., 6 Dtt-., 1820;
d. in NowfK»rt, R. I.. 11 June, 1878, showed when a
child great fondness for mechanical toys, which
taste his father encouraged, and apprenticed him
in his youth to a machinist. On reaching his ma-
jority, he lx?came associated in business with his
father, and, with his brother William Ix'wis. was
sent to Rus.Ma to arrange the contracts for furnish-
ing and managing the equipment of the railroad
between Moscow anil St. Petersburg. In 184^1. with
Andrew M. Eastwick and Joseph Harrison, they
concludetl a contract with the Russian government
for $3,000,000. and sul)sequently they heUl other
contracts, from which the profits wen* very large.
With his father and brother he invente«l a system
of steam navigation commonly called the "cigar-
ship," and for many years conducted elal)orate. ex-
1>ensive, and successful exiH-riments. {)rincipally in
European waters. After nis return to the United
States, he devoted his attention to the study of new
inventions of the most diverse kinds. He devisetl a
great improvement in the construction of organs, in-
vented a tubular adiustment by which young trout
could be more rea«lily fed. and built a chimney 100
feet high to ventilate his resi<lence in Baltimore.
WINANS, William, clergyman, b. in Pennsyl-
vania. 3 Nov.. 1788; d. in Amite county. Miss., 81
Aug.. 1857. He entered the Western conference of
the Metho<list Episcopal chun-h in 1808. went to
Mississippi as a missionary in 1812. was a pioneer
of his church in that state and Louisiana, and took
a conspicuous i>art in the organization of the
Methodist Episcopal church, south. He exerted a
wide influence in his denomination, and took part
in the discussion of ]M>litical ciuestions. He pul)-
lished " Discourse^} on Fundanu'iilal Religious
Subjects." e<lited by the Rev. Thomas O. Summers,
I). D. (Nashville).
WINCHELU James Manning, clergyman, b.
in North East. Dutchess co.. N. V., 8 Sept., 1791 :
d. in lioston, Mass., 22 Feb., 1820. He entered
Union college in 1808. but. deciding to lK«c<ime a
minister, preferred to finish at a Baptist institu-
tion, and was graduate<l at Brown in 1H12. Mr.
Winchell was licensed by the Baptist church in
North East on 4 tkt.. lSl2. and atvepte«l an in-
vitation to supply the pulpit in Bristol. R. I., for
a year. He wa.s then called to the 1st Baptist
church in Boston, and was publicly reiiignizcil in
that place on 14 March. 1814. Here he remained
until his death, and won a high reputation for elo-
quence. an<l suavity and grace of numner. Mr.
W inchell was one of the e«lit<»rs of the " American
lUiptist Magazine." and publishwl "Jubil»H> Ser-
mons: Two Discourses, exhibiting an Historical
Sketch of the First Baptist Church in Ikiston from
1665 to 1818 " (Ik)ston. 1819). and " Watts's Psalms
and Hymns, with a Supplement" (1820). The lat-
560
WINCHELL
WINCHESTER
ter. known as *' Winchell's Watts." was long used
by the Baptist churches in this country.— His
m'phfw, Alexander, geologist, b. in North East.
Dutc'lu'ss CO., N. Y., ;}1 Dec, 1824, was graduated
at VVeslevan in 1847, and 8i)ent the following year
in teaching natural science in Pennington semi-
nary, N. J. In 1848 he lx?canie teacher of natural
science in the Ainenia (N. Y.) setninarv, but in 1850
he removed to Alalmnia, and had charge succes-
sively of several institutions. He was called to the
chair of physics and civil engineering in the Uni-
versity of Michigan in 1854, and a year later was
transferre<l to the chair of geology, zoology, and
Iwtany, which he then held until 1873. In 18«6-'9
he filled a similar professorship in the University
of Kentucky. Meanwhile he made a survey of a
railroad froni Ann ArlM)r to Manchester, and was
appointed in 1859 director of the geological survey
of Michigan. The l>egiiming of the civil war prac-
tically brought the survey to a close, although rrof.
Winc'hell made pala'ontological researches in the
material that it had accumulated, and in his pub-
lications established seven new genera and 304 new
sjjecies, most of which were fossil. In 18G9 the
geological survey resumed its work, and he was
designiiti'd as its director, but he resigned in 1871.
He accepted the chancellorship of Syracuse uni-
versity in 1873, but at the end of the year retired
from this ofTlce to become professor of geology,
z<H")logy. and b<itany. In 1875 he was invited to
fill a similar chair in Vanderbilt university, and
thereafter until 1878 continued to divide his time
between the two institutions. As he had eon-
triliuted by editorial re(piest certain articles to the
"Northern Christian Advocate," in which he de-
fended a belief in the existence of a preadamite
race, and as he was understotKl to hold the doctrine
of evolution, his resignation from the professorship
at Vanderl)ilt was asked by Bishop Holland N.
McTyeire, president of the board of trustees of
that university. Prof. Winchell refused, and his
lectureship was declared abolished by the college
HUthorities. In 1879 he was recalled to the chair
of geology and pala»ontology in the University of
Michigan, which he still retains. He was actively
connected in 1886-'7 with the geological survey of
Minnesota. The degree of LL. I), was conferred
on him by Wesleyan in 18(57, and his name has
iK'en assigned to fourteen new species. Prof. Win-
chell has lecture<l extensively on geology, and con-
tribut*"*! to numerous periodicals. By fiis investi-
gations lie has established the Marsliall group in
American geology. His bibliography includes
aliout 200 titles. In ad<lition to his "reports on
feology, he has published "Genealogy of the
'amily of Winchell in America" (Ann Arbor,
1869); "Sketches of Creation" (New York, 1870);
"A Geological C'hart" (1870); "Michigan," being
condense<l popular sketches of the topography,
climate, and geology of the state (1873); "The
Doctrine of Evolution " (1874) ; " Reconciliation of
Science and Religion " (1877) ; " Preadamites, or a
Demonstration of Existence of Men l)efore Adam "
(Chicago, 1880); "Sparks from a Geologist's Ham-
mer" (1881); "World Life, or Comparative Geol-
ogy" (188;3); "Geological Excursions, or the Rudi-
ments of Geology for Young Ijeamers" (1884);
" Geological Studies, or Elements of Geology "
(1886); and "Walks and Talks in the Geologi-
cal Field" (1888).— Alexander's brother, Newton
Horace, geologist, b. in North East, Dutchess co.,
N. Y., 17 Dec.. 18^39, was graduated at the Uni-
versity of Michigan in 1866. In 18<)0 he had been
assistant on the geological survey of Michigan, for
which he re|X)rted a complete " Catalogue of the
Plants of the State of Michigan." In 1866 he be-
came superintendent of public schools in Adrian,
Mich., but resigned in July. 1869, to accept the
oflice of assistant state geologist of Michigan. A
year later he joined the geological survey of Ohio,
where he remained until 1872, when he became
state geologist of Minnesota, in connection with
which he is also professor of mineralogy and geol-
ogy in the University of Minnesota. Prof. Win-
chell is president of the Minnesota academy of
natural sciences. In 1887 he was appointed a mem-
Ijer of the U. S. assay commission, and he is man-
aging editor of "The American Geologist," issued
at Minneapolis. His bibliography includes nearly
fifty titles, and comprises " Annual Reports on the
Geology and Natural History Survey of Minnesota "
(15 vols., Minneapolis, 1872-'88), and "Geology of
Minnesota" (2 vols., 1884-'8).
WINCHESTER, Elhanan, clergyman, b. in
Brookline, Mass., 30 Sept., 1751 : d. in Hartford,
Conn., 18 April, 1797. He began to preach about
1769, and in 1771 was ordained pastor of an open-
communion church at Rehoboth, Mass. About a
year later, adopting the views of the close-com-
miinionists, he was excommunicated by his church,
and after residing in Charleston, S. C, in 1774-'80,
he became pastor of the 1st Baptist church in
Philadelphia. In 1781, with the majority of his
congregation, he founded a Universalist church
there. In 1787-'94 he preached successfully in
England. Among his numerous publications are
" New Book of Poems on Several Occasions " (Bos-
ton, 1773); "Hymns" (1776); "The Universal
Restoration, Exhibited in Four Dialogues " (Lon-
don, 1788; 4th ed., with notes by William Vidler,
1799) ; " Course of Lectures on the Prophecies that
Remain to be Fulfilled" (4 vols., 1789; American
ed., 2 vols., 1800) ; " Oration on the Discovery of
America," delivered in London (1792) ; " The Three
Woe Trumpets "(1793); "The Progress and Em-
pire of Christ," a poem (1793) ; and " Plain Politi-
cal Catechism for Schools" (1795). A sketch of his
life and review of his writings was issued after his
death by William Vidler (1797), and his life was
also written by Edwin M. Stone (Boston, 1836).
WINCHESTER, James, soldier, b. in While
Level (now Westminster), Md., 6 Feb., 1752; d.
near Gallatin, Tenn., 27 July, 1826. He served in
the Revolution, being commissioned lieutenant in
the 3d Maryland regiment, 27 May, 1778, was cap-
tured by the British, and exchanged, 22 Dec^
1780. He then settled in Sumner county, Tenn.,
where he married and resided on a large estate.
On 27 March, 1812, he was appointed a brigadier-
general in the regular army, and on 18 Sept. he
relieved Gen. William Henry Harrison of his com-
mand at Fort Wayne, much to the dissatisfaction
of the soldiers, some of whom refused at first to
serve under the new commander. On 24 Sept.,
Harrison was given command of the Northwestern
army, including the force under Winchester. The
latter had already set out, on 22 Sept., for Maumee
rapids with 2,000 men. He was opposed by about
1.200 British and Indians under Maj. Muir; but
Muir, alarmed by exaggerated reports of Win-
chester's strength, fled without offering battle.
Winchester was afterward joined at Fort Defiance
by Harrison, who, having quelled a mutiny among
tlie troops, left him there in command of the left
wing of the armjr, with which he intended to move
on Detroit. Winchester now moved on Maumee
rapids as he had been ordered, and though Har-
rison soon afterward recommended the abandon-
ment of the movement, in view of reports that
Tecumseh was in position to cut oflE his supplies.
WINTH ESTER
WINDER
661
the march was eontinupd, and the rapids were
occtipicd and fortitii>d <»n 10 Jan., 1HI:J. On 17
Jan. tie sent f()rwartl a detachment of alKiut 700
men, who drove a partv of British and .In<lians
from F'renditown (now "^lonroe. Mich.), fin Kaisin
river, with a loss of only 12 kille<l and 5/) wounded.
On the 20th Winchester followed with HOO men, and
encanified outside the town. Col. Henry Proctor,
who was then at Fort Maiden, cijfhtecn miles dis-
tant, now approached secretly with 1,500 British
and Indians ; but, though the American commander
was informed of their aiivance, he refused to believe
it His camp was surprised on the evening of the
22d, and after a bloody conflict he surremlered his
force, including those in the town who had re-
pelled the enemy and seemed likely to hold their
position. Proctor agreed to make provision for the
protection of the prisoners against savage bar-
oarity; but this was not done, and the surrender
was followe<l bv a mas.sacre of the sick and wojinde<l
who hml been left in the town. This outrage was
keenly felt in Kentucky, where most of the vic-
tims reside<l. and excited great indignation through-
out the United States. The battle-cry of the Ken-
tucky soldiers during the remainder of the war
was •• Remember the River liaisin !" The Ameri-
can loss was 934 men out of an armv of about
1,000, while that of the British was 180. Those
British writers that make any mention of the mas-
sacre at Frenchtown try to shield Proctor by
afHrming that he neither accepted the surrender
on any conditions, nor agreed to protect the
wounded ; but their statements are controverted
by the testimony of many witnesses, and by the
report of Gen. VV'inchester, which was written at
Maiden on the day after the battle. Gen. Win-
chester was taken as a prisoner to Quebec, and con-
fined at Beauport, near that city, till his exchange
in 1814. On 21 March, 1815, he resigned his com-
mission in the army, and he afterward resided on
his Tennessee estate.
WINCH ESTER, OH rer Fisher, manufacturer,
b. in lk)ston. Mass., 30 Nov., 1810; d. in New Ha-
ven, Conn., 10 Dec., 1880. After receiving a lim-
ite<l education, he was apprenticed to a carpenter,
and in 18:^0 became a master-builder in Baltimore,
Md., but left his trade in 1833, entered business in
that city, and in the following year established the
first men's furnish ing-store m" Maryland. About
1848 he removed to New Haven. Conn., and l>egan
the manufacture of shirts, which he was probably
the earliest to undertake in this country. The
business, in which he was associated with ilohn M.
Davies, grew to be one of the largest in the United
States. About 1856 he becante intereste<l in fire-
arms, and in 1857 he was a large stockholder in
the Volcanic arms company, which had just been
formed to manufacture the repeating rifie of lien-
jamin T. Henry, one of the earliest magazine arms
m this country. The com|)any was unsuccessful,
and in 1800 Mr. Winchester l>ought it out and or-
ganized the New Haven arms company, of which
he became president. In 18(J5 the company was
reorganize<l as the Winchester repeating arms' com-
pany, and, selling his interest in the shirt-factory,
Mr. Winchester gave the former his entire atten-
tion. The Henry rifle was improved more and
more, until its name was changed to the Winches-
ter repeating arm, and in 1872 the company also
becmn to make metallic cartridges, of which its
plant can prmluce half a million a day. The build-
mgs of the company in New Haven cover an area
of four acres. They furnished many rifles for the
Freneh government during the war with Germany,
and for Turkey in the Russo-Turkish war. Mr.
VOL. VI. — 36
Winchester wa.s a Republican presidential elector
in 18(W, ami in 1800 was chosen lieutenant-governor
of Connecticut. He tmik a deep interest m relig-
i(»us and educational affairs, which he aide<I liber-
ally. Besides large donations to the scientific and
theological departments of Yale, he gave to the
university pro|>erty whose value at the time was
al)out $100,000, and will increase to many times
that amount, for the foundation of the '\ale ob-
servatory. Though this was called at first the
Winchester observatory. Gov. Winchester specially
reouested that his name should not In? used in the
title. One of the chief features of the ol)servatory
is its heliometer, which is the only one in the coun-
try, and at the time of its purchase was the largest
in the world. The institution is also known for
its horological and thermometric bureaus, by which
many hundre<ls of watches and thermometers are
examined yearly, and their peculiarities certified.
Gov. Winchester was also much intereste<l in hor-
ticulture, and his residence and grounds in New
Haven were among the finest in the citv.
WINCHESTER, Samuel (iover, dergvman,
b. in Rock Run, Harford co., Md.. 17 Feb., 1805;
d. in New York city, 31 Aug., 1841. He attended
school at Bel Air and Baltimore, Md.. and U-gan
the study of law in the University of Maryland in
1825, but abandoned it for theology, studied in
Princeton seminary, and in 1830-'7 wj^ pa.stor of a
Presbyterian church in Philadelphia. From the
latter year till his death .he had charge of a con-
gregation in Natchez, Miss. Besides frequently
contributing to current religious literature, he pul>-
lished "Companion for the Sick" (IKW); "Cnris-
tian Counsel to the Sick" (1836); " Familv Re-
ligion" (1841); and "The Theatre" (1841).
WINDER, Levin, governor of Marvland. b. in
1756; d. in Baltimore, Md., 7 July. 181*5). He was
appointed major of the 4th Maryland regiment,
and before the close of the Revolutionarv war
attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Subse-
quently he became a brigadier-general of the Mary-
land militia He also was speaker of the house of
delegates, and in 1816 was a member of the state
senate.
WINDER, WiUiam Henry, soldier, b. in Som-
erset couiitv, Md.. 18 Feb., 1775; d. in Baltimore,
Md., 24 May, 1824. He was educatetl at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, studied law. and settled in
Baltimore, where he continued from 1798 until the
war with Great Britain. In March, 1812. he was
appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 14th U. S.
infantry, and on 6 July was given command of
that regiment. He had charere of a successful ex-
pedition sent from Black Rock to the Canada
shore below Fort Erie on 28 Nov., 1812, and was
made brigadier-general on 12 March. 1813. At
the battle of Stony Creek, 1 June, 1813, his com-
mand repelled the British attack, but he was cap-
tured. In May, 1814. he was appointed adiutant-
and inspector-general, and commanded at tne bat-
tle of Bladensburg. He was unable to prevent the
occupation of Washington, and on the reduction
of the army in June, 1815, he was retire«l. He re-
turned to his profession and served in the Mary-
land senate. — His son, John Henry, soldier, b. in
Maryland in 1800; d. in Branchville, S. C. 9 Feb.,
1865. was graduated at the U. S. militarj' academy
in 1820, and after various services became captain
in the 1st artillery on 7 Oct., 1842. He took part
in the war with Mexico, and was at the battles of
Contreras and Churubusco. the storming of Chapul-
tepec, and the capture of Mexico, gaining for his
gallantry the brevets of major and lieutenant-
colonel. On 22 Nov., 1860. he was promoted major.
562
WINDOM
iCUA\J
ivWA^^
but he resipncHl on 27 April, 1861. and entered the
('oiifederate service. He was made brigadier-gen-
eral and given coniinimd of Richmond, where he
had charge of Lil)by prison and liellc Isle. Sub-
stMluenllv he was sent to comnmnd the prison-pen
at Andfi-sonvillc. (Ja., where his cruelties to the
prisoners iimdt' his mime a reproach.
WIMMhM, Wllliuni, cabinet officer, b. in Bel-
Mumt county, (Uiio. 10 May. 1827; di.-d in New
York.29Jan.. IH'.M. lie studied law at Moniit Ver-
non. Ohio, and WHS ndmilted to the bar in IH-m
In 1852 he U'camc prosecuting attorney for Knox
county, but in
1855 he removed
to Minnesota, and
soon afterward he
was chosen to con-
gress from that
state as a ltepul>
lican, serving from
1859 till 186!).
In that l)ody he
served two terms
as chairman of
the committee on
Indian affairs and
also was at the
head of the spe-
cial committee to
visit the western
tril)es in 18G5, and
of that on the
conduct of the
commissioner of Indian affairs in 18(57. In 1870
he was appointed to the U. S. senate to till the
unexpired term of Daniel S. Norton, tleceased,
and ho was subsequently chosen for the term that
ended in 1877. He was re-elected for the one that
«'losed in 1888, atul resigned in 1881 to enter the
cabinet of President (iarfieid as secretary of the
treasury, but retired on the accession of President
Arthur in the same year, and was elected by the
Minnesota legishiture to serve the remainder of
his term in the senate. lie wns secretary of the
treasury under Harrison, and died suddenly at Del-
monico's, after concluding an important speech.
WINDS, William, soldier, b. in Southhold,
liong Ishind, N. Y., in 1727; d. in Itockaway, Mor-
ris co., N. .!., 12 Oct., 1789. While yet a young
man \w. fixed his residence in New Jersey, pur-
chasing a large tract of land in Morris county,
where, by .-eastm of his wealth and natural abili-
ties, he iH'came a leader of the peo[)le. Hundreds
of traditious an» still repeated in relation to him,
many of which are doubtless true, and all of which
represent him as a man of great courage, as well
as of rare physical and mental powers. He first
lMx;ame prominent at the age of thirty when he
8(!rvefl as a captain in the brigade that was raised
in New Jersey, in 1758, to aid in the conquest of
(/'anacla. Many stories are related of his exf)loits
in the old French war, but they are not so fully
authenticated as to give them a place in history.
In 1705 he was one of the king's justices of the
[»eace for Morris county, and it is said that in his
official transactions he boldly resisted the enforce-
ment of the stamjHact. substittiting the Iwrk of the
whit* birch for the stamj>ed pajier, no one daring
to call in ciuestion the validity of any legal instru-
ment that tie prepared on no' matter what kind of
material. In 1772 and 1775 he represented Morris
county in the general assetnbly of New Jersey, and
he was also chosen a delegate to the Provincial
congress that assembled in New Brunswick in
1770. Under the first call for troops from New
WINEBRENNER
Jersey by this congress, he was made lieutenant-
colonel of the 1st battalion, 7 Nov., 1775, Lord
Stirling being colonel. On 7 March, 1770, he was
promoted colonel of the same, and on 4 March,
1777, he was made brigadier-general of militia.
Under his first appointment he was stationed at
Perth Amlx)y, N. J., and -while there held in his
custody, as a prisoner, Gov. William Franklin, the
last of the royal governors of New Jersey. On
Ix-ing made brigadier-general, he was ordered to
the north on the exj^dition against Canada, and
was among the few that survived that campaign.
Subsequently he served in New Jersey.
WINDSrilP, Oeorge Barker, athlete, b. in
Roxbuiv, Mass., 3 Jan.. 1834; d. there, 14 Sept.,
1870. Ilis father, grandfather, and great-grand-
father were all physicians; the last-named, Dr.
Amos Windship, was surgeon on the "Alliance,"
under John Paul Jones. George entered Harvard
in 1850, and in his freshman year was induced to
pay special attention to physical training by ridi-
cule of his weakness ana small stature. He was
graduated in 1854, and at the medical department
in 1857, and while engaged in active practice kept
liimself in training and gave particular attention
to lifting, devising a harness with which, by con-
stantly increasing his load, he finally succeeded in
raising from the ground 2,600 pounds, a greater
weight than any one else had ever lifted. He gave
public lectures on "Physical Culture" illustrating
them with feats of strength, and thus attained a
wide reputation. Out of his experiments has grown
the modern system of health-lifting; but he carried
them too far.' and was attacked by a paralytic affec-
tion, which resulted in his death. Besides his lift-
ing-a[)paratus. Dr. Windship invented a system of
graduated dumb-bells.
WINEBRENNER, John, founder of a sect, b.
in Frederick county, Md., 24 March, 1797; d. in
Ilarrisburg, Pa.. 12 Sept., 1860. He was partly
educated at Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., stud-
ied theology in Philadelphia, and was ordained by
the svnod of the German Reformed church in
September, 1820, at Hagerstown, Md. The same
year he was called to the Salem church at Harris-
burg, Pa., and at the same time he ministered fo
churches in the neighborhood. lie retained his
connection with the Ilarrisburg charge till 1827,
when, owing to his religious views cm revivals,
Sunday-schools, and the early temperance and
anti-slavery movements, and to his allowing non-
ordained persons to preach in his pulpit, he became
obnoxious to his congregation, and a separation
took place. His connection with the Reformed
church ceased by the action of the svnod in Sep-
tember, 1828. In several pamphlets that he subse-
quently issued he defended his principles from the
attacks of his opponents and continued active as a
preacher. In October, 1830, he established a new
denomination that he called the " Church of God,"
whose members were at that time known as Wine-
brennerians. They hold that there are three posi-
tive ordinances of perpetual standing: baptism b^
immersion, the washing of feet, and the Lord s
supper. Baptism, however, they do not regard as
necessarily preceding church fellowship, iaith in
Christ being considered the prerequisite to admis-
sion into their communion. Washing the feet of
disciples they hold as being obligatory on all Chris-
tians, and they also approve of fasts, experience-
meetings, and camp-meetings. Mr. Winebrenner
met with remarkable success as the founder of a
new sect. The ministers of that denomination now
(1889) number about 500. and the membership prob-
ably 05,000. They have a foreign and domestic
WINES
WING
568
f
miHsionary s<x*i»'t y, a IkxjIc de|x)»itory. and a printinjy
est-ul>lishrn«>nt at ll«rrisbur>r, I'a,. whorv a wj^'kly
{Ht|K'r, the •'Church Advocate." and a Sunday-school
I»a|K'r, " The (Jem," are publi-xhiHl. Por several
years he tHlite<l the "{Ji>s|m'1 Publisher" (now the
"Church Advocate"). anrl with Isaac Daniel Rupp,
is.su<Hl "The History of all the Religious Denomina-
tions in the Unittnl .States" (Hartford, 1844). He
also published " I'ninouncing TestHn;ent and Gaz-
etteer" (Harrisburg. IKi(J): "Brief Views of the
Church of Cunl" (1H40): "A Treatise on Regen-
eration" (1844); "The Seraphina," a tnusic-b(X)k
(18,W) : " Practical and Doctrinal Sermons " (1800) ;
and pHm|>hlets and si>i»irato sermons. Ho was the
compiler and editor of the "Church Hymn-Book."
W INKS, En(»ch Cobb, philanthropist, b. in Han-
over, N. J., 17 Keb., 18(KJ; d, in Cambridpe. Mass.,
10 Dec, 1875). Ho was graduated at Middlebury in
1827, and in 1829 was commissioned teacher of
niidshi[>men in the U. S. navy. In 18iJ2 he pur-
chased FMgehill school, at Princeton, N. J. Aiter-
ward he removed to Philadelphia, where ho w^as
a professor in the City high-school, and subse-
quently he purchased a classical school at Burling-
ton, N. J. He then studied theology, and was
pastor of Congregational churches in Cornwall,
Vt.. and Etist Hampton, Long Island, N. V. In
18.W he was chosen to the chair of ancient lan-
guages in Washington college. Pa., and in 1859 to
the presidency of the City university of St. Louis,
Mo. He accepted, in 1862, the secretaryship of the
New York prison association, and from that date
until his death his talents and energy were devoted
to the study of wnology, and to the promotion of
reform in the a<uninistmtion of criminal law, and
in the conduct of penal institutions throughout the
world. In 1806, in conjunction with Dr. Theodore
W. Dwight, of Columbia law-sch<wl, he made a tour
of inspection of the prisons and reformatories of
the United States, of which they submittt>d a report,
in 1867, to the legislature of New York. In 1870,
through his personal efforts, the first National
prison congress assembled at Cincinnati, at which
was formed the National prison association, of
which Dr. Wines was unanimouslv chosen secre-
tary, which t)ost he filled until the close of his
life. Similar National congresses were organized by
him at Baltimore in 1872, at .St. Louis in 1874, anil
in New York in 1876. In 1871 the New York legis-
lature authorized the appointment of three com-
missioners, to investigate the question of the rela-
tions between prison and free lal)or. Dr. Wines
was appointed a nieml)er of this commission, and
wrote it.s re|x>rt. which was pronounce<l in iU opiK>-
sition to maintaining ccmvicts in idleness. In this
same year Dr. Wines was appointed by President
Grant, under authority of a joint resolution of con-
gress. U. S. commissioner to organize an Interna-
tional penitentiary congress at London, and he was
sent al>road for the purpose of making the necessary
dij>|i>inatic representations to foreign governments.
When the congress iLssembled, 4 July, 1872, dele-
gates were pre»i»nt from twentv-six nations. Dr.
XVines representing lx>th the Cnited States and
Mexico. At the second congress, at St«K'kholm,
in 1878, he was chosen honorary president. At
the Int«>rnational penitentiary congress which as-
sembled in It/.me in Noveml>er. 188.'j, Count di
Forests, an Italian senator, said of him: "It is to
him more than to any other individual that we
owe the initiation of the movement for the reforma-
tion of pris<mers, which is the glory of the latter
half of the IJMh century." Midtllebury gave him
the degree of D. D. in 1853 and Washingt^in that
of LL. D. in 1857. Ilia works include "Two Years
and a Half in the Navy" (2 vols., Philadelphia*
18;{2) : " A Trip Ut China" (Boston, 1882); " Hint«
on Popular Education," believed to be the first sys-
tematic treatise on this subjivt published in the
United Sutes (Philadelphia. 18:^) ; " How shall I
govern my School!" (18J18); "Commentaries on
the Ijaws of the Ancient Hebrews" (New York.
1852): "Adam and Christ" (1855); "Historical
and Farewell Discourses "( 18,59) ; "The True Peni-
tent "(Philadelphia, 1862); "Treatise on Regenera-
tion "(1863); "An Ks.say on TempUtion" (1865);
"The Prisons and Reformatories of the United
Stati's and Canada" (1867); "The Promises of
GikI " (1868); and "State of Prisons and Child-
saving Institutions" (Cambridge, 1880). — His son,
Frederick Howard, clergyman, b. in Philadel-
phia, Pa., 9 April, 1838, was graduated at Wa.sh-
mgton college, Pa., in 1857, served as tutor there,
and afterward studied at Prinf*eton theohjgical
seminary, but left l)ecause of weakness of the eyes.
He wa.s licensetl by the presbytery of St. Louis in
18(K), and in 1862 was commissioned hospital chap-
lain in the National army.' He was on duty at Spring-
field, Mo., till 18()4. and partici[tated in the battle of
Springfield. 8 Jan., 1863, being mentioned by name
in the oflicial report for bravery on the field. He
was graduated at Princeton seminary in 1865, and
called to the 1st Presbyterian church of Spring-
field, 111., where he remained four years. In 1869
he became secretary of the newly created board of
State commissioners of public charities for the state
of Illinois, which post he still holds. Mr. Wines
was active in effecting an organization of similar
boards throughout the country, under the name of
the National conference of charities and correction,
of which at Louisville, in 1883, he was the presi-
dent. In 1879 he conducted the investigations as
to the numlier and condition of the defective, de-
jR'ndent, and delinquent classes in the United
States, and his report constitutes a separate volume
of the "Tenth Census." In 1886 he established a
monthly journal entitled "The International Rec-
ord of Charities and Correction," whieh is published
in New York and London. He representwl Illinois
in the International penitentiary congress at St<x;k-
holm, in 1878. The result of his observations
there was embodied in a report to the legislature,
and he recommended the construction of the new
Hospital for the insane, at Kankakee, 111., on the
"detachetl ward" or "village" system, an event
which marks an era in the liistory of the care of
the insane in this countn*. In 1887 Mr. Wines was
electe<l secretary of the National prison association,
an«l succeeded to the post that was formerly held
by his father. His writings, a()art from reports,
have been chiefly pamphlets. Among them are
"The County Jail System, an Argument for its
Abolition." read at the New York i)rison congress
(1878); "The Kankakee Hospital 'M1882); "Pro-
vision for the Insane in the I nite<l States," an his-
torical sketch (18H5); "Conditional Lil>eration, or
the Pantling of Prisfmers." written for the Atlanta
prisf)n congress (188(5) ; and " American Prisons in
the Tenth Census" (1888).
WINil, Conway Phelps, clergyman, b. near
Marietta. Ohio, 12 Feb., 1809; d. iit Carlisle. Pa.,
7 May. 1889. He was graduated at Auburn theo-
logical seniiimry in 18:il,and was ordained and in-
stalled i>a>tor of the church at SmIus. Wayne co.,
N. Y.. by the presbytery of (Jeneva in 18:52, remain-
ing the'n> till IKKi. ilo was afterward pastor at
Ogden, N. Y.. at Monroe, Mich., where he was pas-
tor emeritus, at Huntsville. Ala., and at Carlisle,
Pa. Mr. Wing took an active part in the revivab
of 183*^'5, and in the anti-slavery agitation in
564
WINOATE
WINGFIELD
western New York, and was zealous in his opposi-
tion to slavery in Tennessee and Alabama. He
receive*! the depree of D. D. from Diclcinson col-
lege in 1857. He wjus an adherent to the new-
school branch of the Presbyterian church, but
an earnest supfnirter of the reimion in 1H09 and
1870, and was a memlter of the joint committee
of reconstruction for the church in the latter year.
He tninsliited from the (Jerman "A History of the
Christian ("hurch," bv Dr. (Minrles Ihise. vlilh Dr.
Charles K. Blumenthal (New York, 18r)(i) ; and
published " History of the Presbyteries of Doncpil
and Carlisle" (Carlisle. 187«) :"" History of the
First Presbyterian Church of Carlisle" (1877):
" History ofCumlM-rland County. Pa." (1875)); and
" liistorical and CJenealopical Hepister of the De-
scendants of .lohn Wing, of Sandwich " (New York,
ISWT) ; 2d ed.. 1888).
WINWATE, Geonre Wood, lawyer, b. in New
York city, 1 July, 1840. He was educated in New
York, and at the ape of thirteen entered a law-
ofTice, where he continued until his admission to the
bar in 18(51. Durinj: the civil war he served with the
22d New York National guards, which he entered
as a private, and was promoted until he became
captain. His experience in the field impressed him
with the necessity of greater training in marks-
manshi[>. and he s|)fcially instructed his company
in that subject. .Vftcr the war he wrote frerpiently
on riile-[ir,i(ti<e. and his efforts resulted in the
formation of the National rifle association in 1871,
of which lie l»ecanie secretary. In that capacity
he drafted its regulations and aided largely m the
establishment and management of the Creecimoor
rifle-range. Subsequently he tecame president of
the association, and held that oflice until 1888. In
1874 he was aj)pointed general inspector of rifle-
Eractice of New York state, with the rank of
rigadier-general, but resigned in 1879. In this
oflice he organized and carried into successful
operation the system of instruction in rifle-prac-
tice that has since lK>en followed by the National
guard, as well as by the U. S. army. He was
the first president of the Amateur rifle-club in
1872. and captain of the first American rifle-team
in 1874. and has lieen connected with all the Inter-
national rifle-matches. From the part he took in
these matters he has l)een frequently called " the
father of rifle-practice in America." He was
Cre,>jident of the National guard ass«x;iation of the
nited Stales since 1879, and has been active in his
profession, (len. Wingate is the author of the
*• Ija.«t Campaign of the I'wentv-second Kegiment "
(New York, 1804); a " Manual of Rifle -Practice."
of which seven editions have been issued (1872);
and " On Horseback through the Yellowstone "
(1880).— His brother. Charles Frederick, sanitary
engineer, b. in New York city. 5 March, 1847, was
educated in the public schools, and early devoted
his attention to journalism. For five years he was
New York corrt's|K)ndent of the Springfield " Re-
publican." under the signature of " Carlfried."
From 1874 till 1882 he edited successively the
*• Paper-Trade Journal," the " American Station-
er," "The Housekeeper," and " The Sanitary Engi-
neer." Since that time he has followed the profes-
sion of a sanitary engineer, and has paid special
attention to the problem of working-men's homes
in cities, on which he has written voluminously in
the New York daily press. In 1887 he was instru-
mental in securing tne pa-ssage of a bill to amend
the tenement-house law and the small-parks bill.
He organized the Twilight club in 1883, and has
since been its secretary. Mr. Wingate contributed
articles on the " History of the Tweed Ring " to
the " North American Review " in 1874. and ha«
e<iite<l "Views and Interviews on Journalism"
(New York. 1875). and "Twilight Tracts" (1886).
WINGATE, Paine, senator, b. in Amesburv,
Mass.. 14 May, 17:^9; d. in Stratham, N. H.. "7
>iarch, 1838. " He was a great-grandson of John
Wingate, of Dover (16G0). grandsfm of Col. Joshua,
who was at the capture of Louisburg, and son of
Rev. Paine Wingate, minister of Amesbury. The
son was graduated at Harvard in 1759, studied
theology, and was ordained a minister of the Con-
gregational church at Hampton Falls, N. H., 14
Dec. 1703, where he preiu-hed till his dismissal, 18
March, 1776. He then removed to Stratham, N. H.,
and became a farmer. He was a member of the
New Hampshire legislature, a delegate from that
state to the Continental congress in 1787-'8, and
was U. S. senator from New Hampshire from 4
March. 1789. till 2 March. 1793. He served in con-
gress from New Hampshire in 1793-'5, and was a
judge of the state superior court from 1798 till
1809. He was the last survivor of the original
members of the U. S. senate, and was for several
vears the oldest graduate of Harvard.
WINGFIELD. Edwin Maria, English mer-
chant, b. in England about 1570; the date of his
death is unknown. He was of a family of wealth
and distinction, became a merchant in London,
and took an active part in colonizing Virginia,
under the patent of 10 April, 1606. He sailed with
the first company of emigrants, 19 Dec, 1(506, and
was named first president of the colony in the
sealed instructions that were opened on the pas-
sage. Having quarrelled with his associates, espe-
cially with Capt. John Smith, he was deposed, and
returned to P^ngland. after which no further de-
tails of his life are known. Charles Deane edited,
with notes and an introduction. "A Discourse of
Virginia," by Wingfield. from the original manu-
script in the Laml^th library (Boston, 1860).
WINGFIELD, John Henry Dncachet, P. E.
bishop, b. in Portsmouth, Va.. 24 Sept., 18:33. At
the age of thirteen he entered St. Timothy's col-
lege, Maryland, where he was graduated' in 1850.
He served as tutor there for two years, joined the
senior class of William and Mary college, Va., iri
1852, and was graduated in 1853. Returning to
St. Timothy's, he spent another year in teaching,
and in the autumn of 1854 removed to New
York and became a tutor in the Churchill mili-
tary academj' at Sing Sing. In 1855 he entered
the Theological seminary of Virginia, where he
remaine(^ only one year, removing to Arkansas,
and accepting the office of principal of Ashley in-
stitute, at Little Rock. He was ordained priest,
in the chapel of the Theological seminary of Vir-
ginia, 1 July, 1859. by Bishop Johns. In July,
1858, he became assistant to his father, who was
rector of Trinity church, Portsmouth, Va. He was
rector of Christ church. Rock Spring, Harford co.,
Md., in 18(54. but returned to Portsmouth to his
old post in 1800. Two years afterward he be-
came rector of St. Paul's church. Petersburg. Va.,
where, in 1871, he founded St. Paul's school for
young ladies. The degree of D. D. was confeired
upon him by William and Mary college in 1809,
and that ofLL. D. by the same college in 1874.
In that year he removed to California, and was rec-
tor of Trinity church, San Francisco. During the
session of the general convention at New York in
1874 he was elected missionary bishop of northern
California, and he was consi^crated in St. Paul's
church, Petersburg, Va., on 2 Dec. 1874, but re-
mained in charge of his parish until April, 1875.
He became president of the missionary college of
WINKLER
WINSER
565
St. Augustine, Benicia, and in 1870 head of St.
Mar)"'ji »»f the Pat'itlf, a whiKil for jfirls, and rwtor
of .St. Paul's churt-h in that city, lie watt elec-ti-d
bishoj) of Lotiisiann in 1H7K. hut declined.
WINKLKK, Edwin Theodore, clerjfymun. b.
in Savannah, (»a.. l'.\ Nov., IH2'A ; d. in Marion,
Ala., 10 Nov., 1883. lie was i^raduated at Brown
in 1843, and receivc<I his theological education at
Newton theolottical seminary. Having been or-
dained to the liaptist ministry, he nn>ached in Co-
lumbus and Albany, (ia., and in Gillisonville, S. C.
In 1H.V2 he l>ecame corresjxjndinjj secretary of the
Southern Itaptist publication s<xiety, and editor of
the "Southern mptist," residing in Charleston,
S. C. In 1854 he wa.s called to the pastorate of the
1st liaptist church in that city. Sul)sequently he
was |>astor of the Citadel square church. In 1872
he tcHik charge of the Baptist church in Marion,
Ala., and in 1874 he was made e«litor-in-chief of
the "Alabama IJantist." In 1858 ho received the
degree of I). D. from Furman university. Dr.
Winkler was the author of a catechism for the in-
struction of colored people, and of several publL^hed
sermons, addresst»s, and essays.
WINK LEY, Henry, donor, b. in Barrington,
N. II., 9 Nov., 180:3 ; d. in Philatlelphia, Pa., 9 Aug.,
1888. He was educated at district schools and
at Pembroke academy. On the completion of his
studies he went to Boston, Mass., and was employed
in a cnx'kery-store. Subsetjuently he engaged in
that business for himself, and was an imrM)rter of
china-ware in New York and Philadelphia from
1831 till 18.52. In the latter year he retired from
business, and thereafter devoted himself to the
study of religious, social, and p<ilitical economy,
in the pursuit of which he travelle«l throughout
the world. He was not married, and divided his
fortune among such etlucational institutions as he
C()nsidere<l orthinlox. Mr. Winklev gave to Will-
iams college, f 50,000; to Phillips ftxeter academy,
ij!;M),000: to Bowdoin college, $70,000: to the Theo-
logical seminary at Bangor, Me., $30,000: to that
at Andover, $4.1,000; and to the one at Yale, 50,-
000; to Dartmouth college, $80,000; and to Am-
herst college, $30,000. All these l)equests are di-
rwteil by the will to constitute fwrnmnetit funds,
the income of which is to Ije applied for the benefit
and purf)ose8 of the institutions as the trustees
niay think l)e8t. Mr. Winkley left to the American
Bible society $20,000, and to the Young men's
Christian ass<K-iation of Phila<lelphia $20,000. His
remains were intcrre<l in Mount Auburn, where he
had built a granite mausoleum in a lot that was
the only piece of real estate he ever owned.
WIN'LOCK, Joseph, astronomer, b. in Shelby
county, Ky., 6 Feb., 182G; d. in Cambridge, Ma«s,,
11 June, 1875. He was graduated at Shelby col-
lege, Ky., in 1845, where he was apixunttnl professor
of mathematics and astronomy. In 1852-7 he was
one of the computers in the office of the "Ameri-
can Kphemeris and Nautical Almanac" in Cam-
bridge, Mass., and then he wa* af>|Mjint4>d professor
of mathematics at the U. .S. naval acjMlemy, An-
na|K>lis, Mil., but he soon returne<l to Cambridge as
sujH'rinten<lent of the "Nautical Almanac." In 1859
he relinquished this office to take charge of the
mathematical dc{>artment of the U. S. naval acad-
emy; but on the removal of that institution to
Newport, K. I., at the lK>ginning of the civil war,
he resumed charge of the " Almanac." He was ap-
|Mjinted in 18(Ml pn>fess4)r of astronomy in Har-
vanl, and director of the ol»servatory, and sid>se-
quently he was professor of gwnlesy in the Iwiw-
rence scientific and mining schools of the univer-
sity. His first work after taking charge of this
oljservatory was the rednction and publication of
the untitiished w<jrk of his pre<leces>ors, thus com-
pleting the volume on sun-^[Mlt.s, the catalogue of
zone stars, and of |>olar and clock stars that has
since iM'cn pubii.she<l. Meanwhile the instrumental
a]>pliances were carefully studie<l and largely in-
creased, not otdy by the accumulation of new forms,
but by the introduction of imprrjved ap|»aratU8 of
his own device. The meridian circle was procured
through his influence atacostof $l2.0(Ki. In 1870,
when the new instrument was ready for use. it was
directe<l tipon the zone of stars U-tween 50° and
55° of north declination, which was the field as-
signed to the Harvard observatory by the Astrono-
mische Gesellschaft. His other work included a
catalogue of new double stars and much lalmr on
stellar photometry. He was further active in the
efforts that have resulted in funiishing standard
time to Boston. In 18?2 he iH'gan the pref>aration
of a series of astronomical engravings to n>presont
the most interesting objects in the heavens as they
a[)peared in the powerful instrument of the ob-
servatory. Thirty-five plates were completc<l at the
time of his death', and included representations of
the planets, sun-spots, protuberances, and corona;
the moon's craters ana gef>graphy, seven of the
most famous clusters and nebula>, the Donati comet
of 1858 and Coegia's comet of 1874. He held the
office of consulting astronomer of the U. S. coast
survey, and in 1874 was aniK)inted chairman of the
commission that was establishe<l by act of congress
for making inquiries into the causes of stean)-lx)iler
explosions. Prof. Winlock hatl charge of the party
that was sent by the U. S. coa.st survey to Kentucky
to observe the total solar eclipse of August, 1869,
and conducted the exfxidition to Spain, under the
y^ame auspices, to observe the eclipse in December.
1870. Tlie degree of A. M. was conferred on him
by Harvard in 1808, and he was a member of vari-
ous scientific societies, including the American
academy of arts and sciences. In 1863 he was
named by act of congress as one of the corporate
members of the National academy of sciences. His
published works consist chiefly of a set of "Tables
of Mercury." of other publications from the office
of the "American Flphemeri.s," and of brief {>a{)ers
in a.stronomical journals and in the proceedings of
scientific s<K.-ieties of which he was a member.
WINSER, Henry Jacob, journalist, b. in the
island of Bermuda, 23 Nov., 18153. His father,
Francis J. Winser. was an officer in the British
navy. He attended the Springfield academy. Ber-
muda, came to New York in 1851. entered a print-
ing-office as proof-reader, and later liecame are-
ptirter on the "Times." At the opening of the
civil war he accompanied Col. Kphraim K. Ells-
worth as military sec-rctary, and afterwanl was war-
correspondent of the New York "Times." After
the war he served for a perio<l as city and night
editor of the New York "Times," and then as day-
manager of the e<litorial dejMirtment. In 1867 he
attended the French ex|)OMti<m at ParLs as regular
correspondent for the "Times." and made the trip
to (.'herlKiurg in the iron-clad " I)un<lerlH>rg." In
May, 1869, Mr. Winser was appointed U. S. consul
at Sonneberg, Germany, and during his twelve
years' service he made several valuable reports to
the state department, including one on forest-cul-
ture. In 1882 he was made chief of the bureau of
information of the Northern Pacific railway com-
|>any, but <m the retirement of Henry Villard he
returne<l to ioumalism. first as as.sistant editor of
the New York "Commercial Advertiser "and after-
ward as managing editor of the Newark "Adrer-
tiser," with which be is still associated.
ti66
WINSLOW
WINSLOW
WINSLOW, Konjamin Darift, clerpyman. b.
in liostoti. Mass., i:{ I'VI) , 1H15: il. in Hurlirifrton,
N. J., 31 Nov.. 1M:{!). Me was jfriuluaUd at. llar-
vanl m IKJo and at the Kpisc-opal general theo-
logical seminary. New York, in IKiH. and the same
year U'eame jissistant to his uncle. Rev. Dr. (after-
wanl Bishop) (Jeorjfc VV. Doane, in the nast()rate of
St. Mary's church. Burlintrton, N. J. lie was or-
daineci di-acon in May. IMH, and priest in March.
18JJ9. Mr. W'inslow wa< a ^Taccful writer and ac-
complished preacher. His ".Sermons and Poetical
Itenuiins" were edited by Bishop Doane, who pre-
fixed a notice entitled "The True Catholic Church-
man in his Life and Death" (New York. 1K41).
WINSLOW. Charles Frederick, physician, b.
in Nantucket. Mass.. in IHIl. He was jrniduated
as a physician at Harvard in IWU. Dr. W'inslow
was appointed V. S. constd at Payta. Peru, in 1862,
served for several years, visited the Sandwich
islands and other countries, and was for many
years a resident of California. He contributed to
periodicals, and published " (Cosmography, or Phil-,
osophical View of the Universe" (Boston, 18.j;{);
"Preparation of the Karth for tlie Intellectual
liaces." Ji lecture (18.')4); "The Cooling Globe"
(18(5.')); and "Force and Nature: Attraction and
Repulsion, etc.," (IMiiladelphia. 1809).
WINSLOW, Edward, governor of Plymouth
cohtnv. 1). in Droitwich, near Worcester, ?]ngland,
18 {►et.. l.')!*.'); d. at sea. 8 May. Kio."). He was de-
sc-ended from an ancient Knglish family. When
he wax a traveller on the continent he met Rev.
Jolin Robinson, of Leyden, with whose church he
united in 1G17.
He sailed in
the '* Mayflower "
with the band of
first settlers at
Plymouth, and on
22' March, 1(521,
he was deputed
to negotiate with
Massasoit, making
a treaty that re-
mained intact till
it was broken by
King Philip in
1675. In July,
1621, Winslo'w
conducted the
first embassy to
the Indians, which
was also the first
attenipt of the
Knglish to explore the interior. When, in March,
1({2.'}, Massasoit was likely to die. he was sent to
the .sachem, an<l by his skilful treatment saved the
life of the valuable ally, who in his gratitude in-
formed Winslow's guide of the niots among the
surrounding tril)es to cut off Thomas Weston's
colony. He sailed. 10 Sept.. \(i2-i, for England,
where he prepared for f)ublicHtion the following
year his " Good Newes from New England," which
drew much attention to the colony. On 16 March,
1624, he imported the first neat-cattle brought into
New England. At the ele<;tion that year he was
cho.scn an tissistant governor, in which ofllee he
was continued till 1647. excepting 1633. 1(W6. and
1644, when he was chosen governor. Contrary to
the advice <if Winslow, the adventurers in London
hiMl sent .lohn Lyford, a preacher, to Plymouth,
who wrote letters "full of slander and falst'homl to
people in England. He therefore sailed that sum-
mer (1624> for England, presented the matter at a
meeting, and returned to Plymouth with the evi-
dence against Lyford. who. with John Oldham,
was promptly banished. The principal oversight
of the commercial transactions of the colony was
in his keeping during its period of development
\J])on coming to the chief magistracy in l(i33. he
found that di.sputes had arisen with the Dutch in
New York respecting the triwle with the Connecti-
cut-river Indians. The Massachusetts colony de-
clining to unite in establishing a trading- fort on
the river. Gov. Winslow despatched a vessel, which
went a mile tx^yond the Dutch fort, on the site of
Hartford, and erected the first house in Connecti-
cut. In 1635 he .sailiMl for England to defend the
Plymouth and Massjichusetts colonies against the
accusjitions of Thomas Morton, and to represent to
the government the encroachments of the French
on the east and the Dutch on the west Archbishop
Laud, then at the hemi of the special commission
established in 1634. secured his imprisonment on
a frivolous pretence; but. after seventeen weeks
of confinement, obtaining his release by the privy
council, he addressed an able paper to that body
uj)on the object of his mi.ssion to the government
I nder Winslow as governor, the court of associates,
in November. 1(536, enacted the elal>orate co<Ie of
laws and statutes that placed the government on a
stable foundation. About 1 April. 1637. in behalf
of the government, he replied to Winthrop's letter
for advice in the conduct of the propo.sed Pequot
war. and was selected to meet the authorities in
Boston on 12 May. to whom he declared the war
was none of Plymouth's cjuari-el. In the estab-
lishment of the confederation known by the name
of the United Colonies of New England, he was
commissioner from his colony. This act of 1643
he seems to have anticipatetl in 1631. when he pe-
titioned the royal commission for a warrant to the
colonies to defend themselves unitedly against all
foes. The Masstichusetts government intrusted
him in 1646 with the mission to answer the charges
of Samuel Gorton and others in England, and to
defend the colony from the accusation of religious
intolerance. His book, " Hyixycrisie Unmasked,"
was considered a complete vindication. Winslow
advocated the civilization and conversion of the
Indians, and published an address to parliament
and council, with intelligence from New England
upon the subject ; and by his influence an act
was passed. 19 Jtdy, 1(549. incorporating the So-
ciety for propagating the gospel in New England.
The government appointed him one of three com-
missioners in 1654 to adjust the claims against
Denmark for losses to English shipping. Much
light is thrown ui)on the important service in
which he was engaged on behalf of the colonies,
during his sojourn in England (164(5-"54), by the
recent publication of the " Calendar of State Pa-
pers, Colonial Series. 1574-1660," edited by W. Noel
Sainsbury (5 vols., London, 1860-'80), When Crom-
well planned an expedition against the Spanianls
in the West Indies under Gen, Venables and Ad-
miral Penn, he appointed Winslow head commis-
sioner at a salary of £1.0(X). The general and ad-
miral disjigreed in their tempers and views, the
control of the commission was of no avail, and the
army w»is defeated at Santo Domingo. The fleet
sailed for Jamaica, but on the pas.<*ge Winslow
died of a fever, and his bo<ly was committed to the
deep with the honors of war. Among his accom-
plishments was a consummate address, which never
failed him as the diplomatist of the colony. His
piety was fervent, and for a day of intoleration he
was often singularly tolerant to those who differed
with him in matters of belief. Gov. Winslow mar-
ried at Leyden, 16 May, 1618, Elizabeth Barker,
WINSIX)W
WINSIX)W
567
wbo .li.-il. 24 March. l«2l. at Plymotith. lie mar-
rii"*!. 12 May, 1(121, Mrs. Susanna White, who had
tjivt-n l>irth to the first white child Vntm in New
Kngland, was now the first bride, and det^tined to
U» the wife of apn--
emorand mot her of
another jfovernor.
Hy her he had two
chihInM). KlizaU'th
an<l .losiah. His
hrothers,.Iohn, Ken-
elm, and Josiah,
identified with the
early history of the
colony, are the an-
cestors of n numer-
ous family. His
familv-seat was es-
tal>lisi)e<l in 1686-
'7 at (.»reenharlx>r
(now Marshfleld),
afterwanl the estate
r)f Daniel Weljster.
The engraving of i
(lov. VN inslow is
from the only au- j
thcntic portrait of
any of the Pilgrims.
It was executed in
IamkIou in UmI and is now preserved at Plymouth.
The engraving above represents* the monument in
Plymouth to the memory of the pilgrims. Gov.
Winslow's pen has left some valuable and s«d)stan-
tial writings to indicate his versatility in narnition
and argument. What is callwl " Bradford's and
Winsiow's Journal," or by others "A Diary of Oc-
currences " (London, 1622), covering the first year of
the colony, is adminibly supplemented by " Wins-
low's Relation," which brings down the history to
10 Sept., 162JJ. This work, also known as "Good
N'ewes from New Kngland," appearetl complete in
Alexander Young's "Chronicles of the Pilgrims"
(Bost(m, 1841). His letter to George Morton asadvi-
sory for such as nrofMtsed voyagingto Pivmotith, the
letters to John Winthrop, in Thomas lfutchins<in's
"Collection of Paj>ers." and those to Sec. Thurlow
("State Papers," iii.) from the Barba«l<»es, l{».'>4-'5,
are among the most valuable of his briefer remains.
His " Brief Narration." or " Hypocrisie Unmaskwl."
in opposition to .Samuel Gorton (1646). appears,
in part, in Young's "Chronicles." This trenchant
IxKik was followed bv another, under the title of
" New England's Salamander." as an answer to
jispersions cast ujxm New Kngland (1647). "The
Glorious Pntjrress of the Gosf>el amongst the Indi-
ans in New Kngland" (1649). de<licated to parlia-
ment, contained also letters from John Kliot and
Thomas Mayhew. " A Platform of Church Disci-
[)liiie in New Knglan<l " (16.W) is his last pulilica-
tion extant or of which we have knowledge. .S>e
Moore's "Governors of New PIvmouth"; Bay-
lies's "New Plymouth": "The VV'inslow Memlv
rial," by David P. and Frances K. Holton (New
York. rH77): Samuel (t. Dnike's " Historv of Bos-
ton " (IV)ston, IS.'MJ): and John G. Palfre'v's " His-
t4»ry of New Kngland" (3 vols.. lHr)8-*64).— His
son. Josiah, g«>vernor of PIvmouth colon v, b.
in Plymouth in 1620 ; d. at Marshflehl. Mass.. 18
Dec., K'tMO, was chosen deputy to the gi'Ueral court
from Marshfield in 164;{. ' In 1657, two years
after the death of his father, he was made an as-
sistant governor, which {lost he fille<l till his elec-
tion as governor in 1678. This last office he held
till his di>Ath. In 1((58 he was chosen one of the
oommissioners of the United Colonics, and re-elect-
ed for fourteen years. On 5 .Sept., 1672, ho WM
one of the six sigm-rs of the new articles of con-
federation of the New Kngland colonies, and on
9 Sept, 1675, he signwl the declaration of war
against King Philip, ma4le by the commissioners.
In 1652 he commanded the military company of
Marshfield, in HWl* he was aj)()ointe4l military com-
mander «)f the colony, and in 1675 he wiis ehfted
ireneral-in-chief of the whole military f(»rces of the
I'liited Colonies, In-ing the first iiative-lxirn gen-
eral as well as governor in New Knglan<l. During
his chief magistracy in 1674-'5 the first public
school of the colony was established, and in 16H0
the first lieutenant-governor was ele<-te<I. The
general court onleretl in 1675 that four hall^erdicrs
should attend the governor and mairistrates at
elections, and two during the court sessions. The
government now maintained a state that was hith-
erto unknown in the colony. Gov. Winslow lived
at Careswell, the family-seat in Marshfield, where
he enjoyed the distinction of being the most ac-
complished gentleman in the colony. His hospi-
tality was generou.s, and the attractions of the
festive and s«K-ial board were not a little height-
ened by the charms of his K-autiful wife. In 1657
James Cudworth was displace<l by the colony from
his official post for refusing to sign, as a commis-
sioner, the proce<Hlings against the yiHikers. When
first a commissioner, in 1658. Winslow refused to
sanction the "horrible recommendation" of that
year against the Quakers, and in 1674, by his active
friendship and powerful infiuence as governor.
Cudworth was rescued from the disgrace to which
(lOV. Prince and others had subjected him. He
showwl that he ha<l a just s[)irit m the active part
he bore in the preliminaries to the war against
Philip, in which he was afterwanl commander-in-
chief. On 1 May. 167(5. he wrote to the commis-
sioners in Iktston that the land in his colony had
all lH?en honestly purchased of the Indians, and,
to protect the natives fnmi wrong, no settler was
allowed to receive land except by [M>rmission of
the court. His capture of Alexander in 1662,
the bmther of Philip, and for two tears sachem
after Ma.s.sasoit's death, illustrates his courage and
|)ersonal daring as a soldier. His last public act,
on 5 .Sept., l(JfcW, was to solicit a charter for Plym-
outh from the crown, Cudworth being appointed
to present the ad-
dress to the king.
(lOV. Winslow cele-
brated the memory
of (iov. Bradfonlin
a [XH>m that is pub-
lished in George
Morton's " Memo-
riall." He married,
in 1657, Penelo|>e
Pelham, daughter
of Herl)ert Pelham.
who came to Bos-
ton in 1645. and
was first treasurer
of Harvanl college,
and assistant gov-
ernor in l(J46-'9. /f . 0 Aj')- D
The ixirtrait of -/i-<»t4LH''rV/r^ftax^;--^
Gov. Winslow giv- /
en herewith is from a painting prolwblv executed
during his visit to liondon in 1651. wliich. with
the portrait of his wife, is |)reserv<'il in Pilgrim
hall, PIvmouth. A S4»n and a daughter survived
him. — "fhe former. Inaar. b. in 1670; <i. at Cares-
well. 6 Dec., 1738. was military ctimmander of the
colony, a member of the council more than twenty
568
WINSLOW
WINSLOW
years, somo of tho time its president. ju<ljre of pro-
l)ate, and ehicf justice the latter part of his life. —
Isaac's son. John, soldier, b. in Plymouth, Mass.,
27 Mav, ITOi; d. in Hinpham, Mass., 17 April.
1774. with the exception of Sir William Pepperell,
was the m(»st distinjjuished military leader in New
England at that pi^ritxl. The council appointed
him, on 14 .\u>r., 1740, captain of the com[)any that
was raise<l in Hoston to serve in the expedition
against ('ul>a. He went as a commissioner in 1752
to Fort St. Georjje, Me., to adjust territorial and
other disputes with the Indians. While a major-
general of militia and captain in the British army
in 1755, he was directed by Gov. William^ Shirley,
who was advis*»d by Gov. Lawrence, of Nova Sco-
tia, to pnKccd to' that jjrovince to remove the
Acadians. The most resiM)nsiblo persons for the
manner in which that act was accomplished appear
to have Ix-en Lawrence and his council, and Admi-
rals lioscawen and Moysteyn. Winslow acted un-
der written and j)ositive instructions, and he said
to the .Vcadians. l>efore reading the decree, that it
was '• very disagreeable t<^) his natural temper and
make," biit that it was not his business to " ani-
madvert, but to obey such orders as he should re-
ceive." The following year he took the field with
al)out 8.(H)<) men to serve against the French. Re-
ceiving from (tov. Hardy, of New York, in July,
a commission as major-general and commander-in-
chief, he estalilished himself at Fort William
Ilenry on Lake George; but Montcalm, fearing to
risk the encounter, turned aside to capture Oswego.
That general then returned to Canada, and the
army of Winslow to Massachusetts. He served
again as major-general against the French in the
expedition of 175H-'!) to the Kenneljec. In 1702 he
was a|)pointed chief justice of the court of common
pleas in Plymouth county. He participated as a
commissioner in the fii-st effort that was made to
solve the vexed question — Which is the true river
St. Croix? — in determining the easterly line of
Maine with James Otis an<l William Brattle, in
1T02. During tlie stamp-act troubles he was a
councillor of the province in the legislature, and
was associal ed on various occasions with Samuel Ad-
ams and others in preparing documents upon that
controversy. The town of Winslow in Maine vva«
named, in 1771. in his honor. His house in Plym-
outh IS still standing, and in Pilgrim Hall are his
sword and a portrait of him in military dress.
—Edward, loyalist, brother of Gen. John, b. 7
Jime, 1714; d. in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 8 June,
1784, was graduated at Harvard college in 1736,
was successively clerk of the courts, registrar of
probate, and collector of the port, at Plymouth, and
removed to Halifax at the evacuation of Boston.
— Edward's son, Edward, governor of New Bruns-
wick, b. in Plymouth in 174(i; d. in Fredericton,
New Brunswick, in 1815, was graduated at Har-
vard in 1765, and served as clerk of the county
court in his native place. In 1775 he was ap-
pointed colonel in the royal army at Boston, and
in 1782 he l)ecame muster-master-general for North
America of the American forces in the service of
the crown. After the war he settled in New
Brunswick, was a memlwr of the first council of
that colony, and, successively, surrogate-general,
judge of the supreme court, and governor of the
province. lie was a founder and eminent spirit
of the C)ld Colony club, under whoso auspices the
long lino of celelSralions l)egan, and he delivered
the first ainiiversjiry onition, 22 Dec, 1770.
WINSLOW, Edward Francis, soldier, b. in
Augusta, Me.. 28 Sept.. 1837. He was e<lucated at
tlio Augusta high-school, removed in 1856 to Mount
Pleasant, Ilenry co., Iowa, and soon aftcns'ard be-
came interested in the construction of railways.
He was a captain in the 4th Iowa cavalry in
1861, and was promoted major, 3 Jan., 1863, and
colonel on the day that Vicksburg fell. He then
took part in the campaign against Gen. Joseph E.
Johnston, and soon afterward was appointed by
Gen. Sherman chief of cavalry, and placed in com-
mand of the cavalry forces of the 15th corps,
which [Kists he held till March, 1864. In Febru-
ary, 1864, he commanded the cavalry of Gen. Sher-
man's army in the campaign against Gen. Leo-
nidas Polk, and successfully attacked the Confed-
erate cavalry near Jackson. He was in command of
a brigade of cavalry in the engagement at Gun-
town. Miss., in 1864. and after the defeat of the
National forces covered the retreat. In October,
1864, Col. Winslow's brigade formed part of Gen. Al-
fred Pleasonton's force in pursuit of Gen. Sterling
Price. He was severely wounded at Bi^ Blue river
on 22 Oct.. and was unable to resume his command
till November. He was brevetted brigadier-gen-
eral of volunteers, 12 Pec, 1864, with his brigade
participated in the expedition against Selma,
Montgomery, Columbus, and Macon in the spring
of 1865, and on 16 April took Columbus, Ga, by
assault. Soon after retiring to civil life he en-
gaged in the construction of railways. On 1 Nov.,
1879. as vice-president and general manager of the
Manhattan elevated railway in New York city, he
took charge of that property and unified the sys-
tem of control and management of its lines; but,
having been elected president of the St. Louis and
San Francisco railway company and vice-president
of the Atlantic and Pacific railway company, he
severed his connection with the Manhattan com-
pany, 31 March, 1880. He was also for several
vears president of the New York, Ontario, and
Western railway company, and formed an associa-
tion for the purpose of building the West Shore
railway, which he completed in about three years.
WlJJSLOW, James, banker, b. in Connecticut
in 1816; d. in New York city, 18 July, 1874. After
having been employed in the hardware-store of
Erastus Corning in Albany, he removed to New
York and, after following the hardware business
for several years, entered the banking-firm of Wins-
low, Lanier and Co., which had been established
by his brother and his father-in-law, and which
rendered important services to the government
during the administration of President Lincoln in
connection with war loans. He was subsequently
identified with the rise of national banks, and was
connecteti as an oflScer with several.
WINSLOW, Jens Olaus, Danish explorer, b.
in Flinen island in 1739; d. in Copenhagen in
1794. He was a lieutenant in the navy when he
was appointed in 1780 to the command of the
Danish colonies in Africa. In 1784 he was sent
on a voyage around the world, visiting the West
Indies, Brazil, and the Spanish possessions on the
Pacific coast, Manila, India, and returned to Co-
penhagen in June, 1787, with valuable charts and
rich collections in natural history. After his pro-
motion as post-captain he again explored the West
Indies in 1788-'90. and in particular studied the
condition of the negroes and the African slave-
trade. He wrote " Reise omkring Verden " (3 vols..
Copenhagen, 1787. illustrat<?d) ; "Journal holden i
skibet Christianstad paa reisen til Cuba, Puerto
Rico ogVest Indien" (2 vols., 1790); and presented to
the Academy of sciences of Cojjenhagen a memoir
on the condition of the negroes in the West Indies as
compared with the life oif the negroes on the west
coast of Africa, which was published in Olaus
WINSLOW
WINSLOW
569
(iyliiiMxlnrs collection (C'oiMMihajjt'n. 1792), ami
IniiislutiHl into French un<l«'r iho title "Etaf. con-
dition, I't usHjffs (IcH nt''jrrt's (U'« Antilles, coinpHru
avi'f la conilition de.s negnrs do lu cote d'or" (Aiu-
sterdnin. IIU')).
WINSLOW, John, soldier, b. in Boston, Mass..
29 Oct., ITM; d. there, 29 Nov.. 1819. He suveil
the cotnmiinion-plate of the Old South church fntni
the British l)y buryin;; it, and from it.s stei'ple wit-
nt>ss««<l the iMittle of Hunker Hill. L'jKjn goin^ to
the brtttle-fleld he was the first person to discover
the Ixxly of (ten. Joseph Warren. Disguising him-
self in sailor's clothes, he shipiKnl on a British man-
of-war bound to New|)ort, wnere he e.sca|H?«l, en-
tered the American army, and shortly received the
apfK)intnu'nt of deputy [>ay master-general. He
saveil the public chest and im|K)rtant pa[)crs at the
defeat of the army under Montgomery at Quebec
and at the battle of Ticonderoga; in charge also
of a Ijattery in the campaign against Burgoync. at
his surrender he t«M)k account of the cAptureil
sUircs, \mi\g subsequently stationed at West Point
and White Plains. On" 21 March. 1799, lie was
elected brigadier-general of the lioston brigade,
and in 1809 chosen by the legislature major-gen-
eral of the militia. In 1788 he was lieutenant, and
in 1792 and 1798 captain, of the Ancient and hon-
orable artillery company. An infantry company
was forme<l and named the *• Winslow blues." He
was an original meinl)er of the Society of the Cin-
cinnati and its treasurer, and was also treasurer
of Suffolk county the last wven years of his life.
WINSLOW, John Ancruin, naval officer, b.
in Wilmington, N. C. 19 Nov., 1811; d. in lioston,
Mass., 29 Sept., \STS. He was descended from a
brother of Gov.
Edward Winslow,
of Plymouth colo-
ny. He entcHMl
the navy-asa mid-
shipman, 1 Feb..
1827. Ix'came a
[Missed midship-
man. 10 June,
18iW.an<l was com-
missioned a lieu-
tenant. 9 Feb..
18:{9. During the
Mexican war he
took part in the ex-
pe<litions against
Tabasco, Tampico,
jfy J, . and Tuspan, and
(Lei^ i- S^. ^<^-»««-*X-^;^»J w»« prest'nt at the
fall of Vera t'ruz.
For his gallantry in action he was allowe<l to have
eomman(l of the schooner " Union," which hat! Inicn
capture<i at Tampico. and was taken into service and
named the "Morris"; but she was f)oorly e<iuipped,
and was lost on a reef off Vera Cruz. 10 Dwr., 1840.
He wiis executive of the sl(M)p "Samtoga" in the
Oulf of Mexico in 1848-'9, at the Boston navy-yard
in 1849-'50, and in the frigate " St. Lawrence!" of
the Pacific station, in 18.')l-'5. He wjls proniotetl to
commander, 14Sept., I85.').and joiniHl the Mississippi
river flotilla in 1801. but was not able to remain on
duly because of a serious accident which disable<l
him. He was commissioned captain, 10 July, 1802,
and comman<letl the steamer" Kearsarge" on sjw-
eial service in 180;i-'4 in pursuit of the " Alalmmju"
Capt. Winslow arrivtHl ofT Cherl>ourg. 14 June,
18W, where he found the " Alaliama" and block-
a<led her in the harlxir. The "Alalmma" mwle
preparations for fight, and Capt, liaphael Semmes
caused Winslow to be informed of this intention
through the U. S. consul. On Sunday, 19 June,
1804, he was lying three miles off the eastern en-
trance of the harlxir wlieti the "Alalwma" came
out. escorted by a French iron-c-la<l and the Knglish
yacht " Deerhound." Winslow steamed off seven
miles from the shore so as to l)e U-yond the neu-
tral ground, and then steamed toward thu"Ala-
tjama." The armament of the *' Kearsarge " was
seven guns, and that of the " Alalmma" eight guns,
including a 100-|K)und Blakclv rifle. The " Kear-
sarge" was slightly faster, and had IfW men, while
the " Alabama" hail 1-19. When Winslow tunied
to apj)roach. the "Alabama" opened fire from
a raking position at a distance of one mile at
10.57 A. M. He kept on at full 8pee<l. receiving a
second broadside and part of a third, when he
sheered off and returned the fire from his star-
board battery. Both vessels circle«l around a com-
mon centre, and ncared euch other to within 000
yards. The sides of the " Alabama " were torn out
by the shells, and at noon, after the action ha«l
continued for one hour, she hemled for the shore
to get into neutral waters, then five miles distant.
This ex[x>sed her p<jrt side, and she could only
bring two guns to bear. The ship was filling, and
Winslow approm-hed so rapidly that Semmes
hauled down his flag. Winslow stop[H»d the ship,
but continued to fire, uncertain whether the "Ala-
bama" hatl surrendered or the flag had Ix'en shot
away. A white flag was then shown, and Winslow
cejised Hring. The "Alabama" again n'liewwl her
firing, and Winslow also opened and fired three or
four limes, though the white flag wa-s still flying.
A boat from the "Alabama" then came alongside
to announce the surrender, and was allowed to go
back to bring off the "Alabama's" offlc-ers and
crew, but she did not return. The yacht " Deer-
hound " then came up, and Winsl«)w'asked her to
jissist in rescuing the ofluers and crew of the "Ala-
bama." which was th«'n sinking fast. The " I>«'er-
hound" picked up thirty-nine persons, including
Semmes and fourteen of his omcers, after which
she went off and sailed to Southampton. Wins-
low's officers begged him Xa throw a shell at the
" Deerhound," but he refused. The engagement
lasted an hour and twenty minutes. After the
last shot was fired the " Alaluima " sank out of
sight. She had about forty killed, and seventy were
imule prisoners, so that thirty-nine escafx'd. Only
three men were wounditl in the " Kearsarge," one
of whom died. Only twenty-eight pn>jectik!s struck
the " Kearsarge " out of the 370 that were fin><l by
the " Alalmma," and none of these did any mate-
rial damage. One 100-|>ound shell expl<xle<I in the
smoke-stack, and one hxlgetl in the stern-|Hist of the
" Kearsarge," but did not explode. The " Kear-
sarge "fired 173 projectiles, and few failed to do
some injury. This was the only im|>ortant sea-fight
of the war l)etween two ships. Honors were show-
ere<i upon Winslow throughout the country for his
victory. He receive<l a vote of thanks from con-
gress, and was promottHl to comnnMlore with his
commission datinl 19 June, 18<>4. the date of the
vicftiry. He commande<l the Gulf stpiadnm in
180(>-'7, was a memlx>r of the lK>ard of examiners
in 1808-*9, and commander-in-chief of the Pacific
stiuadron in 1870-'2. He was promoted to rear-
mimiral, 2 March. 1870, and after his return from
the cruise in the Pacific reside<l tem|>orarily at San
Francisco, after which he remove<l to ItosUm, Mass.,
where he resiiUtl until his death.
WINSLOW, John Flack, manufacturer, h. in
Bi'unington, Vt., 5 Nov.. 1810. He was educated
at sek'ct schools of Albany, was a clerk in com-
mercial houses in New York from 1827 till 1831,
570
WINSLOW
WINSLOW
and in the latter year became agent of the New
Jersey iron company. In 1833 he engaged in the
protluc'tion of pig-iron in Bergen and Sussex
count it's, N. J., and in 1837 he formed a connec-
tion with Krastus Corning, of Albany, which lasted
under various firm-natnos for thirty years. The
firm, contrtilling the Albany and Rensselaer iron-
woriis, was one of the largest pnxlucers of railroad
and other iron in the United States. During his
visits to Europe, Mr. VV'inslow purchased the right
to manufiK'ture and sell liessemer steel in this coun-
try. The U. S. government contracted with his
firm for the coiistruetion of the "Monitor," which
was begun in Octolxjr. IHOl, at Greenpoint. Long
Island, was lauuchcl, 30 Jan., 1802, and delivered
to the government, 5 March, 1862. In 18G7 Mr.
Winslow retireil from active business. In 18()J}-'7
he was president of Ilenssi'laer jiolvtechnic institute.
He luvs been president of the foughkeepsie and
Fiiustern railway, and of the company for construct-
ing the Poughiceepsie l)ridge over Hudson river.
WINSLOW, Joshua, British soldier, b. in Bos-
ton, Mass., 23 Jan., 1727; d. in Quebec in 1801.
Ho served with distinction in the ca|)tureof Louis-
burg in 174."), and wius coniinissarv-general in the
exiH'dition to Acadia in 17."»."). llis diary of the
ex{H'dition to Nova Scotia in 17.50 is to ap[)ear in
Holtori's " Genealogy of John Winslow's Descend-
ants." At the iK'giniiiiig of the Revolution he re-
moved to Halifax. U'caine paymaster-general of the
British forces in North America, and subsequently
resided in Quebec. His widow returned to the
United States, and died at Medford, Mass., IG
A[)ril. 181(5. Two portraits, by John S. Copley, of
Gen. Winslow (one taken in 1755. in the undress uni-
form of a British oTiccr) are now in the |)osscssion
of J. F. Trott, Hs(j..of Niagara Falls. The journal
of his dauirhter. Anna <irepn, b. 29 Nov., 1759;
d. in 177!». during 1771-'3. in Boston, is a curiosity
in it^ description of the customs and doingsof that
day. Most of it appeared in the " Bulletin of Pil-
grim Record." Nos. 3, 4, and 5 (1877).
WINSLOW, Miron, missionary, b. in Willis-
ton. Vt., 11 Dec, 1789; d. at Cape'of Good Hope,
22 Oct., 1864. He was descended from a brother of
Gov. t^lward Winslow. After graduation at Mid-
(llebury in 1815,
and at Andover
theological semi-
nary in 1818, he
sailed in 1819 for
Ceylon, where he
established a mis-
sion and afterward
a seminary at Oo-
dooville. In 1836
he founded the
mission at Madras,
where he spent the
remainderof his life
establishing seven
vernacular schools
and a native col-
lege. Harvard con-
ferred the degree
of I). D. on him in
18.58. His chief
books are "Sketch of the Missions" (Andover,
1819); "Memoir of Harriet Lathrop Winslow." his
wife (New York, 1835; republished in London,
France, and Turkey); "Hints on Missions to In-
dia" Oi'ew York, 18.56); a translation of the Bible
into. Tamil; and a "Comprehensive Tamil and
English Dictionary," in part from manuscri|)t
materials of the late Rev. Joseph Knight (Madras,
fl^yvcOv^^i'Co-co^-^-^
1862). This great work, costing $20,000 and more
than twenty years of toil, averaging three hours
a day, contains 68,000 words and definitions, of
which alK)ut half owe their lexicographic birth and
position to the author. — His first wife, Harriet
Lathrop, b. in Norwich, Conn., 9 April, 1796; d.
in Oodooville, Ceylon, 14 Jan., 1833, married, 11
Jan., 1819, and sailed for Ceylon, 8 June, 1819,
where she was distinguishetl for her educational
lalxji-s in connection with her husband's work. —
Their son, Charles Lathrop, b. in Oodooville,
Ceylon, 12 Jan., 1821 ; d. in New York, 34 May,
1832. His memoir, first published by the Ameri-
can tract society (1834), was republished in Eu-
rope. It contains the well-known lines of Mrs.
Sigoui-ney on his death. — Catherine Waterbnry
Carman, Miron's second wife, b. in 1799; d. near
Mailras, 23 Sept., 1837, married Mr. Winslo>y, 23
April, 1835. Sne was one of the most accomplished
women and extensive travellers in Europe in her
day. The " Remains of Mrs. Winslow," edited by
Rev. Jared B. Waterbnry, were published (Boston,
1851).— His brother, Hubbard, author, b. in Wil-
liston, Vt., 30 Oct., 1799; d. there, 13 Aug., 1864,
was graduated at Yale in 1825, studied two years
at Andover, and completed his theological course
at Yale. He was settled over churches at Dover,
N. H., Boston, Mass., and Geneva, N. Y. At Bos-
ton he was Lyman Beecher's successor in the Bow-
doin street church. From 1844 till 18.53 he con-
ducted the Mount Vernon institute in Boston,
devoting himself during this period and for much
of his life to the advancement of higher education
in Boston and among the colleges. His published
volumes are "History of the First Church. Dover,
N. H." (Dover, 1831)"; "Doctrine of the Trinitv"
(1831); "Controversial Theology" (Boston, 1832):
"Philosophical Papers" (1833); "Christianity ap-
plied to our Civil and Social Relations " (1835) ;
" Young Man's Aid to Knowledge" (1836); "Aids
to Self-Examination" (1837); "Mental Cultiva-
tion " (1839) ; " Lectures to Sunday-School Teach-
ers " (1839) ; " The Appropriate Sphere of Woman "
(1840); " Natural Science and Revelation " (1841) ;
" Design and Mode of Baptism " (1842) ; " Chris-
tian Doctrines'' (1844); " Intellectual Philosophy'"
(1852); "Moral Philosophy" (New York, 1856);
and "Hidden Life" (186-3). The "Young Man's
Aid," published in England also, had a sale of
100,000 copies, and more than 250.000 copies of-
his tract, " Are You a Christian ? " were issued.
Among Dr. Winslow's minor publications are his
eulogy on Daniel Webster (1853) and " History of
the Presbyterian Church, Geneva, N. Y." (1858).
With Jacob Abbott and Ethan A. .\ndrews he edit-
ed the "Religious Magazine" (Boston, 1837-8).
— Another brother. Gordon, clergyman, b. in Wil-
liston, Vt., 12 Sept., 1803; d. in Potomac river,
7 June. 1864, entered the ministry of the Prot-
estant Episcopal church, and was settled succes-
sively at Troy and Elmira. N. Y., Annapolis, Md,,
and Staten island. He enlisted as chaplain of the
5th New York regiment, of which his son Cleveland
afterward became colonel, and was instrumental
with Dr. Henry W. Bellows and others in estab-
lishing the sanitary commission, holding the post
of its inspector for the Army of the Fotomac, He
was a member of scientific bodies and contributor
to their published proceedings, and active in phil-
anthropic work. New York university gave him
in 1863 the honorary degree of M. D., both because
of his distinguished service in the sanitary com-
mission and his capabilities in caring for tne sick
and wounded. — His son, Cleveland, soldier, b. in
Medford, Mass., in 1836 ; d. in Alexandria, Va., 7
WINSLOW
WINSTON
B71
Julv, 1804. was an ofTlcor in the 71st New York
rejflment when the t-ivil war u|>ene(l. Ho ruis»'<l a
L-(iin|>Hny, and was with the 5th New York in all its
en^n>,'enients, Ite^iniiin^ with Ui)( Ik-lhel, till he
n^eivetl his mortal woiiml, whieh terniinutiHl his
life t)«>fore his nomination us bripMlier-jfeneral for
pillant cf)n«luft anil eflicietit service eoiiltl Ix; aetetl
iiiKin. He »lied from a wouml that he reeeived at
Meehaniesville, while leading; his repment, as its
colonel, into little. — His brother, Uoruon, b. in
1831), a cantain in the same regiment, is now a cai>-
tain in tne regular army. Their mother, Cath-
erine Fish Winshiw, was a cousin of HamilUm
Fish.— liubbanl's 8<m, William Copley, archav
ologist, b. in lioston, Mass., 13 Jan.. 1840, was
gra<iuate4l at Hamilton college in 1862, and at
the Protestant Episcopal general theological semi-
nary. New York city, in 1805. He has since bt^en
engiige<l in pri'^iching, lecturing, and writing for
the press, and was a.ssistant editor of the New
York "World" in 1803-'3. and of the '•Christian
Union" in 1804. Since 1H70 he has resided in
Rwton, and luis had temporary chartfo of churches
there and in Taunton and Weymouth. He is vice-
president and honorary treasurer of the Egypt ex-
ploration fund for Americ^i, and by his efforts has
created a widcspreatl interest in its work. He has
written numerous articles for the reviews and jour-
nals on exploration and cognate subject.s and is
rogjirded as an authority on biblical, and particu-
larly Egyptological, explorations. Through his
efforts tne Boston museum of fine arts has rweived
a colossal statue of Itamses II., the Pharaoh of the
oppression, discovered in the suburlw of the sit« of
the biblical Zoan. He is actively connected with
various learned societies, and received the degree
of Ph. D. from Hamilton college in 1800, that of
LL. D. fn in St. Andrew's, Scotland, in 1880,
L. H. I), from Columbia in 1887, and D. D. from
Amherst in 1887.
WINSLOW, Stephen Noyesi, journalist, b, in
Hartland. Vt., 14 April. 1H20. He was graduated
in 1843 at the high-schcM)l in Philadelphia, where
he hml already been a re|M)rter for newspapers
since 1841. He has Ikh-u for forty-seven years
commercial e<litor of the " Iniiuirer," occupied the
same (nlitorial chair on the " IJuUetin " for thirty-
five, was connected also with the " Evening Tele-
graph " for fifteen, and has long Ix'cn the editor
and proprietor of the "Commercial List and Price
Current," Mr. Winslow is the author of " Biog-
raphies of Successful Philadelphia Merchants"
(Philmlelphia. 1AG4).
WINSLOW, Warren, memlier of congress, b.
in Fuyetteville, N. C, 1 Jan.. 1810: d. thea\ 11
June. 1802. He was graduate<l at the University
of North Carolina in 1827, studied law, was admit-
to<i to the bar. and practise*! at Fayetteville. In
1854 he was ap(M)inte<l by President Pierce a con-
flilential agent to Mailrid, and lK)re despatches re-
garding: "The Black Warrior" difficulty. He was
elected to the state senate during his absence, was
chosen 8|)eaker of that IhmIv after his return, and
became acting governor of North Carolina in 1854.
when Gov. David S. Reid was elected to the U. S.
senate. He serve<l in congress by successive re-
elections from 3 Dec.. 1855, till 3 March. 1801.
WINSOR, Justin, librarian, b. in Bost-on,
Mass., 2 Jan., 18^{1. He studied at Harvard during
1858. and then at HeidellK-rg, Germany. In 18tW
he iKfame superintendent of the lioston public
library, where he remain»Ml until 1877. He then
became librarian of HarvarcL which i)ost he still
hoLrls. He wa« the first president, in 1870-'80, of
the American library association, and has also held
the office of president in the American historical &»-
sociation, and that of secretary in the Massachu-
setts hist4irical »<x'iety. The University of Michigan
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1880. Besides
numerous magazine
articles and addn^ss-
es, mostly on suIh
jects connectetl with
American history, he
has writ ten "Histoiy
of Duxbury, Massa-
chusetts " (Boston.
184U) ; " Songs of
Unity," compiled
with Rev. George
II. Hepworth(1851i):
" Bibli( (graphy of t he
Original Quartosand
Folios of Shake-
speare, with Partic-
ular Reference to ^
Copies in America" / .-^-^ / • ^
(1870): "Reader's ^^ LAmA //\il crrj\
Hand-Book of the /^ CA^ '^ ^W^^O
American Re vol u- ^-^
tion, 1701-'83" (1880); "Was Shakespeare Shnp-
leight A Correspondence in Two Entanglements"
(1887); and several pamphlets, including "Gov.
Bradford's Manuscript History of Plymouth Plan-
tation " (Cambridge. 1881); "Aniold's Expedition
against Quebec, 1775-1770 . . ." (1880); "The Man-
uscript Sources of American History " (New York,
1887) ; and " Notes on the Spurious Letters of
Montcalm " (Cambridge. 1887). He edited the
"Memorial History of Boston" (4 vols.. Boston.
1880-'!); "Narrative and Critical History of
America," of which vols. i. to viii. have been issued
(1880-'9); "Harvard University Bulletin" (since
1877) ; and " Library of Harvard University :
Bibliographical ('(mtributions"' (begun in 1887).
To the last he has contributed "Shakespeare's
Poems: Bibliography of the Earlier Editions"
(1878-'9); " Pietas et Gratulatio: Inquiry into the
Authorship of the Several Pieces" (1870) ; " Halli-
welliana: a Bibliography of the Publications of
J. O. Halliwell-Phillips""(1881); " Bibljogranhv of
Ptolemy's Geography" (1884); "The Kohl Collec-
tion of Eiarly Maps'" (1880); and a "Calendar of
the Sparks Manuscripts in Harvard College Libra-
ry" (1888). He also edited the " Hecord of the
250th Anniversary of the Founding of Harvard
College" (1887).
WINSTON, John Anthonv, governor of Ala-
bama, b. in Madison county. Ala.. 4 Sept.. 1812; d.
in Mobile, Ala.. 21 Dec. 1871. He was educated
at La Grange college. Ala., and Nashville univer-
sity. Tenn., and became a cotton-|>lMnter and ctmi-
mission-merchant. In 1840 and 1842 he was chosen
to the lower branch of the legislature, and in 1845
he was electetl to the state senate, of which he was
president for several years. In 184(i he raistnl two
conifMinies of troops for the Mexican war. and was
elected colonel of the first Alabama volunteers:
but on account of .s«ime technicality the regiment
was not accepted. In 18.'>:^ he was chosen governor
ol Alalxmia. ami. by opposing state aid to railroads
and the reissue of state Imnk-notes as a loan to
railroad companies. gaine<l the name of the "veto
governor." Bills for l)oth puri>os«\s were pa.'-se<l over
his vet«H»s; but the att«)rney-gcneral gave an opin-
i(m that they were unconstitutional, and the gov-
ernor onlered the .slate treasurer to pay out no
money for such pnr|M)ses. He was re-elected in
1855. and the legislature of that year appi-ove*! his
course. In 1800 Gov. Winston was a candidate
572
WINSTON
WINTHROP
for presidential elector on the Douglas ticket.
Thouph ho had op{>osed secession, he entered the
Confederate army in 1H<51 as colonel of theMth Ala-
bama regiment, and commanded a brigade in the
peninsular campaign. Soon afterward he resigned
nis commissiim on account of physical disability,
and devoted himself to aiding f lie [>oor and desti-
tute. He WHS a delegate to the State constitutional
convention of 18(>(5. and was afterward chosen to
the U. S. senate, but was refused a seat. After this
he repeatedly declined to Ix; a candidate for gov-
ernor, and lived in retirement. Gov. Winston was
tall and thin, and in early years erect and active,
but his later life was a long struggle with disease.
He had few equals as a debater, being gifted with
great powers of satire and possessing much readi-
ness and Ixjidness in controversy. In his power
over his friends and his hostility to his enemies he
has l>een compared to Andrew Jackson.
WINSTON, Joseph, soldier, b. in Louisa
county, Va., 17 June, 174(i; d. near Germantown,
N. C, 21 April, 1815. His ancestor was one of five
brothers from Winston Hall, Yorkshire. England,
who came to Hanover county, Va., in the 17th
century. Josejih received a fair education, and at
the age of seventeen joined a company of rangers.
While pursuing a party of hostile Indians they fell
into an ambuscade, and voung Winston was twice
wounded, one of the balls remaining in his body
till his death. The savages put the rangers to
flight, but Winston escaped and was carried on a
comrade's back for three days, till they reached a
frontier cal)in. He was afterward pensioned by
the legislature, and in 1706 removed to Surry
county, N. ('. In 1775 he w»is a member of the
HillslKirough convention, and in February, 1776,
he wjis in the expedition against the Scotch Tories.
In the same year he was made ranger of Surry
county and major of militia, serving against the
C'herokecs, ami in 1777 he was a member of the
legislature and of the commission that made a
treaty with that tribe on Hoiston river. In 1780
lie took i)art amiin in partisjvn warfare with the
Tories, and at King's >iountain he led the right
wing, and was conspicuous for his braverv, eon-
tril)uting greatly toward the victory. For his ser-
vices on ttiis day the legislature afterward gave
him a sword. After defeating a band of loyalists
in a running fight in February, 1781, he toot part
in the battle of Guilford in March. He represent-
ed Surry county in the state senate for three terms,
and when Stokes county was formed became the
first senator fmm that county, serving five times
between 1790 and 1812. In 1793-'5, and again in
1803-'7, he was a member of congress. The county-
.seat of Forsyth county, N. C, is named for him. —
His son, Joseph (1788-1840), served in the war of
1812, was many years in the legislature, and was a
major-general of militia. William Winston Seaton,
the journHJist, was the elder Joseph's nephew.
WINTER, WiHiani, author, b. in Gloucester,
Mass., 15 July, 1880. He was graduated at the
Harvard law-sc-h(X)l, but began his career as a
journalist and literary and dramatic reviewer. As
such he wrote for the New York journals, and con-
tributed literary articles to various magazines.
Since August, 1865, Mr. Winter has been attached
to the New York " Tribune " as dramatic reviewer,
and as such has secured for himself a high reputa-
tion. Within that time he has also written and
delivered poems on numerous public occasions.
Partly in the interest of his profession, Mr. Win-
ter has made several visits to Europe. In 1880, in
commemoration of the death of his son, he found-
ed a library at the academy in Stapleton, Staten
island, N. Y. Mr. Winter's publications include
"Tlie Convent, and other Poems" (Boston, 1854);
"TheOueen's Domain, and other Poems " (1858) ;
"Mv Witness: a Book of Verse" (1871); "Sketch
of the Life of Edwin Booth" (1871); "Thistle-
down: a Book of Lyrics" (1878); "The Trip to
England" (1879); "Poems: Complete Edition"
(1881); "The JeflFersons" (1881); " Henry Irving"
(New York, 1885); "The Stage-Life of Mary An-
derson " (1880) ; " English Rambles and other
Fugitive Pieces" (Boston, 1884); and "Shake-
speare's England " (Edinburgh, 1886). He has
edited, with memoirs and notes, "The Poems of
George Arnold " (Boston, 1866) ; " Life, Stories,
and Poems of John Brougham" (1881); and "The
Poems and Stories of Fitz-James O'Brien " (1881).
WINTHROP, John, governor of Massachusetts,
b. in Edwardston, near Groton, Suffolk, P]ngland,
22 Jan., 1588 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 26 March, 1649.
The manor of Groton had been purchased in 1544
by his grandfather, Adam Winthrop, a rich clothier
of Suffolk, who had also a city home in St. Michael's,
Cornhill, and who was for several years master of
the famous Cloth-workers' company of London. A
portrait of him, ascribed to Hans Holbein, indicates
a man of culture, decision, and great strength of
character. One of his daughter became the wife
of Sir Thomas Mildmay, nephew of the founder of
Emmanuel college; arid another was the mother
of Dr. William Alabaster, who is styled, in " Pull-
er's Worthies," " a most rare poet as any our age
or nation has produced : witnesse his Tragedy of
Roxana." Of this Adam Winthrop the third son,
also named Adam, was a lawyer by profession,
a graduate of Magdalen college, Cambridge, and
for many years tTie auditor of Trinity and St.
John's colleges. His first wife was a sister of Dr.
John Still, bishop of Bath and Wells, but she died
early without offspring. His second wife was
Anne Browne, of Edwardston, and of this marriage
John Winthrop, the subject of this notice, was the
only son. His parents lived until within a few
years of his coming to this country, his mother
dying only one year before he embarked. Of the
school or schools which he attended as a boy there
is no record, but we find him admitted to I'rinity
college, Cambridge, on 18 Dec, 16()2, when he was
not quite fourteen years of age, and he remained
there for more than two years. But his college
life was brought prematurely to a close, before he
was entitled to a degree, by his early engagement
and marriage. On 26 April, 1605, he married Mary
Forth, daughter and sole heir of John Forth, of
Great Stambridge, in Essex. She was of a wealthy
family, one of whom was knighted in 1604, and is
said to have brought to her husband "a large por-
tion of outward estate." It is matter of tradition
that he was made a justice of the peace on arriving
at eighteen years of age. and that "he was ex-
emplary for his grave and Christian deportment."
As early as 1809, when he had just attained his
majority, he is recorded in his father's diary as
holding " his first court in Groton Hall." The wife
of his youth was taken away within eleven years
after their marriage, having borne him six children,
of whom two had died in their earliest infancy ;
and a second wife, of the old CIopton»family, had
been buried, with her infant, only a year and a day
after wedlock. He was sorely oppressed by such
successive bereavements, and found consolation
only in a more earnest cultivation of the Christian
hope and faith which he had cherished from his
childhood. There is reason for thinking that he
had contemplated becoming a clergyman at this
period, and his " Experiences," as written at the
. timxtow itc*
WINTIIROP
WINTIIROP
673
time ami still extant, evince a (lc>e|> susorptiliility
to relipuiis iniptvssionx, not without a tincu of
8Uf)er!ititi<>n. Rut he ^r»«Iually gave hiiiiscTf up
tt> the proffswicm of his fathor, t'n(^p*«l aftrvely in
the practice of tlie law and in thi- disfharge of his
duties as a magistrate, and in 1«2U was ap{H)intiHl
by Sir HoU'rt Naunton one of the attorneys in the
court of wards and liveries, over which Sir RoU-rt
presided. His professioiuil serviivs brought him
also into connection with the parliamentary pnx-
ceediutrs of the time, in prejmrinn bills for legisla-
tive conimitti>es: and as late a» WiH we find record
of his stHM-ial admission to the Inner Temple, of
which his eldest son had U'cn ailmitted a member
four vears previously. Meantime he was once more
established in domestic life, havint; married in lUlH
Marjfaret. daujjhter of Sir John '1 yndal, knight, of
Great Maplested. in Essex, who was happily spared
to him for nearly thirty years, and who was to Ik*
his companion and support for seventeen of those
years in the New World.
The coniine over of John Winthrop to America
seems not to nave been the result of any long pre-
vious deliberation. The earliest intimation of such
a step is found in a letter dated 15 May, 1629, in
which he says: "My dear wife, I am veryly per-
suaded (i«h1 will bringe some heavye Affliction uj>on
this lande. and that speedylye: but be of good
comfort, the hardest that can come shall ue a
meanes to mortifie this boil ye of corruption, which
is a thousand tymes more dangerous to us than
any outwanl tribulation, and to bring us into
nearer communion with our Lord Jesus Christ,
and more assurance of his kingdome. If the liord
seeth it will be go^nl for us, he will provide a shelter
and a hidinge phwo for us and others, as a Zoar for
Lott, Sarephtah for his prophet," etc. At this
moment he was privately preparing a careful state-
ment of the " Ri-asons to be considered for juste-
fieing the undertakeres of the intended Plantation
in New F^igland, and for incouraginge such whose
hartes God shall move to joyne with them in it."
This is the \m\wr that he communicated for con-
sidemtion to his eldest son (afterward governor
of Connecticut) in August of the same year, and
which elicited from him the memorable response :
" For the business of New England I can say no
other thing but that I believe confidently that the
whole dis{K)sition thereof is of the Lord, who dis-
poseth all alterations by his bli*ssed will, to his own
glory and the giKwI of his: and therefore do assure
myself that all things shall work together for the
hewt therein. . . . The Conclusions which you sent
down I showed my uncle and aunt, who likwl them
well. I think they are unanswerable." In less
than a year from the date of that letter John Win-
throp. the father, was establishe<l in New England,
having btH'u electefl governor of Massachusetts by
the comfmny in Ix>ndon, on IIO Oct., 1(S29, and
having arrived at Salem, with the charter and
cr)mnjiny, in a fleet of eleven ships, of which the
"Arwlla" was "the admiral," on 22 June, KWO.
A few days later he went to what is now calle<l
Charlestown, and soon afterward to the site and
settlement of Roston.
Roth the religious and the political condition of
Old England at ♦hat period were repulsive to
minds like those of Winthrop and his associates.
The king was systematically assuming and assert-
ing desfKitic authority, and re«lucing the power
of parliament to a nullity. Indeed, from March,
1629, no [>arliament was convoked for eleven
years. It was the period of high commission,
star chaml)er, tonnage and poundage, forced loans,
and taxation without representation. Not a few
distinguisheil men who opposed such a fxilicy and
resisted such exactions were W'ized and impris-
oned. Sir John Eliot, to whom Winthrop was
no stranger, was sent to the Tower for free speech
in jmrliament, to die there after s«'veral years of
sullering. The Puritan spirit, with which Win-
throp strongly sympathize*!, was sternly repressed,
liaud, as bishop of l^xitlon, was already manifest-
ing the bigoted and proscriptive jiolicy which he
displayed a few years later as archbishop of Canter-
bury, and which at last br<»ught him to the bkn-k.
Meantime the New World was o|ien to frwMlom. and
the little pioneer Pilgrim band wasalreadv sending
over tidings of religious lil)erty from Plymouth
Rock. All this will sufficientiv explain the great
Suffolk emigration, of which VN'inthn)p was the
chosen leader. The Massachusetts company had
alri'ady establLshwl a plantation at .Salem, and John
Endicott had Ikh-u deputed by them to govern the
little colony in sulK)r(iination to the governor and
comjianyin London. Rut theynowsolemnly resolved
to tnnisfer the whole government to the American
soil, and Winthrop was ma<lc the leader and gov-
ernor to effect and carry out that transfer, the com-
pany "having received, a** the record says, extra-
ordinary great commendations of his integrity and
sufTiciency." Nineteen years intervened In-tween the
arrival of Gov. Winthrop at Salem and his death
in Roston in 1649, during twelve of which he was
the governor of the colony, and during every year
of which he was actively engaged in iti» affairs. He
was annually elected
governor till 1(K34.
and held the office
again in l(537-'40,
1642-'4. and from
1646 till his death.
In 1636, when Sir
Harry Vane was
chosen governor,
Winthrop was de|>u-
ty, and he letl the
opposition to Vane
in the Anne Hutchin-
son controversy, on
which issue he was
elected over Vane in
16J37. He was an
earnest opponent of
the new Antinomian
doctrines, and was active in the banishment of
Mrs. Hutchinstm and her followers. In 1644-'5 he
was again deputy governor. During that year he
was virtually im|)eache(l, but his acquittal and
the speech which followetl it, with his celebrated
definition of liberty, are among his most memor-
able triumphs. Winthrop liveil to see Roston,
which he had founded, a thriving and prosperous
capital : and the state, of which he bnnight over
the charter, extendiKl by successive settlements
over a wide territory, and repn»sente<l, in its little
legislature, by depuiies from nearly thirtv si>|>arete
towns. Other colonies had plante<l themselves
around Massachusetts, and a Vew England con-
federation had Ix-en formed under his auspices, of
which he was the first president. Fn-e schools had
been establishe«l, and a college incor[)orated and
organized. Above all, religion hi.d taken deep root
in all the settlements, and churches were gathered
wherever there was an atlequale {mpulation. Al-
though he was a memlK?r of the Church «»f England
as long as he reside<l in the mother country, and
had united in an affectionate farewell to that
church on his departure, he was a man who held
Christianitv to be above all churches. He soon saw
674
WINTHROP
WINTHROP
clearly that Congregationalism was the best and
only mtxle of plnntiiig and propagating Christian-
ity in this part of tlif coiuilry and in those old
Piiritan tinies, and he was henceforth a Congrega-
tionalist until his death. Bancroft says of him:
" It was prineipallv the calm decision of Winthrop
which sustained the courage of his companions. '
Palfrey concludes a notice of him, in his " History
of New Knglaiul." as follows: "Certain it is that,
among the millions of living men descended from
those whom he rule<l, there is not one who does not,
through erticient influences, transmitted in society
and in thought along the intervening generations,
owe much of what is l)est within him and in the
circumstances alK)ut him to the benevolent and
courageous wisdom of John Winthrop."
He kt-nt a carefid journal of all that was done
by himself and others, which he designed to have
revised and jM-rfecteil at his leisure; but no leisure
ever came to him. The first volume was published
from family manuscripts (Hartford, 1790). The
continuation wjis discovered in 1816 in the tower
of the Old Sjuth church in Hoston, and placed in
the hands of .James Savajje, who published the
whole journal as "The History of New P]ng-
land from HviO to 1(541). by John Winthrop," with
notes (2 vols.. Boston, ]825-'(); 2d ed.. with addi-
tiims, IH.");}). It furnishes the most authentic rec-
onl of the early days of Massachusetts. Among
other writings is an essay entitled "Arbitrary
Government described; and the Government of
the Massacliusclts vindicated from that Asper-
sion." It was written by him in 1(544. but it saw
the light only in 18(5!).' His "Modell of Chris-
tian Charity." written on board the " Arbella," on
his way to tlds country, is printed in the "Massa-
chusetts Historical Collections." His "Life and
Letters " were published by Robert C. Winthrop (2
vols.. Boston. 18(54-'7). There is a portrait of him,
ascribed to Vandyck, in the senate-chamber of Mas-
sjichusetts. and reproduced in the accompanying
steel engraving; a statue by Richard Greenough in
the r. S. cai)itol at Wiu^hington. another in Bostcm
and one in the chapel at Mount Auburn cemetery,
seen in the illustration on page 573. — His eldest
son, John, known as John Winthrop the younger,
b. in (iroton Manor, 12 Feb., 1606 ; d. in Boston,
Mass.. a April, 1676, after being educated at Bury
St. FMnmnds school and Trinity college, Dublin,
entered the Inner
Temple, but, find-
ing the study of
law little to' his
taste, obtained tem-
porary emplovment
iTi the naval ser-
vice and sailed un-
der the Duke of
Buckingham in the
unfortunate expe-
dition for the relief
of the Protestants
of Rochelle. A lit-
tle later he made
a prolonged tour
of Europe, passed
some time in Pa-
dua, Venice, and
Constantinople, re-
turning home in
1629, to find his friends busy with the great Massa-
chu.setts enterprise, in which he was soon actively
enlisted. In 16;il he followed his father to New
England, and he was shortly afterward elected an
assistant of the Massachusetts colony, which post he
(^i^li>7wt^m.
retained for eighteen successive years. In 1633 he
took the chief part in the settlement of Ipswich,
Mass., where he acquired a considerable estate. In
1634 he went to England on public business, and he
returned, in 1635, with a commission from Lords
S»iy, Brooke, and others, empowering him to build
a fort at the mouth of Connecticut river, and con-
stituting him governor of that region for one year
from his arrival. At the expiration of this term
he preferred to return to Massachusetts, where he
busied himself in scientific researches, in trying to
develop the mineral resources of the colony, and
in building salt-works. The journal of Gov. Win-
throp the elder speaks of his son John at this
period as possessing in Boston a library of more
than 1,000 volumes, several hundred of which are
still preserved, and bear testimony to the learning
and broad intellectual tastes of their original own-
er. In 1640 he obtained a grant of Fisher's island,
which was subsequently confirmed by royal patent.
In 1641 he went again to England on a long ab-
sence, bringing Ijack with him, in 1643, workmen
and machinery with which he established iron-
works at Lynn and Braintree. In 1646 he began
the plantation at Pequot, better known as New
London, and, having gradually acquired much
landed property in that neighborhood, he trans-
ferred thither his principal residence in 1650, ex-
changing the duties of a Massachusetts for those
of a Connecticut magistrate. In 1657 he was elect-
ed governor of Connecticut, and, with a single
year's exception, he held that ofliice till his death,
nineteen years later. From the autumn of 1661
till the spring of 1663 he was chiefly in London on
business of the colony, where he became widely
known as an accomplished scholar, one of the ear-
liest and most active members of the Royal society,
and the personal friend of many of the chief natu-
ral philosophei-s of Europe, his correspondence with
whom is in print. The ability and tact that he
displayed at the court of Charles II. resulted in
his obtaining from that monarch a charter uniting
the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven, with
the most ample privileges, under which the free-
men of that colony became entitled to all the
rights and immunities of Englishmen. In this
charter Winthrop was named first governor, and
in the administration of it he passed his remaining
years. His death occurred in Boston, where he
had gone to attend a meeting of the commissionei-s
of the united colonies and where he was buried in
his father's tomb. He had not the latter's heroic
cast of character, and his tastes were rather those
of a student than a statesman ; but he was a man
of singularly winning qualities and great modera-
tion, whose Puritanism was devoid of bigotry or
asceticism, and who knew how to retain the esteem
of those from whom he difTered most widely in opin-
ion. By Indians he was revered for his justice,
and by Quakers gratefully remembered for his
lenity. In chemistry and medicine he was par-
ticularly skilled, and in the dearth of medical prac-
titioners in the colony his advice was sought far
and wide. He married, in 1631, his cousin Martha,
daughter of Thomas Fones, of London, and step-
daughter of Rev. Henry Painter; she died in Ips-
wich, without surviving issue, in 1(534. He mar-
ried, in 1635. Elizal>eth, daughter of Ednmnd
Reade, of Wickford in Essex, and step-daughter
of the famous Hugh Peters ; this lady, so lovingly
alluded to in the letters of Roger Williams, died in
Hartford in 1672. leaving two sons and five daugh-
ters. Much of the correspondence of her husband
and sons is printed in the publications of the Mas-
sachusetts historical society. — The second J4)hn's
WINTHROP
WINTIIROP
076
elder mn, John, known iis Fitz-John. h. in I|»-
wicli. Miiss., ly Miin-h. ItWD; d. in Boston, Matw..
27 Nov., 1707. Ifft Ilnrvunl without taking a de-
ifreo in onler to iicrept a fonunission in tin* iMir-
liamcntary nrniy, in which his falhor's brother,
Stephen, and his mother's brother, Thomas Kea<le,
were colonels. After seeinjf active service in Scot-
land, when* ho was for some time in command at
Cardross, ho Hccom|)anitHl (Sen. Oeorjie Monk on
his famous march to London ; but his rej^iment
was disbandnl at the Hestoration, and he returned
to New KuKland in m()3,and passe<l the remainder
of his life in the military and civil employment of
Connecticut, He s«>rved with distinction in the In-
dian wars, sat in the council of Sir Kdraund An-
dres, and was ap|K)intcd in 1690 major-f?eneral
commanding the joint ex|)edition against Canada.
The lukewarm support of the New York govern-
ment and the bml faith of its Indian allies
ma<lo this camiiaign a failure, but Fitz-John re-
ceived a vote of thanks from Connecticut, and in
1UU8 was made agent of that colony in London,
where he passed four years at the court of William
III. His services in this cattacity were so highly
appreciated that, soon after nis return in 1698, he
was ciwtwl governor of Connecticut, continuing in
oflice till his death nearly ten years later, while on
a visit to his brother in lioston. His own princi-
pal residence was at New I^ondon, where he was
notcnl for his hospitality. He was neither a great
scholar like his father, nor a great statesman like
his grandfather, but he was deservedly respected
as a gallant soldier^ a skilful administrator, and a
man of conspicuous intogritv and patriotism. He
married, sf>mewhat late in Jife, Klizalx'th, daugh-
ter of George Tongue, of New London, and left an
only child. Mary, who married Col. John Living-
ston, of Albany, but died without issue. — Another
son of the secrond John, Wait Still, jurist, b. in
Boston, 27 Feb., 1643; d. there, 7 Nov.. 1717, was
early in the military service of Connecticut, and
took part in Indian wars; but after his father's
death he residetl chiefly in Massachusetts, where
he was for alK)ut thirty years a memlx'r of the
executive council and major-general of the pro-
vincial forces, liesides holding, for shorter {H'ri<Hls,
the oflices of judge of admiralty, judge of the
superior court, and chief justice. He took an ac-
tive part in the overthrow of Sir Edmund Andros,
and an efTort was made by the p<inular party to
have him apjuiinted governor, in place of Joseuh
Dudley. Judge Sewall s|>eaks of him as "the
great stay and ornament of the council, a very
pious, prudent, courageous New England man ;
for parentage, {)iety, prudence, philosophy, love to
New England ways and iK«ople very eminent." In
the intervals of public duty he devoted himself to
agriculture and the study of me<iicirie, often nrac-
tising gratuitously among his neighlwrs. — Wait
Stills son, Jrm.N (1681-1747), was graduateil at
Harvard in 170(), serve*! for some time as a magis-
trate of Connecticut, and wjts afterward a fellow
of the Koval society of Ixindon, to whose " Tran.s-
actions" fie was a contributor, and one of whose
volumes was dedicated to him. — John, physicist,
b, in I^>ston, Mass., 19 Dec, 1714: d. in Cambridge,
Mass., 3 Mav, 1779, was the son of Chief-Justic-e
Adam Wintlirop. He was graduate<l at Harvard
in 17:{2, and from 1738 till his death was profes-
sor of mathematics and natural philosophy there.
The range of his ac({uirements was great, and he
did good original work in several de|mrtments of
science. It seems likely that we owe in part to
hia influence the attention of Benjamin Frank-
lin and of Benjamin Thompson, Count Kumford,
to physical science. He wa« in the IHth cen-
tury the foremost tca'-her of science in this coun-
try. In 1740 he oltserved the first of the transits
of' Mercury that took place in that century. In
1761 ho observe<l the iiecrmd transit, making a
journey to Newfoundland for this pur{Mise. The
voyage was made in a vessel in the jin)vincial
service and the ex|)enM's were defrayixi by the
colonial government. This is Ix-lieved to have
been the earliest jmrcly scientific exptnlition sent
out by any American state. In the development
of astronomy Prof. Winthrop made other important
observations in the matter of comets, the r(>sults
of which were pub]ishe<l by means of two printed
lectures (1759). He had an op|>f)rtunity to ob-
s«>rve the facts connected with the great earth-
«|UHke that occurred in New England on 18 Nov.,
173o. It was his habit to t)ublish the more popular
and interesting parts of his work in public lectures
in the college ch«i)el. His observati<ms on this
phenomenon were contained in a diM-ourse printed
in Boston within a month after the catastrophe.
The observations recorde<l in this memoir and the
scientific considerations that he l>ased on them
show that Winthrop had a clearer conce[»tion of
earthquake movements than any of his predeces-
sors. He recognized the fact that the movement
was essentially a wave in the earth's crust, and per-
ceived that the buildings afl'ected by the .shfK-k took
on a pendulum movement. Observing that the
bricks were thrown from the chimney of his house,
which had a height of thirty-two feet, so that they
fell at a point thirty feet from the column, he com-
puted the speed of their motion, and ascertaine<l it
to 1)0 twenty-one feet a .•second. He also j>erceived
the fact that the .'•horter the vibrations the quicker
they performed the movement. He saw also the
analogy In'tween the vibrations of the earth and
those of the chord of a musical instrument. In
this and many other observations he showe<I a
capacity for oljservation and for the ap[>lieation
of computative methods to this class of phenom-
ena that wa^ unusual in the scientists of his time.
It ajipears probable that he was the first {>erson
to ajtply computations to earthquake phenomena.
If tnis be the ca.se. it may be claimed for him that
he laid the foundations of the imj>ortant K-ience
of seismology. Prof, Joseph Ijovering, in his ac-
count of " Boston and Science " in the " Memorial
History of Boston," says that "Prof. Winthrop's
views of the nature of heat were greatly in advance
of the science of his day." We find in his lecture
on eartlujuakes that he looke<l to the action of
heat for an explanation of seismic disturbances.
He had a considerable share in the public life of
the colony where he livetl. He was several years
judge of probate for Middlesex county, a menil)er
of the governor's council in 1773- '4. ami in the
Revolution threw his influence with the patriots.
The I'niversitv of Edinburgh gave him the honor-
ary degree of I^L. D. in 1771, and the Royal society
of liondon inmle him a memlx-r. Although Prof.
Winthrop has left no work of any im{M>rtance to
m<xlern physicists, his influence in determining a
scientific spirit in New England was great. He laid
the foundations of scientific iniiuiry in Har\-ard.
Though not the earliest of the Massachusetts men
of scieni-e — for he was pn-coiliHl by Thomas Brat-
tle. Zalnliel Ik>ylston, and others — he deserves the
first place among the pioneers of natural science in
New England. His publications include " Ixvture
on Earth<juakes" (ITSTi); "Answer to Mr. Prince's
Ijetter on Earthquakes " (1756) ; " Account of some
Fiery Melwtrs" (1765); and "Two Lectures on
the Parallax" (17US')* il>^ [)ai>er "Cogitata de
676
WINTIIROP
WINTHROP
Coraetcs " was communicated to the Royal society
bv lienjamin Franklin (London, 170(5). — Prof.
V^'intlirop's stin, Jaiiios, jurist, b. in Cambridge,
Mass., in 17.")2; d. there, 20 Sept., 1821, was grmlu-
Hted at Harvard in 17«)9, and was wounded at
Bunker Hill. He was librarian of Harvard from
1772 till 1787; for several years a judge of the
court of common pleas; and long register of
probate. He iK'queuthed his valuable library to
Alleghany college, .Meadville. Pa. He published
"Attempt to translate the Prophetic Part of the
A|K)Cidypse of St. Jtthn into Familiar Language"
(IJoston, 1794); "Systenuitic Armngement of Sev-
eral Scripture Prophecies relating to Antichrist"
(1795) ; " Attem|)t to arrange, in the Order of Time,
Scripture Prophecies yet to be Fulfilled" (Cam-
bridge, 1803); and scientific and literary contribu-
tions to current literature. — John Winthrop the
younger's groat-grandson, Thomas Lindnll, mer-
chant, b. in New London, Conn., 0 March, 1700;
d. in Uoston, Mass., 22 Feb., 1841, was graduated
at Harvard in 1780, and in 1780 married Elizabeth
liowdoin Temple, a granddaughter of Gov. James
liowdoin and the daughter of Sir John Temple,
British consul-general in the United States. In
early life he was an active Federalist, but he
joined the Republicans at the Injginning of the
war of 1812-'!"), and was successively a state
senator, liente;iant-governor of Massachusetts in
182(>-';J2, and a presidential elector. Few men of
his time wore so widely esteemed throughout New
England for integrity, public spirit, and unosten-
tatious hospitality. Among his many posts of
Sublic usefulness were those of president of the
lassachusetts agricultural society, the Massachu-
setts historical society, and the American anti-
nuarian society. — Thomas Lindall's youngest son,
Robert Charles, statesman, b. in Boston, 12 May,
180:), wjis graduated at Harvard in 1828, studied
law with Daniel Webster, was admitted to the bar
in 1831. but after a brief professional career be-
came active in local politics as a Henry Clay Whig.
From 18.'i4 till 1840 lie was a member'of the lower
house of the Massachusetts legislature, of which
he was chosen speaker in 1838, 1839, and 1840. In
the last-named year he was elected to congress,
where he served ten years with much distinction,
maintaining the reputation he had already ac-
quired as a ready debater and accomplished par-
liamentarian, and adding to it by a series of im-
pressive speeches upon public questions, many of
which are still con-
sulted as authori-
ties. The earliest
resolution in favor
of international
arbitration by a
commission of ci-
vilians was offered
by him. In 1847-9
he was speaker of
the house, but he
was defeated for a
second term by a
plurality of two,
after a contest that
lasted three weeks.
In 1850 he was
appointed by the
governor of Massa-
_. . , chusetts to Daniel
Webster s seat in the senate, when the latter be-
came secretary of state. Ilis course on the slavery
question was often distasteful to men of extreme
opinions m both sections of the Union, and in
/^^^c^-^^WtJ^^
1851 he was defeated for election to the senate
by a coalition of Democrats and Free-soilers. after
a .struggle of six weeks. In the same year he was
Whig candidate for governor of the state, and
received a large plurality; but the constitution
then required a majority, and the election was
thrown into the legislature, where the same co-
alition defeated him. This occasioned a change
in the state constitution, which now requires
merely a plurality, but Mr. Winthrop declined to
be a candidate again, and successively refused
various other candidacies and appointments, pre-
ferring gradually to retire from political life and
devote himself to literary, historical, and philan-
thropic occupations. From time to time, however,
his voice was still heard in presidential elections,
and he gave active and influential support to Gen.
Winfield Sc!0tt in 1852, to Millard Fillmore in
1850, to John Bell in 1860, and to Gen. McClellan
in 1864, when a speech of his at New London was
the last, but not the least memorable, of his politi-
cal addresses. Of the Boston provident associa-
tion he was the laborious president for twenty-five
years, of the Massachusetts historical society for
thirty years, of the Alumni of Harvard for eight
years, besides serving as chairman of the overseers
of the poor of Boston, and in many other posts of
dignity and usefulness. He was the chosen coun-
sellor of George Pea body in several of his munifi-
cent benefactions, and has been from the outset
at the head of the hitter's important trust for
southern education. It is as the favorite orator of
great historical anniversaries that Mr. Winthrop
has long been chiefly associated in the popular
mind, and he has uniformly received the com-
mendation of the best judges, not merely for the
scholarship and finish of these productions, but
for the manifestation in them of a fervid eloquence
that the weight of years has failed to quench.
They may be found scattered through four vol-
umes of •' Addresses and Speeches." the first of
which was published in 1852 and the last in 1886.
Among the most admired of them have been an
"Address on laying the Corner-Stone of the Na-
tional Monument to Washington " in 1848. and one
on the completion of that monument in 1885, the
latter prepared at the request of congress; an
"Address to the Alumni of Harvard," in 1857; an
" Oration on the 250th Anniversary of the Landing
of the Pilgrims," in 1870 ; the " Boston Centennial
Oration," 4 July, 1876; an address on unveiling
the statue of (^ol. Prescott on Bunker Hill, in
1881 ; and, in the same year, an oration on the
hundredth anniversary of the surrender of Corn-
wallis at Yorktown, delivered by invitation of
congress. He has been thought equally to excel
in shorter and less formal utterances. Several
speeches of his on Boston common during the civil
war excited much enthusiasm by their patriotic
ring ; while his brief tributes to John Quincy
Adams, John C. Calhoun, Edward Everett, Daniel
Webster, Abraham Lincoln, and many other emi-
nent men with whom he had been associated at
different periods, are models of graceful and dis-
criminating eulogy. Besides the collected works
already cited, he is the author of the " Life and
Letters of John Winthrop" (2 vols.. Boston, 1864),
and " Washington, Bowdoin, and Franklin " (1876).
A portrait of him, in the capitol at Washington,
presented by citizens of Massachusetts, commemo-
rates at once his speakership and his Yorktown
oration; while another, in the hall of the Ma5.««achu-
setts historical society, is a fit reminder of his ser-
vices to New England history. — Thomas Lindall's
nephew, Benjamin Robert, capitalist, b. in New
WINTHROP
WINTHROP
077
York city. 18 Jhm.. 1H04: d. in lyondon. Enjrlaml,
96 July, 1879, was in early life a clerk in the Ijank-
ing- house of Jacob I^rker, but afterward devoted
himself to the care of a lar)^ inherite<l estate and
to furtherinif the interests of publie institutions of
education, cnarity, and religion in his native city.
He was a trustee of the old Public s<'hool sofjiety,
and on its dissolution in 1H58 Ixraine a school
commissioner and member of the Ixturd of educa-
tion: was an earnest friend of the New Vork
hospital, the Lying-in hospital, and other similar
institutions; aiid by his care and liberality did
much to advance the pros[)erity of the Institution
for the deaf and dumb. He was recording secretary
and vice-president of the New York historical
society, and for many years a vestryman of Trinity
church, as a member of whose cemetery committee
he originatetl the plan of displaying plants in the
church-yards of the parish. Among his publica-
tions is an a<ldress on " Old New York," which he
rea<l before the Historical society (New York, 1802).
— The second John's descendant, Theodore,
author, b. in New Haven, Conn., 22 Sept., 1828; d.
near Great Bethel,
Va., 10 June, 1861,
was the son of
Francis Bayard
Winthrop. His
mother was Eliza-
beth Woolsey. a
niece of Presiclent
Timothy Dwight,
and sister of
President Theo-
dore Woolsey, for
whom Theodore
was named. He
was graduated at
Yale in 1848, with
the Clark scholar-
ship, on which he
continued there a
year, studying
mental science,
languages,and his-
tory. In 1849 he went to recruit his health in Eu-
rope, where he remaine<l until January, 1851. There
he became acquainted with William H. Aspinwall,
whose children he taught for some time, and through
him Winthrop entered the employ of the Pacific
mail steamship company, to whose offices in Pana-
ma he was transferre<l in 1852. In the following
year he yisite«l California and Oregon, and thence
ne returne<i overland to New York. In l)eceml)or,
1853, he joined, as a volunteer, the expedition under
Lieut. Isaac G. Strain to survey a canal-route across
the Isthmus of Panama, and soon after his return
in March, 1854, he In-gan to study law with Charles
Tracy. He was admitted to the bar in 1855, and
in the following year, during a vacation-trip in
Maine, ma<le |>olitical s()eeches there in advocacy
of John C. Fremont. After this he spent most of
his time in literary jmrsuits, for which he had
always had a fondness. The first of his writings
that appeareil in print was a description of his
friend Frederic E. Church's juiinting, "The Heart
of the Andes." whoso progress he hatl watched at
the easel. For several years Winthrop worked
carefully on his novels, recasting them after each
rejection by a publisher. One, "Cecil Dreeme"
was finally accepted, but the opening of the civil
war delayed its appearance. Another, "John
Brent," was also accepted on condition that the
author should omit the episode of the death of the
horse Don Fulano. whicn he refused to do. At
TOL. VL — 87
the opening of the civil war Winthrop enlisted in
the 7tn New York regiment, which he accompanied
to Washington. Soon afterward he went with
(ten. Benjamin F. Butler to Fort Monroe as
military secrctarv-, with the rank of major, and
with his commanding officer he |tlanned the attack
on Little and (Jreat Ik'thcl, iti which he tf»ok |»art.
During the action at the latter plm-e he sprang
u|M:>n a log to rally his men, and receivcnl a bullet
in his heart. Shortly Iwfore his departure for the
seat of war his tale " Love and Skates" had been
acceptetl for the " Atlantic Monthly" by its e«litor,
James Kussell Ix)well, who then asked the author
to furnish an acrount of his march to Washington
for the magazine. This he did in two articles,
which attractwl much attention, and made Win-
throp so well known that the sudden end of his
career soon afterward occasioned wide-spread sor-
row. Immediately after his death his novels ap-
peared in quick succession, and were very favorably
received. They have held their place in American
literature, and it is pmbable that had Winthrop
lived he would have taken high rank as a writer.
Prof. John Nichol, of Glasgow, says of " Cecil
Dreeme " : " With all its defects of irregular con-
struction, this novel is marked by a more distinct
vein of original genius than any American work of
fiction known to us that hjis appeared since the
author's death." His l)Ooks include the three
novels "Cecil Dreen>e" (Boston, October, 1861),
" John Brent " (January, 1862), and " Edwin
Brothertoft" (July, 1862); and the collections of
sketches "The Canoe and the Saddle" (November,
1862), and " Life in the Open Air, and other
Papers" (May, 1863). These nave passe<i through
many editions, and were reprinted in the" I^eisure-
Hour Series," with the addition of his " Life and
Poems," edited by his sister, Laura Winthrop
Johnson (New York, 1884). See also a memoir
by George William Curtis, prefixetl to the earlier
editions of "Cecil Dreeme. — Theodore's brother,
WiUiam Woolsey, soldier, b. in New Haven,
Conn., 3 Aug.. 1831, was gra<luatwl at Yale in
1851, and at the law-school in 1853. an<l after-
wanl continued his legal studies at Harvard. He
was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1854,
and practised until April, 1861, when ho entered
the 7th New York regiment as a private. He was
commissioned 1st lieutenant of sharp-shooters, 1
Oct., 1861, l)ecame cjiptain, 22 Sept., 1862, was
made major and judge-advocate, 19 Sept., 1864,
and at the close of the war brevette<i colonel for
meritorious service. On 25 Feb., 1867, he was
commissione<l major in the regular army, and on 5
July, 1884, he became lieutenant-colonel and depu-
ty judge-atlvocate-general. He is now professor of
law in the U. S. military academy. Col. Winthrop
is the author of " Digest of Opinions of the Judge-
Advocates-General of the Armv " (Washington,
18(55; enlarged eds., 1866 and 1868; greatly en-
larged and annotated, 1880); and "Treatise on
Military Law" (2 vols., 1886: condensed into one
volume for the use of the cadets at the military
academy as "Abridgment of Military Ijaw,
1887). He has also translated the " Military Penal
Code of the German F]mpire"(1878).— Their sister,
Laura, author, b. in New Haven. Conn., 13 Sept,
1825, was educated at private schools in her native
place, and in 1846 mnrrie«l W. Templeton Johnson.
Besides the alKive-mentioned "Life and Poems"
of her brother Theodore, she has published " Little
Blossom's Reward," a Iwok for children, under
the pen-name of "Emily Hare" (Boston. 1854);
"Poems of Twenty Years" (New York, 1874); a
" Longfellow ProselJirth-day Book " (Boston, 1888):
678
WIRT
WIRT
and various articles in magazines. — Theodore's
cousin, Frpderick, soldier, b. in New York city,
3 Aug., 183U; d. near Vive Forks, Va., 1 April,
ISfJT), was the son of Thomas C. Winthrop. He
was commissioned a captain in the 12th U. S. in-
fantry. 20 Oct., 18(il, and received the brevet of
brigailicr-goncnil of volunteers on 1 Aug., 1864.
He was killed at the battle of Five Forks, where
he cornniaiidfd a brigade in the Hth corps. In
1807 the l)rcv('t of major-general of volunteers was
conferred on him, among the few brevets that were
given after death. It was dated back to 1 April,
1805. the dav of the battle in which he fell.
WIRT, >Vnilani. lawyer, b. in Hladensburg,
Md., 8 Nov., 1772: d. in Washington. I). ('., 18
Feb., 1834. His father was a Swiss, his mother a
(lerman. Both parents having died In-fore he was
eight years old, Jasper Wirt, his uncle. Iwcame
his guardian. Be-
tween his seventh
and his eleventh
year the Iwy was
sent to several clas-
sical schools, and
finfilly to one kept
by the Kev. James
liunt, in Montgom-
ery county, where,
under an accom-
plished and svm-
t)athetic teacher,
le received during
four years the chief
part of his educa-
tion. For two years
he boarded with
Mr. Hunt, in whose
library he spent
much of his time,
reading with a keen
and indiscTiminate api)etite. In his fifteenth year
the school was disbanded, and his patrimony
nearly exhausted. Among his fellow-pupils was
Ninian Edwards (afterwanl governor of Illinois),
whose father. Benjamin Edwards (afterward mem-
ber of congress from Maryland), discovering, as he
thought, in young Wirt signs of more than ordi-
nary natural ability, invited him to reside in his
family as tutor to Ninian and two nephews, and
offered him also the use of his library for the prose-
cution of his own studies, an invitation which was
iovfuUy accepted. Untler Mr. Edwards's roof
Wirt stayed twenty months, spending his time in
teacihing, in classical and historical studies, in
writing, and in preparation for the l)ar, which he
had chosen as his future profession. With the ad-
vantages of a vigorous constitution and a good
person and carriage, but with the drawbacks of a
meagre legal equipment, a constitutional shyness
and timidity, and an over-rapid, brusque, and in-
distinct utterance, he began his leg^ career at
Culpeper Court-House. Va. In 1795 he married
Mildred, daughter of Dr. George Gilmer, and re-
moved to Pen Park, the seat of that gentleman,
near Charlottesville. This change introduced him
to the acquaintance of many persons of eminence,
including Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe.
The l)otmdless hospitality of the country gentle-
men and the convivial habits of the meraters of
the bar at that time had for a season a dangerous
fascination for Wirt, who was regarded by his
legal brethren rather as a bon vivanf and gay, fas-
cinating companion, than as an ambitious lawyer.
Fortunately he saw his peril, and with quick re-
solve forsook the seductive path he was treading.
In 1799 his wife died, and he removed to Rich-
mond, where ho became clerk of the house of dele-
gates. Three years later, at the early age of thirty,
he was elected chancellor of the eastern district of
Virginia, which office he resigned after performing
its duties for six months. In the winter of 1803-'4
Wirt removed to Norfolk, but in 1800, wishing for
a wider field of practice, returned to Richmond,
where he speedily took rank with the leaders of
the bar. In 1807 he was retained to aid the U, S.
attorney in the prosecution of Aaron Burr for
treason. His principal speech, occupying four
hours, and which was characterized by eloquent
appeal, polished wit, and logical reasoning, greatly
extended his fame. The passage in which he de-
Eicted in glowing colors the home of Ilarman
lennerhassett. and " the wife of his bosom, whom
he lately permitted not the winds of summer 'to
visit too roughly,' " as " shivering at midnight on
the wintry banlcs of the Ohio, and mingling her
tears with the torrents that froze as they fell, was
for many years a favorite piece for academic decla-
mation ; and the fact that, though worn to shreds
by continual repetition, it still has power to charm
the reader, is proof of its real though somewhat
florid beauty. In 1808 Wirt was elected to the
Virginia house of delegates, the only time he con-
sented to serve the state as a legislator. In 1816
he was appointed a district attorney, and in 1817
he became attorney-general, of the United States.
He soon afterward removed to Washington. After
twelve years, during which he was often pitted
with signal honor against the most eminent coun-
sel in the land, he resigned his office and removed
to Baltimore. In 1832 Wirt accepted a nomina-
tion by the anti-Masons as their candidate for the
presidency of the United States, and in the elec-
tion that followed he received the seven electoral
votes of Vermont, and a popular vote of 33,108.
He died at Washington of erysipelas, after an ill-
ness of two days, caused by a severe cold.
The most striking characteristic of Mr. Wi^t
was his devotion to his profession. From the be-
ginning to the end of his legal career he kept be-
fore him a lofty ideal, which, except for a brief in-
terval, he strained every nerve to attain. To this
end all his studies, literary, historical, and scien-
tific, as well as legal, were made to converge. In
his early legal addresses he was tempted to aim
less at argumentative strength than at the quali-
ties that captivate the multitude. The reputation
that he thus acquired for excelling in the ornate
rather than in tne severe qualities of oratory atl-
hered lo him long after it had ceased to be well
founded. The consciousness of his early fault ap-
pears to have haunted him during a large part of
his career, for we find him not only perpetually
denouncing " the florid and Asiatic style of ora-
tory" in his letters, and characterizing wit and
fancy as " dangerous allies," but laboring with in-
defatigable perseverance to attain a better reputa-
tion for himself. That he succeeded is well
known. While he never ceased to relieve the
stress and weariness of argument with playful sal-
lies of humor, it was in logical power — the faculty
of close, cogent reasoning — tnat he mainly ex-
celled. His power of analysis was semarkable and
his discrimination keen. He excelled in clearness
of statement, in discernment of vital points, and in
the vigorous presentation of principles. Bestow-
ing great labor on his cases, he often anticipated
and answered his opjwnent's arguments, and swept
the whole field of discussion, so as to leave little
for his associates to glean. In meeting the unfore-
seen points that come up suddenly for discussion.
WIRT
WISE
579
he wiis romarkably prompt and effective. Hin
ablest ar>;uin«>nts were those he deliveretl on the
trial of Aaron Hurr, in the ca»e of Mot'ulhx'h m.
the State of Maryland, in the DartmoiitK colk-jje
case (st-e Whekuhk, Joiix, and Wkbstkr, Dan-
iel), in the treat New York steainl>oat fus«'<if (iil)-
bons vs. UjjcTen, in the CliorokiH' cjise, and especial-
ly in the defence of Judp* IVck. iin|M>achiHl wfore
the U. S. M>nate. Mr. VVirt was coiisoicuous for
his |M>r8onal l)eaiity, both in y«Mith and manhood.
His manly, striking? fl;;ure, intellectual face, clear,
niur<icAl voice, and graceful gesture won the favor
of his hearer in ativance. In his public addresses
he was usually calm, self-posscssiHl, and deliU'rate.
His memory was very retentive, and he cxcelletl in
felicity of (juotation, sonietimes retorting u{Kjn an
adversary with tellini; effect a passage inaptly cited
bv him from an English or Ijatin poet. A pocket
edition of Horace was often thumoeil in his jour-
nevs ; but Seneca was his favorite classic author.
Wirt's conversation, enrichetl bv multifarious read-
ing, yet easy, playful, and sfwir^ling with wit and
humor, was full of interest and charm. Similar
qualities pervade his letters. He was a inemlier of
the Presbyterian church, and in his last years took
great interest in missionary societies, and was presi-
dent of the Marjiand Bible society.
Wirt's earliest work was the noted " Letters of
the British Spy," which he first contributed to the
Richmond "Argus" in 1803, and which won im-
mediate i)opularity. They are chiefly studies of
eloquence and ekMiuent men. are written in a vivid
and luxuriant style, and may be regardi^d, in spite
of the exceptional excellence of "The Blind
Preacher," as rather a prophecy of literary skill
than its fulfilment. They were sof)n afterward is-
sued in book-form (Richmond, 1803; 10th e<l.,
with a biographical sketch of the author by Peter
H. Cruse, New York. 1832). In 1808 Wirt wrote
for the Richmond " Enquirer " essays entitled
*' The Rainbow," and in 1810, with Dabney C'arr,
George Tucker, and others, a series of didac-
tic and ethical essays, entitled " The Old Bache-
lor," which, collected, passed through several edi-
tions (2 vols., 1812). These papers were modelled
after those of the " Spectator, and treat of female
education, Virginian manners, the fine arts, and
especially oratory — a favorite theme of the author.
The best of the essays, that on the " Eloquence of
the Pulpit," is a vigorous and passionate protest
against the coldness that so often reigns there. In
October, 1826, he delivered liefore the citizens of
Washington a discourse on the lives and charac-
ters of the ex-presidents, Adams and Jefferson,
who ha<l died on 4 July of the same year (Wash-
ington, 1826), which the London "Quarterly Re-
view," in a pajMjr on Ainerii-an oratory, several
years afterward, pronounced "the best which this
remarkable coincidence has called forth." In 18i^0
Wirt delivere<l an address to the literary societies
of Rutgers college, which, after its publicHtion by
the students (New Brunswick. 1830), was repul>-
lished in England, and translated into French and
German. His other publications are "The Two
Principal Arguments in the Trial of Aaron Burr"
{Richmond. 1808) : " Sketches of the Life and Char-
acter of Patrick Henry," which has been severely
criticisetl both for its hero-worship and its style,
the subject of the l)iography having Ix'cii n^ganlwl
by many as a cn'ation of the rhetorician rather
tnan an actual pers^mage (Philmlelphia, 1817):
"Address on the Friumph of Lil>erty in France"
(Baltimore, ISSU) ; and " I^etters by John Q. Adams
and William Wirt to the Anti-Masonic Committee
for York County " (Boston, 1831). Wirt's " Life "
has been written by John Pendleton Kenne«ly (2
vols., Philadelphia, 18411). — His second wife. Eliza-
beth WaHhington, b. in Richmond, Va., 30 .Jan.,
1784: d. in AMiia|N)li.s Md.. 24 Jan., 1857, was the
daughter of Col. Roliert (iamble, of Richmond.
Va. She was cari'fully wlucatwl in her native city
and in 1802 married Mr. Wirt. She published an
illustrated quarto volume entitled "flora's Dic-
tionary," which was the first lK)ok of its kind in
this country, and is descrilxtl as "at once a course
of l)otany, a complete flower letter-writer, and a
dictionary of cjuotaticms" (Baltimore, 1829).
WISE, Daniel, clergyman, b. in Portsmouth,
England, 10 Jan.. 1813. He was educatetl at Ports-
mouth grammar-school, came to the United .States
in 1833, and, entering the ministry of the Meth-
odist Episcofwl church, was pastor of various
churches in 18;S7-'.')2. and then editor of "Zion's
Herald" in Boston till 1856. From that time till
18?2 he was e<litor of the Sunday-school publica-
tions of his denomination, and from 1860 till 1H72
he was also editor of the tract publications. Since
1872 he has been engaged chiefly in literary work.
Weslevan university gave him the degree of I). I),
in 185&. Dr. Wise jjublished and edited in 18:J8-'44
the first Methodist Sunday-school paper in this
country. Among his many works, which are chiefly
for youth, are "Life of Lorenzo Dow" (Ix)well,
Mass., 1840): " History- of London" (1841): "Per-
sonal Effort" (Boston, 1841): "The Cottage on
the Moor" (New York, 184.5); "The McGregor
Family" (184.5); " Lovest Thou Met" (Boston,
1846): "Guide to the Saviour" (New York, 1847);
I "Bridal Greetings" (1850); "Life of Ulric Zwin-
I gle" (1850); "Aunt Eflle" (1852); "My Uncle
Toby's Library "(12 vols., Boston, 1853);'" Popu-
lar Objections to Methodism Considered and An-
swered" (ia56); "The Squire of Walton Hall: a
Life of Waterton, the Naturalist" (1874); "The
Story of a Wonderful Life : Pen Pictures from the
Life of John Wesley" (Cincinnati. 1874): "Van-
quished Victors" (Cincinnati. 1876); "Lights and
.Shadows of Human Life" (New York. 1878);
" Heroic Methodists " (1882) ; " Sketches and Anec-
dotes of American Methodists" (18853) : "Our Mis-
sionary Heroes and Heroines "(1884); "Boy Trav-
ellers in Arabia "(1885); "Men of Renown" (Cin-
cinnati, 1886): and "S<ime Remarkable Women"
(1887). He has used the jX'n-names of "Francis
Forrester, Esq.," and " Lawrence Lancewoo«l."
WISE, Henry Alexander, governor of Vir-
finia, b. in Dnimmondtown. Accomack co., Va., 8
)ec., 1806; d. in Richmond. Va.. 12 Sept.. 1876.
He was graduated at Washington college. Pa., in
1825. studied law, was admitted to the bar in Win-
chester, Va.. in 1828. and settled in that year in
Nashville, Tenn., but in 1830 retunie<i to Acco-
mack. In 1833 he was elected to congress by the
Jackson party, and after the election fought a duel
with his conqietitor for the office. He was twice
re-elected. In congress he went over to the oppo-
sition on the development of Jackson's l)ank policy,
and took strong ground in favor of slavery. In
1837 he was second to William J. Graves, of Ken-
tucky, in his duel with Jonathan Cilley, of Maine,
in which the latter was killed. He was a man of
undoubted ability, and hml great influence in John
Tyler's administration, and. says John W. Forney,
"Standing Ix'tween the two gn'at jwrties in the
house, he delighted in his isolation and rioted in
the eccentricities of his genius." In 1842 the sen-
ate rejecte<l the nomination of Mr. Wise as minis-
ter to France, but he was suliscquently appointed
minister to Brazil, and reside<l at Rio Janeiro
from May, 1844, till October, 1847. In 1848 and
680
WISE
WISE
c~^-e::>
1852 he supported the Democratic candidates for
president, ile was clcctetl govern(»r of Virginia in
1855, after a very vigorous canvass, directed es-
pecially against the " Know-Nothings," whose
progress he did
much to check by
his vigorous ora-
tory. His success,
which overturned
the calculations
of many politi-
cal prof)hets, was
due HI part to his
accusation that
the " Know-Noth-
ings " were Abo-
litionists in dis-
guise. Toward the
close of his term
occurred the seiz-
ure of Ilarner's
Ferry by John
Brown, whose exe-
cution on 2 Dec,
1859, was one of
the last acts of his
administration. (See Brown, John.) In February,
ISfil. he was a mcmljcr of the State convention, in
which, from the committee on Federal relations, he
made a report that aimed at compromise and a
peaceable adjustment with the seceded states. Af-
ter the secession of Virginia he was appointed briga-
dier-general in the Confederate army. Ilis force
was driven out of Kanawha valley by the National
troops under Gen. Jacob I). Cox, and at Gauley
Bridge lost a large quantity of arms and stores. Sub-
se(|uently ho commanded at lioanoke island, N. C,
where his forces were defeated by Gen. Ambrose E.
Burnside's expedition, his son, Obadiah J. Wise, be-
ing among the killed. After the war he resumed
the practice of his profession. He published "Seven
Decades of the Union: Memoir of John Tyler"
(Philadelphia, 1872). — Henry Alexander's son, John
Serg'eaiit, politician, b. in Rio Janeiro, Brazil, 25
Dec. 1840, was educated at Virginia military in-
stitute, and, while a ca<let there, took part in the
battle of Newmarket, Va., where he was wounded,
afterward serving on staff duty till the end of the
war. He studied law at the University of Virginia,
was admitted to the bar in 1807, and has engaged
in practice in Richmond. From 1882 till 1883 he
was U. S. district attorney. He was chosen to con-
gress in 1882 as a Readjuster, served one term, and
m 1885 was the liepublican candidate for governor
of Virginia, but was defeated by Fitzhugh Lee. —
Henry Alexander's nephew, George Donglas, con-
gressman, b. in Accomack county, Va., 4 June, 1831,
was etlucated at Indiana university, studied law at
William and Mary, and practised at Richmond.
He served in the Confederate army as a captain,
was commonwealth's attorney of 'Richmond in
1870-'80, and in the latter year was chosen as a
Democrat to congress, where he has since served.
—Gov. Wise's cousin, Henrv Augustus, naval offi-
cer, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 12 May, 1819 ; d. in Naples,
Italy, 2 April, 1809, was a son of George Stuart
Wise, of the U. S. navy. He entered the navv, 8
Fe|)., 1834, attended the naval school at Philadel-
phia in 1839-40, and became a passed midshipman,
16 July, 1840. He servetl in the depot of charts,
and on special duty in 1840-'3, and cruised in the
"Plymouth," of the Mediterranean station, in
1844-'5. He was promoted to master, 31 Oct..
1848, and lieutenant, 25 Feb., 1847. During the
Mexican war he was attached to the razee "Inde-
pendence," on the Pacific station, and participated
in the operations in the Gulf of California, at
Mazatlan, and La Paz. In 1850-'2 he served in
the coast survey, and then he cruised in the frigate
"Cumberland, of the Mediterranean station, in
1852-'4. He was on ordnance duty at Boston
and Washington during the following years until
1860. When the civil war began he was attached
to the steam frigate " Niagara " in the first block-
ading squadron off Charleston, S. C, in 1861. He
was promoted to commander, 16 July, 1862, afid
ap{X)inted assistant chief of the bureau of ordnance
and hydrography, where he served throughout the
remainder of the war and until January, 1869, and
rendered valuable services. He was promoted to
captain, 29 Dec, 1866, and was abroad on leave
when he died. He married a daughter of Edward
Everett in 1848. Cant. Wise was the author of
" Los Gringos, or an Interior View of Mexico and
California, with Wanderings in Peru, Chili, and
Polynesia " (New York, 1849) : " Tales for the Ma-
rines" (Boston, 1855); "Scampavias: from Gibel
Tarak to Stamboul. by Harry Gringo " (New York,
1857) ; " The Story of the Gray African Parrot,"
for children (1859); and "Captain Brand of the
'Centipede'" (London, 1860; New York, 1864),
WISE, Isaac Mayer, clergyman, b. in Stein-
grub, Bohemia, 3 April, 1819. After following the
usual rabbinical training, and a course of secular
instruction at Prague, he was graduated at the
University of Vienna in 1843. In the same year he
was appointed rabbi of Radnitz, Bohemia, where
he remained three years. He then went to New
York, and from 1846 till 1854 he officiated in Al-
bany. In 1854 Dr. Wise was called to Cincinnati,
Ohio, where he has remained. In 1854 he pub-
lished the weekly, " The Israelite," and in 1855 a
German supplement, " Die Deborah." He has rflso
issued a special ritual called " Minhag America,"
which has been adopted by a large number of con-
gregations, and he has been an industrious writer
on Jewish and polemical topics. He has lectured
throughout the country, and consecrated a large
number of synagogues. He is identified with the
reform movement in American Judaism, and his
energy led to the union of American congregations
and the Hebrew union college, of which he is presi-
dent. Among his works are a "History of the
Israelitish Nation" (Albany, 1854); "Essence of
Judaism" (Cincinnati, I860); "Judaism: its Doc-
trines and Duties" (1862); "The Martyrdom of
Jesus of Nazareth," to prove that the Jews were
not responsible for the crucifixion (1874); "The
Cosmic God " (1876) : and " History of the Hebrews'
Second Commonwealth " (1880).
WISE, John, clergyman, b. in Roxbury, Mass.,
in August, 1652; d. in Ipswich, Mass., 8 April,
1725. He was the son of Joseph Wise, who, in hjs
younger days, had been a serving-man. John at-
tended Roxbury free school, was graduated at
Harvard in 1673, and, after studying theology, was
ordainetl pastor of Chebacco, a new parish of Ips-
wich, on 12 Aug., 1683, where he remained till his
death. In 1688, for leading the citizens of Ipswich
in their remonstrance against arbitrary taxation by
Sir Edmund Andros, he was imprisoned,»flned £50
and costs, and deprived of his miliisterial office,
but after the revolution of the following vear he
brought action against Chief-Justice Dudley for
refusing him the benefit of the habeas corpus act,
and is said to have recovered damages. The town
had paid his fine and costs and sent him, as its
representative, to Boston, where he took an active
part in reorganizing the government. In 1690 he
was a chaplain in the unfortunate , expedition to
WISE
WISNER
681
Oanula. When it was pn)iM)i«><l. under the leader-
ship of the Mathers. t«> establish astMK'iations of
ministers in Massachusetts that should exercise
authority that had U'lonpcil to the individual
churches. Wise op|>ose<l the nlan as lH>in>j the first
stop toward a hierarchy, and pulilislit>d against it
a {>ani|)hlet entitled "The Churches' (Quarrel Ks-
i»ouse«i " (Ik>ston. 1710; 2<1 e<l., with the "(.'am-
i)ridj;e Platform," ITl.*)). In this he attacked the
scheme with keen satire, utterly defeating it. Dr.
Henry M. Dexter, in his "Congregationalism as
Seen in its Literature." says the essay is unsur-
passe<l " for density, for clearness, for largeness of
vision, for conclusiveness, and for gener»l ability
and beauty of style." Ijater Mr. Wise am))liflcd
his views in his " Vindication of the Government
of New England Churtrhes." which was lx)und to-
gether with another edition of the former pam-
phlet (1717). This is a remarkable exposition of
the general principles of civil government, and be-
came, savs a biographer, " the text-b(K)k of lil)erty
for our Revolutionary fathers, containing some of
the notable ex[)ressi(ms that are used in the Decla-
ration of Indp|x»ndence." The two essays were
reprinted in a volume bv the Congregational board
of publication, with an )iistorical introtluctorv no-
tice by the Kev. Joseph S. Clark. I). D. (1*860).
See. also, funeral sermon, bv John White (1725).
WISE, John, ai'ronaut, b, in Ijancaster, Pa., 24
Feb., IHOH ; d. in Lake Michigan. 28 or 29 St>pt.,
1879. His first ascension from Philadelphia, Pa.,
on 2 May, 1835, was short and uneventful. Dur-
ing his next, on 4 July. 18Ji5, from Ijebanon, Pa.,
he attempted to 0|)en the valve on the top of the
balloon, but lost control, and it burst, compelling
him to descend. On 1 Oct., 1835, he attempted
an ascension from Ijancaster, Pa., but was thrown
from the car and l)ecame unconscious while the
balloon ascended alone, and on 7 May, 18136. he
ascended again from Lancaster, and landed in Har-
ford county. Md., al)out seventy-flve miles distunt.
While he was emptying the car of its cargo an ex-
plosion of the gas occurred, burning the aeronaut
severely. He made a voyage from Phila<lelphia,
Pa., on 18 Sept., 1837. alighting in Delaware river,
where he was rescued. On this trip he set loose
two parachutes for the purpose of demonstrating
the superiority of the inverted parachute. In Oc-
tolxjr, ISn, he ascended again from Philadelphia,
and alighted in New Jersev. fortv miles from his
starting-|ioint. He left Kaston, Pa., 11 Aug.. 18;JS,
and when he had reached the height of 13.0()0 feet
his balloon burst, and in less than ten seconds all
the gas had es<ra|)e<l. The Imlloon descended rapid-
ly with an oscillating motion, ami. on reaching the
earth, rebounded, throwing Mr. Wise ten feet from
the car. He next a«lvertised that on 1 Oct., 1838,
he would ascend and in the air would convert his
balloon into a parachute, which feat he success-
fully accomplished. On 4 Julv, 1840. he entered
into comjK'tit ion with William Paullin for a record
of the highest and longest ball(M)n ascension, but
was defeated. In June. 184ii, he announced his
intention of crossing the Atlantic in the summer
of 1844, advancing the theory that there was a con-
stant air-current from west to east 12.000 feet alK)ve
the cK"ean ; but \\j fniled to secure an aj)[)ropriation
from congress for the purpose, and was comi)elIe<l
to abandon the project. In August, 184(5, during
an ascension from West Chester, Pa., he entered a
thunder-cloud, and, on descending, his car was
struck by lightning, but he escaped. During an
ascent, on 15 Aug., 1851, from Zanesville. Ohio, he
made experiments on the action of falling bodies,
and found that they all spin upon their axes. A
light, empty pint-bottle fell in a large spiral, gir-
ing out a musical sound in its descent, and tuniing
slowly on an axis as it came down. On 5 Sept^
1851, he ascendetl from Columbus, Ohio, and found
himself entering a stratum, 10,000 feet in height,
that was highly electrical and agitated by " con-
vulsicmary air-wheels." All parts of the balloon-
rigging accjuiretl musical projwrties, the various
cortls giving forth sounds similar to those of a
stringed instrument. At sunset he saw the clouds
tinted with the colors of the rainimw. and, although
more than a mile high, heard the voices of persons
below in conversation. This voyage was l)enefl-
cial to his health, which had been much imi>aired.
In 1851 he petitione<l congress for an approj>ria-
tion of $20,000 for the i)urpf>se of constructing a
large air-ship with which to demonstrate the pos-
sibility of destroying any fleet, fort, or army by
means of explosive missiles thrown from the car,
and also the possibility of crossing the ocean.
The petition was referred to the naval committee
and never reported on. Thereafter he continued
to make occasional ascensions until 1859. when
they numl)ered al>out 230. In that year, with
John Im Mountain and others, he made the cele-
brated voyage from St. Louis to Jefferson county,
N. Y., a description of which is given in the article
La MoiXTAix. From September, 1871, till July,
1872, he was librarian of the Franklin institute.
He then revived his project of crossing the Atlantic,
and made efforts to raise funds for a balloon and
equipment, but without success until the enterprise
was taken up by the " Daily Graphic." of N'ew
York city. (See Doxaldsox, Washixotox H.)
Soon after this failure he removed to Louisiana,
Mo., intending to devote the remainder of his life
to farming ; but he was unable to resist the fasci-
nation of ballcKtning, and announced an ascension
from St. Louis, Mo.. 28 Sent., 1879. With several
companions, in a new balloon named the "Path-
finder," he set out at the appointed time, intending
to stay in the air as long as he could. The ImiI-
l(Kin moved in a northeasterlv direction, and was
last seen at Carlinville, 111. ^Froni that time no
tidings were ever received from the aeronauts, but
several weeks later the body of one of the party
was washed ashore on Lake Michigan. It is sup-
poseil that they perished during one of the sudden
tempests of that region, and. like Donaldson and
others, were drowned in the waters of the great
lake. Mr. Wise published a "System of Aero-
nautics " (Philadelphia. 1850).
WISNER, Benjamin Blydenbnrgr, clergy-
man, b. in Goshen. Orange co., N. Y.. 19 Sept.,
1 794 ; d. in Boston, Mass.. 9 Feb., 1835. H is father
was one of the first settlers in Goshen. Benjamin
was graduatoil at Union in 1813 and at Princeton
theological seminary in 1820. and in the interval
was principal of the academy in Johnstown. N. Y.,
also studying law. In 1821-'32 he was pastor of
the Old South church. Boston. Mjiss. He then
resigned on account of failing health, and U-came
secretary of the American Ixwrd of commissioners
for foreign missions. In that cajmcity he did g(x»d
service in visiting various fwrtsof the country and
in forming missionary associations. Union gave
him the degree of I). I), in 1h28. His publications
include single sermons and memoirs; "History of
the Old S«.uth Church " (Boston, laSO); and " Moral
Condition and Prospects of the Heathen " (1838).
See " Memorial Volume of the First Fifty Years of
the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign
Missions." bv Uufus Anderson, D. D. (1862).
WISNER, Henry, patriot, b. in Goshen, Or-
ange co., N. Y., alxjut 1?25; d, there in 1790.
582
WISNER
WISTAR
He was the grandson of a Swiss soldier who set-
tled in Orange county in 1715. Henry was ap-
pointed in 1768 one of the assistant justices of the
court of common pleas, and represented Orange
county in the New York general assembly m
175S»-69, lie strenuously esjxnised the side of
colonial rights against the pretensions of the Brit-
ish parliament, and wjis a member of the Conti-
nental congress of 1774. and of the 2d Continental
congress, which a<lopted the Declaration of Inde-
iiendence. For that measurt> VVisner voted, and
he was the oidy New York delegate who acquired
that honor, but before the Declaration was en-
grossed on parchment and ready for signing, he
went to New York to attend the Provincial con-
gress, of which he had been elected a meml)er. He
studied the art of making gunpowder and erected
three powder-mills in the neighlxirhood of Goshen,
from which large quantities of powder were sup-
plied to the Revolutionary army. lie was other-
wise of practical service to the patriot cause by
having spears and gun-flints made and by repair-
ing the roads in Orange county, thus facilitat-
ing the transportation of provisions and military
material to the American troops. He also, at his
own expense, erected works and mounted cannon
on the banks of Hudson river, which greatly im-
j>e<led British vessels in their passage of the High-
lands. He was one of the committee that framed
the first constitution of New York in 1777, state
senator in 1777-'82, and a member of the New
York convention of 1788, which ratified the U. S.
constitution. On that occasion he voted in the
negative, fearing, in common with other stanch
patriots, that a strong Federal government would
overpower state and individual rights. In person
Wisner was tall, with pleasing manners, and a
frame that was vigorous even in old age. He pos-
sessed a strong intellect and an energetic charac-
ter. See " A Memorial of Henry Wisner," by
Franklin Burdge (New York, 1878).
WISNER, Moses, lawver. b. in Aurelius, N. Y.,
in 1818 ; d. in Lexington, Ky., 5 Jan., 1863. He
was carefully educated, removed to Michigan in
18:}9, studied law, and was admitted to the bar at
Pontiac in 1842. He became prosecuting attorney
for Lapeer county in 1843, and was governor of
Michigan in 1849-61. In 1862 he entered the
National army as colonel of the 22d Michigan
regiment, but died on his way to the seat of war.
WISNER, WiUiam, dergvman, b. in Warwick,
N, Y., in 1782; d. in Cedar Riipids, Iowa, 7 Jan.,
1871. He adopted the profession of law, and prac-
tised in Orange county, N. Y., for several years,
but relinquishe<l that profession to become a clergy-
man. He studied theology at Princeton seminary,
was pastor of the Presbyterian church in Ithaca
for a short time, and in 1831 took charge of the
Brick church, Rochester, N. Y.. where he remained
for several years. He removed to Ce(lar Rapids,
Iowa, in 1870. Delaware college gave him the de-
gree of D. D. in 1842. His publications include
" Incidents in the Life of a Pastor " (New York,
18.51), and "Elements of Civil Liberty, or the
Way to maintain Free Institutions "' (1853).—
His s(m, William Carpenter, clergyman, b. in
Elmira, N. Y., 7 Dec., 1808 ; d. in Locl{|x)rt, N. Y.,
14 July, 1880, was graduated at Union in 1830,
studied theology with private instructors, and
was nastor of Presbyterian churches in New York
and Missouri from 1832 till 1836, when he became
pastor in Lockport, N. Y., holding charges there
from 1837 till 1876. Union college gave him the
degree of D. D. in 1851. Dr. Wisner was known
throughout the Presbyterian church not only for
solid learning, but for his inexhaustible humor.
He left his large private library to Auburn theo-
logical seminary, of which he was a trustee in
1863-'76. He was moderator of the general as-
sembly in 1855. He published several sermons
and " Prelacy and Parity " (New York, 1844).
WISSER, John Philip, soldier, b. in St. IjouIs,
Mo., 19 July, 1852. He was graduated at the
Central high-school of St. Louis in 1870, and at
the U. S. military academy in 1874. Receiving
an assignment to the 1st artillery, he served on
carrison duty in Florida and Massachusetts until
May, 1876. when he was ordered to the U. S. artil-
lery-school at Fort Monroe. Since 1878 he has
been connected almost continuously with the aca-
demic stafif of instructors at the U. S. military
academy, chiefly in the department of chemistry,
mineralogy, and geology. On 13 Jan., 1880, he
was promoted 1st lieutenant, and during 1884 he
studied at the Freiberg, Saxony, school of mines,
and at the agricultural experiment station at Wies-
baden. He was requested to investigate and report
upon the system of instruction at the military
schools of England, France, Germany, and Austria,
and to attend and report upon the manoeuvres of
the 17th corps of the French army in 1884. Lieut.
Wisser was aide-de-camp to Gen. John Gibbon
during the Chinese troubles in Washington territory
in 1886, but in August of that year he returned to
the U. S. military academy. He is a member of
the Chemical society of Berlin and of the Ameri-
can association for the advancement of science.
His publications include" Chemical Manipulations"
(Fort Monroe, 1883); "Short Historical Sketch of
Gunpowder " (New York, 1883) ; " Compressed
Gun-Cotton for Military Use" (1886) ; " Report on
the Manoeuvres of the 17th Corps of the Army
of France" (Vancouver Barracks, W. T., 1886);
" Practical Instruction in Minor Tactics and Strat-
egy " (New York, 1888) ; and " Report on the Mili-
tary Schools of Europe : I., Austria " (1889).
WISSLER, Jacques, engraver, b. in Strasburg,
Germany, in 1803 ; d. in Camden, N. J., 25 Nov.,
1887. fie was educated in Paris, France, came to
this country in 1849, and was employed in a litho-
graphing firm. Before the civil war his employer
sent him to Richmond, Va., and after the firing on
Fort Sumter he was detained by the Confederate
authorities and assigned to the task of engraving
its paper currency and bonds. Mr. Wissler ac-
quired a fortune in this employment, but his loy-
alty to the U. S. government caused the confisca-
tion of >Ihs estate before the close of the war. He
then removed to Macon, Miss., and finally settled
in Camden, N. J., where he acquired the reputa-
tion of being among the most skilled engravers in
this country. He was also successful in portrait-
painting in crayons and oils.
WISTAR, Richard, merchant, b. in Philadel-
phia, Pa., 20 July, 1756 ; d. there, 6 June, 1821. He
was the grandson of Caspar Wistar, who came to
this country from Germany in 1717 and estab-
lished near Salem, N. J., what is believed to have
been the first glass-factory in the colonies, in the
management of which his son was also associated.
In early life Richard turned his atteption to com-
merce, in which he was eminently successful. He
built a large four-storied store in 1790, where he
conducted an iron and hardware business, and with
the profit s of this undertaking purchased lands and
houses in the vicinity of Philadelphia, which be-
came exceedingly valuable. During the Revolu-
tionary war he advocated the defence of his prop-
erty by arms, which resulted in his being disowned
by the Society of Friends. He was an inspector
WISTAR
WITIIKRELL
of prison*, and wiis ono of the early friends and
8up(M>rterH of the Philadelpliia library c*oni|>any
and the Pennsylvania hosnilal. — His brolher. Can-
Far, physic-iaii, h. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 13 Sept.
701 ; d.' there. 22 Jan.. 1818, was educated at the
Friends' school in his native city, where he receivetl
a thon^ugh classical
training. His inter-
est in medicine bei^an
while he was aiding
in the care of the
wounded after the Iwt-
tle of Gemiantown,
and he made his first
studies under the di-
rection of Dr. Jt)hn
Redman. He attend-
e<l lectures at the med-
ical de|>artment of the
University of Penn-
svlvania, and received
the degree of bac-helor
of meSiciiie in 1782.
After spending a year
in England, he went
to Edinburgh, where,
in 1780, he received
his doctorate. While in Scotland he was. for two
successive vears, president of the Royal medical so-
ciety of Edinburgh, and also nresident of a society
for the further investigation of natural history. He
returned to this country in January, 1787, and en-
tered on the practice of his profession in Philadel-
phia, where he wjis at once apiwinted one of the phy-
sicians to the Philadelphia (lis|)t'nsary. He was pri>-
fe.>»sor of chemistry and the institutes of medicine
in the College of Philadelphia from 1789 till 1792,
when the faculty of that institution united with
the medical department of the University of Penn-
sylvania, of which he was adjunct professor of
anatomy, midwifery, and surgery until 1808. In
that year, on the death of his associate. Dr. Will-
iam Shipix-n. Jr., he was given the chair of anato-
my, which he retained until his death. His fame
attracted students to his lectures, and he was largely
the means of establishing the reputation of the
school. Meanwhile he was chosen physician to the
Pennsylvania hospital, where he remained until
1810. His ability as an anatomist was increasetl
by his description of the posterior portion of the
ethmoid bone with the triangular bones attached,
which receive<l universal recognition as an original
treatment of the subject. It was his habit to throw
open his house once every week in the winter, and
at these gatherings students, citizens, scientists,
and travellers met and discussed subjects of inter-
est. These assemblies, celebrated in the annals of
Philadelphia under the title of Wistar parties, were
continued long after his death by other resi<lent3
of that city. The College of physicians elected him
a fellow in 1787. and ho was ap|>ointe<l one of its
censors in 1794, which place he retaine<l until his
death. He was clect«Ml a meml»er of the American
philosophical society in 1787, was chosen its vice-
president in 1795, and on the resignation of Thomas
Jefferson, in 1815, succewled to the highest office,
which he filled during the remainder of his life.
On the death of Dr. Benjamin Rush. Dr. Wistar
succcf^lwi to the presidency of the Sxnety for the
abolition of slavery. The well-known climbing-
shrub, wistaria, which grows wild in the western
and southern states, was name<l in his honor. Dr.
Wistar contributed pajiers to the " Transactions of
the College of Phvsicians" and to the "Transac-
tions of the American Philosophical Society," and
was the author of " A System of Anatomv, for the
Use of Stutlents of Minlicine " (2 vols., Philadelphia,
1814, originally published in tNirts). — His son,
Isaac Jones, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14
Nov., 1827, was educated at Uaverfora college. Pa.,
adopted the profession of law, and i>ra<;tised in
Philmlelphia. He enteri'd the National army in
18(11, as a captain in a n>giment of Pennsylvania
volunteers, and served in Maryland and Virginia,
his commission as briga<lier-geiieral of volunteers,
dateil 29 Nov., 18<52, iH-ing granted for services at
Antietam. After the war he resunanl practice, and
is now president of a canal company and several
coal companies in Pennsylvania.
WISTER, Annis Lee, translator, b. in Phila-
delphia. Pa.. 9 Oct., \H30. She is the daughter of
the Rev. William II. Funiess, and married, in 1854,
Dr. Casjmr Wister (a descendant of Cas|mr Wis-
tar, who came to this country in 1717), who was
»)orn in 1817, and died 20 Dec, 1888. Her i-duca-
tion was receivetl chiefly at home under the care
of her father, and she early began to translate
stories from the German. Subsequently she trans-
lated and adapted various novels, including those
of Phigenie Marlitt. Wilhelmine von Hillern, Fried-
rich W. Hacklflndcr, Fanny Ix'wald. and others,
numl)erinK in all more than thirty volumes (Phila-
delphia, 1864 el seq.), among, which are " The Old
Mam'selle's Secret," " Gold Elsie," " The Second
Wife," " Violetta," and "The Owl's Nest." A uni-
form set of her German translations has been is.sued
in thirty volumes (1888). She has also published,
with Dr. Frederic H. Hedge. "Metrical Transla-
tions and Poems" (Boston, 1888).
WIS>V.\LIj, It'habod, clergyman, b. in Eng-
land in 1638; d. in Duxbur>-, Mass., 23 July, 17CK).
He emigrated to this country in his youth, studied
at Har\'ard for three years without lieing gradu-
ated, was ordaine<l to the ministr)-, and from 1676
until his death was pastor of the church in Dux-
bury, Mass. He taught for many years, and was
an agent of the colony in 1689 in its effort* to
prevent the union of Plymouth cf>lony to New
York or Massachusetts, visiting England for this
purpose, but was defeated by Increase Mather, the
representative of Massachusetts, who desired the
union. Wiswall published a poem on the comet
of 16H0 (London. 1680).
WITHERELU James, statesman, b. in Mans-
field, Mass., 16 June. 1759; d. in Detroit, Mich., 9
Jan., 1838. He servetl in the Revolutionary army
as a member of the 11th Mas.>«chusetts retiment
from the l>eginning of the war till 1783, wnen he
was mustered out of service, after {)artici|mting in
the principal battk>s in New York and New Jersey,
and being severely wounded at White Plains, lie
then .studied medicine in his native state, was
license<i to practise in 1788, and removed to Ver-
mont, where he adopted the profession of law. He
serveti in the legislature in 1798-1803, was a judge
of Rutland county for the next two years, state
councillor in 180;i-'7, and a niend»er of congress
frtnn October, 1807, till May, 1808. when he re-
signed to be<'ome U. S. judge for the territory of
>iichigan. He resigne<l that {>ost in 1828. and was
apix>inte<l secretary of the territorj* by President
John Quincy Adams. He was active in the man-
agement of the municipal and e<]ucational affairs
of Detroit, and left a valuable collection of pa|»er8
on the history of that city and the state of Michi-
^n.— His soil. Benjamin FrankUn Hankins,
lurist, b. in Fair Haven, Vt.. 4 .\ug., 1797: d. in
I)etroit, Mich., 26 June, 1867, was educattnl in a
private school in Troy, N. Y., accomi>anied his
lather to Michigan, and studied law. lie was ad-
684
WITHERS
WITIIERSPOON
mitted to the bar of Detroit in 1819, was prose-
cuting attorney and probate judge of Wayne
county. an<l in 1843 district judge of the criminal
court of Wayne, Washtenaw, and Jackson counties.
He became liistoriograohcr of Detroit in 1855, and
from 1857 until his iieath was circuit judge of
Wayne county. He was appointed a regent of the
State university in 1848, served several terms in
the legislature, was a men)l)er of the State consti-
tutional convention in 1850. and president of the
Michitrnii historical scK-iotv for many vears.
WITHERS, Frederick Clarke, architect, b.
in .Shcpton Mallet, Somersetshire, England, 4 Feb.,
1828. He was educated in King Edward's schocd
in Sherl)ome, Dorsetshire, and then devoted him-
self to the study of architecture. Mr. Withers
earlv came to this coimtrv and established for
I i}M
himself a high reputation for his designs of
churches. Among these are St. Luke's, Matteawan,
N. Y. : the 1st Presbyterian, Newburg, N. Y. ; St.
Thomas's, Hanover, N. H. ; the Church of the Ad-
vent, Louisville, Ky. ; St. Luke's. Altoona, Pa. ; and
Calvary, Summit, N. J. Of other buildings, the
Hudson river state hospital for the insaneat Pough-
keepsie, \. Y. ; and the Iniildings of the Columbia
institution for deaf and dumb at Washington,
D. ('., are from his plans. The Jefferson market
court-house and prison in New York, designed in
the Italian Gothic style, is the only public building
where that style has l>een introduced, and ranks
as one of the best pieces of architectural designing
in that city. He also designed and had charge
of the erection of the altar and reredos in Trinity
church. New York city, in honor of William IJ.
Astor. This memorial, carved in Caen stone,
occupies nearly the entire width of the chancel,
and IS about twenty feet high. The altar, of white
marble, is eleven feet long, and is divided into
panels, in the central one of which is a Maltese
cross in mosaic set with cameos, on which are cut
the syndM)ls of the evangelists. In beauty of de-
sign and delicacy of carving this reredos is among
the Ix'st works of its character on the American
continent. (See illustration.) During 1861-2 Mr.
Withers served as an officer in the Mew York vol-
unteer engineers, ami he has published " Church
Architecture" (New York. 1873).
WITHERS, Jones Mitchell, soldier, b. in
Madison county. Wis., 12 Jan.. 1814. He was
grmluated at the U. S. military academv in 1835,
and resigned in the same vear. but during the
Creek disturbanc-es in 1*30 "commanded the Ala-
bama volunteers. He subsequentlv studied law in
Tuscaloosa, Ala., l>ecame private secretary to Gov.
Clement C. Clay, and was admitted to tlhe bar in
183ft. He settled in Mobile as a lawyer and com-
mission merchant in 1841. He was in the legisla-
ture in 1855, mayor of Mobile in 1856-'61, and at
the beginning of the civil war entered the Confed-
erate army as colonel of the 3d Alabama infantry.
He became brigadier-general in July, 1801, com-
manding the defences of Mobile, major-general
early in 18(52, commanded a division at Shiloh. and
participated in the battle of Stone River, 31 Dec,
18(52. He was subsequently in charge of a depart-
ment, with headquarters at Montgomery, Ala.
After the war he returned to Mobile, and edited
the " Tribune " in that citv.
WITHERS, Robert Enoch, senator, b. in
Campbell county, Va., 18 Sept.. 1821. He was
graduated at the medical department of the Uni-
versity of Virginia in 1840, and practised his pro-
fession in his native county for fifteen years, after-
ward removing to Danville, Va. Early in 1861 he
became colonel of the 18th Virginia regiment, and
with that command he participated in all the bat-
tles of the Army of Northern Virginia from Bull
Run to Gaines's Mills, where he was severely
wounded. Being incapacitated for further field
duty, he was then assigned to the charge of the
prisons and hospitals in Danville, Va., which post
lie held till the close of the civil war. He edited
the " Lynchburg News " in 186(>-'8, and subse-
quently the " Richmond Enquirer," and was nomi-
nated for governor by the Democratic party in
1868, but withdrew in favor of Gilbert C. Walker,
Conservative. He was a presidential elector in
1873, became lieutenant-governor, 1 Jan., 1874,
and on the 13th of the same month was chosen
U. S. senator as a Democrat, succeeding John P.
Lewis, Republican, and serving one term. Since
1885 he has been U. S. consul at Hong Kong. China.
WITHERSPOON, John, signer of the Declara-
tion of Independence, b. in Gifford, Haddington-
shire, Scotland, 5 Feb., 1722; d. near Princeton,
N. J., 15 Sept., 1794. Through his mother he was
descended from John Knox. His father, James
Witherspoon, was minister of the parish of Yester,
which included the
village of Gifford.
The son was gradu-
ated at Edinburgh
university in 1742,
and in 1745 was
ordained minister
of the parish of
Beith. W'hile look-
ing at the battle of
Falkirk> he was
made a prisoner,
and confined for
two weeks, to the
permanent injury
of his health. He
gained a wide rep-
utation, first by a
satirical essay on ec-
clesiastical abuses,
and afterward by
a disquisition on the Calvinistic doctrine of justifi-
cation by faith, and was installed pastor at Paisley
on 16 Jan., 1757, and in the course of a year was
chosen moderator of the synod of Glasgow and
Ayr. The University of Aberdeen conferred on
him the degree of D."D. in 17(54. He declined the
presidency of Princeton college in 1766. but ac-
cepted a second invitation, and was inaugurated
on 17 Aug., 1768. He brought with him 300
valuable volumes as a gift to the college, while
his friends in Scotland and England gave many
more. Finding the treasury empty, he made a
WITHERS POON
WlTHKRSI»OON
680
tour in New Kiif^land. obtaining xubsicriptions in
Boston and oth«T towns, wciirtnl aid also from
South Carolina, Virf;iiiia, and otht-r i-olonies, Hn<l
issitc<l " An Address to the Inhabitants of Jamaica
an<l other West India Islan<ls on IV^half of the
C'ollejfe of New Jersey." His special department
of instruction was that of divinity, and during
the entire jwriml of his pn»sidency he officiated as
Siastor of the church in Princeton. He was the
Irst teacher in thus country of the system of meta-
physics that was i'ont<Mn{K)raneously ex{)ounded in
Scotland i)y Thomas Ileid. He also enlarged the
course of philosophy so as to include political
science and international law, and promoted the
study of mathematics. The ctillege received a
great expansion through his administrative ability
and the introduction of progressive educational
methmls. Ik'sides other improvements in the sys-
tem of teaching, he intro<luced the lecture methoti,
and gave lectures himself on rhetoric, moral phi-
losophy, history, and theology. In 1772 he insti-
tute<l a class in Hebrew, and he also introduced the
study of the French language. He was a leader
of tlie Presbyterians of the country in embracing
the side of the patriots in the diffieulties with the
British crown, identifying himself with the colonial
contention from his landing in America, and by his
influence and example doing much to attach the
Scotch and Scotch- Irish population to the patriot
cause. When the preparations for a general con-
gress were in progress he met the New Jersey com-
mittee at New Bnmswick to urge resistance to the
tea tax, and was accounted " as high a son of lib-
erty as any man in America." On 17 May, 1776,
which was ap|x>inted by congress as a day of fast-
ing, he delivered a sermon on " The Dominion
of Providence over the Passions of Men," which
was published and dedicated to John Hancock, and
repnnted in Glasgow with notes denouncing the
author as a rebel and a traitor. The people of New
Jersey elected him to the convention that framed
the state constitution, and he surprised his fellow-
members with his knowledge of law. On 22 June,
after taking part, as a member of the Provincial
congress, in the overthrow of the authority of the
royal governor, William Franklin, he was' elected
to the Continental congress. He was impatient of
delay in passing the Declaration of In«lei>endence,
declaring that "he that will not respond to its
accents, and strain every nerve to carry into effect
its provisions, is unworthy the name of freeman,"
and protesting for himself that "although these
gray nairs must soon descend into the sepulchre, I
woulil inflnitely rather that they shoula descend
thither by the hand of the public exet!utioner than
desert at this crisis the sacred cause of my country."
He was a member of the secret committee of con-
gress whose lalxirs were of supreme imjxirtance in
the prosecution of the war. In November, 1776, he
was appointed on a committee with two others to
visit Gen. Washington and confer with him on the
military crisis, and in I)eceinl)er. when congress
had been driven fn)m Philadelphia to lialtimore,
he ma<le one of a committee, tne other memliers
being Richard Henry Ijee and John Adams, which |
issued a stirring api)eal to the i>eople. He was I
also a member of the board of war, and in 1778
was made a member of the committee on the
finances. In the following year he distinguished
himself as a mcml)er of the committee to procure
supplies for the famishing army. He also acti>d in
that ye«r on the committee to conduct negotiations
with the i)eople of Vermont, who were determinetl
to organize a new state on the New Hampshire ,
grants. In 1779 he resigned bis seat in oongross on i
account of the exp<>nse that was incident to the
place, and with the desire to devote his attention
to a revival in the college; but he was |x'rsuaded to
return in 1780. Many of the state pai»ers on the
emission of a i)a|>er currency, the mfnle of supply-
ing the army oy commission, and other im(x>rtant
subjects were from his jien, and some of the chief
measures of congress were initiated by him. Re-
tiring from coiigrt'ss in 17851, he visited England
with Joseph Ree«l. inU>nding to appeal to the i»eo-
ple of Great Britain and the continent for con-
tributions to the tn'rtsury of Princeton college:
but he found the British so embittere<l toward the
people of this country that he refrained from pre-
senting his object to the public. He did not re-
sume the work of teaching after the war, but
occupied himself with the administrative affairs
of the college and with the cultivation of a farm
near Princeton till the close of his life. F'or two
years before his death he was blind. The earliest
publication of Dr. Withersp<M>n was his " Ecclesi-
astical Characteristics, or the Arcana of Church
Policy; l)eing an Humble Attempt to open up the
Mystery of Moderation," first issued without his
name (Glasgow, 1753), but afterwanl avowed in
"A Serious Ajwlogv for the 'Characteristics.'"
His "Essay on the ('onnection between the Doc-
trine of Justification by the Imputed Riglitef>us-
ness of Christ and Holiness of Life" (Edinburgh,
185(5) was often republished. The pulilication by
the Rev. John Home of the tragedy of " Douglas''
drew from him a "Serious Inquiry into the Na-
ture and P^fl'ects of the Stage (Glasgow, 1757).
A sermon entitled "Seasonable Advice to Young
Persons" (Paisley, 1762), denouncing some young
men for mocking the sacrament, subjected him
to a heavy fine for libel. The first collection of
his writings, which Ixire the title of "Essays on
Im{K)rtant Subjects, with Etx^-lesiast ical Character-
istics" (3 vols., Ix>ndon. 17M), included an "Essay
on Regeneration," which was also published s*|)a-
rately. "Sermons on Practical Subjects "(Glasgow,
1 768) and " Practical Discourses on I^eading Truths
of the Gospel" (1768) contained nine and fourteen
homilies, respectively. After coming to this countr)'
he publisheci single sermons; lectures on philoso-
phy, elocjuence, divinity, and education; an " Essay
on Money." " I^etters on Marria^," philological
papers in "The Druid," and political essavs, one
of which, entitled "Considerations on the Kature
and Extent of the lA^gislative Authority of the
British Parliament" (Philadelphia, 1774), was
attributed to Benjamin Franklin. After his death
aj>p«>are<l a volume containing "Sermons on Vari-
ous Subjects," and numerous controversial tracts,
one of which was the " Ilistor)' of a Coriwration of
Servants," satirizing the Church of England, which
was written before he left Scotland. A collected
edition of his "Works," with his funeral sermon
by Rev. Dr. John Ro<lgers, and a memoir of his
life by Rev. Dr. Samuel S. Smith, was editwl by
the Rev. Dr. Ashliel Green (4 vols.. New York,
180<>-'l; 9 vols.. Edinbur^'h, 1804). The "Life"
had alrea«ly aj>|H>ared by itself (New York, 1795),
and was repnnte<l in an etlition of his "Select
Works" (2 vols., London, 1804). Dr. Green left a
memoir of Dr. Witherspoon which remains in
manuscript in the library of the New Jersey his-
torical society at Newark. A colossal statue of
Witherspoon was unveiled cm 20 Oct., 1876, in
Fainuouut piirk. IMiiladclphia. Pn.
WITHERSPOON. Thomas Dwight, clergy-
man. b. in (ireensl>on>ugh. Hale co„ Ala., 17 Jan.,
1836. He was gradiiateil at the University of Mis-
sissippi in 1856, studied theology, and becaune pa»'
586
WITIIINGTON
WOERT
tor of the Presbyterian church at Oxford, Miss.,
in 1859, was a elmplHiti in the army of the Confed-
eracy for the wiiole duration of the civil war. then
was settled at Memphis. Tenn., till 1870, when he
was chosen chaplain of the University of VMr^finia
for the usual neriotl of two years. After his in-
cuml»eiK'V in tnat post he took charge of a church
at Petcrshurjr. Va.. which he left in 1882 to be-
come pastor of one in Louisville, Ky., and at the
same time chairman of the evangelistic agency of
the synod. He hjis been invited to various pro-
fessorships and to the presidencv of colleges, but
would not leave the pastorate, the University of
Missksippi gave him the degree of 1), 1). in 1868,
and that of LL. I), in 1884. Dr. Withersnoon is
the author of "Children of the Covenant' (Uich-
mond. 1807), ancl " Letters on Romanism" (1877).
WITHIXUTON, Leonard, clergvman, b. in
Dorchester (now a part of Boston), Mass., 9 Aug.,
1785); d. in Newburv, Mtu^s., 22 April, 1885. He
was graduated at Vale in 1814, studied theology
at Andover seminary, was ordained as a Congrega-
tional minister on 31 Oct., 181(5, and acted as pas-
tor of the 1st church at Newbury till 1858, when
he retired from the active duties of the ministry,
though he continued to lie connected with the
church as senior pastor till his death. He received
the degree of I). D. from liowdoin in 1850. He
nublished. Upsides numerous sermons, reviews, and
lectures, "The Puritan, a Series of Essays," under
the |)en-name of " .John Oldbug. Esq." (2 vols.,
Boston, 183(i). afterward suppressing the edition;
"Penitential Tears, or a Cry from the Dust by the
Thirty-One " (1845), referring to the protest of Bos-
ton school-masters against the abolitioi^of corporal
punishment ; and " Solomon's Song Translated
and Explained." which was the fruit of nearly
twoseore veurs of studv (18(51).
WITHROW, William Henry, Canadian au-
thor, b. in Toronto. (5 Aug.. 1839. He was edu-
cated at Toronto academy, Victoria college, and
Toronto university, and was gi'aduated in 1864.
He entered the ministry of the Methodist church
in 18(54. and was s\ibse(iuently pastor consecutively
at Waterford, Montreal, Hamilton, and Niagara.
In 1874 he was elected editor of the "Canadian
Methodist Magazine " at Toronto, which he has
since held, and he is also editor of the Sunday-
school [)eriodicals of his denomination. He was
[)rofessor of ethics and metajjhysics in Wesleyan
adies' college at Hamilton in 1873-'4; was a mem-
ber of the senate of Toronto university in 18^'',
and of Wesleyan theological college since 188o;
was elected a fellow of the Koval society of Canada
in 1884. and in 1882 received the dcL'fee of D. D.
from Victoria university, Cobourg. lie has trav-
elled extensively, and has l)een identified with the
cause of temitefance in Canada. He has published
" The Catacombs of Rome, and their Testimony
relative to Primitive Christianity" (New York,
1874) ; " School History of Canada "(Toronto. 1876) ;
1878); "Worthies
1874) ; " School History of Canad
"History of Canada (Boston,
of Early Methodism " (Toronto, 1879J ; " Romance
of Missions" (1879); "The King's Messenger, or
Lawrence Temple's Probation " (1879) ; " Barbara
Heck" (1880); "Great Preachers, Ancient and
Modern "(1880); "Neville Trueman, the Pioneer
Preac!her " (1880) ; " A Canadian in Europe " (1881) ;
"Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs" (1881);
"Men Worth Knowing" (1883); "Life in a Par-
sonic, or Lights and Shadows of Itinerancy"
(1885) ; and " The Dominion of Canada, Picturesque
and- Des<-rintive" (1888).
WITSES', Willem Jacobns, Dutch physician,
b. in Oesgect, Holland, in 1739 ; d. near Rotter-
dam in 1808. He was educated at the University
of Leyden, and went about 1765 to St. Eustatius,
W. I., where he practised his profession and formed
a valuable library. After holding the office of
health commissioner of the colony, he was trans-
ferred to Surinam in the same capacity, and
checked there an epidemic of yellow fever in
1779-'80, and the Asiatic cholera in 1783. He
was nuiintained in his office when the colony was
captured by the English and retaken by the
French, and after the conclusion of peace he estab-
lished a botanical garden in Surinam, and made
several expeditions into the interior to collect
medicinal plants. In 1797 he was appointed sur-
geon-inspector in the home navy department, and
retired from active service in 1801, settling on an
estate near Rotterdam, where he died. Among
his works are " Tropiske Medicinske Voorden-
boek, gefolgden van een Verhandling over medi-
cinske planten van Guiana "(Rotterdam, 1799), and
" De plantarum Guianae aeconomia" (1802).
WITTE, Nicolas (vit-teh), Flemish missionary,
known also as Fray Juan de San Pablo, b. in
Bruges alwut 1505; d. in Mexico, 21 Oct., 1565.
It is said that he was a relative of the Emperor
Charles V., who gave him a high office at court,
but in 1532 he fled to the convent of San A'gustin
and became a monk, despite the emperor's en-
treaties. As he longed to labor in the New World,
and had refused several bishoprics, he obtained
leave in 1543 to go to New Spain. He learned the
Indian dialects in Mexico, took charge in 1548 of
the missions in the northern provinces, preaching
in the native languages with remarkable success.
He was given by the Indians the name of "El
Sloco," wnich means friend, or protector. Owing
to his great favor with the emperor, he abolished
in his missions the enforced labor to which the
Indians had before been subjected, and, making
known at court their true condition, succeeded in
obtaining several imperial decrees, enacting im-
provements and measures for their welfare, not
only in Mexico but in the whole of South America.
He was prior successively of the convents of Chilapa
and Mexico. Witte left to the convent of Burgos
a rich library of books about Aztec and Toltec
monuments. Besides manuscripts that are pre-
served in the archives of Simancas, and several
letters puTjlished in the recent Spanish state publi-
cation " Cartas de Indias," he wrote " Ensayo sobre
la lengua Mexicana " (Seville, 1561).
WOEDTKE, Frederick William (vet-keh),
Baron xde, soldier, b. in Prussia, about 1740; d.
near Lake George, N. Y., 31 July, .1776. He was
for many years an officer in the army of Frederick
the Great, attaining the rank of major. Coming
to Philadelphia with letters of recommendation
from friends of America in Paris, he was appointed
a brigadier-general on 16 March, 1776, and ordered
to join the Northern army. He took part, about
three weeks before his death, in a council of war
at Crown Point, which decided, against the advice
of Col. John Stark and others, to evacuate that
post and fall back on Mount Independence.
WOERT, or WERT, Jan Jacobus Sebald,
Dutch navigator, b. about 1550 ; d. in Holland
about 1612. He was in the servic* of the East
Indian company, when he sailed as rear-admiral
of the fleet of Jacobus Mahn, which was sent to
explore the Strait of Magellan, and left Texel in
June, 1598. The admiral having died at sea in
September following. Simon Van Cordes succeeded
in command, and Woert became vice-admiral. Af-
ter visiting Buenos Ayres and making sounding
along the coast of Patagonia, they anchored in
WOLCOTT
WOLCOTT
687
k
April. 1599, at the Pinguin islands, and a few weeks
later discovered Na-ssau island, where the admiral
established his headquarters, while Wtwrt made
journeys into the interior and ha<l friendly inter-
(!ounm'with the natives. They enteretl the South
sea on 10 .S<>|)t., and the next day Woert's ship
was carriiMl by a storm bat-k into the straits. Un-
able to unite the fleet, ho retunu-d to Nassau isl-
and, whence ho led survevinc expeditions along
the strait, prepared a valuable chart, and dis-
covered the Sebald islands on 28 Feb., KJOO. He
reache<l Amsterdam in the following June, and
in KKM commanded a new ex|)edition to the Strait
of Magellan. Some authors assert that he died
during the joumev, but others contend that he
sailed to the soutfi till he encountered ice-flelds.
The clerk of the exiKnlition wrote a narrative
of Woert's discovery, which was translated into
French as " litOation de I'expetlition des amiraux
Jacques Mahn, Simon do Conies et Jean Sebald
Woert, faite au detroit de Magellan " (Leyden,
1603). There is a Latin version by Jan Ijaet,
which is included in his " Xovus orbis, seu de-
scriptionis occidentalis" (Leyden, 1633).
WOLCOTT, Roger, colonial governor, b. in
Windsor, Conn., 4 Jan., 1079; d. in Fast Windsor
(then a part of Windsor), Conn., 17 May, 1707.
The frontier settlement in which he grew up af-
forded him no opportunities of early education. At
the age of twelve he was apprenticed to a weaver,
and on reaching his majority he established him-
self in business, and acquinnl a competence. He
was a representative in 1709, became a justice of
the |»eace in the following year, and in 1711 acted
as commissary of the Connecticut forces in the ex-
pedition against Canada. He became a member of
the council in 1714, judge of the county court in
1721, a judge of the supreme court in 1732, and
deputy governor and chief judge of the supreme
court in 1741. In 1745 he commanded the Con-
necticut contingent of the forces that were sent by
the colonies against Louisburg, with the rank of
major-general, and in the siege of that nlace was
second in command under Sir William t'epperell.
He wa.s elected governor in 1750, and held the
office till 1754. when he retired from public life,
and devoted his after-years to literary pursuits and
religious meditation. lie published " Poetical Med-
itations," a small volume of verse (New Ijondon,
1725). containing, with six shorter pieces, a narra-
tive poem called " A Brief Account of the Agency
of the Hon. John Winthrop in the Court of King
Charles the Second." which has l)cen reprinted in
the " CoUectioiLs " of the Massachusetts historical
8<x;iety. Some of the other poems are given in
Charles W. Everest's " Poets of Connecticut "
(New York, 1843) ; and a letter to the Rev. Peter
Hobart entitlwl "The New England Congrega-
tional Churches are and always have liecn Conso-
ciated Churches" (1761). — His son. EratttUB, sol-
dier, b. in Fast Windsor, Conn., 21 Sept.. 1722: d.
there. 14 Sept., 1793. was re|>eate<lly electe<l to the
general assembly, and was chosen speaker of the low-
er house, was a justice of the peace and a judge of
{irol>ate, and became chief judge of the county court,
le was sent to Bostim in 1775 to ol>serve the
movements of the Hritish troops. Earlv in 1776 he
joined Gen. Washington's armv l)efore lV)ston with
a regiment of Connecticut militia, and in the sum-
mer of that year he garrisone<l the fort-s at New
Ix>ndon with his men. He was appointe<l a briga-
dier-general of militia in 1777. and led the 1st
brigade of Connecticut troops on the expeilition to
Peekskill, N. Y.. and then to Danbury, Conn. He
was chosen a delegate to the Continental congress.
but did not serve. After the Revolution he was a
judge of the sunrerae court of Connecticut. —
— Another son, Oliver, signer of the Declaration
of Independence, b. in Wrnds^ir, Conn., 26 Nov.,
1726: d. in Litchfield, Conn., 1 Dw., 1797, was
graduated at Yale in 1747, and in the same year
was commissioned as captain by the governor of
New York, and, rais-
ing a comjMiny of vol-
unteers, serve<i on the
northern frontier till
his regiment was dis-
banded after the sig-
nature of the treaty
of Aix-la-Chaf)elle.
He then studied med-
icine with his brother,
Dr. Alexander Wol-
cott, but in 1751, l)e-
fore he entered into
practice, he wa.s cho-
sen sheriff of the new-
ly organized county
of Litchfield. He
was a member of the
council continuously ^.^
from 1774 till 178(J, /7)^. jj/zf-^
and at the same time (yca/e^r- 'Wi^Cc/y^
judge of the county
court of common pleas, and also judge of prolate
for the Litchfield uistrict many years. He was ac-
tive in the militia organization, and rose through
all the grades from a captaincy to the rank of
major-general. Adhering to the American cause
from the U'ginning of the Revolutionary troubles,
he was ai)pointed by the Continental congress in
July, 1775, one of the commissioners of Indian
affairs for the northern department, who were in-
trusted with the task of inducing the Iroquois
Indians to remain neutral. The Wvominc: con-
troversy between Connecticut and Pennsylvania,
and. still more, the dispute between the settlers
of Vermont and the authorities of the state of
New York, which endangered the harmonious
action of the colonies, were compromised largely
through his exertions, A gilded leaden statue of
George III., that had been erecte<l on Ik»wling
Green in New York city in 1770, was thrown down
by the citizens in 1776, and was taken to Gen.
V^olcott's place in Litchfield, where his daughters
and their friends converted the material into cart-
ridges for the militia. He was elected to the sec-
ond Continental congress, and t(K>k his seat in
January, 1776, remaining during the del)ati«s on
the Declaration of Independence and until after it
was adopted. He then returned to Connecticut,
and was appointed by the governor and c«iuncil of
safety to the command of the fourteen regiments
of Connecticut militia that were sent for the de-
fence of New York. He orpinized this foree, and
when it was divided into brigades returnetl to his
home, and in November resumwl his seat in con-
{•ress. which, a month later, was driven fnim
'hilatlelphia. and continued its sessions in Balti-
more. During the summer of 1777 he was era-
ployed in organizing Ixxlies of militia, in active
operations, and in corresjwnding with other patri-
ots on military matters. He brought re-enforce-
ments of several thousand men to the assistance
of Gen. Israel Putnam on Huds(m river, and then
joinetl the northern army under Gen. Horatio
Gates with three or four hundred volunteers, and
was assignetl to the command of a brigade of
militia which took i>art in the defeat of Gen. John
Burgoyne. In February, 1778, he resumed his
588
WOLCOTT
WOLFE
flace in congress, which was then sitting at York,
'a. lie was not elected to the next congress. In
the summer of 1779. when the British ravaged the
coast of Connecticut, he took the fiehl at tlie head
of a divisicm of militia. In 1780 he was again
electeil a n-nresentative in congress, and continued
a member till 1784, although he did not regularly
attend the sessions. In 1785 he was appointetl one
of the commissioners of Indian affairs for the
northern dei»artineiit who negotiated a treaty of
Cace with tlie Six Nations. He was elected lieu-
nant-governor of Connecticut in 1786, and re-
clei^ted till 1790, when he was chosen governor,
which office he held at the time of his death.
— Oliver's son, Oliver, secretary of the treasury,
b. in Litchfield, Conn., 11 Jan.. 17(50: d. in New
York city, 1 June, IftW. was graduated at Yale in
1778. having in the previous year tjvken part as a
militiaman in encounters with the British who at-
tempted to capture the Continental stores at Dan-
bury, lie studiiMl law at Litchfield, at the same
time accompanying his father to the coast in 1779
as a volunteer aid, and discharging later the duties
of (luartermaster at Litchfield. He was admitted
to tne bar in January, 1781, removed to Hartford,
became a clerk in the financial de|»artment of the
state government, and in 1782 wjis appointed a
memlx-r of the committe*' of the nay-table. In
May. 1784. he was commissioned, wiln Oliver Ells-
worth, to adjust the claims of Connecticut against
the IT. S. government. He was appointed comp-
troller of public accounts when that oflice was cre-
ated in 1788. When
the National gov-
ernment was or-
ganized under the
new constitution,
in September,1789,
he received the ap-
pointment of au-
uitor of the treas-
ury. He became
comptroller of the
treasury in the
spring of 1791, re-
taining that office
in preference to
the presidency of
the United States
bank, which he wjis
^x/) ^ offered on its or-
Lytiy^<^9^:^^'^ ganization in the
U^Z/'i^r. >r/^e?2^>«5'/9^ summer of that
year. On 2 Feb.,
1795, he succeeded Alexander Hamilton as secre-
tary of the treasury. He offered his resignation on
the accession of John Adams to the [)i-esidency. but
was continued in office till 8 Nov., 18()0. when he
peremptorily resigne<l. He had l)een subjected to
fross slanders, his political opponents accusing the
tsh-ralist officials of burning the treasury build-
ings in order to conceal |>eculations. He therefore
called for an investigation, and the hostile com-
mittee of the house of representatives kept alive
the malicious insinuation by rei)orting that they
had obtaine<l no evidence regarding the fire in the
treasury dei)artnient that enabled them to form a
"conjecture satisfactory." Presitlent Adams forth-
with nominated Mr. Woleott judge of the U. S.
circuit court for the 2fi district, embracing the
states of (;onnecticut. Vermont, and New York,
and the .senate shielded his reputation by unani-
mously confirming the nomination. In 1802 he
lost his judgeship bv the re|)eal of the judiciary
act under which he had been appointed. He then
engaged in mercantile business in New York city,
and in 1803 was elected president of the Merchants'
bank, which, however, soon afterward was de-
stroyed by the operaticm of the law known as the
*• restraining act," When the charter of the first
Unitetl States bank expired, Woleott employed his
ca[)ital in founding the Bank of North America,
and was chosen its first president, holding the
office from 1812 till 1814. when he retired, in con-
sequence of {X)litical differences between himself
and the directors. He was the Democratic candi-
date for governor of Connecticut in 1815, and was
defeated, but in 1817 he was elected, and in the
same year was a member of the convention that
framed the new state constitution, and was chosen
to preside over that body. He was annually re-
elected to the governorship for ten years. Subse-
(piently he resumed his residence in New York city.
WOLF, (ieorge, governor of Pennsylvania, b.
in Allen township, Northampton co., Pa., 12 Aug.,
1777; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 17 March, 1840. He
was the son of a German emigrant, was' educated
at a classical school, taught for some time, and then
studied law. Attaching himself to the Republican
party at the beginning of the administration of
Thomas Jefferson, he was appointed postmaster at
Easton, and afterward clerk of the S'orthampton
county orphans' court, remaining in that post till
1809. In 1814 he wjis elected to the state house
of representatives. He was elected to congress
without opposition, taking his seat on 9 Dec, 1823,
and was returned at the two succeeding elections,
taking the protectionist side in the debates on the
tariff, and serving till 3 March, 1829, In that
year he was electeil governor. After inducing the
legislature to prosecute the construction of canals
and impose new taxes for the liquidation of debts
that had already been incurred on account of in-
ternal improvements, he urged the establishment
of a general system of common schools, and by
strenuous efforts accomplished this reform where
former governors had failed. He was once re-
elected, serving six years as governor, and was
then defeated as a candidate for a third term,
owing to the defection of a part of the Democrats
who voted for Henry A. Muhlenberg. In the
following year President Jackson appointed him
first comptroller of the treasury. He entered on
the functions of this office on 18 June, 1836. Re-
tiring on 23 Feb., 1838, he was in the same year
appointed collector of the port of Philadelphia,
and held that office till he died. He was recog-
nized as ^t he "father of the public-school svstem"
by the erection of a memorial gateway at ICaston,
which was unveiled on 29 June, 1888.
WOLF, Simon, lawyer, b. in Hinzweiler, Ba-
varia, 28 Oct., 1836. He emigrated to the United
States at an early age, and for several years fol-
lowed business pursuits, but liegan to read law, and
was graduated at the C'leveland law-school in 1861.
In 1862 he went to Washington, and in 1869 he
was appointed recorder of deeds for the District of
Columbia, holding that office until May, 1878, In
July, 1881, he received the post of consul-general
in Egypt, which he resigned in May, 1882, He has
l)een active in Jewish charitable and e<lucationaI
movements, and is a frequent lecturtr on social,
literary, and political topics.
WOtiFE, Jnnies, British soldier, b. in Wester-
ham, Kent, England. 2 Jan., 1727: d, near Que-
bec, Canada. 13 Sept., 1759. He was a son of
Lieut.-Col. Edward Wolfe, an officer distinguished
for skill and bravery in Marlborough's campaigns,
James was educated at Greenwich, His military
life began early, and with such unmistakable evi-
WOLFE
WOLFE
089
denoes of grpat ability that at the age of sixteen he
senred as adjutant of hi:» rcgimunt in thec-aiii|)tti^n
of Dettingen. In
the HUnpression of
the Jscottish re-
bellion of n^"! he
wrvwl as major
and deputy quar-
ternja-ster - gener-
al,while his father
was a nmjor-een-
cral, coninianuini;
a division. He
was engaged in
the Netherlands
in 1747-'8. on gar-
rison duty in >kx)t-
land and Ireland
in 174«-'53, and
in England in
1753-'7. In 1758
^"^ he had reached
y^CI^^^'<^ ^yzr^e^ Ju^r^^nemll'Td
commanded one
of Gen. Jeffrey Amherst's divisions at the siege of
Ix)uisburg, where he was distinguished for his gal-
lantry. The next year he was promoted major-
general, and placed by William Pitt in command
of the expedition against (Quebec. In the latter
part of June, 1759, he arrived before that city with
a force of 8,000 men, supported by a powerful
fleet, and, after erecting batteries at Point t^evi and
the isle of Orleans, he o|)eni*<l fire on the enemy's
defences, which had been grwitly strengthened by
the French commander-in-cliief. ' (See Montcalm.)
The large ships of war being unable to co-o|)erate
by reason of their draught, he next took position
near the mouth of Montmorency river and made a
bold attack on the French works, which was re-
pelled with loss. Various other plans were now pro-
poeeil by Wolfe, but rejected by his officers. Sir
Jeifrey Amherst failed to co-operate as had been
promise*!, and the approach of winter necessitateil
the speetly departure of the fleet. Wolfe sent
many desponding messages to Pitt, and the ap-
pointment of the young general to the command
was severely criticise<l in England. As a final plan,
Wolfe transferretl his troo|>s to a point several
miles al)ove the city. While reconnoitring the
precipitous bluffs called the Heights of Abraham,
on the north shore of the river, he detecte<i the
cove that is now calknl by his name, about two
miles from (Quebec, whence a narrow path wound
up the cliff. Determining to surprise the French
by this difficult route, he spent a day and a ni^ht in
preparation, and at one o clock on the morning of
13 Sept. embarked about 5,000 men in l>oats,
which droppeti noiselessly down the river to the
landing-place. By sunrise the entire force had
comploteil the ascent, and s(K>n after ton o'clock
they coiifronto<l the French force, which was su-
IM»rior in numbers but comjxjsed chiefly of undis-
cipline<l prf)vincials. After an hour's cannonade
Montcalm attacked impetuously, but his men were
driven back in confusion, and Wolfe, pressing to
the front, ordered the Louisburg grenadiers to
charge the enemy. While cheering on his men,
he receive*! two wounds, the setrond of which
ende<! his life, but not until he was assured of the
defeat of the French. Five days later Quebec sur-
rendennl. and the (English l)ecame masters of Can-
ada. Wolfe's remains were carrie<l to England,
where a monument was erected to him in West-
minster Abbey. The Massachusetts assembly also
voted a marble statue of him. A small column
marks the sixtt where he fell, and an obelisk sixty
feet in height has Ik-cii plactnl in the govi-niment
gardens at (^uetKt- in his honor and that of his
enemy Montcalm, who fell in the same battle.
See Kobert Wright's " Life of James Wolfe " (Ijon-
don, 1804), and Francis Parkman's " Montcalm
and Wolfe " (Boston, 1885).
WOLFE, John Darid, merchant, b. in New
York city, 24 July, 17U2; d. then-. 17 Mav, 1872.
He was the son of David Wolfe (1758-18;i<5). who
served during the Revolutionary war as captain in
a militia company and later as assistant (piarter-
master under Col. Timothy Pickering with the
army under Gen. Washington. The lK»y was e<lu-
cated for a commercial life, and l)ecame a success-
ful han! ware-merchant and the head of the firm of
Wolfe and Bishop. He gave largely to benevolent
objects, especially for the relief of orphans, aged
persons, and prisoners, and for the promotion of
religion and education under the auspices of the
Protestant Episco{)al church. F^or some time he
was a vestrj-man of Trinity, and at the time of
his death was senior wartlen of Grace church. He
founded a high-school for girls, known as " Wolfe
hall," at Denver, Col,, and a diocesan school for
girls at Toi)eka, Kan., gave the building for the
theological seminary connected with Kenyon col-
lege, and a fund for the College of the Sisters of
Bethany, at Topeka, Kan., built homes for crippled
and destitute children and for impoverished Chris-
tian men, in Suffolk county, N. \ ., and, with Mrs.
Peter Cooj>er, established the Sheltering Arms
charity in New York city. Mr. Wolfe was asso-
ciatwl in the organization of St. Johnland, was its
first president, and a lilieral contributor to its
support. He was also president of the Working-
w^omens' protective union, vice-president of the so-
ciety of the New York hospital. als<i an active
officer in other charital)le organizations, and presi-
dent of the American museum of natural history.
Mr. Wolfe prepared a " Mission Service." consist-
ing of suitable portions of the '• liook of Common
Prayer," which he had translated into German,
Spanish, and French, and in all circulated more
than 1:M),000 copies. See " A Memorial of John
David Wolfe," by Evert A. Duyckinck (New York,
1872). His wile was Dorothea Ann, a daughter
of Peter Ijorillard. — Their daughter. Catharine
LoHllard, philanthropist, b. in New York citv,
28 March, 1828; d. there, 4 April, 1887, inherited
from her fat her's
and grandfather's
estates a well-in-
vested fortune of
alxiut $10,000,000,
and expende<! at
first 111 00,000. and,
as her income in-
creascil, as much as
f 2.'>0.000, each year
for benevolent pur-
poses. She aideil
the charities that
her father estab-
lishe<!, Carrie*! out
his design in giv-
ing a site for the
Home for incura-
bles at Fonlham.
N. Y., gave al>out $100,000 to Union colle^, $80.-
000 to St. Luke's hospital. New York city, and
$6.5,000 to St. Johnland on liong Island : largely
aided in building the American chapel at Rome,
and contributed a large sum to the one in Paris ;
o^/^^
690
WOLFF
WOLSELEY
established an Italian mission, costing $50,000, and
a newsboys' loilging-house, and a diocesan house
which, including its endowment, cost $170,000.
This was her last act of public charity. She also
fouiidfd or built schools and churches in many
places in the west and south, atlded to the funds
of Alexandria sennmiry, the American stihool at
Athens, (ffiswold college, and distributed large
amounts annually among the indigent clergy and
the deserving jJoor through the ministers and
charitable institutions of the Protestant Episcopal
church. In 1884 she sent an expinlition to Asia
Minor in charge of Dr. William II. Ward, which
made im|M)rtaut ardueological discoveries. Miss
VVolfe t(X)k s|M?cial interest in (iraee church, of
which she was a meml)er, and during her life gave
to it the chantry, the reredos, a large memorial win-
dow, and (irace house, all of which amounted to
over $2ol),<KH). By her will she left an endowment
of |;:{.>0.(MH) to thiit church. Her fondness for art
wjis shown in her residence at 13 Madison avenue,
which was filled with paintings, many of which she
selected during her visits abroad, and of these Lud-
wig Knaus's "Holy Family" and Galmel Max's
" The Last Greeting " are tlie best known. In ad-
ditiim to her city house she owned a villa at New-
port. R. I., that was elegantly furnished, and other
country houses. Miss Wolfe left her valuable col-
lection of modern paintings to the Metropolitan
museum of art, together with $200,000 for its
preservation and enlargement.
WOLFF, Bernard Croiise, clergyman, b. in
Martinsburg, Va., 11 Dec, 1794; d. in Lancaster,
Pa., 1 Nov., 1870. He received a classical educa-
tion at the Chambersburg high - school, studied
theology (it the seminary cf the German Reformed
church at York, Pa., after having carried on busi-
ness as a mechanic in Martinsburg for thirteen
years, and became the English pastor of the church
at Easton, Pa., in 1833. In 1845 he left that place
to become pastor of a Reformed church in Balti-
more, Md., and in 1854 became professor of didac-
tic and praeticAl theology in the seminary at Mer-
cersburg. After retiring from the chair in 1864 he
removed to Lancaster, and was active and success-
ful in obtaining contributions for Franklin and
Marshall college. Rutgers gave him the degree of
D. D. in 184:1 He was for several years president
of the German Reformed board of foreign mis-
sions, a meml)er of the liturgical committee from
1849 till 1808, when the liturgy was completed,
and a fre<iuent contributor to the church publica-
tions, having Ix'gun his literary lalxirs while a
theological student by editing the " German Re-
formed Magazine." He translated for his classes
Johann II. A. Ebrard's " Christliche Dogmatik,"
and was engaged in preparing the work for publi-
cation when he died.
WOLLE, Peter, Moravian bishop, b. on the
island of St. John, W. I., 5 Jan., 1792; d. in Beth-
lehem, Pa., 14 Nov., 1871. His father, a Moravian
missionary in the West Indies, came to this coun-
try in 1800, and placed his son in school at Naza-
reth, Pa. Peter was afterward one of the first
three graduates of the theological seminary of the
American .Moravian church, and after his ordina-
tion ha<l charge of the churches at Lancaster,
Philatlelphia, and Lititz. While lalwring at Lititz
he was consecrated to the episconacy, 26 Sept.,
1845. He was an active memwr of the executive
or governing boartl of the northern district of the
church for nearly twenty -five years, and at his
death was senior "bishop of the Moravian church
in Euroj)e and America, He po8,sessed a thorough
knowledge of music, and by direction of the synod
revised and rearranged the hymn-tunes that are
now in use in the Moravian churches. — His nephew,
Francis, botanist, b. in Jacolwburg, near Naza-
reth, Pa., 17 Dec, 1817, was educated in the Mo-
ravian parochial school in Bethlehem, and then
became a clerk in his father's store. Subse-
quently he taught, first at Nazareth hall and
then in the higher departments of the Moravian
parochial school in Bethlehem. He became in
1857 vice-principal of the Moravian seminary for
young Imlies, and in 1861 orincipal of that insti-
tution, which place he hela untd 1881. He was
ordained a clergyman in the Moravian church
in 1861, but is now retired. In 1852 he patented
in the United States, and later in France and Eng-
land, a machine that he devised for making paper
bags. It was the first of its kind, and covers the
fundamental principle of the many sin\ilar ma-
chines that are now used. From early boyhood
he made natural history a study, particularly en-
tomology, which later gave place to botany. At
first he studied phaenogams, then cryptogams,
especially musci, hepaticte, and finally the fresh-
water algjp of the United States. He has con-
tributed papers on his specialties to the " Bulletin
of the Torrey Botanical Club," and similar pe-
riodicals. His works, which are recognized as
authorities both in this country and abroad, are
" Desmids of the United States, and List of Pedi-
astrums," with 1,100 illustrations bv the author
(Bethlehem, Pa., 1884), and " The 'Fresh- Water
Algae of the United States," with 2,300 illustra-
tions by the author (2 vols., 1887).
WOtLENWEBER, Louis Angnst, author, b.
in Speyer, on the Rhine, Germany, 5 Dec, 1807;
d. in Reading, Pa., 25 July, 1888. He was educated
at Speyer for the trade of a printer, was employed
at his vocation at Ilomburg, and was compelled
to emigrate to this country in consequence of his
being one of the agitators of the " Hambacher
Volksfest." After his arrival in Philadelphia he
was first engaged on the " Schnellpost," afterward
founded a new German paper, " Der Freimue-
thige," and subsequently acquired possession of
the " Demokrat," the chief German newspaper in
Philadelphia. In 1853 he sold the "Demokrat,"
and afterward resided in the Lebanon valley and
in Reading. He was a frequent correspondent of
the German newspapers, and published " Sketches
of Domestic Life in Pennsylvania." a collection of
poems and sketches in the mixed German and
English of the Pennsylvania Germans (Philadel-
phia, 1869) ; " Treu bis in den Tod " (1875) ; and
" Zwei treue Kameraden " (1878).
WOLLEY, Charles, clergyman, b. in Lincoln,
England, about 1652 ; the date of his death is un-
known. He was graduated at Cambridge in 1673,
sailed for New York, 27 May, 1678, in company
with Sir Edmund Andros, and was chaplain of
Fort James there from the date of his arrival till
1680, when he returned to England. He is said to
have been afterward settled at Alford, Lincoln-
.shire. He publi.shed"A Two Years' Journal in
New York, and Part of its Territories in America"
(London, 1701), of which a new edition, with copi-
ous historical and biographical notes, was issued
by Edmund B. O'Callaghan (New Yofk, 1860).
WOLSELEY, (iarnet Joseph, Viscount, Brit-
ish soldier, b. in Golden Bridge house, near Dub-
lin, Ireland, 4 June, 1833. He is the son of an
army officer, and is descended from a Staffordshire
family. He was educated privately, entered the
army as ensign in March, 1852, became a captain
in 1855, mapor in 1858, and colonel in June, 1865.
He served in the Burmese war of 1852-'3, in the
WOOD
WOOD
691
f
war in the Crimea, was severely woundc<l at the
siege of S(>t>ast4>|M>l, and rec'eive<l the (ii>corati(>n
of the lA'pi«)n of honor and the Turkish order of
the Medjidieh. During the Sepoy mutiny in 1H.57
he was at the siege and capture of Lucknow, and
at the defence of Ahimbugh. He wjis sent to
Canada when difficulties arose with the l'nite<l
States in Cf»nsequence of the affair of the *' Tri'nt,"
Novi'ml)er, ISOl, and afterwanl visitetl the Con-
fe<l«'mte camps. In 1H<J7 he was ap|M>inted deputy
quartermaster - general ot Canada, and in IHOU
commanded the exfieditionary force that was sent
to supi)rt.>!i8 the insurrectionary government of
IjQuis Kiel at F'ort Garry, and was knighted for
his services. He commandi>d the tnxjps during
the Ashantee war of 1873J-'4, and for his success
was pron>ote<l a major-general, and received the
thanks of parliament and t'2o.(H)0. In April, 1874,
he was ap[M>inted to comnuuid the auxiliary forces,
in 1875 was sent to Natal as administmtor of its
government, and in 1876 was nominated a mem-
ber of the council of India. In 1878 he was sent
to organize the government of Cyprus; in June,
1879, he returned to Natal, and, as govenior of
Natal and the Transvaal, took charge of the work
of organizing a government in Zululand, and con-
ducte<l the subscijuent campaign against Secoeni.
Retuniing in May, 1880. he was appointed quarter-
master-general, became adjutant -general of the army
in April, 1882, and the same year was commander-
in-chief of the force that was sent to Egypt. For
his services on this occasion he was gazetted Baron
Wolseley of Cairo, and of VV'olseley in the county
of Stafford on 20 Nov., 1882, and he was also pro-
motwi a general in 1882. In 1884-'5 he was com-
mander-in-chief in Egypt, and c-onducted the futile
opi'mtions for the relief of Khartoum, and on his
return he was made a viscount. He is now adju-
tant-general of the British array. He has received
degrees from various colleges, and has publisheil a
" Narrative of the War with China in 1860" (Lon-
don, 1862): "The Soldier's Pocket- Book for Field
Service" (1869); "TheSvstem of F'ield Manoeuvres
best adapted for enabling our Troops to meet a
Continental Armv" (1872); and "France as a
Military Power in'l870 and 1878" (1878),
WOOD, AlpllonHO, botanist, b. in Chesterfield.
N. II., 17 Sept., 1810; d. in West Farms, N. Y., 4
Jan., 1881. He was gra<luated at Dartmouth in
1*14. and then studied for a year in Andover theo- ]
logical seminary. Subsequently he taught in Kim- '
ball union acailemy. Meriden.' N. H., until 1849, '
after which he followed the practice of civil engi-
neering for three years. In 1851 he became presi-
dent of the Ohio female si'minary, where he re-
mained until 1857 and then accepte<I a professor-
ship in Terre Haute female college. Ind. He was
chosen principal of Clinton female seminary in
Brw)klyn, which r)ost he held until 1865, and then
after travelling for a year he settled in 1867 in
West Farms, N. Y, Prof. Wood made a sj)ecialty
of Ijotany ami nublished "Class-Iiook of Botany,"
of which 100,000 copies have Ufn sold (lioston,
1845) : " First Ijessons in Botany " (1848) : " Ix«aves
and Flowers, or Object Ijessons in Botanv"(New
York, 186:1); "The American Botanist and Flor-
ist " (1870) ; and " Plant Kecord " (1877). He edit-
ed a translation from the German of " Pwtry from
the Vegetable World " (Cincinnati. 1858).
WOOD, Charles, clergyman, b. in Brooklyn,
N. Y.. 3 June, 1851. He was gnuluate^l at Haver-
ford college, Pa., in 1870, and at the theological
seminary at Princeton in 1873. He was pastor of
the Ceniral Presbyterian church, Buffalo, JJ. Y., in
1873-*8, afterwanl passed a year in study in Ger-
many, made a tour around the world, and. return-
ing to this country in Novemlxfr. 1881, became
nastor of the 4th Presbyterian church, Albany,
N. Y. In Man-h, 188<{. he a.Hsumed charge of the
1st Presbyterian church in Germantown. the buI>-
urb of Phila<Ielphia, Pa. Mr. Wo<h1 was delegate
of the Presbyterian church of the L'nited States to
the general assendily (»f the C'hurch of .Scotland in
1879. He has In'en a fre(juent contributor to peri-
(Mlical literature. an<l has published " A .Memorial
of l)r. John C. Lord" (Buffalo. 1878) and "Saun-
teriiigs in Euro|»e" (New York. 1882).
WOOD, Charlotte Matilda, actress, b. in Eng-
land in 1836. She came of an old theatrical familv
named Yining. She marrie<l John Wood, and with
her husband played her first important engagement
at Manchest«r. a|)|>earing as Audn-y t<^> her hus-
band's Touchst«)ne. Mr. and Mrs. John Woo<i
came to the Unite<l States in 18,54. and Mrs. Wood
made her ddbut in lioston as Gertrude in " A Ix)an
of a Lover." In 1859 they visited California, where
she undertook the management of the .San Fran-
cisco American theatre. There she separated from
her husband, who died in Vancouver's island. 28
May. 18({3. Returning to New York, Mrs. Wood
ap{)eared, in May. 1860, at the 01ym[)ic theatre, to
which she gave that name, it having previously
been known as Laura Keene's theatr»>, of which she
subsequejitly l)ecame the manager, and remained
until 1866. when she returned to England, where
she acted at the Princess theatre in London un-
der the management of her cousin, (ieorge Yin-
ing. Appearing there in " Bania\)y Kudge," she
was not well received, her audience mistaking her
for an American, and actors of that nationality
Ijeing then imfavorably reganled by the English
fiublic. Since that time Mrs. Wo<h1 has playe<i in
jondon. where she has also managed several thea-
tres with success and create«l many new characters.
Among her latest successes are the princitml char-
acters in "The Magistrate." " The Scnool-Mistress,"
and "Dandy Dick." On 24 Sept., 1888, she ai>-
peareil at the new Court theatre with a comeay
entitled "Mamma." an adaptation of "I^es sur-
prises de divorce." On the same evening her
daughter. Florence, made a successful d^but.
WOOD, De Volson, engineer, b. in Smvma,
N. Y.. 1 June. 1832. He was graduated at the
Rensselaer polytechnic institute in 1857 with the
degree of C. E.. and at once l»ecame assistant pro-
fessor of civil engineering at the University of
Michipm. where he was made full professor two
years later. In 1872 he was chosen professor of
mathematics and mechanics in the Stevens insti-
tute of te<-hno|r>gy, nol)oken, and in 1885 he was
transfern-d to the chair of engineering, which he
still retains. Prof, Wood design«'<l an ore-«Ux;k
at Marfjuette, Mich., in 1866. and h»is invented a
rock-<lrill. a st€>am-pump, and an air-compressor. In
1881 he was chosen president of the board of edu-
cation in Boonton, N. J. The honorary degre«* of
.v. M. was confernnl on him by Hamilton in 1859.
an<l that of M. S. by the University <»f Michigan in
the same year. Prof. WchxI is a mend»er of the
American society of civil engineers and of the
American association for the atlvani-eujent of sci-
ence, and corresponding memWr of the American
8o<'iety of architects. He has contributed to
mathematical and engineering journals and has
publishe<l "Treatise on the Resistance of Materials "
(New York. 1871); " .\ Treatise on the Theory of
the Construction of Bridges and Roofs" (1872);
"The Elements of Analnical Mechanics" (1876);
" Principles of Elementary Mechanics " (1878) ;
"The Elements of Co-ordinate Geometry " (1879);
692
WOOD
WOOD
"The Mechanics of Fluids" (1884); "Trigonome-
trv. Analytical, Plane, and Spherical" (1885); and
"Therinoilynamics" (1887).
WOOD, Kdiuiind Burke, Canadian jurist, b,
near Fort Krie, Out., i:J Feb.. 1H20; d. in Winni-
poff, Manitoba, 7 Oct., 1882. lie was graduated at
Ulwrlin in 1848, studied law, and in 1853 was ad-
mitted to the Canadian bar as an attorney. In
1854 he was called to the Iwr of Ontaricx, and en-
teretl into partnership with Peter Hall Long. In
18(W he wa.s elected to parliament as a supjiorter of
the Macdonald-Dorion government. He sat in the
house until 1HG7, when the union of the colonies
took place. At the first genenil election afterward
he presented himself for a seat in the Ontjirio house
of assembly. In those days dual representation
was allowed, and he was elected to a seat in l)oth
the legislatiye assembly of Ontario and the house
of commons of Canada. In July, 18G7, Mr. Wood
entered the Ontario coalition ministry of John Sand-
fleld Macdonald as j>rovitieial treasurer. He be-
came an expert financial minister, and his budget
speeches rank among the best that were delivered
in the Ontario legislature. In December, 1871, he
resigns I his ofTice, but he continued to sit in the as-
sembly as a private mendxT. In 1872 he was made
a queen's couns<'i, and in the following year was
elected a bencher of the Law society. In 1873 Mr.
Wood resigned his seat in the Ontario legislature,
and, announeing his candidature for the house of
commons, was returned by aechunation. He held
his seat until 11 March, 1874, when the Macken-
zie-Dorion administration appointed him chief jus-
tice of Manitoba. As a member of the house of
commons ho took part in the attjick on Sir John
A. Maedonald and iiis cabinet in the Pacific scan-
dal <|uesti()n. While treasurer of Ontario he in-
troduced the scheme for the settlement of the
municipal loan fund of UpperCanada, and brought
to a conclusion the financial arbitration between
Ontario and Quel)ec provinces consequent on con-
federation, drafting the award with his own hand.
In 1871 his i)opularity and political standing suf-
fered somewhat in consequence of the charge that
he had betrayed his leader during the time that
the fortunes of his government were hanging in
the balance. He [assessed a voice of singularly
deep notes, and Thomas D'Arcy McGee gave him
the name of " Big Thunder." As chief justice he
instituted many important reforms in the legal
proceiUire of the courts of Manitoba. In the cele-
brated case of The Queen vs. Ambrose Lepine for the
murder of Thomas Scott at Fort Garry, during the
Red river rebellion. Judge Wood's decision was con-
finned by the law officers of the crown in England.
In 1882 an attempt was made in the house of com-
mons at Ottawa to impeach him on the grounds
of " misconduct, corruption, injustice, conspiracy,
partiality, and arbitrariness," and a petition was
sent to parliament in which these cnarges were
preferre<l. The judge returned an answer of 128
pages octavo, in which he denied the accusations,
explained the transactions to which the petitioners
referred, and assailed the character of his oppo-
nents. Parliament appointed a special commission
to deal with the question, but, as the chief justice
die<I late in the autumn, the matter was dropped.
WOOD, Eleazer Derbv, soldier, b. in New
York city in 178:^ ; d. near Fort Krie, Upper Cana-
da, 17 Sept., 1814. He was graduated at the U. S.
military academy, 80 Oct., 1806. appointed 2d lieu-
tenant in the corps of engineers, and assisted in
the- construction of Castle Williams, Governor's
island. N. Y.. and Fort Norfolk, Va. In the war
with Great Britain he conducted the defence of
Fort Meigs during its siege, was engaged in the
sortie of 5 May, 1813, and was in command of the
artillery at the battle of the Thames, 5 Oct. fol-
lowing. He was appointed acting adjutant-gen-
eral to Gen. Willijjm Henry Harrison in October,
1813, was transferred to the Northern array in
1814, and engaged in all the events of that cam-
Jaign, including the capture of Fort Erie on 8
uly and the battles of Chippewa and Niagara, and
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for bravery at the
last-named action. After the battle of Niagara
the American army fell back to P'ort Erie. Col.
Wood, in command of the 21st infantry, partici-
pated in the repulse of the assault on this fort, 15
Aug., 1814, and was killed ih a sortie a few days
afterward. Wood county, Ohio, which contains
the site of Fort Meigs, and Fort Wood on Bedlow's
island. New York harbor, were named in his honor.
Gen. Jacob Brown erected a handsome monu-
ment to his memory at West Point.
WOOD, Fernando, mayor of New York city,
b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 June, 1812 ; d. in Wash-
ington, D. C, 14 Feb., 1881. He was of Quaker
descent, and went to New York city in 1820, where
he early entered business and became a shipping-
merchant. From the time that he attainea his
majority he was active in public matters, and at-
tracted notice by his writing and speaking. In
1839 he was chairman of the chief young men's
political organization in New York city, and a year
later he was elected as a Democrat to congress,
serving from 31 May, 1841, till 3 March, 1843. On
the expiration of his term he returned to his busi-
ness, which occupied his attention until his retire-
ment in 1850. He was then nominated by the
Democratic party for the mayoralty of New York
city, but was defeated by a combination of the
Whig and Know-Nothing parties. He was a suc-
cessful candidate in 1854, at a time when the city
government was in a state of demoralization, and
he at once devised a municipal system to secure
good government. Various reforms were intro-
duced and were received with such satisfaction
that he was re-elected by the better element of
both parties in 1856. During the winter of 1856-*7
a bill was passed by the state legislature depriving
the mayor of all control of the police, and abol-
ishing the municipal force. Acting by advice of
the counsel of the corporation and of Charles
O'Conor, he refused to recognize the change, and
endeavored to maintain the municipal police, for
which the authority had been in existence for 200
years. ^The metropolitan police was organized,
and a collision between the two forces occurred,
resulting in a serious riot. (See Matsell, George.)
Ultimately the municipal police went out of exist-
ence, and at the ensuing election Mr. Wood was
defeated. He was again elected in 1859, and in
January, 1861, when the question of secession was
foremost, recommended that New York secede and
become a free city. Mr, Wood then returned to
congress and served from 7 Dec, 1863, till 3 March,
1865. After a year in Europe he was re-elected
to congress and served from 4 March, 1867, till
8 March, 1877. — His brother. Benjamin, journal-
ist, b. in Shelbyville, Ky., 13 Oct., 1820, received a
common-school education, and early became self-
supporting. In the capacity of a supercargo, he
went to the West Indies and Central America,
Subsequently he engaged in business in New York
city, and in 1860 he purchased the " Daily News"
and became its editor. He supported Stephen A.
Douglas in his canvass for the presidency in 1860,
becoming chairman of the committee of editors
that met in the Astor house. Mr. Wood was elect-
WOOD
WOOD
008
ed to congress in the same venr an<l serve<l, with
reflection, from 4 July. !S01. till 3 March, 1H«».
Throuffhiiut hU career in Wjishington he persist-
ently <)|i|H>setl the continuation of the civil war,
and his conduct in that i-esjwct led to the prefer-
ring of charges against him in the house, with the
result that the matter was referre<l to a committee
for considemtion ; but no action was taken in the
matter. His pat)er wa.s suppressed for eighteen
months during tlie first years of the war. On 29
April, 1867, he began its publication as an evening
journal, at the price of one cent a copy. It was
the first daily to be issued at that price after the
war, and it attained the largest circulation of any
journal in the United States, and the third largest
of any daily paper in the world. In March. 1870.
ho founded the " New Yorker Tages-Nachrichten,"
a German evening {wper. which is still continued,
and nreviouslv he established the "New York Sun-
«lay kews." Mr. Wood is the author of " Fort La-
fayett«>. or Ix)ve and Secession" (New York. 1862).
W4)0D, (ieoree, lawyer, b. in Chesterfield. Bur-
lingt(.)n CO., N. J.. 17 Jan., 1789; d. in New York
city. 17 March. 1860. He was graduated at Prince-
ton in 1808. and. after studying law with Richard
Stockton, was admitted to the bar in 1812. Set-
tling in N'ew Brunswick, he soon rivalled his pre-
ceptor, and he has been referred to as the ablest
lawyer that his state ever pro<luced. His power
of analogical reasoning was very striking, and he
had the faculty of so stating a question as to make
the mere statement an argument in itself. The
law of this country on charitable devises was in a
great degree unsettled in his time, but Mr. VV(X)d
was able to elucidate that subject in such a manner
as to form a guide for the decisions and learning
of this country. In 1831 he went to New York
city, where he took a high rank among lawyers,
ana he was engaged in chief cases not only there
but throughout the Unite<l States. In his later
years his efforts were much directetl toward the
maintenance of sound government principles, and
to the preservation of the constitution in its integ-
rity. On one occasion, when William C. Preston,
of South Carolina, was alx)Ut to argue an imptirtant
oase in the U. S. supreme court. Daniel Webster
asked him who was on the other side. Preston
replied that it was a man from New York, whose
name he could not recall, and said, " a sleepy-look-
ing fellow name<l Woo<l. I think." "If it is George
Wood," said Webster. " I advise you to look out
how you wake him up." The degree of LL. I), was
conferred upon him by Hamilton college in 1842
and by Union in 1845.'
WOOD, (riconce, author, b. in Newburviwrt,
Mass., in 1799; il. in .Saratoga Springs, N. \.. 24
Aug., 1870. He studied under Sjimuel L. Knapp,
and removed with his mother and family to Alex-
andria, Va., in 1816. He was a clerk in the war
detwrtment in 1819-'22. and in the treasurv in
18*22-'4o. after which he removed to New Vork.
but returnetl to Washington, resumed his clerical
labors in the treasury department, and Wcame
chief of the navigation division. Mr. WockI con-
tributed to the " KnickerlxK'ker Magazine" in
1846-'7, and to the " National Era," of Washington.
and other peric«licals. He publishe<I "Peter
Schlemihl in America" (Philadelphia, 1848); "The
Mo<lern Pilgrim: showing the Improvomenta in
Travel, with the Newest Methods of Reaching the
Celestial Citv " (2 vols.. Boston, laW); "Marrving
Too Ijate: a Yale" (New York. 18.56): and " Future
Life, or Scenes in Another World" (1858). On
the publication of Elizabeth Stuart Phelps's " Gates
Ajar," Mr. Wood's last-named book was reissued
VOL. VI. — 88
with the title "The Gates Wide Open" (Ikwton,
1869). and four e<litions were sold in one week.
WOOD, (fcorge Bacon, author, b. in Grcen<
wii-h, Cumlx'rland co., N. J.. 13 March, 1797; d. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 2)0 March, 1879. His parents
wen- membt»rs of the S<K'iety of Friends. He re-
ceived his early education in the citv of New York,
was graduated at the University oi Pennsvlvania
in 1815, and in medicine in 1818, and in 1820 de-
livered a course of lectures on chemistry in Phila-
delphia. He was professor of chemistry in the
Philadelphia college of pharmacy in 1822-'81, of
materia inedica in 1831-'5, held the same chair in
the University of Pennsylvania in 18;i5-'50, and
that of the theory and practice of medicine in that
institution from 1850 till 1860. when he resigned.
He was eminently successful as a lecturer, and
while in the chair of materia medica exhibited to
the students many .specimens of rare living tropi-
cal and other exotics, which he had secured at
great expense, and of which he had occasion to
treat in his lectures. In 1865 he endoweti an
auxiliary faculty of medicine in the University of
Pennsylvania composed of five chairs — zoology and
comparative anatomy. lK)tany. mineralogy and ge-
ology, hygiene, and nunlical jurisprudence and toxi-
cology— and by will he endowed the Peter Hahn
ward of the University hospital. He was physician
in the Pennsylvania hospital in 1835-'59, became
president of the American philosophical society in
1859, and wa.s for manv years president of the Col-
lege of physicians of Pliiladelphia. With Franklin
Bache, M."D.. he published " The Dispensatory of the
United States" (Philadelphia. 18;J3). Of this work
150.000 copies were sold during Dr. Wood's life-
time, the royalty to the authors being about $155,-
000. He also published "A Treatise on the Prac-
tice of Medicine" (2 vols., 1847); " A Treatise on
Therapeutics and Pharmacology, or Materia Me<li-
ca" (2 vols., 1856); " Intro«luctory Lectures and
Addresses on Medical Subjet-ts" (1859); and, of
lesser works, " History of the University of Penn-
sylvania " (Philadelphia. 1827) : " Memoir of .Samu-
el G. Morton" (1853); and " Memoirs of P'raiiklin
Bache" (1865). — His nephew. Horatio C, physi-
cian, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 13 Jan., 1841, was
graduated at the medical department of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1862, and established
himself in practice in Philadelphia, making s|>ecial-
ties of therapeutics and nervous diseases. In 1866
he was appointe<l prt)fessor of Initany in the aux-
iliary meilical faculty of the University of Penn-
sylvania, but in 1876" he relinquished this depart-
ment to accept the chair of therajH'Utics. In 1875
he had been made clinical professor of diseases of
the nervous system. The last-mentioned charges
he still retains. In 1879 he was electetl to the
National academy of sciences. He was visiting
physician of the Philadelphia h«>spital in 1872- "87,
and to .St. Agnes's hospital in 1886. and has held
the same relation to the University hospital .'^inee
1870. He has published " ExjH'rimontnl KeM-nrches
in the Physiological Action of Nitrite of Amyl,"
for which he receive<l the Warren prize from the
Massachusetts general hospital in 1871 ; also me-
moirs on "The MyriaiKxla of North America"
(1865); "On the Phalangidjp of North America"
(1868); "The Fresh- Water Alga>of North America"
(1872); and "Fever. a Study in Morbid and Normal
Physiologj'" (1880). The two last-mentioiuHl were
issutnl by the Smithsonian institution. Dr. Wood
edite«l ""New Reme<lies " in 1870-*3; "The Phila-
delphia Medical Times" in 1878-'80; and since
1884 has conducted "The Therapeutic Gazette."
He was also aii editor of the " U. s. Dispensatoty "
594
WOOD
WOOD
(14th ed., Philadelphia, 1883 et seqX lie has also
published *' Researches upon American Hemp," for
which a special prize was awarded bv the Ameri-
can philosophical society; "Thermic I^'ever, or Sun-
stroke" (Philadelphia, 1872), for which he received
the Riylston prize from Harvard university in
1872; "Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeu-
tics" (1875; 7th ed., 1888); " Brain- Work and Over-
Work" (1879); and "Nervous Diseases and their
Diagnosis" (1886).
WOOD, Isaac, physician, b. in Clinton, Dutchess
CO., N. Y., 21 Aug., 1793: d. in Norwalk, (;onn.,
25 March, 18G8. In 18013 his father removed to
New York city, establishing there a book-store and
publishing-house. Isaac studied medicine with
Dr. Valentine Seaman, spent the years 1814-'16 in
the New York hospital, and in 1816 received his
diploma from the medical department of Queen's
(now Rutgers) college, N. J. He was one of the
physicians of the New York dispensary till 1825,
and resident phvsician of Hellevue hospital from
1826 till 183;i wWn he resigned.^ In 1832-'3, dur-
ing the prevalence of cholera in New York, he kept
his post, and was attacked by the disease, from
whose effects he did not fully recover for five years.
Dr. Wood was an active meml)er of the Society for
the reformation of juvenile delinquents, of which
his father and elder brother were the principal
founders. He was for twenty-five years one of the
most active managers of the New iTork institution
for the blind, one of the founders and subse-
quently president of the Society for the relief of
tlie widows and orphans of physicians, and a
foundter and twice president of the New Y'ork
academy of medicine. For many years he was
president of the Bellevue hospital medical board,
and he was connected with other institutions and
societies, including the Sanitary commission dur-
ing the civil war. He had a high reputation as an
ophthalmic surgeon.
WOOD, James, jjovemor of Virginia, b. in 1750 ;
d. at Olney. near Richmond, Va., 16 July, 1813.
His father, ('ol. James Wood, was the founder of
Winchester, Va., and clerk of Frederick county. In
1774 the son was commissioned by Lord Dunraore
a captain of Virginia troops, and. in 1775 he was
elected to the house of burgesses from Frederick
county. In July of that vear he went on a mis-
sion from the state of Virginia to the western
Indians, accompanied by a single companion, to
invite them to a treaty at Fort. Pitt. The courage
that he displayed on this mission won the admira-
tion of the savages, and he accomplished his ob-
ject. The house of burgesses, of which he was a
member in 1776. appointed him on 12 Nov., 1776, a
colonel in the Virginia line, commanding the 8th
regiment. He served with gallantry during the
early part of the Revolutionary war. When Bur-
goyne s captured army was quartered at Charlottes-
ville, Va., m 1778, Col, Wood was appointed to the
command of that post. In 1781 he was made super-
intendent of all the prisoners of war in Virginia,
and in 1783 the governor of the state commis-
sioned hitn a brigadier-general of state troops. He
was also for several years a member of the Virginia
council, and by seniority in that body the lieu-
tenant-governor of the state. In 1789"he was one
of the pre.sidential electors for Virginia when the
vote of that state was cast for George Washing-
ton. He was elected governor of Virginia, 1 Dec,
1796. serving until 1 Dec, 1799, when he was suc-
ceeded by James Monroe. Wood county (now in
Wo«t Virginia) was named in honor of his public
services, which covered a period of more than
twenty-five years. Gov. Wood was the vice-presi-
dent in 1797, and in 1801 president, of the Socie-
ty for promoting the abolition of slaver^y in Vir-
ginia. He became a member of the Virginia branch
of the Society of the Cincinnati, 9 Oct., 1784, was
elected vice-president of the same, 4 Dec, 1789, and
became president, 17 Jan., 1802, serving in this
office until his death in 1813. — His wife, Jean
Moncure, b. in Virginia in 1754 ; d. in 1823, mar-
ried Gov. Wood in 1775. She was the daughter of
the Rev. John Moncure, a clergyman of the Church
of England in Virginia, and a native of the parish
of Kinoff, Scotland. She was possessed of much
poetic ability. Christian zeal, and loveliness of
character, 'the teter years of her life were spent
in deeds of Christian benevolence. She was active
in organizing the B'emale humane association of
Richmond, which was incorporated in 1811, and
was its first president. Many examples of her po-
etic talent occurred in the publications of her day,
and the most elegant verses from her pen were
published in a volume entitled " Flowers and
Weeds of the Old Dominion " (1859).
WOOD, James, educator, b. in Greenfield, Ul-
ster CO., N. Y., 12 July, 1799; d. in Hightstown,
Mercer co., N. J., 7 April, 1867. He was graduated
at Union college in 1822, and studied at Princeton
theological seminary. He preached at Wilkesbarre
and Kingston, Pa., in 1825-'6, and, after being or-
dained in the latter year, he held the jointpastor-
atc of Amsterdam and Veddersburg, N. Y,, from
1826 till 1834. The next five years he served as
an agent of the board of education of the Presby-
terian church, and he was professor in the Theo-
logical seminary of the northwest from 1839 till
1851. while that institution was located at Hanover
and New Albany, Ind. The following three years
he was again an agent of the board of education,
and in 1854-'9 he was its associate secretary. In
1859 he became president of Hanover college, Ind.,
and held the office until 1866, when he resigned to
become principal of the Van Rensselaer institute
at Hightstown, N. J., a school for the education of
the children of missionaries. Dr. Wood took high
rank among the clergymen of his denomination.
His sound judgment, amiable temper, extensive
learning, and great energy made his influence
widely felt. In an able work, entitled " Old and
New Theology" (1855), he gave the fullest ex-
hibition of the reasons that Ted to the disruption
of the Presbyterian church, and its division into
Old and New School, that has ever been published.
He received the degree of D. D. from IVIarion col-
lege, Mo., in 1841. In 1864 he was moderator of
the general assembly. He is also the author of
"A Treatise on Baptism" (1850); "Call to the
Sacred Office" (Philadelphia, 1857); "The Best
Lesson and Best Time " ; " The Gospel Fountain "
(1859) ; and " Grace and Glory " (1860).
WOOD, James Frederic, archbishop, b. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 27 Ai)ril, 1813 ; d. there, 20 June,
1883. His father, an Englishman who had settled
in this country, carried on the business of an im-
Eorter. The child was sent in his eighth year to
is English relatives in Gloucester, where for five
years he attended the free-school of St. Mary de
Crypt. In his fifteenth year he left Philadelphia
for Cincinnati, where he had been appointed clerk
in a branch of the U. S. bank, and in 1833 he be-
came teller in the Franklin bank of that city, and
in 1836 its cashier. He was received into the
Roman Catholic church in April, 1836, by Arch-
bishop Purcell, and a few months later resigned
his post in the bank and went to Rome to study
for the priesthood. In the College of the prop-
aganda, where he remained nearly seven years,
WOOD
WOOD
590
fliUooily
the authorities ap|)oiuted him prefect of dis-
cipline. After his onUiiation in 1844 he returned
to Cineiniiati, where he actetl as assistant rector
in the cathedral for ten years, and in 1854 he was
appointed to the pastorate of St. I'atrick's. In
1857 he was con-
secrated bishop of
Gratianopolis in
partibiitt,und after-
ward lie was trans-
ferred to I'hiladel-
phia, his native
city, where he was
to act as coadjutor
to Bishop Neu-
mann with the
rij?ht of succes-
sion. The Phila-
delphia diocese at
that time had
hastily undertak-
en more than it
seemed likely to
be able to accom-
plish, and flnuiieial difficulties were producing
apathy. Many institutions for religion, education,
and benevolence, a magnificent cathedral among
the numl)er, had been begun, but their expense, so
far cheerfully borne, was beginning to be severely
felt by the Roman Catholic population. As a con-
sequence, many of the buildings hat! been stopped
altogether, and the others were advancing in a
slow and half-hearted way. But from the moment
of IMshop Wooil's arrival things began to improve.
Instead of waiting for the completion of the cathe-
dral to form its parish, he called a very strong one
into instant existence by simply erecting a large
but inexjwnsive cathedral chapel, thus securing
immediate and permanent financial aid. which he
then gradually augmented by general collections.
Bishop Neumann dving in 186(), his successor could
devote himself with still greater efficiency to the
want« of the diocese. The cathedral was hardly
finished in 1864 when the foundation was laid at
Overbrook of the .Seminarv of St. Charles, the cost
of which, $500,000, was fiUly justified by the de-
mands for pastors that were made by new churches.
Many other institutions — educational, charitable,
or religious — were either auspiciously begim or
brought to a successful issue during his tuiministra-
tion. lie was taken away from his onlinarv duties
three times by orders to present himself at kome —
in 1862 to assist at the canonization of the Japanese
martyrs, in 1867 to celebrate the 1800th anniver-
sary of St. Peter and St. Paul, and in 1869 to take
active part at the Vatican council. In 1871, the
flourishing state of the diocese making a divisicm
necessarv. several episcopal districts were formed,
over which he was created archbishop in 1875. In
1880 he assisted at the lialtimore provincial coun-
cil, and in 1882 the twenty-fifth anniversary of
his elevation to the bishopric was celebrated en-
thusia-sticaliy. His health was now feeble, yet he
allowed himself little or no relaxation from his
numerous duties. Among his favorite projects
had been that of providing the cathe<lral with a
grand altar, decorating the interior in befitting
style, and then paying off the debt. Most of this
he had successfullv accomplished when death put
a sudden end to his lal)ors. He was note<i for his
knowle<lgeof sanitary laws as applicable to the con-
struction of new buildings, and no H<^man Catholic
institution was en'cted without this subject re-
ceiving his careful consideration. He was esj)e-
cially oostile to the introduction of political issues
from other countries into the United St&tes, and
the stand he took on this question sometimes cre-
ated discontent aiiiorig his flock.
WOOD, JanieH Kiinhniure, .surgeon, b. in Ma-
maroneck. Westchester co., N. Y., 14 Sept., 1816;
d. in NewVork city, 4 May, 1882. He was the son
of a Quaker merchant. After studying intHlicine in
New York city, and at the Ca.stleton, Vt., medical
college, he was graduated at the latter institution in
18!M,and apfM)inte<l demonstrator of anatomy. Soon
afterward he began the practice of medicine in his
native citv, and in 1847 he became a memljvr of the
medical (ward of Bellevue hospital, New York.
At that time this institution was a receptacle for
lunatics, paupers, criminals, and other victims of
a depraved life. The most rudimentary hygienic
laws were grossly violated in its management, and
the nursing was inefficient and untrustworthy.
With the assistance of Morris Franklin, president
of the Ixtard of aldermen. Dr. Wood set about re-
forming this state of things, and lalM>red so suc-
cessfully that he soon reduced the annual death-
rate by 600. He also made all the post-mortem
examinations, amounting to many hundreds yearly,
established Saturday surgical clinics, and founded
the Wootl prize for the best anatomical dissection.
In 1847 Dr. Wood began to collect material, with
the intention of founding a museum, and this col-
lection, together with the accumulated specimens
of twenty years' practice, he presented in 1856 to
the commissioners of public cnarities and connec-
tions. This, with later additions, constitutes the
" Wood museum," which Dr. Willard Parker has
styled *' the grandest monument ever erected to
any surgeon in this country." In 1857 Dr. Wood
was mainly instrumental in procuring the passage
bv the legislature of the dissecting bill, which pro-
vided that the bodies of all unclaimed vagrants
should Ik? given for dissection to the institutions in
which medicine and surgery are taught. It took
four years to secure the enactment of this law, and
so great was the public j)rejudice against it that it
finallv passed by only one majority, hi 1861 Dr.
Wotxl, m association with many physicians and
surgeons of the metropolis, and under the auspices
of the almshouse commissioners, founded Bellevue
hospital medical college. The same year he was
called to occupv the chair of o{)erative surgery and
surgical pathology in that institution, which ht
held until his death, being made professor emeritus
in 1868. Dr. Wood paid esi>ecial attention to the
bones and their growth, and succeedetl in establish-
ing beyond dispute the fact of a second growth of
bone bv separating the periosteum from the ne-
crosed bone and carefully enucleating it. In his
anatomical and pathological museum he had on
exhibition an entire jaw that he had removed for
phosphor-necrosis, and also a second jaw that had
attached itself to the skull of a {mtient who had
been operate<i upon and had subsequently died of
another disease. In fact, he had specimens to show
the reproduction of almost everj* bone in the human
iKxly. Among his other successful o|x;rations were
the tying of Ijoth carotids in the same jwitient for
malignant disease of the antrum, placing the liga-
ture on the sulx-lavian on several occasions, and
tying the external iliac artery. Dr. Wowl was also
surgeon to St. Vincent's hospital and to the New
York ophthalmic dispensarj'. He was a member
of many mniical ana other learned associations,
and twice president of the New York pathological
society. Besides pajwrs on " Strangulated Hernia "
(1845), "Spontaneous DisKx*ation of the Hea<l of
the Femur into the Ischiatic Notch" (1847), and
an essay on " Medical Education " (1848), he pub-
696
WOOD
WOOD
lished "Ligature of the External Iliac Artery fol-
lowed by Sepomlarv Hn'inorrhage " and " Phosphor-
Necrosis of the Lower Jaw" (1850), and "Early
Ilistorv of Ligation of the Primitive Carotid."
WOOD, John, author, b. in Scotland alx>ut
1775: d. in Richmond, Va., in May. 1822. He was
residing in Switzerland in 1798 at the time of the
French invjision. On returning home, he became
in the following year master of the Edinburgh
acatlemy for the improvement of arts in Scotland.
About iSOO he emigrated to the United States. In
1806 he edited the " Western World " in Kentucky,
and in 1817 he had charge of " The Atlantic
World," a paper published at Washington, I). C.
He subsequently resided at Richmond, V'a., where
he was employed in making county maps. He
published, besides other works, "General View of
the History of Switzerland" (Edinburgh, 1799);
" Letter to A. Addison, Esq., in Answer to his
' Rise and Progress of Revolution'" (Philadelphia,
1801); "Full Exposition of the Clintonian Frac-
tion, and the Society of the Columbian Illumi-
nati" (Newark, 1802)'; " History of the Administra-
ti(m of John Adams "(New York, 1802; suppressed
by Aaron Burr; new ed., with notes and appendix
by John Henry Sherburne, Philiulelphia, 1846);
"Narrative of the Suppression, by Col. Burr, of
the 'History of the Administration of John
Adams,' with a Biography of Jefferson and Hamil-
ton " (1802); "Full Statement of the Trial and
Acquittal of Aaron Burr" (Alexandria, 1807);
and "New Theory of the Diurnal Rotation of the
Earth " (Richmond, 1809). Of the " History of
the Administration of John Adams " James Par-
ton, in his "Life of Aaron Burr," says: "Stu-
pidity, Ignorance, and Falsehood combined their
several powers in the production of this indigested
mass of tedious lies." Mr. Wood's statements
were also traversed in " Antidote to John Wood's
Poison '■ (Philiulelphia, 1802).
WOOD, John, pioneer, b. in Moravia, Cayuga
<o., N. Y., 20 Dec, 1798; d. in Quincy. 111., 4 June,
1880. He emigrated to Illinois in 1819, and in
1822 built the first cabin on the site of the present
city of Quincy, living in it alone during one win-
ter. In 1825 lie secured the laying out of Adams
county, of which t^uincy is the county-seat. For
the succeeding sixty years he was the foremost
figure in all matters relating to the city that he
founded and made his home. He served as town
trustee from 18J34 till 1840, was many times alder-
man, and seven times mayor. In 1850 he was
elected to the state senate, where he sat till 1854.
In 1856 he was elected lieutenant-governor, and he
succeeded to the governorship in 1859. He had
enlisted in the Black Hawk war in 1832, and at
the U'ginning of the civil war he was appointed
quartermaster-general of Illinois. In 1861 he was
sent as a delegate to the Peace conference at Wash-
ington, and m 1864 was elected colonel of the
137th Illinois volunteers. Gov. Wood was one of
the few men who, from the outset, comprehended
the scope of the coming struggle. On being ques-
tioned by Gov. Richard J. Oglesby as to whether
a call for 75,000 men for three months' service
would be sufficient, he replied: "I know these
|x»oj)le, their attachment to slavery, and the deep
feeling that actuates them. . . . They will fight
long and desperately. What we want, and want
now. and must have, for it will take it all— I know
it will— is 500,000 men and |500,000,000." After
taking the field. Col. Wood was placed in com-
mand of a brigade at Memphis, where he was
stationed at the time of Gen. Nathan B. Forrest's
raid on that city. As quartermaster-general he
made frequent visits to the armies both in Virginia
and in the southwest, giving personal attention to
the wants of the various Ilhnois regiments. He
was strongly anti-slavery in sentiment, and more
than any one man in northwestern Illinois is said
to have ccmtributed to the casting of the vote in
that region against the slave-state scheme of the
convention of 1824. His townsmen dedicated a
monument to his memory on 4 July, 1883.
WOOD, Joseph, patriot, b. in Pennsylvania ; d.
in Sunbury, Ga.. in 1789. During the early part
of the Revolutionary war he saw service with the
2d Pennsylvarria regiment and rose to the rank of
colonel. In 1776 he was on duty in Canada. To-
ward the close of that year he removed to Georgia
and settled in St. John's parish (afterward Liberty
county), where he became a planter and was elected
a member of the council of safety. In 1777-'9 Col.
Wood represented Georgia in the Continental con-
gress, for which he was placed on the list of citi-
zens that were disqualified by act of the Tory gen-
eral assembly of the state on 6 July, 1780, during
the British occupation. In this document he is
stigmatized as a " member of the rebel congress."
Col. Wood was a man of unblemished character
and held in high esteem by his fellow-citizens.
WOOD, Reuben, lawyer, b. in Rutland county,
Vt., in 1792 ; d. in Rockport, Cuyahoga co„ Ohio,
2 Oct., 1864. He served in the war of 1812 as
captain of Vermont volunteers, and, after studying
law and being admitted to the bar, began to prac-
tise in Cleveland, Ohio. From 1825 till 1828 he
was a member of the state senate. In 1830 he was
appointed president-judge of the 3d district, and
in 1833 he became judge of the state supreme
court, which office he held until 1845. In 1849 he
was elected governor by the Democrats, and he
was re-elected in 1850, when the new constitution
went into effect. In 1852 the Democratic national
convention discussed the nomination of Gov. Wood
for the presidency, but finally united iipon Frank-
lin Pierce. In 1853 he was appointed U. S. consul
at Valparaiso, and he resided there eighteen months,
when he resigned and retired from public life.
WOOD, Samnel Casey, Canadian merchant,'b.
in Bath, Lennox co., Ont.. 27 Dec, 1830. His fa-
ther, Thomas Smith Wood, was formerly of Sara-
toga Springs, N. Y. The son was educated at
various common schools, and taught three years,
when he embarked in trade, taking a situation in
a country store. Later he opened an establishment
on his own account in Mariposa, Victoria co., and
subsequently became clerk of the township coun-
cil. From 1860 till 1876 he held the post of county
clerk and county treasurer. He was chairman of
the high-school board in Lindsay. Ont., and was
the representative of the public-school inspectors
in the council of public instruction. On 25 Feb.,
1871, he entered the legislative assembly of Ontario,
in the Liberal interest, as member for South Vic-
toria, and the premier, Oliver Mowat, invited him
in July, 1875. to enter his government as secretary,
registrar, and commissioner of agriculture. In
March, 1877, on a readjustment of the portfolios,
he assumed the departments of finance and agri-
culture. In March, 1883. he retire4 from public
life altogether. He was chairman of the Ontario
agricultural commission of 1881, and two years
later accepted the office of manager of the frree-
hold loan and savings company.
WOOD, Silas, legislator, b. in Suffolk county,
N. Y., in 1769; d. in Huntington, N. Y., 2 March,
1847. He was graduated at Princeton in 1789, and
during the succeeding five years was a tutor there.
He then studied law, was admitted to the bar, and
WOOD
WOOD
tm
began practice at Huntintjton, N. Y. lie whs nfter-
ward elected to congress as a DcmocTut. serving
from 0 Dec.. 1H19. till 8 Marc-h, 182y. Jle is the
author of "Sketch of the First Settlement of the
Several Towns on l^nxg Islund, with their Politi-
cal Condition to the Knd of the American Ilevolu-
tion " (Brooklyn, 1824 ; with a biographical memoir
and atlditious by Alden J. Spooner, 1805).
WOOD, ThoiiiaM John, soldier, b. in Munford-
ville. Ky., 25 Si-pt., 182^1 Ho was graduated at
the U. S. military acwlemy in 1845, assigned to the
topographical engineers, and then transferred, at
his own recjuest, to the 2d dragoons, becoming a 2d
lieutenant there
on 2 Dec., 1846.
He took part in
the war with Mex-
ico. l)eing present
at the battles of
Palo Alto, Mon-
terey, and Huena
Vista, served sub-
sequently in Lou-
isiana and Texas,
as aide-<le-camp to
Gen. William S.
Harney in 1848-'9,
and as adjutant of
^^ ^-^ the 2d dragoons
'^ v'' *^^ €f ^^^ promoted m suc-
^ cession to 1st lieu-
tenant in 1851, and to captain in the 1st cavalry in
1855, serving in Kansas during the border troubles
and on the Utah expe«lition under Allx>rt Sidney
Johnston till 1859. He l)ecame major, 16 March, and
lieutenant-colonel, 9 May. 1861. and in Octol)er of
the sjime year was commissioned britradier-general
of volunteers and placed in command of a division
in the Tennessee and Missis.sippi campaigns, taking
part in the battle of Shiloh and the siege of Cor-
mth. During the remainder of the year he was
engaged in guarding railroads in Alabama and
Tennessee, in Gen. Don Carlos IJuelTs operations
in Kentucky, the pursuit of Gen. Braxton Bragg's
forces, and in the battle of Stone River, 31 Dec, 1862,
where he was wounded. He commanded a «livis-
ion in the 21st corps. Army of the Cuml)erland,
during the operations in I'ennessee, iK'ing pres-
ent at the Ixittles of Chickamauga and Mission
Ridge, till November. 186:1. and was engaged in
operations for the relief of Knoxville and the in-
vasi(»n of Georgia, including the principal battles,
to the action of Lovejoy's Station in September,
18M, where he was severely wounded. Gen. Woo<l
took an active pare in the'l)attles of Franklin and
Nashville, where he commanded the 4th corps,
and in the pursuit of the enemy to Tennessee
river in December, 1864. He was promoted major-
general of volunteers in January, 1865, and com-'
manded various districts and departments in Ten-
nessee, Texas, Arkansas, and Missij^sippi until he
was mustered out of the voluntwr service, 1 Sept.,
1866. Gen. Wmxi received the brevet of 1st lieu-
tenant, U. S. army, for gallant and meritorious
conduct in the battle of Buena Vista, that of
brigmlier- general for Chickamauga, and major-
general for Nashville. He was promote<i cf)lonel
of the 2d cavalry, 12 Nov., 1861, and retired from
service, with the nink of major-general, 9 June,
18<58. and that of l)ri{jadior-g»>neral, 3 March, 1871.
WOOD, ThoniaH Waterman, artist, b. in Mont-
pelier, Vt.. 12 Nov.. 1823. He studie<l jKirtnut-
painting with Chester Harding in Boston during
184ft-'7, and executed likenesses in Quebec, Wash-
ington, and Baltimore until 1858. In that year
he went abnjad for further study, remaining afxiut
two years. After his return he was engngetl in
portrait-painting in Nashville, Tenn., and Ijouit^-
ville, Ky., until 1866. He then removed to New
York, where he has since resided. He s<Km devoted
himself almost entirely to genre painting, in which
he has chosen familiar subjects in American life.
Mr. Woo<l became vice-president of the National
academy in 1878. and from 1878 till 1887 was presi-
dent of the Water-color society. He was one of
the founders, in 1878, of the "New York etching
club, and is a regular contributor to its exhibitions,
most of his etchings being after his own (wintings.
His three paintings, '* The Contraband," " Recruit,"'
and " Veteran," exhibited at the Academy of design
in 1867, gained him his election as associate tne
following year, and in 1871 he liecame an acade-
mician. 'These three pictures now belong to the
Metropolitan museum. New York. Among his
other works in oil are " Return of the Flag " (1870) ;
" The Yankee Peddler ' (1873) : " The Village Post-
Offlce " (1874) ; "His own Doctor " and " His own
Pipe " (1879) : and " Uncle Ned and I " (1882). At
the Water-color society he has exhibited " Nom-
inated " and "Elected" (1875); "Arguing the
Question" (1877); "Dull Times" (1879): "The
Doubtful Coin " and " The Cup that Cheers " (1881);
"Seeking Advice" (1882); "His First Business
Venture " (1884) ; " For Thanksgiving- Day " (1885) ;
" The Lost Stitch " (1886) ; and " When we were
Bovs Together "(1888).
IVOOD, Walter Abbott,, inventor, b. in Mason,
N. H., 23 Oct., 1815. He is the son of Aaron Wood,
who early settled in New York state and was among
the first to manufacture the ca.*<t-iron ploughs in-
vented l)y Jethro Wcxxl. The boy had a natural
fondness for mechanics, and continued in his
father's shops till he was twenty years old. In
18:^5 he settled in Hoosick Falls, N". Y.. where he
entered the works of Parsons and Wilder, and, after
acquiring a small capital. I»egan business on his
own account. He studied the mechanism of farm-
ing-implements and soon introduced the Manny
harvesting-machine with Woxxl's impmvements. of
which in 1852 he made and sold nearly 200. Mr.
Wood continued to improve and invent better
forms of mowers and reafwrs, and in 1853 his sales
amounted to 500 machines. These were so well
received that he determined to increase his works
and manufacture on as large a scale as possible.
In 1869 he dis|x)sed of 6.000 machines, and in 1884
of 48,300. In all. nearly 600,(X)0 machines have
Ix^en manufflictured and sold by him since he estab-
lished his business. AWmt thirty patents have
been taken out by Mr. WtxMl, and his works are
prolmbly the most extensive of their kind in the
world. He conducted his business alone until
1866, when it was organized into a stock company
called the Walter A. Wood mowing and reaping
company, of which Mr. Wood ha*; since l)een presi-
dent. Sir. WiKxl early recognizetl the imix)rtance
of furnishing the markets abrojul with his machines,
and his foreign sales have steadily increased until
it is estimatetl that ninety jH'r cent, of the machines
that are sold abroad are made by him. The value
of his inventions has l)een recognized by the
awanl of first prizes at the World s fairs in Paris
in 1867, in Vienna in 1873, in Philmlelphia in 1876,
and in Paris in 1878, as well as by menials at local
fairs. He has received the order of Francis Joseph
from the Austrian govenimcnt, and is an officer of
the Ijegion of honor in France. In 1878 he was
sent as a Republican to congress, and be served
from 18 Marob. 1879, till 4 March, 1888.
698
WOOD
WOOD
WOOD, William, colonist, b. in England about
158U; d. in Sandwich, Mass., in KKJy. He emi-
grattni to this country in 1029, and returned to
Kn^land in 10;W. He" soon afterward sjiiled again
for Mas.>»at;husetts, and settled at Lynn, which
town he representwl in the general court in UHHi.
lie removed to Sandwich the following year, l>e-
came town-clerk, and resided there until hisdcAth.
After his return to London he published '* New
England's Pros|>ect." the first printed account of
Massachusetts, and styled it "A True. Lively, and
Experiinentall Description of that part of Amer-
ica commonly called New England; discovering
the State of that Count rie, l)oth as it stands to our
New-Come English Planters and to the old Native
Inhabitants ; Laying downe that which may IwJth
enrich the Knowledge of the Mind-travelling
Readier, or Injuefit the future Voyager "(1<5;}4). The
perfect copies are enriched with a curious map of
the country, and the text is interspersed with
rhymed descriptions of natural history that strongly
resemble those of Spenser. The ' Prospect " was
republished with an " Introtluctory Essay," which
is ascribed to James Otis (Boston, 1764), and again
by the I'rince s<KMety (18(5,5).
WOOD, Williaiu, publisher, b. on Long Island
in April, 1797; d. in New York city. 9 April, 1877.
In 1822 he Iwcamo a meml)er of the publishing-
firm of Samuel W(M)d and Sons, which his father,
Samuel Wood, an English Quaker, hatl established
io New York city. This house did a large joljbing
trade in lx)oks and stationery, and earlv became
noted for the publicjation of juvenile books. Soon
after the admission of William Wood he turned
his attention to publishing medical lx)oks, which
has become the leading Inisiness of the house. He
also began the jiublication of the " Medical Rec-
ord " and the " American Journal of Obstetrics."
Mr. Wwxl was a memlier of the Society of Friends,
and held the chief executive office of the society
for the state of New York for many years.
WOOD, William Burke, actor, b. in Mon-
treal. Can.. 20 May, 1779: d. in Philadelphia, 23
Sept., 1801. He was brought in childhood to New
York city, where he began life as a clerk. Feeling
that ho had a vocation for the stage, he set out for
Annaix)lis, Md.. with a capital of three doubloons,
and thnjugh the courtesy of Manager Wignell, an
old family friend, he made his first appearance
there on 20 June, 1798, as George Barnwell. He
was partially successful, and began an engagement
the same vear in Philailelphia in *' Secrets Worth
Knowing.'' On 30 Jan., 1804, he married Juliana
Westray. an actress, and in the autumn of 1809 he
purchased of William Warren one half of his inter-
est in the Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washing-
ton theatres. Previous to entering upon the duties
of management he visited New \ork city and
played De Valmont. In the autumn of 1810 he
Ijegan his career as manager in Baltimore, and
from September, 1812, till the close of the season
of 1820, he divide<l his time between that city and
Philadelphia, where his company played at the
Chestnut street theatre. On 2 April, 1820, the
latter e<liflce was destroyed by fire, and, as the
insumnce hatl expired a few days before, the loss
wjis heavy, Ilavmg secured a lease of the Walnut
street theatre, the Warren- Wood company began
to pky again in Philmlelphia the following Novem-
ber. On the 27th of that month Master Edwin
Forrest made his first appearance there on any
stage in " Douglas." The Chestnut street theatre
having been rebuilt, it was opened by the same
managers on 2 Dec.. 1822, with the "School for
Scandal," Warren playing Sir Peter Teazle, and
Wood, Charles Surface. In 1826 the sixteen years*
partnership between the two managers was ter-
minated by the withdrawal of Mr. Wood. On 1
Oct., 1828, the latter undertook the management of
the Arch street theatre, Philadelphia, then just
built ; but the enterprise was not successful, and
the rest of his theatrical career was divided between
management and acting in the same city. He
retired finally from the stage. 18 Nov., 1846, on the
occasion of a benefit at the Walnut street theatre.
For an account of his career, and much information
regarding the American stage, see his ** Personal
Recollections of the Stage " (Philatlelphia, 18.')5). —
His wife. Jaliana, whose maiden name was West-
ray, first appeared at the Haymarket theatre,
Boston, in 1797. The following year she came to
New York, where she made her debut at the Park
as Sarsnet in " The Deserted Daughter." .She soon
after joined the company in which Mr. Wood was
playing, and after her marriage continued to act
in the theatres that he managed.
WOOD, William Maxwell, surgeon, b. in lialti
more, Md., 27 May, 1809; d. in Owing's Mills,
Baltimore co., Md., 1 March, 1880. He entered the
navy as an assistant surgeon, 10 May, 1829, became
a passed assistant surgeon, 1 Jan., 1835, and was
commissioned surgeon. 20 Feb., 1838. He served
on the steamer '* Poinsett " on the coast of Florida
during the Seminole war in 1838-'41, was appointed
fleet-surgeon of the Pacific squadron in 1M3, and
brought the first intelligence of the opening of the
Mexican war from Guadalajara to Mazatlan to Cora.
Sloat. This information induced the commodore
to go immediately to California, when he captured
Monterey and began the operations which resulted
in the conquest of the state. He was fleet-surgeon
of the East India squadron in 1856-'8 and present
at the capture of the Barrier forts in Canton river,
China. He was fleet-surgeon of the North Atlantic
blockading squadron in the flag-ship " Minnesota"
in 1861-'4, and was present at the capture of the forts
at Hatteras inlet, 28 Aug., 1801, in the engagements
with the " Merriraac," 8-9 March, 1862, at the cap-
ture of Sewall's point and Norfolk in May, 1862, in
the sounds of North Carolina in 18(}3, and on
blockade and other operations on the coast in
1863-'5. On 1 July, 1869, he was appointed sur-
geon-general of the navy and chief of the bureau
of medicine and surgery, in which he served until
24 Oct., 1871, though he was retired by operation
of law on 27 May, 1871. He was commissioned a
medical director, 3 March, 1871, and resided at
Owing's'Mills, Baltimore co., Md., until his death.
Dr. Wood was the author of " Wandering Sketches
of People and Things in South America, Polynesia,
California, and Other Places visited during a Cruise
in the U. S. ships ' Levant,' ' Portsmouth,' and
'Savannah'" (Philadelphia, 1849); "A Shoulder
to the Wheel of Progress" (New York. 1849);
" Hints to the People on the Profession of Medi-
cine " (Buffalo, 1852) ; and " Fankwei, or the ' San
Jacinto ' in the Seas of India, China, and Japan "
(New York, 1859).— His son, William Maxwell,
naval officer, b. in Baltimore, Md., 9 March, 1850,
was graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1870,
was promoted to master, 9 Aug., 1874,»and to lieu-
tenant, 11 Dec., 1877. He has patented a boat-
detaching apparatus (1871), which has been adopted
in the U. S. navy and merchant service, and is
the author of the article on " Life- Boats and Bopt-
detaching Apparatus " in Hamersly's " Naval
Cvclopjedia" (Philatlelphia, 1881).
WOOD, William Willis Wiley, naval engineer,
b. in Wake county, N. C., 30 May, 1818; d. near
Jutland, St. Mary's co., Md., 31 Aug., 1882. He
WOODBERRY
WOODimiDGE
599
acquired a knowletlce of enfrineering at the West
Point foundry. N. Y., entered the niivv as a chief
engineer, lo Muix-h, 1840, and superintended the
construction of tlie Iwilers and engines of the
steam frigate "Merrimao" in 1854-'7 at Cold
Spring. N. Y. During the civil war he rendered
valuable services on special duty connected with
the steam-engineering service at the navy-yartls in
New York, rhilailelphia, and Hoston. Ho was
head of the deimrtment of steam engineering at
the naval academy in 186(}-'7, chief engineer of
the New York navy-yanl in 1808-'9, inspector of
machinery afloat in i870-'2, chief of the bureau
of steam engineering from 1872 till 3 March. 1877,
and on si>ecial duty at Washington until '30 May,
1880, when he was placed on the retired list. He
was one of the pioneers in the U. S, steam navy,
and held the relative rank of commotlore when he
was retiretl as he had served as engineer-in-chief.
He was drowned in a boat capsized bv a s({uall.
WOODBERRY, (ieorge Edward, author, b. in
Beverly, Mass., 12 Mav, 18.'>5. lie was graduate<l
at Harvanl in 1877. and was professor of English in
the University of Nebraska ui 1877-8 and 1880-'2.
Ho was connected editorially w^ith the " Nation,"
in 1878-'9, and is the author of a " History of
Woo<l-Engraving " (New York, 18Wi) ; " The North
Shore Watch, a Threnody " (printed privately.
1883): and "Life of Edgar Allan Poe," in the
" AnnTicitn Miii of Ijetters" series (Boston, 1885).
W00I)URI1)<;E, John, clergyman, b. in Stan-
ton. Wiltshire, England, in 1614; d. in Newbury,
Mass., 1 July. 1691. He was the son of the Rev.
John Woodbridge, rector of the (mrish of Stanton,
Wiltshire, whose earliest known ancestor was John
WfKxlbridge. l)orn about 1492, and was sent to Ox-
ford, where he remained " until the oath of confor-
mity came to Ixj retjuired of him, which neither his
father nor his conscience approving, he rcmoveti
thence into a course of more private studies." In
16:^4 he came to New England in the ship " Mary
and John " with his uncle, the Rev. Thomas Parker,
and settled in Newbury, Mass., of which he was town-
clerk in lf»li4-'8, and surveyor of arras in 1637. In
IGSa he married Mercy, the daughter of Gov. Thom-
as Dudley, and in \Mii taught in Boston. With
others he negotiated the purchase from the Indians
of the land on which the town of Andover was
built; he wa«i chosen the first minister of the place,
his ordination, on 24 Oct., 164."), being one of the
earliest in New England. In 1647 he returned to
England, became chaplain to the parliamentary
commissioners who made a treaty with the king at
the Isle of Wight, and was afterward minister at.
Andover. Hants, and at Uarford-St. Martin's. Wilt-
shire, until he was ejected after the Restoration.
In 1663 he was driven from a school that he ha<l
establishefl in Newbury. England, and returned to
New England. He then serve<l as assistant to the
Rev. Thomas Parker until 30 Nov., 1670, when he
was dismissetl in consequence of dissensions in the
church. Sul)sef^uently he held other local offices,
and was an assistant of Massachusetts colony in
l68:i-'4. Cotton Mather, in his " Magnalia," sjieaks
of his excellence and piety. His mcmor)' is pre-
8erve<i in the name of Woodbridge island, near the
mouth of Merrimac river. He is the progenitor
of all the American Wooclbridges. — His brother,
Benjamin, clergyman, b. in Stanton, Wiltshire,
England, in 1622; d. in Inglefleld, Berks. Eng-
land, 1 Nov., 1(584. was graduate<l at Oxfonl in
16Ji8, came to New England in 1(W9, and, enter-
ing Harvanl. was the first graduate of that uni-
versity. After his return to England with his
brother in 1647 he became minister at Newburjr,
Berks, but was ejected in 1662. Being a favorite
of the king, he was permitted to preacn privately.
He was a meml)cr of the Say«>y conference and for
a time was chaplain to Charles II. He received
episcoijal ordination after the Restoration, but
subse(}uently became a non-conformist. He was
called " the first fruits of the college of New Eng-
land," and left the reputation of being a " univer-
sally accomplished |)erson, of a clear and strong
reason, and of an exact ami proffnind judgment. '
He pul>lished several sermons, including " Justifi-
cation by Faith" (London. 1652); "The ifethod
of Grace in the Justification of Sinners" (1656);
and "Church Meml)ers set in Joynt" (1656).
— John's son, Timothy, clergyman, b. in Barfora-
St. Martin's, Wilts, England,' 13 Jan., 1656; d. in
Hartford, Conn., 30 April, 1732, was graduated at
Harvard in 1675, and l)ecame minister of the 1st
church in Hartford, Conn., in \GSS, but was not
ordained until 1(W5. He introduced infant Imp-
tism into Connecticut in 1696. and was one of the
ten principal ministers of Connecticut colony that
were named as trustees and authorized by the
general assembly of Connecticut to found Yale
college in 1699, and was a fellow of that college in
1700-'32. He was an active member of the Say-
brook convention in 1708. and served the colony
in many important political affairs. He publishe<l
an electi<m sermon (1727) and occasional poems. —
Another son. Benjamin, clergyman, b. in Med-
ford, Mass., 15 Jan., 1710, was minister of Bristol
and of Kittery, Me., in 1645. He wn>te the ingen-
ious lines for the tomb of Cotton Mather. His
brother John was minister of Wethersfield. Conn.,
and die<l in 1791 ; and for eight generations one of
his descendants always l)ore the name of John and
followed the same profession. — The second lienja-
min's grandson, Benjamin, merchant, b. in 1109;
d. in Hoston. Mass.. 3 July, 1728, was the son of
Gov. Dudley Wo<j<lbridge, of Barbadoes. He re-
ceived a good education in Boston and became a
partner of Jonathan Sewall, son of the chief jus-
tice. On 3 July, 1?28, he fought a duel with
swords with Henry Phillips, without seconds and
at night, on Boston common, and was kille<l.
Phillips escaped to France. The motive for the
duel is not known. It caused great sensation, and
severe laws against duelling were enacted. The
"Overland Monthly" for Oc'tober, 1874, eives an
account of it. — John's descendant in tne fifth
generation, Timothy, clcrgj-man. b. in Stock-
bridge. Mass., 23 Nov.. 1784; d. in Sj)encertown,
Columbia co., N. Y., 7 Dec., 1862. was the son of
Jahleel (1738-'96), who was graduated at Prince-
ton in 1761, and served in the state senate and
as judge of probate in Stockbridge. Mass., from
1789 till 1795, and of Lucy, daughter of Jona-
than Edwards. The son entered Williams col-
lege in 1799, but during his sophomore year lost
his eyesight, and jMisseii the remainder of his life
in total blindness. After graduation in 1803 he
studiiHl law, but alwniloned this to enter Andover
theological seminary in 1810. and was graduatetl
there in 1811. In i816 he became j»astor of the
Presbyterian church in Green River. Columbia cc,
N. Y., remaining there until 1842, when he was
called to the Prt'sb>lerian church in .Sjiencertown,
and held this charge until 1851. In 1852-'3^he
ser>*e<l as pastor of a Congregational church in
Alfonl. Mass.. and he then returnwl to S|)encer-
town. where he devote<l his life to charity, preach-
ing only occasionally. He was known as the " blind
minister"; but. notwithstanding his infirmity, he
was very active and chwrful. a hard student, and
an interesting preacher. In his method of con-
600
WOODBRIDQE
WOODBURY
ducting religions worship there was nothing to in-
dicate nis blindnoss; the hymns and parts of the
8crij)ture, though really rofwatod, were apparently
reau. In the vigor of his logic and the eleaniess
of his descriptions he strongly resembled his dis-
tinguished ancestor. Williams gave him the de-
gree of I). D. in 1840. See "The Autobiography of
a Blind Minister, including Sketches of the Men
and Kvents of his Time " (Boston. 1856), and a " Dis-
course at the Funeral of the Rev. Timothy Wood-
briilge," bv William B. Sprague, I). D. "(AllMiny,
18(W).— John's descendant in the fifth generation.
^Villiani, governor of Michigan, b. in Norwich,
Conn., 20 Aug., 1780: d. in Detroit. Mich., 20 Oct.,
18(>1, removed with his father, Dudlej' (1747-1828),
one of the earliest emigrants, to the Northwest ter-
ritory, to Marietta, Ohio, in 1791. but was sent to
Connecticut to receive his education. After study-
ing at the Litchfield law-school, he was admitted
to the bar of Ohio in 1806, and in 1807 was elected
to the asseml)ly. From 1808 till 1814 he was prose-
cuting attorney for New London county, Ohio, and
he was also a memlHT of the state senate. In 1814
he received from President Madison the appoint-
ment of secretary of the territory of Michigan, and
removed to Detroit. For a long time he was legal
adviser of John Jacob Astor's northwest fur com-
pany, and was counsel in important Canadian cases
against the Hudson bay company. lie was elected
the first delegate to congress from Michigan, serv-
ing from 1819 till 182(K when he resigned. He
was instrumental in procuring government aid
toward constnicting a road through the " Black
Swami)"to connect Detroit with Ohio, and also
towaru exploration of the Northwest territory.
From 1838 till 1832 he was judge of the superior
court of Michigan
territory, and in
1885 he was a dele-
gate to the State
const itutional con-
vention. He was
elected to the state
senate in 1837, was
governor of Mich-
igan in 1840-1,
and. Ix'ing chosen
to the U. S. sen-
ate, served from
31 Mav, 1841. till 3
March,1847. Dan-
iel Webster, in a
note to his speech
vv-,.^ ^^ • in defence of the
^.^i^^yz^-^^^-^^t^^f^yA- Ashburton treatv,
^ attributed to Mr.
Woodbridge the first suggestion that was ever
made to him for inserting in that trejity a pro-
vision for the surrender of fugitives under cer-
tain circumstances, upon the demand of foreign
governments. For many years before his death
he live<l at his country-seat near Detroit, and de-
voted himself to his books and to horticulture. He
married Juliana, daughter of John Trumbull, au-
thor of " McFingal." See his " Life," bv Charles
Jjanman (Washington. 1867).— The first timothy's
preat-grandsf)n, William Channing, educator, b.
\n Medford, Mass., 18 Dec, 1794 ; d. in lioston, Mass.,
9 Nov., 1845, was graduated at Yale in 1811, and
8tudie<l medicine and theology, but was never or-
dained. In 1812-14 he was principal of the Bur-
Imgton academy, N. J., and in 1817 he became an
instructor in the institution for the deaf and dumb
m Hartford, Conn., remaining there for three years,
and being licensed to preach by the Congregational
association of that city. He tnen visited Europe
three times, and on his return devoted himself to
elevating the condition of the common schools,
and introduced the Pestalozzian system of instruc-
tion as modified by Philip Emanuel von Fellen-
berg, and by his own observations. In August,
1831, he purchased the "American Journal of Edu-
cation," changed its name to " The Annals of Edu-
cation," and published it until 1838, serving also
as one of its editors. In this appeared a series of
" Letters from Hofwyl," in which he gave an ac-
count of Fellenberg's system of instruction. He
published "tJniversal Geography, Ancient and
Modem," with Mrs. Emma Willard (Hartford,
1824), and was the author of " Rudiments of
Geography" (Hartford, 1833); "Modern School
Geography " ; and other text-books for schools. —
John's descendant in the seventh generation, Sam-
uel Merrill, clergyman, b. in Greenfield, Mass., 5
April. 1819, was graduated at the University of the
city of New York in 1838 and at the theological
seminary at New Brunswick, N. J., in 1842, and
became pastor of the Dutch Reformed churches in
South Brooklvn in 1841, in Coxsackie, N. Y., in
1850, and in JJew Brunswick, N. J., in 1852. From
1857 till 1864 he was professor of ecclesiastical his-
tory and church government, and dean of the theo-
logical seminary of the Reformed church in New
Brunswick, and also professor of church history
there after 1856. He received the degrees of D. D.
from Rutgers in 1857 and Union in 1858, and
LL. D. from Rutgers in 1883. Besides addresses
and sermons, he has published an "Analysis of
Theology" (New York, 1872). — John's descendant
in the eighth generation, Fredericli Enoch, law-
yer, b. in Vergennes, Vt., 29 Aug., 1819 ; d. there,
26 April, 1888, after graduation at the University
of Vermont in 1840, studied law under his father,
Enoch D. Woodbridge, was admitted to the bar in
1842, and practised in his native town. He was
long a member of the legislature, state auditor in
1850-'2, prosecuting attorney in 1854-'8, and
many times mayor of his native city. In 1860-'2
he served in the state senate, of which he was presi-
dent pro tempore in 1861. He was then elected -to
congress as a Republican, served from 7 Dec, 1863,
till 3 March, 1869, and was a meml>er of the com-
mittees on the judiciary and private land-claims,
and chairman of that on the pay of ofiicials of con-
gress. He was a delegate to tne Philadelphia loyal-
ists' convention of 1866. Mr. Woodbridge engaged
in railroad enterprises, and for several years was
vice-president ana active manager of the Rutland
and Washington railroad. — John's descendant, in
the 7th generation, Abby 1> wight, b. in Jackson,
Me., 27 Sept., 1808 ; d. 23 Feb., 1866, taught for
many years in Albany and Brooklyn, and was the
author of numerous poems.
WOODBURY, Angustns, author, b. in Beveriy,
Mass., in 1825. He was graduated at Phillips Exe-
ter academy in 1846, and at the divinity-school of
Harvard in 1849, and became pastor of Unitarian
churches in Concord, N. H., in 1849, in Lowell,
Mass.. in 1853, and of Westminster Unitarian
church. Providence, R. I., which place he still
holds. He was chairman of inspectors of the
Rhode Island state prison in 186ft-'77, and in
1875-'9 was a member of the commission for build-
ing the state prison. He was chaplain of the 1st
Rhode Island regiment from April till August,
1861, and in 1874-'5 was chaplain-in-chief of the
Grand army of the republic. Since 1883 he has
been president of the Providence athenaeum. Har-
vard gave him the degree of A. M. in 1866. and
Brown that of D. D. in 1888. He is the author of
WOODBURY
WOODFORD
801
"Plain Wordi« to Youne Men" (Concord. 1888);
"The Preservation of tTie Republic." an oration
(Pruvi(U'n<'e. 1H(K)); "Narrative of the Caniitai^'ii
of the First Rhtxle Island Regiment in the Spriiij;
and Summer of iJSdl " (1H02): "General Amnmse
E. Burnside and the Ninth Armv Corps" (lyOT);
"The Second Rlunle Island Regiment" (1875);
** An Historical Sketch of the Prist>ns and Jails of
Rluxle Island" (1877); "Memorial of Gen. Am-
bn)se K. Burnside " (1882) ; and senuons, atldresses,
and articles in reviews.
>VO<n>KrRY, Daniel PhineaK, soldier, b. in
New Lt)ntlon. N. H., 10 Dec. 1812 ; d. in Key West,
Fla.. 15 Aug.. 1804. He was educatetl at private
.schools and at the U. S. military academy, where
he was graduate<l in 1836 and i)romoted to be 2d
lieutenant in the 3d artillerj-. In November of the
bame year he was transferred to the engineers,
but the order was inoperative until July. 1837.
when he was made brevet 2d lieutenant of engi-
neers to date from 1 July. 1830. He wa.s engaged
in the construction of the t'umberland road in Ohio
till 1840. Ix'ing promoted 1st lieutenant, 7 July. 1838.
and was then on dutv till 1847. repairing fortifica-
tions at points on the Atlantic coast, and as an
assistant to the chief of engineers at Washington.
Lieut. Wootlbury was superintending engineer in
the construction of Fort Kearny and Fort Ijaramie
for the protection of the Oregon route till 1850,
and on fortification duty on the North Carolina
coast until 1856, becoming captain of engineers.
3 March, 1853. Thereafter, until the civil war. he
was constantly engaged in the duties of his corps
on the southern coast, and as an assistant to the
chief of engineers. He was promoted major of en-
gineers. 6 Aug., 1861, a.ssisted in the construction
of the defences of Washington, and wjis with Gen.
David Hunter's column at Bull Run. He was
made lieutenant-colonel and mlditional aide-de-
camp in September, 1861, and brigadier-general of
volunteers, 19 March, 1862. and was assigned to
command the engineer brigade in the Army of the
Potomac, where ne rendered great service in the
siege of Vorktown and the construction of roads,
bridges, and causeways for the atlvance u[>on J{ich-
mond and the subsequent change of base to Jan)es
river. In the Rai)j)anannock camjiaign of 1862-'8
Gen. Wcxwlbury uistinguished himself at Freder-
icksburg in laying down pimtoons under the enemy's
fire, and in their prompt removal after the troops
hrnl recrossed the river. In March, 1863, he was
placed in command of the District of Key West,
where ho diet! of yellow fever. He was brevetteii
to the grade of major-general in the United States
army " for gallant and meritorious services dur-
ing the rel>ellion," especially on the f>eninsula in
1802 and at the bjittle of Fredericksburg, Gen.
W<XMlburv was the author of works on " Sustaining
Walls" (Washington. 1845), and the "Theory of
the Arch " (New York. 1858).
WOODBIKY, Isaac Haker. e<Iitor. b. in
Beverly, Mass.. in 1819; d. in Columbia, S. C. 28
Oct.. 1858. He studie<l music in Eurofie for a
year, and, retuniing to this countrj', taught it in
the ^)ublic schools of Boston. In 1845 he removwl
to New York, where he edite<l the "Musical Re-
view" and the " Musical Pioneer." He compiled
several collections of church music and glee-lxniks,
among which were the " Anthem Dulcimer" (New
York, 1850); "Liber Musicus" (1*51): "Million's
Glee-Book ^ (1853) : " Cultivation of the Voice
Without a Master": "Self-Instnictor in Musical
ComiM)sition and Thorough Bass"; "Singing-
School and Music-Teacher's Com (tan ion " ; and
the " Melodeon and Seraphine Instruction-Book."
WOODBrRY, Lerl, jurist, b. in Pranoestown,
N. H., 22 Dec, 17811; d. in Portsmouth. N. H., 4
Sept., 18<')1. He was descended from John W<mk1-
bury, of Smjersetshire. England, who m>ttle<l first
at Ca|M> Ann in 1624, and at Naumkeag (now
Salem) in 1({20. After graduation with the high-
est honors at Dartmouth in 1809, Levi entered the
Litchfield, Conn.,
law-school. He was
admitted to the l>ar
in 1812, and prac-
tised in his native
town until 1816,
when he was chosen
clerk of the state
senate. In 1817 he
was appointed a
judge of the su- ^^^^Hr^ *W,
preme court of the /^^^^^ "^S
state, and in 1819 '^^^^^- ^
removed to Ports-
mouth, where he
practised law after
serving as govern- ^,.^
or of New Hamp- v^ • 'V^^ ^3^
shire in 1823-^4. ^'^-e*^ Z^^n^t^^tU.^^
He was speaker of ^
the state house of representatives in 1825, and
was elected to the U. S. senate as a Democnit,
serving from 5 Dec, 1825, till 3 March, IK^l,
when he was a])pointed secretary of the navy,
and held that oflice until 18.'M. when he was
made secretary of the treasury, serving until 1841.
During this peri(xl he refuse*! the post of chief
justice of the rfew Hampshire suiH-rior court. Be-
ing elected again to the U. S. senate, he served
from 4 March, 1841, till 20 Nov.. 1845. and voti-d
in 1844 for the annexation of Texas. In 1845 he
declined the mission to England. and was appointed
a justice of the U. S. supremo court to succeed
Judge Joseph Storj'. His nomination was con-
firmed by the senate on 3 Jan., 1846. and he held
this oflice at the time of his death. For his part
in the celebrated senate debate on Samuel A.
Foote's resolutions "on the public lands" in 1830
he was pronounced by Thomas H. lienton " the
rotrk of the New England Democracy." and he was
also cf)nspicuous in the session of 1841 in defend-
ing the inde(H>ndent treasury system, which was
first established under his aclministration of the
department, and in defeating the Imnking svstem
that was propose<l by Henry Clay. He published
disitmrscs. and was co-editor with William M. Rich-
ardson of several volumes of the " New Hampshire
Re|>orts" (Conconl. 1816 et «eo.). After his death
apwared "The Writings of Hon. lievi Wo«xlbur>',
Political. Judicial, and Literarv," selected and ar-
ranged by Nahum CajK»n (3 vols., Bost<m, 1852). —
His son. Charles Le?l, lawyer, b. in Portsmouth.
N. H.. 22 May, 1820. was a memWr of the Suffolk.
Mass.. Imr. and U. S. district attorney for Massa-
chusetts from 1858 until 1861. He'e<lite«l with
(leorge Minot " Re{x)rts of Cases arcueil and de-
termine<l in the Circuit Court of the Unite<I States
for the First Circuit," containinc the decisions of
Judge Levi Wcxnlburv (3 vols.. Boston, 1847- '52).
WOODFOKD. Stewart Lyndon, lawyer, b.
in New York city. 8 Sept., 1835. He studie<l at
Yale and at Columbia where he was graduated
in 1854. and in 1857 U'gan the practice of law in
his native city. In 18<U) he was chosen messenger
of the elect«)ral college of his state to c-onvey to
Washington its vote in favor of the presidency of
Abraham Lincoln. In 1861 he was appointed
U. Sw assistant district attorney for the southern
603
WOODFORD
WOODHULL
district of New York, holding this office about
eighteen months. In 1862 he entered the National
army as a volunteer, serving until 1805, during
which time he became in succession chief-of-statf
to (ten. t^uincv A. (iillmore in the Department of
the South, and military commamlant of Charleston
and Sjivamuili. and attained by brevet the rank of
brigmlier-genoral of volunteoi-s. From 1806 till
1808 he was lieutenant-governor of New York,
having lx;en chosen as a liepublioan, but he was
defeatetl as candidate for the governorship in 1870.
In 1872 he was elected to congress, and was also
chosen as a presidential elector. From 1877 until
188;} he filled the oflice of U. S. attorney for the
southern district of New York. Since that time
he has Ikkju engaged in the practice of law. He is
the author of numerous public addresses, includ-
ing a eulogv on Gen. (leorge II. Thomas.
WOODFORD, William, soldier, b. in Caroline
county. Va., in na."); d. in New York city, 13
Nov., 1780. He served with credit during the
French and Indian war, and in the autumn of
1775, on the assembling of the Virginia troops at
Williamsburg, was chostui colonel of the 2d Vir-
ginia regiment. At Hamj>ton Koads, the first bat-
tle of the Revolution in Virginia, he was engaged
in preventing the destruction of the town of
Hampton Ijy Ijord Dunmore. and sank five of his
vessels. Col. Wocxlford had command of the Vir-
ginians that defended Great Bridge on Elizabeth
river, and defeated the force that was sent by Lord
Dunmore to take it, after a sharp battle in which
the British suffered a loss of fifty-five, while not a
sinde Virginian was killed. He called the militia
of Norfolk and Princess Anne counties to arms,
and on 14 Dec., 1775, occupied Norfolk. He was
a|)ix)inte<l brigadier-general on 21 Feb., 1777, and
given command of the 1st Virginia brigade. At
the battle of the Brandywine he was wounded in
the hand, but he took an active part in the battles
of Gcrmantown and Monmouth. He was then
ordere<l to the relief of Charleston, S. C, and
marched 500 miles with the Virginia and North
Carolina troops in twenty-eight days. He reached
Charleston in April, and' was taken prisoner on 12
May, 1780. The British sent him to New York,
where he died. Counties in Kentucky and Illi-
nois l)ear his name.
WOODHOUSE, James, chenust, b. in Phila-
delphia, Pa., 17 Nov., 1770; d. there, 4 June, 1809.
He was graduated at the University of Pennsylva-
nia in 1787, and at its medical department in 1792.
In 1791 he served as a surgeon in Gen. Arthur St.
Clair's ex|x'dition against the western Indians.
When Joseph Priestley declined to accept the chair
of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania in
1795, Dr. Woo<lhouse received the appointment,
which he held until his death. He is said to have
been the first to demonstrate the superiority of the
Ijehigh anthracite coal in Northampton county,
Pa., over the bituminous coals of Virginia for in-
tensity and regularity of heating power. He was a
meml)er of the American philosophical society, and
contributed to its transactions, to Dr. Samuel
L. Mitchell's " Medical Repository," and to Dr.
John R. Coxe's " Medical Museum.'"' Besides edit-
ing Parkinson's " Chemical Pocket- Book " (Phila-
delphia, 1802) and Chaptal's "Elements of Chem-
istry "(4th ed.. 2 vols., 1807), he published "Dis-
sertation on the Chemical and Medical Properties
of the Persimmon-Tree" (1792); "Observations on
the Combinations of Acids, Bitters, and Astring-
ent8"-(1793); "Answer to Dr. J. Priestley's Con-
siderations on the Doctrine of Phlogiston and the
Decomposition of Water " (1794); "Young Chem-
ist's Pocket -Companion" (1797); and "Experi-
ments and Observations in the Vegetation of
Plants" (1802).
WOODHULL, Maxwell, naval officer, b. in
New York citv, 2 April, 1813 ; d. in Baltimore,
Md., 19 Feb., 1803. He was the only son of Rich-
ard Miller WoodhuU, the founder of Williamsburg
(now the eastern district of Brooklyn, N. Y.). Max-
well Woodhull entered the navy as midshipman, 4
June, 1832, and served in the Mediterranean, on
the coast of Africa, on the Brazil station, and in
the Gulf of Mexico. During the Paraguay expe-
dition he was executive officer of the flag-ship " Sa-
bine," and he afterward commanded the brig
"Bainbridge." Being attached to the coast sur-
vey, he surveyed New York harbor and the ob-
structions of Hell Gate, reported plans for their
removal, and received the thanks of the Chamber
of commerce of New York. He was also engaged
on surveys on the New England coast. At the
opening of the civil war he was assigned to special
duty under the navy department, and promoted to
the rank of commander, 1 July, 1861. He organ-
ized the supply service for the blockading fleet,
commanded the "Connecticut," was afterward
transferred to the gun-boat " Cimerone," and led a
division of the James river flotilla during Gen.
George B. McClellan's peninsular campaign. Later
he was attached to Admiral Charles Wilkes's flving
squadron, and ordered with the "Cimerone^' to
Florida waters to open St. John's and St. Mary's
rivers, which was accomplished, the squadron sev-
eral times engaging the batteries of the enemy.
Early in 1803 he was ordered to the north with his
vessel for repairs. He was killed accidentally by
the discharge of a gun from which a salute was
being fired. — His son, Maxwell Van Zandt, en-
tered the volunteer army in 1862 with the rank of
captain, and was promoted to major and subse-
quently to lieutenant-colonel and assistant adju-
tant-general of the 15th army corps. He waa
brevetted colonel on the recommendation of Gen.
John A. Logan, and brigadier-general of volunteers
on that of Gen. Oliver 0. Howard.
WOODHULL, Richard, colonist, b. in Then-
ford, Northampton, England, 13 Sept., 1620; d. in
Brookhaven, N. Y., 17 Oct., 1690. He came to this
country probably in 1048, on 29 April of which
year he witnessed a deed at Easthampton, Long Isl-
and. He settled permanently at Brookhaven, Suf-
folk CO., N. Y., in 1055, of which place he became
Sroprietor in two patents — that of Gov. Richard
icoUs irt 1066 and that of Geo. Thomas Dongan in
1686. In 1663 he represented Brookhaven at the
general court at Hartford in an effort to obtain aid
against the usurpations of the Dutch. In 1666 he
was appointed one of the justices of the court of
assizes, and in 1673 ho became deputy to the Dutch
commissioners in New York, and by them was com-
missioned a magistrate for Brookhaven. — His great-
grandson, NatJianiel, soldier, b. in St. George's
manor, Long Island, N. Y., 30 Dec, 1722; d. in
New Utrecht, Long Island, 10 Sept., 1776. He
served as major, under Gen. Abercrombie, in the
attack upon Crown Point and Ticondcroga in 1758,
afterward accompanied Bradstreet afainst Fort
Frontenac, and was a colonel under Gen. Jeffrey
Amherst in 1760. He was a representative from
Suffolk county in the colonial assembly from 1769
till 1775, and was active there in resisting the en-
croachments of the crown. The colonial govern-
ment was suspended in May. 1775, from which time
till April, 1777, New York was governed by the
Provincial congress, of which Gen. Woodhull was
president in 1775, and again in 1776. He was ap-
WOODIIULL
WOODRUFF
608
pointed brigwlicr-frcnenil in August, 1775, and, on
the landiuff of the Ikitish on l-iong Island, put
himself at the head of the militia. A few days
after the disastrous Itattleof Ijonjf Island he was
surpris«Hl bv a IhkIv of British lijfht horse near
JamHi(*a. lie surn-nderi'd his swonl, but wa-s after-
wanl so severely woundwl by the troopers that he
die<l iti oons«'(juenco. A narrative of Gen. W(X)d-
hull's e^ptun* and death was publisheil by Henry
Onderdoiik, Jr. (N'ew York. 1H4H), an<l his journal
of the Montreal ex|>edition of 17()0 upfK-ariMl in
the " IIistori<'al .Majjazine" for S'ptcinU'r, 1W>1. —
Richard's ffre^it-jrreat-ifnindson, nilliaiii, elerjjy-
nian, b. in Miller's Place. Long IsIhikI, N. Y.. 3
Dec., 1741 ; d. in Chester, Morris co., N. .1., 24 Oct.,
1824, was gnuluatetl at Princeton in 1764, entered
the ministry, an«l in 1777 occupied the Black River
(now Chester) pulpit, Morris co., N. J. He wa.s a
meml)er of the Provincial congress of New Jersey
which met at Burlington. 9 .Tune, 1776, dejiosed
(rov. William Franklin, the last royal governor,
and framtnl the first constitution of New Jersey,
2 July. 1776, and of the conventiim that met at
Trenton on 11 Dec.., 1787, and a«lopted the U.S.
constitution. — William's brother. John, clergv-
man, b. in Miller's Place, Long Island, N. Y.,
26 Jan., 1744: d. in Freehold. N. J.. 22 Nov.,
1824, was grmluated at Princeton in 1766, pursued
theological stud-
ies with the Rev.
John Blair, of
Faggs Manor, Pa.,
and was onlained
[»astor of lica-
cock Presbyterian
church, Lancaster
CO., Pa., 1 Aug.,
1770, where he re-
maine<l ten years.
In 1779 he was
calUnl to Free-
hold, N. J., to
8uccee<i William
Tennent. In 1780
he was elected a
trustee of Prince-
ton, to which in-
stitution he de-
vote<l his most
faithful attention. In 178.5 Mr. Woodhull was
one of s committee ap|K>int«d by syncKl to form
a complete system for the organization of the
Presbyterian church in the Unite«l States. This
resulte<l in the formatiim of the general assembly
and the present form of government and discipline.
In 1798 ne receiveil the degree of I). D. from Vale.
In 1812 he was one of the founders of Princeton
theological seminary. While pastor at ljeac<K-k in
1777 he induceil all his male {uirishioners to shoul-
der their muskets for Valley Forge, and accom-
panied them as chaplain. Afterward at PV-ehold,
m 1782. he wrote to (}en. Washington ttegging
him to n>taliate by the execution of one of the
Knglish onicer», then in his hands, for the muriler,
witmiut trial, of Capt. Joshua Huddy, of Mon-
mouth, whose funeral serm«>n Dr. Woodhull de-
livere*! from the court-house steps to an immense
audience from the atljoining counties. This request
was CTanted. and Capt. Asgill, of the British army,
wius designated by lot to expiate the offence. Mean-
while, however, the Knglish general organized a
court-martial to examine into the affair, when it
was found that the execution of Huddy hail been
perpetrated under instructions froni William
Franklin, late governor of New Jersey, then in
W7m/h^/l^.
New York, and president of the Associated Loyal-
ists. Asgill was acconlingly released. Only three
of Dr. WcxKlhull's |trint<Hl s4-rmons have lieen i»re-
servwl — "The Fstal>lishment of the Federal C on-
stitution" (1787); "The iVath of General Wa>h-
in^ton " (17S>9); and an ordination sermon (1813).
WOODMAN, Clarence Eugene, clergyman, b.
in Saco, Me., 1 N(jv., \Kii. \\v entcnnl Artdierst,
but was graduatiMl at Trinity in 187!). After a
year's study at the General thi-ological seminary
of the Protestant EpiscojMil church in New York
city, he Ix'came a convert to the Roman Catholic
faith, and entcretl the C«mgregation of St. Paul,
with which he has since l)een connecti**!. He is
among the most el(Mjuent public orators of his
church in this country. On high festivals he is
frequently invitetl to preach in the cathedral. an<l
has rendered great service throughout the church.
As an amateur. Father Wotxlman has shown abil-
ity in various departments of physical science,
es{>ecially in photography. The honctrary degree
of A. M. was conferred on him bv Andierst in 1877,
and that of Ph. I), bv Manhattan college in 1883.
WOODMAN, John Smith, e<lucator. b. in Dur-
ham, N. II., 6 Sept., 1819 : d. there, 5 May, 1871.
He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1842, taught
for four years in Charleston, S. C. and read law.
He visitea the principal cities of Euro|)e in 1849,
travelling a great part of the time on foot, and on
his return to New Hampshire practised his pro-
fession in Dover, and suljswjuently in Rollinsiord
till 1851, when he became professor of mathematics
in Dartmouth. He held that chair for five years,
and upon the establishment of the Chandler scien-
tific school there in 1852, also taught in that de-
partment. He became pmfessor of civil engineer-
ing and vice-president, and the practical head of
the Chandler sc-ientific school in 1856, its prosperity
dating from his entrance on these offices, all of
which he held until his death. He wrote for jour-
nals and magazines, and lectured on scientific sub-
jects. His papers on the construction and main-
tenance of highways showed originality and prac-
tical knowle<lge, and his views were often atlonted.
WOODRUFF, Ueor^e. jurist, b. in Bingham-
ton, N. Y., 4 Julv, 1807; d. in Marshall, Mich.. 13
May, 1887. He was graduated at Hol»art in 1829.
admitteil to the bar of Ithaca, and in 1SJ7 riMnoved
to Marshall, Mich., where he practised law. He
became county judge in 1846, served two terms,
was circuit commissioner three terms, and a judge
of the circuit court in 1866-'75. — His son, William
S.. was killed in Imttle before Petersl)urg, 25 June,
1864.— Another son. (leorge Aiignstus, soldier, b.
in Marshall, Mich., 27 May. 1K4(); d. in (Jeitysburg,
Pa., 4 July, 18(W, was gniduateil at the U. S. mili-
tary academy in 1857, and U-came l.st lieutenant
of artillery in June. 1861. He served in the Vir-
ginia (K'ninsular cam|>aign /rom March till July,
1862. participating in the siege of Yorktown and
the battles of Fair Oaks, Glendale. and Malvern
Hill, commanded a Itattery at Antietam in the
Maryland campaign, was engagetl at Frwlericks-
burg and Cham-ellorsville. and during the Pennsyl-
vania cam{Ntign commande<l a liattorj'. and was
mortally wounde«l at (Jettysburg. In this battle
he was stationed on the right of Gen. Winfield S.
Hancock's line. Of his death Gen. Hancot>k wnjte:
" Among all the brave men who fell at Gettysburg
then* are none whos«^ loss I regret more than his. '
WOODRUFF. HIrara, horse-trainer, b. in
Flemington. X. J.. 22 Feb., 1817; d. on Ixmg Isl-
and. N, Y., 13 March, 18457. He l»egan his career
as a professional horse-trainer in Philadelphia
in 1881, and acquired a unique repuUtion for
604
WOODRUFF
WOODS
honesty and fair dealing, as well as for skill in
drivinp and training horses. He was the author
of "The Trottinc-llorse of America, with Remi-
niscences of the Trotting Turf," edited by Charles
J. Foster, with a memoir and an introduction by
George Wilkes (New York, 1869).
WOODRUFF, Israel Carle, soldier, b. in
Trenton. N. •!., in IWlo; d. in Tompkinsville,
N. Y., 10 Dec., 1878. He was graduated at the
U. S. military at;a(temy in 183«, became 1st lieu-
tenant of tojiographical engineers in 18-12, and
was suiH'rinten(ling topographical engineer of the
survey of the Creek boundary in 18r)0-'l. He then
engaged in reconnoissjinces of military roads to
the .Smth Pass of the Rocky mountains and to
New Mexico, was subsequently engineer and iii-
sj)ec-tor of light-houses on the great lakes, and in
18.W iKi-ame captain of topographical engineers
for fourteen years' continuous service. He wjis as-
sistant to the chief topographical engineer at
Washington, 1). ('., in lHr)7-'«W, became major in
that brunch of the service in August, 1801, and
from lSO:i until his death was assistant to the
chief engineer at Washington. In that capacity
ho was engaged in the defence of Washington
against the advance of (ien. .Jubal A. Early in
July, 1HH4. He iM'cume lieutenant-colonel of en-
gineers in August of the same year, and was a mem-
k'rof the board of examination of engineer officers
in 1804-'"). On Kl March. 18()."). he was brevetted
colonel, U. S. iirmy. "for faithful and meritorious
services in the corps of engineers." and brigadier-
general in the same " for meritorious services dur-
uig the civil war."
WOODRUFF, WHford, president of the Mor-
mon church, b. in Northington (now Avon). Conn.,
1 March, 1807. He was educated in Farmington,
early joined the Mormon church, and was or-
daiiicd to the |)riesthood in 1833. Mr. Woodruff
followetl thf church in its journeyings through the
United States until it finally reached Salt Lake
Citv. He was ordained one of the twelve apostles
on ii!) .Vjiril, 183!>, at Far West, Mo., with the spe-
cial designation of "the Banner of the Gospel."
He has been sent on missions throughout the
United States and Europe, and in all has travelled
alM)ut MO.OOO mil(!s. Mr. Woodruff became presi-
dent of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-
Day Saints on the death of John Taylor in 1887,
retaining still that office, having held at that time
the place of president of the tweh-e apostles. He
has JH'cn a memlxT of the Utah legislative assem-
bly for twenty-two years. He served in 1843 on
the editorial staff of the "Times and Seasons" in
NauvfM), 111., and in 1843 on the "Millennial Star"
in Liver|KH)l. Mr. Woodruff is a believer in polyg-
amy, and entered into that f)ractice l)efore there
was any law against it in the United States. See
" Earlv Davs of Mormonism," by James Harrison
Kennedy (Xew York, 1888).
WOODS. Andrew Salter, jurist, b. in Bath,
Me., 2 June, 1803 : d. there, 30 June, 1803. He
was graduate<l at Dartmouth in 1825, and began
the practice of law in his native town. He at-
tainefl to eminence in his profession, and in 1840
was chosen a judge of the supreme court of New
Hampshire, bwoming chief justice in 1855. Dart-
mouth gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1852.
WOODS, I^onard, clergyman, b. in Princeton,
Mass., 19 .lune, 1774; d. in Andover, Mass., 24
Aug., 1H.")4. His father, Samuel, possessed " Puri-
tanic piety," and his habits of senous thought on
metarmyslcal .subjects obtained for him the title of
" Philosopher W^oods." The son was brought up
strictly, and while very young was conversant witn
the works of John Locke and Jonathan Edwards.
He was graduated at Harvard in 1796, taught,
studied theology at Somei-s, Conn., and in 1798
was ordained pastor at Newbury, Mass. When
the Andover theological seminary was founded in
1808 he became professor of Christian theology
there, holding that chair for thirty-eight vears,
and Ijecoming professor emeritus in 1846. Dart-
mouth gave him the degree of D. D. in 1810. Dr.
Woods was active in the establishment of the
American tract society, the Temperance society,
and the board of commissioners of foreign mis-
sions, of whose prudential committee he was a
memi)erfor twenty-five years. He ably defended
orthodox Calvinism against Unitarian theology,and
while he admitted improvements in theologians
and theological science, thought theological truths
were fixed and unalterable. His literary reputa-
tion dates from his contribution in 1805 of a series
of papers in the " Panoplist," a religious periodi-
cal, in which ho defended Calvinism agamst Jo-
seph Buckminstcr, William Channing, and other
Unitarian divines. Dr. Henry B. Smith says of
him : "He is emphatically the' judicious 'divine of
the later New England theology. He educated
more than 1,000 preachers, who had neither crotch-
ets nor airy aims." He left in manuscript a " His-
tory of Andover Seminary." His publications in-
clude "Letters to Unitarians" (Andover, 1820);
" Lectures on the Inspiration of the Scriptures "
(1829) ; " Memoirs of American Missionaries "
(1833); " Examination of the Doctrine of Perfec-
tion" (1841); "Lectures on Church Government"
(New York, 1843) ; " Lectures on Swedenborgian-
ism " (1840) ; and his collected works, containing
lectures, essays, sermons, and reviews (5 vols., An-
dover, 1849-50).— His son, Leonard, scholar, b.
in Newbury, Mass., 24 Nov., 1807 ; d. in Boston,
Mass., 24 Eiec, 1878, was graduated at Union col-
lege in 1827 and at Andover theological seminary in
1830. In 1831-3 he was resident graduate scholar
at Andover, and in 1833 he was licensed to preach.
His private pupil, Richard Henry Dana, says of
him : " At the age of twenty-four years he had
been the first scholar in the Phillips academy, the
first in every branch at Union, had been graduated
at the Theological seminary the acknowledged fore-
most man of his period, and had published a trans-
lation of Knapps 'Christian Theology,' enriched
with a long and fully thought-out preface, with
original notes showing profound scholarship. He
was assisting Professor Stuart in his commentary
on the ' Epistle to the Romans.' and aiding Profes-
sor Robinson in editing the ' Biblical Repository,'
then the most scholastic periodical in America,
and was assistant instructor of Hebrew in the
seminary." He edited the '• Literary and Theo-
logical Review " in New York city in 1834-'7, and
although that periodical was the organ of the
Presbyterian and Congregational churches, he di-
rectly opposed the opinions of many of its sup-
porters, objecting to the proposals of temper-
ance and anti-slavery societies and popular re-
vivalists, and to the German Reformation, and
defending the few and simple conditions of ad-
mission into the Anglican communion, as com-
pared with the minute requirements of doctrine
m his own church. He was professor of sacred
literature in Bangor theological seminary in
1836-'9, and from 1839 till 1866 president of Bow-
doin. He never accepted a pastoral charge, but
occasionally delivered sermons and addresses. He
went abroad in 1833, and contracted friendships
with eminent theologians in Rome and in Oxford.
His familiarity with the classics caused him to be
WOODS
WOODS
605
con^tulated bjr Gregory XVI. for hia "excellent
liHtin and the riohn«« of his discourse," and the
Oxfoni thiHiloev haviiif; won his approval, he was
tho thouloffical champion and jH»rs<>nal friend of
Dr. h^lward B. I'list-y. "He was even mon; re-
markable, {>erha(js, for bis conversations than for
his public addresses," says his biographer, Prof,
Kdwanls A. Park. Having resigned the presi-
dency of Bowdoin in 1866 (see the accompanving
vignette), he accepte<l from the legislature of Afaine
a commission to visit Europe to obtain materials
for the early history of the state. He engaged
the assistance of Dr. John G. Kohl in the work,
which subsequently assumed shape in his " Dis-
covery of Maine" (Portland. Me., 18G8), and pro-
cure<l tho llakluvt manuscript of the "Westerne
Planting." Dr. VV'oods was preparing this docu-
ment for the pres9 when his health declined,
and the papers were completed and published by
Charles Deane, in the '• Proceedings of the Maine
Historical Society" (Portland. 1877). Dr. Woods
furnished other valuable matter, which appeared in
the 1st and 2d volumes of the publications of that
society, and was engaged in further work when his
materials were destroyed bv a fire that consumed
his entire library. Ilarvanf gave him the degree of
D. D. in 1846. and Bowdoin that of I.L. D. in 1866.
Besides the works already referred to. including his
translation of George Christian Knapp's "Chris-
tian Theology " (2 vols.. New York, 1831-3), Dr.
W(K)ds published an "Address on the Life and
Character of Parker Cleveland (Portland, Ma,
18.')1(). and "'Address on the Opening of the New
.MtMlieal Hall of the Medical .Sehool of Maine"
(1862). See a " Memorial " of him. by Edwards A.
Park (Andover, 1880). and an article by Richard
H. Dana in the "Century Magazine" for June,
1881. — The first Leonard's nephew, Alra, educa-
tor, b. in Shoreham, Vt., 13 Aug., 1794 ; d. in Provi-
dence, R. L, in July. 1887, was graduated at Har-
vard in 1817, ami at Andover seminary in 1821. Im-
nunliately u|wn his gra<luation at the s<>minary he
was elected professor of mathematics and natural
(hilosophy in Columbian college, Washington. D. C.
n 1824 he was electe«l to the same chair in Brown
university, where he remained until 1828, when he
was ma<le president of Transylvania university. Ky.
He continue<l in this place until ISJl, when he be-
eame president of the University of Alabama, at
Tuscaloosa. Resigning this office in 1837, he re-
moved soon afterwanl to Providence, R. I., where
he sj)ent the remainder of his days. He was a
trustw and fellow of Brown, and a trustee of New-
ton theological institution. He founde<l five fel-
lowships in the fonner. and a lectureship on elocu-
tion in the latter. Ho received from Brown, in
1828, the degree of D. D. Dr. WchkIs published
several inaugunil and other addresj^'s.
WOODS, Robert Stuart, Canadian jurist, b. in
Sandwich, Out., in 1H1J». His gnindfather, a Scotch
merchant, emigrated to Canada. Robert was edu-
r!
[ cated at Sandwich, took an active part in the re-
bellion of 18:^7, followed Sir Allan N. MacNab
I through the campaign, and was engaged in the af-
fair of the " Caroline." He sulisequentlv studied
law, was admitte<i to the bar in 1842. In'oame a
q^ueen's counsel in 1872, and continued the prac-
tice of his profession till he was ap|H)inte<l junior
judge of Kent county in 1885. He was largely in-
strumental in securing the construction of the
Great Western railway, was an unsuccessful can-
didate for parliament in 1854, and is revlsing-officer
of the electoral district of Kent. He is an active
advocate of the temjjerance reform.
WOODS, William, clergyman, b. in AllK-marle
county, Va.. in 1738; d. there in 1819. He was
of Scotch-Irish descent, and his father, William,
came from Pennsylvania with the emigrants that
followed John Lewis up Shenandoah valley, and
became the owner of large tracts of land in Albe-
marle county, Va. The son was a bold and in-
dependent thinker, and became a Baptist when
that denomination was struggling for existence
against great opposition. ' In 1780 ne was ordained
a minister of that faith, and founde<l the old AUjc-
marle Baptist church, near the University of Vir-
ginia. Tnomas Jefferson frequently attended his
church, and wrote that "it was a model for a re-
public." At the request of Jefferson he resigned
nis charge in 1799 that he might be elected to the
legislature. He served during the agitation of
1800 over the Kentucky resolutions of 1798-"9. and
his name heads the list of state-rights Republican
voters in that lx)dy. During his term a bill was
pa.ssed to increase the pay of the members, but he
refused to accept its privileges. — His son, Micajah,
jurist, b. in Albemarle county, Va., in 1776; d.
there in 1837, was for twenty years a member of
the justice's court for Albemarle county, and for
many years the presiding justice of that county. —
His son. John Koden, physician, b. in AllK?njarle
county, Va., 15 Jan., 1815; d. there. 9 July, 1885,
was graduate<I in medicine at the University of
Virginia in 1835, but ceased to practise in 1887,
devotetl his attention to scientific agriculture, and
brought large importations of English stock to his
estate, " HoTkham." He was a meml)er of the old
Whig party, a personal friend of Henrj' Clay, and
a member of many Whig conventions. For eight
years he was a director of the Virginia Central
(now Chesapeake and Ohio) railway company. Dr.
Woods was a supporter of the University of Vir-
ginia, and a member of its board of visitors from
1867 till 1872.— John Rodes's son, Micajah. law-
yer, b. at Holkham. All)emarle co.. Va.. 17 May,
1844, has been attorney for the commonwealth of
All)emarle county since 1870. and was a nu-ml>er
of the board of visitors to the University of Vir-
ginia from 1872 till 1876.
WOODS. William Bnrnham, soldier, b. in
Newark, Licking co.. Ohio, 3 Aug., 1824; d. in
Washington, D. C, 14 May. 1887. His father,
Ezekiel S. W<xk1s. was a native of Kentucky, of
Si-otch-Irish parentage. The son was e«lucated at
Western Reserve college and at Vale, where he was
graduated in 1845. He afterwanl studii^l law in
his native place, and practised there, was elected
mayor of Newark in 1K')6 and 1857. and in the
latter year was chosen to the Ohio legislature. He
was elected s|)eaker of the house in 1858, and re-
electe<l to the legislature in 1859. Soon after the
opening of the civil war he entered the National
anny as lieutenant-colonel of the 76th Ohio volun-
teers, and from Noveml»er. 1861. till the close of
tho war he was continuously at the front, except
for a period of three months. He participated in
606
WOODVILLE
WOODWARD
L^^/iV^t^^
the battles of Shiloh, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas
Post (where he was slightly wounded), ResacA,
Dallas, Atlanta. Jonesboro', Lovejoy Station, and
lientonvillc. lie was also present at the sieges of
Vicksburg and Jackson, and commanded a division
in Uen. William T.
Sherman's march to
the sea. He was ap-
pointed brevet brig-
adier-general of vol-
unteers, 12 Jan.,
18G5 ; brevet major-
general of volun-
teers, 13 March.
18().>; full brigadier-
geneml, 31 May,
IHGii; and on 17
Feb., 1866, was mus-
tered out of the ser-
vice. Upon leav-
ing the army, Gen.
Woods engaged in
cotton -planting in
Alabama, resuming
at the saiue time the practice of law, and taking
an active part in the reconstruction of the state,
of which he became chancellor in 18(58. In 18(59
he was appointed V. S. judge for the 5th circuit,
and on 15 Dec, 1880. was nominated V)y Presi-
dent Hayes an associate justice of the U. S. su-
preme court, U'lng confirmed on 22 Dec. — His
brother. Charles Robert, soldier, b. in Newark,
Ohio, 19 Fel)., 1M27; d. there, 26 Feb., 1885, wjis
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1852.
appointed brevet 2<1 lieutenant of infantry, and
served on garrison and frontier duty till 1861. In
the attempt to relieve Fort Sumter in April of that
year, he commanded the trooj)s on the steamer
"Star of the West," and he was appointed colonel
of the 76th Ohio volunteers, 13 Oct., 1861. He was
at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and commanded a
brigade during the siege of Corinth, and a regi-
ment in the Vicksburg campaign. He was recom-
mended for promotion for braverv at Arkansas
Post, and tH?came a brigadier-general of volunteers,
4 Aug., \H(hi. lomling a brigade in the 15th corps at
Ijookout Mountflip and Mission Ridge. In the cam-
paign in (Jeorgiaand the Carolinas he commanded
a division in the same corps. He was appointed
l»rigadier-general of volunteers, 4 Aug., 1863, brevet-
ted major-general. 22 Nov., 1864, made brevet briga-
ilier- and major-general in the U. S. army, 13
March, 1865, and mustered out of the volunteer
s<'rvice, 1 Sept.. 186(5. He was transferred to the
27th infantry. 27 Sept., 1H66, and during the latter
Part of the same year was on the plains fighting
Indians and guarding railways. He became colonel
of the 2d infantry, 23 March. 1874, and was retired
on 15 Dec. of the .same year. He was familiarly
known in the army as "Su.san Wcxxl." a name that
had boon ap[)lie<l to him when he was a cadet at
the militarv academv.
WOODVILLE, Richard Caton. b. in Balti-
more, Md., about 1825: d. in London, Eng., 13
Sept., 1855. He studied in DUsseldorf, whence he
sent to the American art union " The Card-Play-
ers" (1847). and "The Cavalier's Return " and
"Mexican News" (1848). He twice revisited Ku-
ro[K', and while in London was cut short in a ca-
reer of much promise. Among his effective and
well - flnishe<l genre pictures were " Old '76,"
" Younj; '48." " The Politicians," " The Game of
Ches.<." " Waiting for the Stage," and " The Sail-
or's Wedding." Several of them were engraved or
lithographed.
WOODWARD. Ashbel, physician, b. in WeU-
ington. Conn., 26 June, 1804; d. in Franklin, Conn.,
20 Nov., 1885. He was graiduated at the medical
department of Bowdoin in 1829, settled in Frank-
lin, Conn., and resided there until his death, en-
gaging in the practice of his profession and in
genealogical and historical researches. At the
beginning of the civil war he volunteered as
surgeon m the 26th army corps, sharing in the
siege and capture of Port Hudson. Yale gave
him the honorary degree of M. D. in 1854. Dr.
Woodward yfas president of the Connecticut medi-
cal society for many years, and a member of the
New England historic-genealogical society, to
which he contributed about fifty papers. His pub-
lications include " Vindication of Gen. Israel Put-
nam " (Norwich, Conn., 1841) ; " Historical Account
of the Connecticut Medical Society" (Hartford,
1859) ; " Biographical Sketches of the Early Phy-
sicians of Norwich " (Norwich, 1859) ; " Medical
Ethics" (Hartford, 1860); "Life," an address
(1861); " Memoir of Col. Thomas Knowlton " (Bos-
ton, 1861) ; " Life of Gen. Nathaniel Lyon " (Hart-
ford, 18(52); "Vindication of Army Surgeons"
(New Haven, 1863) ; " Specialism in Medicine "
(1866); and "The Two Hundredth Anniversary of
the Settlement of Franklin," an address delivered
in April, 1868 (1870). See a memoir of him by bis
son, Ilenrv H. Woodward (Boston, 1886).
WOODWARD, Augustus B, jurist, b. in Vir-
ginia alxjut 1775; d. in P'lorida in 1827. He was
a laborious student, adopted the profession of law,
and in 1805 emigrated to Michigan to become a
i'udge of the territory, holding office till 1824.
)uring that service he published the " code of laws "
that bears his name. He was then appointed a
judge of the territory of Florida, where he died
after a service of three years. He was an ardent
patriot, and during the second war with Great
Britain was the author of the resolution that was
adopted by the legislature of Michigan prohibiting
the wearing of any clothing made from English
goods. He is said to have been a founder of the
town of Ypsilanti, Mich., but the statement is not
corroborated. He published " Considerations oh
the Substance of the Sun" (Washington. D. C,
1801) ; " Considerations on the Executive Govern-
ment of the United States of A raerica " (Flatbush,
1809); and "A Svstem of Universal Science"
(Philadelphia, 1816).
WOODWARD, Calvin Milton, educator, b. in
Fitchburg, Mass., 25 Aug.. 1837. He was gradu-
ated at Harvard in 1860. and became principal of
Brown high-school in Newburyport, Mass. Dur-
ing the civil war he was captain in the 48th Mas-
sachusetts volunteers, taking part in the siege and
capture of Port Hudson under Gen. Nathaniel P.
Banks. In 1865 he was chosen vice-principal of the
Smith academy of Washington university, St. Louis,
and in 1868 lie was apiK)inted assistant professor
of mathematics in that university, where since 1870
he has held the chair of mathematics and applied
mechanics, also since 1870 he has been dean of its
polytechnic school. He planned and organized in
1879 the manual training-school as a subordinate
department of the university without resigning his
other duties, and has filled the directorship of this
school from the first. The St. Louis manual train-
ing-school is the pioneer of its kind in America,
and has served as the model in organizing other
similar schools, in consequence of which Prof.
Woodward's expositions of the aims and value of
manual training have had the widest influence in
shaping the new education both at home and
abroad. He was a member of the school board of
WOODWARD
WOODWARD
607
St. Iiouis in 187S-'80, and presiilont of the St. Louis
fiifriiH'er club in lH8H-'4. I'rof. Womlward was
nn-siili'tit of tho inilu^triHl (li'|)artnK'Ut of the
National otluc-ational usMK-iatioii in lNM2-'4, and
vico-president of the American a.s.s<H'iation for the
mlvanccnu'nt of science in 1HH8, j>r«'sidinif over the
section on mechanical science, in 18H.5 he was iti-
vitwl to present a paiN>r on "Manual Traininj?"
Itefore the (siueational conference in Manche.Hter,
Kn);land, and afterward he visited the educational
institutions of KurojK'. He has written a lar^e
nunil)er of )ta[M>rs on mathematical subjects and
manual training, which he has contributed to sci-
entific journals and other |>erirMlicals. His books
are " History of the St. Louis Hridge" (St. Louis,
1882). and "The Manual Training -School: its
Aims, Methods, and Results" (Boston, 1887).
WOODWARD, (ieoixe Wa.Hhin|rton, jurist,
b. in Ik'thany, Pa., 2« March, 180U; d. in Rome,
Italy, 10 .May, 1875. He re<rivc<l an aca4lemice«lu-
cation, and studied and practisetl law in his native
town. He was a memWr of the Pennsylvania
constitutional convention in 1827, president-judge
of the 4th judicial district in 1841-'5l,and a judge
of the superior court of Pennsylvania in 1852-'tt7.
He was cnosen to congress as a Democrat in 186(5,
and was twice re-elected. He was a delegate to the
National Democratic convention in 1868. His
death occurred during a tonr abroad.
WOODW.\RD, Joseph Janvier, surgeon, b. in
Phila<lelpliia. Pa.. 30 Oct., \KV.i: d. near that citv,
17 Aug., 1884. He was gnuhiated at the Philadel-
phia central high-school in 1850, and at the metli-
cal department of the University of Pennsylvania
in 18.53. He practised his profession in Philadel-
phia, and also gave private instniction in the use
of the microscoi>e and in pathological histology, and
with Dr. Charles Bishop he conducted a "quiz"
class in connection with the course of instruction
in the University of Pennsylvania. Sul)sequently
he became demonstrator in operative surgery in
that place and clinical surgical assistant, and then
took charge of the surgical clinics of the univer-
sity. At tlie beginning of the civil war he entered
the U. S. army as assistant surgeon, serving with
the 2d U. S. artillery in the Army of the Potomac,
and then became cluef me<lical officer of the 5th
division in the De|)artnient of Xorthejist Virginia,
being present at the first Iwttle of Bull Run. Ijater
he l)ecame medical officer of three light Iwtteries
in Gen. Philip Kearny's division in the Army of
the Potomac. In May, 1862, he was assigned to
duty in the surjfeon-general's office in Washington,
and charged with the duty of collecting materials
for a niwTical and surgical history of the war and
for a military metlical museum. At the clos«> of
the war he received the brevets of ca]itain, major,
and lieutenant-colonel, and on 28 .July, 1H06, he was
commissionetl captain and a.ssistant surgeon. Soon
after his assignment to Washington his attention
wjis direct^nl to exi>eriments in photomicrography,
and he improved the old methods and devised
new ones for this chiss of work. His publications
in this direction gave a iK)werf»il stimulus to the
construction of microscopic objectives, and the
|freat improvements that have lK»en nia«le in these
mstruments of rei^eurch an* due chiefly to his lal)ors.
He was mmle surgef)n with the rank of major on
26 June, 1876. Dr. Wotxlward was asso<Mated in
the management of President (larfield's case after
he was shot, and the i-onflnement. anxiety, and
lalH)r to which he was subjecttnl during the presi-
dent's long illness prove<l too gn>at for him and
hasfene<l the sickness that terminatwl his life. In
addition to his connection with scientific societies,
including his election in 1878 to '.be National
academy of sciences, he was president of the Amer-
ican medical asstn-iation and of ttie I'hilosophical
society of Washington. He publishetl aUjut 100
single jfafwrs. ami in bo<ik-fonn "Outlines of the
t'hief (^'amp Diseases of the I'. .S. Annies" (Phila-
delphia, 1863) and "The Me<lical ami Surgical His-
tory of the War of the Reljcllion" (2 vctls., Wash-
ington. 1870-'9). — His sister, Annie Aubertine
Woodward-.Moore, tnmslator, b. in Montgomery
countv. Pa., 27 Sept., 1841, was educatcil in Phila-
delphia, studied music with Carl (iartner, and ga%'e
successful jtiano recitals and concerts in Boston,
Philadelphia, and New York. She also early de-
voted herself to litemrv pursuits, and translat(Hl
extensively from the French and German. She
was occupied in translating from the Scan<linavian
tongues with Rasmus B. Anderson in 1H76, and
for twelve vears was busy pre[)aring English ver-
sions of Bjomstjerne Bjornson's novels (Boston,
1881 -'2), and of Georg Brande's " Authors of the
Nineteenth Century " (New York. 1886). .She has
resided in Madison, Wis., since 1877, was a founder
of the Wisconsin conservatory of music, and has
lectured extensively, especially on Norwegian lit-
erature and music. She married Samuel H, Moore
in 1887. Mrs, Moore has published most of her
writings uniler the pen-name of " Auber Forestier."
They include. l)esides the translations that have
l)een notice*!. Knglish versions from the German of
Rolwrt Byr's-Sphynx" (Philadelphia, 1871): "The
Struggle for Existence" (1873); Sophia Verena's
" Al)ove the Tempest and the Tide " (1873) ; " Sam-
uel Brohl & Co.," from the French of Victor Cherbu-
liez (New York, 1877): " F>hoes from the Mist
Ijand, or the Nilx'lungen-Lied Reveale<l " (Chicago,
1880); "The .Spell-Bouml Fiddler," from the Norse
of Kristofer Janson (1881); "The Norway Music-
Album." Norway folk-songs, dances, etc., e<lited
and furnished with English text (Ik)ston, 1881):
and " Voice-Culture," from the German (1885).
WOODWARD. Ham iiel. physician, b. in Water-
town, Conn., in 1750; d. in Torringfonl. Conn.. 6
Jan.. 1835. By economy and inclustry he suc-
cetHle<l in obtaining sufficient means to enter Yale
when he was twenty-six years old. but the class of
which he was a memlK»r was dispersetl by the
Revolution, and he was not graduate<l. He then
adopt e<l the profession of medicine, and l)egan
practice in Tomngford, Conn., where he remaine<l
for the greater part of his life. He served in the
legislature for several terms during the last of
which he was called the " father of the house," and
was chosen its speaker. He was the fii*st in that
iMKly to advocate ojwnly Demtx-ratic principles
after the Revolution, and was the unsuccessful
candidate of that party for congress. He estal)-
lisheil a sucit'ssful j)ractice. prepannl a large num-
ber of students foi the metlical profession, and was
active in temperance and other reforms. — His sfm,
Samuel Bayard, physician, b. in Torringfonl,
Conn.. 10 June, 1787: d. in Northampton. Mass.. 8
Jan.. 18.50, adopte<l the j»rofession of medicine, and
settlctl in Wethersfield, Conn.. whon> he liecame
physician to the state prison, and was for several
years a memU^r of the state s«'nate. He was a
founder of the Retreat for the insane at Hartfonl,
Conn., and in 1832-'46 was su|M>rintendent of the
Massachusetts state lunatic asylum at Won'csier.
He then reinove«l to Northampton. Mass.. where
he pnu'tised until his death. Dr. WtHxlwanl was
a project<»r of the Massachusetts school for idiotic
youth and of an asylum for inebriates. He pub-
lishetl essays on tliseases of the mind and nerves,
and contributed to me<lical journals.
608
WOODWORTII
WOODWORTH
WOODWORTH, John, jurist, b. in Schotlack,
N. Y.. 12 Nov.. 1708; il. in Alltany, N. Y.. 1 June,
IKW, He studiinl law with John Lansinj; in Al-
Imiiiv. wjix a«lniitted to the bar in 1791. and began
praetice in Troy. N. Y., but he returned to Albany
in 1806, and resided there until his death. He was
surrogate of lletisselaer county in 1793-1804, a
nieniU'r of the assembly in 1803, and of the state
senate in 1804-'7. attorney-general of New York in
1804-'8. and a judge of the state supreme court in
1819-'28. He published " Ileminiscences of Troy
from its SetthMuent in 1790 till 1807" (Albany.
ISW). and with William P. Van Ness revised the
laws of New York (2 vols., 1813).
WO(HMVORTH, John Maynard, physician,
b. in Big Flats. Chemung co., N. Y., 15 Aug..
is;i7: d. in Washington, I). C, 14 March, 1879.
lie was wlucated at the University of Chicago, be-
came curator of the museum of the Chicago acade-
my of sciences in 1858. and established the Museum
of" natural history in the University of Chicago in
1859. He was gniduated at the Medical college of
Chicago in 18(52. entered the National army as
post surgeon of volunteers, and served under Gen.
Williani T. Sherman till 1865. Ijecoming full sur-
geon in lMt)3. and subsequently medical insj)ector
of tlie Army of the Tennessee. In March, 1865,
he wjis brevetted lieutenant-colonel of volunteers
for his services during the civil war. He became
professor of anatomy in Chicago metlical college
ni 1866, surgeon of the Union soldiers' home, and
sanitary inspectf)r of the city board of health in
1868. In 1871-"9 he was supervising sur^eon-
feneral of the Marine hospital, Washington, I). C.
n that service he intnKluced systematic methods
of conducting its affairs, required candidates for
medical offices to pass examinations, and substi-
tuted inexijensive pavilions for costly insanitary
hospitals of iron and stone. He was president of
the Alumni association of Chicago meuical college
in 1870. one of the twelve organizers of the Ameri-
c.in public health association in 1872, a member of
n)any state and National [irofessional bodies, and a
vice-president of the Society of the Armv of the
Tennessee. In 1876 he read before the Interna-
tional medical congress a paper entitled "Quaran-
tine with Reference to Cholera and Yellow Fever,"
and sul)mitted six profM)sitions to that lx)dy on the
subject, which were adopted. He wrote numer-
ous essays and pa|)ers that were published in the
"Transactions of the American Medical Associa-
tion." and is the author of "Primary Surgery of
Gen. Sherman's Campaigns " (Chicago, 1866) ; " The
Mystery of Life." an address (1871) ; " Regulations
of the United States Marine Hospital Service "
(Washington. D. C, 1873); "Hospitals and Hospi-
tal Construction" (1873); "The Immigration Ser-
vice of the United States" (1873); "Nomenclature
of Diseases" (1874); and "Cholera Epidemic in
the United States in 1873" (1875).
WO(H»VORTH, Samuel, poet, b. in Seituate,
Mass., 13 Jan., 1785; d. in New York city, 9 Dec.,
1842. Ho was the youngest son of a farmer and
Revolutionary soldier, whose jxjverty prevented
him from educating his children, but Samuel's
verses attracted the attention of Rev. Nehemiah
Thomas, who taught him the classics for. He
was apprenticed to I^njamin Russell, editor of
the "(Columbian Centinel," when he was seven-
teen years of age, and a year after the expiration
of his term removed to >»ew Haven, Conn., where
he issued a weekly paper called the " Helles-Let-
tres lle|)ository," of which he was "editor, i)ub-
lisher, j)rinter, and more than once carrier,* but
the enterprise failed at the end of its second
month. He removed to New York in 1809, and dur-
ing the second war with Great Britain conducted
a weekly paper called " The War," and a monthly
Swedenborgian magazine entitled the "Halcyon
Luminary and
Theological Re-
pository," both of
which were un-
successful. His
next literary un-
dertaking was a
contract in, 1816
to write a histo-
ry of the second
war with Great
Britain in the style
of a romance, en-
titled the " Cham-
Sions of Free-
om," which was
published (2 vols..
New York, 1816),
but possesses lit-
tle merit either as
history or as a
novel." WMth George P. Morris he began, in 1823,
the publication of the "New York Mirror," but
he withdrew from the partnership within a year.
He edited the "Parthenon" in 1827. afterward
contributed frequently to the press, and was the
author of several operettas that were produced
with success, of which the " Forest Rose " is still oc-
casionally performed. During his later life he was
paralyzed, and his resources were meagre. Of his
numerous lyrics the "Old Oaken Bucket" is the
only one that will probably live. George Perkins
Marsh savs of this ixiem in his " Lectures on the
English Language^' (New York. 1861): "Wood-
worth's fine song, the ' Old Oaken Bucket,' which
has embalmed in undying verse so many of the
most touching recollections of rural childhood, will
preserve the more poetic form oaken, together
with the memory of the almost obsolete implement
it celebrates, through all dialect changes, as long
as English shall be a spoken tongue." His poetical
works were collected and edited by his son, with a
memoir of him by George P. Morris (2 vols.. New
York, 1861).— His son, Selim E., naval officer, b. in
New York city. 27 Nov., 1815 : d. in San Francisco,
Cal.. 29 Jan., 1871, when twelve years old set out
with a rifle to cross the continent to the Pacific,
but was met by friends and sent home after walking
800 mil^s. In 1834 he sailed as captain's clerk in
the ship " Margaret Oakley," in which he was ship-
wrecked off Madagascar. He lived on the island
with the natives, but eventually reached Mauritius,
whence he returned home after an absence of four
years. He was appointed a midshipman in the
navy, 16 June, 1838, became a passed midshipman,
20 May, 1844, and, obtaining special leave of absence
in 1846, made the journey to the Pacific overland,
travelling from St. Louis to Columbia river in sixty
days. He then went down the coast to the site of
San Francisco, where he reported for duty as a
master on lK)ard the sloop " Warren." and subse-
quently served in command of the transport " Ani-
ta" until the close of the Mexican war. He re-
signed from the navy. 11 Feb.. 1850. and was elected
to the first state senate ot California. He engaged
in mercantile pursuits, but at the opening of the
civil war he volunteered and was commissioned
acting lieutenant, 10 Sept., 1861. He served under
Farragut at New Orleans and in Mississippi river,
and was promoted two grades to commander, 16
July, 1862, for gallant conduct. He commanded
WOOL
WOOLMAN
609
ihe steamer "Namig»n8ott." which he took out to I
the Pat-iflc coast in 18«5-'6. ami ufxm hist n-turn '
rv!«iirri«Hl from the navy, 31 May. IMOO. — SainiU'l's
nepnew. FranciH ('., author, b. in Colchester, Conn.,
in 1H12; <l. at s««a, 5 June, Kil). was a printer by
tnule, ami afterward pn-achctl. but withdn-w from
the ministry on account of failing licalth. He then
devole«l hinisi'lf to juvenile literature, in which he
was remarkably successful, lie diwl durincT a voy-
age betwei>n .Savannah and New York. Tlis nu-
merous (lublications include "Our own Fields"
(New York, 18.50) ; " Youth's liook of Gems " (1851) ;
"Uncle Frank's Home Stories" (6 vols., 1851);
"Uncle Frank's Picture (lallerv " (3 vols., 1852):
"Won<lers of the Insect World" (1853); "The
World as it is, or a Miniature .Sketch of the Earth
and its Inhabitants" (Philadelphia, 1854); "Theo-
dore Tinker's Stories for Little Folks" (12 vols.,
New York, 1854-*8); "Young American's Life of
Fremont" (185«t) and "Uncle Frank's Pleasant
Pages for the Fireside " (1857). He e<lited " Wood-
worth's American Miscellany" (12 vols., 1853 el
w^.). and " Wo<Klworth's Youth's Cabinet," which
was contiiiutil after his death (15 vols.. 1854 et sfq.).
WOOL, John Ellis, soldier, b. in Newburg,
N. Y., 20 Feb.. 1784; d. in Troy, N. Y.. 10 Nov.,
1869. His father was a soldier of the Revolution.
The son was educated at the common schools of
his native town, and, after a short experience in
mercantile life in Troy, l)egan the study of the
law, at which he was engagetl when war with Eng-
land was de<"Iared. He entenxl the military service
as an ofUcer of volunteers, raised a comiMinv in
Troy, was commissioned cai>tain in the 13th C S.
infantry. 14 April, 1812, and greatly distinguished
himself at (jueenstown Heights, 13 OcL, 1812,
where he was severely wounded. He was promoted
major of the 29th infantry, 13 April, 1813, and at
Plattsburgon 11 Sept.. 1814. he received the brevet
of lieutenant- colonel for gallantry. Maj. Wool
was transferred to the 6th infantry. 17 May, 1815.
and in the subsecjuent reorganization was made
inspector-general of the army, with rank of colonel,
29 April, 1816. The routine of his duty was varied
in 1832 by a professional tour abroad, comprising
an inspection of the military establishments of
Europe for the l)enefit of the U. S. service. In
1836 he eflfecte<l the transfer of the Cherokee In-
dians to the country west of the Mississippi, and
on 25 June, 1841, he was appointed brigadier-
general in the U.
S. army. He was
active at the be-
ginning of the
Mexican war in
preparing volun-
teer forces for the
field, and in less
than six weeks
desjwtchiHl to the
seat of war 12,000
men, fully armeil
and e<|uip|)ed. He
was (Jen. Zachary
Taylor's second in
command at Bue-
na Vista, M-Ufting
the ground for the
action, makinifthe
preliminary dispo-
sitions, dnd commanding on the field till the ar-
rival of his superior. For gallant and meritori-
ous conduct in that battle he was brevetteti major-
general, 23 Feb., 1847. For his services during
the war with Mexico congress awarded him a vote of
VOL. Tl. — 89
J^^y^^t'^>-^^yf7atrc^^ .
thanks and a sword of honor, and a sword was also
t)resented to (»en. W<*ol by the state of New York,
le commandcil the eastern militarv division in
1848-'5JJ, and the Department of tne I'aciflc in
18.54-'7, putting an end to Indian disturlmnces in
Washington and <Jregon territori«>s in 185<1 by a
three-months' camoaign. He hml charge of the
I>e|virtnient of the East in 1860, and at the o|H>ning
of the civil war savtnl Fortress Monroe by timely
re-enforcements, afterward commanding there at
the head of the Department of Virginia. He was
promoted major-gen-
eral, U. S. army, 16
May, 1862, and had
charge successively of
the middle military de-
jiartment and the De-
jwrtment of the East
till July, 1863. He
was retired from ac-
tive service, 1 Aug.,
1863. Gen. Wool was
a rigid disciplinarian,
and had no su|>eriorin
the U. S. service as an
organizer of trcKips.
The monument shown
in the illustration was
raised to his memory
in Troy. It is 75 feet
high, and l)ears the
following inscription
from the fwu of Will-
iam Cullen Hryant:
"This stone is erect-
ed to Major-General
John Ellis Wool, the gallant s<jldier, the able
commander, and the [Mitriotic citizen, distin-
guished in manv Itattles; and to Sarah Moulton,
nis excellent an«l worthy consort."
WOOLF, Solomon, educator, b. in New York
city, 6 Jan., 1841. He was graduated at the Col-
lego of the city of New York in 1859, and in the
same year was ap{>ointed tutor in descriptive ge-
ometry there and in the Coo|)er Union. In 1878
he was appointe<l to the nrofes.sorship of geometry
and drawing in that college, which chair he has
since held. Besides various contributions to the
riri'ss, he has published " A Course in Descriptive
}eometry"(New York. 1888).
WOOL.M.\N, John, (Quaker preacher, b. in
Nortliamptftn. Burlington co., N. J., in Augusts
1?20: d. in York, England, 7 Oct., 17?2. He
worke<l on a farm with his father till he was twen-
ty-one years of age, when he became clerk to a
8torekeei>er at Mount Hollv, where he opened a
sch«K)l for poor children, and first In^gan to s|>eak
at the meetings of the sect. Wishing to visit the
various s«X'ieties of Friends throughout the colo-
nies, and to preach to them, he first learned the
trade of a tailor, as best adapt ihI for supjtorting
him in the itinerant life that he had resolvetl to
leatl. In 1746 he set out im a tour, with Isaac An-
drews, to visit the Friends in the liack settlement*
of Virginia, and he spent a great |>art of his life
in such journeys, for the purp<ise of pn-achinif.
He simke and wrote much against slavery. In
176:3 nc visiteil the Indians on Sustpiehanna river.
Earlv in 1772 he went to England, and. while at^
tending the quarterly meeting at York, he was
smitten with small-|M)x. and die<l. after a few days'
illness. Wo«jlman's writings have Ihhmi nnich ad-
miral, and were highly praisinl by Charles I^amb.
Perha|»s the most interesting of his works is the
posthumous "Journal of John Woolman's Life and
610
WOOLSEY
Travels in the Serrice of the Gospel " (Philadelphia,
./istloin atxl Human Policy, on T^abor, on Schools.
and on tlu- Kipht Use of the Lord's Outward Gifts"
(17«8): "Considerations on the True Hannony of
Mankind. and How it is to te Maintained" (1770);
and " An Epistle to the Quarterly and Monthly
Meeting* of Friends" (1772). His "Serious Con-
siderations. withS<inie of his Dying Expressions,"
appeared after his death (London. 1773). Various
manust-ripts that he left were inrluded in an edi-
tion of his works (2 parts, Philadelphia, 1774-'")).
WOOLSEY, Mclanchton Taylor, naval ofliter,
b. in New York in 1782; d. in Utic-a, N. Y.,
18 May, WiS. His father was an ofluer in the
war of independence and resided at Plattsburg. on
Lake Chainplain, where he was collector of the
I)ort. The son studied law. but entered the navy
as a midshipman. J» April. 18()0. and cruised in
the sl(M)p " Adams" in the West Indies in 18()0-'l.
He went to Tripoli just tM'fore the close of the
Trijiolitan war, was [)romoted to lieutenant, 14
Feb., 18()7, and went io Washington, where he pre-
pared a c<Mle of signals for the navy. He was sent
to Lake Ontario to superintend the building of |
thre<' naval vessels, and at Oswego, in 1808. laiil the
kei'l of the '•Oneida," the first U. S. naval vessel ,
that was ever built on that lake. He commanded |
the "Oneida." and was in charge of the naval sta- '
tion at Sackett's Harbor when the war of 1812 I
began. On 15* .July, 1812, a Hritish squadron of five
vessels came in sight, when Woolsey attempted to
escajM" into the oikmi si-a in the " Oneida"; but as
this was imiK)ssible. he returned into Sackett's Har-
bor, where lie landed half of his battery on shore
and ri'pelled the Hritish after an engagement of
two hours. Com. Isaac Chauncey arrived soon
after this victory, and assumed chief command.
Other vessels were built, aiul in November, 1818,
Kingston was attacked, Woolsey commanding the
"Oneida" and continuing to serve as second in
command. He was promoted to master-comman-
dant. 24 .July. 1818, and was present at the attack
on York and the assault on Fort George. In the
schfM>ner ".Sylph" he sjiiied with Com. Chauncey 's
squadnm on 28 .\ug., 1818, and chased the British
stpiadron under Sir James Veo for six days, par-
ticipating in numerous engagements during Se{)-
temU'r. On .5 Oct., 1818, he captured the cutter
" Dnirnmond " and the sloops " Elizabeth," " Mary
Ann," and " Laily (tore " off False Ducks. In
May, 1814, Woolsey was sent to Oswego in the
"Sylph" to transport guns and cables to Sackett's
Harbor at a period when the British had again ob-
taine<l control of the lake. The British squadron
apjieanvl off Oswego while he was there, and he
cm-ulated a report that the destination of the guns
and stores ha<l been changed, after which, availing
hims«'lf of a dark night, he went out with a flotilla
of nineteen heavy lx)at8 carrying the guns and
stores. The British discovered his retreat an(l
followed him to Sandy Creek, where he was land-
ing the guns when they appeared. Maj. Daniel
Appling, who had accompanied him with a force
of riflemen, prepared an ambuscade, and with
Woolsey met the British with such a destructive
fire that in the end they were all captured. Three
gun-l)oat», two barges, one gig, six guns, and 186
men were taken on this occjision. Woolsey then
took his guns and stores to Sackett's Harbor, and
the Americans regained command of the lake. He
had charge of the brig "Jones " from the following
WOOLSEY
year until the close of the war. He remained at Sack-
ett's Harbor after peace was restored until 1824 in
command of that station. He was promoted to
captain, 27 April, 1816, had the frigate "Constella-
tion " in the West Indies from 1824 till June, 1827,
was in chargeof the Pensacola navy-yard in 1827-81,
and commodore commanding the Brazil station in
1832-'4. In 1836-'7 he had charge of the surveys
of the Chesapeake bay, after which his health de-
clined.—His son, Melanchton Brooks, naval offi-
cer, li. in New York, 11 Aug., 1817: d. in Pensa-
cola, Fla., 2 Oct., 1874. entered the navy as a mid-
shipman, 24 Sept., 1832, attended the naval school
at i*hihidelphia, and became a passed midshipman,
16 July, 1840. He was promoted to ma.ster, 22
March,' 1847, and to lieutenant, 16 July, 1847, and
by action of the retiring board he was placed on
the reserved list, 13 Sept., 1855. In 1861 he was
assigned to active duty and attached to the re-
ceiving-ship at New York. He commanded the
steamer " Ellen," on the South Atlantic blockade,
in 1801-2, in which he engaged Fort Pemberton
at Wapper creek, S. C, m May, 1862. repelled
Confederate cavalry at Secessionville, 1 June, 1862,
and participated in the attack on James island, 3
June, 1862. He was commissioned a commander,
16 July, 1862, on the reserved list, and command-
ed the sloop "Vandalia" in 1862-'3, and the
steamer " Princess Royal," in the West Gulf squad-
ron, ill 1868-5. He participated in the engage-
ment and repulse of the Confederates at Donald-
sonville, La., on 28 June, 1863, and was highly com-
mended for this victory. He continued to serve
on the blockade until the close of the war, and was
placed on the active list and promoted to captain,
25 July, 1866, and to commodore, 20 May, 1871.
On 6 March, 1873, he was appointed commandant
of the Pensacola navy-yard. In 1874 Woolsey had
orders to go to the north on duty, but he declined
to leave his post when a yellow-fever epidemic
appeared, and he died there.
WOOLSEY, Theodore Dwight, educator, b. in
New York city, 31 Oct., 1801 ; d. in New Haven,
Conn., 1 July, 1889. He was the son of a merchant
and of Elizabeth Dwight, sister of President Tim-
othy D wight, of Yale. He was graduated at Vale
in 1820, studied law for a year in Philadelphia, and
theology at Princeton in 1821-3, and from 1823 till
1825 was a tutor at Yale. In 1825 he was licensed
to preach, and from 1827 till 1830 he studied the
Greek language and literature in Germany, France,
and Italv. Returning to this country, he was pro-
fessor of Greek at Yale from 1831 till 1846, when
he was appointed president, which post he held till
his resignation in 1871. He was a member of the
American company of revisers of the New Testa-
ment, and its chairman in 1871-'81, was at one
time vice-president of the Oriental society, and
for several vears a regent of the Smithsonian insti-
tution at Washington, D. C. He received the de-
gree of D. D. from Harvard in 1847, and that of
LL. D. from the same institution in 1886. He
gave to the Yale library 1,000 volumes in Greek
literature. His opinions are regarded as of great
weight on questions of international law.. He
edited the " New Englander " for several years
after its first appearance in 1843, and wrote for
the " North American," " Princeton Review," and
the "Century." He published editions of the
Greek text, with English notes for the use of col-
lege students, of the "Alcestis" of fiuripides
(Cambridge, 1834) ; the " Antigone " of Sophocles
(1835); the "Prometheus" of ^schylus (1837);
the " Electra " of Sophocles (1837) ; and the " Gor-
gias" of Plato (1843); "Introduction to the Study
WOOLSON
WOOSTER
611
I
of International Ijaw, desiened as an Aid in Teach-
ing and in Hisitorical Stiufies" (Boston, 1860; 5th
ed., enliir>je<l. New York, 1879) ; '* Essays on Di-
vorce and Divorce Legislation, with S|K'cial Hefer-
ence to the United States" (1809); " lleligion of
the Present and of the Future, Sermons preaciied
chiefly at Yale College" (1871); "Political Sci-
ence, or the State, Theoretically and Practically
considered " (2 vols., 1877) ; " Communism and
Socialism in their History and Theorv : a Sketch "
(1880); and " Helpful Thoughts for Voung Men"
(1882). He edited new editions of Francis Lieher's
"Civil Lil)erty and Self- Government" (Phila-
delphia, 1871), and a "Manual of Politic Ethics"
(2 vols., 1871). He also published smaller works,
and essays and reviews in magazines. The dis-
courses and addresses at his ordination to the min-
istry, and his inauguration as President of Yalo
were published together (New Haven, 1840). — His
son, Thkodore Salisbury, b. in New Haven. Conn.,
22 Oct., 1852, was gnuluated at Yale in 1872, stud-
ied abroad in 1874-'6, was gaduated at the Yale
law-school in 1876, and since 1879 has been pro-
fessor of international law at Yale law-school. —
Theodore Dwight's niece, Sarah Chaunxey, author,
b. in Cleveland, Ohio, about 1845, has published,
under the pen-name of "Susan C/'oolidge," "The
New- Year's Bargain " (Boston, 1871): "What Katy
Did " (18?2) ; " Mischiefs Thanksgiving, and other
Stories" (1874), besides other books for children;
"For Summer Afternoons" (1876); "Verses"
(1880); "A Guernsey Lilv " (1881); "A Little
Country Girl" (1885); and "A Short History of
the Citv of Philadelphia" (1887).
WOOLSON, Abba Louisa Ooold, author, b.
in Windham, Me., 30 April, 1^38. She is the
daughter of William Gbold, author of " Portland
in the Past " (Portland, 1886), and of several his-
torical papers in the " Collections " of the Maine
historical society, of which for many years he was
corresponding secretary. She passed her early
life in Portland, Me., where she was graduated at
the high-school for girls in 1856, and the same year
married Moses Woolson, its principal. Mrs, Wool-
son has given courses of lectures in Boston, New
York, Washington, and other cities on " English
Literature in Connection with Etiglish History,"
"The Influence of Foreign Nations upon English
Literature," " Dramas of Shakespeare, as Illus-
trating English History," and "The Historic Cities
of Spain." She resides with her husband in Bos-
ton, and is a member of literary and philanthropic
societies and president of the Castilian chib. She
has contributed to periodicals, and published
" Woman in American Society " (Boston, 1873) ;
"Browsing among Books" (1881); and "George
Eliot and her Heroines" (New York, 1886); and
edited " Dress Ileform," a series of lectures by
female physicians of Boston on " Dress as it aflfects
the Health of Women " (Boston, 1874).
WOOLSON, Constance Feniniore, author, b.
in Claremoiit, N. H., in 1848. She is the daughter
of Charles Jarvis Woolson and of Hannah Cooper
Poraeroy, who was a niece of James Fenimoro
Cooper. She removed with hei* parents to Cleve-
land, Ohio, in early life, was educated at the young
ladies' seminary there, and afterward sent to Ma-
dame Chegary's French school in New York city.
On the death of her father in 1869 she began to
write, and she removed with her mother to the
southern states in 1873, where she resided, princi-
Sally in Florida, till 1879. In that year, on the
eath of her mother, she went to England, where
she has since resided. She has contributed to peri-
odicals, and published "Anne" (New York, 1882);
'^mi^'li^^ir/^
"For the Major" (1883); "F.a«t Angels" (1886);
" U(Kln>an the Keeper" (1886); and "Castle No-
where: Lake-Count rv Sketches" (1886).
WOOSTER, David, soldier, b. in Stratford,
Conn., 2 March, 1710; d. in Danbury, Conn., 2
May, 1777. He was graduated at Yale in 1738,
and when war be-
tween England
and Spain began
in 1739 he en-
tered the pro-
vincial array as
lieutenant, and
was subsequent-
ly made captain
of a vessel that
was built and
equipped by the
colony for the
defence of its
coasts. In 1745
he served as
captain in Col.
Aaron Burr's
regiment, which
participated in
the expedition
against Louisburg, and commanded the " (Connecti-
cut." which conveyed the troops thither. From
that place he went, in command of a cartel, to
England. He was made a captain under Sir
William Pepperell, and received half-pay until
1774. He was appointed colonel in the 3d Con-
necticut regiment m 1755, and later brigadier-gen-
eral, and served during the French war, 1756-'63.
He was an originator of the expedition that cap-
tured Ticonderoga in April, 1775, and afterward
served in the Connecticut assembly. On the or-
ganization of the Continental army he was appoint-
ed one of the eight brigadier - generals, third in
rank, and served in Canada, where, after the death
of Gen, Richard Montgomery, he held for a time the
chief command. He resigned from the army, but
on his return to Connecticut he was made the first
major-general of the militia of that state. During
the winter of 1776-'7 he was employed in raising
recruits and provisions for the force that was
stationed in Danbury, and was in command of
that town when it was attacked by Gov. William
Tryon's troops on 26 April, 1777. Tryon, fear-
ing that he might be cut off on his retre^it.
marched toward nidgeway, a parish in the town
of Ridgefleld, and when this movement was
known to the American commanders they sep-
arated their forces into two parts. The largest
division, of 400 men, under Gold Selleck Silliman
and Benedict Arnold, was stationed in front of the
enemy, while Wooster, with the remaining 200,
was sent to annoy the rear-guard. Arnold, on
arriving at Ridgefleld, constructed a barricade
across the highway between the house of Benjamin
Stebbins and a ledge of rock to the west of the
road, and awaited the enemy's approach. The
British, after leaving Danbury, changed their course
of retreat, and Wooster hastened forward until he
met the foe a few miles north of Ridgefleld, fell
upon the rear of the British column, and, after a
sharp skirmish, took forty prisoners. He made a
second assault about a mile north of the Stebbins
house. Several discharges of artillery cause<i the
American column to break, and Wooster endeav-
ored to rally his men, exclaiming, "Come on, my
boys! Never mind such random shots!" But a
musket-ball pierced his body. He was taken to
Danbury, where he died a few days afterward. On
612
WORCESTER
17 .luno. 1777, the Continental conffrcss passed a
rvsohition that a nionunu-nt \ni entted to the
nuMiiorv of Gen. \V<Kjster. The sum of IVX) was
ttiiiin)i)'riated for this i>ur|)0!*e, but the money was
never iMiid, and tlie unyc of the hero soon \te-
mme unknown. A haiulsome monument of Port-
land )r"»"''o was envted to his njemorv in Dan-
bury in 1H54.— His ^rrand.son. Charles uhlthi^,
naval onieer. b. in New Haven. Conn., in 17H.");
d. in (."alifomia in \H4H. entered tlie tnerehant
serviee. and durinj,' the war wit li Kiif;lHn<l armed
the privateer " S»iratoj,'H," witli which he captuml
manv prizes, aetpiirinjLT a fortune. Wlieii tliu Chili-
ans "in 1H17 were tryinp to imitrovis*' a navy for
capturing; a S|mnish convoy that was expecte<l in
Callao bv wav of Ca|K' Horn. Wooster arrive<l in
Valparaiso witli his arme<l brij; "Columbus," which
the government lM>u;:ht from him, and. under the
name of tlie •' Araucano." pliued under the com-
manil of Wtx)ster, with the rank of captain. After
a fortunate cruise on the coast of Peru and Mex-
ico, his vessel was s«'nt, with the "Sjin Martin."'
"Chacabuco," and " Lautaro." to capture a con-
voy of nine transports, escorted by the fripite
" Nlaiia IsaU'l." which was expected from Spain
in Talcahuano. On '2H Oct.. 1«1H, they found the
fri-rale in tliat port, and capturetl her after a short
St ru>,'j,'le. \V(H>ster U'inj; the first to board her. In
riHomjK'nse he was jjiven command of the prize,
and. with four of the transports, captured shortly
afterwartl. the Chilian fleet entered Valparaiso.
When Loril (VHhrane was f^iveii command-in-chief
of the Chilian navy in 1H19, Wooster, refusing to
serve under him. resigned and took command of
a merdumt-vessel. After Cochrane's departure.
Wooster entere<l the service again in 1822. taking
command of his old ship, with the rank of post-
captain, and in the following year nnide a suc-
cessful cruise on the coiust of Peru. He also took
part in the campaigns of lM24-'6 against the Chi-
1(H' archipelago. In 1821) he was promoted rear-
a<lmiral. and. for a long time before, he had been
pnictically comnumder-in-chief of the small Chili-
an navv. He went in 1H47 to California, where he
engagi^l in mining on Yuba river, but without
success. — (Jen. Wooster's grcat-grandnephew. Da-
Tid. physician, b. in .Jasper, Steidx'U co.. N. Y., 10
June. 1H25, served as acting assistant surgeon in
the I'. S. army during the Mexic^m war, being sta-
tioiu'd in La Puebla. He was graduated at the
Cleveland medical college in 1849, and in that year
began the pnictice of his profession in Adrian,
Mieh. In 18.")() he crossed the plains to California,
practis«»d mwlicine, and was a miner on Yuba river
until 185«, when he removed to San Knmcisco. In
1861-';{ he serve<l as surgeon in the California vol-
unteers in Arizona and New Mexico. From 18G7
till 1871 he was U. S. s[)ecial examiner of drugs in
San Franci.seo, and in 1871-'2 he was surgeon in the
U. S. marine hospital of that city, where he still
practises his y)rofession. In 1858 he founded "The
Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal " in San
Francisco, which he edite<l four years. Besides nu-
merous contributions to this journal and to other
medical |»erio«licals, he has published a brochure on
"Diphtheria," the first punlication in the United
States on this disease (1H59); "Diseases of the
Heart "(1807); a pamphlet on " Hip-Joint Disease"
(1870): and a "Gonealogy of tno W'oosters in
America" (San Francisco, 188.')).
WORCESTER. John, clergyman, b. in Boston,
Mass.. i:j Feb.. 1834. He became i)astor of the
New Church society of Newtonville. Mass., in 1869,
instructor of theologjr in the New Church theologi-
cal school, Boston, in 1878, and its president in
WORCESTER
1881. He is the author of "A Year's Lessons
from the Psalms" (Boston, 1869); " Correspond-
ences of the Bible: the Animals" (1875; 2d ed.,
1884): and " A Journev in Palestine" (1884).
WORCESTER, Joseph Emerson, philologist,
b. in Bedford. N. H., 24 Aug.. 1784; d. in Cam-
bridge, Mass.. 27 Oct., 1805. His father, Jesse Wor-
cester (1701-1834), wrote much for the press, and
left in manuscript " Chronicles of Nissitissit." The
son worked on a
farm in his youth,
butcullivated stu-
dious halrits, de-
termined to ob-
tain a lil)eral edu-
cation, and at the
age of twenty-
five entered Yale,
where two years
later, 1811, he was
graduated. He
was a teacher in
Salem, Mass., for
several years, and
passed two years
at Andover, but in
1819 removed to
Cambridge, which
was thenceforth
his home. His life
was long and quiet, with hardlv an incident except
the publication of his books, ilis first work was "A
Geogra[)hical Dictionary, or Universal Gazetteer.
Ancient and Modern" (2 vols., Andover. Mass..
1817), of which he published an enlarged edition
in 1823, He also published " A Gazetteer of the
United States" (1818): "Elements of Geography,
Ancient and Modem " (1819), which passed through
several editions : " Sketches of the Earth and its In-
habitants" (1823); "Elements of History, Ancient
and Modern, accompanied by an Historical Atlas"
(1826), which was used extensively as a text-book :
" Epitome of History " (1827) ; and " Outlines of
Scripture Geography " (1828). These works were
notable for their accuracy, skilful condensation,
and agreeable style. In 1825 Dr. Worcester read
before the American academy of sciences a paper
on " Longevity and the Expectation of Life in the
United States, Relating more Particularly to the
State of New Hampshire, with Some Comparative
Views in Relation to Foreign Countries," which was
published in the "Transactions." His work in
lexicQgraphy began with an edition of " Johnson's
Dictionary, as improved bv Todd and abridged by
Chalmers, with W alker's Pronouncing Dictionary-
Combined " (1828). In 1829, much against his in-
clination, he was induced to prepare an abridgment
of Noah Webster's " American Dictionary," and in
1830 he published his own "Comprehensive Pro-
nouncing and Explanatory English Dictionary."
The next year he visited "Europe, where he col-
lected philological works and kept a journal, which
is still in manuscript. From 1831 to 1843 he edit-
ed the " American Almanac." In 1846 he pub-
lished a " Univer^l and Critical Dictionary of the
English Language," of which a pirated edition ap-
peared in London with a garbled preface and a
statement on the title-page that it was "compiled
from the materials of Noah Webster, LL. D., by
Joseph E. Worcester," whereupon Dr. Worcester
published a pamphlet exposing the fraud. In
1847-'9 he was unable to use his eyes, but they
were restored after he had undergone two operations
for cataract. Enlarged editions of his " Compre-
hensive Dictionary " were issued in 1847, 1849, and
WORCESTER
WORCESTER
618
1855. All this work wa.s proiJaratory to his great
quarto "Dictionary of tiie fitiglisti I>an)7uage"
(Boston, 1860), in which h« had thu assistance of
many collaborators, esiiecially for the explanations
of technical terms. 1 his was the first dit-tionary
that usotl illustrations. The difference between
his system and Webster's, briefly indicated, was
this: that Worcester endeavore<l simply to repre-
sent the Kuf^lish language as it was, while \Vel>-
ster trie<l to improve it and set it forth as he
thought it ought to be. The successive editions of
Webster's work have receded steadily from his
ra<lical plan, so that now there is but little essen-
tial difference between the two great dictionaries.
Dr. Worcester was retiring, motlest, benevolent,
and deeply religious. lie married, in 1841, Amy
Eliziil)etn, (laughter of Prof. .Joseph McKean, of
Harvard. They ha«l no children. lie was a mem-
ber of numerous learned societies, and received the
degree of LL. D. from Hrown in 1847 and from
Dartmouth in 1856. Ezra Abbott prepared a
memoir of him, which was read before the Ameri-
can a<-Hdemv of sciences the vear after his death.
WORCESTER. Noah, elerevman, b. in Hollis,
N. H., 25 Nov., 1758; d. in Brighton, Mass.. 31
Oct., 1837. He was descended from Kev. William
Worcester, who came from Salisbury, England,
and was the first minister of the church in Salis-
bury. Mass., which was organized in 1638. Noah's
father, of the same name, was one of the framers
of the constitution of New Hampshire. The son
was a fifer in the Continental army in 1775, entered
the service again for a short time as fife-major in
1777. and was at the battles of Bunker Hill and
BtMinington. In Septemter, 1778, he removed to
Plymouth, N. H., where he taught, and in Febru-
ary, 1782, settled at Thornton, filling several local
offices, and was chosen to the legislature. Having
turned his attention to theology, he published a
" Letter to the Rev. John Murray Concerning the
Origin of Evil " (Newburyport, 1780), was licensed
to ureach by a Congregational association in 1786,
ana in 1787 was ordained pastor of the church in
Thornton, where he remained till 1802, receiving a
salary of f2t)0. In 1802 he was employed jv its
first missionary in the New Hampshire society
then organiztnl, and in that capacity preached and
travelled extensively through the northern part of
the state. He removed to Stilisbury, N. H., in
1810, and there supplied the pulpit of his brother
Thomas till 1813, when he settled at Brighton,
Mass. He edited the " Christian Disciple " in
18i;i-'18, and " The Friend of Peace," a quarterly
magazine, in 1819-29, founded the Massachusetts
peace society in 1815, and was its secretary till 1828.
Mr. Worcester received honorary degrees in arts
from Dartmouth in 1791, and that of D. D. from
Harvard in 1818. In addition to his editorial work
he contributed to the "Theological Magazine," and
Sublishe<l " Familiar Dialogue between Cephas and
lereas " (Worcester, 1792); "Solemn Reasons for
Declining to adopt the Baptist Theory and Prac-
tice" (Charlestown, 1809) ; " Bible News, or Sacred
Truths Relating to the Living God, his only Son,
and Holy Spirit," which was censured by the Hop-
kinsian association, of which the author was a
member, as unsound on the doctrine of the Trinity
(Conconl, 1810); "Impartial Review of the Testi-
monies in Favor of the Divinity of the Son of God "
(1810); "Respectful Address to the Trinitarian
Clergy" (Boston, 1812); "S<ilemn Review of the
Custom of War. by Philo Paciflcus," which was
republished in Europe in several languages (1814);
"The Atoning Sacrifice: a Displav of I^ove. not of
Wrath" (Cambridge, 1829); "the Causes and
Evils of Contentions among Christians" (Boston,
1881); "Last Thoughts on Im|)ortant Subject*"
(Cambridge, 1833); and single sermons and tracts
See " Memoirs of Noah Worcester, D. D.," by Hev.
Henry Ware, Jr., I). D., with a preface, notes, and
a concluding chapter bv Samuel Worcester (Boston,
1844). — His brotner, I'liomaH, clergyman, b. in
Hollis, N. H., 22 Nov., 1768; d. 24' Dec, 1831,
having studied theology under the direction of
Rev. Daniel Emerson, of Hollis, was ordained
Kastor of the Congregational church in Salisbury,
r. H., 9 Nov., 1791. He atlopted the UniUrian
views of his brother Noah, and this, together with
his impaired health, led to his dismissal, 24 April,
1823, by a mutual council. He remained after-
ward without a pastoral charge. He received the
honorary degree of M. A. from Dartmouth college
in 1806.' Mr. Worcester published "A Call for
Scripture Evidence that Christ is the Self-Exist-
ent Eternal God "(Boston, 1811); "New Chain of
Plain Argument Deemed Conclusive against Trini-
tarianism" (1817); "The True God but one Per-
son" (1819); and separate sermons. — Another
brother, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Hollis, N. H,,
1 Nov., 1770; d. in Brainard, Tenn., 7 June, 1821,
was graduated at Dartmouth in 1795, licensed to
preach in 1796, and was pastor of the Congrega-
tional church in Fitchburg, Mas.s., from 1797 till
1802. He l)ecame pastor of the Tabernacle church,
Salem, in 1803, which charge he held till his death.
He declinetl the professorship of theology in
Dartmouth in 1804, became corresptmding secre-
tary of the American bojird of commissioners for
foreign missions in 1810, and in 1815 engagetl in
the LTnitarian contmversy, his immediate oppo-
nent being the Rev. William E. Channing. At the
time of his death he was travelling for the benefit
of his health. He published " Discourses on the
Covenant with Abraham" (Sidem, 1805); "Three
Letters to the Rev. William E. Channing on Uni-
tarianism" (Boston, 1815); " Watts's Entire and
Select Hymns" (1818); single sermons and pam-
phlets; and reviews and essays in religious j)eriodi-
cals. After his death a collection of his sermons
was published (1823). .See " Life and Lalxirs of
Rev. Samuel Worcester," by his son. Rev. Samuel
M. Worcester (2 vols., Boston, 1852). — Samuel's
son, Saiiinel Melancthon.b. in Fitchburg, Mass.,
4 .Sept., 1801; d. in Boston, 16 Aug., 1866, was
graduated at Harvard in 1822, studied for a vear
at Andover, was a tutor in Amherst in 182^'5,
and professor of rhetoric and oratory there from
1825 till 1834. He was pastor of the Tabernacle
church, Salem, from 1834 till 1860, when impaired
health caused him to resign. He was a meml)er of
the Massachusetts senate and house of representa-
tives. Mr. Worcester published " Essays on Sla-
very, by Vigorinus " (1826) ; " The Memorial of the
Old and New Tabernacle." Salem, Mass. (Boston,
1855) : the life of his father that has l)een men-
tioned: single sermons and discourses; and articles
in religious periodicals. — Noah's son, Thomas,
clergyman, b. m Thornton, N. H., 15 April. 1795;
d. in \Valtham, Mass., 12 Aug., 1878. wax gnuluated
at Harvard in 1818, and s[)ent two years and a half
at the divinity-school, but embraced Swedenborgian
tenets, and was the first clergyman of that faith
in Massachusetts, serving as pastor of the Boston
society of the New Jenisalem chuR'h from 1821
till 1^67. He was president of the Massachusetts
association of his denomination, and also of its
general convention from 182^9 till 1875. HarA'ard
gave him the degree of D. I), in 1856, and he was
one of its overseers in 1854-'60. He published
sermons, addresses, and magazine articles.
614
WORCESTER
^crz/e^N^^
WORCESTER, Noah, wlucator, b. in Thorn-
ton, N. H..in 1H12 : •!. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 4 April,
184*7. He was gnuluattnl at Harvard in 18:32, was
afterwanl a tutor at Dartmouth, became professor
of peneral pathology in Western Reserve college,
Ohio, anil was eminent as a physician. He pul>-
lished ".Svm|)toms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of
Diseases of the Skin " (Phila«lelphia, 1844).
WORUEN, John Loriiner, naval oflicer, b. in
Westchester county, N. Y., 12 March, 1818. lie
entennl the navv as a midshipman, 12 Jan., 1885,
attended the naval school at Philadelphia in 1840,
and became a passed midshipman on 10 July of
that year. He was
protnoted to lieu-
tenant, 30 Nov.,
^^^^^ 184G, and served on
L -^ -^^Rp^^H various vessels and
.^1^ «C»Mf at the naval ob-
servatory till the
civil war. In April.
1861, he delivered
the orders from
thesecretary of the
S '•''Jl^V' *' P^^^^i^ navy by which Kort
V ,^1^1 \ ^fS' Pickens was saved
rfk ^r^\A M^ for the Union, and
^^iflil' ^ w^ uponhisattempt to
fir n^'^ '^ return to the north
\ , ,j, "'''-j^' overland he was
arrested and con-
fined as a prisoner
of war for seven
months. When he
was exchanged he was ordered to superintend the
completion of John Ericsson's "Monitor," and ap-
jM)iiited to take comnuind. He left New York
nastily in this vessel, and after exjieriencing great
danger arrived at Hampton Roads. On 8 March,
18*52, the iron-clad ram " Merrimac " had come
down from Norfolk and had sunk the " Congress "
and the "Cumljerland." Worden anchored along-
side of the " MinnesoUi," then aground on the
shoal, and prepared to defend the fleet when the
" Merrimac " reappeared. Early the next morn-
inc. J) March, the mm prepared to attack the
*• Minnesota." but when she was within a mile of
the ship the •' Monitor" steamed out. The " Mer-
rimac ' fired broadsides upon' the " Monitor," but
all the shots that struck her turret glanced off; the
" .Monitor " fired deliberately about every seven
minutes, every shot taking effect. Worden en-
deavored to get as close as possible, while the
'• Merrimac " fired as rapidly as the guns could be
8er>'ed. The duel continued for more than two
hours, when the " Merrimac " attempted to ram the
" Monitor," but Worden avoided the blow by ma-
noeuvring, so that the ram glanced off. Worden
ha<l onlers not to use heavy diarges, as the eleven-
inch guns were considered too weak for more than
fifteen-[K)und charges, with which he could not
penetrate the " Merrimac's " heavy armor. At
11.80 A. M. a shell exnlodtnl on the "pilot-house of
the " Monitor " while Worden was looking through
the slit, and the powder and flame was driven into
his eyes, rendering him blind and helpless. (See
Grekn-e, Samuel Da.sa.) Lieut. Greene, the sec-
ond in command, continued the action ; but the
" Merrimac " soon withdrew to Norfolk. It was
a drawn battle, but the "Merrimac" was prevent-
ed from accomplishing her purpose of destroy-
ing the National fleet and eventually securing the
indei)endcnce of the Confederates by capturing
Wushmgton, New York, and other cities, as had
been exjHKJted. Honors were showered upon Wor-
WORKMAN
den for this service. Congress gave him a vote of
thanks, 11 July, 1862, and again on 3 Feb., 1863,
and recommended him to be advanced one grade
for his conduct in this conflict. He was commis-
sioned a commander. 12 July, 1862, and, in accord-
ance with the second vote of thanks, was promoted
to captain, 3 Feb., 1863. He recovered from the
injuries to his eyes, and commanded the monitor
" Montauk," in the South Atlantic blockading
squadron, from January till June, 1863. In order
to test the ability of the monitors to withstand
heavy gun-fire from forts, Worden was sent to en-
gage Port McAllister, at Genesee point, on Ogeechee
river, and reported that he was convinced they
could do so. In this expedition he destroyed the
Confederate privateer "Nashville," which had
taken shelter under the guns of Fort McAllister,
lie participated in the blockade of Charleston, and
in the attack on the forts of Charleston by Admiral
Dupont's squadron on 7 April, 1863. After receiv-
ing his promotion to captain, he was on duty at
New York connected withtheiron-cladsin 1863-'6.
He commanded the " Pensacola," in the Pacific
squadron, in 1866-'7, and was on special duty in 1868.
He was promoted to commodore, 27 May, 1868,
and was superintendent of the naval academy in
1870-'4. lie was commissioned a rear-admiral, 20
Nov., 1872, was commander-in-chief of the Euro-
pean squadron from 3 Feb., 1875, till 23 Dec, 1877,
and then served as member of the examining board
and president of the retiring board until 23 Dec.,
1886. As he had received two votes of thanks
from congress, he was retained by operation of law
on the active list until he should nave had fifty-
five years of service, but he was retired with the
highest sea-pay of his grade, at his own request, by
special act of congress, 23 Dec, 1886.
WORK, Henry Clay, song-writer, b. in Middle-
town. Conn., 1 Oct., 1832 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 8
June, 1884. He was the son of Alanson Work,
who was sentenced to twelve years' imprisonment
in 1841 in Missouri for assisting fugitive slaves to
escape. While young the son removed with his
father to Illinois, where he received a common-
school education. He returned to Connecticut,
was apprenticed to a printer, and employed "his
leisure in studying harmony. His first success
was achieved during the civil war, when he sprang
into favor by his war-songs, among which were
" Kingdom Coming," " Marching through Geor-
gia," and "Babylon is Fallen." His songs num-
ber nearly one hundred, and include " Nicodemus
the Slave," " Lily Dale," and " My Grandfather's
Clock." He went to Europe in 1865, and on his
return invested the fortune that his songs had
brought him in a fruit-raising enterprise in Vine-
land, N. J., which was a failure. In 1875 he be-
came connected as composer with Root and Cady,
the music-publishers, who had published Work's
songs until the plates were destroyed by the
Chicago fire of 1871. Mr. Work was also an in-
ventor, and patented a knitting-machine, a walk-
ing doll, and a rotary engine.
WORKMAN, Thomas, Canadian merchant, b.
near Lisburn, County Antrim, Ireland, 17 June,
1813. He emigrated to Canada in 1827, served
during the rebellion of 1837-'8, wa^ present at the
battle of St. Eustache, and was made a lieutenant
in March. 1838. He entered the employ of a hard-
ware firm in Montreal in 1834, with which he has
retained his connection, and he is now its senior
partner. He has been for more than thirty years
a member of the board of directors of Molson's
bank, Montreal, and for many years its president,
and is a life-governor of the Eraser institute and
WORM AN
WORTH
615
Free lihmrv, to the establishment of which ho con-
tributoil liln'raliy, as hw lias also to McGill uni-
versity and to many other public institutions in
Montreal. Mr. Workman was unanimoiulyelectetl
to the Dominion [mrliament in 18(17 for ^Iontreal
centre, ami declined renoniination, but was again
elwted in \^75 for Montreal west.
HOKMAN, James H<>nry, author, b. in Prus-
sia, 28 Fob., ISiio, lie was educated at the Univer-
sity of Ik'riin and at the Sorbonne, Paris, taking
his decree in both institutions in 1804, came to the
United States in 1865, and became professor of
modern languages in Knox college, Galesburg, 111.
In 18U7 he was appointed librarian and instructor
in Drew theological seminary. Madison, N. J., and
on the death of Dr. John AfcClintock he became
one of the editors of " McClint<x;k and Strong's
Cyclo|i«>dia of Biblical Literature." He was a
teacher in Adelphi academy, Brooklyn, N. Y., from
1877 till 188Ji, and then a professor in Vanderbilt
university till 1886. He officiated at the same
time as professor in Chautauqua university from
1878 till 1885, and since that date has l)een director
of the S<iuthern Chautauqua anil Round Lake
branch. In 1886 he edited the " Saratogian," and
since 1887 he has been editor of '• Outing." Dr.
Worman published a school-book on universal his-
tory before coming to this country (Berlin, 1862),
and has since published many books for language
instruction. lie was the first to introduce the
method of writing books of instruction entirely in
the language to te learned, interpreting the mean-
ing by means of illustrations, and has applied it
to German. French. Spanish, and Latin.
WORMELEY, Mary Elizabeth, author, b. in
London. England. 26 Julv, 1822. Her father, Ad-
miral lialph Randolph Wormeley, of the British
navy, a native of \ irginia (178o-1852), had for
some time preceding his death resided in Boston,
Mass., and was grandson, on the mother's side, of
Attorney-General John UandoIj)h. Her mother
was a niece of Com. Edward Preble, U. S. navy.
The daughter resided several years in New-
port, R. I., and, after gaining a re{)Utation as a
writer, married li^indolph Latimer, of Baltimore.
She has crmtributed to magazines, and published
"Forest Hill: a Tale of Social Life in 18a0-'l"
(3 vols.. London. 1846) ; " Amaliel, a Family His-
tory" (New York, 1853); "Our Cousin Veronica"
(18^6); and "Familiar Talks on Some of Shake-
speare's Comedies " (Boston, 1887) ; also translations
of Louis Ulbach's " Madame Gosselin " (New York.
1878); "The Steel Hammer" (1888): and " P'or
Fifteen Years" (1888).— Her sister, Katharine
Presoott, author, b. in Suffolk. England, 14 July,
18;i2. took an active interest 'in the relief of the
National soldiers during the civil war, and pub-
lished "The U. S. Sanitary Commission" (Boston,
1863). A volume of her letters from the head-
quarters of the U. S. sanitary commission with the
Army of the Potomac during the peninsular cam-
paign in 1862 has Ijeen publisheil by the M»iss<»-
chusetts commanden* of the Loval legion under
the title of " The Other Side of War " (1888). She
is best known as the American translator of Honore
de Balzac's novels, of which thirteen volumes have
been issued (Boston. 1886-'9), among which the
" Magic Skin," " Louis Laml>ert."and " S»''raphita,"
have introductions by George Fretleric Parsons. —
Another sister, Ariana Randolph, li. in Suffolk.
England, 14 Oct., 1835. marrie(l Daniel Sargent
Curtis, of Boston. She has published a cometly en-
titled "The Coming Woman, or the Spirit of '70 "
(Boston, 1870^, that has been acted in public and
private both in the United States and in Europe.
WORMLEY, Theodore (Jeor^e, chemist, b. in
Wormleysbiirg, Pa.. 1 April, 1826. He was edu-
cated at Dickins<m college, but left without gradu-
ation to study medicine, and in 1849 received his
degree at the Philadelphia medical college. In
1852 he was called to the chair of chemistry and
natural sciences at Capital university, Columbus,
Ohio, which he held until 1865, and was also
professor of chemistry and toxicology in Starling
medical college in 1854-'77. On the resignation of
Prof. Roljert E. Rogers in 1877, he was called to
the chair of chemistry and toxicologj' in the medi-
cal department of the University of Pennsylvania,
which place he still holds. During 1867-'7o he was
state gas commissioner of Ohio, and in 1867-'74 he
was chemist to the Ohio geological survey. The
degree of Ph. D. was cfmferred on him by Dickin-
son college, and that of LL. I), by Marietta, lx)th
in 1870. He is a niemljer of the American jthilo-
sophical society, a fellow of the American asso-
ciation for the advancement of science, and a
member of other societies. Prof. Wormley was af)-
pointed a member of the Centennial medical com-
mission, having in charge the arrangements for the
International mc<lical congress of 1876, and was a
delegate therefrom to the International medical
congress at Philadelphia in Septemlier, 1876. He
delivered an address lH?fore that l)ody on " Medical
Chemistry and Toxicology." In 1862-'4 he edited
the " Ohio Medical and Surgical Journal," and he
published in the "Chemical News" of Ijondon a
series of papers on the "Chemical Reactions of
Strychnine " (1859) ; " Atropine," " Bnicine." " Mor-
phia," "Narcotine and Meconic Acid," "Corrosive
Sublimate," " Veratrine " (18(50); "Nicotine and
Daturine," " Solanine." " Codeine. Meconine. Nar-
ceine, and Aconitine " (1861); "Conine" (1862);
and "Oxalic Acid" (1863). Prof. Wormley is the
author of " Methods of Analysis of Coals, Iron
Ores. Furnace Slap, Fire Clays. Limestones, and
of Soils" (1870), has contributed reports to the
" Geological Survey of Ohio " (Columbus, 1871). and
has also published " The Micro-Chemistry of Poi-
sons " (New Y'ork. 1867).
WORTH, Jonathan, governor of North Caro-
lina, b. in Guilford county. N. C. 18 Nov., 1802; d.
in Raleigh, N. C, 5 Sept.," 1869. He was educated
at the common schot)ls and at Greensborough acad-
emy, studied law. and was admitted to the bar in
1825. He soon afterward settled at Asheborough,
Randolph co.. and engaged in practice. He was a
member of the North Carolina legislature in
1829-'34. and during the height of the nulliflcati<m
excitement introduced in IKH a resolution into the
house of commons of the stutv denouncing it in the
strongest terms. He was also for severAl terms a
member of the state senate, and opposed secession
both in the legislature and in appH[>als to his con-
stituents; but after his state had seceded he gave
his adhesion to the Confetlerate government. He
was a meml>erof the lower house of the legislature
from 1862 till the end of the war. and was public
treasurer of the state during the siime peri«Kl.
When a provisional government was organiztnl in
North Carolina by President Johnson. Mr. Worth
was reappointed state tre»isurer, which post he re-
signed soon afterward, and l)ecame a candidate for
gtivernor. He was elected and served from 1866
till 18(58. when the existing state government was
sujHTseded by the one that was organized under
the reconstruction act of cfmgress.
WORTH. William Jenliins. soldier, b. in Hud-
son. N. Y.. 1 March. 1794; <1. in San Antonio. Tex..
17 May. 1849. He was of (Quaker ancestry, and of
a family that produced many well-known men.
616
WORTH
nmong others Judjre John Worth Edmunds, Gor-
batn Worth, and I^wrenee Worth, president of
the Park bank. Young Worth nn-oived only a
common-school e<lucation, and in early life entered
a store in Hud-
son, whence he
i«Kin removed to
AUwny, where he
continued in mer-
cantile jmrsuits
till he was eigh-
teen years of age.
On the opening
of war with (Jreat
Britain he ap-
plied for a com-
mission in the
arinv. an<l on 19
Mari-h, 1813, re-
ceived the ap-
pointment of 1st
lieutenant in the
23d infantry. He
served as aide
to Gen. Winfield
Scott, and for
gallantry was nromoted to the rank <tf captain, 19
Aug.. 1H14. In the battle of Niagara he again
so distinguished himself as to receive the thanks
of his general and the rank of major. At the
close of the war he was ap]>ointed superintend-
ent of the r. S. military academy, and in 1824
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. In 1838 he be-
came colonel of the 8tli infantry. In the Florida
war he was es|M'cia!!v active, fighting the battle of
I'alaklaklaha. 19 April. 1842, in which the Semi-
noies were disitstrously defeated. He was second
in commanil to (Jen. Zachary Taylor at the opening
of the war with Mexico, leading the van of his
army, and U'lng the first to plant, with his own
hand, the flag of the I'nited States on the Rio
(Jrande. I'nder Taylor he con<lucted the negotia-
tions for the capitulation of Matamoras, and by
liim was intrusted with the assault on the bishop's
pala<e at Monterey. It wits a hazardous under-
taking, the cannon having to be dragged up precipi-
tous clitTs, and throughout the action his troops
were expose«l to the heaviest fire, but he achieved
it with a small loss of life, and escaped personal
injury, though constantly on horseback passing
from fK)st to j)ost during
the entire action. He was
subsequently ordered to
the Uulf coast to join Gen.
Scott, and was under him
n, ^ engaged in all the battles
,^j|L B| from Vera Cruz t(} Mexico,
3H| fL\ havin<; a princi|)al part in
Jjjj r ^ the capture of the impor-
" tant city of Puebla, and he-
ing the first to enter the
city of Mexico, where, with
his own hand, he cut down
the Mexican flagthat waved
from the National palace.
After the war he was placed
in command of the Depart-
ment of Texas, anil there
he died of cholera. He
was a man of tall and com-
manding figure, and said
to be the best horseman
and handsomest man in
thfr army. He was of a manlv, generous nature,
and possessed talents that would have won him
WORTHEN
distinction in any sphere of action. He was bre-
vetted major-general for his services at Monterey,
and given swords by congress, the states of New
York and Louisiana, and his native county, Co-
lumbia. A monument was erected U) his mem-
ory by the city of New York at the junction of
Broadway and Fifth avenue. (See vignette.) —
Thomas,' caricaturist, b. in New York. 12 Feb.,
IWM. is the son of a cousin of Gen. William J.
Worth. He was with his father in banking busi-
ness for a few years after leaving school, but soon
(ievoted himself entirely to art. He first came
prominently before the public in 1862. with his il-
lustrations To '* Plutarch Restored." He illustrated
also some of the books of " Orpheus C. Kerr," the
edition of Dickens's " Old Curiosity Shop " that
was published by the Harpers in 1878, and numer-
ous other works." He is best known to the general
public by his lithographed caricatures, many of
them on sporting subjects or scenes in negro life;
and he has furnished pictures for every illustrated
paper of note in the country. At present he is on
the staff of '• Texas Siftings'"
WORTHEN, Amos Henry, geologist, b. in Brad-
ford. Vt., 31 Oct., 1813 ; d. in Warsaw, HI., 6 May,
1888. lie was educated at Bradford acatlemy arid
emigrated to Kentucky in 1834, where he taught.
In 18^30 he settled in W'arsaw. HI., which contin-
ued to lie his principal residence until his death.
There he engaged in the forwarding and commis-
sion business, and later in the dry-goods trade.
His attention was early directed to the geological
features of his western home, and he collected
specimens of the sedimentary rocks of that region,
especially the geode formations that there existed
in abundance. In 1842, owing to the financial
depression on account of the Mormon disturbances
in the west, he withdrew from business and spent
two years in Boston, where he exchanged his min-
erals for a cabinet of sea-shells. On his return to
Warsaw in 1844 he resumed his collecting, and, by
comparing the fossil specimens with his shells,
he became an expert palaeontologist. As his
cabinet increased it attracted the attention of
scientists, and by means of exchanges it grew to
include forms from other parts of the count»T.
In 1851 he became assistant on the newly estab-
lished geological survey of Illinois, and in 1855 ac-
cepted a similar office in the survey of Iowa under
James Hall, who intrusted him with reporting on
the palaeontology of that state. This place he held
until 1858, when he was appointed state geologist
of Illinois and continued in the work of the sur-
vey until 1877, when the office was abolished.
Meanwhile he associated with himself representa-
tive men in special fields of science, assigning the
descriptions of plants to Leo Lesguereux, the ver-
tebrate palaeontology to John S. Newberry, the in-
vertebrate palipontoiogy to Fielding B. Meek, and
geology to Garland C. Broadhead and Edward T.
Cox, and it resulted in the publication of his re-
ports on the "Geological Survey of Hlinois" (8
vols., Springfield. 1866-'88). In 1877 he was ap-
pointed curator of the State historical library and
natural history museum, which office he held until
his death. In this capacity he gathered an exten-
sive variety of minerals and fossils which he classi-
fied, and also furnished numerous 'collections to
different colleges in the state. Mr. Worthen was
elected to the National academy of science in 1872,
and in 1874 was made a fellow of the American as-
sociation for the advancement of science, besides
membership in other American and foreign scien-
tific bodies. His writings were confined to profes-
sional papers and the reports'of the surveys.
WORTHEN
WOUWERMAN
617
WORTHEN, William Ezra, civil endneer. b.
in Aiiii'shurv. Mass., 14 March, 1819. lie is the
son of PiZra Worthen, who was the first to sugirost
the present site of the city of Lowell as a desirable
UM-Hlity for manufacturing, and who was the first
suiH«rintendent of the Merrinuic mills. The son
was jfnwluated at Harvard in IHUS, and at once
bojran the practice of civil engineering. Beginning
under (leorge K. IWdwin, C. K., with surveys and
moasuroinents of brook-flows for the increase of
the .Ianmica-|K)nd supply for the city of Boston, he
continual hydraulic investigations and works un-
der James B. Francis, C. E.. of Lowell, until 1848,
with an intermediate emplovment in 1840-'5J on the
surveys and construction of the Albany and West
Stockll)ridge railroml. Removing to New York in
1849, ho did architectural work, and became the
engineer of the New York and New Haven rail-
ma<l, and in 1854 its vice-president. As a hydraulic
engineer, he has designed and const met cd masonry
dams across rivers, for the establishment of water-
I)owers, and the canals, mills, and shops connected
ther»»with. For the water-supply and sewers of
towns he has given designs for all the construc-
tions an<l has sujiervised their execution. He has
teste<l the large pumning-engines of Brooklyn,
Ijawrence, Jersey City, Philadelnhia, St. Louis, and
Milwaukee, and has also given designs for and con-
struetwl pumping-engines. In the citv of New
York he was the sanitary engineer of the Metro-
politan board of health, during its continuance in
1866-'9, engineer of the Southern boulevard, mem-
ber of the examining l)oard on the new docks and
btilkheads, engineer of the first rapid-transit com-
mission in the annexed district, member of a later
commission, and member of examining board on
the Riverside park and Fifth avenue pavement.
In Brooklyn he has lieen consulted, and, with the
engineer of the board of city works, has reported
on an extensive addition to the system of sewers.
He has been the consulting engineer of many of
the large water-power companies, has measured the
quantity of water useti by different lessees, and re-
itorted on the condition and capacity of the works.
Mr. Worthen is a member of several scientific soci-
eties, and was president of the Anierican s<x;iety of
civil engineers in 1887. In addition to numerous
official reports, he has published a " Cyclopanlia of
Drawing (New York, 1857); "First Lessons in
Mechanics" (1862); and "Rudimentary Drawing
for Schools" (1863).
WORTHINGTON, Erastns, lawyer, b. in Bel-
chertown, Mass., 8 Oct., 1779; d. in Dedham,
Ma*!s., 27 June, 1842. He was graduated at Will-
iams in 1804, admitted to the bar, practised at
Dedham from 1809 till 1825, and was a member of
the general court in 1814-'15. He nublished an
oration on " Recent Measures of the American
Government " that he delivered at Dedham, 4 July,
1809 ; " An Essay on the Establishment of a Chan-
cery Jurisdiction in Massachusetts" (1810); and
" History of Dedham, from the Beginning of its
Settlement in \<M6 to May, 1827" (Ikiston, 1827).
WORTHINCiTON, (ieorge, P. E. bishop, b. in
Lenox, Mass., 14 Oct., 1848. He was graduated at
liobart in 1860, and at the General theological
seminary. New York, in 1863, ordered deacon in
June, 1863, and onlained priest in 1864. He served
as an assistant at St. Paul's church, Troy, N. Y.,
antl then l)ecame rector of Christ church. Ballston
Spa, N. Y.. but soon removetl to St. John's church,
Detroit, Mich., where he remained as rector for
seventeen years. He was for several years presi-
dent of the diocesan standing committee, and ex-
amining chaplain and deputy to the general con-
vention. He was elected twice by the vote of the
clergy to the ei)isco|)ate of Michigan, but the laity
refuse«l to c<mfirm him. In 1888 the house of
bishojw elected him mis.sionary bishop of Shanghai,
China, but he declinwl. Vynm the death of Bishop
Clarkson in 1884 he was chosen bishop of Nebra.ska,
and was consecrate<l to that office in St. John's
church. Detroit. 24 Feb., 188."). He has received
the degrees of D. I), and LL. D. fn)m Holwrt in
1876 and 18H5. respectively.
WORTHINGTON, Henry RoHsiter. inventor,
b. in New York city, 17 Dec. 1817; d. in Tarry-
town, N. Y., 17 Dec.', 1880. He early en^age<l In
business with his father, a merchant in New York
city, and about 1840 began experimenting with
steam for the propulsion of canal-lx)ats. Among
the difficulties to oe overcome was the maintain-
ing of a supply of water within the boiler while
the engine was not in motion, as when the boat
was passing through locks. The method in use at
this time was a hand-pump, and he conceived the
idea of compelling the idle l)oiler to furnish power
to supply its own water. For this purf)ose he de-
vised a small steam cylinder with an attached pump,
which, without the use of shaft, crank, and fly-
wheel, proiluced a movement of its own slide-valve.
In 1841 he patented the independent fee<l-pump,
which developetl into the direct-acting steam-pump
that he patented in 1849. In 1854 ne erected in
Savannah the first direct-acting compound con-
densing engine that was ever built and the first
comjwund engine that was ever used in water-
works. The success of this led to the sul>sequent
adoption of similar engines throughout the coun-
try. The invention of the duplex pump followed,
and consists of an arrangement of two pumps
working side by side. It is now largely used for
supplying water in cities and towns and in mills
and factories, as well as on steamers, where it is
used to feed boilers, extinguish fires, and for similar
fiurposes. Mr. Worthington built up a large plant
or the manufacture of pumping machinery, and
he ranks as a pioneer in that branch of hydraulic
engineering. He was a member of the American
institute of mining engineers and one of the found-
ers of the American sotiet v of mechanical engineers.
WORTHINCiTON, Thomas, governor of Ohio,
b. near Charleston, V'a. (now W. Va.), 16 July,
1773 ; d. in New York city, 20 June, 1827. He re-
ceived a good education, but was a conmion sailor
in 1790-'3. In 1797 he removed to Ross county,
Ohio, where he was a meniber of the territorial
legislature in 1799-1801, and a delegate to the
State constitutional convention in 1803. He wa.s
elected one of the first U. S. senators from Ohio,
as a Democrat, serving from 17 Oct., 18(KJ. till 3
March, 1807, and again electe<l instea<l of Return
Jonathan Meigs, Jr., who had resigned, serving
from 8 Jan., 1811. till 1814. when he resigned. He
was governor of Ohio in 1814-'18, a canal commis-
sioner from 1818 till his death, and one of the
original vice-presidents of the American Bible so-
ciety. He contributed greatly to the development
of his a(loi)tod state.
WOUWERMAN, Simon Tan, Flemish author,
b. in Bruges in 1690; d. in Paris in 1743. Little
is known of his early life except that he was in
the employ of the VV'est Indian com^iany about
1724, and afterward of the Mississippi company.
In 1740 he secured an employment m the latter
company's office at Paris, wnere he died. He wrote
two ctirious works. " llistoire philosophioue et mo-
rale de la Louisiane " and " .Svsteme d'atlministra-
tion de la compagnie des fndes," which found
afterward their way into Holland, where they were
618
WRAGO
published (3 vols., Amsterdam, 1752). They con-
Uiiied grave accusations aeainst the Louisiana and
West Indian companies, which appear to havese-
curetl recruits and iminignints by false promises,
and, when these means failiKi, to have shipiH'd U>
America young convicts and women of <iuest ion-
able character. Wouwerman's works caused a
scandal at the time of their publication, and all
available copies were bought and destroyed by
onler of the oftU-ials of the company. Ablx" Pre-
vost, in his noted " Manon Lesc-aut," mentions
that it was the custom of the company to send
criminals to the American colonies.
WRA(«(4, Wlillam. lawyer, i). in .Snith Carolina
in 1714; d. at sea in Si-pte'mlmr, 1777. He wius of
Huguenot descent, and was educated in England,
where he studieil law. After returning to South
Can)lina. he si-rved for many years in the assem-
bly and in the council. In "lt59 he declined the
ap|xiintment of chief justice of the colony, that he
might give evident^e to those whose political course
he opposed without Iwing charged with acting in
ho|H! of ofTicial distinction. His sense of duty pre-
ventetl his espousing the cause of independence,
ami, on refusing to take the oath prescribed by the
I'rovintial congress, he was banished. He siiiled
for Kngland in the summer of 1777, but was shijj-
wreckeil off the coast of Holland. He possessed a
fortune, and was much esteemed. A monument
was erectetl to his memory in Westminster Abbey,
He published " Reasons for not concurring in the
N'on-lmportation Resolution" (1709).
WRANGEL, Charles Magnus von, clergyman,
b. in Sweden alH)ut 17:}0; d. in Sala, Sweden, in
178<). He was a destiendant of an illustrious Swed-
ish general, and was educated at Vestr&s and the
University of llpsala, in 1757 received the degree
of I). 1). from Gcittingen university, and was then
immediately nominated !is court preacher to the
king of Sweden. In 1759 he was called to the
provostship of the Swedish churches in this coun-
try, and arrived at Philadelphia in the same year.
He at once t<Mtk charge of the Wicaco parish and
the oversight of all the Swedish Lutheran congre-
gations in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. He was
one of the most zealous and successful laborers in
the Swedish churches. According to the instruc-
tion of the archbishop of Sweden, he cordially and
actively co-o|)erattHl with the tierman ministers in
the defence of their common faith and the exten-
sion of the Lutheran. church in America, and under
this salutary influence both parties were perfectly
united and fretpientiy met in conference for con-
sultation an<l in synod for the transaction of busi-
ness ptirtaining to the welfare of the German and
Swedish churches. He was an indefatigable worker
and an ehxpient preacher. When the weather
[K'rmitte<I, he was usually obliged, in consequence
of the crowds, to preach in the open air. Besides
atteijding to the duties of his own parish, he built
two new churches for the Swedes — one at King-
sessing, under the name of St. James church, the
other at Upner Merion, under the name of Christ
church— and in 1705 obtained a charter from Rich-
anl Thomas Penn for the " United Swedish Lu-
theran churc-hesof Wicaco, Kingsessing. and Upper
Merion." He also visited the Germans at Lancas-
ter anti York. He often preached in English,
since he found that the voung could understand
that language better than either Swedish or Ger-
man. He also prepared an improved English
translation of Luther's small catechism for the use
of his young people. The church in which Dr.
Wrangel lalx)red is " Gloria Dei Church," or the
" ()ld Swedes Church," on Swaoson and Christian
WRANGELL •
streets, Philadelphia. The building in which he
preached is still in good preservation, and is one
of the oldest buildings in Philadelphia. The first
house of worship was a block-house, erected in
16G9, and was used
by Swedish Luther-
ans both as a defence
against the Indians
and as a place of
worship. On 2 July,
1700, the new Gloria
Dei church was dedi-
cated and was used
by Lutherans for
nearly a hundred
years, but in the lat-
ter part of the eight-
eenth century it
passed into the hands
of Episcopalians. The
church is sixty feet
long and thirty feet '^f
wide, built of brick,
every alternate brick being glazed. (See illustra-
tion.) After nine years' faithful service. Dr. Wran-
gel returned to Sweden in 1768, and received from
the government the pastorate of Sala, where he
died, after a useful anu eminentlv successful career.
WRANGELL, Ferdinand Petrovitch, Baron
von, Russian navigator, b. in Pleskau, Esthonia,
29 Dec, 1790 ; d. in Dorpat, Livonia, 10 June,
1870. He was educated in the school for cadets at
St. Petersburg, entered the naval services in 1812,
and was attached to the scientific expedition to Si-
beria and Kamtchatka in 1817. He was appointed
in 1820 to command an expedition to explore the
Russian polar seas. Sailing from St. Petersburg,
he arriveu, on 2 Nov., 1820, at Nijnii-Kolyrask, and
performed, early in 1821, a remarkable journey to
Cape Schelagin on sledges drawn by dogs. He
sailed afterward up Kolyma river, advancing about
125 miles into the interior, through the territory
inhabited by the warlike Yakutes. On 10 March,
1822, he resumed his journey northward, and trav-
elled forty-six days on the ice, reaching 72° 2' north
latitude. He left Nijnii-Kolymsk on 1 Nov., 1823,
and arrived at St. Petersburg, 15 Aug., 1824. In
1825 Wrangell, who hati been promoted command-
er, made a journey around the world on the sloop-
of-war " Kratkoi," and on his return to Kronstadt
in 1827 was appointed governor of Russian America
(now Alaska). He repaired to his post early in
1829, by way of Siberia and Kamtchatka, and on
his arriVal devoted all his energy to developing the
resources of the country. After thoroughly reform-
ing the administration, he introduced the culture
of the potato, opened and regulated the working
of several mines, and urged upon the home gov-
ernment the organization of a fur company. He
foresaw also the great future of the country, en-
deavored to induce capitalists to invest money there,
and sent missionaries to the remotest districts. He
likewise began a survey of the country, opened
roads, built bridges and government buildings, and
promoted the civilization and improvement of the
natives. He also made valuable geographical and
ethnographical observations, which iie embodied
in a memoir to the navy department. Being re-
called in 1834, Wrangell made his return by way
of the Isthmus of Panama and the United States,
where he visited several cities. He was promoted
rear-admiral in 1837, and made director of the ship-
timber department in the navy office, which post
he held for twelve years. He became vice-admiral
in 1847, but resigned in 1849, 4nd temporarily sev-
WREE
WRIGHT
619
erwl his connwtion with the navy to assume the
pn-sidoncy of the newly n*(>rgaiiize<f Russian Ameri-
can comjjany. He was always o|){)<>se<i to the cession
of Alaska to the United States, and wr9te several
memoirs uixin the subject. In 1854 he re-entered
active service and was niiide chief director of the
hydrographical department of the navy, chief as-
sistant in 1855 to the hij^h admiral, Grand Duke
Constantine, meml)er of the counsel of the empire
in 1858, and in 1859 admiral and general aide-de-
camj) to the czar. Alexander II. The continent
that Wrangell sought was discovered in 1855 by
the English navigator, Capt. Thomas Long, and is
named Wrangell Ijand. An account of the physical
observations during his first journey was published
in German (Iterlin, 1827), and also in German ex-
tracts from Wrangell's journals, " Reise laengs der
Nordkliste von Sibirien und auf dem Eismeere
in den Jahren 1820-4 " (2 vols., Berlin, 1839),
w'hich was translated into English as " Wrangell's
Expedition to the Polar Sea " (2 vols., London,
1840), but the complete report of the expedition
apj>eared two years later: "Otceschewie do Sje-
wernym bercgam Sibiri, po Ledowitomm More"
(2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1841), and was immediate-
ly translated into French with notes by Prince
Galitzin, under the title " Vovage sur les cotes
septcntrionales de la Siberie et (le la mer glaciale "
(2 vols., 1841). From the French version an Eng-
lish one was made under the title " A Journey
on the Northern Coast of Siberia and the Icy Sea
(2 vols., London, 1841). He also published "Ots-
cherk puti is Sitchi w' S. Petersburg '" (1836 ; French
translation under the title "Journal de vovage de
Sitka k Saint Petersbourg " (Paris, 1836 ; fenglish
version from the French, entitled "Journal of a
Voyage from Sitka to St. Petersburg," London,
18JJ7) ; and " Nachrichten Uber die Russischen Be-
sitzungen an der Nordwestkilste America's "(2 vols.,
St. Petersburg, 1839), better known by the French
version, " Renseignements statistiqaes et ethno-
graphiques sur les possessions Russes de la cote
Nord-Ouest de I'Amerique" (Paris, 1839), which was
translated into English under the title "-Statistical
and Ethnographical Notices on the Russian Pos-
sessions in North America" (London, 1841).
WREE, Oliver van der (vray), Dutch soldier,
b. in Charleroi, near the end of the 16th century ;
d. in Amsterdam in 1649. He accompanied in
1637 Prince Maurice of Nassau to Brazil as secre-
tary, and assisted in all the stages of the conquest
of the northern provinces of the country. In 1644
he was sent by Gen. Sigismond, the new com-
mander-in-chief, to the Portuguese viceroy, but
was detained as hostage, despite his character of
ambassador. He was exchanged a few years later,
and on his return to Holland published a very in-
teresting work, in which he recounts his captivity
and the events he witnessed, and gives curious
details regarding the Indians and negroes, and the
administration of Brazil. It is entitled " Epistola
in carcere unde erupit scripta, 17 August, 1647 "
(Amsterdam. 1649).
WRIGHT, Adam Henrv, Cana<lian physician,
b. in Brampton, Ont., 6 April. 1846. Hewasgnwlu-
ated at the Universty college. Toronto, in 1866,
and received ♦^he degree of M. B. there in 1873,
and from the Royal college of surgeons in England
in 1877. He was demonstrator of normal his-
tology in the Toronto school of me<licine from
1879 till 1887, surgeon-general of the Toronto hos-
pital in 1882-'3. lecturer in the Woman's medical
college in 1883-'6, and since 1887 has been pro-
fessor of obstetrics in the University of Toronto,
which gave him the degree of M. D. in 1888.
WRUiHT, Alonzo, C'anwlian memlier of mr-
liament, b. in Hull, Lower Canada, 26 Feb., 1825.
He is a grandson of Philemon Wright, of Wo-
burn, Mass., who removed to Canada in 1797,
founded the village of Hull, and was the first repre-
sentative of the county of Ottawa in the Ix>wer
Canada assembly. The grandscjn was educated at
Potsdam academy, N. Y., U-came a farmer, and is
lieutenant -colonel of the Ottawa county reserve
militia. He was a representative in the Canada
assembly from 1862 till 1867, when he was elected
to the Dominion parliament by acclamation, re-
elected by acclamation in 1872, and again returned
in 1874, 1878, and in 1887.
WRIGHT, Ambrose RanHom, soldier, b. in
Louisville, JeflEerson co.. Ga., 26 April, 1826; d.
21 Dec, 1872. He studied law, was admitted to
the bar, and entered politics as a Democrat, but
subsequently joined the Know-Nothing party. He
supported the Bell and Everett ticket in 1860, and
after its defeat espoused the cause of secession.
He was sent by the convention of Georgia as com-
missioner to Maryland to induce that state to join
the movement. He enlisted as a private soldier
in the Confederate army early in 1861, became
colonel of the 3d Georgia regiment of infantry.
8 May, 1861, colonel of the 38th Georgia infantr>'.
15 Oct., 1861, brigadier-general, 3 June, 1862, and
major-general, 26 Nov.. 1864. After the close of
the war he was editor of the " Chronicle and Sen-
tinel " newspaper. He was elected in 1872 a repre-
sentative in congress as a Democrat, but died be-
fore takine his seat.
WRIGHT, Arthur Williams, physicist, b. in
Lebanon, Conn., 8 Sept., 1836. He was graduated
at Yale in 1859. and received the degree of Ph. I),
there in 1861. Subsequently he studied law. and
was admitted to the bar in 1866. but did not prac-
tise. In 1863-'8 he was a tutor at Yale, and in
1868-'9 he studied physical science in Heidelberg
and Berlin. In 1869 lie became professor of phys-
ics and chemistry in Williams, but he returned to
Yale in 1872 as professor of molecular physics
and chemistry. The title of his chair was changed
in 1887 to that of experimental physics. Since
1885 he has hatl charge of the Sloane physical lalxv
ratory at Yale, which was constructed under his
sujjervision. Prof. Wright was the first to observe
and describe the electric shatlow in 1870-'l, devised
a new apparatus for the production of ozone, and
investigated its action upon alcohol and ether in
1872-'4; also in 1874 determined the polarization
of the zodiacal light, measuring its amount, and
investigate<l its spectrum. He was the first to dis-
cover ga.ses in stony meteorites, to extract them
and determine their composition, obtaining their
spectra in vacuum tubes, and pointing out their
relation to the spectra of comets as affording a
Srobable explanation of the latter. In 1877 he
evised a method of applying the discharge of
electricity in a vacuum to deposit the metal of the
electrode upon glass or other surfaces, so as to form
brilliant transparent metallic films. He was a
member of the party that was stationed at I^a
JuntA. Col., to observe the total solar eclipse of
1878. when he determined the character and degree
of polarization of the light of the corona with a
special form of polarimeter. The same instrument
was employetl m the detection and measurement
of the polarization of the light of several comets
and of the moon in 1881-'3. He has devised a
novel standard barometer and a simple apparatus
for distilling mercury in vacuo, which has been
adopted bv the U. S. signal service. In 1881-'6 he
was consulting specialist to the U. S. signal service
620
WRIGHT
bureau. Pr«»f. Wright was chosen in 1879 a fellow
of the Roval astnmomical society, and in 1881 a
member of the National academy of science. He
was one of the collttlx)rators in the revisions of
WclKiter's "Dictionary" in 18(]2-'4 and in 1885-'8.
Ill- is thi' author of ni'anv scientific pajK'rs.
WKKtHT, .4sher, missionury, b. in Hanover.
N. H., 7 Sept.. mKi; d. in Cattaniugus. N. Y., 13
April, 1875. He was pnuluatc*! at Dartmouth in
1838 and at Andovcr theoiojrical seminary in 1831,
and from that year until his death was a mission-^
ary to the Senec-a Indians upon the Buffalo creek*
and Cattaraugus res«'rvations. He jicciuired the
Sene<-a dialect, into which he translated parts of
the New TesUiment. which were printed by the
mission press. He als<i j)repftred several element-
arv school-books and a hymnal in that language,
and for a time issued a small periodical. He was
an accomplished scliolar. jMissessed a good knowl-
e«lge of medicine, and did much for the improve-
ment of the Senecas. He pul)lished "The Inter-
esting Narrative of Mary .lenison, who lived
nearlv Seventv-eight Years among the Indians"
(Buffalo, 18;J4").— His wife. Laira Shkldon, b. in
Mass<ichnsetts alxnit 1808, wrote and translated
several hvmns in the Seneca dialect.
WRKiHT. Benjamin, engineer, b. in Wethers-
field, ("onn., 10 Oct.. 1770; d. in New York city, 24
.\ug., 1842. He studied nuithematics by himself,
and in IISG went to Plymouth, Conn., where he
studied surveying with his imcle. In 1788 he
settleil in Fort Stanwix (now Rome). N. Y., where
he was actively employed in laying out the property
of the new settlers. Having aiiquired in this man-
ner an accurate knowledge of civil engineering, he
was called on to make a map and profile of Wood
creek f<»rthe Western inland lock navigation com-
pany. Sul)se(|uently he made a survey of Mohawk
river from Fort Stanwix to Schenectady, and pro-
j)ose<I a plan for its improvement. During 1811-'12
lie made a surv(?y for the canal commissioners,
making a complete rejKirt of his work. He was
r<|K'ate<lly elected to tlie legislature, and during
the war with (ireat Britain was appointed county
judfje. In 181C he was appointed engineer of the
miildle s«'<-tion of the Erie canal, and to him, with
•lames (leddes, is chiefly due the credit of the suc-
cessful completion of the enterprise. Mr. Wright
wa-s chief engineer of the Delaware canal, the
Chesa[H>ake and Ohio canal, the Harlem railroad,
and the .St. Ijawrence ship canal. In 1834 he was
street commissioner of New York city, and in
18;J4-'6 he conducted a survey for the route of the
New York and Krie railroad. Subsequently he was
eniragtMl in Virginia.
nRKiHT, Benjamin, soldier, b. in Savannah,
Ga., 2 April, 1784; d. in Purdy, Tenn., 30 Jan.,
1860. His father, John, a cousin of Sir James
Wright, noticed Ijelow, was a captain in the
(Jeorgia line in the lievolutionary war. Benjamin
was apnointed a lieutenant in the army by Presi-
dent Ala<lison, 29 July, 1813, and assigned to the
3J>th regiment of infantry, which was commanded
bv Col. John Williams. At the liattle of the Horse
Shoe. 27 March, 1814, as the regiment was moving
on the Indian breastworks, Mai. Lemuel Mont-
(fomery was killed. Lieut. Wright at once rushed
m front of his company, and, sword in hand,
moimted the works and called to his men to follow.
They jMissed over the works, and the result of the
tmttle. which ended the Creek war, was the death,
disabling, or capture of the entire Indian force.
Wrijjht was complimented in general orders and
pn>mote<i captain in September, 1814. He re-
wgned from the anny in June, 1815, and settled
WRIGHT
in the Choctaw country of western Tennessee, where
he built on the present site of Purdy the first log-
cabin. He was popular with the Choctaw and
C;hickasaw Indians, and was instrumental in mak-
ing the treaty by which they ceded their lands in
northern Mississippi and western Tennessee. He
volunteered at the age of sixty-five in the Mexican
war, where he contracted disease that led to his
death.— His son, John Vines, lawyer, b. in Purdy,
McNairv co., Tenn., 28 June, 1828, received a
classical education, studied law, practised in his
native town, and was elected to congress as a
Democrat, serving in 1855-'61. He was then
chosen colonel of the 13th Tennessee infantry in
the Confederate army, and participated in the bat-
tle of Belmont. Col. Wright was elected to the
first Confederate congress, and re-elected. He has
been judge of the circuit court, special chancellor
and judge of the state supreme court, and in 1880
was the nominee of the Democratic party for gov-
ernor of Tennessee, advocating the payment of the
state debt, but was defeated on account of disaf-
fected Democrats who were opposed to the payment.
He was in 1887 chairman of the northwestern In-
dian commission, which concluded treaties with 13
triljes, and he is now (1889) a member of the Sioux
commission. — Another son, Marcus Joseph, sol-
dier, b. in Purdy, McNairy co., Tenn., 5 June, 1831.
received a classical education, in 1857 was appointed
assistant purser of the navy-yard at Memphis, after-
ward studied law, and practised in that city. He
entered the Confederate army as lieutenant-colo-
nel of the 154th Tennessee militia regiment, 4
April, 1861, and, with four companies of his regi-
ment and a batterv of artillery, occupied and forti-
fied Randolph, Tipton co., on Mississippi river.
He was military governor of Columbus, Ky., from
February till March, 1862, and lieutenant-colonel
and assistant adjutant-general on Gen. Benjamin
F. Cheatham's staff during the Kentucky cam-
paign from June till September. 1862. ' He was
apix)inted brigadier-general, 13 Dec, 1862, and in
1863-'4 was in charge of the district of Atlanta,
Ga., until its evacuation. He subsequently com-
manded the districts of Macon, northern Missis-
sippi, and western Tennessee. He led his regiment
in the battlas of Belmont and Shiloh, and as briga-
dier-general he was at Chickamauga. In 1867
he was elected sheriff of Shelby county, Tenn., and
on 1 Jidy, 1878, he was appointed agent of the
war department to collect Confederate records
for publication in the " Official Records of the
War of the Rebellion," which place he now holds.
He has 'published "Reminiscences of the Early
Settlement and fkrly Settlers of McNairy County,
Tenn." (Washington, 1882), and a " Life of Gov-
ernor William Blount" (1884).
WRIGHT, Benjamin Hall, engineer, b. in
Rome, N. ¥., 19 Oct., 1801 ; d. there, 13 May, 1881.
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy
in 1822, and served as 2d lieutenant in the 2d in-
fantry on garrison duty in Sackett's Harbor until
his resignation on 1 June, 1823. The profession
of civil engineering then engaged his attention,
and he prompted the first establishment of rail-
roads on the island of Cuba. In 1834 he conducted
the preliminary survey and subsequent construc-
tion of the line from Havana to Guines, the first
railroad in Cuba. He was in 1836 engineer of the
Cardenas and Bemba railroad, and in 1837-'42 en-
gineer of the Nuevitas and Puerto Principe rail-
road. For a time he was associate principal en-
gineer of Cuba, in the service of the Spanish gov-
ernment. He then returned to this country, and
was one of the first to conceive the idea of intro-
WRIGHT
WRIGHT
621
duciiif; steam as a motive power for canal-bi«ats,
building several experimental engines, which were
o|)erHte3 successfullv.
WRIUHT, Carroll Davidson. statisticiHn, b.
in Duiibarton. X. H.. 25 Jul v. 1S40. He was wlii-
catwl in NVw nain{>>hirt'> and Vorinont, antl Itegan
the study of law. At the lN>ginnirig of the civil
war he enlisted in the 14th New IIam[>!^hiru n'gi-
ment, of which he became colonel in December,
1864. After serving as acting assistant adjutant-
general under (len. I'hilip H. Sheridan, he resigned
m March, 18(55, and was mlniitted to the New
Uami>shire bar in ()ctolx»r. His health led to his
removal to Massachusetts, where he was in the
state senate in 1871-2, during which time he se-
cured the passage of a bill to provide for the es-
tablishment of workingmen's trains to Boston from
the suburban districts. Ho was chief of the state
burt^au of statistics of labor in 1873-'88, and in
1880 was ap|K>inted sujKjrvisor of the U. S. census
in Massachusetts, being also special agent of the
census on the factory system. In 1885 he was
commissioned by the governor to investigate the
public records of the towns, parishes, counties, and
courts of that state, and in January, 1885, he was
made first commissioner of the bureau of labor in
the interior department in Washington, which
office had l)een created in June, 1884. Col. Wright
was a Republican presidential elector in 1876. In
1875 and again in 1885 he had charge of the decen-
nial census of iSIassachusetts. lie was lecturer
during 1879 on phases of the labor question, ethi-
callv considered, at the Ijowell institute in Boston,
Mass.. and during 1881 university lecturer on the
factory system at Harvard. Ho is a member of
various scientific societies and has been recording
secretary of the American statistical association
and president of the American social science asso-
ciation. The degree of A. M. was given him bv
Tufts college in 188J1 Col. Wright has published
" Annual Reports of the Massachusetts Bureau of
Statistics of La»)or" (15 vols., lioston, 187^*88);
" Census of Massachusetts " (3 vols.. 1876-7) ; " The
Statistics of Boston" (1882); "The Factory Sys-
tem of the United States" (Washington 1882);
" The Census of Massiichusetts" (4 vols., Boston,
l887-'8) ; " Re|K>rts of U. S. Commissioner of Ij*-
bor," including " Industrial Depressions " (Wash-
ington, 1886) ; " Convict Labor " (1886) ; and
"Strikes and Lockouts" (1887); also numerous
famphlcts. including " The Relation of Political
^•ouomy to the Lalxir (Question" (Boston, 1882);
" The Factory Svstem as an Klement in Civiliza-
tion "(1882); "Scientific Basis of Tariff Legisla-
tion" (1884); "The Present Actual Condition of
the Workingman"( 1887); "The Study of Statis-
tics in Colleges " (1887) ; " Problems of the Census "
(1887); "Hand Labor in Prisons" (1887); "His-
torical Sketch of the Knights of Labor" (1887);
and "The Growth and Purposes of Bureaus of
Statistics of La»M)r" (IKSM).
WRIilHT, C'harleH Barstow, financier, b. in
Bradford county. Pa., 8 Jan., 1822. He eml)arke<i
in business at dfteen, and at nineteen was taken
as a partner by his employer. In 1843 he receive<l
from the Towanda banlc a trust of landed interests
in the then small town of Chicago, and in two
years he not only fulfille<l this mission successfully,
Lut realized handsome profits in Chicago real estate
for himself. In 1H63 he engaged actively in de-
veloping the petroleum interests of Pennsylvania.
In 1870, as director and afterwanl as president, he
undertook the work of pushing the Northern Pa-
cific railroad to completion. After the roa<l ha<l
been built to Missouri river, and eastward from
the Paciflc about 100 miles, Jay Cooke and Co^
the fiscal agents, faile<l, during the panic of 1878
that took place, and the comnlete<l {mrts were not
[mying ex[)ens<'s. Mr. Wrignt afterward assisted
in the reorganization by which the road was com-
pleted to I'uget sound. In 1873 he took an active
part in founding the city of Taconia, which now
nas a impulation of 15,000. He endowed the An-
nie Wright seminarj' for girls, and Washington
college for boys, at facoma, and has been noted
for his generosity to young men.
WKKjHT, Chauncey, mathematician, b. in
Northampton, Mass., 20 Sept., 1830; d. in Cam-
bridge, Mass., 12 Sept., 187.J. He was graduated
at Harvard in 1852. and at once became a compu-
ter for the recently established "American Ephem-
eiis and Nautical Almanac" in Cambridge. His
occasional contributions to the " Mathematical
Monthly " and similar journals soon gained for
him reputation as a mathematician and physicist.
Gradually his attention became fixed upon the
questions in metaf)hysics and philosophy that are
presentetl in their latest form in the works of John
Stuart Mill, Charles Darwin, Alexander Bain,
Herbert Spencer, and others, and he prepared a se-
ries of philosophical essays for the " North Ameri-
can Review," which contlnue<l until within a few
months before his death. These are regarded by
Charles Eliot Norton as " the most important con-
tribution made in America to the discussion and in-
vestigation of the questions which now chiefly en-
f age the attention of the .students of philosophy."
n 1870 he delivered a course of university lectures
at Harvard on the principles of psychology, and in
1874-'5 he was instructor there in mathematical
physics. He was appointed recortling stH-rtJar)' of
the American ju-auemy of arts and sciences in
1863. and held that office for seven years. His writ-
ings were collected by Charles Eliot Norton and
published, with a biograjthical sketch, as " Philo-
sophical Discussions " (New York, 1877).
WRUiHT, EHznr, reformer, b. in South Ca-
naan, Conn.. 12 Voh.. 1804; d. in Medford, Mass.,
21 Nov., 1885. His father, Elizur (1762-1845), was
graduated at Yale
m 1781, and be-
came known for
his mathematical
learning and devo-
tion to the Pres-
byterian faith. In
1810 the family re-
moved to Tall-
madge, Ohio, and
the son worked on
the farm and at-
tende<l an academy
that was conduct-
e<l by his father.
His home was of-
ten the n'fuge for
fugitiveslaves,and
he early acfjuired
anti-slavery opin-
ions. Hewasgratl-
uate<I at Yale in 1826. and taught in Groton, Mass;.
In 1829- '*J he was professor of mathematics and
natural philosophy in Western Reserve college,
Hudson, Ohio. Mr. Wright attendee! the c<mven-
tion in Philadelphia in I)eceml)er. 183:3. that formed
the American anti-slavery society, of which he was
chosen secretary, and. removing to New York, he
took part in etliting the " Emancipator." He con-
ducted the pa|H'r called "Human Rights" in
1834-'5, and the "(Quarterly Anti-Slavery Maga-
^^Zil.^a-«-i-^ /^^>t,</^yC^
622
WRIGHT
zine " in 1835-'ft. and thrcmch his continued ojv
position to »Uvery incurred the enmity of its
ativm-ates. Hi." house was once lK>siejft'd bv a
mob. and an attempt was made to kidnap him
ftnd ci>nvev him to S'orth t'an)lina. He removed
to lioston In IHIiO. and l>ecame editor of the " Mas-
sachusetts Ab<ilitionist." For several years he
was oonnectetl with ti»e press, and in 1846 he
e«tablishe<l the "('hronotyiH'." a daily newspajwr
which he c<intlucted until it was merfjed in the
"Commonwealth" (IHTA)). of which he was for a
tinje the editor. Mr. Wright was twice indicted and
trie«l for lil)el. in c<jnscquence of his severe strict-
ures on the li(iuor interests while publishing the
"Chronotvpe." and again in IHjl for aiding the
rescue in tJ<>stf)n of Shadrach. a runaway slave, be-
tween IH-W and 1H.')H. »)esides editing the " llailroail
Times." he gave liis attention to invention and me-
chanics, constructing a spike-making machine, a
water-faucet, ami an iuiprovement in pi|>c-coup-
ling. He patented the iiu«!t two. and manufactured
them for a short time. In 185:3 he published "Life
Insurance Valuation Tables "(2d ed.. revised and
enlargtvl. 1871). and in 18.J8 he secured an act of
the Massachusetts legislature to organize an in-
suramv commission, on a basis that re(piired the
annual valuation of the ixilicy liabilities of all life-
insurance compjinies in t he state. He was appoint-
eil insurance commissioner of Massachusetts under
this act. which ollice he held until 18(H5. He ol)-
taine<l the passage of the Massachusetts non-for-
feiture act of 18t>l.and also its substitute in 1880,
which was eml)0(licd with some change in the in-
surance co<liflcalion bill of 1887. He devised a new
formula for finding the valuesof policies of various
t«nns. now known as the "iwcuinuiation formula."
ami, in order to facilitate his work, invented ami
afterwanl patented (18«>()) the arithmcter. a mechan-
ical contrivance for nniltiplication and division,
ljase<l on the logarithmic principle. Afterward he
Ix'came consulting actuary for life-insurance com-
jmnies. H«^ was a delegate to the convention of
184<). which form«»<l the Liberty party and nomi-
nated James G. Hirney for the presidency, and
etUted "The Free American" in 1841. He was a
S)n»moter of the convention at Philadelphia on 4
(uly. 1870. which organized the National liberal
league to sup(>ort state secularization, and was the
seconil president of the league. In-ing twice re-elect-
«l. He was a member of the Forestry association,
was instrumental in obtaining the Massjvchusetts
forestry act of 18S2. ami lal>ored for a permanent
fortvst pri'serve. He wrote an introduction to Whit-
tier's " i^jdlails. and other Poems" (London, 1844):
and publishwl a translation in verse of La Fon-
taine s " Fables " (2 vols., Boston. 1841 ; 2d ed., New
York. 18.59); "Savings Bank Life Insurance, with
Illustrative Tables" (1872); "The Politics and
Mysteries of Life Insurance" (18713); and " Myron
Hollt-y. and what he did for Lil)erty and True Re-
ligion." a cont ribut ion to anti-slavery records (1882).
WRIUHT, Fannv, reformer, b. in Dundee,
Scotland, 6 S«>i)t., 1795; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 14
Dec., 1852. Her father was an intimate friend of
Adam Smith, Dr. William Cullen, and other scien-
tific and literary men. She became an orphan at
an early age, was brought up as a ward in cliancery
bv a maternal aunt, and early adopt e<l the philoso-
phy of the French materialists. She travelled in
this country in 1818-20. and was introduced by
Josr-ph I{o<lman Drake in the first of the "Croaker
pa|vr>.^ On her return to Kngland she published
her " Views of So<-ietv and Manners in America"
(liondon. 1821 ; Paris, 1822). On the invitation of
Ijafayette she went to Paris, and in 1825 she re-
WRIGHT
turned to this countrv. She purchased 2,400 acres
in Tennessee, at Neshoba (now Memphis), and es-
tablished there a colony of emancipated slaves,
whose social condition sHe sought to elevate. Ne-
shoba, which was held in tnist for her bv^Gen. La-
fayette, was restored by him when he discovered
that her plans could hot be carried out without
conflicting with the laws of the state. The ne-
groes in tlie colony were afterward sent to Hani.
In 18:33-'(> she appeared as a public lecturer in the
eastern states, where her attacks upon slaverjr and
other social institutions attracted large audiences
and led to the establishment of " Fanny Wright
societies," but her freedom of s{)eech caused great
opposition and the hostility of the press and the
church. Fitz-Greene Halleck said her chief theme
was" just knowledge," which she pronounced "ioost
nolidge." She then liecame associated with Rob-
ert Dale Owen in New Harmony, Ind., edited there
" The Gazette," and lectured in behalf of his colo-
ny, but with little success. In 1838 she visited
F^rance, and married there M. D'Arusmont, whose
system of philosophy resembled her own, but she
was s*Jon separated from him, resumed her own
name, and resided with her daughter in Cincin-
nati, Ohio, until her death. Her last years were
spent in retirement. She was benevolent, unself-
ish, eccentric, and fearless. She published in
London in 1817 " Altdorf," a tragedy, founded on
the tradition of William Tell and unsuccessfully
played at the Park theatre ; "A few Days in Ath-
ens', being a Translation of a Greek Manuscript
discovered in Ilerculaneum " (London, 1822): and
a " Course of Popular Lectures on Free Inquiry,
Religion, Morals, Opinions, etc., delivered in the
United States" (New York, 1829; 6th ed., 18:36).
See " Biography, Notes, and Political Letters of
Fanny Wright D'Arusmont," published by John
Windt (London, 1844), and " Memoir of Fanny
Wright, the Pioneer Woman in the Cause of Wom-
en's Rights," by Amos Gilbert (Cincinnati. 1855).
WRIGHT, George, soldier, b. in Vermont in
1803 ; d. at sea, 30 July, 1865. He was educated
at common schools and at the U. S. military acade-
my, where he was graduated and promoted 2d
lieutenant in the 3d U. S. infantry, 1 July. 1822.
He served at Fort Howard, Wis., and Jefferson
barracks. Mo., until 1828, was promoted 1st lieu-
tenant, 23 Sept., 1827, and remained in garrison at
Fort Leavenworth till 1831, when he became adju-
tant of his regiment. On 30 Oct., 1836, he was
promote^ cajitain, and in 1838 he was transferred
to the 8th infantry upon the organization of that
regiment, serving during the Canada border trou-
bles and at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., till 1840. He
took part in the Florida war against the Seminoles,
remaining in that countrv with the 8th infantry
until 1844, and receiving the brevet of major " for
meritorious conduct in zeal, energy, and persever-
ance." Mai. Wright took an active part in the
war with Mexico, in the principal engagements
from Vera Cruz to Molino ael Rey, where he com-
manded the storming party anci was wounded.
For his services in Mexico he was brevetted to the
gnule of colonel. In 1848 he became major, in
1855 lieutenant-colonel of the 4th infafttry, and on
3 March, 1855, colonel of the 9th infantry, having
served during that period in California and Wash-
ington territory. He was in command of the
northern district of the Department of the Pacific
till 1857. and during this time conducted opera-
tions against the Indians, especially at the Cascades
in 1856 and in Oregon. In 1858 he commanded
an expedition against the Spokanes, with whom he
had several combats. At the opening of the civil
WRIGHT
WRIGHT
623
war he commanded the Department of Oregon,
from which he was transforrod to command the
Department of the Pacific with the rankjDf briira-
dier-ffeneral of volunteers, 28 Sept., 18(il. lie
served there until 1804, and was l)revette<l briga-
dier-general. U. S. army, 19 Dec., 1804, " for long,
faithful, and meritorious services." Gon. Wright
wa« dn)wnod, 30 .July, 1865, on the wreck of the
" Brother Jonathan " while on his way to assume
oommand of the Department of the Columbia.
WRIGHT, George Frederick, geologist, b. in
Whitehall. N. Y., 22 Jan., 1«:^8. He was graduated
at Oberlin in 1859, and at the theological seminary
there in 1862, an<l during 1860 he was for five
months a private in the 7th Ohio volunteers. In
1862 he entered on the pastorate of the Congrega-
tional church in Bakersfiold, V't.. where he was or-
dained in Septeml)er, 186J3, and in 1872 was called
to a similar charge in Andover. Mass. He accept-
ed the professorship of New Te.stament language
and literature in \S8\, which chair he still holds.
Prof. Wright has devoted considerable attention
to geology. In 1881 he was assistant geologist on
the Pennsylvania survey, and since 1884 ne has
been connecte<l with the division of glacial geology
on the U. S. survey. He is a member of scientific
societies, and in 1884 became an associate editor
of the •' Bibliotheca Sacra." His works include
" The liOgic of Christian Evidence " (Andover,
1880); •* Studies in Science and Religion" (1882);
"The Relation of Death to Probation" (Boston,
1882); "The Glacial lioundarv in Ohio, Indiana,
and Kentuckv" (Cleveland, 1884); and "The Di-
vine Authoritv of the Bible" (Boston. 1884).
WRIGHT,' Hendrick Bradley, lawyer, b. in
Plymouth, Luzerne co.. Pa., 24 April, 1808; d. in
Wilkesbarre, Pa., 2 Sept., 1881. lie was educated
at Dickinson college, studied law. was admitted to
the bar in 1831. and began practice in Wilkesbarre.
He was appointed district attorney for Luzenie
county in 1834, and was elected to the legislature
in 1841-'3, serving in the latter year as speaker.
He was a memlxjr of all the national Democratic
conventions between 1840 and 1860, and was the
E residing officer in the one that nominated James
I. Polk for president. Being electetl to congress"
as a Dem(X'rat, he servetl from 5 Dec., 1853, till
8 March, 1855. He was electe<l again to fill the va-
cancv caused bv the death of George W. Scranton,
serving from 4'Julv, 1861, till 3 >I»irch. 1863. and
again from 1877 tilf 1881, He publishetl " A Prac-
tical Treatise on LalH)r" (New York, 1871), and
" Historical Sketches of Plymouth, Luzerne Co.,
Pa." (Philadelphia, 1873). — ilis nephew, Harrison,
lawyer, b. in Wilkesbarre, Pa., 15 July, 1850; d.
there, 20 Feb., 1885, was educated in his native city
and at HeideU)erg, Germany, where he studie*! four
years, receiving in 1871 the degrees of A. M. and
th. D. He returned home, studied law and was atl-
mitted to the Imr in 1874. He was chosen secretary
of the Wyoming historical and gooloijical society of
Wilkesbarre in 1874, and devoted nimself to "lit-
erary and scientific pursuits. Mr. Wright was a
member of the Archwological society of Rome, and
other societies. He published various monographs
on archoHilogical anu scientific subjects. His last
publications — " Tne Manuscripts of the Earl of
Ashburnhnm, a Translation of the Re|x)rt to the
Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, by
Leopold Delisle, of the National Library " (1884),
and " Observations on the Very Ancient >fanuscript
of the Libri Collection, by I^opold Delisle " (1884),
which he published and circulated widely in Amer-
ica— were doubtless the means of preventing the
sale of these treasures in this country and of re-
storing them to the National library at Paris. He
also edited the first volume of the " Procecclings"
of the Wyoming historical and geological 8t>cietv.
WRKf'HT, Henry Clarke, reformer, b. in Sha-
ron, Litchfield co.. Conn,. 29 Aug., 1797; d. in
I Pawtueket, K. I., 16 Aug., 1870. For many years
I he was a note<l lecturer on anti-slavery tof»ics, and
was an mlvocate of |)eace, socialism, and spiritual-
ism, on all of which subjects his convictions were
vehement, and were delivere<l with eloquence. At
one time he was conspicuous among the band of
anti-slavery orators that assembled annually in
New York at the anniversary of the American
anti-slavery society, and by its earnestness enlist-
ed the sympathy of the people. He was the au-
thor of " Man-I^illing bv UKiividuals and Nations
Wrong " (Boston, 1841) ; '"A Kiss for a Blow " (Lon-
don, lo43 ; new ed., 1866) ; " Defensive War proved
to be a Denial of Christianity" (1846) ; " Human
Life Illustrated" (Boston, 1849); "Marriage and
Parentage " (1854) ; and " The Living Present and
the Dead Past " (186.5).
WRIGHT, Horatio Governenr, soldier, b. in
Clinton, Conn,, 6 March, 1820. He was graduated
second in hiscla.ss at the U. S, military ncadoniy in
1841, served in the engineer corps, and in 1842- '4
as assistant professor, first of French and then
of engineering,
at West Point,
and was pro-
moted 1st lieu-
tenant in 1848.
After super-
intending the
buildingofforts
and improve-
ments in Flor-
ida he became
captain in 1855,
and till the
civil war was
assistant to the
chief engineer
at Washington,
also serving
on several spe-
cial ordnance
boards. Hede-
clined a major's ^
commission in the 13th infantry on 14 May, 1861,
but, after constructing several of the defences of
Washington, taking |)art in the Iwttle of Bull
Run as chief engineer of Heintzolman's divis-
ion, and organizing the Port Royal ex(M>ditfon in
the same capacity, he accepted that rank in the
engineer corps in August, and on 14 Sept. be-
came brigadier-general of volunteers. He took
part in the capture of Hilton Head. S, C, in No-
vember, led the land forces in the Florida expe-
dition, February-,Iune. 1862. and on 18 July, 1862,
became major-general of volunteers. He com-
manded the Deparinient of the Ohio till 26 March,
1863, the District of Louisville, Kv., till April, and
then led a division of the Army oi the Potomac in
the Pennsylvania and Rapidan campaigns, receiv-
ing the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for the cap-
ture of Rappahannm-k Station, where he tempora-
rily commandt'd the 6th corps. After the «leatli of
Gen. John Se<lgwick, 9 May, 1864, he succeeded to
the command of that cor[>s, and on 12 May was
brevetted colonel for gallantry at Spottsylvania.
While at Petersburg he was ordered to the defence
of Washington dunng Gen. Jubal A. Early's inva-
sion of Maryland, in the midsummer of 1864. Great
anxiety was felt lest succor from the troops in front
^^./?>>^~
624
WRIGHT
of Petentlmrg should not arrive in time to save the
capital, but as Early's advant-e arrive<l in the sub-
urbs of Washington on the north. Wright's tnwps
were landing at the wharves on the south. ^\ ith
Bouie regiments of the l»th c;orj)s just arrived from
the Gulf and a few other hastily gathered troops,
Gen. Wright was remly to nieet any assault. Early
was soon forced to withdraw in the face of a strong
ni-onnoissanec which Gen. Wright pushed out.
"I have sent fn»m here." wrote Gen. Grant to
President Lincoln from the Petersburg line^, "a
whole corps, commanded by an excellent onicer.
And to a prominent oflicial of the war department
he said: " lioldness is all that is needwl to clrive
the enemy out of Maryland, and Wright is the
man to lissume that." " tieii. Wright rallied the
troops under his command, re-formed the line, and
did much to retrieve the fortunes of the early sur-
prise at Cedar Creek. 19 Oct., 1H«4. His 6th corps
first broke the strong lines at Petersburg on Sun-
dav morning. 2 April, 180."). In his oflicial report
of'lliat Imttle Gen. (Jrant said: "Gen. Wright
penetrated the line with his whole corps, sweeping
everything In-fore him, and to his left toward
Ilatcher'x Uun, capturing many guns and several
thousjiiid j)risoners." lie was b'revetted brigadier-
general. I . S. army, Vi Marc;h, I860, for gallantry
in the battle of C'ol<l Harbor, and major-general
for the capture of Petersburg, Va. On 14 June,
IHlh'} he received the thanks of the Connecticut
legislature. He was ina<le lieutenant-colonel, 28
Nov., IH(\.\ and then served on various engineer-
ing iH)ar(is, becoming colonel. 4 March, 1879, and
chlff-of-cngincers wilii the rank of brigadier-gen-
eral. HO June, 1879. On 22 March, 1884, he was
n-tired from active service. Gen. Wright is co-
author of a " Keiiort on the Fabrication of Iron for
Defences" (Washington, 1871).
WRIGHT, Sir James, bart., governor of Geor-
gia, b. in Charleston, S. C., about 1714; d. in Lon-
don, England, 20 Nov., 1785. His father, liobert,
remove<l from Durham, England, to Charleston,
iind was chief justice of South Carolina for manv
years. The son was probably educated in England,
studied law, and practise<l in Charleston. He was
apiH)iutcNl agent of the province in Great Britain,
and iK'came chief justice an<l lieutenant-governor
of South Carolina on Vi May, 1760. He wjis ap-
fK)inted royal governor of Georgia in 1764, and
was the last to administer its affairs in the name
of the king. He arrived in Savannah in October,
17W. and his management of affairs was successful
until the passage of the stamp-act. He lalwred to
c<mvince the {)eople that they should submit to the
king's authority, but the governor's proclamations
only served to exasfierate them. On 5 Dec, 1766,
his majesty's ship "Sfieedwell" arrived in the Sa-
vannah river with the stamped pa[)er, which was
placed un<ler the care of the commissary; but, on
receiving news that the " Liberty Ijoys" had de-
termined to break open the fort and' destroy the
|>ai»er8. the governor ordered a guanl to i)revent
their seizure, and afterwanl had them removed
to Fort George, on Cockspur island. In 1768 the
governor charged the assembly with revolution-
ary conduct and dismissed it. On 17 June, 1775,
several men-of-war arrived in Tybee, and, to pre-
vent the governor from holding communication
with them, Joseph Habersham entered his dwell-
ing and took him prisoner ; but the governor made
his esca(>e. and went to Bonaventure. whence he
was conveyed to the armed ship " ScarlKjrough,"
where ho atldressed a letter to his council. The
assembly adjourned without giving Gov. Wright an
answer, and he then planned an attack upon the
WRIGHT
town, which proved unsuccessful, and he afterward
sailed for England. In 1779 he was despatched
to resume the government of Georgia. Savannah
was at this time in possession of the British, and
the Americans were endeavoring to recover it.
The friends of Gen. Wright say that, owing to
his determination and spirit, the defence of his
capital " was one of the most brilliant events of
the war in the south," and would not have been
miule but for his deciding vote in the council
of war. At the close of hostilities he retired to
England, and his extensive property was confis-
cated. He was created a baronet on 8 Dec, 1773.
Wrightsborough, Columbia co., Ga., was named in
his honor. — His brother. Jerinyn, was in command
of a fort on St. Mary's river, which became a
rendezvous for the Tories of that part of the coun-
try, and was unsuccessfully assail^l by the patriots.
A"severe writer calls it a " nest of villains." An-
other account is that Wright's force consisted of
negroes. In 1778 he was attainted, and lost his
estate. His name appears in the confiscation act
of South Carolina in 1782.— James's son, James,
succeeded his father in 1785. The Georgia Royal-
ists were raised for him in 1779, but his name is
found in connection with that corps only at the
siege of Savannah, when his post was in a redoubt
built of green wood strengthened by fillings of
sand, and mounted with heavy cannon. He died
in 1816 without issue, and his title reverted to his
grand-nephew. Sir James Alexander. — Another
son, Alexander, b. in 1751, married Elizabeth,
the onlv daughter and heiress of John Izard, of
South Carolina. At the close of the Revolution
he settled in Jamaica, W. I. He was of " known
and just influence."
WRIGHT, Joel Tombleson, Canadian clergy-
man, b. in Upwell, Isle of Ely. England. 16 March,
1834. He removed to Canada in 1855, and was
ordained as a priest of the Church of England in
Canada in 1862 by Bishop Benjamin Cronyn. He
was incumbent of Wardsville and adjacent places
in Middlesex county for eight years, and has since
been rector of St. James's church, St. Mary's, Ont.
He was plaintiff in the celebrated chancery suit,
Wright vs. the Synod of Huron, instituted in 1881
on behalf of himself and other clergy of the dio-
cese. The case finally reached the supreme court
of Canada, which decided against Mr. Wright, who
thereupon, in 1884, appealed to the privy council
of Great Britain, where it is now pending. He is
known as a lecturer on Freemasonry, and has pub-
lished a work on " Constitutional Government and
Synod Legislation " (1879).
WRIGHT, John C, jurist, b. in Wethersfield,
Conn., in 1783; d. in Washington, D. C, 13 Feb..-
1861. He received an academic education, learned
the trade of a printer, and went to Troy, N. Y,,
where he edited " The Gazette " for several years.
After studying law he was admitted to the bar and
began practice in Steubenville, Ohio. For many
vears he was judge of the state supreme court, and
he was elected to congress as an Adams Democrat,
serving from 1 Dec, 1823, till 3 March, 1829, and
being afterward defeated for re-election as a Henry
Clay Democrat. He and Tristram Burgess, of
Rhode Island, were the only two members of the
house that ventured to reply to John Randolph of
Roanoke in the stvle of sarcasm that characterized
Randolph's speeches. He was a delegate to the
peace congress in Washington in Februarj', 1861,
but died Ix^fore its adjournment. For several years
he was the editor and proprietor of the Cincinnati
" Gazette." His speeches in congress on the " reso-
lution calling on the secretary of state for infor-
WRIGHT
WRIGHT
ess
mation relative to the selection of newspapers for
the pubiie^ttion Of the laws" were issued (Wa.sh-
in^toii, 1827). He al«o publi.shtxl " Supreme Court
ltt'jK)rts of Ohio" (Columbus, 18yi-'4). This IxMjk
|M)s.ses.>«ed much legal authority at the time of its
publication, and is still held in repute. Many of
the case« are rejx>rted in a vein of peculiar face-
tiousness, for which Judge Wright was noted. —
His son, Crafts James, soldier, b. in Trov, N. Y.,
13 July, 1H0.S; d. in Chicago, III.. 2ii Julv, 1888,
was graduated at the U. 8. military ac^Jemy in
1828, but resigned on 8 Nov., 1828". studied law,
was admitted to the Imr of Ohio, and practised with
his father. In 1840 he became assistant editor of
the Cincinnati "Gazette," and from 1847 till 1854
he was president of the "Gazette " company, after
which he again practised law. He aided in organ-
izing the first telegraph company in the west and
becauje one of its directt)rs. At the beginning of
the civil war he entered the National army as
colonel of the 8th Missouri infantry, but afterward
he raised and disciplined the 13th Missouri. He
served in the Tennessee campaign of 1862, and
for his services received the thanks of the gov-
ernor of Missouri. In March, 1802, he was in com-
mand of Clarksville. He was afterward ordered
to Pittsburg Landing, where he was senior colonel,
and given command of a briga<le. He was als<i
engaged in the Mississippi campaign and in the
siege of Corinth, where ne remanied ill for many
weeks until he resigned his commission on 16 Sept.,
1862. For his services at Shiloh. Pn'sident Lin-
coln nominated him for the post of brigadier-
general, but he resigned before he could be con-
firmed by the senate. Subsequently he engaged in
farming in Glendale, Ohio, but afterward lived in
Chicago, where in 1876 he was made steward of the
marine hospital. — His wife, Maroarkt, was active
during the war in visiting hospitals and battle-
fields, and was identified with many benevolent
works. She was at one time the only woman on
the boat that carried disable<l soldiers to the north,
and acted as nurse to them under the direction of
the senior surgeon.
WRIOHT, John Stephen, manufactnrer, b. at
Shi-flicid. .Mass., K! Jiilv. 1815; d. in Chicago, III.,
26 .Sept., 1874. On 2S) Oct.. 1KJ2, he arrived in
Chicago with his father, and thev at once estab-
lished a store. In 18^17 he built at his own expense,
for $507.9.3. the first public-school building in Chi-
cago. In 1840 he estaolished the " Prairie Farmer,"
which is still in existence. In 1845 he wrote for
the New York "Commercial Advertiser" numer-
ous articles setting forth the advantages and pro-
sjKKjtive greatness of Chicag(» and the northwest.
In 1852 he l)egan the manufacture of Atkins's
»elf-raking reajjer and mower. He was one of the
active promoters of the Illinois Central railroad,
and sent thousands of circulars at his own expense
from Chicago to the Gulf, calling attention of the
people to the prospective l>enefits of such a road
through the state. He published a valuable statisti-
cal work entitled " Chicago : Past, Present, and Fu-
ture " (Chicago, 1870).
WRIGHT, Jogeph, jwrtrait-painter. b. in Bor-
dentown, N. J., in 175(5; d. in Philadclnhia. Pa., in
1793. He was the son of Patience Wright, who
excelled in modelling miniature hen<ls in wax. In
1772 he went to England with his jmrents, and
there received his art education. SuV»se(^uently he
studiitl in Paris under the care of Benjamin Frank-
lin, and on his return to this country he narrowly
escaiKil with his life from a shipwn'ck. In the
autumn of 178;i he painted a throe-quarters-length
portrait of George W ashington, afterward he paint-
VOL. VI. — iO
ed another for the Ctuint de Solms. and still later
he made a miniature profile from life. He was ap-
pointed bv Pn-sident Washington first dntughti*-
man and die-sinker in the U. .S. mint, and the first
c*oins and medals issued by the National govern-
ment were his handiwork.
WRIGHT. JoKeph All>ert, governor of In-
diana, b. in Washington. Pa.. 17 April, 1810; d. in
lierlin, Germany, 11 Mav. 1867. He removed to
BlcKimington, Ind., with )iis parents, and entered
the State university, where, to prcx-ure his e<luc»-
tion, he acted as janitor. He studitKl law. was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1829, began practice in Uock-
ville, Ind., and was a member of both houses of
the legislature. Being elected to congress as a
Democrat, he served from 4 Dec, 1843. till 3 March,
1845, and from 1849 till 1857 he was governor of
Indiana. In the last-named year he was ap|K)inted
minister to Prussia, holding this position until
1861. From 3 March. 1802. till 22 Jan.. 180.3, he
served in the U. S. senate to fill the unexpin-d term
of Jesse D. Bright, who had btn-n expelhtl. He
was appointed I . S. commissioner to the Hamburg
exhibition in 1863, and was then a second time
minister to Prussia, serving from 1805 until his
death. — His brother, George GroTer, jurist, b.
in Bloomington, Ind., 24 March, 1820. was gradu-
ated at the I'niveisity of Indiana in 1839. studied
law with his brother in Kockville, and removed to
Iowa in 1840, where he began practice. He was
fTosec-uting attorney in 1847-'8, wjus elected to the
owa senate in 1849. serving two terms, and was
chosen chief justice of the supreme court of Iowa
in 1854, serving till 18:0, From 1868 till 1870 he
was a professor in the, law department of the Uni-
Vfi-sity of Iowa, and he was then elected U. S.
senator 4is a Republican, holding his seat from 4
March, 1871, till 3 March, 1877, and serving on -the
committees on finance, the judicinry. claims, and
the civil service. He then resumed his practice,
and for the past five years has lectured before the
law-school of the State university. He is presi-
dent of the Polk county savings-bjink. In 1860-'5
he was president of the Iowa agricultural society.
WRIGHT, Joseph Jefferson liurr, soldierib.
in Wilkcsbarre, Pa., 27 April, 18(M); d. in Carlisle,
Pa., 14 May, 1878. He was educated at Wash-
ington college, Pa., and ri'ceived his medical de-
gree at Jefferson medical college in 1^3(5. He en-
tered the U. S. army as a volunteer, became as-
sistant surgef>n on 25 Oct., 1833, and major an«l
surgeon on 26 March. 1844. and served in the war
with Mexico, participating in the principal battles,
and being in charge of the genend hospitals at
Matamoras and Vera Cruz. At the close of the
war he transferred the sick and wounded to New
Orleans, and, after being at the U. S. military
academy, servetl in Texas and on the frontier until
1861. He was then intrusted with organizing gen-
eral hospitals in the west and arranging nieilical
affairs on an efficient basis for field service. As medi-
cal director on the staff of Gen. George B. Mct'lel-
lan he was present at Rich Mountain and Carrick's
Fonl, W. \ a., and on the transfer of that ofKcer
to the east he declined the jK)st of me<lical director
of the Army of the Potomac, and was a|)iN>intc<l
me<lical director of the Ik'|>artnicnt of the Mis.souri
on the staff of Gen. Henry W. Halle<-k, with head-
quarters in St. Louis, Mo. Owing to his advancing
years, he did not juirticipate activoly in the war
after 18<}2. He was brt-vet ted briga«lier- general,
U. S. army, on 13 Mairh, 186.5, and retii-ed from
service on 31 Dec., 1876. Dr. Wright was among
the first to u.se and recommend the sulphate of
quinine, administered in large doses during the
626
WRIGHT
remission in the treatment of malarial remittent
fovers. This method of trt'atment is now atiinitted
to be of great value. lie contrihuted to medical
literature, and pul)lishe(i articles in the " Southern
Medical HeiMtrts."
WRKiJHT, Luther, educator, b. in Kasthamp-
t«in, Ma-vs., 24 Nov.. 17»0: d. tlici-e, 5 Sept., 1870.
After >jra<luation at Yale in 1822. he was principal
of an academy in Maryland for two years, and
then retunuHlto Vale, where he served as a tut()r.
and studie<l theolojry. Sul)sequently he taught in
Middletown and hH^lington. Conn., and was princi-
n&\ of tlie academy in Leicester, Miu^s., in 1833-'y.
lie was the first principal of Williston seminary,
which he orpinized (see VVillisto.v, Samuel), serv-
ing from 1841 till 184», when he resigned, but for
several vears pive instruction to private jiujnls.
Mr. Wright publishe<l an address at the dedication
of the academy building in Leicester (1833), and a
historical sketch of Kasthampton (1851).
WKKiHT, Milton, bishop of the United
Brethren in Christ, b. in Rush county, Ind., 17
N«)V., 1828. lie was graduated at Ilartsville col-
lege in 1853. and in 1855-'(i was pastor of the
Church of the Uniteti Brethren in Indianapolis.
He wa> ordained in the latter year. and. after hold-
ing a charge at Anderson ville. Ind.. in 185()-'7, he
went as missionary to Oregon, where he was pas-
tor at Sublimity, and president of Sublimity col-
lege, a denominational institution, in 1857-9.
From 18viy till 18(i9 he served in the itinerancy in
the White river conference, during which he was
presiding elder and pastor in Ilartsville, Ind., and
als<^) professor of theology in Ilartsville college in
lH(W-'9. In 1877 he l)ecame bishop, and nntil
18M1 held that position in the western Mississippi
•listrict. In 1881-'5 he was presiding elder in the
White river conference, and in the latter year he
was re-electe<I bishop for a term of four years and
.sent to the Pacific coast district. Westfield col-
lege. 111., gave him the degree of D. D. in 1878.
He was editor of the " Religious Telescope," the
organ of jiis church, in 18(J8-'l), and editor and
nnblisher of "The Richmond Star," Richmond,
Ind.. in 1SH3-T>. and has pultlished several tracts.
WRKiiHT, Rebecca McPlierson, spy, b. near
Wini'hester, Va., 31 Jan., 18^i8. She was a Quak-
er, and her father, Amos Wright, died in a Con-
fe<lerate prison early in the civil war. Her fam-
ily was one of the few of L^nion sentiment that
remained in Winchester, Va., during that period.
On 1(} Set)t.. 18()4. she received a note from Gen.
Philip II. Sheridan, which was conveyed to her
wrapped in a small wad of tin-foil, and carried in
the mouth of a negro messenger. It read thus :
"Can you inform me of the position of Early's
forces, the number of divisions in his army, and
the strength of all or any of them, and his proba-
ble or reiK)rte<I intentions! Have any more troops
arrived from Richmond, or are any more coming,
or reported to be coming!" Having l)een told of
the {Kwition of the Confederate army by a wound-
e<i Confederate oflUcer, who visited her two even-
ings previously, she sent a reply to Gen. Sheridan,
describing the number of troops and their situa-
tion, and upon her information he directed the at-
tm-k on Winchester, After the battle she was
thanked in perscm by Gen. Sheridan, who alwavs
»IH)ke of her as his" little Quaker girl," and in
18<}7 sent her a gold watch as a memento. In 1871
she marrie«i William C. Bonsai, and she has held
a elerkshiit in the United States treasury depart-
ment at Washington sinee 18G8.
WRKIHT, Robert, governor of Marvland, b.
m Kent county, Md., about 1705 ; d. in Queens-
WRIGHT
town, Md., 7 Sept., 1826. After receiving a public-
school education he studied law,' was admitted to
the bar, and practised in Queenstown. Being
elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat, he
served from 7 Dec, 1801, till 1806, when he re-
signed. From 1806 till 1809 he was governor of
the state. After being in congress from 8 Dec.,
1810, till 3 March, 1817. and again from 3 Dec.
1821, till 3 March. 1823, he was appointed district
judge of Kent county.
Wright, Robert Einmet, lawyer, b. in Al-
lentown. Pa., in 1810. He was educated at Allen-
town academy, studied law and was admitted to
the bar. and lias practised in his native town. He
is the author of many essays on constitutional re-
form, and has published practical digests of the
laws of Pennsylvania on "Aldermen and Justices
of the Peace 'M Philadelphia. 1839); "The GfTice
and Duties of Constable " (1840); the "Reported
Casos determined in the Several Courts of Pennsyl-
vania from May Term. 1836, till December, 1841 "
(1842); and "Pennsylvania State Reports" (14
vols.. 1861-'6). He has edited William uraydon's
"Forms of Conveyancing" (1845); Samuel Rob-
erts's "Digest of Select British Statutes" (1847);
and F. Carroll Brewster's " Reports at Law and in
f:quitv" (1847).
WlilOHT, Robert William, author, b. in
Ludlow, Vt., 22 Feb., 1816; d. in Cleveland, Ohio.
9 Jan., 1885. His grandfather, Stephen, was the
fourth in descent from Capt. Edward Wright, of
Concord, Mass.. who come to this country from
Bromwick, England, in 1645. After graduation at
Harvard in 1842, he taught in the public grammar-
schools in Boston, studied law, and was admitted
to the bar in 1845. He then went to Wisconsin
and practised his profession in Waukesha until
1856, and in 1852 declined the Whig nomination
for congress from that district. In 1856-'9 he re-
sided in Waterbury, Conn., where he practised law,
edited the Waterbury "Journal." and served one
year as judge of probate. He edited the Hartford
"Daily Post" in 1858. the New Haven "Daily
News ''from 1859, and afterward the Riv-hmond,
Va., " State Journal." Afterward he removed to
Cheshire, Conn., which was his home initil his
death. He invented two successful newspaper ad-
dressers, for which ho obtained patents, and de-
voted his leisure to astronomy and literature. He
read papers before the New Haven colony histori-
cal society, contributed to magazines, and printed
numerous satirical poems. He published "The
Church Knaviad, or Horace in West Haven, by
Horatrus Flaccus," a satirical mock-heroic poem
(New Haven. 1864) ; " The Vision of Judgment, or
the South Church, Ecclesiastical Councils viewed
from Celestial and Satanic Standpoints by Que-
vedo Redivivus" (1867); "The Pious Chi-Neh, or
a Veritable History of the Great Election Fraud,
done into Verse by U Bet," a humorous pasquinade
on the election of 1871 in Connecticut (1872); and
" Life : its True Genesis," a refutation of the Dar-
winian theory (New York, 1880). Mr. Wright was
also the author of " Practical Legal Forms " (Mil-
waukee, 1852).
WRIGHT, Riifiis, artist, b. in Cleveland, Ohio,
in 1832. He was a pupil at the National academy,
and studied also for a time under George A. Baker.
His nrofessional life has been spent in New York,
Wasnington, and Brooklyn. In 1866 he was made
a meml)er of the Brooklyn academy of design.
His portraits include those of Roger B. Taney.
Edwin M, Stanton, and William H. Seward.
About 1875 he turned his attention also to the
painting of composition pictures, and has pro-
WRIGHT
WUIGIIT
627
«luce<l, ainoD); other works, "The Mominjf Bou-
(liiot " and " Tho Inventor and thf linnker " (1870) ;
"Thank von. Sir!" (1H77); '"{'onwrnwl for his
S<»le" (1H7H): and " FeodinK the Birds" 1I88O).
WRKtHT, Silas, 8tatci<inan. b. in Amherst,
Mas<i., 24 May, 1705; d. in Canton, St. Ijawrence
CO., N. Y.. 27 AiijT., 1847. His early life was s|)ent
on his father's farm in Weybridge, Vt., and after
^md nation at Mid-
diebury colleffo in
1815 he studied law,
was a<linitted to
the bar, and began
rractice in Canton,
n 1820 he was ap-
pointed surrogate
of St. Lawrence
county, and in
1823-7 he was a
member of the state
senat«, where he
opposed the |x)liti-
cal advancement of
De Witt Clinton,
^ ' reganling it as dan-
^:^ /92^ ^ gerous to the Dem-
^^ -^ which he was a firm
adherent through-
out his life. In 1827 he made a report to the senate
developing the financial policy with which he was
identified throughout his life, and which he subse-
quently enforced as a jwlitical measure, while he
was governor of New Vork. In 1827 he was made
brigatlier-general of the state militia. He served
in congress from 3 Dec., 1827, till 3 March, 1829,
and there voted for the protective tariff of 1828,
and for the appointment of a committee to inouire
into the expediency of abolishing slavery ami the
slave-tratle in the District of Columbia. In 1829
ho was appointed comptroller of New York, which
ollice he held until 1833, when he was chosen to
the U. S. senate in place of William L. Marcy. In
that body he served on the committee on finance,
supported tho force bill and Henry Clay's compro-
mise bill of 1833, introduced the first sub-treasury
bill, which became a law, defended President
Jackson's removal of tho deposits from the U. S.
t)ank, and delivered a speech opposing Daniel
Webster's motion to recharter that institution. He
also voted against receiving a petition for the abo-
lition of slavery in the District of Columbia, and
in favor of excluding from the mails all " printed
matter calculated to excite the prejudices of the
southern states in regard to the question of sla-
very." Mr. Wright opposed the distribution among
the states of the surplus Federal revenues, sup-
ported the independent treasury scheme of Van
uuren, maintained in reference to the a)x)litioh of
slavery the right of {)etition and the sovereignty
of congress over the territories in 18;i8, and vot«d
for the tariff of 1842 and for the annexation of
Texas. His term extended from 11 Jan.. 18^i3, till
1 Dec, 1844, when he resigned to Ijecome governor
of New York, which {)ost he held until 1847, dur-
ing which period he opjK)sed the calling of a con-
vention to revise the state constitution. veUxnl a bill
to appropriate money for canal improvements, and
took decided ground against the anti-ivnt rioters,
declaring Delaware county in a state of insurrec-
tion and calling out a military force. He was de-
feated as candidate for re-election in 184(5. When
in April, 1847. the api)liention of the Wilinot priv
viso to the territories that had Ijeen obtained from
Mexico was under discussion, Mr. Wright emphat-
icallr declared that the arms and tho money of
tho (Jnion ought never to be used for the acquisi-
tion of territory for the pur|)08e of planting sla-
very. In May, 1847, he wrote a letter expressing
himself in favor of using the money of the Federal
government to improve the harbors of the north-
em lakes. He refused several offers of cabinet
offices .and foreign missions. After his term as
governor he retired to his farm in Canton, which
he cultivated with his own hands. His mind was
logical and jwwerful, and he was considered a
clear and pnwtical statesman. Horatio Sevmour
said: "Mr. Wright was a great man, an honest
man; if he committed errors, they were induced
by his devotion to his party. He was not selfish ;
to him his party was everything — himself nothing."
There is a good portrait of him by James White-
house in the New York citv-hall. See " Eulogv on
Silas Wright," by Henry 1). Gilpin (Philadelphia,
1847); his "Life and Times," by Jabez I). Ham-
mond (Syracuse, 1848) ; and his " Life," by John
S. Jenkins (Utica, 1852).
WRIGHT, Thomas Lee, physician, b. in Wind-
ham, Portage co., Ohio, 7 Aug., 1825. He was edu-
cated at )fiami university and at Ohio medical
college, where he was graduated in 1846. Until
1854 he practised in Kansas City, chiefly among
the Wyandotte Indians, and he afterward removed
to IJellefontaine. Ohio. He lectured on the theory
and practice of medicine in Ohio Wesleyan uni-
versity in 1855-'6, and was a memlier of the Ohio
medicial society and president of the Logan county
medical society. Dr. Wright has made the scien-
tific aspects of inebriety a special study. This has
led to inquiries respecting the effects of alcohol, not
only immediately, but remotely, upon the nervous
functions and capacities; and finally upon minds
and morals in their several departments. In 1887
he attended the International congress of inebriety
held in London, and was one of its vice-presidents.
He also edited tho " Ohio Censor," a political jour-
nal published in Bellefontaine. Dr. Wright has
contributed to the transactions of the Ohio medi-
cal society and medical journals, and has written
" Notes on the Theory of Human Existence " (1848)
and " Disquisition on the Ancient History of Medi-
cine" (1800). He has publishe<l " Inebriism, a Patho-
logical and Psvcholngical St ud v " (Col u minis, 1885).
n RIGHT, 'Wniiani, senator, b. in Clarkstown,
Rockland co., N. Y., in 1794; d. in Newark, N. J.,
1 Nov., 1860. He
was a volunteer
for the defence of
Stonington,Conn.,
in the war of 1812.
The death of his
father. Dr. Will-
iam Wright, com-
pelled him toaban-
don the hope of
a collegiate e<iu-
cation, and he
learned the trade
of a saddler, and
followetl this busi-
ness in Bridge-
port, Conn., for
seven years. After
acquiring a for-
tune, he remove«l
to Newark, N. J.,
in 1821, and was
mayor of that
town in 184(V-'3. Being elected to congress as a
Henry Clay Whig, he served from 4 Dec., 1843, till
628
WRIGHT
8 Manh, 1847. and in the latter year was a ilefeatetl |
<aii(lulHte for froveriior of New Jersey. He was
twite eliH-led to the V. S, senate as a Denuxrat,
and served fmm 4 March, 1853, till 4 March, 1859,
and from 7 Dec., 1808, till his death. He was
chairman of the committee on manufiK-tures and
of that on the contingent exf»ensi»s of the st-nate,
and served als<i on the committees on public lands
and Kevolutionarv claims.
WRIOHT, William, journnlist, b. in Ireland
in 18-24; d. in Patersf)n, X. J., 18 March, 18««.
He came to this country al)out 1841 and settled
near Paterson, N. J., where he engaged in teach-
ing. In 1854 he founded in that town "The
PresK," a Ui'iniblican journal. He took an active
part in the canvass for the |)resi(U'ncy in 1856,
adviH-ating the election of John C. Fremont, and
chieflv through his exertions Paters<m for the first
time 'in its histr)ry gave a majority ag.iinst the
I)i'rn<Kmtic partv. In 18.')8 he was interested in a
paiK'r called the'-' Republican." afterward merged
into the " Daily Guardian." In 1800 Mr. Wright
removt'tl to New Yf>rk. where he was connected
with the " Kveninir Post" and the "Commercial
Advi'rti«'r" and contributed to otiier iournals; but
in 18(W he returned to Paterson and engaged in
journalism there. Shortly before his death he es-
tatilished the " Monthly "Review." He published
"The Oil Regi(ms of Pennsylvania, showing where
Petrole-.im is Found, how "it is obtained, and at
what Cost, with Hints for Whom it may Concern "
(New York. IxtiTi).
WKUiHT, Wniiam Bull, poet, b. in Orange
countv. N. v.. 2'J Sept.. 1840: d. in Atlanta, Ga.,
21> March, 1880. After graduation at Princeton
in ia59 he taught in Huffalo until 1862. when he
entered the 5th New York artillery as a private.
While his regiment was stationed at Fort McHenry,
Md.. he was prostrated by typhoid fever, but after
liis recovery he rejoined his regiment, and partici-
pated in .Slieridan's camjiaign in the Shenandoah
valley. He served until the end of the war, part
of the time a'^ judge-advocate, and was mustered
out as lieutenant witii the brevet of nuijor. He
was gnwluated at the New York college of phy-
sicians and surgeons, practised medicine in Orange
county until 1871, and was professor of ancient
languages in the normal .school at Buffalo, N. Y.,
from that year until 1878, when he resigned, owing
to impaired health. He was the author of " High-
land Uamltles, a Poem" (Boston, 1868), and "The
BriMik. and other Poems" (New York, 1878).
WRKiHT, >\'niiam Henry, engineer, b. in
Wilmington. N. C. in 1814: d. there, 29 Dec,
1845. He was a grandson of Judge Joshua Granger
Wright (17()H-1H11), who served in the legislature
from 1792 till 1800, and was speaker in the latter
year, .\fter graduation at William and Mary col-
lege William studied law, which he abandoned to
enter the U. S. military academy. He was gradu-
ate<l there in 1*34, promote<l 2d lieutenant in the
Isl artillery, wius transferrtnl to the engineer corps
on 1 July, 1888. and l)ecame 1st lieutenant on 7
I>ec. of that year. He served as assistant engineer
in the construction of F'ort Warren, Boston har-
l>or, and as superintending engineer on the sea
wall for the protection of Lovell's island in that
harlM)r in 1844-'5. Lieut. Wright was the author
of a " Brief Practical Treati.se on Mortars, with an
Account of the Processes at the Public Works in
Boston Harl)or" (Bostim, 1845).
WRIGHT, WHUani Janes, mathematician, b.
in Weybridge. Vt., 8 Aug.. 1831. He was gmduated
at Union college in 1857. and studied at Union
and Princeton theological seminaries. He was or-
WURTZ
dained to the ministry of the Presbyterian church
in 1863, was a chaplain in the National army in
186;^-'5. and. besides holding various pastorates and
spending two years in European study, has been
profes.sor of mathematics at Wilson college. Pa.,
in 1876-'7. and of metaphysics at Westminster
college. Mo., since 1887. He received the degree
of Ph. D. from Union in 1876, and that of LL. D.
from Westminster college in 1882. Dr. Wright has
published -' Tracts on Higher Mathematics," includ-
ing treatises on determinants, trilinear co-ordinates,
and invariants (London, 1875-9).— His wife. Jnlia
McNalr, author, b. in Oswego, N. Y., 1 May. 1840,
was the daughter of John McNair, a well-known
civil engineer, whose father emigrated from Scot-
land in 1798. She was educated at private schools
and academies, married Dr. Wright in 1859, and
has devoted her life mainly to literary work. Her
books are mostly religious stories, anti-Catholic.
Many of them have been republished in Europe and
several have been translated into Arabic. Her
works include " Priest and Nun " (1869) ; " Jug-or-
Not" (New York, 1870); "Saints and Sinners"
(Philadelphia, 1873); "The Early Church in Brit-
ain " (1874) : " Bricks from Babel," a manual of
ethnography (1876); "The Complete Home "(1879);
"A Wife Hard Won." a novel (1882); and "The
Nature Readers " (8 vols., Boston, 1887-8).
WrRTELE, Jonathan Saxton Camphell,
Canadian jurist, b. in Quebec, 27 Jan., 1828. He
is the son of Jonathan Wurtele, seignior of River
David, and was the last Canadian seignior to ren-
der homage, 3 Feb., 1854. He was educated at
Quebec high-school and privately studied law, and
was called to the bar of Lower Canada in 1850.
He became professor of commercial law in McGill
university in 1869, received the degree of B. C. L.
from that institution in 1870, and of D. C. L. in
1882, and is now an emeritus professor. He became
queen's counsel in 1873. In 1875 he was elected
to tlu> legislature of Quebec, re-elected in 1878 and
in 1881, and again in 1882 on his being appointed
provincial treasurer. He was speaker of the Quebec
assembly in 1884-'6, and in the latter year was ap-
Fointed judge of the superior court of the province,
le was made an officer of public instruction In
1880 and an officer of the Legion of honor in
France in 1882. Mr. Wurtele negotiated a loan in
France for the province of Quebec in 1880, and or-
ganized at the same time the Credit foncier Franco
Canadien, of which he is a director. He has been
counsel of the German society of Montreal, and
has held the offices of chief clerk of the seignioral
commission, mayor of St. David, and president of
the school commissioners of that place. He is a
Liberal-Conservative in politics, and is the author
of a " Manual of the Legislative Assembly of
Quebec " (Quebec, 1885).
WURTZ, Henry, chemist, b. in Easton, Pa., 5
June, 1828. He was graduated at Princeton in
1848, and then studied chemistry at the Lawrence
scientific school of Harvard. In 1851 he became
instructor at the Yale (now Sheffield) scientific
school, and in 1853-'5 he was chemist to the geo-
logical survey of New Jersey. He was chosen pro-
fessor of chemistry at the iVfedical college in Kings-
ton, Canada, in 1857, and a year laW^r accepted a
similar chair at the National medical college in
Washington, D. C, while at the same time he was
examiner in the chemical division of the U. S.
patent-office until 1861. Prof. Wurtz then re-
moved to New York. His original work has in-
cluded the discovery of the mineral hisingerite in
America (1850); the invention of methods for the
production of alum from greensand marl and
WYANT
WYCKOFP
629
h
{K)tas8iutn chloride and potassium sulphate from
ifiiiiilHr sources (IKV)): mt>thiHl»of preparing pure
alkalieH and alkaline earths (IKVi); applications
of s<Mliutn amalgams (1H(]«')); new nxMles irf manu-
facture of fuel gas by the alternating ai'tion of
air and steam on cheap c«>al (1809); the proiluc-
tion of magnesia by precipitation fn.mi sea-water
by means of calcium hydroxide (1877); the discov-
ery of the minerals animikite and huntilite (1878);
a new meth<Ml of concentrating and caking granu-
lar materials of all kinds by mixing with small
percentages of metallic inm and a solution of fer-
rous sulnhate (1882); and a new meth<Hl of distil-
ling coal to obtain liquid pn>ducts. He was en-
gaged until 1888 in perfecting processes by means
of which greater yidds of the heavy |)arat)ln oils.
iiaratThi wax, carbolic acid, and other products can
be obtained from coals of all kinds more (quickly,
also in developing the generation of electricity by
methofls the chemic^il pro<lucts of which will l)e of
sufncient value to pay all costs. Prof. Wurtz en-
tered the employ of 'Thomas A. Edison as chemist
in October, 1888. In 1876 he served as a judge on
the international jury of awards at the World's fair
in Philiwlelphia, making a special report on "The
Chemistry of Japan Porcelain and Porcelain Min-
erals," and in 1877 the degree of Ph. D. was con-
ferre<l on him by Stevens institute of technology.
From 18G8 till 1874 he was editor of the " Ameri-
can Gas-Li^ht Journal." and he was assistant edi-
tor in the c-liemical department of "Johnson's Uni-
versal Cyclopanlia." He has made numerous re-
iwrt" to various corporations, and is the author of
about sixtv scientific memoirs.
WYANt, Alexander H., artist, b. in Port
Washington, Ohio, 1 1 Jan., 1836. Me studied under
Hans Gude in Carlsruhe, and also in London.
After his return to this country he was electeti an
associate of the National academy in 1868, and an
academician the following year. Among his works
in oil are "A Storm" (1861); "Staten Island,
from the Jersey Meadows" (1867); "Scene on the
Tpper Sus(juehanna " (1869); "Shore of Lake
Champlain ' and "Pool on theAusable" (1871);
"View on Lake George" (1875); "Wilds of the
Adirondacks" (1876); "An Old Clearing" (1877);
"Anywhither" (188:5); and "Evening" (1885).
His water-colors include "Scene on the Upper
Little Miami" (1867); "New Jersey Meadows"
(1870); "Sunset on the Prairie" (1876); "I^ate
Autumn, Ausable River" (1877); and "Reminis-
cence of the Connecticut" (1878).
WYATT, Sir Francis, governor of Virginia, b.
in England about 1575 ; d. in Bexley, Kent, Eng-
land, in 1644. He was appointed governor of Vir-
ginia in 1621 to succeed Sir George Yeardley, and
with a fleet of nine sail arrived there in October of
that year. He was accompanied by his brother,
Rev. liaut Wyatt, as clergyman of the party, Will-
iam Claiborne as surveyor, John Pott as |jhysician,
and George Sandys, the translator of the " Meta-
morphoses of Ovid," as treasurer. Sir Francis
brought with him a new constitution for the colo-
ny, by which all former immunities and franchises
were confirmed, trial by jury wais secured, and the
assembly was privileged to meet annually upon the
call of the governor, who was vested with the right
of veto. No act of that Ixxly was to be valid un-
less it should l)e ratified by the Virginia company;
hut, on the other hand, no ortler of the company
was to be obligatory without the cjincurrence of
the assembly. This famous onlinance furnished
the model of every subsequent form of govern-
ment in the Anglo- American colonies. During
his first year of governorship 21 vessels arrived
in Virginia, bringing more than 1,800 settlers;
but in March, 1622. the Indians roue and massa-
cred :J47 persons, including 10 memlxirs of the
council, and the remainder of his service was dis-
tur>M>d by continual strife with the savages; but
he |H'rsiste<l in giving larger lilx-rties to the f)eo-
nle, and in March, 162;}. ap|K>inte<l monthly courts.
He was wise and pacific in his munagement, and
the colony grew and prosja-red. Meanwhile the
Virginia company incurred the ill-will of King
James by its opfjosition to his ap[>ointment of its
ofllcers. He sent commissioners to Virginia to
gather material to work its ruin, and on 16 June,
1624, its charter was annulled; but Sir Francis
was continued as governor by royal commission,
and retaine<l in 1625 hy Charles L The death of
his father. Sir John Wyatt, recalled him in 1626;
but he returned in IdSU, and, displacing Sir John
Harvev. who had offended the king, held the gov-
ernorship till 1842, when be was succeeded by Sir
William Berkeley.
WYATT, WiiHam Edward, clergyman, b. in
New Manchester, Nova Scotia, 9 July. 1789; d. in
Baltimore, Md., 24 June, 1864. He was graduated
at Columbia in 1809. entered the ministry of the
Protestant Episcopal church, was ordereci deacon
in 1810, and ordained priest in 1813. He settled
in Baltimore as associate rector of St. Paul's par-
ish in 1814. succeeded to the full pastorate in 1827,
and occupied that charge until his death. He was
president of the standing comniittee of the diocese
of Maryland for many years, and president of the
house of deputies of the general convention from
1828 till 1853, when he declintHl re-election. He
published several occasional discourses and " Chris-
tian Offices, for the Use of Families and Individu-
als" (New York, 1825), and "The Parting Spirit's
Address to His Mother" (1863).
WYCKOFF, Isaac Newton, clergyman, b. in
IIillsb«irough, Somerset co., N. J., 29 Aug., 1792;
d. in Albjiny, N, Y., 28 March, 1869. He taught
to obtain means to enter college, was graduate<Vat
Rutgers in 1813, and at New Brunswick theological
seminary in 1817, and while a student at the lat-
ter institution was principal of a young ladies'
school in New Brunswick. ' He was pastor of the
1st Reformed Dutch church in I^eds, N. Y., in
1817-34, of that in Catskill in 1834-'6, and of the
2d Reformed Dutch church in Allwny in 1836-*66.
During the last-named pastorate 1,000 persons
were received into his church. He receiveil the
degree of I). D. from Union college in 1838, and
from Rutgers in 1839. Dr. Wyckoff was an able
and at times an eloquent preacher. He was active
in l)enevolent and nlucational enterprises, -and a
volunteer commissioner of immigration to the
numerous Hollanders that came to the vicinity of
Albany l»etween 1845 and 1865. He contributed
to the religious press and to Dr. William B.
Sprague's " Annals of the American Pulpit." and
published s«nenteen sermons (Albany. 1827-*66).
WYCKOFF, W iUiani Henry, t^lucator, b. in
New York city, 10 S<'i)t., 1807; d. in Brooklyn,
N. Y.. 2 Nov.. 1877. His father, the Rev. Corne-
lius C. Wyckoff, was a well-known clergyman in the
j Baptist church. William was graduated at Union
! college in 1828, and was the principal of the classi-
cal department in schools in New York city, where
I he fitted a larger numl)er of pu|)ils for Columbia
' and the University of New York than any other
I private instructor. He foundwl the "Baptist Ad-
vocat«"(now the " Examiner ") in 1839, edited it
till 1846. aided in organizing the American and
, foreign Bible s<iciety in 1KJ5, and the American
1 Bible union in 1850, was corresponding secretary
630
WYETU
of the former in 1840-'.'M). and holrl the same office
in the latU'r in 185(>-'77. He was called to the
ministry bv the Iiaij,'ht street Baptist church, New
York city.' in 1H40, and siiltseqiiently fre<iuently
filled vat-ant pulpits. althouj,'li he accepted no set-
tled charj;.'. Madison university gave him the de-
fiiw of LL. I), in 1H.>S. Dr. Wyckoff had a scholarly
ac.piaintance with most of the Eurofiean languages,
miule himself proficient in Hebrew during his Inter
life, and, savs Prof. Charles Anthon, " had no su-
IK-rior in tliis country in his knowledge of Latin
and (fO'ek." He was" a manager of the American
Sundav-sch(H)l union, and for many years j)resident
of the Young men's city Bible s<x-iety and the Bap-
tist domesti«r mission s<x;iety. He was the author
of several educational and religious works, includ-
ing "The American Bible S(K'iety and the Bap-
tists'" (New York. 1H41): "Documentary lUstory
of the American Bible I'nion" (4 vols., 18o7-'07);
and he edited an abridged edition of Charles
Kollins's "Ancient History" (1848).— His son,
WilUam Cornelius, editor, b. in New York city,
28 Mav, 1H:{2; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 2 May. 1888,
was educated in his native city, became a book-
keei»er in a banking establishment, and was con-
nected with various commercial enterprises till
1801. when he U'c^tme chief clerk of the National
bank-note company. He subsequently engaged in
the real estate l)usiiiess. was scientific editor of the
New York "Tribune" in 18(>!)-'78, and from the
latter date >intil his death was secretary of the
American silk ass(K'iation. He was an associate
e<litor of the "Science News" in 1879-'80, U.S.
government expert for the statistics of the Ameri-
can silk industry in 1S8()-';J. and in 1886-8 editor
of "The American Magazine." While he was a
memlx«r of the staff of the New York "Tribune"
he reportcil the annual meetings of the American
association for tlie advancement of science, his
work obtaining wide recognition as the best scien-
tific reports that were ever made for a daily paper.
He wrot<.' many valuable papers on the subject of
silk industries, and is the author of "Silk Goods in
.\merica" (New York, 1879), and "American Silk-
Manufacture" (1887).
WYETH, John Allan, surgeon, b. in Mission-
ary Station, Marshall co., Ala., 20 May, 1845. He
was educated at Lagrange military academy, Ala.,
atid servtMl as a private in the 4th Alabama cavalry
during the civil war. After his graduation at the
modical department of the University of Louisville
in 1869 he settled in Uuntersville, Ala., but in 1872
he removetl to New York city, and was graduated
at I^llevue hospital medical college in 1873. Dr.
Wyeth practised as a physician and surgeon until
1882, and since that time has devoted himself to
surgery. He was assistant tlemonstrator of anato-
my at ik'llevue hospital medical college in 1873-'6,
anil in 1874-'7 prosector to the chair of anatomy,
also during the same years instructor in anatomy,
fihysiology, and materia medica. He was the
ounder of the New York polyclinic and hospital,
in which he became professor of surgery and secre-
tary of the faculty. This was the first post-gradu-
ate ine<lical sch(M)l in this country, having been
organizetl in 1880-'l and o[)ene<l in" 1882, and had
in its attendance, until the winter term of 1888-9,
more than 1,4(K> practitioners of medicine. Dr.
Wyeth was president of the New York pathologi-
cal society in 1885-'6. The Bellevuo alumni asso-
ciation pri7^ was awarded to him in 1876 for an
essay on "The Surgery and Surgical Anatomy of
theTibio-Tarsal Articulation," and he received the
first prize of the American medical association in
1878 for an essay on " The Surgical .Vnatomy and
WYLIE
Surgery of the Carotid Arteries "and the second
prize in the same year for an essay on " The Sur-
gical Anatomy and Surgery of the Innominate and
the Subclavian Arteries." He has published "Es-
says on Surgical Anatomy and Surgery" (New
York, 1879), and a " Text-Book on Surgery " (1887).
WYLIE, Andrew, clergyman, b. in Washington,
Pa., 12 April, 1789; d. in Bloomington. Ind., 11
Nov., 1851. Ue was graduated at Jefferson col-
lege.'Canonsburg, Pa., in 1810, was tutor in the
college for a year, studied theology, and was li-
censed to preach by the presbytery of Ohio. 21
Oct., 1812, being installed as pastor at Miller's
Run, 23 June, 1813. He was president of Jeffer-
son college, in 1812-'16, and of NVashington college
in 1817-'28, was elected president of Indiana college
in 1818, and removing to Bloomington, Ind., in
1829, held this post during life. He changed
his ecdesiastial relations in 1841, was ordaine«I
deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church in New
Albany in December, 1841, by Bishop Kemper, and
priest in Vinccnnes, Ind., in May, 1842, by the
same bishop. He received the degree of D. D. from
Union college in 1825. Dr. Wylie published sev-
eral .sermons on special occasions (1816-'51) ; " Eng-
lish Grammar " (1822); "Eulogy on General La-
fayette " (1834) ; '-Sectarianism is Heresy, with its
Nature, Evils, and Remedy " (3 parts, 1840) ; and bac-
calaureate and other addresses. He contributed
freely to reviews and magazines, and left at his
deatii ready for publication works on " Rhetoric"
and " Advice to the Y'oiing."
WYLIE, Robert, artist, b. in the Isle of Man
in 1839 ; d. in Brittany, France. 4 Feb.. 1877. He
was brought to the United States in childhood, and
fii-st studied art at the Pennsylvania academy. In
1863 he went to France, and "in 1872 he received a
second-class medal at the Paris salon. His profes-
sional career was in France, and his pictures deal
mostly with the life of the Breton peasants. His
"Death of a Vendean Chief" (1876-'7) is in the
Metropolitan museum. New York.
WYLIE, Samuel Brown, clergyman, b. in Moy-
larg. County Antrim, Ireland, 21 Alay, 1773 ; d. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 14 Oct., 1852. He was gradu-
ated at the University of Glasgow in 1797. and
taught for a short time in Ballymena, Ireland, but
was compelled to leave the country in consequence
of his efforts in favor of Irish independence. He
arrived in the United States in Octoljcr, 1797,
taught in Cheltenham, Pa., and in 1798 became a
tutor in the University of Pennsylvania, subse-
aucntly establishing a priA-ate academy in Phila-
elphia, which he successfully conducted for many
years. Soon after his arrival in this country he
studied theology under the care of the Reformed
Presbyterian church, and was licensed to preach
in 1799. He was a delegate to the convention
of the Reformed Presbyterian church in Ireland
and Scotland in 1802, aiid on his return was called
to the pastorate of the 1st Reformed Presbyte-
rian church of Philadelphia, which he held until
his death, a period of fifty-one years. When the
theological seminary of his church was organized
in 1809, he became a professor there, and held office
till 1851. In 1828-'45 he occupie(\ the chair of
languages in the University of Pennsylvania, of
which he was vice-provost in 1838-'45. Dickin-
son gave him the degree of D. D. in 1816. Dr.
Wylie was an eminent classical and Oriental schol-
ar, a contributor to the American philosophical so-
ciety, an assistant editor of the " Presbyterian " in
1821-2, and the author of "The Faithful Ministry
of Magistracy and Ministry upon a Scriptural Ba-
sis" (Philadelphia. 1804), and " Life of Alexander
WYLLY
WYMAN
681
McIjocmI " (IWri). lie also compiled n Greek gram*
iimr (Is;W). Sec memoirs of iiim bv Uev. John
I). MiIa(k1 (Ni'w York, 1H52), ami 'R«'V. Gilbert
M<MaMor(IMiil«ulel|)hia, 1H.V2),— His son.Theophi-
Ills Adam, iMhu-Htor, b. in IMiiltuleiphia, Pa., H Oct.,
IMIO, wii.«i );nuluule(l at the rniversity of IVnnsyl-
vania in IS^U), and Ixn-amean a.>(sistant in the m-a*
<lemie (le|iartment of that inHtitution. In 1H87 he
accepted the chair of natural philosophy ami chem-
istry in Indiana university, and in IHAS he became
profestior of matheinaticti in Miami university, but
three years later he returmtl to his former {)ost.
He was transferretl to the chair of ancient lan-
fruapes in 1804, and durin>r IMJ) was acting presi-
dent of the university. In 1880 ho withdrew from
active work and wa-s miule professt)r emeritus.
Prof. Wylie was ordained as a clergyman in the
Reformed Presl)yteri«n church in 18^8, and was
pa-stor of tiwit church in liloomington, Ind., in
l838-"52 and iy5.'>-'09. He has in preparation a
" History of the University of Indiana," with
pketches of the fiu-uity and graduates. — Another
son, Theodore William John, clergyman, b. in
Phila<lelphia. 3 Uct.. 1818, was graduated at the
I'niversity of Pennsylvania in IWiO, studied the-
(>l<igy, was ordained to the ministry of the Reformed
Pre.>ibyterian chuirh, and in 1838 l)ecame assm-iate
pastor with his father of the 1st church in Phila-
delphia. When the latter died in 1852, the son suc-
cee<led him as pastor. He was corresponding sec-
retary of the board of mis.sions of his church in
184Ji-'9, profes.sor in the Reformed Presbyterian
theological seminary in 1847-*51, 1854-'7, and
18r)lt-'»i9, and e<lite<l the "Missionary Advocate"
in 18;iS-'41 and the *' Hanner of the Covenant " in
1 S^'i-'.'w. The University of New York gave him
the degree of I). I), in 18")9. Dr. Wylie is the au-
thor of an " Kngtish, Ijatin, and Greek Vocabulary "
(Philadelphia, 18:^9); " The Got! of our Fathers"
(1864); and " Wa.shington as a Christian " (1802).
WYLLY, William, jurist, b. in a southern state
in 1757; d. in Devonshire, P^ngland, in 1828. He
adhered to the crown in the Revolution, and, re-
moving to New Rrunswick. became the first king's
counsel and registrar of the court of vice-admi-
ralty in that province. In 1787 he went with his
family to the I^hama islands, where, in 1788, he
was ap{M)inted solicitor-general and surrogate of the
court of vice-admiralty. In 1804 he was appoint-
ed advocate-general of the vice-admiralty court,
in 1812 he Ix-came chief justice, and in 1822 chief
justice of the isiHn<l of St. Vincent.
WYLLYS, (ieor^re, governor of Connecticut, b.
in Fenny Compton. Warwick, England, alK)ut
1570; d. in Hartford, Conn., 9 March, 1045. He
was lilterally educated, and after a course at one
of the Knglish universities settled on his large es-
tate in Knapton, Warwick. He ardently espoused
the cause of the Puritans, and in 1030 sent his
steward, William Gibbons, with twenty men, "to
[>urchase an<l prepare for him in Hartfonl. Conn.,
an estate suitable to his rank," on which Gibbons
was directed to build a house, and prepare for the
reception of his master's family. Wyllys arriveti
in 1038, and at once l)ecame an important mem-
ber of the colony. He was a framer of the con-
stitution in 105^9. and at the first election that waj»
held under it wa.<« chosen one of the six magistrates
of Connecticut, holding office until his death.
He was chosen deputy governor in IWl.and gov-
ernor in 1042. (lov. Wyllys was famcHl for his
social and domestic virtues, his simplicity of man-
ners, and his love for civil and n-ligious liberty. —
His son, Samnel. magistrate, b. in Warwick, F!ng-
li-.nd, in 1032 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 30 Majr, 1709.
came to this country with his father in 1088, was
gnuluated at Harvard in 105^). and in 1054 was
eI»H*te<l one of the magistrates of Connecticut. In
this ofllcc and the corresponding one of assistant
under the char-
ter of Charles
II. he was re-
tained by an-
nual election
for more than
thirty years.
On fiis estate,
and in front of
his house, the
charter of Con-
nect icut. ac-
conling to the
common ac-
count, was concealed in a large hollow tree, to secure
it from Sir Kilmund Andros(see Andros, Edmund,
and Treat, Robert), and it remaine<l there un-
til his deposition from the governorship on the
accession of William and Mary. This tree, which
was called the Charter Oak, was said to l>e l.OCX)
vears old. There is a legend that when Gov. Wyl-
lys's steward. Gibbons, was al)out to cut it down,
a deputation of Indians remonstrated, and it was
allowed to remain. It stood for 109 years after the
charter was concealnl in it, but was prostrated by a
violent gale of wind in August, 1850. — George's
grandson, (leorjre, secretary of the colony of Con-
necticut, b. in Hartford, Conn.,© Oct.,"l710; d.
there, 24 Aj>ril. 1790, wa.s the son of Hezekiah
W'ylly.s, who was secretary of the colony in 171 2- '30.
George was graduated at Yale in 1729, and. in con-
secjuence of the failure of his father's health, was
chosen secretary »ro tempore in 1730, becoming his
successor in 1734. He held that office for sixty
subsequent years, during which he attended every
session of the legislature. He was town-<-lerk of
Hartford from 1730 until his death, became a cap-
tain of militia in 1738. and held a commission of
lieutenant-colonel in the French war in 1757. Not-
withstanding the fact that he was in active sym-
pathy with the loyalist element during the Revo-
lution, his tenure of office was not internipted. He
married Mary, daughter of Rev. Timothy Wood-
bridge. — Their son, Samuel, soldier, b. in Hart-
ford, Conn., 15 Jan.. 1739; d. there, 9 June, 1823,
was graduated at Yale in 1758. He was appointed
lieutenant-colonel of Col. Jo.«eph Spencers regi-
ment in 1775, commanded a regiment at the siege
of Boston, and in January, 1770, became a colonel
in the Connecticut line, serving throughout the
Revolution. He then returned to Hartford, held
several civil offices, and in 1790 succeede<l his father
as secretary of Connecticut, which post he held un-
til failing health caused his resignation in 1801»,
when the office had l)een f)ccupiiHl by his grand-
father, his father, and himself, in uninterrupted
sucfTssion for ninety-eight years. He was a mem-
ber of the Connecticut academy of arts and sci-
ences, and for many years brigadier- general and
major-gi»neral of militia.
WYMAN, iMorrill, f»hysician, b. in Chelms-
ford, Mas.s.. 25 July. 1812.' He was graduatinl at
Ilarvard in 18:W. and at the me<lical de|»artment
in Wil. Meanwhile he .serve<l as assistant engi-
neer on the Hostcm and Worcester railroad during
18JW, and during 183(5 was house physician to the
Mas.sachusetts jreneral hospital. On the comple-
tion of his medical studies he settled in Cambriuge,
where he has since followe<l his profession. In 1853
he became adjunct pi"r>fes.sor of the theory snd prac-
tice of medicine in Ilarvanl, but he relinquisheil
632
WYMAN
Mr^
this fhuir after three years' occupation. lie in-
Yenteil in 1 «.">(» an instrument for removing fluitls j
from the cavities of the IxkIv, esj>eciaily the chest,
consistinur es.sentially of a tnn-ar and cannula of a
very small diameter fitted to an exhaustinfj-syringe.
By its use an o|»eration. which wa-- previously con-
sidered dangerous, and was often fat«l. has Wen \
rendered effectual, safe, and almost painless. Dr.
Wyman is a memlier of the Massachus«'tts medical '
society and <>f the American acatlemy of arts and
wienees. In 1875 he was elected an overseer of
Harvard, ami he has since bei>n re-elected. The ,
dejfree nf Lf.. D. was jriven him by Harvard in
IHy."). Ho has published a "Memoir of Diiniel
Treadwell" (Cambridjre, 1S88). and in l)ook-f<)rm
" A I'mctical Treatise on Ventilation " (Cambridfre,
lH4(i): •' Pri>);ress in .School Discipline" (lH«)H):j
antl "Autuinmil Catarrh" (New York, 1H?2).— His
bn)ther. Jeffries, comparative anatomist, b. in
Chelmsford. Mass.. 11 Aup.. 1H14; d. in liethlehem,
N. H.. 4 Si'pt.. 1874, was graduated at Harvard in
1833, and at the medical school in 1837. In IKW
he was appointed
house physician in
the Massachusetts
f:eneral hospital,
le settled in Bos-
ton, Ijecame dem-
onstrator of anat-
omy under Dr.
John C. Warren,
was appointed cu-
rator of the new-
ly founded Lowell
institute in 1839,
and in 1840-1 de-
livered a course of
twelve lectures on
comparative anat-
omy and physiol-
ogy. With the
money that he de-
rived from this
source he went to Europe and studied human an-
atomy at the School of medicine, and comparative
anatomy at the .Tardin des plantes in Paris, after
which he spent some time at the Royal college of
surgeons in Iiondon. He returned to Boston in
1843, and in the autumn accepted the professor-
ship of anatomy and physiology in Hamjiden Sid-
ney college. Va.. where he continued for five years,
except during the summers which he spent in Bos-
ton. In 1847 he was appointed to the chair of
anatomy in Harvard, succee<ling Dr. John C. War-
ren, renuiined at the head of the department until
his death, and during all the time he was noted as
a clear and conscientious teacher and lecturer. He
at once Iwgan the formation of a Museum of com-
[larative anatomy, which was one of the earliest in
this country, and is intended to show some of the
im[M)rtant mo<liflcations of the organs of animals
in connection with the physiological processes of
which they are the seat, as well as the conditions
of embryological develonment and the successive
Chas«>s thnjugh which the embryo pas.ses. After
is death it became the properly of the Boston
society of natural history. In 1849 he delivered a
second course of lectures before the Lowell insti-
tute on " Comparative Physiology," which gained
for him a high rank among American anato-
mists and physiologists. In 1856 he visited Suri-
nam. Guiana, and i)enetrate<l in canoes far into
thejnterior, making important researches upon
the ground, and enriching his museum with ani-
raab of great anatomical interest. He made a
WYMAN
voyage to La Plata river in 1858-'9, ascended the
Uruguay and the Parana in a small iron steamer,
and then crossed the pampas to Mendoza, and the
Cordilleras to Santiago and Valparaiso, whence he
returned by way of the Peruvian coast and the
Isthmus of'Panama. His investigations were first
in the domain of comparative anatomy and physi-
ology and then in palajontology, but with his great
knowledge of the branches he was able in later
years to concentrate his maturer powers on in-
vestigations in ethnology, and more especially in
archaeology. Of his early studies, that "On the
External Characters, Habits, and Osteology of the
Gorilla" (1847) was the first scientific description
of that aninuil, whose specific name of gorilla was
bestowed on it by Dr. Wyman. His naper "On
the Nervous System of the Bull-Frog,'' published
by the Smithsonian institution (1853), is said to be
the "clearest introduction to the most complex of
animal structures " that was issued up to that time.
He was also the author of a series of papers on the
anatomy of the blind fish of the Mammoth cave.
To this" subject, and to the comparative anatomy
of the higher apes, he returned from time to time
as material was afforded. He exposed the fraudu-
lent nature of the skeleton called the Hydrachus
Sillimani. alleged to be that of an extinct sea-ser-
pent. His "Observations on the Development of
the Skate " (18(54) showed most conclusively that
it ranks higher than the shark, since the latter re-
tains through life a general form resembling one
of the stages through which the former passes dur-
ing its development. One of his most interesting
researches was "Observations and Experiments on
Living Organisms in Heated Water" (1867), which
showed that no life appeared in water that is boiled
more than five hours. Although reluctant to ex-
press an opinion on the subjects of spontaneous
generation and the theory of descent, still his ex-
periments convinced him that the former does not
exist, and his teaching was favorable to the latter.
He was a member of tne faculty of the Museum of
comparative zoology from the first, and he taught
comparative anatomy in the Lawrence scientific
school of Harvard. On the foundation of the Pea-
body museum of American ethnology and archae-
ology at Cambridge in ISfK). he was "named as one
of the seven trustees, and was chosen its curator
by ins associates. Under these circumstances his
work naturally tended toward archaeology, and,
spending his winters in Florida, he was led to in-
vestigate the ancient shell-heaps there. In these he
found evidences of prehistoric peoples, one of which
was cannibal in its habits. He also discovered and
studied similar refuse-piles along the coast of New
England. He published several papers on this
subject in the " American Naturalist " and in the
" Reports of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum "
(7 vols., Cambridge, 1867-'74), but his' results are
most fully given in a posthumous memoir on the
" Fresh-water Shell-mounds of the St. John's Riv-
er, Florida" (Salem, 1875). Prof. Wyman was a
member of the Linna>an society of London, and of
the Anthropological institute of Great Britain and
Ireland, and, besides membership in various other
societies in this country, was a fellow and council-
lor of the American academy of arts^nd sciences.
In 1856 he was chosen president of the American
association for the advancement of science, but he
was unable to be present at the subsequent meet-
ing. His relations with the Boston society of
natural history were very close. From 1839 to
1841 he was its recording secretary, and then suc-
cessively curator of ichthyology and herpetology
and comparative anatomy, and from 1856 to 1870
WYMAN
WYNNS
683
he WAS it« president. Ho was one of the corporate
meml)en«6f the National acwlfiiiy of !«-U'noes, named
liy act uf cc>n^n.-s.H in 1H4M, and, although he i«oun
H'si^iied, his name was retained on tiiu List of hon-
orary na-ndH'rs. Ilis bihliof^mithv iiifludos 175
titles, a full list of which. cotn|iiu'd by Alpheus S.
I'arkard, accom|)anivs the sketch of Dr. Wyman
bv him, which \» oublished in the " Hiogniphical
Memoirs of the National Acwlemy of Sciences"
(vol. ii., Washington, 18H0). Asa (irav, Oliver Wen-
dell Holmes, S. Weir Mitchell, Frederick W. Put-
nam, and Hurt G. Wilder published sketches of his
life, and James Russell Lowell a memorial sonnet.
>VYMAN, Tliunias White, naval officer, b. in
Roxbury, Mass., 24 March, 171)3; d. in Florence,
Italy, 24 Feb., 1854. He enteretl the navy as a mid-
shipman, 17 Dec, 1810, was commissioned lieuten-
ant, 27 April, 1816, was j)ronu)tetl to commander,
9 Feb., 1837, commandinl the receiving-ship at
Iiost<m in 1837, and the slo<ip "John Adams on
the Fast India station, 18:W-'40. He was promoted
to captain, 2 March, 1842, commanded the flag-
ship "Columbus," 1845-'8, on the Pacific station
during the Mexican war, in which he j)articipate<i
in most of the operations on the Pacific coast of
California and Mexico. He was commandant of
Portsmouth navy-vard in 1849-'51, and was ap-
pointe<i to the "Vermont" to cruise in the EJast
Indies, but he went abi-oad on a leave of absence,
and died there. — His stm, Robert Harris, naval
ofticer. b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 12 July, 1822 ; d. in
Washington, I). C, 2 Dec. 1882, entered the navy
as a midshipman, 11 March, 1837, attended the
naval school at Philadel|>liia in 1842-'3. and became
a {Missed midshipman. 29 June, 1843. He was acting
master in the frigate "Brandy wine" in 1843-'0,
and during the Mexican war served in the Gulf
squadron, with which he participated in the siege
and capture of Vera Cruz, and the expeilitions
that captured Tiispah and Tampico, with many
prizes, in 1847. He served at the naval observa-
tory at Washington in 1848-'50, was promoted to
lieutenant. 1(5 July. 1850. and was again attached
to the observatory irj 1853-'4. When the civil war
began he commanded the steanjer " Yankee" from
July till October. 1861, the steamer " Pawnee" in
the South Atlantic squadron at the capture of Port
Roval in 1861, and then the Potomac flotilla, by
which he kept the river open and silenceti the
Confederate batteries on the banks. He was pro-
moted to commander. 16 July, 1862. hml the steam-
er " Wachusett " on the Potomac in 1862-'3. and
the " Santiago de Cul>a " on the blo<;kade in 1863-'4.
He was commissioned captain, 25 July, 1866. and
in October, 1869, appointed chief hydrographer of
the navy at Washington, where he renuiined eight
years and acouired an enviable reputation for the
excellence of tiis hydrogranhic work. He was pro-
moted to commodore. 19 July, 1872. and to rear-
a<lmiral, 26 Anril. 1878. was commander-in-chief of
the North Atlantic fleet in 1879-'82. and in May.
1882. appointed a memlxT of the light-house Iward.
of which he Ijecame chairman. 5 June. 1882. He
was stricken with apoplexy at his desk in the
treasury department, and diwl the same night.
WYNKOOP, Henry, meml»er of the Continen-
tal congn'ss, b. in Northanipton countv. Pa., 2
March. 1737; d. in Hucks county, I*a.. *J5 March,
IHKi. His ancestor, Gerartlus, settled in Moreland,
I'hiladelphia county. Pa., in 1717. Henrv received
a classical education and early esjxiused t))e patriot
cause. He was a niemlwr of the Northaiuftton coun-
ty committee of observation in 1774, ade|)uty to the
provincial conference of 15 July of that year, and
of the provincial conference that met in CarjHjn-
ter's Hall, Philadclrihia, on 18 June, 1775. Aboat
the same time ho l)ecame a major of one of the
a»»<K-iated battalions, lie servi-d on the general
conunittee of safety from July. 1776. till July, 1777,
wiLS chos<«n by the (Jeneral as.sembly one of the
commissioners to settle the accounts of county
lieutenants, 4 Dw., 1778. and on 3 March, 1779,
when Kclward Uiddle resigne<l his seat in con-
gress, was chos<m in his placi", Ix-ing re-elected. 24
Nov., 1780. and 22 Nov.. 1781. He was commis-
sioned a justice of the court of common pleas and
the orphans' court on 18 Nov., 17S0, and held office
till 27 Jime. 1789, when he was elwled to the first
congress of the United States, serving till 1791.
He was then apf>ointed an ass<K-iate judge of Bucks
county, which ix>st he held until his death.
WYNN, Kieliard, soldier, b. in eastern Vir-
ginia about 1750: d. in Tennessee in 1813. lie
entered the Continental service early in the Revo-
lutionary war, and in 1775 was a lieutenant of
South Cartilina rangers, participating in the battle
on Sullivan's island. He was then placed in com-
mand of Fort Mcintosh. Ga., promoted colonel,
and transferre<l to the charge of the militia in
Fairfield district. S. C. He fought at Hanging
Rock, where he was wounded, and was actively
engaged during the remainder of the war. At its
close he became brigadier-general of militia, and
then major-general. He afterward settled in South
Carolina, was a representative in the 3d congress,
and served by re-election from 1809 till 1813.
WYNNE, James, physician, b. in I'tica, N. Y.,
in 1814; d, in Guatemala. Central America, 11
Feb.. 1871. He was a lineal descendant of Sir
John Wynn. of Gwydyr. Wales. He was educated
at the t'niversitv of the city of New Y'ork, stud-
ied medicine, and was licensed to practise, settling
in Baltimore, Md. Later he removed to New York
city, where he devoted much attention to the sub-
ject of life insurance and medical jurisprudence,
contributing to the "Transactions of the American
Medical Society." to the " North American Review."
" Knickerbocker." and other standard magazines,
and alx)ut 1867 he emigrated to Guatemnla, where
he engage<l in coffee-culture. He published valu-
able reports, including "Public liygiene" (New
York. 1847); "Asiatic Cholera in the United States
in 1847." prenannl at the request of the British
government, from which he receivecl a medal (Lon-
don, 1852); and one on the "Vital Statistics of
the United States." made to the Mutual life in-
surance company of New York and Londcn (New
York. 1857). His other works are "Memoir of
Maj. Samuel Ringgold" (Baltimore. 1847); "Lives
of Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Ameri-
ca" (New York. 1850); " Importance of the Study
of Legal Me<licine" (New York. 1857); and "The
l*rivate Libraries of New Y'ork" (1863).
WYNNS. Tlionias, soldier, b. in Hertfonl
countv, N. C. in 1764 ; d. there, 3 June, 1825. He
was the youngest of four brothers, all of whom,
except himself, were Revolutionary soldiers. In
1780 he was captured at sea in a vessel called the
" Fair American." and. with several other colonistj«,
was carried to Ixtndon. He returne<l after the
peace, settled in his native county as a planter, and
in 1788 was a memijer of the North Carolina con-
vention thatacted on the constitution of the Unitwl
States. Mr. Wynns became state senator in 1790,
and held that office continuously till 1817, with
the exception of his service in congn'ss. He was
chosen to that Ixxly in 1802. and held his seat by
re-election in 1803-'7. He was a member of the
executive council and a brigadier-gt>neral of mi-
litia. Winston, N. C., i» named in his honor.
034
WYTHE
WYTHE
WYTHE, George, sifrner of the Declaration of
Iii(l(>|HMnlt'iK-e, b. in Kli/JilH'ih Citv county. Va.. in
lT2<i; tl. in Kiclunoml, Vh., 8 June, 1800. His
father was a wonlthy |>hinter. and his mother, who
possessed unusual intelligence and learning, yave
him his early educa-
tion. Under" her tui-
tion he became an ac-
complished Latin and
Greek scholar, an ex-
cellent mathematician,
acquired a liberal
knowled^ of the sci-
ences, and was further
instructed at William
and Mary ; but the
death of both parents
before he attained his
majority and the con-
sequent uncontrolled
jjossession of a large
fortune led him into
extravagance and dis-
^ . yliC yjf^ si|»ation. He reformed
O^^^^y^fy/U ^|,p„ he was atout
thirty years old, stud-
ic<l law under John Lewis, an eminent practi-
tioner, and quickly rose to the front rank at the
Virginia bar. l'>arly in life he was chosen to the
hous(; of burgess«'s,' where he was recognized as
one of the lemlers, and he continued to serve
until the Ix^ginning of the Revolution. On 14
Nov., 17(>4, he wius appointed a member of its com-
mittee to prepare and report a petition to the king,
a memorial to the house of lords, and a remon-
strance to the house of commons on the proposed
stamp-act. He drew up the last-named paper, but
it so far exceeded the demands of his colleagues
in lioldness and truth that it was viewed as bor-
dering on trca-^in. and accepted only after much
mcxlitication. From that time he continued to
I'Xert all his influence in favor of the independence
of the colonies, and in August, 1775, he was ap-
itointcd a delegate to the ('(mtinental congress from
V'irginia, ^^igning the Declaration of Independence
on 4 July of the
next year. On 5
Nov., 1776, he was
appointed by the
legislature, with
Thomas Jefferson,
Edmund Pendle-
ton. George Ma-
son, and Thomas
Ludwell Lee, on a
committee to re-
vise the state laws
of British and colo-
nial enactment, and to prepare bills for re-enacting
them with such alterations as were reouired under
the new government. Mason and Lee did not serve,
but so indu.strious were the other three members
of the c/)mmitt(M5 that on 18 June, 1779, they had
prepareti 120 bills, which they reported to the as-
sembly. He became speaker of the house of dele-
gates in 1777, the same year was chosen one of the
three judges of the chancery court of Virginia,
and, on the reorganization of the court of equity,
was constituted sole chancellor, which post he held
for mor»' than twenty years. Before the close of
the Itevolution. debts had been incurred between
American and British merchants, and the recovery
of these was the subject of the 6th article of John
Jay's treaty with (Jreat Britain, but popular feel-
ing was strong against legal decrees in favor of
British claimants, (.'hancellor Wythe was the first
judge in the Ignited States that decided the claims
to be recoverable. He lost almost all his pronerty
during the Revolution, but he supplemented his
small income as chancellor, which was £300 a
vear. by accef>ting the professorship of law in
William and Mary, which he held in 1779-89. In
the latter year his arduous duties compelled his
resignation, and he remove<i to Richmond, Va In
De<;ember, ls80. he was chosen a member of the
convention that framed the constitution of the
United States, and he regularly attended its ses-
sions, but, being absent on the last day, failed to
sign the constitution. He was subsequently twice
a presidential elector. In the latter part of his
life he emancipated his slaves, furnishing them
with means of support until they learned to take
care of themselves. In the eighty-first year of his
age, while he was still in the full vigor of his in-
tellect and the exercise of the duties of the chan-
cellorship, he was poisoned. His nephew, George
Wythe Sweeny, was tried for the crime, but was
acquitted. William and Mary gave Judge Wythe
the degree of LL. D. in 1790. He was twice mar-
ried, but his only child died in infancy. Among
his pupils were two presidents of the United States,
a chief justice, and others who attained high rank
in the legal profession. Thomas Jefferson, his law
pupil and devot^'d adherent, said of him in notes
that he made in 1820 for a biography of Wythe,
which he never completed : " No man ever left be-
hind him a character more venerated than George
Wythe. His virtue was of the purest kind, his in-
tegrity inflexible, his justice exact. He might truly
be called the Cato of his country, without the avarice
of the Roman, for a more disinterested person never
lived. He was of middle size, his face manly, come-
ly, and engaging. Such was George Wythe, the
honor of his own and the model of future times."
The engraving shows his house in Williamsburg,
Va. He published " Decisions in Virginia by the
High Court of Chancery, with Remarks upon De-
crees by the Court of Appeals" (Richmond, 1795;
2d ed.. with a memoir by Benjamin B. Minor (1852).
WYTHE, Joseph Henry, physician, b. in
Manchester, England, 19 March, 1822. He re-
moved to this country in 1835, was licensed to
E reach in the Methodist Episcopal church in 1842,
ut decided to study medicine. He was graduated
at the Pennsylvania medical college in 1853. and
began to practise in Port Carbon, Pa., where he
was for three years surgeon to the Beaver Meadow
collieries. In 18()2-'3 he served as surgeon of U. S.
volunteers, organizing Camp Parole hospital, Alex-
andria, Va After the war he removed to the
west, and in 18G5-'9 was president of Willamette
university, Oregon, organizing the medical depart-
ment of that institution, and, having again united
with the conference, preached in the Metho<list
Episcopal church. He subsequently settled in San
Francisco, Cal., and became professor of microscopy
and histology in the Medical college of the Pacific.
He has published many professional papers, and is
the author of "The Microscopist " ^Philadelphia,
1850); "Curiosities of the Microscope" (1852);
" Physician's Pocket Dose- and Prescription-Book "
(1852); "Agreement of Science and Revelation"
(1883) ; " Easy Lessons in Vegetable Biology " (New
York, 1888) ; and " The Science of Life " (1884).
XIMKNES
xuArez
685
X
XIMENES, Francisco (hee-may'-nes), Spanish
florjfynmn, b. in hk-ija, Aiuliilusia, Hi)out 1600; d.'in
UuiitomHlH ttlMHit KWO. lie became vicar of the
|>ttrish of Santo Tonius Chiiilu. or Chichicastenan-
ffo. where he discoverc*! a vtilimble manuscript in
the Cjtiiche dialect alxtut the early history of
Oiiatemala, which is l)cst known under the name
of Popol-Vuh. He translate*! it into Spanish, and
it has since l»een used by many historians, Xime-
nes was afterwanl provincial of the Dominican
ortler for the province of San Vicente de Chiapa
and Guatemala, which \yo»t he retained till his
death. He was very proficient in Quiche, Zutu-
hil, and Cakchiquel, anu wrote sermons and several
religious works in these languages, his manuscripts
being preserved in the library of the Dominican con-
vent in the city of Guatemala, and a manuscript
copy, made and signed by Father Antonio Garcia,
of Ximenes's "Vocabulario de la Lengua Cakchi-
quel " was recently sold in Paris for 200 francs.
His works include also the manuscripts "Historia
de la provincia de San Vicente de Chiapa" (4 vols.)
and " De las cosas maravillosas de esta America."
His translation of the Popol-Vuh, under the title
of '• Kmpiezan las Historias del Origen de los In-
dios deesta Provincia de Guatemala, tniducidas de
la longua Quiche " was also kept in the convent,
and a copy was published under the title of "his-
toria del Origen de los Indios en la provincia de
Guatemala" (Vienna, 1857). It was until recently
considered the only original document on the early
history of Guatemala, and was mentioned as such
by Fenlinand Denis. Henry Ternaux-Compans, and
Hrasseur de Bourbourg, but the latter discovered
in 18<iO a Quiche cony of the Popol-Vuh, and pub-
lished the text witn a French translation (Paris,
18«1).
XIMENEZ, Francisco (hee-may-navth). Span-
ish missionary, b. in Estremadura in the latter half
of the 15th century; d. in Mexico, 31 July, 1537.
He studied in the University of Salamanca, where
he was gra<luated in theology, and entered the
Franciscan order in the convent of San Gabriel in
Estremadura. He was one of the twelve mission-
aries that accompanied Fray Martin de Valencia
in 1523 to Mexico, and l)ecame thoroughly ac-
(piainted with thfe Mexican language, in which he
was the first to write a grammar and a catechism.
He was a successful missionary among the natives
and founder of the convent of Quaunahac (now
Cuernavaea). of which he became suf)erior. He
wrote a life of Fray Martin de Valencia and *' Arte
y Vocabulario en lengua Mexicana," which is still
in manuscript.
XIUHTEMOC I. (see-oo-ta-mock), first king of
Culhuacftn, lived in the 12th century. After the
destruction of the empire of Tollan some of the
scattered tril)es settlea at Culhuacan, and about
1104 elected their leader. Xiuhtemoc. king. Ho
was succeeded in 1129 by his son, Nauhyotl. —
Xinhtcmoc II. was eighth king of Culhuacan
and second of Mexico. He succeeded his father,
Acamapictli I., who had dethronetl the former king,
Cocox. two vears before, in 1303, and in 1318, after
the death of HuitzilihuitI I., he was elected by the
Mexicans king, but gradually drew them to Culhu-
acan. while those that did not wish to follow him
settled in Tlaltelolco and formed there a separate
monarchy. He was succee<leil in 1352 by his grand-
son, Acamapictli II.
XIUTLALTZIN (»ee-oot-lahl-tzeon'), aueen of
Tollan, daughter of the (Sth king, Mitl, wnom f>hc
succeeded in 1038, She was the only woman that
reigned over the Tolte<;s, Acolhuas, or AzttK's, but
it seems that her husl>and, whose name is not even
recorded, was either not entitlwl by his family to
sovereign dignity, or that he die<i before Mitl's
decease. After a short reign, which is eulogized
as beneficial to the country, she was succeeded by
her son. Tq>ancaltzin (9. f.), in 1042,
XOCHITIi (soh-cheetl'), queen of Tollan, lived
in the 11th century. She was the daughter of
Papantzin, one of the principal nobles of King
Tej>ancaltzin's court. Reports differ as to whether
the latter or his beautiful daughter, whose name
signifies "the flower," was the inventor of pulque,
the Mexican fermented drink made from the juice
of the aloe-plant. All authors agree that in 1049
her father sent her with a jar of the newly inventetl
liquor to the palace, and the king was so pleased
with the drink that he ordered her to bring it
daily. Charmed by her beauty, he t«x)k her to his
palace at Pali>an, where she gave birth to a son,
Topiltzin. W hen her father learned her situation,
he upbraided the king, but was quieted by the prom-
ise that Xochitl should be acknowledged queen after
the death of Tepancaltzin's legitimate consort, and
that Topiltzin should l)e successor to the throne.
This was done, but after the resignation of Tepan-
caltzin, in 1094. in his son's favor, the other Tol-
tec princes rel)elled, and in one of the battles both
Xochitl and her husband were killed, and theToltec
monarchy was destroyed, as Topiltzin, with many
of his followers, emigrated to the south, where, ac-
cording to some historians, he settled in Vucatan ;
according to others, in Chiap<as or Guatemala.
XOLOTL (soh-lotl'), "the vigilant," also sur-
nametl " the great," founder of the Mexican dy-
nasty of Tenayucan. or Texcoco, lived in the 12th
century. He was chief of the Chichimec tribes that
invaded Anahuac after the destruction of the Toltec
monarchy, and, settline on the lake of Texcoco,
he proclaimed himself king. al>out IIGO. He rec-
ognized that the subjugate<l Toltecs, as well as
the tribes of Aculhuas and Tecpanecs that arrived
afterward in the valley were far superior to his
own wild and warlike nation, and he therefore
treated them kindly, so that they soon trans-
formed the Chichimecs into a civilized race. To
equalize the different tribes and diak*cts, he or-
dered the NahuatI, or instructed, dialect, a form
of the Toltec, to t>e adopted as the ofl^icial lan-
l^uage, which in time supersede<l all others, and
IS the equivalent of what is now generally called
Aztec. King XolotI constnicted in Texcoco a tem-
ple to the sun. a palace, and ganlens, and made that
city the centre of the civilization of Anahuac. He
married his daughters to the two princifMjl chiefs
of the Aculhuas. who became founders of the em-
pire of Atzcapotzalco. and was succeeded about
1220 by, his son. Nopaltzin.
XlfAREZ, Pedro, Indian cacique, b. in Mexico
alxnit the beginning of the 17th century. He was
lil)erally educate<l, and was sexton of the church
of San Pablo. He is chiefly known as the author
of a manuscript work in the Aztec language, un-
der the Spanish title of "Memorial en Lengua
Mexicana sobre cosas memorables." It gives very
valuable notes of historical events, and is frequent-
ly cited by Carlos de SigQenza in his works.
636
YALE
YALE
TALE. Cjrrns, clerff>'man. b. in Ixk», Mass., 17 '
Miiy, 17H(»: (1. in Now Hurt ford. Conn.. 21 May, ]
1K"»4. lie was i;ra<luati'<l at Williams in 1811, |
WH«i iirt'ns«'<l to proac-li bv the Hartfonl north as-
<Mx>iation. and wjis onlained pastor of the chnrch
in New Hartfonl. Conn., 12 Oct., 1H14. He R-
nmino.1 then; till 24 Det-., is;}4, when he resigned
and was pastor at Ware, Mas-s., till 1M:17. after
whieh he retnrned to his old eonjrrejration in New
Hartford, and ministered there till his death. He
published " Life of ll*>v. .leremiah Halleek " (Hart-
fonl. 1M28): " Miniature of the Life of the Rev. .M-
van Hvdi'. I). D." (1852): '• Biofjraphieal Sketches
of the Slinisters of Litehfleld County after the Year
IHOO" (1H.V2): and sin-jle sermons and addresses.
Y.\LE, Elihii, philanthn»i)ist, b. in or near Bos-
ton. .Mass., 5 April, 1649; d. in England, 8 July,
1721. His father, David, came to New Haven
fmm England in 10^8, but returned in 1051,
and was fol-
lowed in 1052
by his fam-
ily, including
Klihu. who
never revisit-
ed this coun-
try. The son
went to the
East Indies
about 1()78,
and in 1087-
'92 was gov-
ernor of Fort
St. George,
Madras, (iov.
Yale acquired great wealth in India. On 22 May,
1711, Jcn^miah Dummer wrote from London to
Uev. John Pierpont, then a trustee of the Colle-
giate sc-h(Jol of Connecticut: "Here is Mr. Yale,
formerly governor of Kort George in the Indies,
who has got a prodigious estate, and, having no
son. now semis for a relation of his from Con-
necticut to make him his heir. He told me lately
that he inteiide<l to Iwstow a charity upon some col-
lege in Oxford under certain restrictions which he
mentioned. But I think he should much rather do
it to your (college, seeing he is a New Enslancl and,
I think, a Connectic\it man. If, therefore, when
his kinsman comes over, you will write him a prop-
er letter on that subject, I will take care to press
it home." The result was that between 1714 and
1?21 Gov. Yale gave to the Collegiate school books
and money whose total value was estimated at £800.
The timeliness of these gifts, rather than their in-
trinsic value, made them a great aid to the strug-
gling college, and in 1718, after its removal from
Saybrook to New Haven, its trustees named the
new collegiate building in the latter place Yale
college. This name, applied at first only to the
edifice, was given formally to the institution in
the charter of 1745. President Thomas Clap says
that Yale " was a gentleman who greatly abound-
e<l in good humor and generosity, as well as in
wealth." He is buried in Wrexham, Wales, the an-
cient seat of his family. On his tomb is engraved
an epitanh which contains the well-known couplet:
" Born in America, in Europe bred.
In .\fric travelled, and in Asia wed."
A fiUNlength portrait of Gov. Yale hangs in Alumni
hall. Yale college. The accompanying illustration
represents the completed corner of' the quadrangle
of buildings that is to inclose the college grounds.
The original " Yale college" is not now standing,
the oldest building on the grounds having been
erected in 1752.
YALE. EUsha, clergyman, b. in Ijob. Mass.. 15
June, 1780: d. in Kingsbon»ugh, N. Y.. 9 Jan.,
1853. He was brought up on a farm, taught school
in Richmond, Mass., in 1798-'9. and in Lenox in
1800, studied-theology, and in 1803 was licensed to
I)reach bv the North association of Hartford coun-
ty. He became pastor of the Presbyterian church
at Kingsborough, N. Y.. in 1804, and retained this
charge till his resignation, 23 June, 1852. He
published "Select Verse System, for the Use of
Individuals, Families, and" Schools " (Rochester,
1853), and single sermons and articles in periodi-
cals, and left in manuscript a " Review of a Pas-
torate of Forty-eight Years " and " Helps to culti-
vate the Conscience."
YALE, Lproy Milton, physician, b. in Holmes'
Hole (now Vineyard Haven), Mass., 12 Feb., 1841.
lie was graduated at Columbia in 1862, and at
Bellevue hospital medical college in 1866, settled
in New York city, and has since followed his pro-
fession there. In 1870 he was lecturer on obstet-
rics in the medical department of the University
of Vermont, and since 1871 he has been instnictor
and lecturer on various branches — chiefly ortho-
pedic surgery and disea.ses of children — in the
Bellevue hospital medical college. He was sur-
geon to the Charity hospital from 1871 till 1877.
when he was transferred to Bellevue hospital and
continued there until 1882. During 1880-'5 he
was similarly connected with the Presbyterian hos-
pital. Dr. Yale is a member of the New York
county medical society, the New York academy of
medicine, and other professional bodies. His con-
tributions to medical science consist of various
articles to medical journals, but his principal lit-
erary work has been editorial contributions. He
had charge of "The Medical Gazette" in 1867-'8,
and h>is edited the medical part of " Babyhood "
since its beginning in 1884.
YALE, Linns, inventor, b. in Salisbury, N. Y.,
4 April, 1821 ; d. in New York city, 24 Dec, 1868.
His ancestors were of the same family as Elihu
Yale, and his father, Linus, was a successful in-
ventor. The son devoted himself for a time to por-
trait-paifjting, but, having considerable mechanical
skill and ingenuity, began in 1850 to study mechani-
cal problems. He devised in that year a plan by
which the key to locks for the protection of bank-
ers' safes and vaults should be so constructed that,
when its essential portion was d<;)ing its work
within the lock, it should be at some distance re-
moved from the key-hole through whicM it had
entered, and at the same time isolated from the
exterior of the door by a hardened steel plate,
which automatically covered the key-hole tehind
it. This device he jiatented in 1851. and thereafter
until his death he was a recognized authority on
all matters pertaining to locks and safes. His first
patent was followed by others for bunkers' safes,
and for bankers' flat-key and common locks. He
patented in 1858 a device for adjusting at a right
angle the joiners' square, in 1865 one for reversing
the motion of screw-taps, and in 1868 two for im-
provements in mechanics' vises, and he also ob-
tained patents abroad for certain of his inventions.
In the course of his experience he became convinced
of the necessity of abandonipg the use of a key-hole,
YANCEY
YASfEZ
631
US it Rffortlwl an oasy iiitrcHltictinn for jrunpowiW '
or other explosive. This led to the a<Ioption of
the permanent dial and shaft as uwmI in the so-
calle<l "combination locks," and sul)sequcntly to
the perfection of the mechanism that is Known as
the clock lock. His most radical invention was '
the double l(K-k, which consisted in pra'.'tically plac-
injf two within one case, to be oj)enite<l by the
same or diflercnt coml)inati(m8 »r that the unlock- ]
inp of cither allowe<l the lx>It t^) Ik* with<lniwn.
His improvements in lock? and boxes for post-office
use are of recognized utility and world-wide adop-
tion. He was an exhitntor at the world's fairs of
this and other conntries. and wits the -recipient of
Ifold, silver, and bronze medals as first awanis at
these exhil)itions.
YANCEY, Bartlett, memlier of congress, b. in
Caswell county, X. C. alK)ut 178(): d. there, 30
Aug., 1828. lie was educatwl at the University
of North Carolina, was a tutor in that institu-
tion, studietl law, and was admitted to the bar, be-
coming eminent in his profession. He was a rep-
resentative in congi*ess from North Carolina in
1813-'17, was electetl a state senator in 1817, was
annuallv re-elected till his death, and generally
fresidetl as s|>eaker. With John L. Taylor and
lenrv Potter he publishe<l " Laws of the State of
North Carolina" {2 vols.. Raleigh, 1821).
YANCEY, William Lowndes, statesman, b. in
Ogeechee Shoals, Ga., 10 Aug., 1814 ; d. near Mont-
gomery, Ala., 28 July, IStKi. He was the son of
Benjamin C. Yancey, a lawyer of Abl)eville, S. C,
was cducattHl at Williams college, studietl law, and
was admitted to the bar in Abbeville. In 1830 he
removed to Alabama, and was admitted to the bar.
He edited the " Cahawba Democrat " and the " We-
tumpka Argus." He served in both branches of
the legislature, and was elected to congress in 1844
to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1845, but re-
signed in 1847 to devote his entire attention to law.
In 1845 he was challenged to a duel by Gen.
Thomas L. Clingman, but neither was injure<l in
the encounter that ensuetl. He was a member of
the National DemiK-ratic convention that met at
Baltimore in May, 1848, a zealous opponent of tlie
compromise measures of 1850, a presidential elec-
tor in 1856, and one of the leadei-s of the extreme
party in the south. In a letter written in June,
1858, and published in 1800. he advised the organi-
zation of cooamittees of safety in all the cotton
states to " fire the
southern heart,"
and ultimatelv to
precipitate tfiose
states into revolu-
tion ; and in 1859
he urgtnl the call-
ing of a conven-
tion by the state
of Alalmma, in
the event of the
election of the Re-
publican candi-
date for president
in 18(50. He was
a meml)cr of the
Democratic con-
vention atCharles-
ton, 23 April,
1800. and withdrew with other southern extremists.
During the presidential canvass he ma«le a t<»ur
through the north and west, s|)eaking at Faneuil
hall. Boston, Cooper institute. New York, and else-
where, urging the rejection of the Republican can-
didate on the ground tljat the platform adopted by
(?l-oif ^^^i^g^cXJ2^.
that party would make the south hopeless of jus-
tice on the slavery question. In the Alabama con-
vention, whith met at Montgomery, 7 Jan., 1861.
he rei»orte<I the ordnance of secession, which was
pasMHl on 14 Jan. On 27 Feb. he was appointed a
commissioner to the governments of huro[)e to
obtain a recognition of the Confederate states, and
left New York in March. He returne«l in Febru-
ary, 1802. and was a meml>er of the Confe<lerate
senate at Richmond until the time of his death.
YANDELI^ Liinsford PittM, physician, b. in
Dixon Springs, Tenn., 4 July, 1805 ; d. in Ix)uis-
ville, Ky., 4 Feb., 1878. He was graduate<l at the
metlicaf department of the University of Marvland
in 1825, and in 1820settle<l in Murfreeslxiro', 1'enn.
In IKJO he remove<l to Nashville and in 1831 to
Lexington. Ky., thence in 18i{7 to Louisville. He
was elected professor of chemistry in Transylva-
nia university in 1831, and in 1837 to the same
chair in the medical department of the University
of Ijouisvillo. In 1849 he was transferred to the
chair of physiology and {pathological anatomy, and
in 1859 became pmfessor of the theory and prac-
tice of medicine in Memphis medical college. He
held the presidency of tiie Louisville, Lexington,
and Kentucky medical societies, and of the Louis-
ville college of physicians and surgeons. For
six vears ne edited the "Transylvania Journal
of >fe<licine." and in 1840-'56 the '" Western Jour-
nal of Medicine and Surgerv." He was the au-
thor of a prize essay on " t'ever " ; a report on
"The Metlical Sciences" (1849); one on "Ameri-
can Medical Literature" (1873); also one on the
same subject before the International medical
congress held in Philadelphia in 1870: and other
medical papers and addresses. — His son, David
Wendell, physician, b. in Murfreesborough. Tenn..
4 Sept., 18'^0. He was graduated in medicine at
the University of Louisville, Ky., in 1846, was in
Europe in 1840-'7, and began practice in Louis-
ville m 1848. He became a professor in the Uni-
versity of L<misville in 1858, and was a medical
director in the Confederate army in 1861-'5. Dr.
Yandell was elected president of the American
me«lical association in 1871. and appointetl pro-
fessor «)f surgery in the Indiaiui medical college
in 1874. In 1870 he established the "American
Practitioner."
YANEZ, Plfioido (yahn'-yayth), Bolivian sol-
dier, b. in Cochabamba' about 1820; d. in La Paz,
23 Nov., 1861. He had served fn)m early life in
the army, and by his frequent participation in
revolutions rose rapidlv in rank, being promoteil
brigadier in 1861 by I^resident Jose Maria Acha.
Soon he became infamous by his ferocity and the
cruel slatichter of the most noteworthy citizens of
the republic. During the absence of (Jen. Acha
from the capital Yafiez was the military comman-
dant and minister of war. and on 23 Oct.. 1861,
under pretext of having discovered a conspiracy
against the government, he attacked the defence-
less city with his tr«H)ps, and. driving the princiiial
persons into the square of Loreto, shot down and
slowly murdered in cold blood more than fifty,
among them Gens. Cordolw and Hermosa. But
on %\ Nov. of the same year a popular revolt be-
gan, and an infuriatnl "niultitude demandetl his
Head. Knowing his peril, he tmik refuge in the
government palace with a few sharp-sho<iters, and.
failing to obtain relief from the garrison of the
cifa<lel. which fraternize<l with the populace, he
tried to esca|)e over the nwfs. but was discovere<l.
Falling from the roof of the palace, he was crusheil
on the riavement. and his body was toni to pieces
by the infuriatetl people.
638
YANGUAS
TANGUAS, Manuel (yahn-pooalis). Spanish
missionary, b. in Guadahvjani in 1(520; d. in t'aracji-s,
Venezuela, in lOW*. He entered the order of St.
Fi-anois in Sla«lrid. liecame professor of literature
in tiie prinei|>al convent of his order in that city,
and wa.s afterward sent to the missions in Porto
Kico. Thence he was ordered by tlie bishop to
found missions in Cuniana, where lie labored for
many years amonp the Firitu and Cumanagoto In-
dian's, and finally Ix'c^me sufK-rior of the convent
in Caracas. He'wrote "Arte de la Lengiia de Cu-
niana" (Burgos, 108:]), and a catechism and sun-
dry religious poems in Cumana dialect. The
manuscripts of these latter works were preserved
ill the convent of St. Francis in Caracas, but lost
after the revolution of independence.
YARD, Edward Madison, naval onicor, b. in
Hunterdon, N. J., 24 Nov.. 1809; d. in Trenton,
X. J.. 2 Mav. 188». He entered the navy, becanie
a passetl midshipman, 10 June, 1833, was commis-
sioned a lieutenant, 23 Feb., 1838, and during the
Mexican war was part of the time executive of the
•• Dale," and for several months in command. He
remlered distinguished services at the capture of
Guaymns. in the bltK-kade and other operations on
the west coast of Mexico. He was promoted to com-
mander, 14 Si>pt., 1855, was light-house inspector
in 185<>-'9, and when the civil war began was as-
signed to the sloop " Dale " on the blockade, but
by act of 21 Dec, 1801, lie was placed on the re-
tired list l)ecause he was more than sixty-two years
of age. His services Ijeing no longer available by
law. he rt'sigiieil, 3 May, 18GG.
Y AKROW, Henry Cr^cy, uhysician, b. in Phila-
delphia, Pa., 19 Nov., 1840. He studied in Penn-
svlvania and in Switzerland and was graduated at
the medical department of the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1801. During the civil war he served
as assistant surgeon in the 5th Pennsylvania cav-
alry, and subse(iuently he was surgeon and natural-
ist to the expedition for the exploration of the ter-
ritory west of the 100th meridian, under Lieut.
(Jeorge M. Wheeler, of the U. S. engineers. Dr.
Yarrow is a member of the faculty of the medical
department of the Columbian university, and is
curator of the department of reptiles in the U. S.
National museum in Washington, D. C. He is a
memlwr of the Philosophical, Anthropological,
Biological, and Geographical societies of Washing-
ton, and of other scientific botlies in this country
and abroad, to whose proceedings he has contrik>-
uted pafHjrs. Dr. Yarrow was associated with Dr.
Klliott Coues in the publication of various papers
on the natural history of North Carolina, his latest
work giving the results of his experiments with
.serpent- venom and so-called antidotes. His writ-
ings include articles in the annual volumes of tlie
U. S. National museum and the Bureau of ethnolo-
gy ; in part, vol. v., on " 25oology," of the " Report
u|x)n Geographical and Geological Explorations
and Surveys west of the 100th Meridian " (Wash-
ington, 18^5); and "Study of the Mortuary Cus-
toms of the North American Indians" (1881); also
the article on venomous 8i'rj)ents in " Handbook
of the Medical Sciences" (New York, 1888).
YATKS, Abraham, meml)er of the Continental
congress, b. in Albany, N. Y., 23 Aug., 1724; d.
there. 30 June, 1790. He was an active patriot in
the llevolution, and wrote a series of spirited arti-
cles under the signature of "Sidney" and other
I)en-names. He was state senator in 1777 and
1779-'90 of New York, and president of the Provin-
cial.congress in 1775-'0, also a mcml)er of the Con-
tinental congress in 1788-'9. He was receiver of
Albany in 177»-'9 and its mayor in 179O-"0.— His
YATES
grandnephcw, Joseph Christopher, governor of
New York, b. in Schenectady, N. Y., 9 Nov.. 1708;
d. there, 19 March, 1837, was a son of Christo-
pher Yates (1737-1785), who was a land-surveyor
and served during the Revolutionary war as colonel
of a regiment of engineers, and was quartermaster-
general under Gen. Philip Schuyler. Yates studied
and practised law at Schenectady, and was one of
the founders of Union college in 1795. He served
as mayor of Schenectady in 1798-1808, as state
senator in 1800-'7, and as judge of the supreme
court in 1808-'22. and was governor of the state of
New York in'1823-'5. A county in New York state
is named in his honor. — His brother, Andrew,
clergyman, b. in Schenectady, N. Y., 17 Jan., 1773;
d. in l)av, N. Y., 14 Oct.. 1844." was graduated at Yale
in 1793,' and then studied theology with John H.
Livingston. In 1797 he became professor of Latin
and Greek in the first faculty of Union college,
which chair he held until 1801. He then accepted
the pastorate of the East Hartford Congregational
church until 1814. when he returned to Union as
professor of mental and moral philosophy. In 1825
he became principal of the Polytechnic at Chitten-
ango, where he continued until 1830. The degree of
S. T. D., was conferred upon him by Middlebury in
1814.— Another brother, John Barentse, soldie'r. b.
in Schenectady, N. Y., 1 Feb., 1784 ; d. in Chitten-
ango, N. Y., 11 July, 1830, was graduated at Union
in 1802 and studied law with his brother Henry.
During the war of 1812 he served under Gen. Wade
Hampton on the northern frontier of the state of
New York, and later was appointed aide to Gov.
Daniel D. Tompkins. Subsequently he was elected
as a Democrat to congress, and served from 4 Dec,
1815, till 3 March, 1817. Gov. Tompkins made
him senior manager of the "literature lotteries"
during the last years of their existence. Through
his personal influence in New York and England, he
aided largely in the building of the Welland canal,
receiving from the Duke of Wellington $10,000
toward the scheme. He was for many years judge of
the county of Madison, and its member of the as-
sembly at the time of his death.— Andrew Yates's
grandson, John Barentse, engineer, b. in Schenec-
tady, N. Y., 19 Oct., 1833, was graduated at Union
in 1852, and served during the civil war as colonel
of the 1st Michigan engineers under Gen. William
T. Sherman. Subsequently he became a division
engineer on the New York state canals. — Another
grandson, Austin Andrew, lawyer, b. in Schenec-
tady, N. Y.. 24 March, 1830, was graduated at Union
in 1854.^ He served during the civil war as captain
in the 'l34th New York volunteers, and subse-
Juently was assistant to Judge-Advocate-General
oseph Holt. In 1808 he was elected district at-
torney of Schenectady county, and he was judge
from 1873 till 1870. He has alarge law-practice in
Schenectady, and has been twice a member of the
New York assembly. — Another grandson, Arthur
Reid, naval officer, b. in Schenectady, N. Y., 20
Oct., 1838, was graduated at the U. S. naval acad-
emy in 1857, and served during the civil war. He
was an aide to Admiral Farragut in the battle of
Mobile Bay, and was commended in that officer's
report to congress. Since 9 Feb., 1884, he has been
captain, and he now has command ol the steamer
" Pensacola."
YATES, Richard, governor of Illinois, b. in
Warsaw, Ky., 18 Jan., 1818 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo.,
27 Nov., 18*73. At thirteen years of age he went
with his father's family to reside in Springfield,
111. He was graduated at Illinois college, Jackson-
ville, in 1838, studied law. and practised his pro-
fession in Springfield. From 1842 till 1849 he
VATES
YEAMANS
639
was a member of the lejjislalure, and in I80O he
was electwl to conjfresa. Ilo was the vounjjest
member of the S2d congress, and was re-c^oeted in
1852. In 1800 ho was elected governor, and he
was chosen again
in 1802. Gov.
Yates had been an
outspoken oppo-
nent of slavery,
and at the open-
ing of the civd
war was very ac-
tive in raising vol-
unteers. He con-
vened the legisla-
ture in extra ses-
sion on 12 April.
1801, the day after
the attack on Fort
Sumter, and took
military posses-
sion of Caiix), gar-
\Jlnyi<y^~ A^c«,<
.CjLyl risoning it with
regular troops. In
Gov. Yates's office Gen. Ulysses S. Grant received
his first distinct recognition as a soldier in the civil
war, being appointed by him mustering officer for
the state, and afterward colonel of the 21st Illinois
regiment. At the expiration of his term of office
as governor he was elected to the U. S. senate,
where he served from 1865 till 1871. His death
occurred while he was returning from a visit to
Arkansas, where he had been examining a railroad
as U. S. commissioner.
YATES, Robert, jurist, b. in Schenectady, N.Y.,
17 Marc;h. 1738 ; d. in Albany. N, Y.. 9 Sept., 1801.
lie received a classical education in New York city,
where he also studied law under William Living-
ston, and, having been admitted to the bar in 17(M),
established himself in practice in Albanv, and soon
attained eminence in his profession. He esjKJUsed
the cause of the colonies from the beginning of
the difficulty with Great Britain, and wrote several
essays under the signature of " The Rough Hewer,"
which attracted much attention. He was a mem-
ber of the New York provincial congress of 1775,
1776, 1777, and in 1776 was chosen one of the
council of safety. In August. 1776, he served on
the committee that drafte<l the first constitution
of the state, and in the same year became one of
the judges of the supreme court, of which he was
chief justice from 1790 till 1798. He was a mem-
ber of the convention that forme<l the constitution
of the United States, whose adoption he op{K)sed
in the State convention. Soon after this poricnl he
was commissioned to treat with the states of Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut on the subject of terri-
tory, and to settle the claims of New York against
the state of Vermont. He was noted for his mod-
eration and impartiality as a jurist. — His kinsman,
Peter W., member of the Continental congress,
b. in Albany, N. Y.. was a lawyer by profession,
and well known in the courts of Alliany both l)e-
fore and after the Revolution. He was a mem-
l)er of the committee on eorres|X)ndence in 1775,
but resigned, having angere<l his colleagues by a
letter ridiculing a public reception that was given
to Gen. Philip S<.'nuyler. His popularity was so
great that he was re-elected, but he declined to
serve. He represonte«l New York in the general
congress from 1785 till 1787. — Robert's son, John
V«n Ness, lawyer, b. in All>any. N. Y.. 18 Dec., 1779;
d. there, 10 .Ian., 18J19. was educated for the bar.
and engaged in practice at Albany. He was made
a master in chancery in 1808, and became involved
in a legal contest with Chancellor John I^ansing.
who had adiudgetl him guilty of malpractice and
contempt 01 court. Though the full bench of the
supremo court su8taine<l the chancellor, the arrest
was finally declared illegal by the court of errors;
yet a sul>se<iuent suit for damages failed, becaow
tiansing hau committed the act in the discharge
of his judicial functions. Yates was recorder of
the city of Albany in 1808 and again in 1811-'16,
and in 1818-'26 was secretary of state. Ho also
held other offices, and was appointed by the legis-
lature to add notes and references to the revised
laws of New York, performing the task with abil-
ity and success. He published also "Select Cases
Adjudged in the Courts of the State of New York,
Containing the Case of John V. N. Yates and the
Case of the Journeymen Cordwainers" (New Yoik.
1811); "A Collection of Pleadings and Practical
Precedents, with Notes thereon (2d ed., 1837):
a continuation of Chief-Justice William Smith's
" History of the Province of New York" (Albany.
1814); with Joseph W. Moulton, a "History of
the State of New York" (1824-'6): and, in con-
junction with John L. Tillinghast, a "Treatise on
the Principles and Practice, Process, Pleadings,
and Entries in Cases of Writs of Error" (2 vols.,
Albany, 1840).
YAtES, William, philanthropist, b. in Sapper-
ton, Burton-on-Trent, England, 13 Nov., 1767; <1.
in Morris, Otsego co., N. Y., 7 March, 1857. He
studied medicine under Sir James Earle and Dr.
John Al)ernethy, was surgeon in St. Bartholo-
mew's hospital, London, and in 1790, having in-
herited an ample fortune, returned to his home.
With the purpose of treating and curing lunatics,
he built, at Burton-on-Trent, a house which he
conducted for several years at his own expense,
where he treated with great success a large num-
ber of insane jiaupers. This Ijenevolent effort cost
him about |35.000. He emigrated to Philadelphia
in 1799, and immediately on his arrival engaged
with great zeal in the dissemination of the knowl-
edge of Dr. Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccina-
tion. He purchased an estate in Butternuts, Otse-
go CO., N. v., and resided there till his death.
YEAMAN, (ieorjre Helm, lawyer, b. in Hardin
county, Ky., 1 Nov., 1829. He was educated at
an academy, studied law, was admitted to the bar
in 18.V2, and began to practise at Owensborough,
Ky. In 1854 he was elected a judge of Daviess
county. In 1861 he was chosen a member of the
legislature, and in 1862 he recruited a reginient
for the National army. The same year he was
sent to congress as a Unionist to fill a vacancy,
and, iH'ing re-elected, he served from 1 Dec, lb'62,
till 3 March. 1865. In the latter year he was ap-
pointe<l by President Johnson minister to Den-
mark, which office he held till 7 Nov.. 1870, since
which time he has practised law in New York.
Besides pamphlets on " Naturalization " (1867) and
"Privateering" (1868). Mr. Yeaman has publislie«l
"A Study of Government" (Boston, 1870). He
has also written for periodicals on the labor and
currency questions.
YEAllf ANS, Sir Jnlin, governor of South Caro-
lina, b. in Bristol. England, about 1605 ; d. in
Barbad(M»s, W. I., about 1(576. He was the son of
a cavalier, and. not U>ing in gmxl circumstances,
emigrated to Barl»mloe8 and U'came a planter. In
1668 several residents of that island, not lieing
satisfied with their condition, and desiring to es-
tablish a colony of their own. sent a vessel to ex-
amine the country extending from the 36th degree
of north latitude to the river San Mateo, which
had already been erected into a territor)- in Lon-
640
YEARDLEY
YELL
'i
don under the name of Carolina. The report
Ijeinp favorable, tlie planters purchased of the
Indians a trata of land thirty-two miles s<]uare on
Ca\k' Fear river, and iK'jrffeti of the propriet^iries a
uonflrmation of the purehas© and a septirate char-
ter of jfovernment. Not all their reijuest was
>;ranteil, hut Sir John was appointed their gov-
ernor, with a jurisdiction that extended from Cape
Fejir to S«in Mat«o. The country was called
"ClanMidon." In the autumn of 10«5 he arrived
fmm Iiarljad»H\s with a band of emiprants and
foundinl a town on the south Imnk of Cape Fear
river that proved so utter a failure that even its
site is now in dispute. Yet the settlement flour-
ished for a time, and exfM)rted l>oards, staves, and
shinples to the parent cohmy. The tnillic proved
profitable, emigration increased, and in l(i()(5 the
ilautation is said to have contained 8(K) souls.
eamans seems to have tnanaped affairs sjitisfac-
torilv, but after a time he returned to the West
Indies. Ill 1(570 three ship-loads of emigrants that
ha<i arrived from Kngland sailed up Ashley river
and iH'gan a town on "the first high lanrl ccmven-
ient for tillage and pasturing." In the copy of the
original fundanuMital constitutions given them be-
fore leaving London, John Lot^k, Sir John Yea-
mans, and James Carteret were created landgraves.
The following year the colony was increased by
Dutch emigrants from New York and others from
Holland, and by the arrival of Sir John from Bar-
ImdiH's with .\frican slaves, the first that were
landed on this continent. The governor soon
sunk under the climate and the hardslii|)s to which
all the M'ttlers were exposed, and Sir John Yeamans
was a{)[K)inte<l his successor. He proved, however,
to be •• a sordid calculator." Ixuit only on acquiring
a fortune. He encouraged exjwnse, and enriched
himst'lf, but without gaining either res[)ect or
hatred. The proprietaries complained that "it
nuist Ik? a bad soil" if industrious men could not
get a living ont of it. and nrotested that they did
not prop<ise to maintain the idle. In 1674 Yea-
mans was removed from odice, and at once sailed
for liarbadoes. where he soon afterward died.
YEAUDLEY, Sir George, governor of Virginia,
b. in Kn;clan<l nUnil liiHi); d. there in November,
l«i27. He Wiis amonir the early emigrants to Vir-
inia, ami on the return of Sir Thomas Dale to
'England in HJIO, was appointed deputy governor
by that nfiieial. The apjKiintment did not please
the friends of Sir Thomas Smythe, the chairman
of the Ix)ndon coni|Niny. and they succeeded in
electing in his stejid Sainuel Argall". who had made
several voyages to Virginia as Smythe's trading
agent. Argall arrived in the colony in 1017, and
ppfving himstilf from the first "arrogant, self-
wille<l. and greedy of gain," he was displaced after
the death of Ijord Delaware, and the "mild and
populHr" Yeardley was re-elected governor. On
2i Nov. the king gave Yeardley audience, knighted
him, and held a long conversation with him on
the religion of the natives. On 19 April, l(il9, Sir
(Jc<»rge entereil on his oHico. From the moment
t^ his arrival ilates the real life of Virginia
Commissions and instructions from the company
" for the better estaldishinge of a commonwealth
were brought over by him, in accordance with
which he rnwle proclamation that the cruel laws
by which the planters hatl so long been governed
were now al)rogated. It was also "grauuted that
a gi'nerall assemblie shoulde be lielde ve^xrly once."
Yeardley rcmaine<l in office until 1021, but, not
jm.ying as energetic ax the companv in London
desireil that he should be, he was suj>ersetled by
Sir Francis Wyatt, who was the bearer of a written
I
constitution for the colony. A year after the ac-
cession of Charles I. Wyatt retired, and Yeardley
was again made governor, his appointment being
considerwl a guarantee that representative govern-
ment would be maintained as it had been intro-
duced by him. From this time Virginia rose
rapidly in public esteem ; in 1627, 1,000 emigrants
arrived, and there was an increasing demand for
the pnxlucts of the soil. In November of that
year Yeard ley's career was closed by death. Pos-
terity retains a grateful recollection of the man
who first convened a representative assembly in
the western Jieinisphere, while the colonists, in a
letter to the privy council, pronounced a glowing
eulogy on his character.
Y BATES, Jasper, merchant, b. in Yorkshire,
England; d. near New Castle, Del., in 1720. He
emigrated to the West Indies, and afterward re-
moved to Chester, Pa., where he built and resided
in a venerable mansion that is still standing, and
was afterward Mrs. Deborah Logan's. He also
erected extensive granaries on the creek. In 1701
he was constituted by William Penn one of the
four burgesses of Chester, and in 1703 was elected
chief burgess. In 1694 he was appointed justice
of the court for t'hester county, ana from 1704 till
1710 and from 1717 till his death he w»is associate-
justice of the supreme courts of the province of
Pennsylvania ana the lower counties on the Dela-
ware. In 1690 he was admitted to a seat in the
provincial council of Pennsylvania In 1700 he
was elected a representative of New Castle county
in the general asseml)ly of the province, and, after
the separation of the lower counties on the Dela-
ware, was chosen a representative and speaker of
their assembly. — His grandson. Jasper, jurist, b.
in Philadelphia, Pa., 9 April, 174o; d. in Lancaster,
Pa., 14 March, 1817, was graduated at the College
of Philadelphia in 1761, studied law, was admitted
to the bar in 1765, and in 1774 was chosen a mem-
ber of the Lancaster county committee of corre-
spondence, of which he became chairman in 1770.
Fourteen years afterward he sat in the convention
that ratified the constitution of the United States.
From 1791 until his death he was an associate
justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. IH
1794 President VVashington appointed him a com-
missioner to confer with the inhabitants of the
western counties of Pennsylvania, for the settle-
ment of the whisky insurrection. Judge Yeates
preserved notes of judicial proceedings in which
he took part, and prepared them for the press.
They were issued, after his death, as " Reports of
Cases A\l judged in the Supreme Court of Pennsyl-
vania, with some Select Cases at Nisi Prius, and in
the Circuit Courts, from 1791 till 1808" (4 vols.,
Philadelphia, 1817-19).— His daughter, Catha-
rine, benefactor, b. in Lancaster, Pa., in 1783; d.
there, 7 June, 1866, devoted a legacy of $26,000 to
founding the Yeates institute for the education of
young men for the ministry of the Protestant
Episcopal church, and also contributed to its
maintenance the sum of f 800 yearly.
YELL, Archibald, lawver, b. in Kentucky in
1797; d. in Buena Vista, "Mexico, 23 Feb., 1847.
He studied law, was admitted to the bar, removed
to the territory of Arkansas, settle4 at Fayette-
ville, and was appointed one of the U. S. territorial
judges. He was elected to the 24th congress, re-
elected to the 25th, and served from 5 Dec. 1836,
till 3 March, 1839. He was subsequently chosen
governor of Arkansas, and held the office from
1840 lill 1844. The following year he was again
elected to congress, and he served from 1 Dec.,
1845, till 1 July, 1846, when he resigned to join
YELL AND
YEROER
641
the army in Mexico. He was must«re<l into the
scrvico as colonel of the Ist Arkansas vdjuntfcr
cavalry, and was killtnl by a Mexican lancer while
leatlini; his men at the Ixittle of Htiena VisUu
YELLANU, Ravmond IK, artist, b. in Lon-
don, Hn^ltind, 2 Feb.. 184^. lie came to this coun-
try, Ktu«iied at the National academy and under
James U. Hrevooit and William I'afje in 1H<»9-'71,
and under Luc, Olivier Merson, in Pans, in lW0-'7.
He was elected a memlter of the San Francisco art
assoc-iation in 1874, and during 1877-'8 was assist-
ant director of the California school of design, of
which he was elected «lirector in 1888. Among
his works are " Half-Moon lieuch," *• The Lonely
Sea," "Sunlight and Shadow," "The Golden
Gate at Even," " Mount Tacoma," " Mount
IIikkI," "Columbia River," "Golden Gate," "Near
Dordrecht," and " Faringford. Isle of Wight."
YEO, Janlei^ Cana^lian member of parliament,
b. in P<»rthill, Prince Edward island, 31 Oct., 1832.
He is the s<in of James, who came from Devon-
shire, England, in 1827, and who was a member of
the Prince Edward island assembly for thirty years.
Thesonisamerchant, ship-builder, and ship-owner;
was a representative in the Prince Edward island
assembly and a meml)cr of the executive council
for several years previous to 1872, when the prov-
ince entered the ciin federation, lie was elected to
the Dominion parliament in 1872, and re-elected
in 1874, 1878, 1882. and 1887.
YEO, Sir James Lncas, Hritish naval oiTlccr, b.
in Soulhamj)ton, England, in 1782; d. off the
coast of Africa in 18iy. He entered the navy at
an early age under Admiral Cosby. In 1797 he
was promote<i lieutenant, and assigned to " La
Ijoire," under Capt. Fretlerick L. Maitland. While
oflf the S{Ninish cojist he was sent to capture the
enenjy's vessels in the port of El Mures. Storm-
ing the fort, he succeeded in bringing out of the
port every vessel, armed and unarmed. For this
achievement he was made commander, and given
the " Confiance." one of the vessels he had taken.
In 1809 he captured Cayenne, in conjunction with
the Portuguese, and was in conseciuence made
post-captain, and rect>ive«l from the prince regent
of Portugal a knight's commandery of St. Benito
d'Avis, lieing the only Protestant ever so hon-
ored. Sir James was placinl in comiiiand of the
British naval forces on Lake Ontario, and on 27
May, 1813, appeared ofif Sackett's llarlwr, N. Y.,
on the " Wolf, ' twenty-four guns, with a sfpiadron
of five war-vess*«l8, and about forty Itateaux, con-
taining 1,200 troops under command of Sir George
Prevost. In May, 1814, he again sailed out of
Kingston harlwr with an effective force of cruis-
ing-vessels, and 1,000 troops under Gen. Sir George
Gordon Drummond. The capture of Osweg«> was
the first fruits of the expedition. Subsequently he
was blockaded for six weeks in Kingston harbor
by Capt. Isaac (^hauncey, of the American navv,
who hml y)reviously defeatetl him and his squad-
ron in York bay. On 15 Oct, Sir James once more
sailed, on board the "St. Lawrence," pierced for
112 guns, and carrying over a thousand men, ac-
companied by four ships, two brigs, and a schooner,
and henceforth was "lord of the lake." He did
not deem it prudent, however, to attack Capt.
Chauncey, who had retired to Sackett's Harbor,-
where a force of 0,000 men had been gathered.
The lake being close<l soon afterward by ice, no
further hostilities followed, as the treaty of peace
was signed in the following December. After the
return of Sir James to England he was ordered to
duty off the west coast of Africa. His health hav-
ing been already impaired by arduous service, he
TOU TI. — 41
was unable to withstand the climate, and died
while on the vovagu home.
YEOMANS, John \\'illlain, clergyman, b. in
llins<lale, Berkshire co., Mass., 7 Jan., 1800; d. in
Danville, Montour co.. Pa., 22 June, 1803. He was
gradualetl at Williams in 1824, and, after holding
the oflice of tutor there for a year, resigned to
study theology at Andover seminary. In 1828 he
was ordainetl pastor of the Presbyterian church at
North Adams, Mass., where he remainetl until lKi2.
when he t(N)k charge of the 1st Congregational
church at Pittsfleld, Mass., whence he was called in
18vJ4 tt) the 1st Presbyterian church at Trenton,
N. J. In 1841 he became president of I^afayette
college, Easton, Pa., but he resigned in 1845 to
become pastor of the Mahoning church at Dan-
ville, Pa., where he remained until his death. In
1800 he was moderator of the General assembly of
the Presbyterian church. As president of Lafay-
ette, Dr. Veomans proved himself a rij)e scholar
and an able teacher. He was regarded as one of
the chief theologians of his denomination, and as
a metaphysician probably had but few equals
among iiis contemj)oraries. He received the degree
of D. I), from Miami university in 1841. Among
his publications are "Election Sermon " (Boston.
1834); "Dedication Sermon" (Trenton. 1840); and
"Address on the Author's Inauguration as Presi-
dent of I^fayette College" (E*ston, 1841). He
was also a frequent contributor to the " Princeton
Review," and was co-author of a "History of the
County of Berkshire, Mass., in Two Parts " (Pitts-
fleld. 1829). — His son, Edward Dorr, clergyman,
b. in North Adams, Berkshire co., Mass., 27 Sept.,
1829; d. in Orange. Essex co., N.J., 25 Aug., 1808.
was educated chiefly by his father, and passed
through the Junior year at Lafayette college before
he was flfteen years old. On account of his youth
he was not graduated, but he received from Prince-
ton the honorary degree of A. M. in 1849 and that
of D. D. in 1804. After studying theology at
Princeton, he was licensed to prejich, 21 April,
1847, when oidy seventeen years and a half old.
After preaching from 1847 till 1849 at New Co-
lumbia, Pa., and serving as princi()al of an acad.~
emy at Danville, Pa., m 1847-'50, he was pastnr
successively of several churches, including Roches-
ter, N. Y., from 1847 until his death, 'fnat event
was supp<ised to have In-en hastene<l by his ener-
getic work at Orange, which resulte<l in doubling
the church menibership within a year, while ho was
undergoing the strain of severe literary labor. Dr.
Yeomans will probably l>e longest remembered as a
translator from the German. His P^nglish versions
of Dr. Philip Schaff's " History of the Apostolic
Church " (New York, 1853), of " Lectures on
America" (1855), and "History of the Christian
Church " (1859), have the idiomatic character of
original eom]iositions. He was enc:aged at the time
of his death in translatini; the large volume of
liange's "Commentary on John."
YEK6ER, (George Shall, lawyer, b. in Ilagers-
town, Md., 23 Aug., 1801 ; d. in liolivar county.
Miss., 20 April, 1800. His father, who was of Ger-
man origin, emigrated to the neighborh«)od of
LeiMinon, Tenn., in 1816. There George obt«ine<l
a fair education, studied law, and was admitted
to the bar. He settled in Nashville, was for many
years reporter of the decisions of the supreme
court of Tennessee, and was elected attorney-gen-
eral of the state. After attaining a wide reputa-
tion he removed to Vicksburg, Miss., in 1839, and
took rank among the chief lawyers of that local-
ity. In 1844 he changed his residence to Jack-
son, Miss., where he practised his profession until
642
YEWELL
YOUMANS
his (loath. In the latter citv he appeared chiefly
in the high court, conflninp liimself to cases aris-
inp out of the violations of commercial law. an<l
the discussion of questions of equity. An excep-
tion to this rule wius his defence of Oen. Daniel
Adams, who kiiie<l his antaironist in a f>ersonal en-
counter in the stn»ets of Vicksburj; in 1844. In
politics Mr. Yerper wjis a stanch advocate of the
princifdes of the Whip |mrly. and in the canva.sses
of 1840-4 took an active "fwirt in support of its
candidates for the pivsidency. but never soupht
nor fdl«'<l any indjlic office. While enpaped in a
deer-hunt. Mr. I'erper shot a larpe buck, ami ha<l
iust run up to secure him. when he fell dead, from
heart-disease. ujMin the dyinp stap. lie pul)lishcd
"Reports of ("jises Arpued and Determined in the
Supreme Court of Tennessee. I)eceml)er. 1818. to
DecemlxT. 1887" (10 vols.. Nashville, lKJ2-'8).
YEWEIili. (fPonfe Heiirv, artist, b. in Havre
de (Jnice. .Md.. 20 Jan.. IXV). He studied at the
Natitmal academy and under Thomas Hicks, and
in 18.j(} iM'came the pupil of Thomas Couture m
I'aris. Durinp 18(57-78 he lived in Italy, except-
ing one winti>r s[»ent in Epvpt. His works include
"Chililnn on the Sea -Shore" (18(51); -'The
Wounded Drummer-Uov " ; "Roman Shepherd-
Boy"; some Venetian subjects, includinp interior
views of the Church of St. Mark; "Santa Maria '
della Salute" (Louisville art-pallery); "In the
Church of San I'ietro. I'erupia " (1877); and "In
the CarjK't Bazaar. Cairo." and " Mosque of Kait-
Bey, Cairo" (1878). He has of late been enpaged
frincipally on portraits, amonp which are those of
saac Davis. .Alexander Mitchell, Frederick Lay-
ton (liayton art-pallery. Milwaukee). John Cham-
bers and Ralph 1*. Lowe (capitol at Dos Moines,
Iowa), Rolierl Lucns, and C'harles Mason, his earli-
est patron, throuph whose aid he bepan his art
studies. He was elected an associate of the National
academv in 1H(52, and an acmlemician in 1880.
YOAkl'M. Henderson K.. lawyer, b. in Clai-
Itorne county, Teim.. in 1810; d. in Houston, Tex.,
21» Nov.. !?<.*)(). He was praduated at the U. S.
military academy in l^ii, brevetted 2d lieuten-
ant, and serve<l in the Black Hawk expedition the
same year, but was not at the seat of war. He
resipjieil from the army, 31 March, 1833, studied
law, was admitted to the bar, and practised in
Tennessw from 1835 till 1845. In 1831) he was
electtnl a memln^r of the state senate. He re-
moval to Texas in 1H45. and continued to prac-
tise his profession at Huntsville from 184(5 till
1856. From June till Septeml)er of the former
year he served in the Mexican war as 1st lieuten-
ant of Texas mounted rifle volunteers. In 1850-'6
he was colonel of Texas militia. Col. Yoakum
was a contributor to various pcrio<licals, and pub-
lished "A History of Te.xas from its First Settle-
ment under Ija Salle in U585 to its Annexation to
the I'nited States in 1845" (New York, 1855).
YODER, Jacob, pioneer, b. in Readinp, Pa,. 11
Aug.. 1 7.58 : d. in Sjiencer coimtv. Kv„ 7 April. laS2.
He was of Swiss descent. After'serving throuph the
Revolutionary war in the Pennsvlvania line, he
built a larpe l^)at at Fort Red Stone (uftw Browns-
ville), on Mononpahela river, which he freiphted
with flour and carried to New Orleans in May. 1782.
With the profits of this venture he boupht pel- ■
tries which he sold in Havana, investing the pro-
ceeds m sugar for the Philatlelphia market. This
was the first attempt to navigate the Ohio and
Mississippi rivers for commercial puqwses, Sub-
s«<iacntly he settled in Sp«-ncer county, Ky.. and
t.x^k iwrt in equipping and keeping in the field
the mUitary forces in tho northwest territory. i
YOU, Dominique, soldier, b. in Hayti in 1775:
d. in New Orleans. La., in 1830. Little is known
of his early life, but he is supposed to have fol-
lowetl the sea at fi^rst. Subsequently he served in
the artillery corps during the wars of the French
republic, and in 1802 accompanied Gen, Victor
Leclerc to Santo Domingo. Afterward he found
his way to New Orleans, where he was employed
by the brothers Jean and Pierre Ijafitte, and soon
l)ecame the pirates' principal captain. He was
nicknamed "Captain Dominifjue' by the French
and " Johnness by the Americans, and won repu-
tation for boldness and daring. When Venezuela
declared her independence. Cant. Dominique pro-
cured letters of marque from tne patriots and did
much damage to Spanish commerce in the Gulf of
Mexico. During tne following years he took part
in the unlawful operations of the Lafittes in the
bayous, and in July, 1814. was indicted by a grand
jury for piracies in the Gulf; but could not be
apprehended. At the subsequent raid on the pi-
rales' establishments in Barataria he escaped to
the swamps of the interior; but when the English
invaded Louisiana he offered his services to the
American authorities, and was appointed com-
mander of a company of artillery, which he formed
with the best gunners of the pirates' ships and
which did such good service in the battle of New
Orleans, 8 Jan., 1815, that they were mentioned in
Gen, Andrew Jackson's general order of 21 Jan.
as " having shown uncommon gallantry and skill
in the field." On the strength of this, all pro-
ceedings against Dominique You were dropped,
and he settled quietly in New Orleans, where he
enjovcd great popularity as a politician and after-
ward strongly supported Gen. Jackson. You's ex-
ample did much to pacify Louisiana and secure
the pood-will of the lawless population, and when
he died he was given a military funeral at the
public expense. See Charles Gayarre's "Histoire
de la Louisiane " (New Orleans, 1847).
YOUMANS, Edward Livingston, scientist, b.
in (^'oeymans, N. Y.. 3 June, 1821 ; d. in New
York city, 18 Jan., 1887. In childhood his parents
removed to Saratoga county, where his youth was
passed. He attended the common school, and was
an insatiable rejider, but at thirteen years of age
was attacked with
ophthalmiiu In
1840 he went to
New York for treat-
ment, and the city
beaime^his home.
His blindness last-
ed several years,
but he finally re-
covered partially.
During these years
of suffering and
deprivation he was
a constant worker
and an assiduous
student of books
and events. He
studied element-
ary chemistry and
l)hysics with the '
aid of his sister, and when he wa.s left to himself his
leisure was spent in writinp with a pocket-machine
of his own contrivance. In 1851, while studying
apricultural chemistry, he prepared a chemical
chart that made clear by means of colored dia-
grams the laws of chemical science as they were
then expounded (revLsed and enlarged, 1856). He
studied medicine during this period and received
^.yj^.
YOUMANS
YOUNG
643
the dejfTPe of M. D. from the University of Ver-
mont. In 1M2 he be^n to lecture ii|K)n soienee,
nn<I for the next seventeen vears he pive courses
of Ie<'lure8 in connection with the lyceuin system
in many towns and cities, awakening lUfp interest
in scientific subjects. In his lectures on the
" Chemistry of the Sunl)eam " and the " Dynamics
of Life" he was the first to expoun<I iM>piil»riy the
(l(H-trines of the conservation of enerjjy and the
mutual relatitm of forces. He early l>ecame deep-
ly interested in the dilTusion in this country of
standard scientific works, and particularly those
t»earinj; upon I he evctlution j>hilosophy. procuring
their republication here, and doing all he could
through the newspaper and ^)erio«lic«l i>ress to
make them known to the public. Ilerlx'rt S[»en-
cer's b<Kiks alone, in l>ehalf of which he spared no
effort, have reached a sale of 132.000 copies, and
the foreign authors, whoso works were in his
charge, have for years enjoyed, by voluntary ar-
rangement with the Messrs. Appleton. the benefits
of international copyright, of the justice and need
of which Mr. Youmans was from the beginning of
his litcmry life an ardent advcn-ate. The " Inter-
national .Scientific Series" was plannc<l by him in
1871. and arrangements were made for the publi-
cati«m of the works in New York, London. Paris,
and Leipsic. and afterward in St. Petersburg and
Milan. The project was l>ase<l on the idea of pay-
ment to authors from the sale in all countries.
The series has reached (1888) its sixty-fourth vol-
ume. In 1872 he established the " Popular Science
Monthly." and thenceforward the editorial duties
of the magazine absorlted his chief attention. The
twenty-eight volumes issued under his care show
the sanje devotion to the spread of scientific
thought u|)on the chief topics of the time. His.
enthusiastic nature le<l to constant overdoing, and
the strain told upon his strength years before his
death. From 1882 his lungs were seriously affect-
ed, but he worked on persistently until early in
1886. He publishetl "Alcohol and the C<mstitH-
tionof Man" (New York, 1*53): "The Chemical
Atlas," an extension of method of the chemical
chart that has l)een mentioned (1854): " Hand-
bf»ok of Hou8«-hold Science" (1857); "The Corre-
lation and Conservation of Forces," a compilation
with an able intro<hiction setting forth America's
contribution to the mtxieni d(K>trine of forces
(18<M); and "The Culture demanded by Modern
Life," a compilation from various authors, present-
ing the claims of their s|»ecial sciences as suite«l
for the l)est culture (18G8). His intro<luction to
the volume is f)erhaps his most finished literary
work. He also contributed to the b<Hly of the
lMX)k an original lei-ture given in London on "The
.Sicntific .Study of Human Nature." — His brother.
Wllliaiii Jay, editor, b. in .Saratoga, N. Y., 14
Oct.. 18JW. worked on his father's farm and at-
tended the district-school until his seventeenth
year. He studied chemistry under. his briither. and
in the Yale scientific school, and natural history'
under Dr. -\sa Fitch, was graduated at the ineth-
cmI department of the New York university in
l.S(>.>, and then went abroad in the same year to
continue his studies in natural history under Prof.
Thomas H. Huxley. He practised mwlicine three
years in Minnesota, but aoandoned it to assist in
establishing the " Popular .Science Monthly," the
management of which he share<l until the death of
his brother, when he became its sole editor. He
hjis contributed occ-asionally to itj* pages under his
own name, and for many years has prej>are<l the
articles on chemistry, metallurgy, ana physiology
for Appletons' " Annual Cycloptetlia." He is a
member of several scientific associations. He has
etlitwl Huxley's " Ix'ssfjus in Elementary Phvsiolo
gy." to which heHd<le«l a six-ond jwirt on " Kfemen-
tarv Ilvgiene" (New York, 1807). — Their sister,
Eliza Ann, author, b. in Saratoga, N. Y.. 17 I>ec..
1820. became interested in the scientific studies
which she aide«l her brother to pursue, and her
fondness for children led her to apph them to
earlv education. She has publishe<l "First liook
of hotaiiy. designe<l to Cultivate the Observing
Powers of Children" (New York, 1870) ami "Sec-
ond liiKik of Botany" (1873). These were intended
to promote the systematic study of plants as ob-
J'ects in place of the object less<ins in general use.
5he has preparcil an enlarged edition of Henslow's
"Botanical Charts" (1873), translated from the
French Quatrefage's "Natural History of Man"
(187")). and contributtKl to the " Poimlar Science
Monthly" and other iR'rifKlicals. Miss Youmans
also publisiiod " Descriptive Botanv. a (Jiiide to the
Classification of Plants, with a I'opular Flora"
(1885). and an abridgment of liently's " Physiologi-
cal Botany." as a ser|uel (188()).
YOl'MAXS. Letitia Crelghton, Canadian re-
former, b. in ColM)urg. Ont.. in 1827. Shewaseilu-
cated at the Cobourg ladies' academy and at Bur-
lington academy, Hamilton, and was for a short
time teacher in a ladies' acmlemy at Pictou. In
1850 she married Arthur Youmans, and .soon after-
ward she became well known as a lecturer on tem-
|)erance. She was su|x*rintendent of the juve-
nile wf)rk of the Ctoo<l Templar organization and
a inemi)er of the editorial staff of the "Temper-
ance Uni«m," f>rganize<l a Women's Christian tem-
|>erance union in Toronto, and was president of the
Ontario tem|>ei'ance union from 1878 till 1888,
when she became president of the Dominion or-
cranization. .She was re-elected in 1885. Mrs.
Youmans was one of the Canadian delegates to the
World's temperance congress at Philadelphia in
1870. and in May, 1882, visited the British women's
temperance association at Ix>ndon, and afterward
lectured in various jwrts of Kngland. Ireland, and
Scotland. She is also well known as a lecturer on
temperance throughout this countr}'. •
YOrN(», .Alexander, clergyman, \x in Boston,
Mass.. 22 Sept.. 181H); d. there. 16 March. 1854. He
was the son of Alexander Young, a printer, who,
with Samuel Etherege, establishinl the "Massachu-
setts Chronicle." afterward also calle<l the "New
England Palla«lium." an organ of the Fetleralist
party. He was graduated at Harvard in 1820 and
at the divinity-school in 1824. On leaving college
he taught a year in the Boston Latin-school, where
he had Un^n a pupil, and in 1825 was ordaintnl pas-
tor of the New S)utli L'nitarian churcn in Boston,
which ofTice he held until his death. He was also
a memlier of the board of overseers of Harvard
from 1837 till 1853. and secretary from 1849 till
185;$, and corres|K>nding secretary of the Massa-
chusetts historical s4K-iety from 1849 till 1854.
Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1846.
He was noted fi>r his felicity in the delineation of
character, and his discourses in memory of distin-
guished citizens of Massachusetts ran through sev-
eral e<lilions and wen« widely circulated. Of these
the most notable werv the dis<'<mrses on Nathaniel
Bowditch (Boston. 1838). President John T. Kirk-
land, of Harvanl (1S40), and Judge William Pres-
cott, father of the historian (1844). Dr. Young
also rendereil essential service to American his-
tory by the pul>lication of "Chronicles of the
Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from
1002 to 1025" (B*>ston. 1841) and "Chronicles of
the First Planters of the Colony of Maauichusetts
644 •
YOUNG
Bay fnim 1«23 to IfWfi" (184«). He also edited
"liibnirv of Old Kimlisli I'ri>s«' Writers." the first
publication of tli<> kiiul in this country (9 vols..
lH31-'4). Then- is u ni.Miioir of Dr. Young by
Kov. ("hiin.lltr Kobbins. 1). D.. published in the
"Colleetions of the .Miis.s«(hus< Its Hi^toric-nl So-
(.i,.ty."— His son. Alexander, author, b. in Hoston.
MiLss.. Ill Mav. is:!(), was t'ducatcd in the Hoston
publir schools, and for several years engaj^ed in
niereantile jMii-suits. In 1802 he was frradiiated
at the Harvard law-s<h<M)l. and at on<e liejjan the
praetice of law in Boston, lie also U-oaine aswi-
eiate editor of the "(floU'" of that city soon after
its establishment in 1XT2. lie has been a fre<)uent
i-ontributor to jM-riodieal literature, and is ncjvv
eiiitoriallv connected with the Boston " Post." His
•• History"of the .Netherlands" (Boston. 1HM4: Lon-
don, IHXti) is bas<Ml on original authorities, impor-
tant addition-^ liavini: been nuide to the |)eriod
that i-i covered i)V Motley's works, and the history
brouL'ht down to the present tinu-.
YOrN<i, Alfred. cU rnynum. b. in Bristol. Eng-
land. -21 .Ian.. is:!l. He was graduated at Princeton
in 1H4S. undat the medical depaituient of the I'ni-
versitN ..f New York in IS.Vi. after which he practised
meilicine for a year. In \x'>U he liecaiiie a convert
tothe Koniai'. Catholic faith, and after ecclesiastical
studies at the Seniiiuiry of St. Sulpice in Paris.
France, he was ordaineil a piiest of that church on
24 .Aug., IS-Vi. He was vice-president of Seton
Hall college in IK.'iG-'T, rector of the Roman Catho-
lic church in Princeton, N. J., in ISoT-'OO, and of
the church in Trenton. X. .1., in IHtiO-'l. Father
Youni; then entered the community of the Paulists
in New York city. His name has been particu-
larly associated with the reformation of church
music, and the beginning in the I'nited States of
an effort toward the restoration of the (Jregorian
chant for the entire s«'rvices of his church. This
practice was intHwluced in the Paulist church in
1H7(I, and h.is since continued to be a feature in its
-ervices. He has lioth written and lectured in
favor of it, and it is being gradually adoptecl else-
where. \\ present he is engaged in the advocacy
of a further reform tending towanl congregational
singing. Besi<les nuiga/ine articles on sundry re-
ligious topics, and a s<'ries of epigrammatic poems
on scriptural texts in the •• Catholic World." he has
publJNln'd "The Complete Sodality Hymn-Book"
(.New York. IHOn); new ed.. entitled' "Catholic
Hvmns and Canticles" (IHSH); "The Odice of Yes-
p<'rs" (lH(i!(): "The Catholic Hymnal" (1HS4): and
"Canils for a Merry Christmas ami a .lovous Fas-
ter" (2 vols., IHmT)-'*')). — His brother." Edward
(1H1M-1H70). wjis a jeweler, and published in 1859
"The I^dve Lillian aiul other Poems."
YOrN<J, Sir Allen William, British explorer,
b. in Twickenham, .Middlesex. England, in 1830.
He was a captain in the merchant service at the
time of the Crimean war. and ren(h'red nsefid ser-
vice as master of a tnins|)ort to the British forces
at Balaklava. Afterward he volunteered for the
Franklin search exfM'dition of Capt. Francis L.
MeClint<K?k, in IK.'iT-'tK), and was sailing-master of
the " F'ox " during the voyage. In command of a
»Ii'<Igi' party, h«'tween February and July, 1850. he
dis<-oven'd 4(K) miles of new' coast. In 18(52 he
commandeii an expe<lition to survey a route for
a cable telegraph un<ler the Atlantic ocean by way
of lerland and (ireenland. He was one of the or-
gsnizent of the (.'hine«e navy, and captain of a man-
of-war during the Taiping rel)ellion. In 1875 he
attemntwl the northwest pas-sage. and endeavored
to find the rwonls of the lost Franklin expe<lition
on King William's Land, in his yacht " Pandora" ;
YOUNG
and in 1876 he refitted her for a second voyage
with the same object, but changed his destination
to Smith .sound at the request of the British ad-
miralty, which desired to communicate with the
<le|Mits c)f the government expedition. He accom-
plished ins mission with success, and for his ser-
vices wjis knighted, 12 March, 1877. An account
of the " Two voyages of the ' Pandora ' in 1875 and
1870" has been "published (London, 1879).
YOUNG, Andrew White, author, b. in Car-
lisle. Schoharie co.. N. Y., 2 March, 1802; d. in
Warsaw, VYyoming co., N. Y., 17 Feb., 1877. He
removed to Warsaw in 1816, received a common-
school education, taught for several years, then en-
gage«l in mercantile business, and in 1830 estab-
lished the Warsaw "Sentinel," changing the name
in 1882 to the " Hepublican Advocate." In 1836
lie published and edited a paper called the " Ameri-
can Citizen." Mr. Young represented Wyoming
countv in the legislature in 1845-'6and in the Con-
stitutional convention of 1846. He published " In-
troduction to the Science of Government," which
obtained an extensive circulation (Warsaw, 1835;
revised ed.. 1839); "First Lessons in Civil Govern-
ment " (1843 ; revised ed.. 1847) ; " Citizen's Manual
of Government and Law " (1851 ; revised ed., 1858) ;
"The American Statesman: a Political History of
the United States " (1855 : new ed., with an appen-
dix written just In'fore his death. New York. 1888);
and "National Economy: a History of the Ameri-
can Protective Svstem " (18(50).
YOrNG, Sir Aretas William, British soldier,
b. alxMit 1 778 ; d. 1 Dec, 1835. He entered the army
in 1795 a.s ensign, was captain in the 13th foot in
179(5. and served in Ireland during the rebellion of
1798. In 1801 he was on duty in Egypt, and in
1807 he was a<lvanced to the rank of major in the
47th regiment. Subsecpiently he was engaged in
many battles of the Peninsular war, and from 1813
he serve<i in the West Indies as lieutenant-colonel,
chiefly at Trinidad. In 1815 he was sent to join
the expedition against Guadaloupe, and received
one of the badges of the Order of Merit from
Louis XYIII. lie was next placed in command of
the troops in Grenada, and. on his being ordered
back to Trinidml, the council of assembly pre-
sented him with a sword valued at 100 guineas.
From this time to the final disbandment of the 3d
West Indian regiment in 1825, he administered the
government at various times during the absence
of Sir Ralph Woodford, and was rewarded for the
"candor, integrity, and impartiality which had
marked his administration " by 150 guineas for a
sword, and plate valued at £250. In 1826 he was
appointed protector of slaves in Demerara, and in
1831 was made lieutenant-governor of Prince Ed-
ward island. In 1834 he was knighted.
YOUNG, Augustus, author, b. in Arlington,
Vt.. 20 March, 1785 ; d. in St. Albans, Vt., 17 June.
1857. He received an academic etlucation, studied
law. was admitted to the bar in 1810, and began
practice at Stow. In 1812 he removed to Crafts-
bury. He was a member of the state assembly
during twelve successive sessions and of the state
senate for three terms, and was state's attorney for
Orleans county and judge of probate. He was a
meml)er of congress from Vermont from 31 May,
1841, till 3 March, 1843. and declined a re-election.
He then resumed the practice of law, removed to
St. Albans in 1847, was for several years judge of
the county court there, and in 1856 was appointed
state naturalist. He published "On the Quadra-
ture of the Circle" (St. Albans, 1852) and "Pre-
liminary Report on the Natural History of the
State ot Vermont " (Buriington, 1856).
YOUNG
YOUNG
Mff
TOrNO, Briirham, pn^iilent of the Momjon
churt-h, I), in Whitin^'lmm, Vt., 1 June. IHUl ; U. in
Salt I^ke ritv.ao Aujr., 1877. His father, John, a
farnipr. ^TveA in the Revolutionary war. ' In IWM
Hrighain went with his parents to Sherburne. N.
v., where, until he
was sixteen, he re-
ceived only eleven
days' schoolinjr.
He then enj?aKi'<l
in business and
was a carjK'nter.
joiner, {>ainter,
and glazier in
Mendon, N. Y.
In IMO he first
saw the " liook
of Mormon." and
a year later he
was converted by
^ Samuel H.Smith,
^^^^#!>^3f^/^^^^2V^^ bn.ther^"'on 14
/ ^T cyL. April, 1832, he
" C^ WHS Imptizod and
began to preach in the vicinity of Mendon. In the
autumn of 18^12 he went to Kirtland. Ohio, where
he became the close friend of Joseph Smith. He
was ordaine<l an elder, and in the winter of 1832-'3
was engaged in Canada, preaching, baptizing, and
organizing missions. His advancement in the
church was ra|>id, and on 14 F'eb., 1835. he was
chosen one of the twelve apostles, becoming their
president a year later. Meanwhile much of his time
was s|>ent in Kirtland, where he was cx-cupied in
working on the Temple and in studying Hebrew,
also in travelling, preaching, and making converts.
During 18J}(5-'7an effort was ma<1e to depose the
prophet Joseph and appoint Davi<l Whitmer presi-
dent of the church. A council was held for this
purpose, at which Young made an earnest plea
for Smith, and the meeting terminated unpleas-
antly. On 22 I)e<'.. 1837, Hrigham Young left Kirt-
land. He purchased land in Far West, Mo., in
1838, and settled there ; but, in pursuance of the
order of Gov. Lilbuni W. lioggs. he and his family
left their home and much of their personal prop-
erty on 14 Feb., 18^39, and returneil to Quincy. 111.
I^ater he was one of the twelve that founde<l Nau-
voo, and in September of that year set out on a
mission to England. His experience there is given
in his own words: "We landtnl in the spring of
1840 as strangers in a strange land and ix-nniless.
but through the mercv of God we have printwl
. . . 5,000 'Books of Mormon,' 3,000 hvmii-l)ooks,
2,500 volumes of the 'Millennial Star.'and 50.000
tracts, . . . emigrated to Zion 1.000 souls, yet we
have lacketl nothing to eat, drink, or wear.'' The
death of Joseph and Hyrum Smith in Carthage jail
was announce<l to him by letter while he was on
a mission in PeterlK»r()ugh, N. II.. and he retununl
to NauvtM) on (J Aug. Sidney Kigdon was th«'n
claiming leadership in the church, but two days
later Young was chosen success<^»r to Smith. In
the autumn the people of Hanc<K-k antl a«ljacent
counties clamore<i for the removal of the Mormons
from the stjite. In reply to such a demand. Young
said, on 1 Oct.. 1845, that it was the intention of
fn)m 5.000 to 0.000 |H>rsons t<i leave Nauvoo early
in 1840 U^ seek a home in the wilderness. Sul>se-
quently the charter of Nauvoo was revoke*!, and
the Mormons suffere«l house-burnings, plunderings,
whippings, murders, and the fury of mob violence.
In pursuance of his promise, many of the Mormons
croesed Mississippi river early in February, 1846,
I and on the 15th of that month President Young
and hLs family set out. On 1 .March, while there
was still several inches of miow <>n the ground, the
ex(Mlus began with about 4<N) wagons in line.
Hrigham Young was chosen prnsident in "Camp of
Israel " on 27 March, and cajitains of hundreds, of
fifties, and of tens were appointed to conduct the
maifh. Hy comuwind of Col. Stephen W. Kearny,
a call was made on President Young, on 20 June,
1840, to furnish ."iOO men for one year's sen-ice
during the Mexican war. " You shall have your
Imttalion at once," he replied, and the quota of
what was known as "the Mormon battalion " was
filled within three days. On their arrival near what
is now Florence. Neb'., on 21 July, the Omaha and
Pottawattamie Indians receive«l them kindly, and
urged the fugitives to establish a ',<imp in their
midst. Presi(lent Young accepte<l iliis ofTer, after
obtaining the c<msent of President Polk. an<l made
his winter-quarters there. They laid the settle-
ment out in streets and blocks, on which comfort-
able log-houses were built and a grist-mill was
erected. On 7 Afiril. 1847. Young, with 142 men,
set out in search of a suitable place for a settlement.
They entered Salt Lake valley on 24 July, 1847.
and. after a survey had been made of the locality and
the first house erected. Young returned to winter-
quarters on 31 Oct.. 1847. an«l on 5 Dec. was elected
president by the "twelve aiK>>tles," with Heber
C. Kimball and Willanl liicliards as counsellors.
On 20 May. 1848. he set out again, accom{>anied
by his family and 2.000 followers, for Salt Lake
City, and arrived there on 20 Sept. A provisional
government being requisite untd congress should
otherwise provi(le. he was elected on 12 March.
1849. governor of " Deseret," which is understood
by the Mormons to signifv " the land of the honey-
l)ee." The territory of I'tah was established on 9
Sept., law, and on 3 Feb., 1851, Young took the
oath of office as its governor, commander-in-chief
of the militia, and suf>erintendent of Indian affairs,
to which places he ha<l l>een ap|»ointed by Presi-
dent Fillmore. Under his administnitiun exten-
sive tracts of land were brought under cultivation
and large numlK'rs of converts were brought from
KurojK'. On 29 .\ug., 1852, the doctrine of po-
lygamy was first announced as a tenet of the Mor-
mon church by Brigham Y<tung. He claimed that
a revelation commanding it had Ijeen made to Jo-
seph Smith: but the widow and four sons of Smith
denied ever having seen or heard of any such reve-
lation. Polygamy is strictly forbidden in the
"Hook of Mormon," the " t)octrine and Cove-
nants." and all Mormon publications that were
issuinl before Snuth's death, and many left the
church on this question. Sulist^quently they formed
an indep<'ndent organization under the leatlership
of one of the sons of Smith. To sustain the new
dogma, jMtpers and [>eri<'difais were establishe«l in
various jmrts of the worhl. Meanwhile the Fed-
eral judgi's were forced l>y thri'ats of violence to
leave Utah, an<l the laws of the United States were
defie<l and subverte«l as early as 1850. Ct)l. Ed-
wanl J. Stepto«« was sent in 1854 to Utah as gov-
ernor, with a battalion of M^ldiers: but he did not
deem it prudent to assume the office, and, after
wintering in Salt liake City, he formally resigned
his post and went with his c«immand to California.
Most of the civil officers that were commissione<l
about the same time with Col. .Steptoe arrive<l in
Utah a few months after he had dei)art«Hl, and
were harasse<l ami terrifitMl like their predecessors.
In Febniar)', 18.56. a mob of armt>d Slortnons, in-
stigatiHl by sermons from the heads of the church,
broke into the court-room of the U. S. district
C46
YOUNG
rOUNG
judf^e and compelled him to adjourn his court.
Soon afterwanl all the U. S. offlcer;;. with the ex-
ception of the Indian agent, were forced to flee
from the territory. These and otiier outrages de-
termined President Buchanan to supersede Hnj?-
ham Young in the office of governor, and to send
to Utah a military force to protect the Federal offi-
cers. (See Ci'MMixo, Alfrkd, and .TonxsTox, Al-
bert SiDXKY.) The affair terminated with tlie ac-
ceptance of a pardon liy the Mormons, who on
their part j)romise(l to submit to the Federal au-
thority. Throughout hi^ life Young encouraged
agriculture and manufactures, the opening of
roads and the construction of bridges and public
etlifices, and pui-sued a conciliatory policy with the
Indians, He successfully completed a contract to
grade more than KM) miles of tlie Union Pacific
railroad, was the prime mover in the construction
of the Utah Central railroad, aided in building the
Utah Northern and Utah Western nariow-gnuge
ro»vls. introduced and fostered co-operation in all
branches of business, and extended telegraph-
wires to most of the towns of Utah. Young took
to himself a large number of wives, most of whom
resifled in a buil<ling that was known as tiie " Lion
house," from a huge lion carved in stone that
stands upon the jrariico. In 1871 he was indicted
for [xtlygamy l)ut not convicted. At the time of
his deatli he left seventeen wives, sixteen sons, and
twenly-eight <laugliters, and had been the father
of fifty-six children. Hesides his ollice of presi-
dent of the church, Young was grand archer of
the order of Danites, a secret organization within
the church, which was one of the cliief sources of
his absolute power, and whose nieml)ers, it is
claimed, conunitted many murders aixl other out-
rages by his orders. By organizing and directing
the trade and industry of the connnuiiity, he accu-
nudated great wealth. His funeral was celebrated
with imj)ressive ceremonies, in whieii more than
30,000 |>ersons participated. See " The ^lormons,"
l)y Charles :\Iaekay (London, 1851); "The Mor-
mons, or Latler-l)ay Saints, in the Valley of the
Great Salt Lake," by Lieut. John W. Gunnison
(Philadelphia, 1852) ; " Utah and the IMormons," by
Benjamin G. F'erris (New York, 185()) ; " IMormon-
ism : its Leaders and Designs," by John Hyde, Jr.,
formerly a Mormon elder (New York, 1857) ; " New
America," by William Hepworth Dixon (London,
18G7); "The Kockv Mountain Saints," bv Thomas
B. H. Stenhouse (N'ew York, 187:5); "History of
.Salt Lake City "(Salt Lake City, 1887); and "Early
Days of Mormonism," by James Harrison Ken-
nedy (New York, 1888).
YOUNG, Charles Augustus, astronomer, b. in
Hanover, N. H., 15 Dec, 18;J4. He was graduated
at part mouth in 1853, and then taught cla-ssics at
Phillips Andover aca«lemy for three years, during
one year of which he studied at the theological
seminary. In 185G he was called to fill the chair
of mathematics, natural philosophy, and astronomy
at Western reserve college, Ohio. 'During the civil
war he was captain of a company in the 85th Ohio
volunteers for three months iii 1802. He was
chosen professor of natural philosophy and as-
tronomy at Dartmouth in 1805, which post had
been held by his father, Ira Young, in 1838-'58,
and remained there until 1877. when he accepted
the chair of a.stronomy at Princeton. Prof. Young
was a member of the 'astronomical party that was
sent to observe the total solar eclipse of 7 Aug.,
1869, at Burlington, Iowa., and was given charge
of the spectroscopic observations of the party. On
this oc-casion he discovered the green line 'of the
coronal spectrum, and identified it with the line
1,474 of the solar spectrum. He was also a mem-
ber of the expedition under Prof. Joseph Winlock
to observe the eclipse of 1870, at Jerez, Spain,
and then discovered that the so-called " revei-sing
layer" of the solar atmosphere produces a bright-
line spectrum correlative to the ordinary dark-line
spectrum of sunlight. In August, 1872, he was
stationed at Sherman, Wyoming, to make solar
spectroscopic observations. He went to Pekin as
assistant astronomer under Prof. James C. Watson
to observe the transit of Venus on 8 Dec., 1874,
and in 1878'he had charge of the astronomical ex-
pedition that was organized by Princeton to ob-
serve the eclipse of 20 July of that year. He de-
vised a form of automatic spectroscope, which has
been very generally adopted, and has made a great
number of new ol)servations on solar prominences.
He has also verified experimentally what is known
as Doppler's principle as applied to light, showing
that the lines of the spectrum are slightly shifted
to one direction or the other according as the source
of light is moving toward the earth or away from
it. By this means he has been enabled to measure
the velocity of the sun's rotation. Prof. Young has
given popular lectures at the Peabody institute in
Baltimore and the Lowell institute in Boston, and
courses at Williams college, and elsewhere. The
degree of Ph. D. was given him by the University
of Pennsylvania in 1870, and that of LL. D. by
Wesleyan university in 1876. He was elected an
associate fellow of the American academy of arts
and sciences in 1871, and in 1872 a foreign associate
of the Royal astronomical society of Great Britain.
In 1872 he was chosen to the National academy of
sciences, and in 1870 served as vice-president of the
American association for the advancement of sci-
ence, of which organization he was president in
1883. Besides large contributions to astronomical
journals, scientific addresses, and magazine articles,
he has published " The Sun," in the " International
Scientific Series" (New York, 1882), and '-A Text-
Book of General Astronomy " (Boston. 1888).
YOUNG, David, clergyman, b. in Alleghany
county, Pa., lU March, 1770; d. in Harrisburg,
Ohio, 15 Sept., 1859. He emigrated to Ohio, was
converted to Methodism by Bishop William Mc-
Kendrec, was licensed to preach in 1801, and con-
tinued in the active ministry at various places till
1856. He published " Autobiography of a Pio-
neer" (Cincinnati, 1857).
YOUNG, Georg'e Paxton, Canadian educator,
b. in Bcrwick-on-Tweed, 28 Nov., 1818. He was
ordained as a minister of the Free Church of Scot-
land, and removed to Canada in 1848. The same
year he was installed as pastor of Knox church,
Hamilton, ami in 1851 he became professor of
mental and moral philosophy in Knox college, To-
ronto, which post he resigned, together with his
office in the ministry, in 1801. In 1865 he was ap-
pointed inspector of grammar-schools for Upper
Canada, and in 1871 he became professor of meta-
Shysics and ethics in University college, Toronto,
le received the degree of LL. D. in 1882, and
is the author of " Miscellaneous Discourses and
Expositions of Scripture" (Edinburgh, 1854), and
also of " The Philosophical Principles of Natu-
ral Religion" (1862).
YOUNG, Jauies, Canadian member of parlia-
ment, b. in Gait, Ont., 24 May, 1835. He was edu-
cated in his native place, and owned and edited
the "Dumfries Reformer" from 1853 tUl 186:3.
Mr. Young was elected to represent South Water-
loo in the Dominion parliament in 1867, and re-
elected by acclamation in 1872 and 1874, but was
an unsuccessful candidate for the same constitu-
YOUNG
YOUNG
647
ency in 1878. He wiis elected to the Ontario legis-
lature for North Ila.stiii^s in 1871), re-elected by
acclamation in 1883, and on 2 June, 1882, became
provincial treasurer, which |K)8t he n>signetl on 29
Oct., in conseiiuence of feeble health, but continued
to reprt'sent liidin^ till December, 1880, when he
declined a ronoinination. In the Donnnion j)arlia-
nient he secured the alx^lition of t he office of queen's
Crinter, in 1873 submitted a bill in favor of the
allot, proposed a committee and report in 1874,
which resulted in the publication of the " Hansard,"
containing the house of commons debates, and was
the author of other important measures. He was
elected president of the Reform association of On-
tario in 1878, has been president of the Sabbath-
school association of that province, a niember of
the Agriculture and arts association of Ontario,
and is connected with various industrial and finan-
cial associations. He has publishe<l two prize essays
— "The Agricultural Resources of Canada" (1857)
and "The Reciprocity Treaty" (1805)— " Reminis-
cences of the Karly History of Gait and the Settle-
ment of Dumfries" (1880), and "The National
Future of Canada" (1887). a collected series of let-
ters published originally in the Toronto " Globe,"
and ni opposition to a commercial union with the
United States and to imperial federation.
YOUNW, John, governor of Hawaii, b. in Mas-
sachusetts alx)ut 1755; d. in Honolulu, Hawaii, in
1835. He sliinped about 1789 as boatswain of the
" Eleanor," wnich called at Hawaii a year later.
In revenge for the murder of a sailor, tfie captain
killed alKiut 100 natives with grapeshot, and sailed
away, accidentally leaving Young on shore. The
latter was doomed to death, but was saved through
the intercession of the king's niece, Kaoanaeha,
who had fallen in love with liim. They were soon
afterward married, and King Kamehameha made
him his chief counsellor, benefited by his instruc-
tions in establishing his empire over all the islands,
and appointed him governor of the island of Ha-
waii. \ oung was the grandfather of (jueen Emma
Kalcleoualani. (See Kalakaua.)
YOL'N(», John, agricultural writer, b, in Fal-
kirk, Scotland, in September, 1773; d. in Halifax,
Nova Scotia, 6 Oct.. 1837. He wjis educated in
Glasgow, became a "merchant, emigrated to Nova
Scotia in 1814, and was the representative of Syd-
ney in the provincial assembly from 1825 till his
death. He also filled the office of secretary of the
Nova Scotia Iward of agriculture, having awakened
a wide-spread interest in agricultural economy by
a series of letters that were published under the
signature of "Agricola" in the Halifax" Recorder"
in 1818, and taken an active part in the formation
of agricultural societies, to which the first impetus
was given by his letters, which were published in
b«x)k-form under the title of " Letters of Agricola
on the I'rincinles of Vegetation and Tillage" (Hali-
fax, 1822). He also preparetl a " Report of the
PnK-eedings of the Agricultural Societv of Hali-
fax " (Halifax, 1823-4).— His son, George R., au-
thor, b. in Scotland; d. in Halifax, N. S., was a
member of parliament, and the author of several
imporUint works, the chief of which was a sketch
of "Colonial Liteniture, Science, and Education "
He was also the founder of the " Nova Scotian,"
a paper which in after years, under the editor-
ship of Joseph Howe, exerted wide influence.
He also published " Letters to E. G. S. Stanley,
M. P, upon the Existing Treaties with P'rance
and America as regards their Rights of Fishery"
i London, 1834), and "History. Principles, and
*ro8pecta of the Bank of British North America
and of the Colonial liank " (1838). — Another son,
Sir William, Canadian jurist, b. in Falkirk, .Stir-
lingshire. .Scotland, 20 Jiily, 1799; d. in Halifax.
Nova S<-otia, 8 May, 1887, was educate<l at Glas-
gow university, went to Nova Si-otia with his fam-
dv in 1814, and aided his father in business until
1820, when he entered a law-office. In 1820 he
was admitteil a barrister, and in 1843 he Ix'came
queen's counsel. He entered into jmrtnershin with
his brothers, and in 1832 was elected to the Prince
Edward island house of assembly. Later, when
the island was divided, he sat for Inverness from
1837 till ia59. In 1838 Mr. Young was sent as one
of a delegation to Quebec to meet Lord Durham
to discuss matters atfecting the prosperity of the
province. During the session of 1839 Mr. Young
was appointed a delegate to represent tu the in)pe-
rial government the views of Nova Scotia regard-
ing certain reforms, which were accomplished. In
1840 he was active in the demonstratums against
Sir Colin Campbell, then lieutenant-governor of
Nova Scotia, which resulted in his recall, and he
was equally hostile to his successor, the Viscount
Falkland. In 1843 Young was elected speaker of
the house of assembly by a majority of two votes.
On 8 Feb.. 1844. the new house met. when Young,
who had been elevated to a seat in the executive
council, but had resigned on his apiK>intnient to
the sfK'akership, was re-elected siwaKer. In 1847
Sir John Harvey, who succeeded Lord F'alkland,
proposed a coalition; but Young opposed the sug-
gestion with his accustonieil vigor. A new elec-
tion was determined upon, in which the refonners
were victors, and Young was a third time elected
speaker. In the session of 1850 he was a[)pointe<l
on a commission to consolidate and simplify the
laws. This is said to have been the first time that
an attempt of the sort was ever made in a British
colony. In 1854 Mr. Young assumed the office of
attorney-general, and formed a ministry, that was
defeated shortly afterward, but in 1800 Mr. Young
and his party again assumed control of affairs.
He became jtremier and piesident of the council,
and on the death of Chief-Justice Sir Brenton Hali-
burton in the same vear. was appointed to that
post. Soon afterward he was civated judge of the
vice-admiralty, an iniiHrial appointment, and in
1808 he was knighted by the queen. For many
years Sir William he wjis a member of the board
of governors of Daihousie university, Halifax, and
chairman of that body. He declined the lieu-
tenant-governorship of Nova Scotia. On 4 May,
1881, he resiened his seat on the bench, and at
his death he left the greater part of his wealth to
charitable and educational institutions. — Another
son. Charles, Canadian jurist, b. in G lasgow, Si-ot-
land, 30 April, 1812, studied in Daihousie col-
lege, Halifax, where he took honors, and entered
the law-office of his brothers, George and Will-
iam. In 1838 he was called to the bars of Nova
Scotia and of Prince Edward island, and. f»)rm-
ing a cojiartnership with his brothers, practised
for several years. On 23 Nov., 1847, he was the
first barristt.'r in Prince Edward island to be ap-
pointed queen's cminsel. At the age of twenty-
eight he entered the island house of assenjbly, and
was soon transferred to the legislative council,
where he sat for twenty-three years, during ten of
which he was its president. In 1851-2 and 18,58-'9
he was attorney-general, and he was also adminis-
trator of the government of Prince Edward island
ft)r four years. Like his brother William, he was
a warm sup|>orter of the policy of resix>nsible gov-
ernment, and he was the first public man in the
island to espouse that principle. In 1852 he re-
ceived hijji appointment as judge o( probate, and
648
YOUNG
sixteen veAis later he became judge in bankruptcy.
In March. 1875. he rotirwl tmm tiie latter |)<)st.
As a barrister he had a very large and lucrative
iinu'tice. hardlv a case of iui|)ortance oocurrinj,' in
which ho was hot retained. In tenantry cases he
WHS almost invariably retained by the tenants, and
the iKH-uliar land laws of the island found always
in hiin a ready and logical interpreter. He fre-
quently delivered public lectures, and the Mechan-
ics' institute of Charlottetown owes to hini its
foundation. Since 1845 he has Ijcen a warm tem-
peranco advocate, and he has been a local preacher
of the MethiKiist church for numy years. In 18r)8
the muHjn offered him the dignity of knightho<xl,
which he decline<l.
YOUNU, John, governor of New York. b. in
Chelsea, V't.. 12 June, 1802; tl. in New York city,
23 April, 18.*)2. He was taken in early life to C^one-
8US, Livingston co., N. Y., received a common-
sc\vmJ{ education, taught himself the classics, was
a teacher for several years, studied law in Geneseo,
was admitted to the" bar in 1827. and attained a
high ref)utatioii. especially as a jury lawyer. Ear-
Iv in life he engaged in" oolities, supporting An-
drew .JjK lison in 1828, and in the following year
attaching himself to the anti-Masonic party, by
which he was elected to the legislature in 1832.
He was elected to congress as a Whig in 1836, and
served from 4 Dec. of that year till 3 March, 1837.
He declineii a re-election for the following term,
but was again put in nomination in 1840, and Wiis
eleoleil, took his seat when congress was called to-
gether in extra session on 31 May, 1841, and served
till 3 March. 1843. He was elected to the legis-
lature in 1844, became leatier of the Whigs, and
carried through the bill for a constitutional con-
vention, with the aid of the Hunker or Radical
Democratic vote. He was re-elected in 1845, ac-
quired groat popularity as the champion of the
anti-renters, received the Whig nomination for
governor in 1840, and was elected. He condemned
till* Mexican war in his messages, and sanctioned
resolutions of the legislature in favor of excluding
slavery from the territory that had been acquired
from Mexico. He su|)ported Henry Clay's can-
didacy in the Whig national convention of 1848.
In July. 1849, he was appointed assistant treasurer
of the L'nited St»ites in New York city.
YOUNdt. Sir Jolin, Haron Lisc.ar, governor-gen-
eral of Canada, b. in the presidency of liombay, Brit-
ish India, 31 Aug.,
1807; d. in Ire-
land, 6 Oct., 1876.
His father. Sir
William Young,
bart.. was a direc-
tor of the East In-
dia company. In
his childhood the
son left India for
England, and he
was gmduated at
Oxford in 1829,
He studied law,
and in 1834 was
called to the bar.
He sat in the house
of commons as a
conservative from
1831 till 18.5.5, from
1841 till 1844 was a
Ion! of the treasury, and during the next two years
secretury of the treasury. From 1852 till 185.5," dur-
ing the pn-miership of the Earl of Alierdeen. Sir
John Young was sent to Ireland as chief secretary.
— ^^^>^» J^^^.*^*^
YOUNG
In 1855 he was transferred to the Ionian islands as
lord high commissioner. On the death of his fa-
ther in 1848 he had succeeded to the baronetcy, and
for his services in connection with the Ionian isl-
ands mission he was decorated by the queen with
the grand cross of the order of St. Michael and St.
George. In 18(50 he was sent to New South Wales
as governor. His administration of that colony
lasted nearly seven years, when he returned to
England, and in 1868 received the appointment of
governor-general of Canada, and governor and
commander-in-chief of Prince Edward island,
which had not then entered the union, in suc-
cession to Viscount Monck. He arrived in No-
vember, and was sworn as governor-general on 29
Dec. He remained in office until June. 1872, when
he was succeeded by the Earl of Dufferin. In
1870 his long public services were rewarded with
a peerage, when he took the title of Baron Lisgar,
and in the year following he was constituted lord
lieutenant and custos rotulorum of the county of
Cavan. As governor - general of Canada, Lord
Lisgar proved a capable and dignified ruler. He
was not a man given to much social display, but
he was a constitutional student and a hard-work-
ing official. He had been trained in a severe
school, and during his career in the Dominion
he had opportunity for the exercise of his talent
and knowledge of public affairs. While govern-
or he had to deal with the Red river rebellion,
Louis Riel's first insurrection in the northwest;
the Washington treaty was signed, Nova Scotia
secured " better terms," Manitoba and British Co-
lumbia joined in the confederation, and the terras
for building the Canadian Pacific railway were
agreed upon. He was in feeble health most of the
time that he was in Canada, but he contrived to do
his duty in an exceptionably able manner, and he
won many friends. At the close of his term he
retired to his estates in Ireland, and passed the re-
mainder of his days quietly. The title expired
with him, and, as he had no children, the estate
passed to his nephew, the present baronet, Sir
William Muston Need Young.
YOUNtt, John, Canadian member of parlia'
ment, b. in Ayr, Scotland. 4 March, 1811 ; d. in
Montreal, Canada 12 April, 1878. He emigrated
to Canada in 1826, became a clerk in the estab-
lishment of John Torrance at Montreal, and in
1835 he entered into partnership with David Tor-
rance at Quebec. During the rebellion of 1837 he
served as a captain of volunteers. Mr. Young re-
turned to Montreal in 1840 and joined Harrison
Stephens in business. In 1845 he was one of the
originators of the project for the construction of
the railway to Portland, Me., and he also advo-
cated the construction of a railway from Montreal
to the west and became president of the projected
line. About the same tiine he suggested and ad-
vocated the necessity of a bridge across the St.
Lawrence at Montreal, and advanced the funds for
the survey, the route being adopted for the Vic-
toria bridge. In 1851 Mr. Young was appointed
commissioner of public works in the Hincks-
Morin cabinet, was elected to represent the city of
Montreal, and continued its representative till his
health compelled him to retire in 18o7. In 1851
he resigned the commissionership of public works
in consequence of the determination of the gov-
ernment to charge differential tolls on American
vessels passing tnrough Welland canal. He was
an unsuccessful candidate for Montreal, west, in
1863, was elected in 1872, and retired in 1874.
YOUNG, John Clarke, educator, b. in Green-
castle, Pa., 12 Aug., 1803 ; d. in Danville, Ky., 28
YOUNG
YOUNG
649
June, 1857. He was tho son of nn eminent clergy-
man of the Ass«x'iHte Reforinetl church, studiwl ut
ColumbiH for thn-e years, then went to Dickinson
college, where ho was gnuluatwl in 182^^, siVnt two
years at Princeton seminary, and, while acting as
a tutor in Princeton college during the next two
years, was license<l to oreach by tho New York
presbytery on 7 March, 1827. He was instullitl as
pastor of a Presbyterian church in Ijouisville. Ky.,
HI 1828. and two yeai-s later was ch<;sen |)residi'nt
of Centre college, which ofllce he filled until his
death, oiflciating also after 1884 as pastor of a
Presbyterian church in Danville. In a contro-
versy with the Rev. Samuel C'rothers and William
Steele he upheld the views of the Kentucky eman-
cipationists and deprecate<i the aims of the AIk>-
litionists. He receive<i the degree of D. D. from
Princettm in 18iW, and in 1853 was moderator of
the general assembly. His first wife was a niece
of the Uev. Robert J. Hreckinridge and his second
A daughter of John J. Crittenden. His publica-
tions include a " Si)eech before the Kentucky
Colonization Society ' (1832), and an "Address to
the Presbyterians of Kentucky. pro[x)sing a Plan
for the Instruction and Emancipation of their
Slaves," which he preparetl in 1834 for the commit-
tee of the Kentucky synod that hml passed resolu-
tions in favor of gnulual emancipation. Of the
address 100,000 conies were circulated. It elicited
the strictures of tne Ohio Alwlitionists, to whom
Dr. Young replied in a letter entitled "The Doc-
trine of Imme<liate Emancipation Unsound.*' which
first appeare*! in the newspapers in IKW.
YOUNu, John Freeman, P. E. bishop, b. in
Pittston, Kennelwcco., Me., 30 Oct., 1820; d. in New
York city, 15 Nov., 1885. He l>egan a scientific
course at Wesleyan university in 1841. but left
that institution during freshman year. He then
became a student in the Virginia tlieological semi-
nary at Alexandria, where he was graduated in
1845. He was at once ordained to the ministry of
the Protestant Episcopal church, and preachitl suc-
cessively in F^lorida. Texas, Mississippi, and Louisi-
ana. In 1800-'7 he was assistant minister of Trin-
ity church, New York. Having been elected the
second bishop of Florida, he wa.s consecrated. 25
July. 1807, and held the office until the time of his
death. He received tho degree of S. T. I), from
Columbia college in 1865. IJishop Young has pul)-
lished in pamphlet-form a series of twenty-five
hymns in the Spanish language, with tunes, also
"Great Hvmns of the Church" (New York, 1887).
YOl'N^'J, John RiiHHeU, journalist, b. in Dow-
ington. Chester co.. Pa., 20 Nov., 1841. He re-
ceivtHl his e<lucation in the public schools of Phila-
delphia and the New Orleans high-school. He en-
tere«l the employment of the Philadelphia " Press"
in 1857 as copy-lwy, and was promoted to other
duties till at tne l)eginning of the civil war he was
sent to Virginia as war-corresnondent. He re-
mained with the Anny of the Potomac froni the
iMittle of Bull Run till the end of the Chickahom-
iny camtMiign. In 18(H he accompanied (ten. Na-
thaniel P. Hanks on his Rwl river ex|H'<lition, after
which he returne<l to Philadelphia to »u*sume edi-
torial charge of the " Press." He resigned in WtH
and attempted to establish a new pai)er in Phila-
delphia, which he called the " Morning Post." and
after its failure liegan the publication of one in
New York city named the "Standanl." with which
he ha<l no l>etter success. He then connecte<l him-
self with the New York "Tribune," of which he
was managing tnlitor from 1866 till 18(59. Having
studied law for the prescribed term, he obtaintn)
admission to the bar in 1807. In 1871 he went to
Europe as a correspondent of the New York " Her-
ald," and was engaged in collecting news in Great
Britain and on the continent till 1877, when, as
commissiimer of the " Herald," he accom|Minie(l
ex-President (irant around the world. After his
return to New York city in 1879 he resume<l his
place on the editorial staff. On 15 Man-h, 1882.
he was ap[M)inted V. S. minister to China. He
filled that jxist until the accession of President
Cleveland, and then returned to New York and en-
gaged in his f(>rmer occupation. He has published
"Around the World with General (Jrant (2 vols..
New York, 1879).— His brother. Jamet) Rankin,
journalist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 6 March. 1847,
enlisted in the emergency ciimiwign of 1803. and
then entered the volunteer urniy in 1864, serving
until the close of the war. In 1800 he became con-
nected with the New York "Tribune," was its
Washington corresjxindent until 1871. when he l)e-
came executive clerk of the U. S. senate, which
place he has since held. He is one of the owners
of the Philadelphia " Evening Star." to which he
has contributed the "S. M." corresi)ondcnce.
YOl'NCi, Jonathan, naval oflicer. b. in Ohio.
27 Nov., 1825; d. in New Ix)ndon, Conn., 17 May.
1885. He entere«l the navy as a ntidshipman. 19
Oct.. 1841. and served in the West Indies, where he
participated in an engagement with |>irales on the
Isle of Pines ofif the south coast of Cuba, and
captured a slaver with 500 slaves on board. He
cruised in theship-of-the-line "Columbus" around
the world, 1845-'8, and at Ye<ldo, Japan, succeeded
in forcibly delivering a letter to the Japanese gov-
ernment. He became a passed midsliipman, 10
Aug., 1847, was commissione<l a master. 14 .Sept..
185.5, and a lieutenant the next day. while on a
cniiso in the steamer " Massachusetts." of the Pa-
cific station. In this cruise he participate<l in
engagements with Indians in Puget sound. He
commanded the steamer " Westemport " in the
Paraguay expedition of 1859. an«l when the civil
war Wgan was serving in the steamer "Susque-
hanna ' in the Mediterranean, in which be returned.
0 June, 1801, and participated in the capture of
the forts at Hatteras inlet. 28 Aug.. 1801. and of
Port Royal. S. C, 7 Nov.. 1801. He was executive
in the steamer " Powhatan " in chase of the Con-
federate privateer "Sumter" to Brazil and Gibral-
tar in 1861-'2, comnumded the steamer "Pembi-
na," of the Western Gulf s<|uadron.a short time in
1863. and was promoted to lieutenant-commander,
10 July. 1802. and to ccunmander. 25 July, 1866,
commande<I the receiving - ship at Portsmouth,
N. H., 1806-'7, and steamer " Mahaska," North At-
lantic s<iU8dron, 1808-'9. served at the naval ob-
servatory in Washington, 1869. and navy -yard,
Portsouth. 1809-72. He was chief of .staff oh the
flag-ship " I^ancaster." of the Brazil squadron, in
18f3, was commissioned a captain, 8 Nov., 1873,
commanded the steamer "Tennessee," of the Asiatic
squadron, in 1876-'8, and servwl at the navy-yani,
Portsmouth, in 1879-81. He waspromote*! to com-
nioilore. 19 June. 1882, and commanded the naval
station at New I^>nd(>n in 1882- '5.
YOrN«. Josn^i Marie, R. C bishop, b. in the
fwrt of Acton that is now calle<l Shapleigh. Me.. 29
Oct., 1808; d. in Erie. Pa.. 18 S«'i.t.. 18(W. His
father, Jonathan, a graduate of Harvard, was a
Universalist in religion, and the son was i><lucated
in the Congregntional faith by a maternal uncle,
who was a descendant of the Rev. Samuel Mtxxly.
He was apprentice*! to a printer at Portland in
1823, adopted Universalist views for a time, and
then became a convert to Catholicism, For a year
after his apprenticeship he edited the " Maine
650
YOUNG
Democrat" at Saco, and then emicrrated to tlie
west, working at his tm<lo in Kentuclcy and after-
wani in riiicinniiti. Ohio. His rolijrious zoal and
his uU-nls attracted the notice of Hishoj) John B.
PurccU, who sent him to Mount St. Mary's col-
lege, Eininitsburg,
to j)re|)are for
the ministry. He
adopted a new
nnddle name in
the place of his
original one of
Moody, was or-
dained priest in
1887. and labored
for seven years as
a niissionurv in
the west and af-
terward as i)arish
priest at Lancas-
ter. Ohio. When
the diocese of f^rie
•was formed in 185;^
by the division of
the former diocese
of Pittsburg, he
was nominated as the successor of Bishop Michael
O'Connor, who was translated to the new see at his
own sujjirest ion. Dr. Young, however, wixs reluc-
tant to tiike tile i>Iace of the older bishop at Pitts-
burg, but agreed to accept an appointment as bishop
of Erie. He was consecrated on 23 April, 18r)4.
Hisa(lministration of the diocese was distinguished
for zeal and energy, and resulted in an increase of
churclies from 28 to mon; than 50. and of clergy-
men from 14 to 51. He established academies and
schools, orphan asylums, and an infirmary and hos-
ttital. was rigid iii religious exercises, laborious in
lis episcopal visitations, assiduous in preparing
young men for the spiritual office, and active in the
promotion of temperance, and was an earnest
preiu'her. attracting many Protestant hearers.
YOl'Ndi, Loyal, clergyman, b. in Charlomont,
Mass.. 1 July. 18(M>. He was graduated at Jeffer-
son college in 1828. and at the Western theological
seminary. Alleghany City. Pa., in 1832, was licensed
to preach by the Ohio jiresbytery on 21 July of
that year, and installed at the sjimc time as pastor
of the <'liurch at Hutler, Pa. He remained in this
relation till 18(^s. then was pastor of the church at
French Creek. \V. \'h.. for eight years, and for five
years had charge of one at Parkersburg, W. Va.,
after which he lalxin>d as a missionary for four
years in Wintteld, W. V'a. The degree of D. I), was
eiven him by Wjishington college in 1858. He has
been a tnistee of Washington college and of the
Western theological semiiuiry. Dr. Young is the
author of "Interviews with Inspired Men" (Pitts-
burg. 18.57): " Commentary on the H(Kjk of Eccle-
siastes*' (Philadelphiti, 186(5); "From Dawn to
Dusk, a Pastor's Panorama" (Claremont, N. H.,
1884); and " Ecce Diluvium, or Noah's Account of
the FlfxMl" (Washington, Pa.. 1887).
YOUN(rl, Pierce Manning Butler, soldier, b.
in Spartanburg. S. ('., 15 Nov., lt*iH). He was taken
to Georgia when he was a year old. was educated
at the military institute in that state, liegan the
study of law. and then entered the U. S. military
academy in 1857. Within two months of the time
for ^ra4luation he resigned on account of the se-
cession of the southern states, and joined the Con-
fe<lerHte army as a 2«1 lieutenant. He was suc-
cessively pn)mote<l through all the grades of the
service to that of major-eeneral on 12 Dec, 18(54.
when he was assigned to tne command of a cavalry
YOUNG
division. He resided in Cartersville, Ga., after the
war, and was the only Democrat who was elected
to congress when representation was restoreii un-
der the reconstruction acts, taking his seat on 25
July. 1808. He was re-elected for the three suc-
ceeding terms, serving till 3 March, 1875. Gen.
Young has been a delegate to every National
Democratic convention since 1868. In 1877 he
was appointed one of the commissioners from the
United States to the World's fair held in Paris.
He was appointed consul-general to St. Petersburg,
Russia, in 1885, but, owing to the severe climate,
resigned a year later, and has since resided on his
plantation "near Atlanta, Ga.
YOUNG, Richard Montgomery, senator, b.
in Kentucky in 1790; d. in Washington, D. C,
about 1852.' He removed to Jonesboro', 111., and
was admitted to the bar, 28 Sept., 1817. He was a
member of the general assembly in 1820-'2, became
judge of the 3d judicial district of Illinois, 19
July, 1825, and in 1828 was presidential elector on
the" Democratic ticket. On 23 Jan., 1829, he was
commissioned judge of the 5th circuit, which in-
cluded what is now Cook county. In 183G he was
elected U. S. senator, and in 1839 he was appointed
a state agent to negotiate the state internal im-
provement bonds, and went to Europe for that
purpose. Ho was commissioned associate justice
of the supreme court on 4 Feb., 1843, and held the
post till he resigned, 25 Jan., 1847. In 1847 he
was appointed commissioner of the general land
office, and in 1850-'l he was clerk of the house of
representatives at Washington.
YOUNG, Tliomas Jolin, clergyman, b. in
Charleston, S. C, 22 Oct., 1803; d. there, 11 Oct.,
1852. Ho was graduated at Yale in 1823, or-
dained priest in the Protestant Episcopal church
in 1827. was pastor of the united parishes of St.
Luke and Prince William in 1828-'30, of St John's
church, John's island, in 183(>-'47, and assistant
rector of St. IMichacl's church, Charleston, from
1847 till his death. In the diocesan convention of
1838 he was elected a delegate to the general con-
vention at Philadelphia, and he was re-elected till
1850, when, owing to impaired health, he decliiied
to sers'o any longer. In the diocesan convention
of 1841 he was appointed one of the committee of
three to revise tho constitution, canons, and the
rides of order of the church, and of this committee
he was the one selected to do the work. lie was
one of the originators of the Church home in
Charleston, and delivered the address at its open-
ing in >1851. In 1849 ho visited Europe. He pub-
lished sermons and addresses.
YOUNG, Tliomas Lowry, soldier, b. in Killy-
leagh, Ireland, 14 Dec, 1832 ; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio,
20 July, 1888. He came to this country at an early
age, served in the U. S. army during the last year of
the war with Mexico, and afterward taught in Cin-
cinnati. He entered the National army at the be-
ginning of the civil war. and was promoted colonel,
but, having contracted disease in the Atla,nta
campaign, no was honorably discharged in Sep-
tember, 1864, and brevctted brigadier-general of
volunteers. 13 March, 1805. He was graduated at
the Cincinnati law-school, admitted to the bar in
1865. the same year was appointe<l» assistant city
auditor of Cincinnati, and was elected a member
of the state house of representatives for a term of
two years. He was elected recorder of Hamilton
county in 1867, appointed a supervisor of internal
revenue in 1868, and was a delegate to the National
Republican convention the same year. He was
elected state senator in 1871, lieutenant-governor
in 1875, and in 1877 became governor after Ruther-
YOUNG
YULEE
601
ford B. Ilnyes wm chosen presiMent. lie son'ed in
congress in 187H-'82. and m 18«<J was appointed a
mtMulxT of the l>oard of public afTnirA of Cincin-
nati, which office ho held at his death,
YOl'NW, William, journalist, b. in Deptf.ml,
Kn>;land. in 1H(W; d. in I'aris. France, 15 April.
18H8. His father was an admiral in the royal
navy. Ho married an American lady in IMIW. and
came to this country, where, from 1H4H till 1807,
he edittnl in New York city "The Albion." a pa|K'r
dev()te«l to British news and intereslj*. In 18(W he
cstal)lished " Every AftenuxMi," which was discon-
tinued in four weeks with heavy loss. He then re-
moved to Paris, where he afterwanl resided. Mr.
Young published "Two Hundred Lyrical Poems
of Beranper. done into English Verse "(New York,
1850): "Carmina Collegensia" (1808); " Mathieu
Kopars, etc.. by an Ex-?:ditor" (1808); and "The
Man who Laughs." from the French of Victor
Hugo (1809). He also wrote the letter-press for a
collection of photographs entitled " Lights ami
Shades of New York Picture Galleries" (1803), and
ada|)ted several plavs from the French.
YOUNti. William Henry Harrison Hntchln-
t*on, journalist, b. in Amherst, Erie co.. N. Y.. 4
May, 1819. He was educated at Fredonia acatl-
emy, N. Y., admitted to the bar. and practised
in Buffalo, but removed to the south, took part
in the Texan revolution and the Mexican war,
and also edited the Savannah " Georgian " ancl
" Young's Spirit of the South " at Nashville,
Tenn., and Louisville. Ky. He has also l)een con-
nected editorially with several paf)ors at the north,
including the " Spirit of the Times." the " Demo-
cratic Review," and the Cincinnati "Sunday De-
spatch." He married a wealthy southern lady,
and together they aided in establishing the " Kin-
nev Colony" in Nicaragua, publishing there the
" (!'entral American." At the opening of the civil
war they raised and eouippe<l at their own exiHMise
Y'oung's Kentucky light cavalry (afterward tne 3d
Pennsylvania cavalry), which was the first cavalry
regiment to take the field, and of which Mr.
Young became colonel. Since the war Col. Young
has practised law in Washington, and has l)ecn in-
terested in establishing a colony of veteran soldiers
in Florida. He and his wife also foundwl the New
York volunteer institute, a sch(^)l in which they
educated 9(X) soldiers' orphans at their own ex-
pense. Col. Young has invented and patented an
artificial stone.
YSABEAl', Alphonsp Pan! (ee-zah-lxi). French
naval ofTlcer. b. in Dunkirk in 1811 ; d. in Fort de
France, Martinicjue, in Decml)cr. 1848. He entered
the navy as a midshipman in 1820. was promotetl
ensign in 1832 and lieutenant in IKH. saile<l in the
fleet that under Admiral De Mackau blockaded
Buenos Avres in 1840-'3, and was employed in
hvdrographic service in the river Plate. He mmle
afso a survey of the lower basin of the Parana.
After a short sojourn in France he wjis attached
to the station of Martininue, and died in Fort de
France of yellow fever, lie wrote " Rapi)ort sur
le Imssin inferieur du Parana" (Paris, 1845);
'•Journal d'un tt^moin dn siege de Buenfw Ayres"
(2 vols., 1840); an<l" fitudessur les n'volutionsetles
guerres civiles dans rAmerique dn Sud"(8vols.,
Fort de Fnince. 1848).
YSA.HBKRT^IJnMtare (ee-zahm-bair), French
naval olTlcer. 1). in Brittany in 1(MJ7; d. in Hio
Janeiro, Brazil. 18 .March. 1711. After command-
ing a privateer in the West Indies and the Pacific
ocean, he entered the royal navy alH>ut 170O, with
the rank of conimamler. In 1710 he sailed as j
chief-of-staff of Jean Baptisto Duclerc in the lat- |
ter's expedition to Brazd. On 0 Ang. they sighted
Hio Janeiro, which they could have then carried
by a 8i)ee<ly attack, but, Duderc's intention being
opposiHl by Ysandwrt and the council of war, thev
anchore<l on 17 Aug. at a point near Tejiico and
landed 900 marines. The Portuguese meanwhile
had pre|mriHl for resistance, and when the French
arrived at Novo Engenho dos Padres da C<»m-
IMiuhia, six miles from Hio Janeiro, they met a
'ortuguese division which they defeated. Failing
to receive co-operation fnim the fliH-l, which had
been disi>erseti by a temi)est. they were attacked, on
18 Sept.. by the viceroy. FVancisci) de Castro Monies,
with superior fottjes, but n>ute<l him and followed
the fugitives into the city. Being receive<I there
by a cross-fire from fortified buildings. Ysani-
bert with a small party barricaded himself in the
city-hall, while Duclerc took shelter in the custom-
house. After a heavy loss. Duclerc agreed to ca-
pitulate on condition that his forces sliould Iw re-
turned to France ; but Y'sanibert, whose position
was stronger, was reluctant to trust the Portu-
guese, and continued resistance till he received
peremptory ortlers frf)m Duclerc to com[)ly with
the terms of the capitulation. The leaders were
well treated, but a few days later the French fleet,
unaware of the surrender, nia«le an attack on the
city. The viceroy pnK-laimed the capitulation vio-
lated, and the oflicers were thereafter kept in clf»se
confinement. Duclerc and YsamlM?rt were killed
by the guard in an attempt to esca|)e. or mur-
dered, according to other historians, on 18 March,
1711. Their death was avenged a few months
later by I)ug»«y-Tn)uin. who released the surviv-
ing French prisoners.
YSAMBERT, Jules Henri d% French ad-
ministrator, b, in Nancy. Lorraine, in 1739; d.
there in 1795. He enteretl the (piartermaster's de-
partment of the French army and came to this
country in 1780 with Count de RochandK?au. serv-
ing afterward in Santo Domingo till 1792. when
he was recalled to France, and afterward impris-
one<l during the reign of terror. He |)ublished
" Memoire stir les ojH'rations des intendants pen-
dant la campagne de M. le Comte de Roi-hamWau
aux fitats-Unisde TAmerique en 1780-'82." written
in answer to charges of dishonesty and fraud
against the quartermaster's department of Kfjcham-
iH'au's army (Brest, 1785); ".Journal d'un temoin
de la guerre d'Amerique" (1780); and " Le deniier
boucanier," a historical novel, containing interest-
ing information alxnit the West Indies and the
life of a privateer (Nancy, 1788).
YSOART, Sigismond (ee-zo-ar). Flemish au-
thor, b. in Ypres in 1004; d. in Amstenlam in
1052. He was a mariner, made voyages to Jvmth
America and Cape Horn. and. entering the service
of the West Indian oimpany in 1041. was em-
ploye<I for sevenal years in Guiana, and ct)m-
manded the fleet tHat devastatwl the southern
coast of Brazil in 1047. In 1(M9 he made a chart
of the Caribln-an sea and the coast of (tuiana. and,
Ix'ing promote<l in the folhtwing vear a director
of the West Imlian company, settled in Amster-
dam, where he died. He wn»te a narrative of his
expedition entitled " Diarum nauticum itineris
Bavatonim in Indias Occidentales" (Amstenlam,
1050), and contributed to the stt-ond e<lition of the
" Ilistoire du commencement et des progres de la
comjMigine des Indes Occidentales des Provinces
Unies des Pays Bas. contenant les princiiwux voy-
ages" (3 vols.. Amstertlan>, 1055-'fl).
Yl'LEE, David I^vy. senator, b. in the Wert
Indies in 1811 ; d. in New Yi»rk city. 10 Oct., 1888.
His father, whose name was Levy, was of Hebrew
662
YUNG WING
YVES D'fiVREUX
extraction. The son removed with him to Vir-
ginia when fjuite young, and there received the
rudiments of a classical education. It> 1824 he
w»«nt to Florida, studied law, and engJiged in plant-
ing. He was elected a dt'legate to congress from
that territory, and served from 31 .March, 1841, till
3 March, 1845. under the name of David Levy, but
afterward changed it to David Levy Yulee. under
which designation he was subsequently known.
He was a delegate to the State constitutional con-
vention, was elected a U. S. senator from Florida
as a Democrat, serving from 1 Dec. 184o. till 8
March. 18.")1. and was again in the senate from 3
Dec. 18*)o, till 21 Jan.. 18(51. when he retired to
join the southern Conftnleracy. During the civil
war he served Jis a inendK-r of the Confederate
congress, and at its termination wiis confined as a
prisoner of state at Fort Pulaski until he was par-
doned. At one time he was president of the At-
lantic and Gulf railroad in Florida. Mr. Yulee
was inti'rested in the development of Fernandina
and Cedar Keys, and was one of the corporators of
the railroad between those two places.
YUNG WING, diplomatist, b. in Xan Ping,
frovince of Kwang Tung. China, 17 Nov., 1828.
le Ijecame a pupil of Samuel li. Hrown, D. D..
who was then a teacher in China under the au-
spices of the Morrison education society, and ac-
companied Dr. Brown to the Cnited States in
April, 1847. He was graduated at Yale in 18.54,
and was engaged in the tea and silk business until
181)4. when he entered the service of the Chinese
governnu'iit. and was commissioned to purchase
machinery in the United States for what is now
the Kiang Xan arsenal. In 1870, at Tientsin, he
submitted four propositions to the high comnns-
sioners that had l»een appointed to settle the affair
of the massacre of Christians at that place. The
first was the transportation of the tribute rice in
steamers by sea. freight to be paid by the gov-
ernment as subsidy to a Chinese stock company
t" create a fieet of ocean and river steamers,
This company is now the well-known China mer-
cliant steam navigation com|)any. Secondly, he
pro|Mis«>d the education of Chinese youths abroad,
to facilitate intercourse with foreigners, and devel-
op the resources of the empire. The tliird pro-
fjosal was the ojjening of the rivers of China, and
the fourth to terminate the pretensions of the
Roman Catholic church in her claim to exercise
jurisdiction over native proselytes. The first and
second i)rofM>siti(ms were carried out in 1872, and
within the next two years 120 youth were sent to
the United .States in charge of commissioners, one
of whom was Yung Wing, who was made a man-
darin of the thini rank by brevet. In 1874 he
went to Peru to investigate the affairs of the
Chinese laljorers there. In 1878 he was appointed
assistant nunister resident of China at Washing-
ton, with privilege of wearing the button of the
second rank by brevet. In 1881 the Chinese stu-
dents were recalled, and the educational scheme
was aljandoned. In 1882 he returned to China,
and was apiK>inted ex|)ectant intendant of Kiang
Su province : but on amount of the health of his
wife he returned to Hartford, Conn. He was made
a citizen of the Unite<l States on 30 Oct., 1852, and
in 1875. married Mi.ss .Marv Kellogg, of Avon, Conn.,
who died on 29 May, 1880.
TVER DE CHAZELLES, Jean Pierre (he-
vair), French navigator, b. in St. Aubin du Cor-
mier in 1709; d. there in 1786. In 1750 he ob-
tained the command of an expedition to search
for the northwest passage, and. after visiting Ice-
lan(l, anchored in June at Vagna-fjord, on the coast
of Greenland, where he built barracks. He under-
took an expedition to the interior, and discovered
a chain of high mountains, which were seen again
in 18t)9 by the Austrian scientific expedition of
Karl Koldewey. Resuming his journey, he coasted
(freenland, prepared a valuable chart of all its in-
lets and fjords, and anchored at Vorland island,
81° north latitude. He was the first navigator to
reach 81° 30' north latitude, where he was impris-
oneclby icebergs from December, 1750, till March,
1751. and then drifted to the south, visiting Spitz-
bcrgen on the homeward journey. He related the
results of his expedition in "Voyage k la recherche
du passage du Nord - Ouest " (4 vols., Rennes,
1752-'3). Yver was promoted brigadier-general of
the naval forces, and fought with credit in the
West Indies, twice relieving Tobago, raising the
blockade of Cape PVan^ais in Santo Domingo, and
defending St. Vincent and Grenada. From 1764 till
1766 he was occupied in making a chart of the
Caribl)ean sea. and in 1766-'8 he visited Mexico.
He made in 1769 an expedition to the coast of
Patagonia and the Strait of Lemaire, and retired
in 1772, but re-entered active service when France
joined in the war for American independence, and
was employed in the West Indies and the Indian
and Pacific oceans. Yver's works include "Atlas
de la mer des Antilles" (Rennes, 1773); "In-
structions aux navigateurs sur le dcbouquement
de Saint Domingue " (1774) ; " De Mexico k Aca-
pulco dans le royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne,
avec un aper9u sur I'etat politique et la condi-
tion sociale des Indiens " (2 vols., 1778) : and " His-
toire de la marine Fran^aise au dixseptieme siecle "
(4 vols., 1784-'6).
YVES D'EVREUX, Pierre (eev-day-vrO),
French missionary, b. in Normandy about 1570 ;
d. in fivreux about 1680. He entered the Capuchin
order and was prior of the convent at fivreux in-
1611, when he was named one of the three mis-
sionaries to accompany Claude d'Abbeville to
Brazil. They anchored opposite Marajo island, at
the mouth of the Amazon, built houses and a
chapel on the island, and were soon on friendly
terms with the Indians. Father Claude returned
to France in 1612, and Yves led an expedition
through the interior of Brazil, collecting medicinal
plants and specimens in natural history. Early in
1613 Razillv sailed for La Rochelle. leaving about
twenty soldiers to guard the fort, and promised re-
enforcements and supplies; but they never came,
and Father Claude freighted a schooner, which
carried the settlers and missionaries to the West
Indies. Yves wrote an account of his voyage to
Brazil which was published at the end of Claude
d'Abbeville's narrative, " Histoire de la mission des
P. P. Capucins. k I'ile de Maragnon et terres cir-
convoisines" (Paris, 1615), and was reprinted with
notes and an introduction by Ferdinand Denis,
from the only known copy, which is preserved in
the national library at Paris. It is entitled " Voy-
age dans le nord du Brcsil, fait pendant les annees
1611k 1614" (Paris, 1864).
ZABRISKIE
ZALINSKI
608
ZABRISKIE, Abraham Oothont. jurist, b. in
OnH-iil)ush (now Kast AHmriy), N. Y.. 10 June,
18()7: d. in Truckw. Cal.. 27 .luno, 187S. He was
prnduated at Prinet'ton in 1H25, studied law, and
was ndmitteil to tlie \mr in 1828. Ho practis^Hl for
two years in Newark, and then removed to Hack-
ensaok, N. J., where he remained till 1849, He was
rejmrter of the supreme court of New Jersey from
1848 till 1858. Ilemovinj? to Jersey City from
Hackensack. he was elected to the state senate,
and took an important jmrt in framinjf the city
charter of 18ol and in other legislation. He be-
came chancellor of New Jersey in 18(5(5, and died
while he was on a journey soon after the comple-
tion of his term.
ZACHOS, John CeliTergos (zak'-os). educator,
b. in Constantinople, Turkey, 20 Dec. 1820. He is
of Greek |>arentAge. and came to this country when
he was ten years old with Dr. Samuel G. Howe.
He was graduated at Kenyon college. Ohio, in 1840,
and in 1842-'5 studietl at the medical school of
Miami university, but did not take his degree. He
was associate principal in C<x)|>er female seminary.
Dayton. Ohio, in 18.51-'4, and principal of the gram-
mar-school of Antioch college. Yellow Springs,
Ohio, in 1855-'7. During the civil war he served
in the army as an a-ssistant surgeon, and in I860,
having studied theology privately, he was ordained
nastor of the Unitarian church in West Newton,
Slass. In 1866-'7 he was pastor at Meadville. Pa..
an<l professor of rhetoric in the theological school
in that place. Since 1871 he has l)een curator of
the ('(M)per union. New York city. Dr. Zachos in-
vented an<l patented in 1876 the stenotype, for print-
ing twlegible text from the English alphabet at a
reporting speed. In this machine the types are
fixefl on eighteen shuttle-bars, two or more of
which may be simultanwusly placed in position,
and the impression is given by a plunger common
to all the bars. Improvements were patented in
1883 and 1886. He edited the "Ohio Journal of
Education " in 1852, and is the author of " New
American Speaker "(New York, 1852); "Analyti-
cal Elocution" (1861); "New System of Phonic
Reading without changing the Orthography." a
pamphlet (Boston, 1863): and a "Phonic Primer
and Reader" (1864).
ZAKRZEWSKA, Maria Elizabeth (sakr-
zhev-skah), physician.!), in lierlin, Prussia, 6 Sept.,
182}>. She is of Polish descent. After stmlymsr
medicine and serving as an assistant and afterward
as a teacher in the college in which she had stud-
ied, she came to this country in 1853, and was
fra4luated at Cleveland me<lical college. With
llizabeth and Emily Blackwell sheest«blishe<l the
New York inflrmary, which she sui>erintended two
years, as resident physician and manager. After
her removal to lioston in 18(5;} she founded the
New England hosiiital for women and chiUh-en.
ZALDIVAR, Rafael, Central American states-
man, b. aliout 1*10. He studied law, taking part
also in |X)litics, and when in 1876 the government of
Amlres Valle wa« defeated by the Guatemalan army
under Gen. Ruflno Barrios, the Salvador junta de
notables ass(>mbled in accordance with the capitu-
latiim of 25 April, and nominattnl Zaldivar as pro-
visional president, and in May he was electetl con-
stitutionally. His administration was enlightened
ami progressive ; he fostered the planting of cacoa,
rubl)er-trees, and the maguey or American agave
for the fibre industry, and founded an agricultural
college and a model experimental farm. In 1888
he was re-elected, in the next year made an ex-
tended trip through the Unite<l .Stales. England,
France, and Sjwin. and on his return held an in-
terview in Septemlier. 1884. with the president.s of
Guatemala and Honduras regarding the pro|>osed
unicm of the five Central American rei)«blics.
When Barrios suddenly issued, on 18 Feb.. 1885,
his famous decree ()rociHiming hiniself provisional
chief of the restored Central American union, Zal-
divar seemed to accept the idea enthusiastically,
and nearly forced President Bogran, of Honduras,
to suljscribe to it, but when he saw the opiwtsition
in his own country and the formal protest of the
governments of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, he
opened negotiations with Mexico, ami flnallv con-
cludeil a secret treaty with Costa Rica and Nicara-
gua, in the mean time arming a|>parenlly to as.sist
Barrios. Finally, when the latter prepared to join
the .Salvador army, Zaldivar threw aside the mask
and on 9 March telegraphed Barrios, declaring
against him. an<l advanced his anny of nearly 10,-
000 men. under Gen. Monterosa.towartl the frontier.
After the indecisive fight of Chalchualpa on 30
March, Monterosa retreated to San Lorenzo, after
Barrios's <leath the Ginitemalan congn»ss proposed
an armistice, and on 14 Apriljx»ace was concluded.
On the 21st of that month Zaldivar pro|»osed to
the provisional president of Guatemala. Barillas, a
Central American union, with a congress of dele-
pites from the five republics to meet on 15 May at
Santa Rosa; but the proposal was not accepted, and
he delivered the executive to Gen. Figueroa. and in
May sailed for France, where he has since live<l.
ZALDIVAR MENDOZA, Vicente (thai -dee-
var). Mexican soldier, b. in Ziicatecas in 15(55 ;d.
there about 1625. He entere<l the military ser-
vice, and in 1(500 went with his uncle. Juan de
Ortate, as second commander of the expediti(m that
was sent by the viceroy. Count de Monterey, to the
conquest of New Mexico. Although they pene-
trated to 37° north latitude, and establishe<l there
a fort and mission, under the name of San (Jabriel,
affairs were mismanage<l. for which .«ome writers
blame Oflate and others Zaldivar, and the station
was abandoned in 1(J04. On his return. Zaldivar
retire<l from milit«ry service and settled in his na-
tive city, where he endowed in 1616 a Jesuit col-
lege. He wrote " Relacion <lirigida al Rey. Nues-
tro SeOor, sobre la exjiedicion y paciflcacion del
Nuevo Mexico," which IS preserve<l in manuscript
in the archives of the Imlies. and is to be published
in the government collection.
ZALINSKI, Edmund Ix)uiH Oray, soldier, b.
in Kumick. Pnissian Poland. 13 Dec., 1849. He
came to the Unite*l States in 1853, attendwl sch«x)l
at .Seneca Falls, N. Y.. until 18(51. and sultsecjuent-
ly was at the high-school in .Syracus*>, N. Y., until
1863. At the age of fifteen he enten'd the army,
serving at first as volunteer aide-de-camp on the
staff of Gen. Nelson A. Miles from Octolier, 18(54.
till February, 18(55. He was commissioned 2d lieu-
tenant in the 2d New York heavy artillery in Felv
ruary. 18(55, having been recommended for the
app<iintment by his suf^erior officers for gallant
and meritorious c«mduct at the l>attle of Hatcher's
Run, Va After being commissioned he continuetl
on (ien. Miles's staff until after the surrender of
Gen. Rol)ert EL Ijee. participating in all of the en-
gagements up to that date. He was mustered out
of the voluoteer serrice in September, 1865, and
654
ZAMBRAXA
ZAMORA
recommended for an appointment in the repriilar
army, wliere he was commissioned a 2d lieutenant
in the 5th V. S. artillery, 28 Feb.. 1800, and by rejjii-
lar promotion iK'c^me 1st lieutenant in Januaiy,
1807, and cajttain, 9 Dec, 1887. From 1872 till
1870 he was on duty at the Massarhusetts institute
of tec'hnolopy as professor of military science. lie
was grwluated at the Artillery school. Fort Monroe,
Vju, 1 May, 1880, and at the school of submarine
mininp. Willet's point, N. Y., in .luly of the same
year. Capt. Zalinski's name is widely known in
connection with the development of the pneumatic
dynamite torf)edo->,'iin. (See vipnette.) He has in-
vented the electrical fuse and other devices for the
Sractical application of the weapon, and has also
evised a metlmd for the exact siphtallowance to
be made for deviation due to wind in the use of
rifled artillery and small-arms. His other inven-
tions include an intrenchinp-tool. a ramrod-bayo-
net, and a telescopic sight for artillerv.
ZAMBRANA. Ramon (thahin-l)nih'-nah). Cu-
ban physician, b. in Havana in 1817: d. there in 1860.
He studied medicine in the univei"sity of his native
city, where he was graduated as licentiate in sur-
gery in 18;^!>. in 1843 as licentiate in medicine, and
in 1840 as doctor. He filled successively in the Uni-
versity of Havana and the San Carlos seminary
the chairs of chemistry, natural philosophy, anato-
my, physiology, legal medicine, and toxicology. He
was a memlier of several scientific and literary bod-
ies, one of the founders of the Academy of medicine
and natural sciences of Havana, and. took part in
several scientific commissions. He divided his time
lx>tween the duties of his profession, his chair in the
university, and literary and scientific pursuits. In
1841 he founded the •' Kepertorio Medico Habane-
ro," the first publication of its kind in Cuba, and in
1848 he founded the '• liepertorio de Medicina Far-
macia y Ciencias Nalurales." He published •* Pron-
tuario Medico Quin'irgico" (Havana, 1850); "Re-
vista Medicade la IsladeCuba"(1851); "Obras Lit-
erarias y Cientificas" (1858); " Diversas cpocas de
la poesiaen Cuba "(1801); " Tratado de Historia
Natural " (18(«); " Mis Creencias "(1804); " Trabajos
Aca«lemicos " (1805): and " Soliloquio " (1080). Dr.
Zambrana left a manuscript history of philosophy,
which has iiever K»een publishe<l.
ZAMNA, IZAMNA,or IZAMNATUL, founder
of the empire of Mayapan. He seems to have been
of Asiatic extraction, according to many authori-
ties, who claim that the empires cf Xiimlbav and
Mayapan owed their civilization to the Philistines,
driven from Palestine by Joshua, who, under the
conduct of Gucumatz, trusted to the sea, and were
cast on the shores of Cuba. Thence they migrated
to Yucatan and Guatemala, where they conquered
the natives, who name<i them Olmecos and Xiea-
lancos. Such is the theory of lirasseur de Bour-
bourg in his '• Histoire de's nations civilisces du
Mexique et du Guatemala" (Paris, 1858); of Las
Casas in his " Historia Apolog. de las Indias Occi-
dentales " (manuscript) ; of Ramon de OrdofSes v
Aguilar in his " Historia del cielo y de la tierra*'
(manuscript) ; of Diego Lopez Cogolludo in his
" Historia de Yucatan " (Madrid, 1088), and others.
Zanma arrived in Yucatan alx>ut the time that
lialum-Votan reigned in Xibalbay, heading the
emigration of a great people, according to the his-
torians. The natives of Yucatan opposed his prog-
ress, but were defeated, and, " having sulxlued the
whole country in a few years, Zamna built Maya-
pan at the foot of the Mani mountains." according
to John L. Stephens in his " Incidents of Travel
in Yucatan " (New York, 1858). He next promul-
gated a code of laws, divided his empire into fifteen
provinces, which he made hereditary fiefs for his
generals and the members of his family, each hold-
ing his province in fee-simple, but sustaining an
army for the defence of the empire, and being com-
pelled to own a palace in Mayapan and live there
three months every year on penalty of forfeiture.
Zamna's reign was a long and glorious one, and ho
died at a great age. It is believed that he invented
the phonetic signs that constituted the Maya sys-
tem of writing. He was buried in a magnificent
temple built for that purpose, underground, be-
tween two rocks, which was a resort for pilgrims,
and around which was erected a spacious city.
This became famous under the name of Izamal,
the sacred city : a part of it still exists and is in-
habited, while its magnificent ruins are the admira-
tion of the trnvellcr. Zamna was surnamed in the
aboriginal language " Itzen-caan." or '* Itzen-
mayal." which means " The Rose of Heaven." Ber-
nardo Lizana has written the " Historia de Nuestra
Seiiora de Izamal. de la Provincia de Yucatan "
(Valladolid, 1033).
ZAMORA, Alonso de (thah-mo'-rah), Colombian
historian, b. in Bogota in 1600; d. there about
1725. He entered the Dominican order in early
life, and, after finishing his studies in the College
of Santo Tomas, passed several years in the south-
eastern missions, laboring among the Indians of
the head-waters of Meta and Guaviare rivers. On
his return to Bogota he acquired great fame as a
theologian and litterateur, and was appointed ex-
aminer of the synod. In this post he made a spe-
cialty of the study of Granadan history, and col-
lected numerous rare documents. In 1090 he was
appointed historian of his order, and began to write
his great work, which was concluded in 1696. under
the title " Historia del Nuevo Reino de Granada y
de la provincia de San Antonio en la religion do
Santo Domingo " (Barcelona, 1701).
ZAMORA, Cristobal de, Spanish missionarv. b.
about 1500 ; d. in Tula, Mexico, 16 March, 1500.
He entered the Franciscan order, and went in 1530
to Mexico, where he was attached to the missions
of the province of Santo PJvangelio. Re learned
the Indian dialects, preached in Toltec and Aztec
after 1535. founded several missions, built churches,
established schools for the Indians, and founded
the convent of Tula, for the support of which he
obtained a grant of twelve Indian villages, and es-
tablished a model farm for their benefit. He held
the office of prior of the convent at Tula till his
death. He wrote in Toltec a catechisfti, a manual
of prayers, and a history of Christ, which are pre-
served in the archives at Simancas, and are consid-
ered among the best existing monuments of the
Toltec language, being remarkable for purity and
elegance of style. The state publication, " Cartas
de Indias " (Madrid, 1872), contains also several in-
teresting memorials of Zamora on the condition oi
the Indians in Mexico.
ZANE
ZARAOOZA
660
ZANE, Ebeneter, pionoor, b. in Berkeley
county, Va.. 7 ()<'t., 1747; d. in Wheelinjf, Va.. in
1811. Ho was of Danish doscont. Z*ine ma<le the
first permanent establishment on Ohio river in
1770, on the present site of Wheeling, and built
there a bl<x;k-nouse called Fort Henry, from wliich
ho rei)elled several attacks that were made by the
Indians during the Revolution, the last assault
beinj; in 1781. He was a disbursinj; ofllcer under
Lord Dunmore, held soveml other civil and mili-
tary ))ost8, and attained the rank of colonel. He
owned the land where the city of Zanesville now
stands, on MuskinfTum river. — His sister, Eliza-
beth, b. in Berkeley county, Va., al)out 1759; d.
in St. Clairsville. Ohio, about 1847, hu<l returnorl
from Phihulelnhia, where she had completed her
education, to Fort Henry a short time before its
siepe by the Indians in Septemlwr, 1777. Among
its defenders were her brothers, Kl)enezer and Silas.
The ammunition in the fort having l)een exhausted,
Ebenezer Zano remembered that there was a keg
of jxiwdcr in his house, sixty yards distant, but the
person that should endeavor to secure it would be
exposed to the flro of the Indians. Every man in
the fort offered to perform the perilous service but
fit this juncture Elizabeth Z;mo canie forward and
asked permission to go for the powder, giving as a
reason that her life was of less value to the garri-
son than that of a man. She was so importunate
that a reluctant consent was finally given. She
went out of the gate of the fort, fearlessly passed
the open space to her brother's house, which she
entered, and, having secured the powder, retraced
her steps amid a shower of Indian bullets, entering
the fort in safety with her valuable prize. She was
twice married, and resided at St. Clairsville, Ohio.
ZAPATA, J nan Ortiz de (thah-pah'-tahK Mexi-
can author, b. in Castile about 1620; d. in Chihua-
hua about 1G90. He became a Jesuit, and was at-
tached to the missions of northern Mexico. After
learning the Indian dialects he wjus vicar of the
[>arish of Santa I^)sa de Cusihuiriachic, where he
abored for al)out thirty years. He wrote in 1078
a valuable '* Relacion de las Misiones que la Com-
[)afiia de Jesus tiene en el Reino y la Provincia de
a Nueva Vizcaya," which has appeared in the state
publication, " I)(x;umentos para la Historia Mexi-
cana" (6 vols., Madrid, 1860). Zapata's work is also
mentioned in Father Bernard of Bologne's " Bihlio-
theca Societatis Jesus " (1715): in the " Bibliotheca
Scriptorum S<x;ietatis Jesus " (Pisa. 1 725)-'4;")) ; and
in Bancroft's" Native Races "(Sjin Francisco, 1883).
ZAPATAMENDOZA, Juan Ventura, Mexi-
can author, lived in tlie 16lh century. He be-
longed to the nobility of the former republic of
Tlaxcala, and was cacique of the village of Ouia-
huitzlan of that state, but in early life ha<l Iwen
baptized, and sul)mitted to Spanish rule. He was
a man of great learning, and wrote in Aztec a
curious chronicle relating the history of his people
since their immigration to the plateau of Mexico,
under the title of "Cronica de Tlaxcala en Lengua
Mexicana. que contiene todos los succesos de los
Tlaxcaltecos desde su arrilx) ai Pais de Anahuac
hasta el aflo l.'iSP.'* The original manuscript has
not been found in the National library of Mexico,
and may jierhaps exist in the archives of the In-
dies in Simaneas. Lorenzo Boturini and Fran-
cisco J. Clavigero have j>ublished extracts from it.
ZAPATA Y SANI)OVAL. Jnan, Mexican
R. C. bishop, b. in the city of Mexico in 1545 ; d.
in Guatemala, 9 Jan., HiSO. He entered the order
of St. Austin in 1503. was several years professor
of philosophy and theology, and' in 1002 was
called to Spain as director of studies of the Col-
lege of San Gabriel de Valladolid. In 1613 he was
nominated bishop of Chiapa, where he founded
a seminary, and in 1621 he was promotwl bishop
of Guatemala. In that city he laid the foundation
for the Monastery of the Concejition, and insti-
tuted the literary university, and was so prrKligal
in charities that he die<l in debt. He wrote "Ue
Justitia distributiva et accept ione perscmarum ei
opposita; Diceptatio pro Novi Indiarum Orbis re-
rum mo<leratoribus.sumniisquen'galibus" (Madrid,
1(M)9); "Cartas al Condc de Gomera, Presidente de
Guatemala, sobre los Indios de Chiapa''; and
"Cartas al Rey sobre la Visita y Estado de la I)i6-
cesis de Chiapa." The last two, in manuscript,
were use<I by Father Antonio Remesal in his •• His-
toria de Chiapa y Guatemala" (Madrid, 1619), are
now in the archives of the Indies in Simaneas, and
are to be published in the government collection.
ZAPIOLA, Jo86 (thah-pe-o'-lah), Chilian musi-
cian, b. in Santiago in 1802: d. there in 1885.
He early showed great talent for music, and was
sent by his parents in 1824 to Buenos Ayres to
study harmony and com{>osilion. On his return
in 1826 he participated in the campaign of Chiloe
as band-master of the 7th regiment, and in 1830,
on the arrival of the first operatic company in
Chili, whose orchestra-leader had died, Zapiola
was called to occupy his place, and sfK^n acquired
fame, so that he was called repeatedly to Lima to
lejul the orchestra of the opera there. In 1852 he
was appointed director of the newly founded con-
servatory of music at Santiago, where he educated
many artists, and he may be called the creator of
the musical art in Chili. He founded in 1853 the
weekly " El Semanario Musical." was co-etlitor of
the " Estrella de Chile." and in 1("(>4 was a|>pointed
director of the choir of the cathedral, which post
he held till his death. His best musical composi-
tions are " Domine ad adjuvandum me" (1835);
a "Requiem " (1836) : " Himno al triunfode Yun-
gay"(1840); and " Himno a Sun Martin " (1842);
and he wrote also a book of historical incidents and
sketches of Chilian ctistonis, " Recuenlos de treinta
aflos" (2 vols.. Santiago, 1872-'6).
ZARAGOZA, Iffnacio (thah-rah-go'-thah), Mexi-
can .soldier, b. on tlie Bav of Espiritu Santo, Tex.,
24 March, 1829 ; d. in " Puebla. Mexico. 8 Sept..
1862. His ancestors were Indians, and he received
his primary education in Matamoros. completing
his studies in the Seminary of Monterey. He de-
voted himself for some time to commerce in that
city, then entered the national guard, in which
he was elected sergeant, and when Santa-Anna
created an active militia in 1853, marched to
Tamaulipas as captain of a company. He pro-
nounced in favor of the Liberal party in May, 1855,
assisted in the victory of Saltillo over Santa-Anna's
forces, and was promoted colonel. A fter t he fall of
Ignacio Comonfort, Zaragnza joined the forces
that opfK)sed the reactionary government of Zuloaga
and Miramon. took part in the whole campaign,
iH'ing promoted brigadier, and during the absence
of the general-in-chief. Gonzalez Ortega, com-
manded the defence of Guadalajara in November,
1800. taking a principal part in the final victory
of Calpulal|)am. 23 Dec.. 1860. Under the gov-
ernment of Juarez he was secretarj' of war fnim
April till Octolier. 1861. and during the French
intervention he volunteered for active service, join-
ing the eastern army under Gen. Uniga. of which
soon afterward he was apiminted commander, with
rank of major-general. He first met the French
army at Acultzingo, 28 April, 18<)2, and retired
l>efore superior forces to Puebla, where he fortified
I the hills of Guadaluix' and Loreto temporarily.
656
zArate
ZARCO
and with 5.000 raw soldiers awaited the attack of
the disfipline<l F'rench army under Gen. Lau-
reneoz. On •') Miiytlio French coninumder, despis-
ing: the small mul badly i'<jui|)j>ed Mexican force,
iriiMl to carry the hills by st<)rm. but was thrice
re|H'lled, and with a shattered army R'tired to
Orizava. Zaraj^oza afterwartl marched ajjainst
Orizava, in combination with Grmzalez Ortega,
but the surprise of the hitter's division at Cerro
del liorrepo forced him to retire to I'uebla, where
he was preparini; his army for defence against
Kn'nch n^-enforccmciits, wlien he died of typhus
fever. The annivei-sary of his defence of Pnebia
is celebrated as a national holiday; his name was
inscril>e«l in gold letters in the chamber of congress,
and the full pay i»f his grade was voted to his
family, while the city that he defended bears offi-
cial I v' the name of I'uebla de Ziiragoza.
Z.XRATK, A^rostin dc (thah -rah-tay), Spanish
historian. 1). in Andalusia about 14'J3; d. in Madrid
alxtut 1400. He was ap|)ointed in 1528 secretary
of the council of Castile and comptroller of the
province, and in I.")4;{ was promoted treasurer-
f:eneral of the Indies and Tierni finne. and sent to
*eru to examine the accounts of the viceroyalty.
and to endeavor to restore the revenues of Spain,
which ha<l greatly fallen off since the relwllion of
the younger Aliiuigro. Sailing from San Lucar,
8 Nov.. l.'>4;3. with the newly ap|)ointed viceroy.
Blasco Nuilez de Vela, he took an important part
in the civil war that raged in Peru, and after
Nuilez's (le{M»sition was despatched by the au-
dieiK-ia with Antoni<j de Rivera on an embassy
to (lonzalo Pizarro. who was marching against
Lima. Zarate urged the latter to dismiss his
troops, and before Pizarro's council pleiuled for
the safety of Lima, which most of the officers were
talking openly of pillaging. He was sent back
to the auiliencia with Pizarro's propositions, and
throughout the dillicult negotiations that followed
displayed remarkable al>ility and acuteness. He
employed the remainder of his .sojourn in Peru in
collifting diK'uments ai)out the history of the con-
quest and civil war. but met with difficulties, as
some of Pizarro's lieutenants had an interest in
the suppression of all such papers. On his return
to Euro|)e he lH»came treasurer of the government
of the low countries at Brussels, which office he
fille<l till shortly U'fore his death. He wrote " His-
toria del Descubrimiento y Conquista del Peru "
(.\ntwerp. ir).')."); Seville, loTT). which was trans-
lattnl into French (2 vols.. Paris and Amsterdam,
1700). and into Italian (2 vols.. Verona. 1(598). etc.
It extends from the discovery of Peru till the
govemiiH'nt of Pedro de la Gasca.
ZARATE, (Jeroiiiiuo, Mexican historian, lived
in the 17th century. He entered the Franciscan
ortler in the city of Mexico, and accompanied as
chaplain the various exinnlitions to New Mexico
that were sent by the viceroys Luis de Velasco
and Count de Monterey. He wrote '* Relation de
un V'iaie al Nuevo Mexico," dated 1617; " Rela-
cion de las Kxpediciones al Nuevo Mexico, remitida
al General del Onlcn de San Francisco en 1624":
and •• Kclacion de t»Hla.s las cosas que se han visto
y sabido en el Nuevo M«''xico, asi por mar como
|»or tierra. desdc el aiio 1538 hasta 1626" (13 small
volumes). The manuscripts of all these works
were in the Franei.scan archives in Mexico, but
have liecn transferred to the National library. The
last-mentione<l is spi-cially noteworthy, as it gives
an a<'count of all the exf)editions that had been
sent to the north l)efore the author's time.
ZARATE, Migrnel, Spanish educator, b. in the
province of Alava in the beginning of the 10th
century; d. in Puebla, Mexico, in 1583. He en-
tered the Franciscan order in his native province,
and al)out 1525 went to Mexico, where he was pro-
fes.sor of philosophy and theology in the College of
Santa Cruz de 'iMaltelolco. In a short time he be-
came so proficient in Aztec that he was appointed
professor of that language, and taught many
stiholars, among whom was the famous Father
Juan Bautista. He wjis also an efficient mission-
ary, greatly beloved by the natives, and l)ecame
superior of the convent of Puebla. in which post
he die<l. leiiving many interesting manuscripts,
which were first preserved in the archives of the
College of San Buenaventura, but are now in the
National library in the city of Mexico. They in-
clude " Noticias interesantes a la Historia civil j
ecclesisastica de Mexico " and " Opiisculos doctri-
nales y morales en Lengua Mexicana." Agustin
Betancourt and Leon Pinelo mention them and
give frequent extracts from his history.
ZARATE, Pedro Ortiz de, Spanish judge, b.
in Segovia about 1490; d. in Lima, Peru, in 1545.
He was grand provost of Segovia, when he was
appointed, in 1543, one of the four auditors to
found the audiencia of Lima, and accompanied
the new viceroy, Blasco Nufiez de Vela, but sooq
came in collision with the latter, who solicitetl Za-
rate's recall on the ground that he was a poor
Latin scholar. When Nufiez gave orders to seize
and carry on Iward a man-of-war the nephews of
(lonzalo Pizarro, Zarate opposed the measure, urg-
ing that the people disapproved it, as they feared
Pizarro's resentment. Nevertheless, when Nufiez
was imprisoned by the audiencia, 18 Sept., 1543,
Zarate refused to take part in the proceetlings, but
remained in Lima, and at the entry of Pizarro, 21
Oct., by his influence saved the city from pillage,
signing the commission of governor for Pizarro
under the protest that he yielded only to force and
to the wish to prevent bloodshe<l. lie continued
in office after the audiencia was reorganized to the
great displeasure of Gonzalo, and checked many
abuses. It is said that he was poisoned by some
powders that were sent to him by Pizarro. and,
though this fact is disputed, it is conceded th&t
the latter showed unmistakable signs of relief
when he heard of Zarate's death.
ZARCO, Francisco (thar'-co), Mexican journal-
ist, b. in Durango. 4 Dec, 1829 ; d. in the city of
Mexico. 29 Dec., 1869. He studied in his native
city, and after the occupation of the capital by the
American forces. 10 Sept., 1847, Luis de la kosa,
the gei\eral minis-
ter of the Mexi-
can government in
Queretaro. appoint-
ed him chief clerk.
On the evacuation
of the capital by the
American forces,
Zarco became a
member of the staflE
of the paper "EI
Siglo XIX." and
shortly afterward
he took the direc-
tion of the weekly
" La Ilustraci6n,
in which he pub-
lished a series of
notable articles on
cu.stoms, literature, historr, and criticism under
the pen-name of " Fortun." From 1849 till 1853
he was editor-in-chief of " El Siglo XIX." He also
edited a satirical paper, "La Cosquilla," which at-
^^"'^C'Pt^eyt.^CCo t^C
^2'*'«5<?
ZAIU'<3
ZKILIN
657
Uckml the adininiHtrntion, and contributed to tho
fall of the f?ovi>riiinent of (Jen. Arista, lie wa."
clectwl a metnU'r of i'onjrn»ss in lH.Vi, andin the
Mission of IHoO dofend<Hl tho reform laws with en-
thusiasm. On the aoeession of Zuloa^^a he wius
fRTsofUttHl by the j^nerumetit. an<l for more than
two years remaine<l ooneealiMl, but published " El
Ikiletin (.'lan«le-stino " and " Ijos asi'sinatos de Ta-
oubaya," which were distributed broatk-ast. Ileing
discovered by the rnilice, 13 May, 18<R). ho was im-
prisoned till the fall of the reactionary jfovem-
ment. 25 IKk?., 1S(M). Juarez, on his return to the
capital. apiKiint^nl him secretary of state and presi-
dent of tne council. But when con(;res.s assem-
bleti and the votes of Ave st^ites, electinfj him to
that body, were declared illegal, he resigned, and
retumcil to the direction of "Kl Siglo XIX." On
the dejMirturo of the republican government from
Mexico, he followed Juarez, publishing " Ija Inde-
pendencia Mexicana" in San Luis Potosi, and " I^a
Accion" in Sjiltillo. He then went to the United
States. After the return of the republican govern-
ment he was ek-cted to congress for the Fe<leral
district. He die<i poor, notwithstanding he had
l>een financial agent of the government without
n'striction during the residence of Juarez in Vera
Cniz. Congress voted a pension to his family,
an«l inscriU'il his name in the legislative hall.
ZARCO. (jiiilin, Italian missionary, b. in Na-
ples in 14fK): d. in Jalisco. Mexico, in 1549. He
was educated in .Spain, entert'd the Franciscan
oi-der, and was amon^ the twelve friars that came
to Mexico in 1524 with Martin d« Valencia. He
learned the Indian languages, and in 1525 was
!«cnt to the province of Michoacan with another
missionary and the king t'atzonzi, whom he had
just Iwptized. and laljoretl there with success, es-
tablishing schools for the Indians, and btiikling
chapels, churches, hospitals, and a college for the
new converts. He lKH?ame afterward provincial of
Jalisco, and met with remarkable success. Zarco
was very proficient in Indian dialects, and wrote
numerous hymns and prayers in Aztec. He alst)
translated several passages of scripture and com-
I>ose<l in Tarasco " Doctrina Cristiana," which is
{irt^served in manuscript in the Vatican library at
tome, and mentioned with praise by several au-
thors. He wrote also " Arte de la lengua Tarasca,"'
which is eite<l by liamusio and Ternaux Compans.
The manuscript' is lost, but an abridged copy of it
is in the National library of Paris.
Z-WALA, Lorenzo de(thah-vah'-lah), Mexican
statesman, b. in Meridm Yucatan, 3 Oct., 17^; d.
in llarrisburg, Tex., 10 Nov., 1836. He studie<l in
the .Seminary of San Ildefonso. in his native city.
In 1H12 he participated in the revolutionary move-
ment of Yucatan. supiKirting tho junta de S<in
Juan, and founding the first newspaper in the
iwninsula that defende<l Lilx-ral principles. In
Nlay, 1814, he was arrt>stetl and sent to the castle
of San Juan de I'lua, where he rcmaine<l a prisoner
for three years, employing his time in studying
nu'dicine and English.' In 1820 he was sent as
<k'puty for Yucatan to the Spanish cortes. He
returned to Mexico in 1822, was electe<l to the 1st
<-i)iigress. and .sckhi Ivcaine a lemler. After the fall
of the empire under Iturliide he was the chief de-
fender of the Federal cause in the "Aguila .Mexi-
c:»na"and in congress, an<l as president of that
ImkIv signed the Fe«leral constitution. 4 (>vt., 1824.
In 1825 he was elected senator for Yucatan in the
1st Constitutional congress, joining the Feileral
party, and in 1827 he iHH'anie governor of the state
of Mexico. After the accession of Gen. Vicente
Uuerrero, he was called in 1829 to the jiortfulio of
TOL. VI.— 42
the trea«ury. When Guerrero's go%'emment was
overthrown by Hustamante, Zavala travelle<l in the
Tniteil States' and Euro|)e. In lKi2. after the fall
of Hustamante, h<> returned and was n-instate<l a»
governor of the state of Mexico, and toward the
end of 1833 he was sent as minister to Fram-e, but,
on the dc|>osition of Vice-President (lomez Farias,
ho re»igne<l and went to Texas, where he hail ex-
tensive property. When the [)rovince rose against
Mexico, in ccmsequence of the prohibition against
selling land to American citizens, Zavala joined the
insurgents, who prcK-ltiimed the re-establishment of
the Federal constitution of 1824, and was sent as
deputy for llarrisburg to the convention of Austin,
which on 7 Nov., 18JJ5. declare<l war. He was also
a member of the dej)utation that was sent to Wash-
ington which declared the independenw of Texas,
2 March, 1886. He was the author of " Ensayo
hist<>rico de las Revoluciones de M6xico, de?de 1808
hasta 1830" (2 vols.. Paris, liail) and " Viaje & los
Estados Unidos de Norte America" (1834).
ZEA, Francisco Antonio (thay-ah), Colombian
statesman, b. in Medeilin. 21 Oct., 1770: d. in
Bath, England. 22 Nov.. 1822. He ac«juire<l his
primary education in the Seminary of Popayan,
and in 1786 entered the College of .San Bartolome
of Bogota. There he wrote for the " Pajwl Peri-
otlico" his " Heljephilo." inviting young men to
the study of nature, and in 1789, when Jose Celes-
tino, sage Mutis, retired from the academy known
as the Kx|)edicion botanica, Zea was appomted his
successor. In 1794, with Antonio Narifio, lie was
implicated in the circulation of the " Droits de
rhomme," sent to Spain, and for two years kept
prisoner in the fortress of Cadiz. Although ab-
solved in 1799, he was sent to France on a scien-
tific mission, as the government desired to keep
him away from New Granada. On his return,
in 1803, he was still prohibited from returning
to his country, and was appointed director of
the botanical cabinet of Madrid. He was elected
member of several .Spanish scientific s<K'ieties, and
was editor of the " Mercuiio de Plspafla" and
" Scmanario de Agricultura.'" In 1808 ne espousetl
the French cause, was appointed chief clerk of the
secretary of the interior, and afterward |)refect of
Malaga. After the retreat of the French from
Spain he went to England and by way of Jamaica
joined liolivar in Hayti in 181.5. " He accompanied
the lilH'rator in his ex|>e<lition to Venezuela in
March, 1816, and wjis appointed general intendant
of the army. He was cliosen by liolivar in 1817 a
member of the council of state in Angostura,
founded with Dr. Koscio the "Correo de Orinoco,"
and in 1819. when the congress of Ango.stura met,
he was elected its president. During the al»sence
of liolivar on his exfMHlition to New (iranada, Zea
was in charge of the executive as vice-president till
he resigned, 14 Si>pt., 1819. in c<inse<pience of the
intrigues of Gon. Arismendi. After the pn)clama-
tion of Colombia as a republic, Bolivar w»us elected
president and Zea vii-e-president. In 1820 he went
as minister to England and France; but his finan-
cial negotiations were unfortunate. He was the au-
thor of " lias Qiiinas de Nueva (Sranada" (Madrid.
1805): " Des<TijH-i(')n del Salto de Teqiiendama"
(1806): and " llistoria de Cok.mbia" (Paris, 1821).
ZEILIN, Jacob, otficer of marines, b. in Phila-
delphia. Pa., 16 July. 1806: d. in Washington,
D. C., 18 Nov., 1880. He entered the marine cortw
and was commissioned a 2d lieutenant, 1 Oct., 1831,
promoteil to 1st lieutenant, 12 Sept.. 1836, and
eruise<l in the "Columbus" and "Congress" in
1845-'8 during the Mexican war. He participated
in the operations on the Pacific coast and in de-
658
ZKISBERGER
ZEXDEJAS
^Ze^<l''^<^*^
feiK-o of MonUrey. 15 July, 1846, was tmnsferred
to nmunund \\\v inarines in the frijyate " ("onprt'ss,"
litid t<xjk purt with Cniii. ItolK-rt F. St(K-kt<)n in
the ronqiiesi of falifornia. He was brevetled ma-
jor for gttllttiJlry in the action at crossing San Ga-
briel river, 1) Jan.,
1847, and took
part in the caj)-
tiire of IjOs An-
geles and in the
battle of \a Me-
sa. He wiw mili-
tary coniniandant
at San Diego in
1847, and par-
tieipated in tiie
capture of Guay-
nias in S«*|)tem-
ber. 1847, and in
the action at San
Jose, 30 Sept.,
1847. During Oc-
toln-r, 1847, and
till the end of the
war, he wits at
Mazatiaii, whtre
he took part in frequent skirmishes with the Mexi-
cans, who had Ikh'ii obliged to evacuate the city.
lie wiLs commis^ioned captain, 14 S«'pt., 1847, and
served at New York in 184!», and in Norfolk, Va.. in
1H4!I-".V.2. He was Heel mariiie-olTicer in the Mag-ship
" Missis>^ip|ii." in Com. Matthew C. Perry's expedi-
ti >n to .lapan in lM,V2-'4, and commanded the bat-
talion of marines at the landing on 14 July, 185;J.
Hi- wiLs staii'ined at Norfolk in 18.")4-'7, and at
Washington in 1H.")7. and there commanded the
first company of marines which quelletl the riot of
Baltimore roughs, 1 June, 18.")7. When the civil
war l)egan he tt>ok command of the right company
in the marine battalion in co-operation with the
army in 1H(U. participated in the batUo of Bull
Run on 21 July, and was slightly wounded. He
w,i-i commissioned major in the nnirine corps, 2(5
July, ls«)|, was commandant at New York barracks
in 18(»2-*;{. and in .\ugust. 18(W, had command of
the marine battalion that sailed from New York
and landed on .Morris island, Charleston harbor, to
participate in the operations of the S)uth Atlantic
lilcK'kading stpiadron under Admiral Dahlgren.
In .March, IMiii. he returned to the north and took
command of the luarine barracks at Portsmouth,
N. H. He was appointed colonel connnandant of
the marine corps. II) June, 18(i4, and assumeil con-
trol at headipuirters at Washington, D. C. He
was c<>mmis>ioiu'd bri<jadier-general commandant,
2 .March, 18fi7. (ion. Zeilin was retired on account
of Bu'e and loni; and faithful service, 1 Nov., 187(i.
%KlSHKI{(aKU. Uuvld. missionarv, b. in Zauch-
tenlhal, .Moravia, II April, 1721; d. in Goshen,
Ohio, 17 Nov., 180.S. In 1740 he emigrated to
Georgia, where his church was organizing a mis-
sion among tiie Creeks. Thenc* he was sent to
Pennsylvania, where he assistetl in the building of
Nazareth and Bethlehem. Preparatory to enter-
ing the mi-sion service in 174;{. he b«>came a stu-
dent in the Indian school at liethlehem, where
he was instructed in the Delaware and Onon-
daga languages. Ijater. he contiiuie<l the study
of the latter at the capital of the P'ive Nations.
In addition to these languages he was conversant
\vith Mohican. Mon.sey-Delaware. and Chip|K?wa.
From 174.') till 1750 lie was employed at Sliamo-
kin and Onondaga, and in the latter year he vis-
ited Kurnpe in Itehalf of the mission. In 1752
he returned to Onondaga, but was compelled to
retire to Bethlehem at the opening of the French
ami Indian war. lietween 1755 and 1702 he vis-
ited Nortli Camlina and the New England prov-
inces, labored among the Indians of Connecticut,
and also jictcd as interpreter for Pennsylvania
in their treaty with Teedyuscung and his allies.
During the l*ontiac war lie took charge of the
Moravian Indians, and after the peace accom-
panied them to Wyalusing, Bradford co.. Pa. In
1707 he established a mis.si<m among the Monsey-
Delawares on Alleghany river, and three years
later he began Friedenstadt, on the Beaver. His
tlrst vi>it to Ohio was made in 1771, and a year
later he organized the mission on the Muskingum,
where he was joined by the converts from Pennsyl-
vania. Early in the Revolution the Delawares
were accused of favoring the American side, and
the converts were forced t<i leave their towns and
come within the British lines. After being moved
from place to place they were finally settled on
Thames river m Canada. In 1798, Zeisberger,
with a few converts, left Canada and founded
Goshen, Ohio, where he passed the remaining ten
years of his life. He published a "Delaware and
English S|)elling-Book" (Philadelphia, 1770): "A
Collection of Hymns for the Christian Indians"
(180:3) ; and " Sermons for Children " (1803). Of his
voluminous manuscripts there has been published
" Dictionary in German and Delaware " (Cambridge,
1887). and " Essay toward an Onondaga Grammar "
(Philadelphia. 1888). The most important unpub-
lished manuscripts are " German and Onondaga
Lexicon "(7 vols.), two Delaware Indian grammars,
and collections of hymns and sermons. See " Life
and Times of David ZeisU^rger," by Bishop Edmund
de Schweinitz (Philadelphia, 1870), and " Diarv of
David Zeislwrger, 1781-98" (Cincinnati, 1888).'
ZEIJj, Benihard (thell), Flemish explorer, b.
in Luxemburg in 1715; d. there in 1779. He was
apprenticed at Bremen, and lived in New Orleans
from 1740 till 1759, where he founded a German
mercantile house, and, having acquired a for-
tune, he visited Florida. After the cession of
Louisiana to .Spain he obtained permission to
travel through Mexico, and made an explon*-
tion of California and Texas among difficulties
of all kinds. In studying the geology of Califor-
nia he came to the conclusion that the country
possessed gold-mines, and addressed a men>oir to
the Marquis de Croix, viceroy of Mexico; but little
attention was paid to it, as explorations sent in
former centuries to search for gold in California
had uttVrly failed. The viceroy gave him permis-
sion to organize an expedition ; but, as he refused
further support, Zell returned in 1770 to his native
city, where he died. He wrote " Reisen im Innern
von Nen Spanien nnd Californien," containing an
analysis of the soil of several districts of Mexico
and California, from which the author concluded
that ('alifornia is a mining countrv (2 vols., Lux-
emburg, 1771-'2), and *' Land und Leute der Span-
isch-Amerikanischen Colonien" (2 vols., 1778).
ZEXDEJAS, Migriiel Ger6iiinio (thaynday'
has), Mexican artist, b. in Puebla in 1724; d. thera
in 18H». He came of a poor family, and pmbjibly
would have died in obscurity and ignorance not-
withstaiuling his natural talent for drawing; but
Bishop Antonio J. Perez, at lliat time secretary ot
Bishop Bienpica, .saw a rough {)ainting by Zende-
jas, and. discovering an extraonlinary gift in the
toor artist, caused him to receive lessons by well-
nown masters. He was then too old to acquire
the rudimentarj- principles of drawing, and al-
ways a<lhered to his former custom of not making
any outline sketch of his figures, but, unrolling the
ZKNDER
ZEXO
009
cloth CTailiinlly, \iogikn his |>aintinp« from the top
Hnd miislitnl overy dotnil thon»u>rhly liefore he
|HiiiittHl tho h)Wfr |Nirts. Thi'n'fon* sotru' of his
oiitlitu'S an.' dffwtive; but his j;i*iiiiis ^fuve him
HUi'h facility of i*<>m|M>sition aiul sui-h rich, soft
coloring; to his works, that his nuiiierous puiiitinpi
are estvctiKHi hi};hly atiioii); the artistic f^ems of
MexitHj. Thoy are prcscrveJ for the jrrcaler part
ill his native city, wliich ho never h'ft. His Wsl
work is a " (.'ahary " in the cHthedml of I'liehhi.
/KNIIEK, Joachim Deiii.s Laiir(>nt, physi-
cian, I), in Paris, 22 Nov.. ll-tOT). He received his
eilucation in the ("oUej;" Ijouis-U'-(iran«l, studied
theology in the Seminary of St. Sulpice, and in
1827 joining the order of the Foreign missions,
came to this country as a missionary in 1H28. Af-
ter teaching humanities in s*>veral Itoman t'atholic
colleges in Missouri and Maryland, he left the
church in lUiii, studie«l mwlicine in New York,
obtaine<l his diploma in 1842, and in 1844 was or-
daineil in the latter city as a Protestant minister
of the Congregational chun-h, and gathenni a
small French congregation. Later he devotetl him-
s<»if to scientific wt)rks, and also travelled through
the country, conducting revivals. He publishe<l
" Anthroponomy, or Magneto - Physiognomico
C'raniolog*' : A S'ew Svstem on the Magnetic Con-
stitution of Man" (Philadelphia, 1843: revisetl
cd.. New York, 1850); " AlxViklaire Franyais- An-
glais illustre, suivi d'un vocabulaire pittoresque"
(1853); and "Guide des fttats-L'nis. fM)ur leschemins
de fer, la navigation, les lois et les constitutions de
rAmorique du Nord" (1858). From 1848 till
1808 Mr. Zcnder edite«l yearly the"Almanach et
Direi'toire des Fran<;ais aux fttats-Unis," a French
business directory for the United States, and he
also published at intervals lielween 1845 and 18()5
several large [ihrenological charts in Spanish, Eng-
lish, and Fn'nch.
ZEN EA, Juan Clemeiite (thay-nay'-ah), Cuban
author, b. in liayamo in 1834; d. in Havana, 25
Aug.. 1871. When he was very young he went to
Havana, when- he received his e<lucation, and then
devoteil himself to teaching and literary pursuits.
His lilieral ideas force«l him to emigrate several
times, fixing his residence alternately in the United
States and Mexico, with short sojourns at Havana.
In 18<{1 he founded the " Uevista HalMincra," which
was suppressed bv the government after two years
of existence. When the Culmn insurrection iK'gan
in 18(W he went to New York, where he publishe<l
a newspaper in aid of the CuImui jvitriots. In 1M70
he was sent to Cuba by the n-volutionary committee
of New York on a siHt-ial mission to President
Ces|M'des. When he \v>\s attempting to leave the
island, after fulfilling his mission, he was maile a
prisoner by the Sfmnish forces, confined several
months in Fort Caltaftas. of Havana, and finally
c»)urt-martialed and shot. Zetiea enjoys a wide
reputjition as a lyrical fXH't in all Sf>anish-spt>akiitg
countries, and his noems have l)een frequently rt»-
printinl. He publishtMl "Cantos «le la Tanle"
(Havana, 18()<)); " Lejos de la jtatria." a novel
(IMtU): " En dias-de es<lavitud " (New York. 187(>):
and " Diario de un Martir,'' written in his prison.
\ c«implete edition of Zenea's poems was publishini
in New York (1M73).
ZENGER. John Peter, printer, b. in Germany
a»)out urn); d. in New York city in 174«. He
came to this country aUiut 170(>. and was an aj)-
prentice in the print ing-offlce of William Hradfonl
the elder. On 5 Nov.. 173W, he l)egan the publica-
tion of the "New York Weekly Journal.' This
paper was the organ of the party that was opposed
to the governor of the province, and was power-
fully Mipnorted by Chief - Justice I^owis Morri»,
Kip Van i>am, and James Alexander. It abounde«i
in iain|N><)ns and pa^Mjuinades that attnw-led wide
attention, and attacke*! the government with se-
verity, contributing greatly t4>war«i l<N>sening the
bonds l)etwe<*n Kngiand and the colimies. On 17
Nov., 1734, Zenger was arrested and imprisoned by
virtue of a warrant fn»m (iov. William Cosby and
the council for "printing and publishing s4-vcral
si'ditious libels." The house of iiss4-mbly refuM-<l
to concur with the jjovernor. and he order«<l the
mayor to burn the paiK>rs containing the allege«l
lilx^'ls by aid of the iwingman. The order was
olR»yed, but by the sheriff's servant, not the hang-
man, and the jury failing to find an indictment
against Zenger, the attorney-general was ilirecte<l
to file an information against him for the said
lil)els at the next term of the court. His iHilitical
friends employed Andnrw Hamilton, of Philadel-
phia, to plead his cause, which proved at the s^tuuc
time to be the question of the liljerty of the press
in America, and all the central cokmies regarded
the c(mtroversy as their own. (See Hamilton,
Andrew.) At the trial the nublishing was con-
fessed, but Hamilton justifien the publication by
asserting its truth. "Vou cannot Ih? |H»rmitte«l,"
interrupted the chief justice, "to give the truth of
a libel in evidence." "Then."sjiid Hamilton to
the jury, "we api>eal to you for witnesses of the
facts. Yhe jury nave a right to determine Ixjth
the law and the fact, afid they ought to do so.
The question l)efore you is not the cause of a poor
printer, nor of New York alone; it is the cause
of lil)erty ... the lilnTty of opposing arbitrary
|)ower by speaking and writing truth.' The jiirj'
gave their venlict "not guilty." and Zenger, re-
leasi'd from his imprisonment of thirty-five weeks,
was received with tumultuous annlause by a con-
course of people who had assemble<l to learn the
result. Tnis event h«is U-en termetl "the morn-
ing-star of that lilierty which subsef|uently revo-
lutionized America." After his death iienger's
widow and his s<in John conducted the "Journal"
until 1752. A narrative of the trial was publisher]
witti that of William Owen (Boston. 17(;5).
ZENO, Nlcolo, Venetian navigator, b. in Ven-
ice alK>ut 1340; d. in Newfoundland al>out 131)1.
He was a meml)er of a patrician family in Venice,
and alH)ut 1375 went at his own ex|H'nse on a voy-
age to the northern s«»as, but was wrecked on what
he descril)es as the island of Frislanda (nrolwbly
in the Faroe group), and rescue<l by /ichmin,
the chief of a neighlM)ring island. Into whose
service he entered. He ninaint^l with Zichmin
for some time, assisted in the conquest of Fris-
landa, and invited his bnither Antonio to join
hinj. They visited (Jreenland (which they named
Engn)nelanda)and Newfoundland, and in company
with fishermen navigated along the coast of North
America as far, it is clainunl, as Virginia. Nicolo
died four years after Antonio's arrival, often send-
ing to a thinl brotlier. Carlo, grand-adminil of Ven-
u-e, accounts of his discoveries. Antonio renuiintnl
ten years more in the service of Zichmin. and then
H'turned to Venit-e, where he die<l about 1405
Z«'n«) wrote an account of his voyages, which he
showed to several persons, but his pa|H>rs were
juirtly burne<l by Antonio's young cnind>on. Cate-
rino (b. in Venice in 1515). The hitter. n>ulizing
afterward the value of his gran<l-uncle's juipers,
was able, with a few letters that luul l>een sent
from Frislanda to Carlo, to cnimpile from them
a narrative, which he publishwl under the title
"Scoprimento dellas isolas Frislanda. K<landa,
Engronelanda, Estotilanda, et Icariu " (Venice.
060
ZfeNON DK ROUVROY
1558. with a map of North America datwl 1:190).
The aiithenticilv of the two brothers' (iisooveries
wiisattjwkod diiring the foUowinc centuries, an<l
even tiieir existence was doiibtwl, but later re-
searches have proved that Marco Barbaro, in his
" Disceiulenze Patrizie" (Venii-e. LVifi), itnewof the
existence of Zeno's letters, narrative, and map thirty
ve«rs before t heir piiblicatioii. The Hakluyt scwiety
'published an KriKl'^li translation, with an introduc-
tion and notes, entitled "The Voyages of the Ve-
netian IJrothers. Xicolo ami Antonio Zeno, to the
Northern Seas in the 14th Century, comprising the
latest known Accounts of the Lost Colony of Green-
land, and of the Northmen in America, before Co-
lumbus." translated by Richard Henry Major (Lon-
don. 1S7:{). Zeno'smapofCtreenland. Newfoundland, i
and the northern coast of America is remarkably
accumto, and his narrative demonstrates also tiie
existence, more than a century before the time of
Columbus, of the remains of the Scandinavian
c-olonies that are mentioned by Adam of Bremen
in the 11th century, and by Odericus Vitalis in
the 12th century, aiid whose" history was recently
written l)y KarfC. liafn. See also Plaoido Zurla's
" l)iss<'rlazione intorno ai viaggi e s<;oj)crte setten-
trionali di Nicolo ed Antonio, fratelli /eni." which
includes a copy of the original text and also a
chart (Venice. I'kOS).
ZfeNON m: ROrVROV, Charles Albert (zav-
nong). French author, b. in Dreux in 1()!)8; d. in
Paris in 175!). He was a member of the Academy
of Caen, and fre(iuonti'il the literary mlmiH of the
time, among them that of Madame Doutdet de F'cr-
sau. of whom he was secretary for s<'veral years.
He obtained later an olTico in the navy and colo-
nial department, and wrote the instructions for
the colonial governors. His books include " Let-
tre sur les colonies Franyaises de rAmerique," an
anonymous work, which was wid>.'ly read and
caus(»d much discussion, as the author predicted
the capture of the colonies by the English (Amster-
dam. 17;12); '• Mcmoire sur la politique des Jesuites
dans les pays de I'Amerique" (1735); " Histoire dc
l.i compagnie des Indes' (2 vols, 1738); and " Me-
moirc historiciue sur la Louisiane et la compagnie
du Mississippi" (1743). The last is a very curious
work, which contains interesting information
alM)ut the o[K'.rations of John Law and the policy
of the Mississippi company. The latter caused all
availai>le copies of the work to In? destroyed, and it
is now extremely rare. Zencm also wrote " Discus-
sion succinte sur les operations de la compagnie
des Indes Occidentales ' (1751).
ZENTENO, CarloH de Tapla (thayn-tay'-no),
Mexican author, b. in the city of Mexico in 1098 :
d. then* alniut 1770. He studied in Trinity semi-
nary of his nitive city, where he wiis graduated in
theology and canonical law. After receiving holy
orders ho was a()pointed to the parish of Tampa-
molon, and later wjis made ecclesiastical judge of
the district, but gave his leisure time to tlie study
of the Aztec and Huivstetr dialects, in which he Ix*-
came proficient. Resigning his parish, he settled
in Mexico, where he bt^came secretary of the (Col-
lege of San Podn) and. by competitive examina-
tion, professor of Aztec in the university. lie
wrote "Arte Novisimo de la Lengua Mexicana"
(Mexico, 1753); " Noticia de la Lengua Huasteca"
(1707); "Aivilogiade la Provincia de la Hua-steca,
desacrcditjula por su intemperie " ; and dictionaries
an(l catechisms in Aztec and Huastec, the manu-
scripts of which are j»reserve<l in the National
library of Mexico. Hubert H. Bancroft, in his
"Native RjM-es" (San Francisco, 1883), often re-
fers to Zenleiiu's works.
ZfePHIRLN
ZENTENO, Jos^ Ignacio, Chilian soldier, b.
in Santiago in 1785; d. there in 1847. Having
taken part in the movement for independence,
he was forced in 1814, after the defeat of Ran-
cagua, to emigrate
to Mendoza, to-
gether with other
patriots, where,
s<M)n after his ar-
rival, he W!is ap-
pointed secretary
of the treasury of
that province. He
formed part of the
lilx?rating army,
and when Gen.
Bernardo O'Hig-
gins was elected
su|)reme director,
he appointed Zeii-
teno minister of
war, in which post
he distinguished
himself by his ac-
tivity. He made
the campaigns of 1817 and 1818, taking part in the
battles of Cancha Kayada and Maypu. After the
latter engagement the government intrustetl him
with the formation of a naval force, and he laid
the foundation of the navy which, under Admiral
Cochrane, obtained such glorious results. Jn 1821,
after retiring from the ministry of war, he was
appointed political and military governor of Valpa-
raiso, and in 1822 was promoteci brigadier. In 1831
he was appointed inspector-general of the array, and
from 1833 till 1846 he filled several important oflBces
in the war department. He was also a member of
the supreme council of war. the Society of agricul-
ture, and the University of Chili, and was several
times elected to congress, serving as vice-president
of the chamber of deputies. He was founder and
first editor of the " Mcrcurio" of Valparaiso.
ZEPEDA, Francisco (thay-pay'-dah), Spanish
missionary, b. in La Roda, Mancha. about 1525; d,
in Guatemala in 1602. He entered the Dominican
order in Ocafia, and was soon transferred to the
missions in the province of Chiapa, where he be-
came a thorough student and expert in the Indian
languages of that province and Guatemala. After
being prior of different convents, he was elected
provincial in the chapter of 1593, and in the fol-
lowing year became commissary of the Inquisition
in Guatemala. To unify the teaching of the In-
dians in the province, he was commissioned to
examine and correct the different grammars that
had been written by missionaries in the popular
dialects or languages, and from them compiled
his "Arte de los Idiomas Chiapense, Zoquense,
Caldiilense. y Cinacontlano" (Mexico, 1560).
ZEPHIRIN, Autoine (say-fee-reng), Spanish
pilot, b. in Franche-Comte about 1475; d. in Nom-
ore de Dios, Isthmus of Panama, about 1530. Ho
followed the sea, and in early life went to Santo
Domingo. Afterward he entered the service of
Pedrarias Davila. and was chief pilot in Pascual do
Andogoya's expedition in 1522, whic^ discovered
San Juan river and brought the first news of Peru.
In the following year he sailed as thief pilot in
Francisco de Becerni's expedition, which explored
the Pacific coast. In 1525 he conducted Fran-
cisco Pizarro to Peru, and afterward he made ex-
peditions to Guatemala and along the coast of tho
Isthmus of Darien. of which he prepared the first
chart. Nothing is known of tho remainder of his
life, except that he died in Nombre de Dios, where
ZKQUKIRA
;?iszKxnouF
661
he owninl extensive IhiuIh that had been grantitl
to him \>v Pi-drnriiiM Duvila.
ZKijlKIKA, MiiMiiel de (thay-k»y-ce -nth).
Culiikii uiithur, 1). ill llitvuiin alxiiit ITtMJ; d. thorv
ill IH4tt. lit' eiitcn-tl tlio army wh»'n very yuiuiK
and iutiliHl to Santo Doinin^o in \7Wi, when he
t«K>k |mrl in llie attem|>l.s to(|ueli the revolt of thi-
nejrnH's in the French part of the island. In 1818
he went to New Uri'iiada, in 1HI4 he was ap|Miinte<l
governor of the province of Kio Ilacha, an«l he
was ais<t (Tovernor of Sjinta Marta in 1815 and of
Carta^rt-na in 18UJ. He was brevetted colonel in
1S17. and returned t<» Havana, where he fixed his
residence. He lost his reason in 1821. His first
poetical essays were piil>lished in 1795 in the
" Pa|>el PeritKiico," of Havana, the first new«pa|)er
in Cul)a. " America y A|Vilo,"an allegorical work,
apjH>antl in 1817, and " Batalla de t'ortes en la
Laguna." an epic, was pul)lish(>d in 1820. The
first edition of his " PcR-ma " ap|M>ared in New
York in 182!*, and a larger one was published by
his son (Havana, 18.')2).
ZEKKAHN, Carl, musician, b. in Malchow,
Me<-kleiil)urg-Schwerin, (ierinany, 28 July, 182G.
lie l)egan the study of music in Kostock at the
age of twelve years, and completetl liis e<lucation
in Hanover and Berlin. About 1848, with twenty-
five others, he organized " The tiermania Musi-
cal S'X'iety " and came to this country, giving con-
cerns in L<indon on their way. They rem*hed New
York in Septemlx'r, 1848. and cave successful con-
certs in New York and Brooklyn, which were fol-
lowed by others in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Wash-
ington, and New Kngland. They a|)j>eare«l for
five or six years with Jenny liiiid. Madame Sonn-
tag, Ole Bull, Thallx-rg. Alfred Jaell, Camilla I'rso,
and other artists, disbanding in 1854. In that
year Zerrahn txt-ame musical director of the Han-
del and Haydn sm-icty of Boston, which jKist lie
now holds. From 1800 till 1882 he was conductor
of the Harvard musical association. He has con-
ducted the music festivals of the Worcester county
musical association every year since 1805, with the
exception of 1808, which he spent in Germany,
and t(M)k part in the New York festivals of 1809
and 1873. Ho is a member of several musical socie-
ties, and has edited two liooks de>igned for musi-
cal organizations, "The Index" (Boston, 1881) and
"The Ajio-raph" (1885).
ZErNKK, Charles, musician, b. in Eislelwn,
Prussian Saxoiiv, 20 Sept., 1795; d. near Phila-
del|ihia. Pa., 7 S'ov., 1857. He was baptize*! as
Ileinrich Christopher, but seems to have changed
his name when he came to the Unite<l States in
1824. He settled in Boston, where he l)ecame or-
ganist of Park street church and of the Hamlel
and Haydn society (18;{0-'7). In 18.54 he removed
to PhiladeljihiiK where he held various |)osts as
organist. For several years he showed symptoms
of insanity, which, however, were not thought Ut
\>c serious. On 7 Nov.. 1857, he left for West Phila-
delphia, and or> the same day committetl suicide.
His oratorio, " The Feast of Tabeniaclas," was \m\y-
lished in 18;{2. He issue<l also some col le<!t ions of
music, notably 'The American Ilaq)" (Boston,
18;«») and " Aiuii-iit l.vre" (1H48).
ZEVALLO Y BALtlDA.Nignel (thay-val-yo).
S|:)anish missionary, d. in Quito about 1595. He
i'oined early the army, and served in the Nether-
ands and Italy, but entered the F'rancisc-*n onler
and went to South America in 1500. In the con-
vent of his order at Santa Fe de Bogota a lay
friar, Juan de Omzco, cominuiiicate<l to him some
documents ndating to American antiquities, and
he was induced to undertake their study. lie was
afterward attached to the miMions of Nicaragua,
and in 1570 U-came librarian of a convent in(^uilo.
After that lime he devot««<l hiniM-lf to the study
of ancient Indian monument^ r»'ceiving encour-
agement from Bishoji Petlro de la Perta. In 1.5H0
he finished his "Miscelanea AuMral" and dwli-
cattnl it to the Count de Villar, vi«-eroy «if Peru;
but the work was not printe<l till llenrV Ternaux-
Com|>ans tmnslated it into French antf t>ul)lishe<i
it in his C4>llcction under the title " Ilistoire dii
IVrou " (Paris. 1840). Zevallo's narrative «-«)ntra-
dicts in several im|M>rtant particulars that of (iar-
cila«o de la Vega, and coiitHins many details altout
the early history of Pern which are not fouml
elsewhere. The original manuscript is prpservo<l
in the archives at Seville, and a copy is in the
National library at Paris.
ZIKd'LEK, Henry, theologian, b. near ()1<1 Fort.
Centre co., Pa., 19 Aug., 1810. He was graduated
at Pennsylvaivia college, (Jettysbiirg. in 1H41. and
at Gettysburg theological seminary in 1843. and
in the latter year was licensed to preach. He was
pastor at Sefinsgrove, Pa., in 184iJ-'5, travelling
missionary and missionary presi<ient of Pittsburg
syn(Hl in 1845-'50, pastor at Williamsport, Pa., in
1850-'3, agent for tiie Parent e<lucation sm-iety. re-
siding at Selinsgrove. Pa., in 1853- '5, fmstor at Sa-
lona. Pa., in 185.'>-'8, and profess4ir of theology in
Missionary institute, Selinsprove, Pa., in 1K58-^'81.
Failing health then compefiwl him to retire from
active tluties. He received the degree of I). 1). in
18<K) fn>m Wittenl>erg college, Springfield, Ohio,
Dr. Ziegler has a wi«le reputation as an author, and
as a teacher of theology he has been eminently suc-
cessful. Before his health failed he was a fre-
quent contributor to the jHTiodicals of his church,
especially the •" p^vangelical Review and LulherHii
Quarterly " an«l the " Lutheran (►bserver." Besi<les
numerous baccalaureate and other addresses, he litis
published " Treatise on Natural Theolog)- " (1800) :
"Treatise on A jwlogetic Theology " (1801); "Cate-
chetics — Historical. Theoretical, and Practical "
(Philadelphia, 1873); "The Pastor, his Relation
to Christ and the ChuR-h " (1870); "The Preacher,
his Relation to the Study and the Puljtit" (1870);
"Dogmatic Theology" (Se!insgn)ve. Pa., 1878) ;
and "The Value to the Lutheran Church of her
Confessions: An Kssay " (Philadelphia. 1878).
ZILLIOX, James, R. C. prelate, b. in Newark,
N. J., 14 Oct., 1849. He was educatwl at St. Vin-
cent's college, Westmoreland co.. Pa. and on com-
pleting his course, entereil the Benedictine order
in 18({.5. After studying theology he was or-
dained priest on 27 July, 1873, and t«M)k the degn-e
of I). D. at the university in Rome <m 0 .\ug..
1875. On his return to the I'nited .States he wjis
calle<l to fill the chair of theology in St. Vincent's
college, which he held for several years, also fill-
ing the olTice of master of novices and that of
prior of the monastery. In 1885 he was ele<'teil
abbot of the newly establisht^l abtH?y at .St. Marv's
church in Newark, N. J., which place failing health
coni|H'Ile<l him to n>si>;n a year later, lie is the
author of " .\n>nm B«in-(iicti"iium " (B«'atty, 1880).
ZINZEMIORF. Miholas I^>niM, Cotint of, b.
in Dres<len. Saxony, 20 .May. 17(H): d. in Herrnhut,
9 May, 1700. He was e«lu<ated at Halle and Wit-
tenlK'Vg. In 1722 he conceivwl the idea of a purer
church discipline, marks of which he ol>serve<l
among the descendants of the Unitas Fratrum of
Ik>hemia'and Moravia, whom he {K'rmitted tos*'tlle
on his est4ite. and Herrnhut was built for these
n-fugees. He finally unitetl with them, and in
1 73W was cons«HTated one of their bishops. John
Wesley was indebted to him both for his religious
002
ZOGBAUM
organizations and his miraionary plans. In behalf \
of his ciiun'h, tho fount visitofl Kn>rlan<l nn<l tmv-
••lltHl extensivi'lv in Kiiro|X', and .vrit out niission-
Hriesto all ['arts of the world. His first visit to
the Westoni c-ontment was in 17:t!». to iiisp<'c-t the
mission ortfanized anion;; the iif^jrocs in the VVVsl
Indies. In December. 1741. he arrived at New
York, and later went to Philadelphia. Hg visited
the Moravian tract on the Lehigh, in IVnnsyl-
vania. and pave the name of Bethlehem to the new I
settlement. The ttrst six months of 1742 cover
the peritMl of his most varied activity durin;,' his
sojourn in Pennsylvania. Besides conducting the
«leli*K'nitions of seven religious con vcn-at ions, he
pn-ached. stalediv in the iiiitheran and Reformed
c-hnrchcs. travelliMl through the rnral districts, sup-
plying destitute and isolated neiphl)orhooils with .
the frosjiel and the means of education, organized
churches, wrote many papers and e-ssays— some
theological, others controversial and apologetieal— |
and c!irrie(l on a large correspondence with friends !
in Kngland and on the continent. During .Inly i
and .\ugust, 1742, he visited among the Delawares
of I'enn-wvania and the Mohicans of New York
and Connecticut, and in Septemlier among the In-
dians on the north aTid west l)ranches of the Sus-
•pK'haini'i. itre:iching the gospel and organizing
missions, lie returned to Europe in.Ianuary. 174:J.
For a list of Ziuzendorf's writings see " Verzeichniss
dcr.Schriftcii des (Jrafeii Ludwig vcm Zinzendorf "
(Stettin. 1H24). See also August (Jottlieb Spang-
onl)erg's " Ijife of Zinzen<lorf" (8 vols.. Barhy,
1772-'.") : Knglish translation, London, 18:W); " No-
tices of Count Ziiizeiiilorf," by Abraham Rilter
<l*hiladeli)liia. lHo7); and "Moravian Life and
("liaracter." bv .Ji'.nies Ileiirv (Philadelphia, 1859).
ZOUHAr.n. Kufus Fairchild. artist, b. in
Charleston. S. C., 28 .Aug., 1849. He received his
art e<lucati(m at the Art students' league, New
York, in 1878-'9. and during 1880-'2 under Leon
.1 K. Boiinat in Paris. He has studied many of the
great armies of Kurope in field and garrison, and
is known as a delineator of military subjects. He
is a member of the American water-color society.
In 1HM4 there a|>peared in "Har|)er's Monthly " the
first of a series of military articles written and il-
lustrated by himsi'If. aii<l he has since published
"Horse, Foot, and Dragonns" (New York, 1887).
ZOLLICOFFKR, Felix Kirk, soldier, b. in
Maury county, Teiin., 19 May, 1812; d. near ]^lill
Springs. Ky., 19 .Ian.. 1*^(52. (leorge, his grand-
father, was a captain in the Itevolutionary army.
The family cume
to this country
from Switzerland,
and is of ancestry
that was ennobled
bv Rodolphus II.
in l.WH. Felix K.
received a com-
mon-school educa-
tion, Iwirned the
printer's trade,
and for al>out a
year published a
weekly newspaper
at Paris, Tenn.
He subsequently
worked a.s a print-
er in Knoxvillo,
Tenn., and Hunts-
ville.- Ala. He bof^n at this time to' writ* for
public journals, and one of his prf)se fancies may
ne found in Field's " Scrap-Book." From Ilinits-
ville he removed to Columbia, Tenn., and took
e^yi^^eA-£e<.c.<,^^M^
ZORRILLA
editorial charge of the "Observer." ITe served
as a soldier, and afterward as a commissioned
officer, in the Si'minole war, and, returning in
18;J7, resumed the "Observer" and e<lited it in the
canvjiss of 1840 in the intere-st of the Whig candi-
date. He published and edited also a weekly agri-
cultural paper. In 1841 he became associate editor
of the Nasliville " Banner," the organ of the Whig
party in Tennes.see. He was elected comptroller of
the state in 1844, and resigned in 1849. In August
of the latter year he was elected a state senator.
He was chosen to congress in April, 18.58, and served
continuously for three terms, atUiining reputation
lus an able debater. He retired from public life in
18.")9, but was chosen as a delegate to the peace
conference of 1861. At the beginning of the civil
war he entered the Confederate service with the
rank of brigadier-general. 9 July, 1801. When the
National army was about to enter ea.st Tennessee
bv way of Cumberland Gap. Gen. Zollicoffer, with
2.000 men, went byway of Knoxville to the point
of threatened attack. Soon after he had estab-
lished his camp near Mill Springs, on Cumberland
river. Gen. (icorge B. Crittenden arrived and as-
sumed command. In the battle that ensued (see
Thomas, Gkoroe H.), Gen Zollicoffer, having or-
dered an advance, rode forward with several of his
staff officers to inspect the enemy's position, and
f)assed by mistake beyond their lines. He endeav-
ored tf) retrace his route, and was soon in front of
the 4th Kentucky regiment, commanded by Col.
Speed S. Fry. with whom he exchanged salutes, and
rode olT undetected (as he wore an oil-cloth over-
coat). But one of his staff fired a pistol toward
the N^ational line, which was at once answerefl by
a volley that killed Gen. Zollicoffer and two other
officers. Another account represents that Gen. 25oI-
licoffer was shot by Col. Speed S. Fry.
ZOOK, Samuel Kosciuzko, soldier, b. in Penn-
sylvania about 1823; d. in Gettysburg, Pa.. 2 July,
1863. He learned the telegraph business early in
life, and made several discoveries in electric science
that gave him reputation. He settled in New York
about 184S, became connected with several mill*
tury organizations, and in 1857 lieutenant-colonel
of 'the 6th New York militia. His health hail
failed, but at the beginning of the civil war he ac-
companied his regiment to the scat of hostilities,
and was appointed military governor of Annapo-
lis, Md. After his return he recruited the 5(th
regiment of New York volunteers, was commis-
sioned colonel, and led it to the Virginia peninsula.
During that caini)aign he generally commanded a
brigade, and on 29 Nov., 1862, he became briga-
dier-gencml of volunteers. He led the 57th New
Y'ork regiment at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg,
and was killed in the latter battle.
ZORRILLA, Francisco (thor-ril-yah), Span-
ish administrator, b. in Murcia about 1490: o. in
Santiago, Guatemala, in 1.540. He was a knight of
the order of Santiago, and, after serving as chief
clerk in the office of the council of the Indies, wjis
promote<l treasurer of the city of Santiago de
Guatemala, and saile<l with Pedro de Alvarado, ar-
riving in 1530. He became regidor o{ Santiago in
1534, and, during the absence of Alvarado, in 1540
was appointetl a member of the council of govern-
ment, which elect<?d Be«triz do la Cucva regent.
After the death of the latter, 11 Sept., 1541. Zorril-
la Jissi-sted Bishop Francisco Marroquin in the gov-
ernment of Sjintiago and in rebuilding the city,
which had been totally destroyed by volcanic erun-
tions, in which Dofia Beatriz perished. Zorrilla
left a valuable manuscript, which is preserved in
the archives of the Indies at Seville and which is
ZORRIM.A Y MORAL
ZLTI/)AGA
663
noon to Ik> |>iiltlish(Ml hy the S(>>iiiish povenimotit.
It iM ontitltHi " llistorin del cU'sciihriiiiii'iito. «l<< In
eoiHiiiistH. y tie U Hclniinistraciun dn la pnivinciii
do Santiapj do (iuutt'innln." The nx-eiit state
piililientioii, " C"jirt«,s de lndiii.s" (Matlrid, 1H72),
cont-Hins niso s«'venil iMten*stin{; memoirs of Zor-
rillu u|Min the tidministnitioii of I'edro de Alviira-
dii, the Indians of (tuatcmahi. and the intestine
divisions amon^ the eariv eoiuinerors.
ZORRILLA Y MORAL Jos^ Sfmnish pnt.
It. in Vallwlolid, 21 Keh.. 1H17. He studied law in
Tole<lo and Valladolid. and bi-canio elerk to a jus-
tiee of the [K^aoe in the latter city; Init he s(Km
devoted himself exelusively to literature. His
father, an attorney of reputation, beinjj displcAsod
with his (M-cupation, s<'nt him home; but younfj
.lose miwle his wav to Madrid, where he riMnained
hidden for several weeks. On 15 Feb., 18;{7, at
the funenil of the noted [>oet Ijarni. he repeattnl an
eleifv which was universally praised, and this was
the means of efTectine a reconciliation with his
father. Zorrilla published, a few months later, his
first volume of |>oetry, which increased his reputa-
tion. After 1845 he resided partly in Paris and
partly in linissels till about 1851, when he went
to Mexico and was director of the theatre in the
city of Mexico in 1853-'5. He wrote sevenil come-
ilies there, which were represented in Mexico and
in South America with great success. In 18(vi
he retumeil to Mexico, was given an employment
in Kmpemr Maximilian's household, and published
several poems in [traise of the emperor and his
wife, which were severely criticise<l by the patriots
and engaged their author in a controversy with a
Mexican jMiet. He left Mexico in 18(J5 for Spain,
where he hiis since partly residc<i. Zorrilla's works
in«*lude "C'antos del trava<lor, colleccion de leyen-
«las y trndiciones historica-s" (3 vols., Madrid, 1841);
" Flores IVrdidas" (1848); " Kl Zapatero y el rev,"
which is considered his best conuHly <1^44); "(Jra-
nada." a long romantic ikhmu. imitated from Vic-
tor Hugo, which is considennl his nuusterpiece
(2 vols.. Paris. 185:i-'4): "Album de un 1<k-o"
(Madrid, 1H«)7); and " Poema n^ligioso" (1800).
Complete editions of his works have been pub-
li-^hed several times (2 vols., Paris, 1847; 3 voia.,
IHTtii: (\ vols., Madrid, 1877).
7jV\7A}, .\lonHO (thoo-ah-tho), Spanish jiirist,
b. in (Mniedo in 14(M5; «1. in Santo Domingo in
1527. He was canon of Valladolid and well known
for his erudition, when he was attached as jurist
to the commission that was sent by Cardinal Xime-
nes to the New World at the solicitatitm of Hish-
op Ijjis Casas. Zuazo's instructions gave him the
power of organizing justice in the West In<lies,
and appointing judges at his own discretion. After
lilK>ratmg the Indians in Simtx) I>omini;o that had
lieen reduced to slavery by the Spanish ofTlcials,
Zuazo a<Ivis4>d the commissioners to oppose I^as
Cii^san's schemes* of prohil)iting force*! lal)or entire-
ly, and thu« won the supjxirt of the si'ttlers. while
liJia Casius denounced him to the court. Zuazo
l>efriende<l Ixtth the Indians and settlers, while he
was op|)osed by the ofHcials. After Ximenes ha<l
surrendered the rt»g«'ncy to Charles V., Zuazo was
sent to Cul»a in 1518 to organize the administra-
tiim of justice then>. At Diego Velazcpu-z's a<l-
vice, he went afterward to Mexico to settle the
quarrel between (Jaray and Cortes concerning the
government of Panuco. and was well n«ceiv»Hl by
Corte-s. In lH'iii he ri»turne<l to Cuba, and two
years later was appointed auditor of the au<liencia
of Santo Domingo, which post he relaine«l till his
death. An interesting memoir of Zuazo on the
condition of the Indians in Santo Domingo and
Cuba, written from Cuba in 1521. wjls published by
Joa(ptin (iarcia Icazbalceta in his "( ollecci^n de
DtK-umentos i>ara la Historia de Mexico" (Mexico,
1858-'(l«). ancl another in which Zuazo recount* the
cruelties of the Sjuiniards in Santo Domingo and
Cul»i. is mentione«l by Icazl»alceta,
ZrULY, John Juaohlni, cUrgynmn. b. in St.
(tall, Switzerland, in 1725: tl. in Sjivaiiiudi, (Ja.. 28
July, 1781. It is not known when he came t4> this
country, but in the early rec-ords of the Indeinnid-
ent Presbyterian church in Savannah the follow-
ing entry appeai-s: "(hi the 25tli «if April, 1758,
Mr. Zubly was called to Savannah from Wando
Neck, S. C, and accepted the call, preaching his
farewell sermon, 28 Jan., 1759. in the Indeftendent
Presbyterian church in Charles 'l\)wn [«ir). He
took charge of the Indeoendent Presbyterian
church in Savannah the following year, 17W), b*--
ing the first regular pastor." He was a man of
marked ability and learning, and in 1770 receivwl
from Princeton the degree of D. D. In 1774 he
was a delegate to the Continental congn-.ss, and
was there selected to prepare a |»etition to the king
"upon the present unhappy situation of affairs."
He served also as member of the cttmmittee of cor-
res{K)ndence for Georgia. He wrot** an emphatic
letter to Lord Dartmouth, 3 .S-pt., 1775, with refer-
ence to Ix)rd Dunmore's attempt to incite the
negroes in Virginia to insurrection. He co-oi>erat<Hl
zealously with the {Kipular party until it W'ame
evident that congress wjus alH>ut to declare the
inde|Kni<lence of the L'nited States. He declan-ii
in congress that "a re[>ublic was little lK?tter than
a gf>veriiment of devils." Presently he opene<l a
correspondence with Sir James Wright, royal gov-
ernor of Georgia, in which he bt^tniyed the plans
of the popular jtarty. Iliscon«luct and language
exciting suspicion, he was closely watched, and
one of his letters was s«'ized. These facts were
mentioned in congress by Sanniel Cha^e. whereat
Dr. Zubly fled froni Philadelphia and returne<I to
(leorgia, where he threw otT all disguise and made
common cause with the Tories. In 1777 he was
banished from Savannah with the loss of half his
estate. He then remaiue<l with Tory friends in
South Carolina until Sir James Wright was rein-
stated in the govenunent of (itK>rgia, Dr. Zidtiv
then ri'turned to his ptistoral work in Sjivannah,
and remaineil there until his death. He has left
his name upon Joachim street and Zubly street
in Savannah, and ujion the handet of .St. (iail.
See William B. Stevens's " Historv of Georgia"
(V(d. ii., p. 121, New York, 18.51»). "and Charles C.
Jones's " Historv of Georgia" (vol. ii.. pp. 188-204,
Boston, 188:{). The letter to Lord Dartmouth was
published, at the retjuest of tJen. James Oglethorjie,
ni the " liondon Magazine" for January. 1776.
ZriX)A(«.\, F^Mx. president of Mexiet». b. in
Alamos. Chihuahua, in 1814: d. in the city of
Mexico in 1876. In his twentieth year he entere«I
the national guanl as lieutenant, and serve«l until
18.'n on the frontier against the A|>aches. entering
the engineer corps the same year. He servwl dur-
ing the riots of July, 1840. and against the seccii-
sionists of Yucatan' in lH42-'3, and in the latter
year was promotwl lieutenant-cohmel. During
the preparations for the war atrainst the rnitwl
States he directiil the construt-tion of the defences
of M<inten'y an<l S«dtill«>, and in 1847 fortifletl the
southenj aj)pnmcln's to the capital. In 1848 he
H'tireil to Chihuahua, but in 185."] was recalleil to
active service, pron«ote«l colonel, miule presi«Ient «if
the perpetual court -nuirtial. and s«'nl to the south
against the revolution of Ayutia in 1854. as c<im-
mandcr of a brigMle. He was forcctl to capitulate
i
004
ZULOAGA
ZUXDEL
nt Nuxco in IS-W, but ('(imonfort saved him from
iH'ing shot, keopins; him oii his stuff, ami uftiT the
triumph of the LiU'ral party Zuloajja was sent to
iMR-ify the mountaineers of Quoretaro, and served
In the two siesjes of I'nebia. His former affilia-
tion with the Conservative and ("hurch parly caused
him to consjiire
ajrainst the Lil)-
eral government,
and on 17 Dec,
1857, he pro-
nounced with his
brif^ade in Tacu-
baya against the
new constitution,
and for invest-
ing Comonfort
with extraordi-
nary jKiwers. The
f' ^^^ -9 "^^■^^^BinUi lattei wavered for
^'^ ~ ^^^BP^ * '""o 'i'"e 1)«-
^ tween the two
parties, and on 11
x^ />. Jan., 1858, Zuloa-
/v ^ y^x ^ ^ ga's brigade, un-
C^ X^^M^^ A>u.^€<^^^^^^ f,^,,. eonnnand of
^ Gen. Parra, occu-
pied the principal points of the capital, proclaim-
ing that Comonfort was deposed and that Zuloaga
was president in his stead. Me took possession of
the executive on "2,^ .Ian., all the reactionary chiefs
Hocked round him. and the l)l()ody so-called '"war
of reform" soon began, the Liberals under Juarez
opposing the Church party, which proclaimed, un-
der the banner of " religion and special legislation
for the church and military," the abolishment of the
reform laws, and received secret but strong support
from the Spanish government. Zuloaga despatched
forces under .Miramon. OsoUo, .ind other chiefs
against the former; but he found opposition in his
own party. In December, 1858, the garrison rose
against him, and on the %\(\. of that month he wjis
deposed and took refuge in the British legation.
The provisional president that wjis elected by the
riMiresentative junta. (Jen. Miramon, on his return
from the campaign of the interior. 21 Jan., 1859,
declared the deposition of Zuloaga illegal, and re-
instated him : i)ut the hitter resigned and appoint-
ed Miramon his substitute, delivering the execu-
tive on 2 Fei). Several times afterward he seemed
inclined to resume his place at the head of the gov-
ernment, and he was forced to accompany Mira-
mon nominally as chief of engii;eers, but in reality
as a prisoner. On Miramon's march to Jalisco,
Zuloaga escaped from Leon in July, 18(50, and im-
mediately issued a manifesto, revoking his resigna-
tion of 2 Feb., 185!», and declaring himself consti-
tutional president, and, although he did not find
followers, Miramon went to the capital, resigned
as substitute, and caused himself to be appointed
prf»visionaI president by the representative junta.
Shortly Ijcfore the final defeat of the reactionary
party, Zuloaga made his peace with Miramon, and
was with him in Mexico the day after the battle
of Calpulalpam, when the funds in the treasury
were divided. Zuloaga then made his way to the
mountains to raise partisans, and shortly reap-
peared at the head of a force to op|X)se the Liberal
government, together with Marquez, Mejia, Ne-
gn.-te, Taboada, and other chief.s. The ex-minister,
Melchor Ocampo, was delivered by the guerilla
chief. Cajiga.s, to him and Marquez, and shot at
TeiHsji, by the orders of one of the two, for which
cruel act they were declared outlaws by congress,
and a pi ice of flO.OtX) was set on their heads. On
the invasion of the French in 1862, unlike Mar-
quez. Almonte and other reactionary chiefs, he re-
fused to serve the foreigners and retired to Europe,
but in August, 1804, he returned and made liis
submissicm to the empire without taking any fur-
ther part, in polities.
ZUMARRAGA, Juan de (thoo-mar'-rah-gah).
first bishop of Mexico, b. in Durango, Biscay, in
14G8 ; d. in Mexico city in 1548. He entered the
Franciscan order at Aranzazu, and was superior
of several convents till Charles V. apjx)inted him
inquisitor of Biscay. In 1527 he was named first
bishop of New Spain, and in 1528 sailed for Mex-
ico as visitor of his order and protector of the
Indians. lie had difficulties with the first audi-
encia under Xufio de Guzman, whose cruel meas-
ures against the Indians he opposed. After the
second audiencia, under the presidency of Sebas-
tian Ramirez de Fuenleal, took charge of the gov-
ernment in 15;il, Znmarraga returned to Spain,
was consecrated bishop in Sc^ptember, 1534, and
sailed soon afterward to Mexico, where he con-
tinued to befriend the Indians. He began the
construction of the first cathedral, founded the
hospitals of Amor de Dios in Mexico and Vera
Cruz, and established also a hospital for Francis-
can monks. The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe,
painted on the Indian cloak, was first seen by him.
In 1538 he assembled the first Mexican council,
and in 1545 Pope Paul III. raised him to the dig-
nity of metroi)olitan archbishop of New Spain.
He is probably the author of a " Doctrina Crist i-
ana," or catechism (Seville, 1532), which still ex-
ists in the Franciscan convent of Texcoco, with
his autograph dedication to Friar Toribio Motoli-
nia, who translated it into Aztec. It was the first
book that was printed in the New World, on a
press and material furnished by the famous printer
Juan Cromberger, of Seville, and brought to Mexi-
co by the first viceroy. Antonio de Mendoza (Mexi-
co, 1540). He also wrote several catechisms and
other religious works, which were translated into
Aztec (Mexico. 1543-6) ; " Varias Cartas al Empera-
dor Carlos V." ; and " Memorias de la Xueva Es-
paila," giving noteworthy details about the condi-
tion of Mexico soon after the conquest. The letters
and history are preserved in manuscript in the ar-
chives of the Indies, and will appear in the continua-
tion of the .state publication, " Cartas de Indias."
ZUMAYA, Manuel (thoo-mah'-yah), Mexican
clergyman, b. in the city of Mexico alx)ut 1670;
d. in Oaxaca about 1740. He studied theology in
the College of San Ildefonso, but early showed a
proclivity for music, and was appointed director
of the choir of the cathedral in his native city.
On account of his dramatic and musical talent, he
wsis a favorite of the viceroys, Dukes of Albu-
?uerque and of Linares, and he translated several
talian operas for representation in the viceregal
palace. In 1737 he followed the bishop-elect of
Oaxaca to his diocese, where he becanje rector of
the cathedral and devoted himself thenceforth ex-
clusively to his clerical duties. Besides the operas
translated from the Italian, he is the author of " El
Rodrigo," a drama represented in the viceregal
Ealace to celebrate the birth of the crown-prince
luis (Mexico, 1708), and " La Partenop%," an opera,
text and music by Zumaya (1711).
ZIINDEL, John, musician, b. in Hochdorf,
near Stuttgart, Germany, in 1815; d. in Cann.stadt,
Germany, m July, 1882. He studied at the Royal
academy of Esslingen, Germany, during 1829-'31,
and began the study of the violin, but relinquished
that instrument for the organ. In 1840 he went
to St. Petersburg, and in 1847 came to the United
ztrSiOA
ZCSlOA V ACKVEDO
666
Statos. lie held varitnis posts as orjjanist, notably
iti Plymoutlj c-him-li. Hr(M)klyn, where he was al-
most uiiinterrupte<lly from IHoO till 1865. In 1H«>.')
ho went to KurojK'. remaining two years. After his
return he resumed his duties at I'lyniouth ehureh.
hut in 187H went apini to Kuroi)e. He eom|H)st'd
a larjje nuinlH«r <»f pieces for the orjjan. as well as
some sw^red and voeal music. an«l puhlished " Mod-
ern ()rpin-Sch<H>l "(Boston, 18G0): "The Amateur
Or;;anist " (1854): a " Treatise on Harmony and
Mod'iiation" ; and other tKX)ks.
ZUSniA. Xlruro Manrique de (thoon'-ye-
prah). Manjuis de Villa-Manriciue. seventh viceroy
of Mexico, b. in Seville. Spain. al>out l.'JJJO; d. in
Madrid alx)ut 1(KX). He entered Mexico, 18 Oct.,
15H5, and one of his first measures was to send re-
enfonvments to Acapuico and fortify that city
ajjainst En^jlish corsairs. lie also ordered the
arminfj of a fleet to attack their vessels; hut the
Licenciado Palacios, who was in command, hear-
infr that Sir Francis Drake had sailed for the East
Indies, remained in port and allowe<l a privateer
that wa.s lyinj; in wait at Cape San Lucas to cap-
ture the jjalleon "Santa Ana," with a rich carjjo
of treasure and silk from Manila. ZuAiga was
well liked, both by Spaniards and Indians, whom
he treated humanely, but althou<;h, according to
Torquemada, he was wise and prudent, his hasty
temper led him, in a dispute about juris<liction
with the audiencia of Guadalajara, to resort to
force, and, a.s the audiencia armed also, the colony
was on the eve of a civil war. His enemies mean-
while spn>ad calumnies at court, and Philip II. in
1589 ordered his relief by Luis de Velasco, and
commanded the bishop of TIaxcala, I'edro Ro-
mano, to investigate ZuHiga's government. Ro-
mano, who had an old grudge against the viceroy,
arrived in Mexico Ixjfore Velasco, and on 17 Jan.,
15y(), relieved Zufliga, going so far, in his enmity
toward the latter, as to attach even the clothes of
his wife in the seizure of his projx^rty. For six
vears Zufiiga continued in TexccK'o, the object of
llomano's i)erseculion, till in 1590 he sailed for
Spain t<i seek justice, and obtained at last the re-
versal of the sentence of confiscation, but he died
before he could recover his property.
Z€$I(JA, Baltasnr de. Marquis de Valero,
thirty-sixth viceroy of Mexico, b. in Andalusia
alx)ut 1070; d. in Madrid alxiut 17^0. He was ap-
pointed in 1710, and on 10 Aug. receive<l the gov-
ernment from his predecessor, the Duke of Linares.
Shortly afterward the governor of Texas, (.'apt.
Diego Ram<jn. sent information that for want of
provisions he would have to abandon the territory
and retire to Coahuila unless relieved, and ZuAiga
at once hurric<l forward provisions, ammunition,
troops, ami artisan settlers to teach the Indians. In
1717 a Florida chie^, Tixjanacpie, who had mani-
feste<l to thp governor of Pensjicola a desire to
visit the viceroy, arrived in Mexicit, and was so
well treated by Zufiiga that he accepted Imptism
and offered the |>erpetual friendship of his tril)e.
In the next year the English wood-cutters in La-
guna de Terminos, and French settlers in Texas,
not havin<; complied with an order of evacuation,
were forcibly expelled, and several colonies were
founded in Texas. In 1719 the viceroy received
the visit of Toniatuh, a chief of the Cora Indians
of the Xayarit mountains, u|>on whom he prevailetl
to receive a Si>anish force in his mountains, which
hml l)een the refuge of criminals from New Qalicia
and New Vizcaya. When the chief afterward re-
fustfd compliance with the treaty, Zufiiga sent a
large force, which, after long warfare, coiupiered the
tribe and established in their territory a town.
which was calle<l San P'rancisco de Valero. In
1719 war Ix'gan with the French, and on 19 May
they captured Pensacola, which was restored iii
\Tio. On account of feeble health, the viceroy re-
|)t'ate<lly resigned, and when, on 15 Oct., 1722, hi»
succcssdr arrived, he returned to Siiniii.
ZL'^KiA. Dioiiislo de, Central American mis-
sionary, b. in (iuatemala alnuit 1550; d. in Chiapa
al)out 1020. He entere<l tie Dominican order in
the province of Chiapa, and lalH^red the greater
fart of his life in the missions among the (Quiche
iidians, in whose language he was so proficient that,
Ix'sides translating Friar F'rancisco Viana's woiks,
written in the dialect of Vera Paz, into (Quiche, he
aUo wrote a grammar, a volume of wrmons, and
several religious treatise's in that language, the
manuscripts of which are preserved in the episco-
I)al archives of Ciuatemala. There also exist e<l the
manuscript of another work of his. " El Mare Mag-
num," a fantastical history of the Indian mon-
arch^e* on the Pacific coast, but it is lost.
ZC^IOA Y ACEVEDO, (Jaspar do. Count de
Monterev, viceroy of Mexico and Peru, b. in Anda-
lusia alxiut 1540"; d. in Lima, Peru, 10 Feb., 10W5.
Being appointed to succeed in Mexico Luis de
Velasco the younger, who had Ikm'u promoted to
Peru, he sailed from Spain in 1595, and took
charge of the government on 5 Nov. of that year.
He was a protector of the native race, and nearly
every Sunday went personally to the sfjiiarc to su-
perintend the hiring of the In<lians and prevent
abuses by the employers and inferior authorities.
In 1590 he despatched an ex|>editioii under Sel^as-
tian Vizcayno for the exploration and coloniza-
ti(m of Lower California, which returned in the
next year without accomplishing much for want
of provisions. An English buccaneer, William
Park, surpriscil and captured the city of Cam-
peachy in 1597, obliging the alcalde to take refuge
with a small force in the convent of San Fran-
cisco, b'Jt during the sacking of the town the gov-
ernor returned from an ex[)editi(m, and, joining
the forces of the alcalde, totally defeated the Eng-
lish, forcing them to re-embark with heavy loss.
In 1000 the city of Vera Cruz was removetl from
the former unhealthy locality to the present Mte
opposite San Juan
de L'lua, and in the
same year an ex|H?-
dition under Juiin
de Ofiate and Vi-
cente Zaldivar was
sent for the con-
quest of New Mexi-
co. By onler of the
king, Zufiiga de-
s|mtche<l, in 1002. a
second ex|H>dition
under .Selwistian
Vizcayno to exidore
the coast of L pper
California and ac-
quire information
about the fabulous
Strait of Anian.
That expedition
named the Bay of
Monterey in honor
of the viceixiy, and
the stime name was
given to a colony
that wa.s founded
in New Ijeon. In
l(KKi Zufiiga was promoted viceroy of Peru. and. on
the arrival of his successor, he delivered the gov-
6o0
>z('.^iGA Y ontivp:ros
ZURITA
rriiiiifnt in OftoIxT, to tlio j^froat sorrow of the na-
tives, who thronj:e<l, weepin;;, round their benefac-
tor to take leave of him. The settling of his pri-
vate afTairs and detentions in Panama and Paita
delaved him for more than a vt-ar. and he did not
enter Lima till 2H Nov., 1(»()4. 'With L'reat activity
he eoni'liided tiie preparations for the fleet that
was aUml to Ik* s«'iil by royal order for the explo-
ration of the South sea iiii<ler Pedm Kernandez
(^uiros. It sailed on 21 Dee., l(i().j, and siiortly
afterward ho died, without Ix-iiip able to execute
numerous measures that he luul prepared for the
U'n<'|it of the count rv.
Zl .^1U.\ Y OXtlVERO.S, Feline, Mexiojin
mathematiciiin, i). in the city of >fexico about
lT'.iO; d. there in ITSO. lie wiis a printer by trade,
and ha<l an establishment in his native city, but
had a passio.i for mathematical studies, became
proficient in that science, and, after examination,
was apjMiinted royal land-surveyor and hydraulic
and minin<; enijineer. He was author of the fol-
lowiujj works, all printed in his establislimeiit :
" Kfemerides calcidadas y pronosticndas segun el
Meridi.iiio dc .Mexico' (17.')2); " PiX[)Iicaci6n del
Pri>nostico de .Mexico" (175.{); " Respuesta satis-
faetoria a las .\notaciones hechas a las Kfemerides
iMexicana-s" (17")l>): an<l '• Bomba hidraulica para
levimlar las ai^uas" (1770).
ZCKIIiLA, l»«Mlro do (thoo-reel-yah). Spanish
solilicr, b. in Seville about l."»t)0; d. near .Asuncion,
Paraguay, in l.")U. He early entered military ser-
vice, fouu'ht in Italy, and joined Pedrr) de .Men-
doza's exiM'dition to the river Plate, assislinji: in
the foumlation of Huenos .Vyres, 2 Feb., \~).i'), and
serviii<j as one of Juan de .Avolas's lieutenants in
the exjiedition that explored Parana and Parajjiiay
rivers. He purticipatetl in foundinj^ .Asuncion, 1.5
AuL,'., Ii5;{ii, an 1 was a meini)er of the common
ouncil of tile new ciiy. When Ayolas resumed
the march forward, Zurilla commanded the rear-
iruard, and later was despatciied to the sliifis that
liad iM'en left in change of Domingo de Irala, with
the sick and to obtain supplies. But the soldiers
refused to accompany him to rejoin his chief, and
when news was receive.l of Ayola.s*s death he was
the first to propose the election of Irala as coin-
maiiiier-iii-cliier. After the arrival of the new
poveriir.r. Alvar Nuflez ("abeza de V'aca, in ir)43,
when ditliculties arose between the latter and Irala,
Zurilla iulvise<l a comiiromise, and induced Irala
to ai-cept t'aiteza <le Vaca's offers to make the
former deputy jjoveriior. .After assist in t; Irala in
BulMluin-,' the Guaycuriis, he was detached in l.")44
against the C acove Indians, whom he ilefeated in
Beveral encounters, and built the fortress of San
Juan in their territorv. While he marched against
the Xaraycs. who had rebelled, the Cacoves stormed
the fort of S:in Juan, and, joining forces with the
Xaraye.s. attacked Zurilla. The latter retreated
alKHit eighty miles from Asuncion, where he resist-
ed the rn<hans till the arrival of .succor, dyiu" a
few daya later from the wound of a poisoned arrow.
ZURITA, or ZORITA, Alonso (thoo-ree'-tah),
Spanish statesman, b. in New Castile alwut 1500;
d. iti Seville alxiut 1570. He studied law, was ap-
pointed in 1544 auditor of the audiencia of Santo
bomingo, and was sent two years later to organize
the a<lminist ration of New Granada at Santa Marta
and Cartagena. Returning to Santo Domingo in
154J>, he was transferred a few months later to the
audiencia of L<is Confines or Coinayagiia, and, vis-
iting nearly the whole countrj', organized courts of
justice everywhere during a sojourn of three years.
He wius pnmjoted member of the audiencia of Mexi-
co in 1558, retired from active service about 15(54,
and then returned to Spain. He studied in Amer-
ica the early history and antiquities of the Indians,
and addressed several interesting memorials to the
king, one of which was printed in the 2d volume
of Joa(piin Garcia Icazbalceta's " Coleccion de
documentos para la historia de Mexico " (Mexico,
185H-'()0). Another memorial, [ireserved in the
archives of San Francisco in Mexico, was utilized
by Lorenzo Boturini and Father Clavigero, and is
al.so mentioned in Jose Mariano Beristain's cata-
logue, under the title of " Breve y sumaria Relacion
de los Cacifjues y Seilores y sus maneras, y diferen-
cia <nie habia de ellos en la Nueva Espafia, Leyes y
Costumbres de los Indios y Tnbutos que pagaban
a sus Principes." An abridged copy of it was pub-
lished in Jose F. Ramirez's " Coleccion de Docu-
mentos ineditos relativos al Descubrimiento, Con-
qiiista, y Colonizacion de las Posesiones Espafiolas
en .America y Oceania," but the original narrative
was for the first time printed in its entirety in a
French translation in Henry Ternaux-Compans's
collection, un<ler the title " Rantiorts sur les diflFc-
rentes classes de chefs dans la Nouvelle Espagne "
(Paris, 1840). Zurita wnite also a treatise on taxa-
tion and, according to Boturini, a " Narrative of
Facts concerning New Spain," which is lost.
ZURITA, Fernando, Spanish-Aineriwin mis-
sionary, b. in Huete, Spain, in the 16th century.
He was graduated in theology at the University of
.Alcala, and, after his ordination, came as a mis-
sionary to this country, where he soon acquired
the Indian language, lie was the author of a book
concerning the religion of the aborigines, "Theolo-
gicarum in Indis Questionum Enchiridion : ad II-
lustrissimum Dominum (iemozium Zapata, Epis-
copum Conchensem " (Madrid, 1586).
ZURITA, Pedro, Mexican Jesuit, b. in Puebla
about 1(500; d. in Oaxaca in 1739. He entered the
Society of Jesus in 1712. and was very proficient in
philosophy, which chair he held in the principal
college of Mexico till 1727, when he was elected
rector of the cvllege in Oaxaca. He published
" Elcgia et Epigrammata in laudem Acadeniiie
MexicaniP in funere Illini. Dom. Nicolai Gomez de
Cervantes" (Mexico, 1736); and the following are
still in manuscript in the library of the. University
of Mexico: " Naturalis Philosojphii© Explanatio":
"Funiculus Theologian Scholastica; " ; and "De
Summa Trinilate et de Fide Divina,"
SUPPLEMENT.
ABBETT
AGNUS
ABBETT. Leon, povornor of Now Jorsev. b. in
Pliiladflphiu. Pa.. H Oct.. IKJO. lie wius educated
in his native city, stmiied law, anil settled in Phil-
a<lel|)hia. but subseijuently removed to New York
city. entere<l into jmrtnership with William J. A.
Fuller, and took hi>jh rank at the Imr. He settled
in H<»lK>ken. N. J., in 18(J2. and served in the New
.Jersey lefrislature in ISCi.'S-'e and 18<J9-'70. IxMnp
twice speaker. He was chairman of the Demo-
cratic state convention in 18<»8. president of the
stat<» lx)ard of education in 1869. a meml)er of the
state .senate in IHTS-'T. and frovernorof New Jersey
in 1884-'(l. He was chairman of the state delega-
tion to the National Democratic conventions in
1872. 1H7(5. and ISSO. and in 188*-'9 he was a can-
didate for the U. S. senate.
ABBOTT. JoMiah Gardner. lawyer, b. in
Chelmsford. Mass.. 1 Nov.. 1815. lie was prepareil
for collejje by Ralph Waldo Kmerson. was jrrndu-
ated at Harvard in 18:i2. and admittinl to the Itar
in 18;{5. .Mr. AblK)tt served in the lejrislaturo in
18:j6-'7, became state senator in 1841, and from 18(i4
until 1888 was a deleffate-at-larjrc to every Na-
tional Demix-ratic convention. He was a judjje
of the superior court of Suffolk county, Ma.s.s.. in
1855-'8 removed to Boston, where he resumed his
profession, and in 1874 was a Dem<x;ratic canditlate
for conjrress. After successfully contesting the
election of his opiM)nent. he served from 28 July,
187JJ. till 'A March. 1877, but decline<l renominatioii.
and resunied practice. In 1870 he was a memlx'r
of the elect4^)ral commission. Williams gave him
the d.'irrtH' of LL. D. in 18(W.
ACTON, TlionDLs Coxon, banker, b. in New
York city. 2:5 Feb., 182:1 He wa.s eilucatetl In his
native city, was a.><sistaMt deputy county clerk for
thriH' years, ami then clerk in the surrogate's offlce.
afterward deputy regi'ster for six years, in 18JM)
became commissioner of the New York metropoli-
tan police, and two years later was president of that
Ixiard, where he remaine<l for seven years, in which
offlco he did good service in suppressing the draft
riots. In 1870 he was at>(K>intea superintendent of
the LT, S. assay-office, which i)osl beheld for twelve
years. He U'camc V. .S. assistant treasurer at New
York in 1882. and since 1K87 he has l»een president
of the bank of New .Amsterdam in that city.
AONEW, Bavid Hayes, surgeon, b. in linn-
castor county. Pa. 24 Nov., 1818. His education
was received at Jefferson college. Pa, and at New-
ark college. Del. He was gra<luated in me<licine at
the University of Pennsylvania in IKW. and In-gan
to practise in Chester county, but removal to Phila-
delphia an<l iHH'aine a le«-turer in the Schrnil of
anatomy, also establishing the Philadelphia m-IiooI
of operative surgerv. In 18.'>4 he was e!ecte«l i>ne
of the surgeons <tf the Philadelphia hospital, where
he founded a pathological museum, and was also
surgeon to the Pennsylvania hospital. In 1808 he
was ap|>ointed demonstnitor of anatomy ami assist-
ant lecturer on clinical surgery in the medical de-
partment of the University of Pennsylvania, in 1870
lie was chosen to the chair of clinical surgery, and
in 1871 he became profes.sor of the principles and
practice of surgery there, and of clinii'al surgery,
ui the University hospital. For several vears he
was one of thesurge<msat Wills ophthalmic hospi-
tal, an<l also one of the surgeons to the orthopeaic
surgery. He has at-
tained wide rejjuta-
tion as a surgeon,
and is a rapid and
skilful operator in
every de|)artment.
In his capacity of
elTicient surgeon, as
well as of c(msult-
ing physician, lie
has ha<l many cases
of great public
and scientific im-
1)ortiince. the liost
mown iK'ing that
of Pri'sident (Jar-
field. He has made
many valuable con-
tributions to the r\^ J /} jt 1^^
liteniture of his AV. K «j/«-<J-4j^^wW
profession, among o
which are works on "Practical Anatomy" (Phila-
delphia, 18n7)and " I-Jiccrationsof the PVmale IVr-
inu'um and Vesico-vaginal Fistula" (1867): a Maries
of sixty papers on " Anatomy an<l its Helation to
Medicine and Surgery": and an exhaustive work
on the" Principles and Practiceof .Surgery "(3 vols.,
1878). which has been translated into the Japanese
langtiaire, and is the great work of4iis life.
AiiNl'S, Felix, soldier, b. in Lyims, France. 4
July. 1839. He was e<lucated at College Jolie Clair,
near Paris, and in 18.52 set out on a voyage around
the world, sfiending four vears in that manner. In
18t»0 he came to the l''nite<l .States, and at the
U'ginning of the civil war enlist«-d in Duryea's 5th
New York zouaves. At the luittle of Big Bethel
he suve<l the life of (Jen. Judson Kilpatrick. and
was proiinltMl to 2d lieutenant. He aidetl in rais-
ing the HWth New York volunteers, in which he
was given the color com|>j»ny. In the autumn of
1862 his regiment was sent to liouisiana and ho
took part in the siege of Port Hudson, where he
was promoted major and for a time had com-
mand of his regiment. Sul>se«|Ufntly he serve<l in
Texas, an<l. after attaining the rank of lieutenant-
colonel, was onlereil to the Iflth cor|»s. and served
under (ten. Philip II. Sheridan, taking part in the
battles of Opequan. Fisher's Hill. Wincnest«r, and
L
668
ALDIUC'II
AL'STIN
Cetlar Creek, His last service was in the Depart-
ment of the South, whore he was com missioned to
(iismtintle the old Coiifederute forts in South Caro-
lina, Gforjria, and Klorida. and turn all the \m>\)-
erty over to the U. S. pivernmerit. He received the
brevet of hripiilier-jfeneral of volunteers on KJ
.>iareh, IHOo, and was mustered out of service on
22 Auj;., IHtJii. On n'suminj; civil life he wjis given
charj^e of the business departnient of the lialtimore
" AMierican," and he has since iKJcoine its publisher.
ALURICH, Charles, journalist, b. in KlliriK-
ton. Chautauqua co., N. Y., 2 Oct., 1828. He re-
ct'ivcd ti ctiniiu<)ii-s<-hi)ol education, and spent one
vear in Jamestown academy. In 18.-)T he went to
Iowa and estal)lishe«l the " Freeman " in VV'eb.ster
Citv. lie served as chief clerk of the Iowa hou.si!
of representatives in 18(>0-'2, 18(5(5. and 1870. and
wasa mendK-rof that l»ody in 1882-';! Mr. Aidrich
is the author of many of the important laws of
Iowa, including that changing the system of county
government from dictatorship of a single county
judge to a l)oard of sui)ervisors, for the protection
of birds, ami for the preservation of the public docu-
ments of the slate. He originated the agitation in
the public press that resulted in the repeal in Iowa
of tne so-called granger laws for the regidation of
the transportation on the railways and the adopt ion
of a commis.-.ion svstem. In 1882 he l)ecame widely
known through his efforts to secure legislation pro-
hil)itingthe issue of railroad passes to public olficers.
His speeches and articles in the " North American
Uevji'w " and elsewhere were circulated extensively
in the United .States and Europe. This agitation
was largely instrumental in promoting the passage
of the interstate commerce act. He presented to
the state of Iowa, in 18S4. his large and valuable
collection of manus<Tipts. portraits, and autogra[)h
letters. The degree of A. M. was conferred on him
by Iowa college in 1809. He was one of the
founders of the American ornithologist's union in
New York in 1883, and was elected corresponding
member of the Wisconsin historical society in 1887.
ALEXANDER, Robert, member of the Conti-
nental congress, b. in Baltimore. Md., about 1740;
d. probably in Kiigland after 1796. lie wjis elect-
ed a member of the peojjle's comnuttee, 12 Nov.,
1774, and of the Provincial convention of Mary-
land in 177"). and chosen a deputy to the Conti-
nental congress. 9 l>ec., 1775, being re-electe(l, 4
July. 1770, l)ut soon after the promulgation of the
Declaration of Inde{>i>ndence he sjiijed for Eng-
land with other Baltimore loyalists. He was after-
ward ajjpointed agetit for .^laryland loyalists to
present and prosecute their claims before" the Brit-
Lsh goviMiiineiit.
ANDERSON, David, Canadian Anglican bish-
op, b. in London. England. 10 Feb.. 1814; d. in
Bristol. England. 5 Nov.. 1885. He was graduated
at (Oxford in 183(5, was vice-principal of St. Bee's
college, Cumlwrland. in 1841-7, and incuml)ent of
All .Saints', Derby, in 1848-'y. From 1849 till 1804
he was bishop of i'rince Uu|)erfs Land. Canmla. and
ujmn his resignation he returned to England and
was ap|K)inted vicar of Clifton, and maile chancel-
lor of St. Paul'.* cathedral, London. Bishop An-
<lerson received the degree of I). D. in 1849. He
was the author of "Notes on the Flood"; "Net
in the Bav"; and other works.
Al'PLfeTON, John, iurist, b. in New Ipswich,
N. H.. 12 July, 1804. fie is the nephew of Jesse
Appleton (vol. i.. p. 84). After his gra«luation at
Bowdom in 1822, he taught, studiecl law, was ad-
mittetl to the bar, and in 18;}2 settled in Bangor,
Me. He was rep<irter of decisions in 1841, in 1852
was appointed a justice of the sUte su{)reine court,
and in 1862-'83 was chief justice. Bowdoin gave
him the degree of LL. D. in 1800. Judge Apnle-
ton published two volumes of "Retiorts" (Ilal-
lowell. 1841) and "The Rules of Evidence, Stated
and Discussed" (Philadelphia. 1800). — His son,
John Francis, soldier, b. in Bangor, Me., 29 Aug.,
18;59; d. theie, 31 Aug., 1871, was graduated at
Bowdoin in 1800, and at the beginning of the civil
war raised and commanded a company in the 12th
Maine volunteers. He was commissioned colonel
of the 81st v. S. colored troops, served in the De-
j)artment o( the Gulf, and was brevetted brigadier-
general of volunteers on 13 March, 18(Jo. Subse-
quently he studied law, was admitted tr) the bar of
Maine, and apfiointed U. S. judge for the district
of eastern Texas, but declined.
ARMSTRONG, Saninel Chapman, soldier, b.
in Wailuka, Maui, Hawaiian islands, 30 Jan., 1839.
His parents were among the first missionaries to
the Sandwich islands, where he reside<l until 1860.
After graduation at Williams in 18C2 he entered
the volunteer army as a captain in the 125th New
York regiment, and in 1863 was made lieutenant-
colonel of the 9th U. S. colored infantry. Sub-
sequently he was colonel of the 8th U. S. colored
1 regiment. He wa« brevetted brigadier-general of
i volunteers on 13 March, 1865, and after the war
I went to Hampton, Va., to work among the freed-
I men. Gen. Armstrong was a founder of the Hamp-
ton normal and agricultural institute for negroes
in 1808. and since th&t date has served as its prin-
cipal. In 1878, Indians were admitted.
ASH HURST, John, surgeon, b. in Philadelphia,
Pa.. 23 Aug., 1839. He was graduated at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1857, and at the medi-
cal department in 1800. and from 1802 till 1865 he
served as acting assistant surgeon in the U. S. army.
Since 1877 he has been professor of clinical surgery
in the University of Pennsylvania, and he has been
connected with several hospitals. He is the author
of " Injuries of the Spine " (Philadelphia, 1867) and
" Principles ^nd Prjvctice of Surgery '' (1871). and
the editor of " Transactions of the International
Medical Congress" (1877) and the " Internatiopal
Encvclopjpdia of Surgery" (6 vols., New York,
1881-'0: 2ded.. 1888).
ATWOOD, Isaac Morg'an, clergyman, b. in
Pembroke, Genesee co., N. Y., 24 March, 18ii8. He
was educated at Lockport, N. Y., enteretl the Uni-
versalist ministry in 1859, and was pastor of
churches in New York, Maine, and Massachusetts.
Since 1^879 he has tieen president of Canton theo-
logical seminary, St. Lawrence university, where he
is also professor of theology and ethics. The de-
gree of A. M. was conferred on him bv St. Ijaw-
rence university in 1872, and that of I). D. bjr Tufts
in 1879. He was editor of the " Boston Universal-
ist" in 1867-'72, and of the '• Christian Leader" in
1873-'5, and has l)een associate editor of the latter
journal since 1875. Dr. Atwood is the author of
"Have We Outgrown Christianity!" (Boston,
1870); "(Jlance at the Religious Progress of the
United States" (1874); "Latest Word of Univer-
salism"(1878); "Walks about Zion" (1881); and
" Manual of Revelation " (1888).
AUSTIN, Jane Goodwin, author, b. in Wor-
cester. Mass., 25 Feb., 1831. She is the daughter
of Isaac Goodwin, of Worcester, was educated in
private schools in Boston, and on 24 June, 1850,
married Loring H. Austin. Her publications are
"Fairy Dreams" (Boston, 1859); " Dora Darling"
(1804); "Outpost" (1866): "Cipher" (New York.
! 1809) ; " The Shadow of Moloch Mountain " (1870) :
' " Moonfolk " (1874) ; " Mrs. Beauchamp Brown "
! (Boston, 1880); "A Nameless Nobleman" (1881);
RAIRD
BARNES
669
"The Desmond Ilunclrwl " (1HH2): and " Nantucket
St-rafw" (18»<y). Mrs. Austin has in pn-ns "The
Sword of Mileti Standish."
BAIRI), Henry Samuel, lawyer, b. in Dublin,
Ireland. 1« Mav, 1H<MI; d. in (ireen Bay, Wis.. 28
April, 1875. ills father, Thomas liaird, one of the
I'nited Irishmen, was imprisoned for a year in Kil-
mainham jail. Dublin, and on his releas«> in 184K2
came to the United Stales, whence in IHO.") ho was
folhiwed bv his family. Henry studietl law at
Pittsburji, l*a., and Cleveland. Ohio, and in 1822
»ettle<l in Mackinaw, Mich., where he opened a
school. In the spring of 1823 a new court was es-
tablished by act of congress, and he was admitted
to prmtice. In September, 1824, he rtMnoved to
(Jreen liay. In 1832 he served as (juartermaster-
general in the Black Hawk war. in 1886 was
eleottnl a member and chosen president of the first
legislative council of the territory of Wisconsin,
and the same year was ap|K)inted the first attor-
ney-general of the territory, and subsequently in
that year was secretary of Gov. Henry Doilge.
U. S. commissioner to negotiate the treaty with
the Menomenee Indians at Cedar Rapids, when
about 4.0(X),(X)0 acres were ceded to the U. S. gov-
ernment. In 1840 he was a member of the Con-
stitutional convention, and was chairman of the
committee on the organization and officers of coun-
ties and towns, and their powers and duties. He
was the last Whig candidate for governor of Wis-
consin. For many years he was a vice-president
of the State historical society, and a contributor to
its published collections. In 1861-'2 he was mayor
of Green Bav. — His brother, Thomas James, b. in
Dublin. Ireland, 30 April, 1794: d. in Pottsville,
Pa.. 5 April. 1842; was graduate<l at West Point
in 1814, served in the war against Great Britain,
and resigned a caiitain of artillery in 1828. — The
son of the latter. Edward Carey, b. in Pottsville,
Pa., in April. 18;}G; d. near Ashland, Va., 14 Nov.,
1874, serve«l in the civil war for nearly four years,
was assistant adjutant-general to Gen. John K.
Reynolds, in command of the left wing of the
Army of the Potomac; and on the first day of
the Imttle of Gettysburg, that general died in his
arms. Baird was promoted to the rank of major
for gallant conduct.
BAKEK, Peter Carpenter, publisher, b. in
North Hempstea<l, N. Y.. 2") March, 1822. Four
of his ancestors wore in the Revolutionary army.
He was educatwl at Harlem aciulemv, entered a
lx)ok-store in New York, learned tlie printer's
trade, and in 1800. with Daniel Go<lwin. estal)-
lished the firm of Baker an<l Godwin, which maile
a specialty of printing law-books and became
widely known for fine work. In 18(>,') Mr. Baker
established the law-publishing firm of Baker,
Voorhis and Co.. which is still in existence and has
A large catalogue. Mr. liaker w^as one of the
founders of the Met ro|>olitan literary association,
edited the "Steam Pn-ss." a patriotic periodical,
during the civil war (18(11 -'5). and originate<l the
plan for a statue of Benjamin Franklin in Print-
ing-house square. New York, which was given bv
Albert De GrtKit. He early l)ecame known as a
public s|K>aker. delivering onitions at Fort Inde-
pendence. N. Y., 4 July, 1848; at Trenton, N. J.,
4 July. 1841); and in the old Broadwav tal)em«cle.
New York, on the anniversary of Bunker Hill.
1853. He has publishefl addresses and mono-
graphs, including, besides the orations noted
above, " Eurof)ean Recollections" (New York,
1861) and " Franklin " (186,>).
BAKER, Wendell, ninner, b. in Brmiklyn, N.
Y., lU Oct., 184J2. He is a son of Francis Baker, a
New York men*hant, with whom he is now ass^ici-
ated in business. He was graduated at Han'anl in
1886. During his pre|iaration for college and sub-
setpientlv until his graduation he di.<«tinguished
himself W winning twenty-one championshiiw at
university and intercollegiate njeetings. He [)iace<l
to his cri'dit twelve U'st college reconls. and in his
senior year ma«le the world's records on the 100,
220, and 440 yards dash. Of these the first two he
shares with numerous other amateurs, but on the
440 yanls his time of 47f sec<mds is the best
nvord bv either amateur or professional runners.
BAKtiR, William Spohn, antiquarian, b. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 17 April, 1824. He Incame a
conveyancer, but retired on account of his health,
and turned his attention to art and literary pur-
suits. Mr. Baker i)os.sesses a collection of en-
gravetl |>ortraits of (Jeorge Washington which is
the most complete that is known, and his num-
l)er of medals of Washington is second only to
that of William S. Apnleton, of Boston, while his
collection of biographies of Washington is the
most noted in existence. He is a meml)er of the
American philosoj)hical society, one of the council
of the Pennsylvania historical society, and since
188.5 has l)een vice-president of the Pennsylvania
academy of fine arts. He is the author of "Origin
and Antiquity of Engraving" (Philadelphia. 1872;
2d ed., illustratwl, Boston, 1875); "American En-
gravers and their Works" (Philadelphia, 1875);
"William Sharp. Engraver, and his Works "(1875);
" Engraved Portraits of Washington " (1880) ; " Me-
dnllic Portraits of Washington ''(1884); and "Char-
acter Portraits of Washington "(1887); and heispre-
[>aring for the press (1889) "A List of Biograpnies
and Biographical Sketchesof George Washington."
BALDWIN, Maurice Scollard, CanH<lian An-
glican bishop, b. in Toronto. Canada, 21 June,
1836. He was graduated at Trinity college. To-
ronto, in 1859. onlained deacon in April, 1860. and
became a presbyter in July, 1861. lie was incum-
l)ent of Port Dover. Ont.', in 1862-'5. and in 1870
was appointcil curate of Christ church cathe<lral,
Montreal. He l)ec«me canon of the cathedral in
the following year, and in 1872 was elected rector
of the parish.* In 1882 he was appointed dean of
Montreal, and on 17 Oct., 1883, was elected bishop
of Huron, to which office he was con.secrated on
30 Nov. of the same year. He re<'eivetl the degree
of D. I), from Trinity college, Toronto, in 18^2.
Bishop Baldwin is the author of "A Break in the
Ocean Cable" (Montreal. 1877). " Life in a Look"
(1879). and a volume of "Sermons."
BARBOUR. John Strode, senator, b. in Cul-
peper county, Va., 29 Dec. 1820. He was edu-
cated at the University of Virginia, adopted the
f)rofession of law, served several terms in tlie legis-
ature. and was active in state jwlitics. He was
elected to congn»ss as a I)em(K-rat in 1880. and
.served three terms. In iHKi he l)ecame chairman
of the Democratic organization in Virginia, suc-
cee<le<l in preventing the re-election of Gen. Will-
iam Mahone, and securetl the defeat of the Re-
adjuster party. He continued chairman of the
Virginia Democratic committee in 1884-'8. and
was active in the canvass for the election of Gro-
ver Cleveland to the pn'sidency. In 1888 he was
chosen U. S. senator as a DenwK-rat. He has been
active in railroa«l matters, and is president of the'
Virginia midland railroad company.
BARNES, Alfred Smith, publisher, b. in New
Haven. C<mn.. 28 Jan., 1817; «1. in Brooklyn, N.
Y., 17 Feb., 1888. He entered the book-publishing
670
BAXTER
Imsiness at sixteen years of ajre in Hartfonl. Conn.,
wont to Now York' in 1K«. and in \KiS f<irmed a
iMirtnershiii with Prof, t'liarlos Davies for the pub-
lication of tho lattor's niathomaticjil works. He
removwl U) I'luladolphia in 1H40. but roturnod to
Now York in lH4'i, and t-ontinuod in the jutive
MiJinftfTonHMit of his business till 1880. .Soon after
Mttiin« in New York he forineil tlu> jthin of i»ub-
iishintj the " National Series of Standard Sehool-
IJ Hiks," and the tiruj's principal business has been
in educational works. .Mr. Barnes was interested
it) the establishment of the elevated railroads of
New York eity, and waseouneeted with the central
branch of the Union Pacific railroad, arid several
baiikin-; and insurance institutions. He pive lib-
erally, and left |l2r).(KK) to be etiually divided be- |
tween twenty-five educational institutions, if 2").(MM)
to \tv. equally divided between five religious socie-
ties, and !(4.l000 to the Young men's Christian as-
sociation of Cornell.
B.WTER. Jumps Plilniiey, author, b. in Gor-
ham, .Me.. 23 March, lKi\. He was educated in
Portland. .Me., and Lynn, Mass., and became a mer-
chant and mainifaeturer. He organized the asso-
ciated tharilies in Portland, and was instrumental
in fouudiug the Maine industrial school for girls.
.Mr. Baxter in 1887 |)resented to the Portland
j.ublic lilirary, the Portland society of art, and
the Maine historical s.iciely conjointly, a lot of
land, and is erecting uiion it, at a cost of $100,-
(XX). a building for these societies. He is the
author of a volume of poems entitled "Idyls
of the Year" (Portland, 1884); "The Trelawney
Papers," published as the IJd volume of the " Docu-
mentary Ilistorv f)f Maine" (18S4): "OeorgeCleeve,
of Casco Bay, 1(W(>-1(;(17" (18S.'>); and "Sir Ferdi-
nando (iorgfs and his I'rovince of .Maine" (188!)).
U^- hits also edited " Digby's .Journal," the writer
of which served under Burgoyne, under the title of
"The British Invasion from the North " (.Mbany,
1887). and the 4th volume of the " I)ocum(Mitary
History of Maine," containing documents from
.\mcrican and foreign archives (Portland, 188!)).
BELLAMY. Kthvard. author, b. in Chicopee
Falls, Mass., 2*) March, 18.'>0. He was educated at
Union college but was not graduated. In 1871,
after studying law, he was admitted to practice.
For .several years he was assistant <'ditor of th«
Springfield, .Mass.. " Union," an editorial writer of
the New York " Kveniiig Post," and a founder of
the Springlield " Daily News." He is now a con-
tributor to various magazines. His published
works are "Six tr) One, a Nantucket Idvl " (New
York. 1877); " Dr. Heidenhofl's Process" (1879);
".Miss Ludington's Sister" (Boston, 1885); and
" Loi>king Bai-kward " (1888).
BENHA.M. .\iidrcw EHiontt Kennedy, naval
oflicer, b. on Staten island. 10 .\pril, 18:{2. * He en-
tered the navy as a miilshipman, 24 Nov.. 1847,
and Ijecame a pass«'d midshipman. 10 June, 1853.
He was ordered to the " Princeton " in July, 1853,
transferred to the "St. Mary's," Piu-ific stpiadron.
and served on her till 1857, and was commissioned
a ma-ster, 15 Sent., and lieutenant, 10 Sept., 1855.
He was attiu-hea to the "Crusader," on the Home
station, in 18(}0-'l, and when the civil war liegan
he was made executive oflicer of the " Bienville,*'
on the Snith Atlantic bl(x;ka4le. where he partici-
pHte<l in the capture of Port Royal, S. C, and in
18(>;j «erve<l in the " Sacramento.". ]k;nham was
promote«l to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862,
ami given the " Penobscot," in the Western Gulf
bloeka<Iing M|uadron. until the close of the war in
l'<'>5. He was on duty at the Brooklyn navy-yard in
1800, and on special .service in the "Susque-
BIDDLE
hanna" in 1867. He was promoted to com-
mander, 25 July, 1806, served at the Brooklyn
navy-yard in 1868-'9, as light-house insjiector in
1870-*1, and commanded the monitors "Saugus"
in 1871-'2 and "Canonicus" in 1873-'3, on the
North Atlantic station. He then served as light-
house inspector in 1874-'8, was promoted to cap-
tain, 12 March, 1875, and commanded the flag-ship
" Richmond," on the Asiatic station, in 1878-'81.
He was on duty at Portsmouth navy-yard from
8 Dec, 1881, until 15 Nov., 1884, when he was
appointed lighthouse ins{>ector, and serveti until
January, 1888. He was promoted to the rank of
commodore, 30 Oct., 1885.
BIDULE, James Stokes, naval officer, b. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 15 Jan., 1818. He was ap-
pointed a midshipman in the U. S. navy, 18 Oct.,
1833, and Ix^came lieiitenant, 20 Aug., 1844. He
was engaged in the Florida war with a fleet of
l>oats, and during the Mexican war he was in
command of a gun-boat and served with the
naval batteries in the siege of Vera Cruz and
the capture of Tobasco. In 1856 he resigned from
the navy and was elected president of the Shamo-
kin Valley railroad. In 1801, at the opening of the
civil war," he offered his services to the secretary of
the navy, agreeing to retire at the close of the war,
but no formal action was taken in regard to it. In
1871 he was the Democratic candidate for mayor
of Philadelphia, but was not elected.— His kins-
man, Craig, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, 10 Jan., 1823,
is a son of Nicholas Biddle (1786-1844), was gradu-
ated at Princeton in 1841, and was admitted to
the bar of Philadelphia in 1844. He represented
Philadelphia in the legislature in 184})-'o0. In
April, 1801, he was made a major on the staff of
(Jen. Robert Patterson, and served in the Shenan-
doah valley. He was then appointed on the staff
of Gov. Andrew G. Curtin, and was detailed to
organize new regiments. On the invasion of
Maryland and Pennsylvania by the Confederate
army in 1803. he joined a regiment of Philadelphia
militia as a |)rivate, and marched to the front. In
January, 1875, he was appointed a judge of the
court of common pleas of Philadelphia, and *in
the fbllowing autumn was elected to the same
office, as a Republican, by a large majority. In
1885 he was re-elected, having Ijcen renominated
as well by the Democratic party as by his own.
He has l)een president of the Philadelphia agri-
cultural .society, and has written on agriculture
and on a variety of other subjects. He is a mem-
ber of the Historical society of Pennsylvania,
and has Iwen one of its vice-presidents. — An-
other kinsman. Chapman, lawyer, b. in Phila-
delphia, Pa.. 22 Jan., 1822 ; d. there, 9 Dec, 1880,
wjis the son of Clement C. Biddle (1784-1855),
who organized and was fli*st captain of the State
fencibles, and had command of the 1st volunteer
light infantry in the war of 1812. The son was
educated at St. Mary's college in Baltimore, and
was atlmitted to the iPhiladelphia bar in 1848. He
soon attained a lucrative practice, and was so-
licitor of the Pennsylvania railroad company, and
subsequently counsel for that corporation. In
April, 1861, he formed a company of artillery to
aid in protecting Philadelphia, aiid was made its
captain. During the summer of 1862 he under-
took the raising of a regiment of infantry, which
on 1 Sept., 1862. as the 121st Penn.sylvania volun-
teers, took the field with him as its colonel. He
took part in the battles of Fredericksburg and
Chancellorsville, and at Gettysburg had command
of a brigade in the 1st corps. In December. 180.3,
he resigned from the army and resumed the prac-
BINGHAM
nUKJHTLY
671
tii-o of his pn>fi«ssiou. which ho coiitinitod until
shortly •K'f«)ri' hix death. Col. HiddK* wm.h coniiect-
e«l with thf KHirmoiint park art usMK-iation, and,
thniu;;h hisinmnsid. Ivaiitiful fountains an<lgn)iti)S
w»Ti' pUkmhI ill the |>ark.
ItlS'UllAM, Ht>iiry llarriHon, congres.sinan,
h. ill IMiiladi-lnhia. Ta.. 10 July. 1H41. He wum
f-rH<luHted at .h'fTiTsou college in lHt52, iMvaiiie a
ieutcnaiit in the 14()th IVnnsylvaiiia volunteers,
was wounded at (Jettyshurg, "S|)ott!<yIvHnia, and
Farinville, ami in July, IMOU, was mustered out as
I'udge advocate, with the rank of major and brevet
iriiradier-geiieral of voluntwrs. He was postmaster
at Philadelphia in 18((7-'72, but resigne<l to iH'come
clerk of the courts of oyer and t<,>rminer and ipiur-
ter sessions of Philadoiphia, to which office he was
re-elwleti in IK?."), and serve<l till 1H7H, when he
was chosen to congress as a Republican. He has
since occupiecl a seat in the latter IxKly by re-elec-
tion, (len. Bingham was a delegate-at-Iarge from
Pennsylvania to the National Republican conven-
tion in 1H72, and a delegate from the first district
to the conventions of 1H70. 1884, and 1888.
UISHOP, Jiidson Wade, soldier, b. in Kvans-
vilie. Jeflersoii co., N. Y.. 24 Juno, 18;n. He re-
ceive«l his (nlucation at Fnnlonia academy, N. Y.,
where his father was settletl as pastor of the Bap-
tist church for several years, and later at Belleville,
Jefferson co. After serving as a clerk and Inxik-
keeper. he taught for two winters, then sludie<l
civil engineerinif, and in 1858 entered the office of
the 0 rami Trunk railway at Kingston, Ont. After
serving as an assistant engineer there an«l in Min-
nesota, he settle<l in ChatHeld. Minn., as a survey-
or, publishing a map and pamphlet history of that
county. He also taught tliere. and then purchiis-
ing the " Democrat" in 18.')9, which he published
until 1801, when he sold it and recriiittHl a compa-
ny of volunteers. He was mustered as a captain
of the 2d .Minnesota regiment on 20 June. 1801,
and 8erve<l through the war in the west. Ho rose
to be colonel. 14 July. 1804, and was brevettod briga-
dier-general of volunteers on 7 June. 1805. Since
the war he hjis Iteen engaged in building and oj>-
erating railroa»ls in Minnesota. He resignjnl in
April. 1881. to engage in railroad construction.
BliOlMiKTT. H(>nrv >\nUanis. jurist, b. in
Amherst, Mass.. 21 July, 1821. His (uirents re-
movoil to niinois alxmt ISJl. When seventeen
years of age Henry attende<l the .Vinhorst acad-
emy one year, whence h«\ returned to Illinois and
engiged in teaching and subsequently in larid-
Hurveying until twenty-one vears of aw. He
studied law in Chiiago with ilonathan \ . Scam-
mon and Xorman B. Judd. was ailmitted to the
Iwr in 1845, and Ix'gan practice in \Vaukei;an, III.,
where he still n^sides. In 1844 he voted tVio Anti-
slavery ticket, and he luus since U'eii an adherent
of the Anti-slavery and Republican parties. In 18,52
he was elei'ted to the general asseinidy of Illinois,
being the fii-st avowetl Anti-slavery ineinl»er that
ever occupied a s<>at in that Ixxly, and in the fol-
lowing year was elected to the state senate. As a
legislator he was one of the ablest and most useful,
and was largely instrumental in shaping the legis-
lation of the commonwealth and in promoting the
development of the resources of Illinois. In 18,'»5
and for sevenil years subsequently he was assiKM-
ate<l with the legal dciiartment of the Chicago and
Northwestern railway, of which he was one of the
pMJectors. He was the f»ioneer in the building of
the Chicago and Milwaukee railroail. and was iden-
tified with it in the caiwciti*** of attorney, direct-
or, and president. Later he was s«ilicitor of the
Michigan Southern, Fort Wayne, liock Island, and
Northwestern rrtads, and he retire*! when the bu.si-
ncw reached such pni|Mirtions that it was im|Nj«-
siblc for one man to attend to it. In 187U he was
appointisl by President Grant a judge of the L*. S.
district court for the northern district of lUinoia,
which office he still holds.
BLOIHiKTT. KufuH, senator, b. in I)orche<tcr.
N. 11., » Oct., 1W4. He studied in hnal s«-h<H)|«
and academies, and at the age of eighteen was a(>-
orenticetl to the Amoskeag locomotive works, at
Manchester. N. H.. when* he leariml the trade of
a machinist. In 1800 he remove<l to New Jersey
and engaged in the railroad business. From 1874
till 1884 he was su|H>rintendent of the New Jersey
southern raiin>ad. and in the latter year was a|>
iioiiited siitK-rinteiideiit of the New York and I^ong
Branch railroad, which place he still holds. Sena-
tor Blodgett is al.«o president of the I»ng Branch
city bank. He was a memlxT of the New Jersey
legislature in 1878-'80, and was a delegate to the
Democratic national convention in 1880. In 1887
he was elected as a Democrat to the U. S. .senate,
and took his w^at on 4 March of that year.
BONNEY, Charles Carroll, reformer, b. in
Hamilton, N. Y., 4 Sept., 18J}1. He was e<Iucated
at Hamilton academy, settled in Peoria, 111., in
1850, and in 1852 was admit tinl to the bar. He
reinoveil to Chicago in 18<>0, where he s<K>n attained
a large practice. Mr. Bonney was elected presi-
dent of the National law and order league in New
York in 1885, and has since Iteen annually n>-€lect-
ed to that office. He has bi-en president of the
Illinois state Iwr a.ss<x'iation, and a member of the
American bar a.s.««x'iation. Among the reform
measures pn)|iose<l by him are constitutional pro-
hibition of special legislation: a national currency
under a national law; national uniformity of com-
mercial |mper; an extension of equity practice to
liankriiptcy and other law prcx'cedings; civil-ser-
vice pensions: and state Ixvanls of laUir and capi-
tal. Besides numerous pamiihlet.s adtlresse.s and
essays on public (jiiestinn.s. he lias iiiibli>hed •* Rules
of Law for the Carriage and Delivery of Persons
and Pn)perty by Railway " (Chicago. 1804) and
" A Summary of the Law of Marine. F'ire, and Life
Insurance" (18(55), and editnl " Poems by Alfnnl W.
Arrington. with a Sketch of his Character" (1809).
BKKjHTLY, Frederick Charles, lawyer, b.
in Bungay, Suffolk. Kiigland. 20 Aug.. 1812: d. in
(iermaiitown, Pa.. 24 Jan.. 1N88. After serving as
a midshipman under the Fast Indian company he
came to this countr>' in IK}], studied law. and was
a<lmitte<l to the bar in 18JIS). Mr. Brightly retinnl
from active practice alnnit 1870, and devote<l his
time to legal authorshif). His colliK-tion of alK)ut
5,000 volumes is one of the Ix'st private law libra-
ries in this country. He printinl a descriptive cata-
logue of his Ixxtks, with critical noti<'es of aulhors
ami subjects, for private circulation (Phihidel|ihin,
1885). His legal works aiv "The I^iw of Costs in
Pennsylvania" (1847): " ReiK^>ns of Cases dtH-idinl
by the Judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsyl-
vania," with notes (IWl): "The K<|uitable Juri»-
dicti«>n of the Courts of Pennsylvania " (1855);
"An Analytical Digi-st of the I j«ws of the Tnited
States. 1789-1809" (2 vols., 184-h5-'4M: "A Digest
of the Decisions of the Fe<leral Courts" (2 vols.,
18(W-*7;}); "The Bankrupt I>aw of the United
States " (1871): " A ColhM-tion of Ii<>ading CaM>son
the I^wof Kleotions in the I'niteil .Stales" (1871);
"Constitution of Pennsylvania, as Amended in the
Year 1874," to which is apixMidt'*! the constitution
of 18:J8(1874): "A Digest of the D«'cisions of the
Courts of the State of New York to January. IfSl"
(3 vols.. New Y'ork, la?^-^^) ; and " A Digest o£
672
BROOKS
the Decisions of the Courts of the State of Penn-
svlvanift from 1754 to 18H2 " (3 vols., I•hiln«^elphi^^
1877-83). " A IHpest of the LiiWis of Pennsylvania
from 1700 to 1883" (lyH^J). He also republished
two editions of " Hinn's Justice, or Ma^'ist rate's
Dailv Companion'' {l«70-'8(5); also -'The Practice
in Civil Actions and Proceedings in the Courts of
Pennsylvania" (2 vols., 1880), jMipidarly known as
"Tn.u'bat and Haley's Practice,' and has edited
numerous volumes "of reports and other legal
^».,,rks.— His son, Francis Frederick, lawver. b.
in IMiiladelnhia. Pa.. '2(J Feb., 184."), was graduated
at the law departint-nf of the University of IVnu-
svlvania in 18(>«i. He has publisheil "A Digest of
the I.^ws and Ordinances of the City of Philadel-
phia " (2 vols., 1887), and " A Digest of the Laws of
Pennsvlvania from 1883 to 1887^' (1887).
BROOKS. William Robert, astronomer, b. in
Maidstone. Kngiand. 11 .hme. 1844. He (uinie to
this country in 1K")7, and settled with his parents
in Darien, N\ Y. When he was only fourteen years
of age he constructed a telescope; and at the age
of eighteen delivered his first astronomical lectures.
Subsequently he was employed as a mechanical
draughtsman, and invented various improvements
in astronomical, photographic, and other scientific
nistruments. In 1870 he settled in Phelps, N. Y..
where, in 1874, he founded and lx>came the di-
rector of the Hed House observatory. In 1888
he removc(l to (Jeneva, N. Y., to take charge of
Smith observatory. His work has consisted largely
in the discovery of comets, and thirteen of these
iKKlies have U'cn credited to him since 1881, of
which two were the first observed return of the
notal)le long-period comets of 1812 and of 1815.
He found two in 188.'} and th-j first throe that were
<liscovcre<l in 188(i. making a record of five comets
within a period of nine months, of which four
were in succession and two within four days.
Three of these, b«»aring his name, were visible at
the same time, which is unparalleled in the history
«f a.stronomv. Mr. Brooks is a fellow of the Ameri-
can association for the advancement of science, and
a fellow of the Royal astronomical society of
(ireat Britain, and has won a number of prizes by
his discoveries. He has lectured frequently, and,
bi'sides pajwrs on his specialty, has published
tmems, of which " Milton " and " The Pilgrim of
Lavergne" have been widely copied.
BROWN K.John Mills, "surge<m,b. in Hinsdale,
N. H., 10 May, ls:{l. He was graduated at the
medical department of Harvard in March. 1852,
and entered the U. S. navy as an assistant sur-
geon, 20 March, 1853. In l"855-'(i he participated
in the Indian war on Puget sound, and subse-
quetitly he trM)k part in the survey of the north-
west l>oundary. He lieCame a passed assistant sur-
geon, 12 May,' 1858, serve<l in the brig " Dolphin,"
suppressing the slave-trade on the west coast of
Africa in 1858, and in October of that year joined
the I'aragiiav expe<lition. He was comirnissioned a
surgeon, 19 .)une, 18fil, and attached to the steamer
"Kearsarge" until 9 Dec, 18G4, participating in
the engagement with the Confederate cruiser " Ala-
bama." He served at the Mare island navy-yard
from 18«0 till 1871. during which lime he superin-
tended the erection of the naval ho!*pital there.
He was commissioned as medical inspector, 1 Dec,
1871, and was fleet-surgeon of the Pjuific fleet in
1872-"(J. He served at the naval hospital at Mare
island, Cal., in 1876-'80, was commissioned a medi-
cal director, 0 Oct.. 1878, and was a member of the
examining J)oanl at Washington, from 2 Julv, 1880,
to 2« Oct., 1882, when he took charge of the Muse-
um of hygiene until 1 July, 1880, after which he
BURTON
was again appointed a member of the examining
and retiring Wrd. On 27 March, 1888, he was
ap{)ointed chief of the bureau of medicine and
surgerv and surgeon-general of the navy,
BL't'H ANAN, Joseph, inventor, b. in Washing-
ton county, Va., 24 Aug., 1785: d. in Louisville,
Ky., 29 Sept., 1829. He removed to Tennessee in
1795, was educated at Transylvania university,
Kentucky, studied medicine, and practised in Port
(iil)son, .Sliss., but in 1808 removed to Lexington,
Ky., where in 1811 he was appointed professor of
the institutes of medicine in the medical depart-
ment of Transylvania university. Among his nu-
merous inventions was a new musical instrument,
in which the notes were produced by glasses of dif-
ferent chemical composition, and a steam-engine
with which, in 1824, he ran a wagon through the
streets of Louisville. He claimed to have discov-
ered a new motive power, derived from combus-
tion without the aid of water and steam, which is
now utilized in the air-engines of John Ericsson
and others; and also originated what he called
"the music of light," to be produced by means of
" harmonific colors luminously displayed." Dr.
Buchanan edited the "Palladium" in Frankfort,
the "Western Spy" and the "Literary Cadet" in
Cincinnati, and the " Focus " in Louisville, and was
the author of the " Philosophy of Human Nature"
(Richmond, Ky., 1812). He was the father of Joseph
Rodes Buchanan (vol. i., p. 436).
BUNGAY, Georgre Washington, journalist, b.
in Walsham-le-Willows, Suffolk, England, 28 Nov.,
1826. He came to this country at an early age,
was educated in New York city, and engaged in
journalism. From 1873 till 1887 he was employed
in the New York custom-house. He is a well-
known lecturer, has contributed to the press, was
literary editor of the " Metropolitan." a weekly
journal in New York, and is the author of " Oft-
Hand Takings, or Crayon Sketches" (New York,
1854); "Traits of Representative Men" (1882);
"Pen Portraits of Illustrious Abstainers," pub-
lished by the National temperance society (1884) ;
and "The Creeds of the Bells," a poem.
BURKE. Manrice Francis, R. C. bishop, b. in
Ireland, 15 May, 1845. He came to this country
with his parents in 1849, was educated at St. Mary's
university. Chicago, 111., and in the American college
at Rome, Italy, and in 1875 was ordained a priest
in the Roman Catholic church. He was assistant
at St. Mary's church, Chicago, for the three subse-
quent years, and afterward pastor of St. Mary's
church, Joliet, 111., till 1887, when he became
bishop of Chcvenne, Wvoming territory.
BURLEIGH, George Shepard, poet, b. in
Plainfield, Conn., 26 March. 1821. He was edu-
cated in the district schools, assisted his brother,
William H. Burleigh (vol. i., p. 455), in editing the
" Charter Oak," and subseouently devoted liis time
to intellectual pursuits. He has publislied " Anti-
Slavery Hymns" (New London, Conn.. 1842);
"The Maniac, and other Poems" (Philadelphia.
1849); and "Signal Fires, or the Trail of the
Pathfinder" (New York, 1856); and translated
into English verse Victor Hugo's "La legende
des siecles" (printed privately. 1867)j»
BURTON, Robert, member of the Continental
congress, b. in Mecklenburg county, Va., in 1747;
d. in Gmnville county, N. C, 10 April, 1825. He
removed to Granville county, N. C, about 1775,
was a commissioned officer in the Continental
army, and in 1787 a member of the Continental
congress. He was one of the commissioners to run
the line between the states of North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Georgia in 1801.
BUTLER
CADWALADER
673
BUTLER, Georre Beniand, artist, b. in New
York city, 8 Feb., IH-'W. liis father, of tht> same
name, and his uncle Charles were lioth weH-known
lawyers. He be|;Hn under Thoniu-s I licks to study
iMintin);, and in 18<'>0 s|M<nt M)nie time in Thomas
('outure's studio in I'tiris. In the autumn of 18(K)
he roturneil to the Unitwl States and servetl
in the National army during the civil war, los-
ing an arm at the battle of Gettysbure. He re-
turned to Kurone in 1865 and devotetl Tiimself to
J tainting animals, als<i studying with Otto Welwr.
"'or two years he conlinuetl his work under t'ou-
ture at Jv'ulis, and s|H>nt the winter of 18y7-'8 in
Italy. He then returned to this country, but in
1873 visited Kuroj»e aeain, and was during the ten
following vears in Italy, chiefly in littme and Ven-
ice. At this time he met James A. M. Whistler,
who exerted very great influence on his work.
Since 1888 he has Ijeen engaged princittally in
portraiture. In 1873 he was electtni a National
academician. His |)aintings include "The Shep-
herd and Dogs on the Campagna"; "The Caitri
Rose," purchased by Alexanuer T. Stewart; "The
Ijace- .Maker " ; " .\n Italian Peasant"; and sev-
eral striking groups of animals.
BYERS,. Samuel Hawkins MarshaU, poet,
b. in Pulaski, Pa., 2ii July, 1838. He was educatetl
in the public schools of Oskaloosa. Iowa, and stud-
ietl law, but did not practice. He servetl in the
National army, was talcen prisoner in November,
1863, and while in confinement in Columbia, S. C,
wrote the song entitUnl " Sherman's March to the
Sea," whose [)opularitv gave its name to the cam-
Siiign it celebrate<l. l!e was U. S. consul at Zurich,
witzerland. in 1869-84, and consul-general to
Italy in 1885. In addition to being a fretpient
contributor to magazines. Mr. Byers is the author
of "The Hanity Isles, and other Poems" (Bos-
ton. 1885); "Ili'ston' of Switzerland" (New York.
1886); and "Military History of Iowa" (Des
Moines, Iowa, 1888).
CADWALADER. Thomas, physician, b. in
Philadelphia. Pa., in 1708; d. near Trenton. N. J.,
14 Nov.. 1779. He began the study of medicine in
Philadelphia and completed his cours4> in London.
About 1<31 he returned to Philadelphia, and con-
, tiiuieil his profes-
sion there for fif-
teen vears. Dur-
ing the winter of
1736-'7 he is men-
tioned as one
of the physicians
that uioculatiHl
forthesmall-|M)x.
In 1746 he re-
movetl to Tren-
ton. N. J., but in
1750 he returne<I
to Philatlelphia.
He subscribed in
1751 towanl the
capital stiK'k of
the Pennsylvania
hospital, of which
he iKH-anje one of
the original ph>-sicians, and in the same year was
elect«l a meml)er of the common council, in which
he servetl until 1774. Dr. Catlwalader wils called to
the provincial cotmcil on 2 Nov., 1755, and signtsl
the non-importatioti articles. In July, 1776. the
committee of safety of Pennsylvania appointetl
him on a committee for the examination of all
rot. ri. — 13
J^^lft^^i^^^t
candidateM that applied for the post of surgeon in
the navy, and at the same time he was apiiointed
a metlical director of the army hospitals. In 1778
he succtHtlcd the elder William .ship|>en as sur-
geon of Pennsylvania hospital, ami jireviouslv, in
1765, he ha«l lieen electetl trustee of^ the Metliical
college of Philadelphia, whert he gave a course of
lectures. Dr. Cadwahuler was a mcmljcr of the
American philosophical sttciety and the American
society for promoting useful knowletige liefore
their union in 1769. He was one of the original
corporators of the Philadelphia library comftany
in 1731. It is re|M>rted that he savetl the life of a
stm of Oov. Jonathan Belcher by the api>lication
of electricity Ix'fore 1750, and ^e published an
" Essay on the West India Dry (irij)es" (1745). Its
pur{KJse was to prove that quicksilver and dra.stic
rurgatives were highly injurious to the system,
le was the father of Gen. John Cmiwalader and
of Col. I^mlx'rt Catlwalatler. — His grttndson,
Thomas, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 Oct.,
1779; d. there, 31 Oct., 1841, wa.s the son of Gen.
John Catlwalatier. and was graduated at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1795. After studying
law he was admitted to the bar, but Uxik charge
of the interests of the Penn family, which with-
drew him from practice. In Ajiril, 1799, he was a
private soldier in a cavalrj' troop, and was one of
the sixteen that capturetl the ringleaders of the
insurrection in Pennsylvania. During the war of
1812 he was a lieutenant-colonel of cavalr>-, and
he was afterward at)j)ointe<l to command the ad-
vanced light-brigatte. Under Gen. Catlwalader's
training these troops Itecame remarkable for their
efficiency and discipline. In 1812 he was appointed
major-general of tne 1st division of Pennsylvania
militia. With Winfleld Scott and Zachary Taylor
he was appointed in 1826 to revise the tactics of
the U. S. army. In 1816 he was ap|x)inte<I a trustee
of the Univei^itv of Pennsylvania. — His son. John,
lawyer, b. in Philadeljjhia, Pa., 1 April, 1805: d.
there, 26 Jan., 1879. was graduated at the I'niver-
sity of Pennsylvania in 1821, and in 1825, after
studying law with Horace Binney, was admitted to
the bar. The place of solicitor of the liank of the
United States was given to him by his relative,
Nicholas Biddle. then its president, and his services
were also retainetl by the government in impor-
tant cases, among which was the Blackbume cloth
Iirosecution. Mr. Cadwalader afterward conflniHl
limself to private practice in his pn)fession, and
was one of the best-known cttmmercial lawyers in
the Uniteil States. In 1844, after the riots of that
year, he raisetl a company for the city artillery
composed chiefly of lawyers, which was partially
supportetl by the city authorities. He was elected
to congress as a lienuK-rat and servetl from 3
Dec.. 185.5. till 3 March. 1857. In 1858 he was
apjKiintetl judge of the U. S. district court, and
he serveti thereafter on the liench until his death.
The degree of LL. D. was conferretl on him by
the University of Pennsylvania in 1870. — Dr.
Thomas's grandson. Thoma.s, soltiier, b. near
Trenton. N. J., 11 Sept., 17S>5; d. there. 22 t)ct.,
1873, was the son of C<>1. I>amhert Cadwalader
(vt>l. i., p. 494). He was l)oni at GreeiiwtKMi. a
property that was purchase*! by his father in 1776,
antl is still owneti by the family. Young Catl-
walatler was grailuatet] at Princeton in 1815 and
then studieti law. but never practisetl. He wa»
appi^inteti tleputy adjutant-general t>f the New
JenH>y militia on 2 June. ISiO. aitle-<ie-camp tt) the
I governor, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and
I atljut^nt-general of the state, with the rank of
I brigadier-general, on 80 July, 1842. This office be
674
CAMERON
CLARK
retained through several political changes, until
his resignation on 26 Jan.. 1858. In 1856, at the
re«iuest of the governor, he tmvelled through vari-
ous European countries and rejwrted on the fire-
arms there in use, which report was printed. He
was brevetteil nmjor-general in March, 1858, in
[)ursuanee of a special act of the legislature for his
ong and meritorious services. — His son, John
Lambert, lawyer, b. near Trenton, N. J., 17
Nov., 1836. was" graduated at Princeton in 1856
antl at Harvanl law-school in 1860. His legal
studies were made with Daniel Lord in New York
city, and suljsequently he practised his profession
in that place. During 1874-'6 he was assistant
secretary of state under Hamilton Fish. — Another
.son. Richard MoCall, lawyer, b. in Trenton,
N. J.. 17 St>pt.. is;i{), was graduated at Princeton
in 1860, and at Harvard Iaw-s(!hool in 1863. He
was mlmitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1864.
where he luis since practis«'d successfully. Mr. Cad-
walader is the author of "The Law of Ground
Itents" (Philadelphia. 1879).
C.\MER()N. Henry Clav, educator, b. in Shep-
herdsttiwn. V'a.. 1 .S«'pt.. 1827. He was graduated
at I'riiiceton in 1S47. and at the theological sem-
inary in 1855. Meanwhile he was principal of
the kdgehill school in Princeton in 1851, and in
1852-'5 tutor at the college. He was matle ad-
junct profess<ir of Greek in 1855, associate in 1860,
and i)r()fessor in 1861. and since 1877 he has held
the chair of the Greek language and literature. In
addition he was instructor in French in 1859-'70.
and librarian in 1865-'72. Prof. Cameron was or-
dained a clergyman by the presbytery of Philadel-
phia on 1 P'eb., 18&1 The degree of Ph. D. was
given him by Princeton in 1866. and he received
that of D. D. from l)oth Rutgers and Wooster in
1875. For more than twenty years he edited the
" General Catalogue of the College of New Jersey,"
and. in mldition to cvclop,-pdia articles and essays,
including one on ".fonathan Dickinson and the
Rise of Colleges in America." he has published
" Princeton Roll of Honor." a list of the graduates
of that college that fought in the war for the
Union (Princeton, 1865): "The History of the
American Whig Society" (1871), and with Prof.
Arnolil Guyot a stories of classical maps.
C.\SEY. Thonia.H Lincoln, soldier, b. in Madi-
son Harracks, Sackett's Harlxir, N. Y., 10 May,
1831. He is the son of Gen. Silas Casey (vol. i., p.
550), and was gradu-
ated at the U. S. mili-
tary aca<iemy as bre-
vet 2d lieutenant of
engineers in 1852. In
1854-'9 he was assist-
ant i)rofessor of en-
gineering at the mili-
tary academy. From
ISrid till 1861 he had
command of the en-
fineer troops on the
'aciftc coast. Dur-
ing the civil war he
served at first as staff
engineer at Fort
Monroe, Va. became
captain in the engi-
neer corps on 6 Aug.,
, ,. 1861, was superin-
tending engineer of the permanent defences and
nem fortifications upon the coast of Maine, and
serve*! on sjiecial duty with the North Atlantic
squajiron during the first expedition to Fort Fish-
er, N. C, 8-29 Dec.. 1864. fie was made major on
9kc^.&caiY
2 Oct., 1863, and brevetted lieutenant-colonel and
colonel on 13 March, 1865. In 1877 he was placed
in charge of the public buildings and grounds in
the District of Columbia, the Washington aque-
duct, and the construction of the building for the
state, war, and navy departments, which was com-
pleted on 31 May, 1888. He was engineer of the
Washington monument from 1878 till its comple-
tion in 1884, and on 1 Nov., 1886, he became presi-
dent of the lK)ard of engineers, in New York city.
On 6 July, 1888, he was appointed brigadier-gen-
eral, and chief of engineers, U. S. array, and on 2
Oct., 1888, he was, by act of congress, placed in
charge of the erection of the building for the Libra-
ry of congress. Besides numerous official reports,
and articles upon engineering, he has contributed
sketches to historical and genealogical magazines.
CATHCART, Charles Murray, governor of
Canada, b. in England. 21 Dec, 1783; d. there, 16
July, 1859. He was educated at Eton, and at the
age of fifteen entered the army as an ensign. He
served on the continent under the Duke of Wel-
lington, and at the battle of Waterloo, where he
led several charges, three horses were killed under
him. He succeeded his father as second Earl
Cathcart, in 1843, was appointed commander-in-
chief of the troops in British North America in
1845, and on the retirement of Lord Metcalfe in
1846, he assumed the civil government as well. A
year later he resigned his military command, re-
turned to England, and was then succeeded in
his civil office by Lord Elgin. Subsequently he
was appointed to the command of the Northern
and Midland district of England, which post he
retained until 1854. He also served on various
commissions and was for several years a mem-
ber of parliament.
CATHERWOOD, Mary Hartwell, author, b.
in Lurav, Ohio, 16 Dec, 1847. She was graduated
at the Eemale college, Granville, Ohio, in 1868. and
on 27 Dec, 1887, married James S. Catherwood,
with whom she resides in Hoopeston, 111. Mrs.
Catherwood is the author of " Craque-o'-doom "
(Philadelphia, 1881) ; " Rocky Fork " (Boston, 1883);
"Old Caravan Days" (1884); "The Secrets at
Roseladies" (1888); "The Romance of Dollard"
(1889) and "The Bells of Stc Anne" (1889).
CHARNAY, Desir^, explorer, b. in Fleurie,
France, 2 May, 1828. He was educated at the Col-
lege Charlemagne, and has been sent by the French
government on many scientific explorations, in-
cluding one in 1880 to Central America, which was
aided by the generosity of Pierre Lorillard. He
is the author of " Cites et mines americaines "
(Paris, 1861) ; " Le Mexique " (1862) ; " Explora-
tions au Mexique et Amerique du Centre " (1883) ;
" Les anciennes villes du nouveau raonde " (1883) ;
and " Une princesse indienne avant la conquete "
(1888). " The Ancient Cities of the New W orid "
was translated by Mrs. J. Gonino and Mrs. Helen
S. Conant, with an introductory chapter by Allen
Thorndike Rice (New York, 1887).
CLARK, Emmons, secretary, b. in Huron,
Wayne co., N. Y., 14 Oct., 1827. ' He received his
early education at Owego and Gr^ton, and was
graduated at Hamilton college in 1847. Before
arriving at his majority he studied medicine, but
shortly thereafter, removing to New York city, he
became a clerk in the firet office established in
Broadway for the transportation of through freight
and passengers to Chicago and the west, and he
rose rapidly to the place of manager. Retiring
from mercantile pursuits, he was appointed secre-
tary of the lioard of health at its organization in
1866, and he has since held that office. In Janu-
CLARKE
CONY
676
arj, 1857, be enlisted as a prirate in the Second
coimtany of the 7th ivgiinent (" National Guard"),
N. Y. state militia ; was electe<l Ist 8i>rgeant,
April. 1858 ; 2d lieutenant, September. 185» ; Ist
lieutenant, June, 1860; and captain in I>eceml>er
of the same
^ear ; and wa»
in command
of his com-
pany in the
three cam-
paigns made
oy the regi-
ment, in lM»n,
I802.andl8«;i,
during the
, civil war. and
in the draft
riots of 18(>J1
He command-
ed the 7th
regiment in the Orange riot of 1871 and in the
labor riots of 1877. In 18(>4 he published a " His-
torj- of the Second Company of the Seventh Regi-
ment, N. Y. State Militia," He was elected colo-
nel of his reginjent on 21 June, 1864, and still holds
that coram&nd. To his energy and perseverance is
due the successful completion l)y private subscrip-
tion in 18«0 of the armory (see illustration) now
occupied by the 7th regiment, while his executive
abilitv and untiring attention have not only main-
taine«l, but increased, the sujK'rioritv. efncieney,
and j.rosperity of that celebrated military organi-
zation. Col. Clark has in preparation a " History
of the Seventh Itegiment," to be published in 1889,
during which year he has announced his intention
of resigning on the completion of a quarter of a
century's M-rvice as colonel of the regiment.
CLARK K. Reht'cca Sophia, author, b. in Nor-
ridgcwotk. Me,, 22 Feb., l&W. .She was carefully
educatetl, has engagi-d in literary pursuits since
her youth, and is the author, under the {)en-name of
"Sophie May," of " Little Prudy Stories " (Boston,
186^'5); "Dotty Dimple Stories" (1868-70);
" Flyaway Stories " (1871-4) ; " The Doctor's
Daughter" (1873); "Our Helen" (1875); "The
Asbury Twins" (1870); " Flaxie Frizzle Stories"
(1877-85) ; " Ouinnebasse't Girls " (1878) ; " Janet "
(1883); and "Drones' Honey" (1887).
CLARKSON, Matthew, philanthropist, b. in
New York, 17 Oct., 1758 ; d. there, 25 Anril, 1825.
He was tne great-
grandson of Mat-
thew Clarkson, who
for thirteen years
was secretary of the
i)rovince, and his
at her and grand-
father also held im-
portant pla(>es in
the colony. At the
beginning of the
Revolutionary war,
in 1775, the son be-
came a private in a
company of fusi-
leers under K udol ph
Ritzema, and after-
ward he served in
Col. Josiah Smith's
regiment of minute-
men, which was
raised for the purjiose of protecting Ijong Island
from invasion. He joine<l the northern army in
1777. was wounded at Fort Edward, and at Saratoga
-^/?^^5^J^^?t —
rendered effective service to Col. Daniel Morgan,
also acted as aide-<le-camp to Benedict Amokl,
and was present at the surrender of (ten. John
Bur^oyne. In 1779 he was appointed aide to Gen.
lieniamin Lincoln, under whom ho |iartici|>ated
in the siege of .Savannah, and in the <lefencc of
Charleston he served as a major of infantr>', and
Ijecame a prisoner at the surrender. In lf8l he
returned to his place as aide to Gen. Lincoln, and
was with him at the re<luction of Yorktown. He
also serve<l on the exi>edition of Com. Abraham
Whipple during the siege of Charleston, and later
in the " Ja.son." When Lincoln became secretary
of war, Clarkson acted as his assistant, and on the
conclusion of hostilities he received the brevet of
lieutenant-colonel, and for more than fourteen
years was major-general of the state militia. He
serve<l in both branches of the legislature, and was
candidate of the Federal party for U. S. senator.
For twentv-one years he was president of the
Bank of Isew York, one of the first promoters
of the free-schtx)l system, a regent of the Univer-
sity of the state of New York in 1784-1825, gov-
ernor of the New York hospital for thirty vears,
during twenty-three of which he was president,
and one of the vice-presidents and founders of the
American Bible society, and his name is associated
with the foundation of nearly all the early philan-
thropic societies of that cit v.
CLEYELAM), Cynthia Eloiite, author, b. in
Canton, N. Y.. 13 Aug., 1845. She was educated
in Michigan and Medina. N. Y., and engaged in
business in that place and Pontiac, Mich. In
1880-*2, as president of the Women's Christian
temperance union of Dakota, she organized unions
with so great success as to influence the vote of
the territory for constitutional prohibition. She
then settled in Pierre, and was admitted to the
bar in 1883. In 1884 she entered the presidential
canvass in Michigan and In<liana, being the first
woman that ever sjxjke in public for the Demo-
cratic jmrty. She removed to Washington, I), C,
in 1885, and was appointed a law-clerk in the treas-
ury department. She has written "See-Saw, or
Civil Service in the Departments" (Detroit, 1887),
a {Kilitical novel, and " Is it Fate f " (1888).
COFFEE. John, soldier, b. in Prince Edward
county, Va., 2 June, 1772; d. near Florence, Ala,,
in July, 18^34. Ho remove*! to Davidson county,
Tenn..* in 1798, and engaged in mercantile pursuits
till 1807, when he began to survey public lands.
In October, 1809, he married Mary Donelson, a sis-
ter of Andrew Jackson's wife. At the beginning
of the war of 1812 he raisetl a cavalry regiment,
and after the massacre at Fort Minns he organized
two others, bi*came brigadier-general of militia,
and fought and won the Ixattle of Tallushatchie.
He {>artici[>ate<l also in the battles of Talla<lega,
Emuckfaro. Ala., where he was seven>ly wounded,
EnotochojK'o, and the Horseshoe. He was subse-
(juently at the liattles of Pensacola and New Or-
leans, reaching the latter in time for the fight by
a forcwl mari'h from I^ton Itouge in two days,
and commanding Jackson's left wing. He was fre-
quently coinniissionetl to treat witli the Indians,
liecame surveyor-general of the Southwest territory
in 1817, n'inovetl to Huntsville, .\Ia.. and later to
Florida. He was known as " brave Jack Coffee."
CONY, Daniel, jurist, b. in that part of Stough-
ton, Mass.. that is now .Sharon, 3 Aug.. 1752; d. in
Augusta. Me., 21 Jan., 1842. His grandfather, Na-
thanael. came from England to Massachusetts in
the latter part of the 17th ivnturj- and settled in
Boston, but in 1728 went to Stoughton. Daniel re-
moved in 1778 to " Fort Western settlement " (now
676
COPE
COWEN
Augusta, Me.). He had prepared himself before leav-
ing Massachusetts for the j)rofession ef medicine,
and was a successful practitioner for many years.
lie was in public life for several successive years
as n'presentative and senator in the general court
and as a member of the executive council, and he
was one of the electors that chose Washington
president for his second term. He held the office
of judge of the court of common pleas and of
judge of probate from Kennebec county, and was
a delegate to the convention that framed the con-
stitution of Maine. Judge Cony in 1815 founded
and liberally endowed the Cony female academy in
Augusta (now the Conv high-school). His daugh-
ter marriecl Nathan W'eston, chief justice of com-
mon plejis in Massachusetts in 1810-'20, and sub-
sequently chief justice and associate justice of the
supreme" court of Maine in 1820-41, and u daugh-
ter by this marriage was the mother of Melvdle
W. Fuller, chief justice of the United States.
COPE, Gilbert, genealogist, b. in East Brad-
ford, (^hester co.. Pa., 17 Aug.. 1840. He was edu-
cated at the Friends' select school in West Chester
and at the F'rionds' boarding-school in Westtown,
and for a few vears followed farming. He is a
raemlK>r of the Pennsylvania historical society and
of the New England historic-genealogical society,
and has published " A Itecord of the Cope Family "
(Philadelphia. 1860); "The Browns of Notting-
ham" (18G4); "frenealogv of the Dutton Family"
(West Chester. 1871); and, with J. Smith Futhey,
" History of Chester County" (Philadelphia, 1881),
and "Genealogy of the Sharpless Family" (1887).
CORBIN, Austin, financier, b. in Newport,
N. H.. 11 .luly, 1827. He was graduated at Har-
vard law-school in 1849, practised in his native vil-
lage, and in 18.'j2 removed to Davenport, Iowa,
and in 1H(}(5 to New York, where he engaged in
banking business, and in 1880 became president of
the Long Island railroad. In 1886 he was chosen
president of the Philadelphia and Itejiding rail-
road company. Mr. (,'orbin is actively associated
in various organizations that have for their ob-
jects the development of artistic and philanthropic
purposes in New York city.
CORNSTALK, Shawnee chief, 1). in Mason coun-
ty, Va. (now W. Va.), about 1720; d. in Point
Pleasant, W. V^a.. in thesiimmer of 1777. He was
the chief of the Shawnee Indians, and at the bat-
tle of Point Pleasant, 10 Oct., 1774, his plan of al-
ternate attack and retreat occasioned the princi-
I>al loss of the whites. After the battle he con-
vened his tril)e to consult what must next l)e done,
and, after upbmiding them for not suffering him
U> make pejico with the settlers the day before the
fight, struck his tomahawk in the post in the cen-
tre of the town-house and said : " I will go and
make |)eac-e." He kept his treaty with the Ameri-
cans till 1777, when the Shawnees, being incited
by the British, began to disturb the frontier settle-
ment. One day Cornstalk appeared at Point Pleas-
ant,and,summoningtheprincipal settlers, told them
that he could make n<j secret of the disposition of the
greater part of his trilxj toward them, but that, al-
though he was opposed to the British, he was afraid
they would force him "to run with the stream." The
council then determined to detain him as a host-
age, and while in confinement he and his son were
murdered by colonists in retaliation for an outrage
by Indians. The governor offered a reward for
the apprehension of the murderers, but without
effect. Cornstalk was regarded as the ablest sol-
dier among the Indians oil the Virginia frontier.
COURTNEY, Frederick, Canadian Anglican
bishop, b. m Plymouth, England, 5 Jan., 1837. He
was educated in the Bluecoat school and at King^s
college, London, and, after holding pastorates in
Kent, Plymouth, and Glasgow, was assistant at St.
Thomas's church in New York from 1876 till 1880.
He was rector in 1880-'2 of St. James church, Chi-
cago, and then of St. Paul's, Boston. On 1 Feb.,
1888, he was elected bishop of Nova Scotia.
COUSIN, Jean (coo-zang), French navigator, b.
in Diepjie, lived in the latter part of the 15th
century. His discoveries are related by Louis
Estancelin in his " Recherches sur les voyages et
decouvertes.des navigateurs Normands en Afrique,
dans les Indes Orientales, et en Amerique" (Paris,
1832), Leon Guerin in his "Les navigateurs
Fran9ais" (Paris. 1846), and Amans Alexis Mon-
teil in his " Traite des materiaux raanuscrits des
divers genres d'histoire " (2 vols., Paris, 1835), and
confirmed by the anonymous publication " M^-
moires pour servir k I'histoire de Dieppe " (Dieppe,
1740), and by Francis Parkman in nis" Pioneers
of France in the New World " (Boston, 1860). Ac-
cording to these authorities, in 1488, four years be-
fore Columbus's voyage, Cousin, being at sea off
the African coast, was forced westward by winds
and currents to within sight of an unknown shore,
where he presently descried the mouth of a great
river (probably the Orinoco). On board his ship
was one Pinzon, who, being dismissed for mutinous
conduct, went to Spain, became known to Colum-
bus, and accompanied him in his voyage of 1492.
Cousin's discovery is also mentioned in the "Jour-
nal de I'Amcrique" (Troyes, 1709) and in "De-
scription des cotes de la mer Oceane." It is also
said that a French pilot discovered America. Un-
fortunately, the arcnives of the city of Dieppe were
destroyed during the bombardment of 1694, and
no information is now to be obtained there about
Cousin's voyage to America, a narrative of which
was undoubtedly deposited in the city archives.
COWEN, Esek, jurist, b. in Rhode Island, 24
Feb., 1787; d. in Albany, N. ¥., 11 Feb., 1844. He
was descended from John Cowen, a native of Scot-
land, who settled in Scituate, Mass., in 1656. His
father's family re-
moved in 1790 to
Greenfield, Sarato-
ga CO. Four years
afterward he re-
moved to Hartford,
Washington co., N.
Y., and at sixteen
years of age began
the study of law,
at the same time
teaching during the
winters. He was
admitted to the bar
in 1810, and liegan
practice in North-
umberland, N. Y^.
In 1812 he removed
toSaratoga Springs,
which was after-
ward his residence.
He was reporter of
the supreme court in 1821-8. and, was then ap-
pointed judge of the 4th circuit. In 1835 he was
appointed to fill a vacancy in the supreme court,
and continued in that office until his decease.
Judge Cowen's opinion in the celebrated McLeod
ease, in connection with the Canadian rebellion,
in which were discussed the question of perfect
and imperfect war and other great national prin-
ciples, attracted wide attention. Of his opinions
in general it has been said that " in their depth
C0WLE8
DAVIN
677
«nd breadth of research, and their stronf^h and
reason of Iwarini;. they are n<»t excelktl by any
iud>^ in KiijrliiMtV or America" He ha9fT:e<iuently
been eonjparetl to Lonl Mansflcld. Judjje Cowon
was more than »ix feet in height, and [wssesMMl
gnat dignity of pre-sence and unas»uniin^ man-
ners, iti 1812 he was one of the founders, in
XorthumlH-rland, Saratoga co., N. Y., of the first
temix'rance society in the United States. lie was
the author of "('ivil Jurisdiction of Justices of
the Peace in New York " (2 vols., 1844) ; " New
York Kei>f.rts. 1823-'8" (9 vols., 1824-'30); and a
" Difrested Index of Keifort.s" (18J11); and edited
" IMiilliji|)S on Kvidence ' (5 vols., 1850).
V0^^ LES, Augustus ^'oodruff, educator, b.
in Keadinjr, N. Y., 12 July. 1819. After gradua-
tion at Union college in 1841, he taught, studied
theology in New York city, and in 1847-'56 was
Kistor of the Presbyterian church in Urocknort.
e was then made president of Elmira college,
where he still remains. The degree of D. D. was
given to him bv Ingham university in 1858, and
that of LL. D. by Hamilton college in 1886. Dr.
Cowles was the first president of a college that
was fully chartered expressly for the collegiate
education of women, with a course of study honor-
ably etjuivalent to the courses in colleges ?or men.
He has gained considerable ref)utation as an artist,
first intrmluced the special study of art criticism
into a college curriculum, and has deliveretl free-
hand illustratetl lectures on art.
CURTIS, James Langdoii, i>residential candi-
date, b. in Stratford, t'(>iin., 19 Feb., 1816. He
was educated in his native town, and engaged in
business in New York city, where, as colonel of the
9th regiment, he did good service in putting down
the flour riots in ISHii. He was nominated by the
Labfjr fwrty for governor of Connecticut in 1884,
and in 1888 became the candidate of the National
American party for president.
CrSHIX(i,Williain, author, b.in Lunenburg,
Worcester co.. Mass.. 15 May, 1811. His bmther.
Edmund Lambert (1807-'83'), was chief justice of
New Hampshire in 1874-'6. William was gratlu-
ated at Harvard in 18Ji2, and at the divinity-school
there in 182^9, and |)reaclK'd till 1857, when ho re-
moved to a farm m Clhiton, Mass. He went to
Cambridge in 1868, became library assistant in
the Harvard library, and since 1878, when he
was discharge*!, has engaged in literary pursjiits.
He spent several years in collecting material for a
volume entitled "The Century of Authors, 1778-
1880," the manuscript of which has Ix-en use<l in
the preparation of this work. His published books
are " Index to the North -\merican Review" (Bos-
ton, 1878); "Index to the Christian Examiner"
(1879); and "Initials and Pseudonyms" (1885-*8);
and he has in i)reparation a work entitletl " Ano-
nyms." Another brother is Luther Steams Cash-
ing (vol. ii., p. 39).
D.4ME, Harriet Patience, nurse, b. in Barn-
stea*!, N. H.. 5 Jan.. 1815. Her parents move<l to
Barnstead about 175)7, and ir> 184^1 Miss Dame
went to Concord, where she resided until the civil
war. She joined the 2d New Hampshire regiment
as hospital matron in June, 1861, and remaineil
with it until it was mustere<i out in December,
1865. Miss Dame was inside the trenches at Fair
Oaks, where she passeti a dark night alone in the
thick woods, the only woman in the brigade, car-
ing for the wounded of other regiments as well as
her own. .She was on duty as nurse near the old
stone church at CentrevUle while her regiment
participated in the second tiattle of Bull Run.
There she was taken prisoner, but was soon released.
Miss Dame was apiM>inted matron of th«- 18th army
corps hospital in September, 1864, and ha<l super-
vision of the nurses on duty. Of her services, (Jen.
Uilman Marston, who was long colonel of the 2<l
regiment, said : " Wherever the regiment went
she went, often going on f<x»t, and wimetimes
camping on the field without tent. . . . She was
truly an angel of mercy, the bravest woman I ever
knew. I have seen her face a Iwttery without
flinching. In August. 1867. she was ap[M>irited to
a clerkship in the treasury department, where she
still remains. In 1886 she deposited $1,000 with
a committee of the 2d ri-ginient veterans to erect
a building for headcjuarters for their encampment
at Lake Winnijiiseogee. N. H.
DARWIN. Charles Robert. English naturalist,
b. in Shrewsbury. England. 12 Feb.. 1805>; d. in
Down, Kent, England, 18 April, 1882. He was
a grandson of Dr.
Erasmus Darwin.
Immediately after
his graduation at
Cambridge in 1881
he volunteered to
accomiMtny the shin
" Beagle" as natunil-
ist on an exploring
ex|)edition around
the world, on which
he was engaged till 2
Oct., 1836. lA'aving
the ship at Valjiarai-
so, Darwin crossed
the South American
continent to Buenos
Ayres. discovering
on his way the gi-
gantic fos.sil remains
that first brought
his name into notice. On his return he settled on
a country estate in Kent, where he spent his life
in scientific occupations, writing his remarkable
works on l>otany and natural histor)*. and pro-
pounding the thtH)ry of the origin of sjjecies by
the natural selection of favorable variations, which
soon became celebrateil as the Darwinian theory.
His writings that relate to this hemisphere include
"Journal of Researches during a Voyage Around
the World" (1839); "Geological Observations in
South America" (1846); and many pajwrs, such as
" The Connection of Certain Volcanic Phenomena
in South America." See " Darwin" by Grant Al-
len (1885). also "Life and Letters of Charles Dar-
win," by his s«ni Francis Darwin (2 vols.. New
York, l688).
DAVIN, Nicholas Flood, Canadian journalist,
b. in Kilflnane, Ireland. 13 Jan., 1843. He was
educated in Ijondon, and also studied at (Queen's
university, but never took a degree. In 1868 he
was called to the English Imr, and he has i)ractised
both in London ana in Toronto. For five years
he was a reporter in the gallery of the British
house of commons, and also a contributor to the
" Pall Mall Gazette." During the Franco- Prussian
war he was correspondent of the " Irish Times "
and the Ix)ndon ".Standard." In 1872 he went
to Canada, and he has there edited the Toronto
"Glol)e" and " Mail," and in 1882 established the
Regina " Ix^ader." the first large paper in Assini-
l)oia. He was sent by the Canadian government
in 1879 to Washington to inquire into the work-
ing of the .Vmerican system of educating Indian
children. Subsequently be investigated the same
a.^.
O/TnA/L^
678
DAVIS
DOMEYKO
subject in Winnipeg. In 1881-*2 he was secretary
to the royal amiinission ai){)ointed to inquire into
all matters connecte<i with the Canatlian Pacific
railway, and in 1884-'5 was secretary to the Chi-
nes commission, in wliich capacity he visitetl San
Francisco, Cal, and Victoria, H. C. Mr. Dayin
8erve<l as a volunteer during the Canadian rebellion
of 1885. and was elected to the parliament in 1887
from Western Assinilwia, He has published "The
Irishiiiiin in Canada" (1877). and other works.
D.WIS, .\lexander Jackson, architect, b. in
New York, 24 July. 18(W. He passed some time
in the study of architecture, and in 1826 opened
an olTlce. He was in partnership with Ithiel Town
in 182»-'W. and the two introduced many novel-
ties and improvements in building in this country.
Mr. Davis designed the executive department and
patent-onice in Wjisliiiigton (1*34). the capitols of
Illinois and Indiana (18:}7), Ohio (183l»), and North
Carolina, the University of Michigan, and the Vir-
ginia military institute. In 18J31 he was elected an
assfx'inte member of the National aca<lemy,
U.\WSO.N, .Kneas MaoUonpIl. Canadian au-
thor. 1). in Iledhaven, Scotland. 80 July, 1810. He
was educated in Scotianil and F'rance, entered the
lioman Catholic priesthood on 2 April, 183.5, and
has held charges in Canada. The University of
Kingston gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1886.
He is the author of " The Temjwral Sovereignty
of the I'ope" (London, 1860); "Our Strength and
their Strength " (Ottawa, 1870): "Life and Time
of Pius IX." (1880); " The Last Defender of Jeru-
salem," a poem (1882); " Zcnobia," a poem (1883);
and several translations.
DEL.VM), .Hargaretta Wade, author, b. in
Alleghany. Pa., 23 Feb.. 1857. Her maiden name
was CamplM'il. .She was educated at Pelham
priory. New licK-helle, N. Y.. then studied at
Co()|>er Union, and in 1878-'9 taught industrial
design in the (Jirls' normal college. On 12 May,
1880, she married Lorin F. Doland. of Boston,
Mass. Mrs. Delaml has published "The Old (lar-
den." a volume of verses (Boston, 1886), and " John
Ward. Preacher," a novel that has attained great
success (1HH8).
DE.MAREST, Mary Augusta Lee. b. in New
York city. 26 June, 18:38; d. in Los Angeles, Cal,
8 Jan., 1888. She was a daughter of Thomas R.
Lee, and Imcame the wife of Theodore F. C. Dem-
are.st. For many years she was a resident of Pas-
saic, N. J. Mrs. I')emarcst l>cqueathed $10,000 to
various religious institutions. She was the author
of many jxM'ins, a volume of which was published
(New York. 1882). The l>esi known of these is " My
ain Countrie," which fli-st appeared in the New
York "0»)server" in Deceml)er, 1861.
DE VARENNES. Pierre (iauthler, Sieur de
la Vercndrye. Fren<'h tmveller, b. in France ; d. in
(^ucIhh- in 174J>. He emigrated to Canada, and
was for s<»mo time engaged in trailing in peltry
with the Indians. M. de Beauhamai.s, governor of
Canarla, originated a scheme to reach the Pacific,
and its execution and exp<'n.se were undertaken by
De Varennes, who discovered the Il<xjky mountains
in 1T31. While on this tour he discovered, among
massive stone nillars. a small stone bearing on two
sides graven charact<»rs of an unknown language.
The stone was afterward sent to Pari.s, and there
the resemblance the characters were thought to
bear to the Tartaric was regarded as supjiorting
the hypothesis of an Asiatic immigration into
America. The king of France conferred the cross
of St. Louis upon De Varennes, and at the time of
hu death he was about to resume, by the king's
desire, his attempt to reach the Pacific ocean.
DEWEY, Joel Allen, soldier, b. in Georgia,
Franklin co., Vt., 20 Sept., 1840; d. in Knoxvflle,
Tenn., 17 June, 1873. lie entered Oberlin in 1858,
but left in 1861 to enter the National army, and
served as 1st lieutenant and captain of Ohio volun-
teers under Gen. John Pope in the west, and then
with Gen. William T. Sherman. He was at one
time on the staff of Gen. William S. Rosecrans.
He l)ecame colonel of the 111th U. S. colored regi-
ment in 1863, and led a brigade near HuntsvilTe.
He was captured near Athens, Ala., in September,
18()4, after a day's severe engagement with Gen.
F'orrest's cavalry. After his liberation in Novem-
ber he served in Tennessee and northern Alabama
till the close of the war. He was commissioned
brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 Dec, 1865,
and was mustered out, 31 Jan., 1866, after declin-
ing a captain's commission in the regular army.
Gen. Dewey then entered the law-school at Albany,
N. Y., where he was graduated in 1867, and prac-
tised in Dandridge, Tenn. In 1869 he was elected
attorney-general of the state, which office he held
till his death.
DEWING, Thomas Wilmer, artist, b. in Bos-
ton, Mass., 4 May, 1852. He studied in 1876-'9
under Jules J. Lefebvre in Paris. His more im-
portant paintings are " Young Sorcerer " (1877) ;
"Morning" (1879); "Prelude" (1883); "A Gar-
den " (1884) ; " The Davs," which gained the Clarke
prize in 1887 (1884-'6); and "Tobias and the An-
gel " (1887). He has produced, among other por-
traits, those of Mrs. Llovd Bryce, Mrs. Robert Goe-
let, and Mrs. Delancey Kane. He is a member of
the Society of American artists, and was elected
an associate member of the National academy in
1887, and an academician the year following. — His
wife, Maria Richards, whose maiden name was
Oakey, b. in New York, 27 Oct., 1855, studied at
the 5Jational academy and under John Lafarge,
and, in 1876, Thomas Couture. She has painted
numerous figure- and flower-pieces, among which
are "Violets" (1878) and "Mother and Child"
(1880), and a number of portraits, including " Por-
trait of a Boy " (1875) ; " Portrait of her Father "
(1877); and " Sleeping Child" (1878).
DICKINSON, Donald McDonald, cabinet offi-
cer, b. in Port Ontario, Oswego co., N. Y., 1 7 Jan.,
1847. He was graduated at the University of Michi-
gan in 1867, studied law, was admitted to the bar,
and has been engaged in many important cases.
He became chairman of the Democratic state com-
mittee' of Michigan in 1876, and in 1880 was chair-
man of the Michigan delegation in the Democratic
national convention. Since 1884 he has represented
Michigan on the national Democratic committee.
On 17 Jan., 1888, he became postmaster-general of
the United States.
DOMEYKO, Ignaz, Chilian scientist, b. in Po-
land in 1802. He received his primary education
in Cracow, and in 1817 continueti his studies in
the University of Vienna, where he was graduated.
Taking part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-'l,
he was obliged to emigrate to France, where he
labored in the mines of Alsace, and afterward fin-
ished special studies at Paris. In 1838 he accepted
the professorship of physics and chemistry at the
lyceum of Serena, Chili. In 1846 he was called to
the same chair in the National institute and the
University of Chili, of which he was rector from
1876 till 1883. He was an associate editor of
" El Araucano," " Los Anales de Minas," and " El
Semanario de Santiago," and in 1888 began a scien-
tific journey through Europe. He is the author of
"Tratado *de ensayes" (Serena, 1843; Santiago,
1878); "Elementos de Mineralog^a" (1844); "La
DOOLITTLE
FEUMOY
679
Araucania y suk habitantva '* (184<'$): "Geolocla j
Geotnt'tria JiublrtrAnea" (1878); "Excursion A las
ConiilliTas de ('oi)ia|n'>"(1875); and " Constiluciin
Ooolo^rioa d«' I'liilo " (1H76).
DOOLITTLK. Charles Camp, soldier, b. in
Burliii^on, Vt.. 10 MHrt-h, 18J12. He was educaU'd
at the High-school in Montreal. Caniula, but was
not jfnwluuted on acc-ount of his removal to New
York city in 1847. He substHjueiitIv went to Michi-
gan, and on 10 May, IHdl, l)ccaino ist lieutenant in
the 4th Michigan regiment. He was made colotiel
of the IHth ri'giment of that state (m 22 July. 1802,
servtMl in the i>eninsiilar eamiMtign. and was .slightly
wounded at Gaines's Mills. He served in Kentucky
in 1862-'3, and in Tennessee in 186;i-'4, and was in
command of Decatur, Ala., during the first day's
successful defence of that town against Gen. John
B. HimhI. He le<l a briga<le at Njishville, and was
in command of that city in 1865, and of the north-
eatitern district of Louisiana in the autumn of that
year. On 27 Jan., 1805, he was made l>riga«lier-gen-
eral of volunteers, and on 13 June he was brevetted
major-general. He was mustered out on 30 Nov^
at nis own request, and since 1871 has been cashier
of the Merchants' national l>ank, Toledo, Ohio.
DOr(wHTY, John, soldier, b. in New Jersey
alx>ut 1740 ; d. after 18()2. He acted as commander
of the American army by seniority of rank or by the
appointment of Gen. WashingU)n. from June, 1784,
till September, 1789. There was no United States
annv during that period, except two companies of
artirtery, the Contmental army having been dis-
banded and the new arnjy not formwl. He Ijecame
major of an artillery comjmny in 1789, lieutenant-
colonel of artillery and engineers in June, 1798. and
on 20 May, 18(K), he resigned. Col. Doughty, in
1785, built Fort Harmar, at the junction of the
Muskingum with the Ohio river (the site of Mari-
etta), which was the first post of the kind within
the lx)unds of Ohio. In 1790 he built Fort Wash-
ington, consisting of hewn-log cabins with connect-
ing palisades, where now stands the city of Cincin-
nati. It was between the nn'sent Third and Fourth
streets, and is represent e<l in the illustration.
I>0W1), CharleM Ferdinand, educator, b. in
Madison, Conn., 25 April, 1825. He was graduated
at Yale in 185^^, and has successively held the |H)sts
of princifMil .)f the pn'paratorv dejwirtment of
Newton university, lialtimore, Md., professor of
mathematics there, princi|ial of the nigh-school,
Waterbury, Conn., ass<K;i»te princii>al of the Con-
necticut normal in'hool at New Britain, superin-
tendent of public schools, Waterbury, Conn.,
principal «»f the Granville (N. Y.) military acade-
my, and president of Temple Grove seminary.
Saratoga Springs. N. Y. He conceived the idea of
adopting one standard for railway time, and after
submitting it to a railway convention in New York
city in Octol>er, 1809, he devised a complete plan,
wlucb he published, with a map (1870). Prof.
Dowd attended conventions of railway managers
in Boston, in New York, and in the west, and flnallv
se<ure<l the atloption of the pn'.'M-nt system of rail-
way standard tune, which is a nKwlidcation of his
flrst plan. In this system the country is divided
into sec-tions, in each of which the time is made
unifonn, and the .otandards in a<ljacent sections
differ bv one hour. It went into effect on 18 Nov.,
1883. Prof. Dowd received the degnn' of Ph. D.
from the University of New York in 1888. He is
writing "A Theory of Kthics."
UK.AKK, FranclH Marlon, soldier, b. in Kush-
ville, Schuyler co.. III.. 30 Dec.. 18:30. His father.
John, a native of North Carolina, founded the
town of Drakesville. Iowa. The son was e<lucated
in the district schools, and entennl a men-ant ile
life at sixteen years of age. He crosse<l the plains
to .Sacramento, Cal.. in 1852 and 1854, engaged in
Indian warfare, and in 1859 settle<l in business in
Unionville, Iowa. He scrvetl through the civil
war, In'coming in 1802 lieutenant-c«jlonel of the
30th Iowa cavalr^', was severely wounded at Mark's
Mills, and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier-general
of volunteers. He re-entere<l mercantile life at the
end of the war. and was admitted to the bar in
1806, but sul>sequently engagwl in railroail-build-
ing. In 1881 he uecame a founder of Drake univer-
sity, contributing the princi]»al amount.
ELKIN, >Villiam I^wIh, astronomer, b. in
New Orleans. I>a., 29 April. 1855. He was edu-
cated at the Royal polytechnic school in Stuttgart,
Germany, and was graduated at the University of
Strasburg in 1880. Subse<juently he was as.«o-
ciatwl with Dr. David Gill, of the Royal observatory
at the Caj)e of G«K)d Ho|h«. in investipating the
jMirallaxes of southern stars. In 1884 lie Ix'came
an astn)nonier at the ol>servatorv of Yale univer-
sity, which iK)st he still holds, ifis investigations
at this place have include<l a triangulation of the
Pleia«les with the heliometer. and other researches
with that instrument, the only one of its kind in
America ; also researches on the {tarallaxes of
northern stars. These results have l)een published
in current astmnomical journals, and have given
Dr. Elkin wide n^putation anionc astmnomers.
ESTE, Georpo Peabody, soldier, b. in Nashua,
N. II., 24 April. 1829: d. in New York city. 6 Feb.,
1881. He wrote his family name Estev till he en-
tered the army, when he adopted an older spelling.
He entered Dartmouth, but left on account of ill-
ness before graduation, and. after going to Cali-
fornia, studietl law. and settleil in Toleilo, where
he liecame a jiartner of Morrison R. Warte. He
was solicitor of his county in 1860. but, entering
the National service as a private, became lieuten-
ant-colonel of the 14th Ohio infantry, and in 1862
8uccee<led to the command. During the Atlanta
cam(>aign and afterward he hnl a brigaile. and at
Jonesboro' he averttnl defeat by a timely Itayonet
charge. lie was brevet t«l brigadier-general of vol-
unteers, 9 Dec., 1864, and on 20 June. 1865. was
given full rank. Gen. Este resi^ne<l on 4 Dee.,
1865. and afterward practisc«l his profession in
Washingti>n, D. C. He was pres«*ntf<I by his regi-
ment with a sword with diamond-studded hilt.
FERMOY. MatthiaM Alexis Roche de. French
soldier, I), in the West Indies atMiut 1737; d. after
1778. He was 34th on the list of Continental briga-
dier-generals, his commission dating 5 Nov.. 1776.
On coming to this countrv in that year and offering
his senriom to oongress, 'Femioy represented him-
680
FIELD
FULLER
self as a colonel of engineers in the French army.
He served under Washington in the Trenton-
Princeton cann>aign. On 1 Jan.. 1777, he was or-
dered to take his brigatle to hold an advanced jxjst
at Mile-Run, iHjjond Maiden-Head (now Lawrence-
ville). That same night he returne<l to Trenton,
leaving his coinniand in a somewhat questionable
way. The following year (1777) he was jilaced in
command of Fort Independence, o|){)osite Fort Ti-
conderoga, by orders of congress, and against the
protest of Washington. On the retreat of Hen. Ar-
thur .St. Clair from Ticonderoga, Fermoy, against
the onlers of the commanding general, set fire to
his (juarters on Mount IndejR'iidence at two o'clock
on the niorning of 0 July, 1777. thus revealing to
Burgoyne St. ("lair's evacuation of Ticonderoga.
Had it not l)een for this. .St. flair would have made
gcKxl his retreat in safety. In December, 1777, he
applied for promotion to a major-generalship, but
congress, on -il Jan., 1778, refused his request, and
on 10 Feb.. 1778. he was allowed to resign, receiving
$800 to enable him to return to the West Indies.
FIELD, WUliani HHdreth, lawyer, b. in New
York citv. 10 April. 184;}. He was graduated at
Union ( ollege in 1S0.S, and at Columbia college law-
sch<K)l in 1805. He was taken into imrtnership by
Judge John W. Kdmonds. and remained with him
until his death in 1874. He was elected president of
the Catholic club of New York in June, 1887, and re-
elected in 18K8. I'nder his management this Imdy
has iM'come the in(jst influential Koman Catholic
organization in the state. He has tried many cases
before the court of appeals, some of great public
importance, involving the interpretation of stat-
utes, in which the kw has Iwen settle<l in accord-
ance with the c(mst ruction that he advocated. He
edite<l. with Judge Edmonds. " Statutes at Large of
the State of New York " (9 vols.. Albanv, 1803-'75).
FLETCHKK, Alice Cnnningliani, ethnolo-
gist, b. in Hoston. Mass.. about 1845. She was care-
fully educated, and. after study among the archa'O-
logical rt^mainsof the Ohio anil Mississippi valleys,
went in 1881 to reside among the Omaha Indians,
investigating their customs and traditions under
the auspices of the Peabody museum of American
archicology and ethnology "of Harvard. In 1883
she was appointed by the secretary of the interior
to allot the Onuihas their lands in se vend ty. and
brtjught to the Indian schools at Carlisle, Pa., and
Ham[>ton, Va.. a large party of their children and
two married couples. Under the care of the Wom-
an's national Indian association. Miss Fletcher
establishinl a system l)y which small sums of money
were lent to su(;h Indians as wished to buv tracts
of land and build houses. At the request" of the
Indian bureau, she prejMired an exhibit for the New
Orleans exi^sition in 1884-'5 showing the progress
of Indian civilization for the last twenty-five years.
In 1886 she was sent by the commissioner of edu-
cati<m to visit Alaskan" and Aleutian Indians, and
in 1888 complete<l her re[H>rt on " Indian Educa-
tion and Civilization." in which is a svnopsisof all
Indian treaties, their laws and regulations, and sta-
tistics concerning [wnulation. schools, etc. (Wash-
ington, 1888). In 1887 she was appointed special
agent, and assigned to the Winnebago tribe. She
has nublished numerous paprs and monographs.
FLICKIN<iER, Daniel Kiimler, bishop of the
United Brethren, b. in .St>venmile. Ohio. 25 May,
1824. He received an academic e<lucati(m. becAnie
corresponding secretary of the UniUnl-Brethren
church missionary societv in 1^57. and held office
by re-election till 1885, wKen he was chosen foreign
missionary bishop. He has made eight missionary
tours to Alrica, and done work on the frontiers o'f
the United States and among Chinese emig^ranta.
Otterbein university, Ohio, gave him the degree of
D. D. in 1875. Dr.Flickinger has published " Oflf-
Hand Sketches in Africa" (Dayton, Ohio, 1857);
"Sermons," with Rev. William J. Shuey (1859);
" Ethiopia, or Twenty-six Years of Missionary Life
in Western Africa" (1877); and "The Church's
Marching Orders " (1879).
FLOOD, James Clair, capitalist, b. in Ireland
in 1825. He emigrated to New York when a young
man in the same ship with William O'Brien, with
whom he formed an intimate friendship during
the voyage. After working in ship-yards the two
went to California in 1851, and opened a saloon in
San Francisco. • They made money by speculating
in mining stock, and several years later formed a
i)artnershin with James G. Fair and John W.
tfackay, wno were then young miners. Flood and
O'Brien agreed to furnish money for tools and out-
fit, while Fair and Mackay prospected in the
Sierras. The result was the discovery of the Com-
stock lode, which made them four of the wealthiest
men in the world. They subsequently established
the Nevada bank in San Francisco, and the part-
nership continued till 1881, when Mr. Fair was
eiectetl to the U. S. senate. Soon afterward Mr.
Flood withdrew from active business,
FOLEY, John Samuel, R. C. bishop, b. in
Baltimore. Md., 5 Nov.. 1833. He was graduated
at St. Marv's college, Baltimore, in 1850, studied
theologj' there and in Rome, and was ordained a
priest, 20 Dec, 1850. After filling several appoint-
ments in Maryland, he was commissioned by Arch-
bishop Spalding to establish a new congregation
in the western part of Baltimore, and built for it /
the Church of bt. Martin, one of the finest in the /
city, also taking an active interest in etlucational
matters. Dr. Foley was employed on imfxirtant
private missions by Archbishop Spalding and
Cardinal Gibbons, and had much influence in the
Baltimore council of 1884. He was appointed to
the see of Detroit 5 Aug. 1888. He is a brother of
Thomas Foley, bishop of Chicago (g.v.).
FOULON,'Cl«ment, known as Father Claudk
D'Abbeville. French missionary, b. in Abbeville,
Somme, about 1557 : d. in Paris in 1632. In 1612
he accompanied Commander Isaac de Razilly to
South America, and, after exploring the northern
shore of Brazil, began a small settlement on the
island of Maranhao, near the coast. Returning to
France a few months later, he vainly solicited aid
from the church, and in 1614 recalled the three
missionaries that he had left on Marafion island.
He was a preacher of much repute, and for many
years the superior of the convent of Capucins at
Abbeville which he had founded. He |>ublished
" Histoire de la mission des P. P. Capucins a I'ile
de Maragnon et terres circonvoisines " (Paris, 1614).
FULLER, Melville Weston, jurist, b. in Au-
gusta, Me., 11 Feb., 1833. He was graduated at
Bowdoin in 1853, studied law in Bangor with his
uncle, George M. Weston, and then at Harvard,
and began to practise in 1855 in his native city.
There he was an associate editor of the " Age,"
served as president of the common council, and be-
came city attorney in 1856 ; but he reiagned in June
of that year, and removed to Chicago, 111., where
he was in active practice for thirty-two years. He
rose to the highest rank in his profession, and was
concerned in many important cases, among which
were the National bank tax cases, one of which was
the first that was argued before Chief-Justice
Waite, the Cheney ecclesiastical case, the South
park commissioners cases, and the Lake front
case. He was a member of the State consti-
FULLER
GARIBALDI
681
tutional convention of 1862. and in 1868-*5 of the
lower houso of the le^islatun>, where he was a
leader of the Dou^jlas ttnuic-h of the IHuiKKTutic
party. lie was a delegatv tu the Ik'iiux.Tatic na-
tional conventions uf
- ^ 1864, 1872, 1H7(1, and
1880. On 30 April,
1888, he was nomi-
nated by President
Cleveland to be chief
insticc of the Uniteil
States, and on 20
July he was con-
firmed by the senate.
On 8 Oct, he took the
oath of office and en-
t«red on his duties.
Judge Fuller is, with
one exception, the
youngest member of
the supreme court.
He has attaine<l ri'pu-
tation as a s|>eHKcr.
Among his mldresses
is one welcoming Stephen A. Douglas to Chicago
in 1860, an«l another on Sidney Breese, which is
prefixed to Judge Breese's "Early History of Illi-
nois" (1884). The degree of LL. D. has been con-
ferretl on him by the Northwestern university, and
Bowdoiii college in 1888.
FULLER, Thonia.s Canadian architect, b. in
Bath, Kngland, 8 March, 1822. He was educated in
his native place, and. after leaving school, was
articlecl to an architect there, subsequently studying
his profession in London. At an early age he was in-
trusted with the erection of a cathedral at Antigua,
West Indies. In 18.'57 he went to Toronto. Canada,
and formed a |>artnership with Chilion Jones. In
18.59 their designs were accepteil by the government
for the parliament and departmental buildings and
governor-general's residence at Ottawa. (See illus-
tration of the capitol.) In the competition for the
new capitol for the state of New York, at Albany,
his design was one of the three to which eipial pre-
miums were awarded. In the second competition, to
which the three successful competitors were invited.
Augustus Ijaver, one of the three, preimred a joint
design with Mr. Fuller which was ultimately
adopted in 1867. Mr. Fuller remained in New
YorksUite until 1881. when he returned to Ottawa,
and on 9 Dec. of that year he was appointed chief
architect of the Dominion of Canada.
GAMBLE, William, soldier, b. in Duross,
County Tyrone. Ir«'land. 1 Jan., 1818: d. in Nica-
ragua. Central America, 20 Dec.. 18(J6. He studie<l
civil engineering, and was emplove<l on the gf>vem-
ment survey of the north of Ireland, but came to
the Unite<l States when he was twenty years old,
and enliste<l in the Ist U. S. dragoons. He served
in the Florida war and on the western frontier,
and rose to Im* sergeant-major, but on the expin^
tion of his term of enlistment went to Chicago,
111., where he fo||iiwe<l his profession. At the be-
f inning of the civil war he enlisted in the 8th
llinois cavalry, was chosen its lieutenant-colonel,
afterward was promoted colonel, and fought with
the Army of the Potomac, receiving a wound at
Malveni Hill that was nearly fatal. He was for
two years at the hewl of a brigade in defence of
Washington, with hemhjuarters at Fairfax Court-
House, Va., and on 2.')S'j>t., 18tt.'5, was commissioned
briga<lier-general of volunteers. After service in
the west he was mustered f»ut of the volunttH?r ser-
vice f)n 13 March, 186<5. and on 28 July accepted
a major's commission in the 8th regular cavalry.
He was on his wav with his regiment to California
when he died of c^ioleni.
GARIBALDI, (liuseppe, Italian patriot, b. in
Nice, 4 July. 1807; d. in Caprera, 2 June. 1882.
He followed the sea from his earliest youth,
and in 1836 went to liio Janeiro, where he en-
gaged in the coasting trade. In 18Ji7 he offered
his serviecs to the revolted Brazilian province of
ItioQrandedo Sul,
and commanded a
fleet of gun-boats.
After man^ dar-
ing exploits he
was forced to bum
his vessels, and
went to Montevi-
deo, where he !«-
came a broker and
teacher of mathe-
matics. He t4M>k
service in Uru-
guay in the war
against Kosjis.and
wasgiven thecom-
mand of a small
naval force which
he was
almndon
battle at ('osta
Brava, 15 and 1(5 June, 1842. Garibaldi then organ-
izinl the famous Italian legion, with which for four
years he fought numerous Itattles for the ri'public.
In 1845 he ciimmanded an expedition to Sidto,
where he established his headtjuarters, and toward
the end of the year he resisttnl with 500 men for
three days the assault of Urcpiiza's army of 4.000
men. On 8 Feb., 1846. he rejtelled at S»in Antonio,
with scarcely 200 men. Gen. Servando (Jomez with
1.200 soldiers. In 1K47, when he heard of Italy's
rising against Austrian dominitm. he went to assist
his country, accompaMie<l by a portion of the Ital-
ian legion ; but. after taking |Mirt in several unsuc-
cessful attempt.s. including the defence of Rome
against the French in 1849. he saile<l in June. 1850,
for New York. On Statin island he worketi for
a time with a countryman manufacturing candles
and soa{». and in lAil he went by way of Cen-
tral America and Panama to Callao, whence he
saileii in 1852 in command of a vessel for China.
Early in 1854 he retunie<l to Italy, where he lived
quietly in the island of Caprera, At the opening
of war against Austria in 18.*i9 he organ ize<l the
Alpine chasseurs, and defeate<I the enemy in sev-
eral encounters. After the |>eace of Villafranca he
began preparations for the ex})e<lition which was
secretly encouragwl by the government. Having
con(|uere<l .Sjeily and being proclaimed dictator,
he entere<l Naples in triumph on 7 Sept.. 1860. but
afterward resigned the dictatorship and proclaimed
in after a ^' ^ ^^i/L<^.^:i.^Cc<C<>'
682
GERHARDT
GILCHRIST
Victor Emmanuel king of lulv. declining all prof-
feretl honors and retiring to Oaprera. In 1802 he
planned the rer*c-uc of Rome from the French, and
again invadetl Calabria from Sicily, but was wound-
ed and cantured at Aspromonte, 29 Aug., 1862, and
sent back' to Caprera. In June. 1866, during the
Austro- Prussian war, he commanded for a short
time an army of volunteers, and on 14 Oct.. 1867,
he undertook another exjxMlition to lil>erate Rome,
but was routed by the Papal troonsand the French.
He ontere«l the service of the trench republic in
1870, and he organized and commanded the chas-
seurs of the Vosges. In 1871 he was elected to the
Italian parliament, and took an active part in jK)li-
tics till the end of his life. In 1888 the Italians in
New York ei'ected a bronze statue of him which
was unveiled in Washington sijuare. 4 June, 1888.
He wrote several novels, including " Cantoni il vol-
ontario " ((renoa, 1870) ; " Clelia, ovvero il govemo
momico; Roma del secolo XIX " (1870). w-hich in
the same year was translated into English under
the title of "The Rule of the Monk, or Rome in
the 19th Century"; " II frate dominatore" (1873);
and a ]«>em, " Le Mila di Marsala " (1873). Many
biographies of (laribaldi have lx»en writterf and
translated into English, including those by W. Rol)-
8on (London, 1860), bv Theodore Dwight (New
York. IHIM)). and by Mrs. Gaskell (London, 1862).
An autobiography apjieared after his death, under
the title "Garibaldi; Memorie autobiografiche "
(Florence, 1888).
(JERHAKDT. Karl, sculptor, b. in Boston,
Mass., 7 Jan., 18.")3. He is of German parentage,
anil in early life was a machinist in Chicopee,
Mass., and then a designer of machinery in Hart-
ford, Conn. His first works were a bust of his
wife and " \ Startled Bather." which so strongly
indicated talent that he was sent to Paris for
study. In his second vear he contributed to the
salon, where he also cxliibited in 1884 " Echo," a
statuette, and " Eve's Lullaby." a life-size group.
His other works include a bust of (Jen. Ulysses S.
Grant, taken in the last days of his illness ; busts
of Samuel L. Clemens (1883) and the Rev. Henry
Ward Beecher (1886); a statue of Nathan Hale
(see vol. iii.. p. 31) in the state capitol at Hartford
(1885); an ecpiestrian statue of Gen. Israel Put-
nam in Brooklyn, Conn. (1887) ; a statue of Josiah
Bart let t. signer of the Declaration of Independence,
in Amcsburv, Mass. (1888); Welton Fountain,
Waterbury. (^onn. (1888); statue of Gen. Gouver-
neur K. Warren
(si-e p. 362) at
J Gettvsburg, Pa.
(1888); and tab-
let to John Fitch,
in the state capi-
tol in Hartford,
Conn. (18HK).
GIBSON. Rob-
ert WHUaiiis, ar-
chitect, b. in Ave-
ley, Essex, Eng-
land, 17 Nov., 1854.
He was educated
at a private school
in Gravesend. and
then at the Royal
academy of arts
in London, where
he completed his
course in 1879. Suljsequently he settled in New
York city, where he has since" followed his profes-
sion. His work includes the U. S. tnist company's
building in New York city and the Cathedral
church in Buffalo, and he has submitted a desi^
for the projected cathedral of the Protestant Euis-
conal church to be built in New York city. Mr.
Gioson's best-known work is the cathedraf of All
Saints' in Albany, which is shown in the illustra-
tion, the design of which was selected in competi-
tion. This church, although not completed, was
dedicated on 20 Nov., 1888, with appropriate cere-
monies, extending through an entire week. He
publi.shed in the "American Architect," during
1884, a series of articles on "Siwinish Architec-
ture," with illustrations made by niraself in Spain,
and, in the " Engineering Record," " Observations
on Heavy Buildings" (1888).
GILBER6, Charles Alexander, chess-player,
b. in Camden, N. J., 17 June, 1835. He was gradu-
ated at the College of the city of New York in 1854,
and is the managing partner in a large West India
hou.se in that city. He is widely known as an
amateur chess-player, and has served as judge in
almost every public contest that has taken place.
His chess library of more than 1,500 volumes is
the largest in this country with the exception of
that of John G. White, of Cleveland, Ohio. Mr.
Gillierg has received prizes for his chess prob-
lems, and has edited "American Chess-Nuts " (New
York, 1868) and " The Book of the Fifth Ameri-
can Congress" (1881).
GILBERT, Samuel Angnstns, soldier, b. in
Zanesville, Ohio, 25 Aug., 1825; d. in St. Paul,
Minn.. 9 June, 1868. He was educated at Ohio
university, Athens, Ohio, and then entered the U
S. coast survey, in which service he continued until
the civil war, attaining a rank next to that of
superintendent. On 11 June, 1861, he was ap-
pointed lieutenant-colonel of the 24th Ohio volun-
teers, and accompanied his regiment to western
Virginia. He was appointed colonel of the 44th
Ohio regiment on 14 Oct., 1861, and in May, 1862,
he took part in the raid upon the Central railroad,
in which he marched more than eighty miles in
sixty hours, including all stops. He commanded
the right in the battle of Lewisburg, W. Va.. 21
May, 1862, and captured a Confederate battery. In
August. 1862, he was ordered to join Gen. John
Pope east of the Blue Ridge, and he served there
until 1863, when he commanded a brigade in
Kentucky, and dispersed a political convention
in Frankfort which he considered to be plotting
treason. He continued in Kentucky and Tennes-
see until November. 1863, when he became engineer
on tht\ staff of Gen. John G. Foster until Gen.
James Longstreet retreated, when he resumed com-
mand of his brigade. Col. Gilbert's health hav-
ing been impaired by exposure, he resigned on 20
April, 1864. He was brevetted brigadier-general
of volunteers. 13 March. 1865.
GILCHRIST, Robert, lawyer, b. in Jersey City,
N. J.. 21 Aug.. 1825; d. there, 6 July, 1888. He
was educated in private schools, studied law, and
was admitted to tiie bar in 1847. Subsequently he
became a counsellor of the U. S. supreme court. He
was a member of the New Jersey legislature in
1869. At the first call for troops in 1861 he went
to the front as a captain in the 2d New Jersey regi-
ment. Until the close of the civi> war he was a
Republican, but he left that party on the question
of reconstruction, and in 1866 he "was a Democratic
candidate for congress. In 1869 he was appointed
attorney-general of New Jersey, to fill the unexpired
term of George ^L Robeson (appointed secretary of
the navy in President Grant's cabinet), and in 1873
was reappointed for a full term. In 1875 he was a
candidate for U. S. senator. He had been appoint-
ed one of the commissioners to revise the constitu-
GILPIN
GREER
683
tion of the sUte in 1878, but re^ifcned before the
work was corapletwl. and he alwjdi-cliiUHl thi- office
of chief-justitre of New Jers«>v. Mr. (iildiri«t was
espe<*iany vorso<l in constitutional law, and he wa«
emplove/l in many notalile ch-hcs. His interpreta-
tion of the flfteenth amendment to the national
constitution secure<l the right of suffrage to colored
men in New Jersey. He was the author of the
riparian-rights act, and was counsel for the state in
the suit that teste*! its constitutionality. From this
source the fund for maintenance of public schools
in New Jersey is now chiefly derived. He also
8ecun«d to the Unitwl States a half million dollars
left by Jo8t>ph L. I^ewis to lie applied in payment
of the national debt. His large law library, en-
riched with thousands of marginal notes, was sold at
auction in New York six months after his death. —
His wife. Freuericka, b. in Oswego. N. Y.. in 1846,
is a daughter of Samuel Raymond lieardsley (q. v.).
She has published " The True Story of Hamlet and
Ophelia, ' a minute study and completely new in-
terpretation of Shakespeare's play (Boston. 1889).
GILPIN, William, governor of Colonwlo, b. in
Newcastle county. Del., 4 Oct.. 1812. He was
fnwluated at the University of Pennsylvania in
833. studied at the U. S. military academy, and
servecl in the Seminole war, but resigned his com-
mission and removed to Independence, Mo., in
1841. where he practised law, which he had
studied un<ler his brother. He was secretarj" of the
general assembly in 1841-'3. On 4 March. 1844,
with a fmrty of I'S.") nioneers, he founded Portland.
Ore.. alx)ut four miles alx)ve its present site, and
drew up the articles of agreement for a territorial
government. He afterward re-entered the army,
serving through the Mexican war as major of the
1st Missouri cavalry, and in 1848 he made a suc-
cessful expedition against the hostile Indians of
Colorado, which resulted in a peace for eighteen
rears. In 1851 he returned to Indejiendence. and
in 1861 he was app»inte«l first governor of Colo-
rado. Gov, Gilpin has published "The Central
Gold Region" (Philadelphia, 1859) and "The Mis-
sion of the North American People" (1873^. In
the latter he showed by charts the practicability of
establishing a railroad around the world on the
40th parallel of latitude, on which are Iocat«l
nearly nil the great cities of Ijoth continents.
G<)XARA, Francisco I^pz de (go-mah'-rah),
Spanish historian, b. in Seville, or. according to
some authorities;, in Gomera. Canary islands, in
1510: d. in Seville in 1560 or 1576. His parents
ha<l destinefl him for a militair career, but he
took holy orders, and was emplove<l for several
years as professor of rhetoric at Aicala. Desiring
to acquire a i>ersonal knowledge of the New World,
he went to >lexico atK)ut 1540, and remaine<l there
four vears, part of the time as secretary of Hernan
Cortes. On his return he reside<l for some time in
Italy, and became intimate with Saxo Grammaticus
and Olaus Magnus. His work is entitle«l " Pri-
mers y segnnda parte de la historia general de las
Indias con la conquista de Mejico v de la Nueva
Espafia" (Medina, 1553; Antwerp, l'554). It had
great success, passing in quick succession through
two e<litions. and was translatetl into Italian by
Gravalis (Rome, 1566) and bv Lucio ^lauro (Ven-
ice. 1566). and into French by "Martin Fumee (Paris,
1606). The second part, which is a historj' of
the life of CortA?, has been renrinte<l by Busta-
mante (Mexico, 1826). Gomara s style is clear and
fluent, but, unfortunately, the second part of his
work seems to have been written from notes, which
were not complete or exact, and often supplied by
s fervid imagination. In the royal library of
Madrid there are two of his works in manuiicript,
" Historia de Home y Arwlin liarljamja. reves de
Argel " and " Anales del Km |M>rador Carlos V,"the
publication of which has not Iteen |iermitted by
the n)yal goveniment, Ijccause they tlepict the em-
p«Tor's character in an unfavorable lignt.
G<H)I>SEm Daniel Ayres, M. K. bishop, b.
in Newburg. N. Y., 5 Nov., 1»40. He was edu-
cate<l at the University of the city of New York,
but left before graduation to enter the ministnr of
the MethfKlist Episcopal church. He was a (fele-
' gate to every general conference from 1876 till
1H8H, and at the one in New York city in May,
18^. he was electetl bishop. Wcsleyan university
conferri'd on him the degree of S.T. I), in 1880.
Bishop Goodsell has been literary e«litor and edito-
rial contributor of the New York "Christian Ad-
vocate" since 1880. and was an e<litorial contribu-
tor of the " Methotlist Review " until Mav. 1888.
GOODWIN, l8aac. author, b. in Plymouth,
Mass., 28 June, 1786; d. in Worcester, Mass.,
16 Sept., 1832. He was educate<l in Plymouth,
studied law there, practised his profession, and
held local offices in Stirling and Worcester. Mass.
From 1813 till 1832 he was a meml^er and coun-
cillor of the American antiquarian society of
Worcester. Besides many addresses and orations,
he published " Histor>' of the Town of Stirling,
Mass." (Worcester. 1815); "The Town Officer^
(1824); and "The New f:ngland Sheriff" (1830),—
His son. John Abbott, author, b. in Stirling,
Mass., 21 May. 1824: d. in Ix)well. Mass. 21 Sept.,
1884, was etlucated at the Rensselaer ix)lytec-hnic
institute in the class of 1847, but was not gradu-
ated. He was in the Massachusetts legislature in
1854-'7 and 1859-'61, serving in the last years as
speaker of the house, held local offices in' Lowell,
and delivered many sjieeches. Among his publi-
cations are " The Pilgrim Fathers neither Puritans
nor Persecutors" (Lowell. 1875) and "The Pil-
grim Republic " (Boston. 1888).
GOTTHEIL, Gustave, clergyman, b. in Pinne,
Poland. 28 May, 1827. He is of Jewish iwrentage,
was educated according to the rabbinical c<Kle,
attended lectures in the University of Berlin and
at the institute for Hebrew literature, and in 1K>5
became assistant minister to the celebrated Dr.
Samuel Holdheim of the Berlin refonn temple.
He was called to Manchester, England, in 1H60. and
to Temple Emanuel. New York city, in 18~1 Dr.
Gottheil is a liberal in his religious opinions, and a
leader in the refonn branch of the Hebrew church.
He has been active in eilucational, social, and
charitable reforms, contributing manv |>af>er8 on
these subjects to the reviews. He is the author of
" Hyiiiiis and Anthems" (New York, IW*).
GRKKR. David Humniell, cKrirvman, b. in
Wheeling, W. Va, 20 March, lfi44. He was gnulu-
atetl at Washington college. Pa., in 1862, studii>d
theology at the Protestant Episco|>al seminar}' at
Gambler, Ohio, was ordertnl deacon in Christ chun*h,
Clarkesburjr. W. Va, in June, 1866, and remaine*! in
charge of that parish for a year. He was ordaine<l
priest at Alexandria Va. in 1868, an«l l»ecame
rector of Trinity church. Covington. Ky. He went
abroad in 1M71. and on his return was electetl rit-tor
of Grace church, Pnividencts R. I., and entered
upon his work there on 15 .Sept.. 1872. He organ-
ized several missions in connet^tion with the parish
churc-h, founde<l St. Eli74»l»eth's home for incura-
bles in 1882, and was deputy from the diocese to
•four successive general conventions. He accepted
the rectorship of St. liartholomew's church. >ew
York city, in 1888. He is a broad-churchman. and
an eloquent extemporaneous preacher.
684
GRIFFIN
HAND
GRIFFIN. Samuel P., navigator, b. in Savan-
nah, Ga., in 182«J ; tl. in Aspiiiwall, Panama, 4 July,
1887. He was graduated at the U. S. naval acade-
my in 1841. served throughout the Mexican war in
Califomian wat«r», and in 1849 was in the first U. S.
arctic expedition that was sent out to search for
Sir John Franklin. He resigned from the navv in
18.'>4, engaged in business in New Orleans, and dur-
ing the civil war was detailed by Gen. Nathaniel P.
Banks to collect a fleet for the Red river expedi-
tion. He scHMi afterward entered the service of the
Pacific mail steamship company, commanding, as
their commodore, successive steamers of their fleet
till 1882. Capt. Griflln was an authority on ship-
building, and the author of the code of interna-
tional fog-sigimls and of essjiys on ship-building.
ORISWOliU, .\l|)honso Miner, journalist, b.
in Westmurelund. Uni-ida co., N. Y., 20 Jan., 1834.
He was educatetl at Hamilton college and became
a journalist in Buffalo, Detroit, Cleveland, and
(Mncinnati. His paragraphs and humorous essays
under the pen-name of '• The Fat Contributor " won
him reputation, and he spent the years ISO.'i-'TS in
the lecture field, his topics being " American An-
tiquities," " Injun Meal," and " Queer Folks." In
1872-'83 he owned the Cincinnati '* Saturday
Night," a humorous literary journal, and since
1886 he has been an editor and one of the pro-
prietors of •* Texas Siftings."
OUINEY, Louise Iinug^en (gui'-ny), poet, b. in
Boston, Mass., 7 Jan., 1801. Her father, Patrick
R. (luiney, served in the National army duriiig the
civil war, was brevet ted brigadier-general of volun-
teers in 1804, and died from the ejects of a wound
that he received in the Imttle of the Wilderness.
Louise was graduated at Elmhurst academy. Provi-
dence, li. I., in 1879, and early contributed verses
to pat>ers. Her publiaitions are "Songs at the
Start'' (Boston, 1884); "Goose -Quill Papers"
(1885) ; " The White Sail, and other Poems " (1887) ;
and " Brownies and Bogles " (1888).
(«UNN, Frederick William, educator, b. in
Washington, Litchfield co., Conn., 4 Oct., 1810 ; d.
there, 10 Aug., 1881. He was graduated at Yale in
1837, taught in Nfw Preston, Conn., and subse-
quently in Towanda, Pa., with Orville H. Piatt. In
18.50 he established in Washington, Conn., the
boys' boarding-school that is now known as the
Gunnery. His unique methods and the homelike
character of the school soon won it a wide repu-
tation, and he continued in its charge till nis
d^ath. The schfM)l is described in Josiah G. Hol-
land's novel entitled " Arthur BonnicAstle " as the
" Bird's Nest," and also in William Hamilton Gib-
son's "Snug Hamlet." See also "The Master of
the Gunnery " (New York. 1884).
HADDOCK. George Channing, clergyman, b.
in Watertown. N. Y., 2:^ Jan., 1832 ; d. in Sioux
City. Iowa, 3 Aug., 1886. He was partially edu-
cated at Black river institute in his native town,
learned the printer's trade, and was connected with
several Republican newspapers in Wisconsin. He
was licensed to preach in the Methodist Episcopal
church in 1859, and from 1800 until 1882 was ac-
tively engaged in temperance work and in oppos-
ing Spiritualism. He was transferred to the Iowa
conference in 1882, and while endeavoring to en-
force the prohibition laws of that state was assas-
sinated in Sioux City. Besides pamphlets and
tracK he published several fugitive poems that be-
came popular, including " Autumn Leaves," " The
Skeleton Guest," and " The Cross of Gold." See
his " Life " by his son (New York, 1887).
HALL, Anne, artist, b. in Pomfret, Conn., 26
May, 1792; d. in New York city, 11 Dec.. 1863.
She was the sister of Jonathan I*rescott Hall (vol.
iii., p. 42). She took .some lessons in applying col-
ors to ivory from Samuel King, who taught Wash-
ington Allston, and received instruction in oil-
jpainting from Alexander Robertson, in New York,
and John Trumbull, but' soon tunied her entire
attention to miniature painting, in which she be-
came celebrated. She was elected a member of the
National academy of design, where she occasionally
exhibited. - Her miniature portrait of Garafilia
Mohalbi, the Greek girl, has been considered her
masterpiece, and has been engraved repeatedly.
Her beautiful picture of Dr. John W. Francis's
son John has been long engraved under the name
of " Oberon." Her miniatures are scattered widely
over the country, but many of the best are in the
possession of her relatives in New York; her
nephew. Col. John Ward, owning those of Gara-
filia. and Lieut. Col. Samuel Ward.
HALL, Granville Stanley, psychologist, b. in
Ashfield, Mass., 6 May, 1845. He was graduated
at Williams in 1867, was professor of psychology
at Antioch college, Ohio, in 1872-'6, studied in
Berlin, Bonn, Heidelberg, and Leipsic, and was
lecturer on psychology at Harvard in 1876 and
again in 1881-'2, becoming professor of that branch
at Johns Hopkins in 1882. In 1888 he accepted
the presidency of Clark university, Worcester,
Mass. Harvard gave him the degree of Ph. D. in
1876. Prof. Hall has written extensively for peri-
odicals on psychological and educational topics,
and is editor of the " American Journal of Psy-
chology," and the author of " Aspects of German
Culture" (Boston, 1881); and, with John M. Mans-
field, " Hints toward a Select and Descriptive Bib-
liography of Education " (1886).
HALLOCK, Charles, journalist, b. in New
York city, 13 March, 1834. He is the son of Ger-
ard Hallock (vol. iii., p. 52). He studied at Yale
in 1850-'l and at Amherst in 1851-'2, receiving
his degree from the latter in 1871, was associate
editor and proprietor of the New York "Journal
of Commerce " from 1855 till 1862, financial editor
of " Harper's Weekly " from 1868, and founder and
proprietor of " Forest and Stream " from 1873 till
1880. In 1877 he prepared a glossary of provincial
and quaint words. In 1884-'5 he illustrated front-
ier life on the Canadian border by an exhibit of
life-size groups at the New Orleans exposition.
Mr, Ilajlock was an incorporator and director of
the Flushing and Queens county bank, New York,
and a money broker and commission merchant in
St. John and Halifax for several years. His busi-
ness ventures have included sunflower culture
for the oil product, the restoration of abandoned
New England farms, sheep culture in the north-
west on Indian model farms, a farm colony for
sportsmen in Minnesota, the development of
Alaska, the substitution of porous terra-cotta for
adobe and titipati in Mexico, a crematory for
burning garbage, a smoke-consumer and coal-
saver, and many other economic schemes. He
has published " 1" he Fishing Tourist " (New York,
1873); "Life of Stonewall Jackson"; "The Hu-
morist"; "Camp Life in Florida" (1875); "The
Sportsman's Gazetteer" (1877); and "Our New
Alaska " (1886).
HAND, Daniel, philanthropist, b. in Madison,
Conn., in 1801. For many years he was a mer-
chant in Augusta, Ga., and Charleston, S. C, where
he accumulated a fortune. After the civil war he
retired and returned to the north, where he became
known as a philanthropist, his first gift being a
■ ilii' Liy liBiiPj! ,JL H i
llAPPLETCN &. C?
HARRISON
HARRISON
685
I
hif^h-flchool buildinfc to his niitive town. In 1888
he ptve to tht* Aiiu'ricAn missionary assuciHtion
more than $1,(KN),U0(), to bo held in tnist iuiU known
as the Daniel Hand e<Iuratinnul fuml for eolonnl
people, to be iis<>d in the "states in whieh slavery
was recojjnized in IWM." Mr. Hand has for many
years lived in (Juilfurd. t'onn.
HARRISON, Benjhiniiu, president-elect of the
United States, b. in North Bend, Ohio, 20 Aug.,
1883. He is the third son of John Scott Harri-
S4.>n (who was a son of President Harrison), and was
bom in his grandfather's house. John Scott Har-
ris«ni was a farmer, and in early life care<l for his
own little plantation and assisted his father in the
management of the family property. This occu-
pation he varied by boating to New Orleans, whither
ne went almost every year with a cargo of produce
of his own raising. lienjamin passed his boyhood
in the usual occupations of a farmer's son — fee<l-
ing the cattle and aiding in the harvesting of the
crops. He received his early education in an old-
fashioned log school-house fronting on the Ohio
river. Sul)sequently he was sent to a school called
Farmer's college, on College hill, near Cincinnati,
where he spent two years, and then went to Miami
university, where he was graduatetl in 1852. While
at college he formed an attachment for Miss Caro-
line L. bcott, whose father at that time was presi-
dent of the F'emale seminary in Oxford. Among
his classmates were Milton Sayler, who took first
honors, and David Swing, who stood second, while
Harrison was fourth. His graduating oration was
on " The Poor of England.' He entered the law
office of Storer and Gwynne in Cincinnati, and on
20 Oct., 1853, before the completion of his studies
and before attaining his majority, he was married.
In March, 1854, he settled in Indianapolis, Ind.,
which has since been his place of residence. He
obtained desk-room with John II. Rea, and an-
nounced himself to the world as attorney at law.
Through the kindness of friends, he was soon ap-
pointed crier of the Federal court, the salary of
which in term-time was $2.50 a day. The money
that he received for these services was the first
that he earned. The story of his earliest case is
typical of the man. An indictment for burglary-
luiid been found against an individual, and Harri-
son was intrusted with the making of the final
argument. The court was held at night, and the
room was dimly lighted with candles. He had
taken full notes of the evidence, which he had in-
tended to read from, and, after his opening remarks,
he turned to his papers, but, owing to the imper-
fect light, was unable to decipher them. A mo-
ment's embarrassment followed, but quickly cast-
ing aside his notes and trusting to his memory, he
continued. The verdict was in his favor, and with
this first success came increased business and repu-
tation. Soon afterward (tov. Joseph A. Wright
intrusted him with a legislative investigation,
which he conducted successfully. In 1855 Tie was
invited by William Wallace to become his partner.
He is described at that time as " quick of appre-
hension, clear, methodical, and logical in his analy-
sis and statement of a case." This connection
continued until 1800. when it was succeeded by
that of Harrison and Fishback.
In 1800 his first entry into active politics took
place with his nomination by the Republicans for
the office of reporter of the supreme court. He
canvassed the state for his party, and in Rockville,
Parke county, he s()oke at a meeting where Thomas
A. Hendricks, the Democratic candidate for gov-
ernor, was his opponent. He had already attained
reputation as an orator, but the ability with which
be answered point after point in Gov. Hendricks's
address gained for him increased favor with the
people, and he was elected by a majority cf 9,688.
While he held this office the civil war lH»gan, and
in 1802 he assisteil in raising the 70th Indiann regi-
ment, in which he was made 2d lieutenant. When
the regiment was complete<l, Oov. Oliver P. Mor-
ton ap]K>inted him colonel, and it was hurried for-
ward to join the army under Oen. D^m Carlos
Buell at Ivowling Green, Ky.. then opposed by the
Confe<ierate forces under Gen. Braxton Bragg.
His first independent action was as commander of
an expedition sent against a bcxly of Confederate
s«jldiers stationed at Hussellville. Dividing his
forces, he surroundetl the camp and cajitured all
their horses and arms, besides taking a number of
prisoners. The 70th Indiana was given the right
of the brigade under Gen. William T. Ward, and
continued so until the close of the war. Col. Har-
rison's command was occupied chiefiy in the west,
guarding railroads and in fighting guerillas. In this
and similar duties he was occupied until January,
1804, when he was place<l in command of his bri-
gade, and added to the 1st division of the 11th
armv corps. Subsequently it was attached to the
3d division of the 20th army corps under (Jen.
Joseph Hooker, and made the camftaign from Chat-
tanooga to Atlanta. His first engagement of im-
jxtrtance was that of Resaca, on 14 Mav. 1804,
where he led his command. A few days later he
took part in the capture of Cassville, and then in the
actions at New^ Hope church and Golgotha church.
He particijMited in the V)attles of Kenesaw Mount-
ain and Peach Tree Creek, «t the latter of which
his gallantr}' so pleased (Jen. Hooker that he wrote
to tlie secretary of war " to call the attention of
the department to the claims of Col. Ik-njamin
Harrison, of the 70th Indiana volunteers, for pro-
motion to the rank of brigadier-ceneral of volun-
teers." Gen. Hooker also said : "My attention was
first attracted to this young officer by the snjH?-
rior excellence of his brigade in discipline and
instruction, the result of his labor, skill, and devo-
tion. With more foresight than I have witnessed
in any officer of his experience, he seemed to act
upon the principle that success dejK-nded upon
the thorough preparation in discipline and esprit
of his command for conflict, more than on any in-
fluence that could Ih* exerted iiiHai the field itself,
and when collision came his command vindicated
his wisdom as much as his valor. In all of the
achievements of the 20th corps in that camfwign
(from Chattanooga to Atlanta) Col. Harrison In^re
a conspicuous part. At Resaca and Peach Tree
creek the conduct of himself and command was
es|iecially distinguished." When. Gen .Sherman
reached Atlanta, Harrison was ordennl to Indiana
to obtain ri'cniits, and he s|)ent the time from Sep-
tember till Noveml)er, 1804. in that work. Owing
to the destruction of the railroads, he was unable
to rejoin Gen. Sherman before the armv ma«le its
march to the sea, and he was transferred to Nash-
ville. The winter of 1804- *5 he sjH'nt with tJen.
George H. Thomas in Tennessee, but in the spring
he resumed command of his brigade in the 20tn
armv corps, with which he remained until the close
of the war. He then took |)art in the grand re-
view in Washington, and was mustered out on 8
June, 18<15. The brevet of brigadier-general of
volunteers was conferre<l up<in him, to date from
23 Jan., 1865, " for ability and manifest energj'and
gallantry in command of the brigade." To his
men he was familiarly known as " Little Ben." and
many act.s of kindness to his subordinates, expree-
sive of his sympathy with them, hav^e been related.
686
HARRISON
HARRISON
Gen. Harrison returned to Indianapolis and as-
suintHl the duties of his office as re|)orter of the
supreme court, to which he had been re-elected in
1864 by a majority of IIMMS. At the expiration
of his term of office he declined a renomination,
and resumed his practice, which he has since fol-
lowetl success-
fully. During
the presiden-
tial canvasses
of mm and
1872 he trav-
elled through
Indiana and
addressed large
audiences, but
did not again
enter politics
untill87G,when
--ii'iii^-.vt-^V'- he declined the
nomination for
governor. Godlove S. Orth was then chosen, but
during the canvass he withdrew, and Gen. Harri-
son reluctantly allowed his name to be used, in the
hojHj of saving Indiana to the Republican candi-
date for the nresidency. The work was begun too
late. and. although an energetic canvass was car-
ried on. .lames I). Williams was elected by a plu-
rality of 5,(»H4, in a total vote of 4Ji4,457 ; but Gen.
Harrison was 2.0()0 stronger than his [)arty. In
187S> President Hayes apiK)intet1 him a member of
the Mississippi river commission. He was chair-
man of the delepition from Indiana at the National
convention held in Chicago in 1880. and on the bal-
lot that nominated .lames A. Garfield he cast the
entire vote of his state for that candidate. His own
name was placed in nomination at the beginning of
the convention, but, although some votes were cast
in his favor, he persisted in withdrawing. He ac-
companied Gen. Garfield on his trip to New York,
and participated in the speech-making along the
route. Subsequently he was offered a place in the
cabinet of President Garfield, but declined it.
The Republicans regained control of the Indiana
legislature in the election of 1880. and Gen. Harri-
son was chosen U. S. senator, and took his seat as
such on 4 March, 1881, holding it until 3 March,
1887. His career in the senate was marked by the
delivery of numerous speeches on subjects of gen-
eral interest. Ho pronounced in favor of a judi-
cious tariff reform, advocated the rights of the
working classes, opposed President Cleveland's ve-
toes of pension bills, advised the restoration of
the Americ-an navy, and voted for civil-service re-
form. In 1884 he was a delecate-at-large from his
state to the National Republican convention held
in Chicago, and his name was again discussed in
connection with the presidency. The Republican
national convention of 1888 was held in Chicago in
June. For some time previous he had been fre-
quently referred to as a nesirable candidate for the
presi«lency, and on the first ballot he received 83
votes, standing fifth on the list, John Sherman
standing first with 225. Seven more ballots were
taken, during which Chauncey M. Depew withdrew
and transferred his strength to Gen. Ilarrison, who
then received 544 votes on the eighth and final
ballot. On 4 July following he received the formal
notification of his nomination, and on 11 Sept. sig-
nified his acceptance in a letter in which he said :
" The tariff issue cannot now be obscure<l. It is
not a contast between schedules, but l>etween wide-
afwrt principles. The foreign competitors for our
market have, with quick instinct, seen how one
issue of this contest may bring them advantage.
and our own people are not so dull as to miss or
neglect the grave interests that are involved tor
them. The assault upon our protective system is
open and defiant. Protection is assailed as uncon-
stitutional in law, or as vicious in principle, and
those who hold such views sincerely cannot stop
short of an absolute elimination from our tariff
laws of the principle of protection. The Mills bill
is only a step, but it is toward an object that the
leatlers of Democratic thought and legislation have
clearly in mind. The important question Is not so
much the length of the step as the direction of it.
Judged by the executive message of December last, .
by tne Mills bill, bv the debates in congress, and
by the St. Louis platform, the Democratic party
will, if supported by the country, place the tariff
laws upon a purely revenue basis. This is practical
free trade — free-trade in the English sense. . . .
Those who teach that the import duty upon foreign
goods sold in our market is paid by the consumer,
and that the price of the domestic competing arti-
cle is enhanced to the amount of the dutv on the
imported article — that every million of dollars col-
lected for customs duties represents many millions
more which do not reach the treasury, but are paid
by our citizens as the increased cost of domestic
productions resulting from the tariff laws — may
not intend to discredit in the minds of others our
system of levying duties on competing foreign
products, but it is clearly already discredited in
their own. We cannot doubt, without impugning
their integrity, that, if free to act upon their con-
victions, tney would so revise our laws as to lay the
burden of the customs revenue upon articles that
are not produced in this countrjr, and to place upon
the free list all competing foreign products. I do
not stop to refute this theory as to the effect of our
tariff auties. Those who advance it are students
of maxims and not of the markets. . . . The sur-
plus now in the treasury should be used in the pur-
chase of bonds. The law authorizes this use of it,
and, if it is not needed for current or deficiency ap-
propriations, the people, and not the banks in which
it has been deposited, should have the advantage
of its use by stopping interest upon the public debt
. . . The law regulating appointments to the classi-
fied civil service received my support in the senate,
in the belief that it opened the way to a much-
needed reform. I still think so, and therefore cor-
dially approve the clear and forcible expression of
the convention upon this subject. The law sboiUd
have tl\e aid of a
friendly interpre-
tation, and be
faithfully and vig-
orously enforced.
All appointments
under it should
be absolutely free
from partisan con-
siderations and in-
fluence." The elec-
tion resulted in
Mr. Harrison's fa-
vor, who received
233 votes in the
Electoral college,
against 168 for
Grover Cleveland.
The above engrav-
ing is a view of his
home in Indianapolis. His life has been written by
Gen. Lewis Wallace (Philadelphia, 1888).— His wife,
Caroline Lavhiia Scott, b. in Oxford, Ohio. 1
Oct., 1832, is the daughter of John W. Scott, who
^a.
^i-^ryu
T2'-?-?-T-«^<i'?0
HARTLEY
HILLKRN
687
WM a profemor in Miuini univeraity nt the time of
her birth, and afterward l>ec-anie president of the
wniiiiHry in Oxford. ^Sho wait i;radiiati*<l. at the
MMuinHry in lH5'i. tiie same year that (ien. Ilarri.son
t«H)k liis df^riH) at the university, and wa« tnarriiMl
to him on 20 Oct., 1853. Sh« \» a musician, and is
also devoted to |Niintin);, bc*sidi>i> which she is a
diligent reader, givin>; jwrt of her time to literary
duhs, of several of which she is a meinU'r. Mrs.
IIarri>on is a niaiiagi>r of the orphan a-ivlum in
lndiHiia|)olis and a member of the Prt'sbytorian
church in that city, and until her removal to NViush-
ington tau(;ht a class in Sunday-school. They have
two children. The son, Russell, was graduated at
Ijafayette in 1877 as a mining engineer, and, in
addition to other engineering work. ha.s been con-
necte<i with the V. S. mints at New Orleans and
Helena aa assayer. He is now a resident of Mon-
tana, where he has a cattle-ranch, and is als4i en-
Sg»'d in jounialism. The daughter, Mary, married
)lM'rt .1. McKee, a men-hant of Indiana|M>lis.
H.\RTLEY, Robert MUhaiii. philanthropist,
b. in CcK'kermouth, England, 17 Feb., 1700; u. in
New York citv, 3 March, 1881. He was a nephew
of David Hartley (vol. iii., p. 104). He canie to this
ojuntry in infancy and l)ecame a merchant in New
York city, but in 1829 he founde<l the New York
city teinjx'rance societv, and in 1m:j;}-'42 held its
secretaryship. In 1842 he originated the New
York association for improving the condition of
the poor, remaining with it thirty-five years, and
issuing 34 octavo volumes of reports. Various
charitable institutions in New York had their
origin in him. liesides numerous contributions
to the press, he pul)lishe<l "Historical, Scientific,
and Practical Kssay on Milk "(New York. (1841),
and " Intemjjerance in Cities and I^arge Towns"
(18r>l).— His son, Isaac Sniithson, clergyman, b.
in New York city, 27 Sept., 18:W, was gnuluated
at New York university in 1852 and at Andover
theological seminan' in 1856, and after extensive
travels became j^)astor of the Union Reformed
Dutch church. New York city, in 186:1 Seven
years later he removed to Philadelphia to become
A pastor in that city, and in 1871 lie accepte<l the
gkstorat« of the Re'forme*! church at Utica, N. Y.
e received in 1873 from Rutgers the degree of
D. D., and the same year founded at that college
the Vedder lec^tureship on modern infidelity, and
published under its auspices " Pmyer and its' Rela-
tion to Motleni Thought and Criticism " (New York,
1874). His other works are " History of the Re-
formed Church, rtica, N. Y." (1880); " Memorial
of Rev. Philip H. Fowler, D. D. " (New York, 1881);
"Memorial of Robert Milham Hartley" (Utica,
1881) ; " Old Fort Schuyler in History " (1884) ; and
"The Twelve Gates," fXH-ms (Utica, 1887).
HASKELL, Jame8 RIchardM, inventor, b. in
Geneva, N. Y.. 17 Sept., 1825. He waseducattnl at
Richfield (Ohio) aca<lemy, and at the preparatory de-
imrtment of Western Reserve college. He was as-
sistant postmaster of Cleveland. Ohio, in lH49-'58,
and then engaged unsuccessfully in businem in
New York. In 1854 he began a series of experi-
ments with steel breeoh-loaaing rifled cannon and
breech-loading small-arms, manufacturing twenty-
five of the former, which were purchaseil by the
Mexican government, and were trie first of the de-
icription that were made in the United States. In
185.5 he began exiH'rimenting with multichargi»
guns in ass<K-iati(m with .Azel .S. Lyman, who first
conceived the idea of applying successive charges
of powder to accelerate the vehn-ity of a pn»jectile.
In 1885 congress appropriated funds in onler to
test these guns, but the bureau of ordnance op-
poeed such action. Mr. Haskell's experiments
nave cost more than $iiUO,i)UO, and the system is
now completed, so that the |tower of these ^ns
is more than doubled, and at the same time the
maximum pressure useil is Icm than that in other
guns. In 1862, with Rafael Itafael, he invented
and const ructe<l a machine gun for very rapid fir-
ing, but, notwithstanding a favorable reftort on it
by a board of army officers, the authorities refused
to adopt it. Mr. Haskell is a memlx'r of the Ameri-
can association for the mlvancement of science, and
has written several fuimphlets on national arma-
ment and on ordnance problem.s.
HENDRIX, Engene KuttHeU, M. K. bishop,
b. in Fttvette, Mo.. 17 May. 1847. He was gradu-
ated at VV'eslevan in 1867, and at Union theologi-
cal seminary, \ew York, in 1H6J>, and after holding
several jmatorates in the Methodist church, south,
became in 1878 president of Central college, Fay-
ette, Mo. In 1880 he was matle a bi.shop. In 18*8
he received the degree of D. D. from Kmory col-
lege, Ga. Dr. Hendrix declinetl the vice-<hancellor-
ship of Vandcrbilt university in 1885, and also the
f residency of the University of Mis.souri. Hishop
lendrix was chairman of the committee to arrange
for the centennial celebration of organize*! Ameri-
can Methodism in l)ehalf of the chun-h. south, when
f2.fKM).(KM) were raised as a thank-ofl'ering. He was
a delegate to the a'cunienical conference in London
in 1881 and to the centennial conference in Balti-
more in 1884, and a memlier of the general confer-
ences of 1882 and 1886. He made a missionary tour
of the world in 1876-'7 with liishop Marvin, of St.
Louis, and on his retuni publishe<l "Around the
World " (Nashville, Tenn.. 1878). In 1876-'8 he was
an editor of the St. Ivouis "Christian Advo<;ate,"
HENNESSY. John Joseph. R. C. bishop, b.
near Cloyne, County Cork. Ireland, 19 July, 1847.
He came to the United States in his youth, was
graduated at the College of the Christian Brothers.
.St. Louis, Mo., in 1862, and pursue<l theological
studies in the Seminary of St. Francis de Sales,
Milwaukee, Wis. After his ordination he was rector
of Iron Mountain, Mo., in 1870- '80. and then of the
cathedral of St. I^ouis. He was ap|M)inteil bishop
of Wichita, Kan., on 28 Aug., 1888, and conse-
crated im 30 Nov.
HERBERT OF LEA. Elizabeth. Baroness,
phiianthrt)pist, b. in England aiK>ut 1825. She is
the only daughter of Lie»it.-(ien. Charles Ashe
A'Court, and niece of Ixird Heytesbury, and on 12
Aug., 1846. married Sidney Herbert; second son of
the 11th Earl of Penibn)ke. Her husband was
created Baron Herbert of Ijca, 15 Jan., 1861, held
for some time the secretarj'ship of state for war,
and dieil, 2 Aug., 1861. I'lis elder brother died
childli*s8, and Lady Herbert's eldest stm, George
Robert Charles, 8ucceetle<l to the earldom of Pem-
broke in 1862. Lady Herl»ert has |>assetl many
years in the West Indies in philanthropic labora
among the negroes, and came to this countrj* in
1888 to work among the c«>lore<l iHH)ple of the
south, seeking their conversion to lioman Catholi-
cism. She i)ur|)oses to erect an orphanage in
Baltimore. — Her s<in. Michel Hexrv, Ij. 25 June,
1857, as attache of the British leeation at Wash-
ington, liecame acting minister in NovemU^r, 1888,
on the dismissal of I/<>nl Sackville. and on the 27th
of that month iimrrie*! an American.
HILLERN, Bertha ton, artist, b. in Troves.
Germany, 4 Aug., 1857. .She came to this cvuntnr
in 1HT7, and for two years devotetl her time to ad-
v(x>ating athletic exercises for women, appearing
in public as a pedestrian. She then devoted her-
self to the stuay of art, which she has since pur-
(588
HINTENACH
sued as a profession In Boston. Among her pic-
tures are "The Monk Felix," from Lonrfellows
" (Johlen Ijegeiid " : " Evening Praver at the Way-
side Shrine, Germany" (1888); "The Conversion
of the Heathen General, Placidus, by a Miracle
while Hunting" (1885): " Live-Oak Forest in the
Ojai Vallev, California" (1887); "St. Paul, the
first Herniit," and " A Walk through the Pine
Barrens, Florida" (1888). In 1888 she exhibited a
large nuinl)er of landscapes in Boston. She has
als«j ilevoted much time to writing for the press on
hygienic subjects, and is preparing for publication
a work on " Physical Culture."
HINTENACH. Andrew, R. C prelate, b. in
Schollbrunn. Haden, Germany, 12 May, 1844. He
entered St. Vincent's college, Westmoreland co..
Pa., in August, 18.54. joined the Benedictine order,
11 July. 1801, and was ordained priest on 12 April,
18C7. Since then he has been occupied successively
as profassor in the college, master of novices, and
prior of the monastery until 7 Feb., 1888, when he
was chosen abbot of St. Vincent's abljey.
HOFFMAN, Eugene Angiistus, clergyman, b.
in New York citv, 21 March, 1829. He was grad-
uated at Harvanl in 1848, and from the General
theologic^il seminary in 1851. and was ordained a
priest in the Protestant Episcopal church. In
1851-':} he was engaged in missionary work in
Elizal)ethi><)rt, N. .1., and then was called to Christ
church in Elizabeth, N. .J., where he continued for
ten years, after which he had St. JVfary's church in
Burlington. N. J., until 18(54. During these years
he built Christ church and rectorv in Elizabeth,
St. Stephen's church in Milburn, and Trinity church
in Woo<] bridge, N. J. He was rector of Grace
church on Hr<H)klyn heights in 18()4-'9, and of St.
Mark's church, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1869-'79. He
then became dejin of the General theological semi-
nary in New York city, which post he still holds.
In connection with his father, Samuel Yerplanck
HofTinan, he endowed the chair of pastoral theology
with $H().()0(). antl on the death of the former his
mother contributed 1125,000 for the building of the
Chapel of the Good Shepherd as a memorial to her
husband, and for other purjx)ses she contributed
generously during her lifetime to the support of
the seminary. The deanery is the gift of Dr. Hoff-
man himself, who, in 18(54, received the degree of
D. I), from Rutgers, and from Rjicine in 1882. He
is the author of " Free Churches," "The Eucharis-
tic Week," and other works. — His brother, Charles
Frederick, clergyman, b. in New York city, 18
Nov., 1884, was graduated at Trinity in 1851, and
was subswjuently ordaininl to priest's orders in the
Protestant Epis<;opal church. In 1872 he was called
to All Angels' church in New York city. In 1881
he received the degree of S. T. D. from Rutgers,
and has given largely to the support of the Gen-
eral thcologicjil seminary. Dr. Hoffman, in De-
cember, 1888, agreed to erect a new church for his
parish, on the west side of Central Park, at a cost
of not l<»ss than <!1()0.()00.
HOUTON, Samuel Dana, publicist, b. in Pome-
roy, Ohio. 1(J Jhu., 1844. He is the son of Valen-
tine B. Horton (vol. iii.. p. 266). He was graduated
at Harvard in 18(i4 and at the law-school in 1868,
8tudie<l in Ik'rlin university in 1869-'70, and was
a«imitte<l to the bar of Ohio in 187L He published
in 1876 a treatise on "Silver and Gold and their
Relation to the Pmblem of Resumption," the first
of a series of works a<lvocating a settlement of the
Bilvcr question by joint action of nations. This
policy was adopted by congress, and he has been
identified with its advancement in Europe as dele-
gate to the international monetary conferences of
HUMBOLDT
1878 and 1881, and as an author. The most impor-
tant of his later works is " The Silver Pound and
England's Monetary Policy since the Restoration "
(London, 1877).
HOWARTH. Ellen Clementine, poet, b. in
Cooperstown, N. Y.. 20 May, 1827. Her maiden
name was Doran. She left school at seven years
of age to work in a factory, married Joseph
Howarth in 1846, and has since resided in Tren-
ton, N. J. Mrs. Howarth has published "The
Wind-Harp, and other Poems " (Philadelphia, 1864),
and " Poems," with an introduction by Richard
Watson Gilder (Newark, N. J., 1868). Her best-
known poem is " Thou wilt never grow Old."
HUMBOLDT, Frledrich Helnrich Alexan-
der von, German naturalist, b. in Berlin, 14 Sept.,
1769; d. there, 6 May, 1859. He studied at the
universities of Frankfort and GSttingen, and the
mining academy
at Freilierg, and
from 1794 till 1799
was engaged in
scientific research,
writing, and trav-
el. In 1799 he
went to Spain and
Erocured from the
ing permission to
visit and make
scientific investi-
gations in all the
Spanish rtosses-
sions in Europe,
America, and the
East Indies. Such
extensive privi-
leges had never be-
fore been granted
to any traveller. His exploration of Orinoco river
was the first that furnished any positive knowl-
edge of the long - disputed bifurcation of that
stream. In 1802, in exploring the volcanoes of
Ecuatlor, he ascended heights that had not pre-
viously been attained, and on Chimborazo reacned
the altitude of 19,286 feet. Afterward he made a
profile of Mexico from sea to sea, the first that was
ever given of any entire country. Humboldt then
went to Ilavana, and after two months' residence
there completed the materials for his '* Essai poli-
tique sur rile de Cuba" (Paris, 1826). He em-
barked thence for Philadelphia, was receive<l with
cordiality by President Jefferson, and, leaving this
country, landed at Bordeaux, o Aug., 1804, having
spent five years in America, and gained a larger
store of observations and collections in all depart-
ments of natural science, geography, statistics, and
ethnography than all previous travellers. His sub-
sequent life was devoted to the prosecution of sci-
entific research and discovery. His journey in
South America is an important event in the his-
tory of that country. With his own hands he made
the" map of the O'rinoco and the Magdalena, and
the greater part of the atlas of Mexico. He trav-
elled with the barometer in his hands from Bogota
to Lima, and made 459 measurements of altitudes,
which were often confirmed by trigonometrical
calculations. His works include "Ansichten der
Natur," a general sketch of the results of his in-
quiries in America (Stuttgart, 1808), and "Kos-
mos" (5 vols., 1845-'62). Many bio^phies of
him have been published, the best bein^ "Alex-
ander von Humboldt, eine wissenschaftliche Bio-
graphie," edited by Karl Bruhns (3 vols., Leipsic,
1872: English translation by Jane and Caroline
Lassells, 2 vols., London, 1872). His most impor-
t.yg^^C'ttt^^vtrc^fiC/Cr.
IZAUD
JANSSEN
Unt works relating to America are "Voyage aiix
rf'jfions ^iiinoxiHl(>8 du nouvrau continent dans
les ann^^ 1700 k 1K04" (Paris. 1807-'l«), and
"Easai politique iiur le royauroe de la Nouvclie
Ebpagne"(PariN 1811).
IZARD, Oeor^e, soldier, h. in Ijondon. Kng-
lan.l, 21 Oct.. 1770; d. in Little R<K<k. Ark.. 22 Ot-t.,
1H28. He was a son of Italph Izanl (vol. iii., p.
372). He eanie t« this country, and, after re-
siding with his family in Charleston, irraduated at
the Collepe of Phila<lelphia (now University of
Pennsylvania) in 1702. was sent by his fnther to a
military schcH)! near London and then to one at
MarliiirjT in Hesse-('»u«*sfl. Subsequently, through
the agency of James Monroe, he spent two ye^rs
in the F'rench government school for engineers of
the armv at Metz. While there he was commis-
sioned lieutenant in the U. S. corps of artillerists
and engineers. Keturning, he was ordered to
Charleston as enginwr of F'ort Pinckney. then
served as aide-de-camp to Alexander Hamilton
during the threat of the French war, and was then
allowed to accept the place of secretary of legation
at Lisl)on. In 1803 he resigned from the army on
account of the secretary's having assigned him to
the artillery instead of the engineers in the reduc-
tion of the army under Jeffersf)n. Early in 1812 he
was appointed colonel of the 2d artillery, and com-
manded the De[)artment of Pennsylvania, Mary-
land, and Delaware. In February, 1813, he com-
manded District No. S, with New York as head-
(juartcrs, and was promoted brigadier-general. In
August of that vear. the English fleet having left
the vicinity of N*ew York, he was ordere<l to com-
mand one "of the brigades under Ocn. Wade Hamp-
ton, holding the Hue of Chateaugay river near Lalce
Champlain. In Hampton's defeat of 20 Oct. he
handletl his brigade with ability, and conducted
the retreat in an onlerly manner. He was nro-
motetl major-g«'neral in March, 1814. and on 4 *Iav
took command of the division of the right with
headquarters at Plaftsburg. There he found only
2,00() bmlly-equipped and half-disciplineil men.
which numl)er was increa:>ed by August to 7.(K)0.
all raw recruits. Izard was unremitting in their
instruction and active in fortifying the {K>?t. The
arrivab ou the British side in the mean time
amounttMltomore
than :M).()00 men,
all regulars, and
mainly Welling-
ton's veterans.
Late in August
he was onlered to
Sackett's Harl»or
and Niagara with
4.(KK) men. leav-
ing Plattsburg in
condition success-
fully to resist Pre-
Tost's attack. Af-
ter an arduous
marchof4(M>miles
ovt»r Imd roads he
marshalliMl his
troops, with those
of General Ja-
cob Brown, on
the Cana<la side
of Niagara river,
and found the
British general, Dnimmond. intrenche«l behind
Chippewa river. His carefully considered opinion
VOL. VI.
I was that he outnumberwl the enemy but bjr • few
hundrtnl men. He ofTere<l Iwtt le in the o^ien, but it
I was ile<'lincHl. and, l*eing deflcient in artdlery, and
I winter weathpr lieiiig at hand, he decided not to
attempt to turn Drummontl's position. His entire
; evacuation of the |K'niiisula. including the d(*struc-
tion of Fort Erie, whi«'h fDllowt^l, was appn>vc«l by
the president and wcn-tary of war, (Jen. Izard was
the only officer of the war of 1812 who had tjcen
completely e<lucatwl in the »cho<»ls. The war was
undertaken without an aderpiate military establish-
ment, and when, after ri'{K'ate«l disasters, an officer
with a complete education and goo<l record was
t)lace<l in command, he was paralyzed in his efTorta
ly the overwhelming tnlds against him. Izard's
military judgment seems to have l>een correct, and
in reading the severe strictures against him by
Ingersoll and Armstrong, not only the conditions
surrounding him should be taken into account,
but the competency of his judges as military crit-
ics should also be considered. Gen. Izard reKignod
from the army in January, 1815, and was appoint-
ed governor of Arkansas in 1825.
JACKSO^N, Richard Henry, soldier, b. in Ire-
land, 14 July, 1830. He was educated in Dublin,
came to this country in early life, enlisted in the
U. S. army in 1851, and became 1st serjjeant in the
4th artillery. After serving in Florida and the
west, he passed his examination for a 2d lieuten-
ancy, receiving his commission, 13 Sept., 1850. Ho
was promoted to 1st lieutenant. 14 May, 1861, com-
manded a company at F'ort Pickens, Fla., during
its bombardments, and in the capture of Pensacola,
and was made captain, 20 Feb., 1862. He after-
ward served ns assistant in^jpector-eeneral, and was
also acting chief of artillery on Morris and Folly
islands during the operations against Fort Sumter,
and then chief of artillery of the 10th and 25th
corps, Army of the James. He was brevetted
brigadier-general of volunteers, 1 Jan., 1865, for
services in the campaign of 18({4. and commanded
the 2d division of tlie 25ih eorps in the o{)erations
that nre<'eded Ijee's surrender. He was commis-
sioned full brigadier- jfeneral of volunteers, 19 May,
1865. and brevet major-general on 24 Nov. Gen.
Jackson also receive<l during the war the regular
army brevets of major for Drury's Bluff, lieutenant-
colonel for Newmarket Heights, and colonel and
brigadier-general for services in the war. Since
the war Gen. Jackson has served in various posta.
He was promoted major 1 July, 1880, and is now
(1880) in conunand of Fort Schuvler, N. Y.
JANSSEN, John, H. ('. bishop, b. in Keppein,
Rhenish Prussia, 3 March, 1835. He was (nlucated
at the bishop's colleges in Gaesdonck and Mdnster.
In 1858 he came to the United States and was or-
dained priest in Alton, 111., on 10 Nov. of that
year. He was then appointe<l pastor of the German
Catholic congregation in S|)ringfield, III., and also
had charge of the German Catholics in the counties
of .Sangjimon. Morgan, and Menanl. In I863-'8 he
was secr»»tary of Bi^hop Henry I). Juncker. and he
was chancellor of the di«)cese of Alton from 1863
till 1870. Father Jansst'n was vicar-general to
Bishop Peter J. Baltes in 1870-'86, and nn-tor of
St. lioniface's church, (^uincy. III., in 1877-'9. On
the death of Bishop Baltes in 1886 he was admin-
istrator of the diocese until the a|)^)ointment of a
new bishop. In January, 1887, the diocese of Alton
was divide<l. and the new dii)cesc of Bt'lleville was
erected. He was then made administrator of both
dioceses, and on 28 Feb., 18^8, Ijecame bishop of
Belleville, being consecrated on 25 April, 1888.
JENKINS
JONES
JENKINS, Micah, soldier, h. on Edisto island,
S. C, in 1830; d. in the Wilderness, Va,, 6 May,
1B64. lie was (graduated at South Carolina mili-
tary institute in 1H54. and established a private
military school at Yorkville, S. C.,'in 1855. lie
was elected colonel of the 5th South Carolina regi-
ment at the opening of the civil war and reorgan-
ized it at the end of its year's enlistment as Jenk-
ins's palmetto sharp-shooters. lie led a brigade in
the seven days' Imttles around Richmond, and,
after Gaines's Mills and Frazer's Farm, brought out
his sharp-shooters, originally numbering more than
l.OJO, with but 125 men. his personal aide having
been shot at his side, and his hat and clothing
pierced by seventeen bullets. He was promoted to
urigailier-genei-al, and was present at the second
battle of Bull Run, where he was severely wounded
and where two of his colonels and his a<ljutant-
general were killed. In the spring of 1803 he led
a corps of observation on the Blackwuter. near
Richmond and Petersburg. In September follow-
ing hu went to Georgia with Longstreet, but was
too late for the battle of Chickamaugti. He then
commanded Horn's division and accompanied
Longstreet to Tennessee. He moved thence in the
spring Lo Virginia, where he met his death, from his
own men by mistake at night, on the second day of
Grant's a<lvance through the Wilderness.
JENNINGS, Francis, hymnologist, b. at Melks-
ham. Wiltshire, Kngland, 3 Nov., 1808. His father,
William, was in the cloth trade, and afterward in
the British army. Until Francis was seven years
old he attended '• a dame's school," and he was then
[)Ut to work in a cloth-factory and a rope-yard. At
ast he was employed by a [)hysician and learned
to write. In 1842 he came to the United States
and settled in Philadelphia. He has become one
of the most thorough hyranologists in America. In
1871 the " Baptist Ilymn-Book " was published, and
he prepared for it a biographical index, giving the
names, dates of birth, and death of the authors
and their birthplaces, and also the time when the
hymns were first printed. His first collection of
hymn-books, numbering 300 volumes, belongs to
the Baptist publication society; his second, of 600
voliimes. he gave to the Baptist historical society.
Besidas numerous contributions to various papel-s
and magazines, he wrote "Hymns, and other Poems"
(Philadelphia, 1861).
JOHNSTON, James Steptoe, P. E. bishop, b.
in Church Hill. Jefferson co.. Miss., 9 Jun<^, 1843.
He was educated at the University of Virginia,
left that institution to join the Confederate army,
and fought through the civil war. becoming a
lieutenant in Gen. James E. B. Stuart's cavalry.
He was admitted to the bar in 1868, but received
holy orders in the following year, taking charge
of St, James' church at Port Gibson, Miss., till
187G, and then for four years of the church of the
Ascension, in Mount Sterling. Kv.. after which he
became rector of Trinity parish. "Mobile. Ala. On
28 Oct., 1887. he was elected to the office of mis-
sionary bishop of western Texas, and on 6 Jan.,
1888. he was consecrated in Mobile.
JONES, Patrick Henrr, lawyer, b. in West-
meath. Ireland. 20 Nov.. 1830. He came to this
country in 1840, attended the common schools,
worked on his father's farm in Cattaraugus county.
N. Y., and then read law at Ellicottville. He was
admitted to the bar in May, 1856, and practised at
that place till the opening of the civil war, when
he entered the 37th New York regiment as 2d
lioutonant, 7 June, 1861. He was promoted to
adjutant and then major of that regiment, and was
made colonel of the 154th New York regiment on
8 Oct., 1862. He was wounded and taken prisoner
at Chancellorsville, and after his exchange in Octo-
ber, 1863, served in the west and in the Atlanta
campaign, and on 0 June, 1864, was assigned com-
mand of a brigade, at whose head he continued un-
til the close of the war. He was commissioned
brigadier-general of volunteers, 4 Dec, 1864, and
on 27 June, 1865, resigned and returned to the
Eractice of his profession at Ellicottville. In 1805
e was elected clerk of the court of appeals of the
state, and at the close of his three years' term he
removed to New York city. On 1 April, 1869, he
was appointed postmaster of New York, and he
served as such during the first presidential term of
Gen. Grant, after which he resigned and resuine«l
the practice of law in that city. In 1874 he was
elected register of New York. and. alter .serving his
term of three years, returned to his profession, in
the practice of which he is still engaged.
JONES, Roger, soldier, b. in Washington, D. C,
25 Feb.. 1831. lie isason of Gen. Roger Jones(voI.
iii., p. 470). He was graduated at the U. S. military
academy in 1851, served on the Texas frontier and
in New Mexico, and at the Ijeginning of the civil
war was on duty at Harper's Ferry, where he de-
stroyed the arsenal with 20.000 stand of arms, when
it was seized by Virginia state troops on 18 April,
1861 — for which act. done in the face of the enemy,
he received the thanks of the government. He was
appointed captain and assistant quartermaster on
22 April, and as such served in the office of the
quartermaster-general of the Army of the Poto-
mac, and on 12 Nov. was made a major on the staff
and a.ssigned to special duty as assistant inspector-
general. He was attached to Gen. John Pope's staff
for two months in 1862. when he was relieved, and
was awaiting orders and on miscellaneons duty till
December, 1865. From 1866 till 1876 he served as
inspector-general of the Division of the Pacific.
He was promoted lieutenant-colonel on 13 June,
1867, assigned to duty in the inspector-general's
office at Washington on 15 Jan., 1877, became a
colonel on 5 Feb., 1885, afterward acted as inspector-
general of the Division of the Atlantic on Gover-
nor's island, and in August, 1888, was made briga-
dier-general and inspector-general of the army. •
JONES, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Bettws par-
ish, Glamorganshire. South Wales. 14 Jan., 1735;
d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 7 Feb., 1814. He was a son
of Rev. Thomas Jones, who brought him to Phila-
delphia, 22 July, 1737. In 1738 Thomas, with a
small colony of Welsh Baptists, founded the Tnl-
f)ehoken Baptist church. Berks county, where ho
abored for many years. Samuel was graduated
at the College of Philadelphia in 1762, and was or-
dained as a Baptist minister. 8 Jan., 1763. He be-
came pastor of the Southampton and Pennepek
(now Lower Dublin) churches, but in 1770 devoted
his whole time to Pennepek, where he remained
until his death in 1814. For many years he also con-
ducted an academy. In 1769 Brown conferred on
him the degree of A. M., and in 1786 that of D. D.,
which latter was also gninted him in 1788 by the
University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Jones was one of
the most active members of the Philadelphia Bap-
tist association, and when it was incorporated in
1797 he was chosen president of thelxjard of tnis-
tees, remaining so during his life. He was the au-
thor of "The Doctrine of the Covenants" (Phila-
delphia, 1783) ; " A Treatise on Church Discipline "
(1797) ; " A Selection of Psalms and Hymns ' (Bur-
lington, N. J.. 1800) ; "A Brief History of the Im-
position of Hands on Baptized Persons" (Philadel-
phia. 1804) ; and " A Century Sermon before the
Philadelphia Baptist Association " (1807).
JONES
LARRABEB
JONES, Sibyl, Quaker preacher, b. in liruiiH-
wick. Me., in 1808; d. near Au^u.tta, Me., 4 I)ec.,
1873. tier e^riy life whm s(>cnt in A ut;u8t«, and fur
ei{(ht years she taii^^ht in pultlic HchoolM. Ihr
maiden name was Jones, and in 1888 she married
Eli Junes. During; 1845-'0 she visited, with her
imsbund, all the yearly nuH*tin^ uf Friends in the
I'nited States, and made three journeys to Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick. They visitinl Liberia
in 1851, Ireland in IKVi. and subsefpiently Norway,
Sweden, and the continent of Euroi)e, returninjf to
this countrj- in 1854. During; the civil war she
preached to nearly 30,000 soldiers in hospitals, and
m 1867 she enibarked on her last missionary voy-
age, visiting Eumpe, Egypt, and Syria, and pre-
wnting Christianity from the Quaker stand(M)int to
Mohammedan women. Her travels in the East
are set forth in " Eastern Sketches " by Ellen Clare
Miller, her companion (Exlinburgh, 18?2).
KATANAUGH, Hubbard Hinde, M. E. bish-
op, b. in Clarke county, Ky., 14 Jan., 1802 ; d. in
Columbus, Miss., 19 March, 1884. He was appren-
ticed to the printing tratle, but was licensed to
preach in 1H22, settled in Augusta, Ky., where he
edited the " Western Watchman," and was a[)[K)int-
ed in 1823 on the Little Sandv circuit, afterward
holding various charges. On the establishment of
the Methodist Episcopwil church, south, he adhered
to that branch, and was appointed presiding elder
of the Lexington district. In 18o4 the general
conference chose him bishop. He was correspond-
ing editor of the "Methodist Ex^Misitor and True
Issue." and was a delegate to the general confer-
ences of his church, over several of which he [(re-
sided. See " Life and Times of Bishop Kavanaugh,"
by A. U. Redford (Nashville, 1884).— His brother,
Benjamin Taylor, clergyman, b. in Jefferson
county, 28 April, 1805; d.in Boonsborough, Ky.,
3 July, 1888. also entenni the ministry, and from
1839 till 1842 had charge of the Indian mission at
the head of Mississippi river. He aftcrwanl stud-
ied medicine and pnictiseil in St. Louis, where he
also held a chair in the metlicul department of the
University of Missouri. In 1857 ne resumed his
ministerial duties, and during t he civil war served as
chaplain and assistant surgeon in the Confederate
army. After the war ho was professor of intellect-
ual and moral science in Soule university for some
time, but in 1881 returned to Kentucky. He has
published "Electricity the Motor Power of the
Solar System" (New York, 1886), and hatl read^ for
publication "The Great Central Valley of North
America " and " Notes of a Western Rambler."
KEPHART, Ezekiel Boring, bishop of the
United Brethren in Christ, b. in I)e<-atur, I*«u. 0
Nov., 1834. He was licensed to preach in 1857,
entered the ministry in 1859, and became princi-
pal of Michigan collegiate institute, Ix-onti, Mich.,
in 1805, in wliit-h y«'ar he wa.s gnwluatetl at Otter-
bein universitv, ()hio. He accepted a piustorate
in Pennsylvania in 1866, became president of West-
ern college, Iowa, in 1888, and in 1881 was raisetl
to the episcopate. Otterbein university gave him
the decree of D, I), in 1881. Bishop Kephart
served m the state senate of Iowa in 18y1-'5.
KINZIE, John HarrlH, pioneer, b. in Sand-
wich, Canatla, 7 July. 1803; d. on the Pittsburg
and Fort Wayne railroad. 21 June. IWW. He is
the son of John Kinzie (vol. iii.. p. 552). removed
with his father to (^hicajfo. 111., in 1H03. and in
1810 settled in Detroit, iMich, He became a clerk
in the employ of the American fur company in
1818, was proficient in many Indian l&ngua^rcs.
and in 1820 was government agent for all the north-
western Indians. He returned to Chicago in 1834,
was tirst president of the village, register <»f public
lands in 1841, and receiver of public money in
1849. He wa.s ma^le [taymaster in the U. S. army
in 1861, and in 1865 was brevetted lieutenant-
colonel. Col. Kinzie was the first jiresident of
the Chicago historical s<x'iety, and built the first
Episcopal church in that citv! — His wife. Juliette
AugUKta, author, b. in Middletown. Conn.. 1 1 Sept..
1806; d. in Amagansett, Ix)ng Island, N. Y.. 15
Sept., 1870, was the daughter of Arthur W. Magill.
She married Mr. Kinzie in 1830, accompanied
him to Fort Winnebago, Wis., and snbse(|uently
to Chicago. She was the author of " Wau-bun.
or the Early Day in the Northwest," a history of
Chicago (New Vork, 1856). and two fK^sthumous
novels, entitled "Walter Ogilbv" (Philadelphia,
1809) and "Mark LoL'iin " (1H76)!
KNKiHT, Cyrus Frederic, P. E. bishop, b. in
Marblehead. Mass., 28 March. 1831. He studied
at Burlington college, N. J., and at Harvard, and
was graduated at the General theological semi-
nary, New York city, in 1854. After being or-
dained a priest of the Protectant Episcopal church
he was rector of St. Mark's church, ikiston, in
1855-'67, and latA'r he had charge of St. James's,
in Hartford, Conn., until 1877. when he was called
to St. James's in I^ncaster, Pa. He was elected
bishop of Milwaukee on 13 Dec., 1888, The de-
gree of D. I), was conferred UfK:)n him by Bethany
college in 1880. and that of D. C. L. by Bishop's
university in 1886. He has been a delegate to the
general c<mventions of his church from the dio-
ceses in which he has l)een loc-ated, and was dean
of Hartford while a resident of that city. In 18^
he was sent as deputy of the general convocation of
the Americ-an church to the general synod of the
Church of England in North America, sitting in
Montreal. He has published o<-casional fermons
and "Changes in the Communion Office" (New
York, 1886).
LAKET, Emily Jane, artist, h. in Quincv,
N. Y., 22 June, 1837. She is the daughter of
James Jackson, was e<lucated at home, and taught
in Tennessee and Ohio. She then turned her at-
tention to painting, and exhibited her work firs-t
in Chicago, and m 1873 at the National acad-
emy of design. During 1877- '8 she studied in Paris
un()er£]mile Van Marcke. Her Ijcst-known f»aint-
ings are " I^eader of the Herd " (1882): " An Anx-
ious Mother" (1882): and "Right of Way "(188C).
She marrie<l Charles D. Lakey in 1864, and resides
in New York citv.
L^ARCHEVfiQlE. Jean de (larsh - vnke).
French soldier, d. near Arkansas river, 17 Aug.,
1720. He was a member of I>a Salle's ext>edition
of 1684, and enticed him into the ambuscade
where he was murdere<I. In 1699 he was a soldier
in Santa Fe. He became a successful trader, and
is doubtless identical with a " Captain Archil)e<|uc "
who was a member of the war councils of 1715 and
1720. In the latter he recommended a reconiiois-
sance to the Arkansas river, on which he was killed,
with forty-three others, by Pawnee Indians. He
left four children, and a family of ArchiU-^iues is
still living in New Mexico. These fact.s, save his
connection with I^a .Salle's murder, were unknown
till 1888, when they were discovere<l in making
researches in Itehalf of the Heraenway southwest-
em arch«ological exiKHlition.
LARRABEE. William. goTemor of Iowa, h.
in Ledjwrd, Conn., 20 Jan., 1832. He removed to
692
LAWRENCE
LEONARD
{'lermont. Iowa, in 1858, and enga;;etl in farming,
manufacturing, and bankinjj. Ho served in the
lowu sUite senate in IWiH-'HT), was cljairnian of the
committee of ways and means for sixteen years,
and since 1885 has i)een ffovernur of the state, hav-
ing been elected as a Republican.
LAWRENCE, Charles Brush, jurist, b. in
Vergennes. Vt., 17 Dec, 1820; d. in Decatur, Ala.,
IS) April, \Hi.l. He was the son of Judge Viele
Lawrence, of Vermont, and, after studying for
two yeai-s at Middleltury. was gnuluated in 1841
at Union. He stmlied law with Alphonso Taft in
Cincinnati, Ohio, and entered on practice in St.
Louis. Mo. Suljseipiently he removed to Quincy,
III., where he formed a partnership with Archibald
Williiims. In 18.")!) he was elected judge of the
10th circuit, and in 1804 was chosen to the su-
i)remt' court of Illinois, where he was chief justice
or three years. Retiring from the bench in 1873,
ho practised law in Chicago until his death and
was president of the bar. President Grant made
him a member of the Louisiana commission, and
the l)ench and bar of Illinois urged liis appoint-
ment to the V. S. supreme court. The degree of
LIj. I), was conferred upon him by Union in 1876.
Chief-Justice Puller said of him: " Learning, cul-
ture, and literary excellence he imssessed, united
with a sweetness of character which colored all his
utterances and all his life. The qualities which
made him eminent as a lawyer would have raised
him to the highest rank in any walk of life. His
works follow him and will perpetuate his memory,
not as a ghost to haunt, but as a guest to cheer."
LE nrc, William Gates, soldier, b. in Wilkes-
ville, (lallia co.. Ohio, 29 March. 1823. He was
graduated at Kenyon college in 1848, admitted to
the bar in 1849. aiid settled in St. Paul, Minn. He
was active in imlucing emigration to Minnesota,
prepared and obtained the first charter for a rail-
road in the territory, and organized the Wabash
bridge company to build the first bridge over Mis-
sissippi river. He settled in Hastings, Minn., in
1850, and was the first in the territory to make
and ship spring wheat flour, which subsequently
Ijccame one of the chief products of the state. He
entered the National army in 1861 as a captain,
l)ecame lieutenant-colonel and chief quartermaster,
served with the Wrmy of the Potomac till the
Gettysburg camiiaign, and subseuuently in the
west. He was brevetted brigadier-general of
volunteers in 1865. He then returned to Minne-
sota, engaged in railrojid enterprises, and was ap-
rointed commissioner of agriculture by President
laves. During his occupation of this office he
establisheti a tea farm in South Carolina, success-
fully exjieriinented in producing sugar from sor-
frhum canes an<i beets, and founded what has since
)een enlarged as the bureau of animal industry,
and a division of forestry.
LEE, Henry, economist, b. in Beverly, Mass., 4
Feb.. 1782 ; d. in Boston, 6 Feb.. 1867. For many
years he carried on a very extensive trade with the
East and West Indie.s, South America, and Europe,
and iwcame a collector of commercial and financial
statistics, and a zealous student of political econo-
my. His writings were highly esteemed in Eng-
land, where ho was recognized "as an authority by
Much economist.s as McCulIoch, Tooke, and Viliiers.
He arrived at conclusions entirely at varience with
those advocated by the supporters of the so-called
American system. He was a frequent contributor
to the "Free-Trade Advocate," edited in Phila-
delphia by Condy Raguet, and became widely
known through his " Boston Report "as one of a
" Committee of citizens of Boston and vicinity op-
posed to a further increase of duties on importa-
tions" (Boston, 1827). This valuable work has
passed through four editions, and is one of the most
masterly vindications of the principles of free-trade
that has ever appeared in print. At the Free-trade
convention in Philadelphia, 30 Sept., 1831, he was
associated with Albert Gallatin in preparing the
memorial and statistical exposition of the effects of
the tariff. In 1832 he was nominated for vice-
president by South Carolina on the ticket with
John Floyd, of Virginia, although he had no sym-
pathy with nullification. — His eldest son, Henry,
b. in Boston, 2 Sept., 1817, was graduated at Har-
vard in 18JJ6, served on Gov. John A. Andrew's
staff during the civil war, and published a pam-
phlet on " the Militia of the United States." He
IS .senior member of the well-known banking-house
of Lee, Higginson and Co. — Another son, Francis
L, b. in Boston, 10 Dec, 1823 ; d. near Lake Cham-
plain, 2 Sept., 1886, was graduated at Harvard in
1843, and in the civil war was colonel of the 44th
Massachusetts regiment.
LEMMENS, John Nicholas, R. C. bishop, b. in
Schimmert, province of Limburg, Holland, 3 June,
1850. He was educated in Holland and Belgium,
ordained to the priesthood on 29 March, 1875, and
went to labor among the Indians of Vancouver
island. He was made rector of the cathedral in
Victoria in 1882. chosen to represent the diocese of
Vancouver island at the third plenary council of
Baltimore held in 1S84, and was consecrated bisli-
op on 5 August, 1888.
LEMMON, John Gill, botanist, b. in Lima,
Mich., 2 June, 1832. He served three years as a
private in the 4th Michigan cavalry, participated
in the famous experiences of that regiment, was
captured, and spent six months in southern pris-
ons. He taught in California, and, engaging in
explorations on the Pacific coast, has made many
discoveries in entomology and botany. Since 1886
he has been special a^ent of the California agri-
cultural department m the division of forestry,
and in 1888 he was appointed its b<itanist. Mr.
Lemmon has discovered more than 200 botanical
species. He has published " Ferns of the Pacific "
(Siin Francisco, 1882) ; " Discovery of the Potato "
(1884); and "Memorial of Amila Hudson Lem-
mon" (Oakland, Cal., 1885).— His wife. Sarah Al-
len Plummer, botanist, b. in New Gloucester, Me.,
3 Sept., 1836, was educated at the Female college of
Worcester, Mass., served as a hospital nurse during
the 6ivil war, and then studied at Cooper Union,
New York city. In 1869 she removed to California,
and in 1880. having married Mr. Lemmon, began
the study of botany, in which she has made several
discoveries. She has also painted in water-colors
much of the flora of the Pacific slope, and her col-
lection of more than eighty field sketches of flowers
took the first premium at the World's exposition in
New Orleans in 1884-5. On her discovery of a
new genus of plants in 1882, Dr. Asa Gray named
it. Plummera floribunda. Mrs. Lemmon is the
author of the papers on "The Ferns of the Pacific
Slope" (1882); "Silk-Culture in California" (1884);
and " Marine Botany " (1886).
LEONARD, Abiel, P. E. bishop, b. in Fayette.
Mo., 26 June, 1848. He is a son of Judge Abiel
Leonard, and great-grandson of Rev. Abiel Leon-
ard, who was chaplain in 1776 to Gen. George Wash-
ington. In 1870 he was graduated at Dartmouth,
and in 1873 from the General theological seminary.
His entire ministry has been in the west. He
was rector of Calvary church in Sedalia, Mo., for
three years, and then of Trinity church in Han-
nibal, Mo., for four years. In 1881 he was called
LEWIS
MAYALL
to Trinity chun-h, AU-hiwm. KaiiMbi. whore ho re-
maiiiotl till IHS?, wlmi lie wim elmrted tnisMionary
biiihop of Utah and N'l'vada. During hi« rvsidonce
in Kansajt he vins sttTclary of the diocesan con-
vention, delegate to the (ieneral convention, and
for four years a member of the standing commil-
l4W (if the diiK-esc.
LKWIS, Abrani Herbert, clergyman, b. in
Scott, Cortland co., N, Y.. 17 Nov., iHiiii. Jle was
gra<luHte<l at Milton college. Wis., in lK(n. and at
AlfriHl university, N. Y., in IHWi, and was jiastorof
Seventh-day liiiptist churches in Westerly, R. I., in
lK(l4-7, ami New York in 1867-8. In 1H(W he be-
cjime nrofe.ssor of church history and homiletics in
AlfOHl university, in 18(J9-'72 he was general ageni
of the American Siibbath tract society, and in 1880
he became pastoral IMainfield. N. J. Alfre<l uni-
versity gave him the degree of I). I), in 1881. He
has e<litcd "The Uutl<H>k and Sabbath Quarterly "
since 1882, and is an editorial contributor t« "l*he
Philanthropist." and author of various leaflets in
ith "Social Purity Series." Dr. I^ewis has pub-
lished " Sabbath and Sunday " (Alfred Centre, N.
Y., 1870) ; " Biblical Teachings concerning the
Sabbath and the Sunday " (1884); "Critical His-
tory of the Sabbath and the Sunday in the Chris-
tian Church" (2 vols., 1880); "A Critical History
of Sunday Legislation from 321 till 1888 A. I).''
(1888); and has written "A Biography of the
Puritan Sunday."
LINCOLN, James SnlllTan, artist, b. in Taun-
ton, Mass., 13 May. 1811; d. in Providence, R. I..
19 Jan., 1887. At the age of fourteen he entered
the service of an engraver in Providence, and after-
ward was a<1mitte<l to a painter's studio. Ilis
early work consisted of engravings, miniatures,
and landscapes; but from 1837 he devoted himself
to portrait-painting, in which he was very success-
ful. He was the first president of the Providence
art club. Among his numerous p«irtraits are
those of Samuel Slater (1836); Prof. William H.
Goddard (18Ji7); Levi Lincoln, attorney-general of
Massachusetts (1800), and his son, (tov. I^evi Lin-
coln (1877): Gen, Ambrose K. liurnside (1867):
Col. Robert G. Shaw, in Memorial hall, Cambridge
(1882); Senator Henry B. Anthony (1883): and
fourteen governors of Rhode Island, in the state-
house at Providence.
LINN, WUliain, pioneer, d. near Ix)uisville,
Ky., in March, 1781. In the winter of 1776-7,
with George Gibson, he undertook a voyage in
barges from Pittsburg to New Orleans for military
supplies. He joined (len. George Itogers Clark s
forces in 1778. commanding a company, and jiar-
tici(tating in the capture <if Forts Kas'kaskia, Ca-
hokia, and Vincennes. On the discharge of some
enlisted troops, who desired to ri'tum, they were
placed in charge of Col. Linn, whom Gen. Clark
mstructed to take command at the Falls of Ohio,
and Linn at once lH>gan the construction of a new
stockade ptirt on the Kentucky shore at what is
now the f(x>t of 12th street, IxMiisville. In July.
1780, Gen. Clark le<l two regiments of Kentucky
volunteers against Chillicothe and Piqna towns,
one in command of Col. lionjamin I^ognn. and the
other of CoL Linn. Linn's station was one of the
six or seven on B«'argrass cret«k as early as 1779-
'80. and wa.s al)out ten mile,s from Ijouisville, In
Mawh. 1781, Col. Linn and three neighl)ors and
comra«les were suddenly slain there by a raiiling
band i»f savages from jutoss the Ohio.
LITTLEJOHN, lie WHt CUntnn. legislator.
b. in Bridgewater. N. Y., 7 Feb.. 1818. He received
a good e<lucation. entered a commercial career, and
also engaged in the manufacture of flour. He was
president of the village of Oswego, and after it be*
came a city was twic*; elected it> nuiyor. He ha«
been fre<juently a member of the general assembly,
and Wits Us s|H*aker in IS/iJJ-'?. l)uring the early
|>art of the civil war he served in tlie National
army, and on 13 M»trch, 1865, he was brevetted
brigjulier-general of volunte«?rs. In IHOS-'S he was
a meinlH-r of congress, electinl as a Repuljlican.
LL'ULAN, Reuben, physician, b. in Cumden,
N. J., 7 Oct., 1881. He was'gra(liiHti-<l at the medi-
cal department of the I'niversity of IVnn.«iylvania
in 18o2. and after studying in Kuro(M> ' Ix'gan
practice in Chicago, where )\e became wi«lely known
in the homa*oi>athic school, particularly as an
ovariotomist. lie has been connect«l wild Hahne-
mann medical college and hospital since its organi-
zation in IHtV), in which he a.ssiste«l. and is ncv its
dean and clinical professor of the surgical (liseases
of women. He was president of the American in-
stitute of homoeopathy in 1870, president of the
Chicago academy of medicine in 1873. and for ten
years prece<ling"l887 an active meml>er of the Il-
linois hoard of health. I>r. Ludlam hHs published
"Clinical Ijectures on Diphtheria." the first strict-
ly medical bcKik issueil in the northwestern states
(Chicago. 186;^): "CliiiicHl and Didjictic Ix^tures
on the Diseases of Women" (1871). which was
translated into French by Adrien Delahaye (Paris,
1879); antl "Jousset's (!'linical Me<licine," trans-
lated from the French, with notes and additions
(Chicago, 1879).
McCLELLAN. Ely. physician, b. in Philadel-
phia, Pa., 23 Aug., 1834. lie is the son of Samuel
McClellan (vol, iv.. p. 80). He studied at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania and at Williams, and was
fraduated at JelTerson medical college in 1850.
>r. McClellan enteretl the National army as a sur-
geon in 1861, and has since remaine<l in the ser-
vice. Among his writings are "Obstetrical Pro-
cedures amouj; the AlK)rigines of North America"
(Louisville, Ky., 18r3); "Fibroid Tumors of the
Uterus "(1874); "Cholera Hygiene "(1874); "Com-
mon Carriers, or the Porters of Disease" (1874);
"A History of the Cholera Kpidemic of 1873 in
the United States "(Washington. 1875): " Battev's
Ofwration" (Louisville, 1875); " A Note of Warn-
ing: Lessons to be licarned from Cholera Facts of
the Past Year, and from Recent Cholera Litera-
ture" (1876); "On the Relaticm of Health Bi«rds
and other Sanitary Organizations with Civic Au-
thorities" (Atlanta. Ga.. 1876); and " A Review of
Von Pettenkofer's Outbreak of Cholera among
Convict*" (Louisville. 1877).
HcKINLEV. William, legislator, b. in Nilos,
Trumbull CO.. Ohio. 29 Jan.. 1844. He wa«* educated
at Poland (Ohio) academy, enliste<i in the 23<l Ohio
volunteers in May, 1861. and rose to beca|>tain and
brevet-major. At the dose «>f the war he iK-gan the
stu<ly of law, wajs admitted to the liar in 1867. and
settled at Canton, Ohio, where he has since r»*sided.
From 1869 till 1871 he was pn.»secuting attorney of
Stark county, and since October. 1877. he has licen
in congress. In June. 18S8, being a delepite to the
Republican national convention at Chicago. 111.,
he was made chairman of the platform comiiiitt«e.
and is cre<lite<l with having maile the draft of the
resolutions that wen* adopted. In CHingrcss be is
an earnest a«lv<>cate of a i>rot«*ctive tarin.
MAYAliU Thomas JelTerMin, inventor, b. in
North lierwick. Me., 10 .\up., 1826; d. in Rea«ling,
Mam., 18 Feb., 1888. He obtained employment in
a paper-mill in Roxburv, and soon began invent-
ing, especially making improvements in machinery
694
MENARD
MITCHELL
ill the factory, and attracting the attention of hi?
employers by devising the first rubber bolt that
was ever used in this country. This was followed
by a model of the. first cylinder printing-machine
that was ever made, from which has jjrown the
present industry of wall-paper printing, and calico
printing, which previous to that invention was
done on blocks. The machine made 1.000 rolls ()f
paper a (lav, printed in two colors. His other in-
ventions include a method of pnKlucing satin-
face<i pajK'r, a method of vulcanizing rubber
(1841), an automatic battery, a revolving cannon,
lK)mb-shells with sharpened edges to bore through
the armor of ships, a coflfee-hulling machine,
which he introductMl into Brazil, and self-acting
drawbrivlges for railroiwls. At the time of his
death ho was at work on an electric elevated rail-
road, an electric-cable railroad, and a pneumatic
elevated railroad. His revolving cannon was in-
tn>duce<l in several countries of JIurope. By
means of machinery, operated by steam, this gun
is loaded and fireil forty times a minute, with only
one man in attendance, the loading, firing, and
swabbing going on at the same time. He took out
200 paN'iits in this country and 70 in England.
MENARD, Pierre, lieutenant-governor of Illi-
nois, I), in (juelwc, Canada, in 1707; d. in Kaskas-
kia. 111., in 1845. lie rcmoveil to Kaskaskia about
1788. ami IxK-ame a trader in furs and pelts with
the Indians, with all of whom he sustained friendly
relations, lie was a U. S. district judge for many
years, a member of the territorial legislature, and
presi<ling onTufr of the council. On the admission
of Illinois to the Union in 1818, he was chosen its
first lieutenant-governor. The state constitution
of that year pnjvided that the governor and lieu-
tenant-governor should l)e for thirty years a citizen
of the United States, but Col. Menard having been
naturalized only two years l)efore, an article was
added to the constitution providing that any citizen
of the United .States that had resided in Illinois
two years preceding the election shonld be eligible
to the odlce of lieutenant-governor. During his
occupation of that post a series of laws were
adopted which have to a great extent become the
foundation of all subsequent legislation. His ofli-
cial life ended with his term in 1822, and he sub-
sequently devoted himself to his private affairs
and to charity. A statue, the gift of Charles P.
Chouteau, of St. Louis, was erected to his memory
at Springfield, 111., in January. 1888. — His danerhter,
Bkrk.mck, b. in 1801 ; d. in Kansas City, Mo., 20
Nov., 18H8, was the first white woman that ever
lived in Kansas City, and married in 1819 Francis
F. Chouteau. She was a devout lioman Catholic,
and built the first church erected in Kansas City.
MILLS, Ro^er Quarles, congressman, b. in
Todd county, Ky., 30 March, 18:32. Ho received a
common-school education, removed to Palestine,
Tex., in 1849, and studied law, supporting himself
by serving as an assistant in the post-office and in
the offices of the court clerks. In 1850 he was
electe<l engrossing clerk of the Texas house of rep-
resentatives, and in 1852 he was admitted to the
bar, while still a minor, by special act of the legis-
lature. He settled in the practice of his profession
at Corsicana, Tex., in 1859 was elected to the legis-
lature. In 1872 he was chosen to congress, from
the state at large, as a Democrat, and Since that
lime ho has lK?en continuously re-elected. In 1870
he opposed the creation of the electoral commis-
sion, and in 1887 canvassed the state of Texas
agirinst the adoption of a prohibition amendment
to its constitution, which was defeated. In 1888
Mr. Mills introduced into the house of representa-
tives the bill that is known by his name, reducing
the duties on imports, and extending the free list.
The bill pjissed tne house on 21 July, 1888. Dur-
ing the presidential canvass of that year he spoko
in favor of the re-election of Grover Cleveland.
MILLS, Sebastian Bach, pianist, b. at Ciren-
cester, England, 13 March, 1839. He began to &p-
pear in concerts at an early age, and in 1856 went
to Germany for study. He came to the United
States in 1859 and settled as a teacherof the piano
in New York, where he still (1889) resides. lie has
appeared in concerts in the United States and in
Europe, and is one of the best known of American
pianists. Among his numerous compositions arc
three "Tarantelles" (1863, 1805. and 1888): "Mur-
muring Fountain" (1865); "Polonaise" (1866):
" Fairy Fingers " and " Recollections of Home "
(1867): "Saltarello" (1874); and two "Etudes do
Concert "(1880).
MITCHELL, Edward, clergyman, b. in Cole-
raine, Ireland, 3 Aug., 1769; d. in Ridgefield,
(;onn., 8 Aug., 1834. He came to this country in
1791 and settled in New York, where in 1796 hewas
one of the founders of the Society of United Chris-
tian Friends professing a belief in universal salva-
tion, of which organization he continued as pastor
until his death. Mr. Mitchell attracted large au-
diences, and exercised a wide-spread and perma-
nent influence. He is described as a benevolent,
cultivated, and genial gentleman, and as a preach-
er of remarkable eloquence, earnestness, and power.
—His son, William, jurist, b. in New York city,
24 Feb., 1801 ; d. in Morristown, N. J., 6 Oct., 1886,
was graduated at Columbia in 1820, standing first
in his class, and after studying law was admitted to
the bar in 1823, and became counsellor in chancery
in 1827. In 1849 he was elected a justice of the
supreme court of New York, which post he held
until 1858. Under the provisions of the law then
existing, he became a judge of the court of appeals
in 1856, and in 1857 presiding justice of the su-
preme court. On retiring from the supreme court.
Judge Mitchell did not retire from the bench, but
by the action of the courts, and of the bar, and of
suitors, in referring to him cases for hearijig and de-
cision, as a referee, he held his court regularly
from day to day, and his calendar, like that of other
courts, was always full. His reported opinions
are marked by breadth and force of reasoning and
large learning, which gave them permanent value.
The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by
Columbia in 1863, and he was one of the vice-presi-
dents at the Association of the bar of New York.
Judge Mitchell published an edition of " Black-
stone's Commentaries " with reference to American
cases (New York, 1841). See sketch by Benjamin
D. Silliman (printed privateiv. New York, 1887).
MITCHELL, John Grant, soldier, b.in Piqua.
Ohio, 6 Nov., 1838. He was graduated at Kenyon
college in 1859. was chosen 1st lieutenant in the 3d
Ohio volunteers in 1861, and liecame colonel of the
113th Ohio, in March, 1863. He was commissioned
brigadier-general of volunteers on 12 Jan., 1865,
and brevetted major-general of volunteers, to date
from 13 March, for special gallantry in the battle
of Bentonville. N. C, 17 March, 1865. Gen. Mit-
chell resigned on 3 July. 1865, and entered on the
practice of law in Columbus, Ohio.
MITCHELL, Lucy Myers, archaeologist, b. in
Oroomiah, Persia, in 1845 ; d. in Berlin, Germany,
10 March, 1888. She was the daughter of Rev.
Austin H. Wright, a missionary to the Nestorians.
She was educated at Mount Holyoke seminary,
Mass., married Samuel S. Mitchell, of New Jersey,
in 1867, and passed most of her subsequent life
MOLLY
PEA BODY
695
ahroiwl. Her inU-rpst in classical archipology be-
mn in Ijeii»sic in 1872, where she collpclod material
for her "History of Ancient Sculpture" (New
York. 188:1), in fecog^nition of wht>se merits she
was ehvte<l in lbH4 a memlier of the Imperial
ari'hax)lojjical institute of Gennany. sharing this
distinction with only one other woman. She was
pn-parinj; a work on Oroek vases and Oreek paint-
in;:-*. but (lii'd iH'fore its completion.
MOLLY, Captain, b. abf>ut 1750; d. near West
Point. N. v.. alxiut 1789. She was the wife of a
cannonier. and was at Fort Clinton when it was
capturcil bv the British in October. 1777. As. the
enemy scafed the parapet, her husband dropped
his noi-t-f)re and fled, but Molly cauf^ht it up and
discnarpeil the last gun fired by the Americans on
that occasion. She was also conspicuous at the
Iwttlo of Monmouth, 28 June, 1778. where she
carried water from a neighlwring spring to her
husband while he was serving a gun. A shot
killed him at his post, and Molly seized the ram-
mer and fllleil his place at the gun. After the
battle, covered with dirt and blood, she was pre-
sented by Gen. Nathanacl Greens to Washing-
ton, who coinmende*! her bravery and made her a
sergeant. On his recommendation, her name was
placed upon the list of half-pay officers for life.
She continued with the army, and after the war
reside*! at Buttennilk Falls! N. Y. Mrs. Alex-
ander Hamilton descrilies her as '"a stout, red-
haired, freckle-faced young Irish woman, with a
handsome, piercing eye." i>he was a favorite with
the army, and generally wore an artilleryman's
coat over her dress, ami a wK-ked hat. She has
been em>neouslv called Moll Pitcher.
MONETTE,'John Wesley, author, b. in Ohio,
3 April, \Hiiii: d. in Madison parish. La.. 1 March,
1851. He was gnuluated at the Kentucky medical
college in 1822. Dr. Monette was mayor of Wash-
ington. Miss., and a member of the legislature. He
was the author of a " Historj- of the Discovery and
SettlemcDt of the Valley of the Mississippi " (2 vols.,
New York, 184r)). and left in manuscript a work on
the " Rivers of the Southwest."
MOORE, Edward Charles, silversmith, b. in
New York city, 30 Aug., 1827. He learned the
trade of silversmithing from his father. John C.
Moore, 8uccee<Jed to the business in 1854, and in
1867 transferre<l his silver works to Tiffany and
Co., of which he has since had charge. Being a
practical workman the application of steam, the
introtluction of machinery, such as the steam
trip-hammer, the polishing and drawing of wire,
and the use of gas for soldering and melting in
his business, have largely l)een the result of his
influence. The tea services that he made for Mrs.
Mary J. Morgan and for Prince Demidoff are re-
^raed as among the finest examnles of repoussi^
silver-ware that were ever made. Through his work,
more than anything else, American silver has been
raised to its present high standanl, and at the
World's fair, hold in Paris in 1867. he receive*! a
personal gold medal for his efforts. His studv of
leather and its application to the arts has resulted
in this country's obtaining the first rank for fine
leather-work. He has given attention to antique,
Persian, Arabic, Roman, and other glass, and to
Ja|)anese arts in their higher branches. Mr. Moon>'s
library and collections arc among the most com-
plete in his specialties in the United States.
OTONOR, John Francis Xavier, clergyman,
b. in New York city, 1 Aug., 1852. He was gradu-
ated at the College of St. Francis Xavier in 1872,
and became a memU-r of the Society of Jesus the
same year. He went to Europe to finish his studien
in 1874, and returne<! in 1870 to a.xsume the duties
of professor successively in West Park college.
Georgetown university, and Boston college. Father
O'Conor delivered lectures on cuneiform Assyrian
in Boston U-fore any school of that language had
lioen establishe<l in the United States. In 1884 he
wcured a cast of the cuneiform Babvlonian cylin-
der of Ncbuchailnezzar in the New York museum,
and a year later he published a work containing a
fac- simile of the cylinder, its history, and the
cuneiform text, with a transcription and a transla-
tion (1885). He has also published " Something to
Read " (Georgetown. 1880): "Lyric and Dramatic
Poetry "(Boston, 1888); " Reading and the Mind"
(Woodstock. 1884: enlarged e<l., 1885); "Garruc-
ci's History of (.'hristian Art" (1886); "Visits to
Holy Places." continued in the series of the " Mes-
senger of the Saered Heart "(Philadelphia. 188i^-'8):
and "The Practice of Humility," from tl»e Italian
of Leo XIII. (New York, 1888).
PABLOS, Juan, Spanish printer, lived in the
16th century. When the first viceroy of Mexico.
Antonio de Mendoza. was apfminted in 15;J4. he
carried with him a printing press and outfit, pro-
vided by the famous court printer. Juan Crom-
berger. of Seville, and this outfit was in charge of
Juan Pablos. who for many years su|)erintended
the viceregal printing-shop, although m the tille-
!)age of the earlier lx)oks that were printed in
klexico, .sometimes the name of ('ronil>erger ap-
pears. The first Iwok printed in the New World
was a translation into Spanish of the Latin text of
Ambrosio C'amaldulense's " Escala espiritual para
llegar al cielo.de San Juan Climaco." or ".Spiritual
Ijadder to a.scend into Heaven." which bore the
imprint of Juan Pablos, Mexico, 1535. Of this
work no authentic copy is in existence. The earli-
est Mexican Inxik that is known to exist is a
copy of Motolinia's "Doctrina Cristiana en lengua
Mexicana," printed in Mexico, 1544. but l)earing
the imprint of Juan Cromberger. It is in the pro-
vincial library of Toletlo.
PEABOnV. Charles Angnstns, jurist, b. in
Sandwich. N. II.. 10 July. 1814. He was educated
privatelv, studied law in Iteltimore. Md.. and at
Harvard law-school. He settled in New York city
in 1839. and has since resided there. He was a
memljcr of the convention that organized the Re-
publican party in his state in 1855. was chosen a
justice of the supreme court in the same year,
serve*! till the end of 1857. and in 1858 became
commissioner of quarantine. In 1862 he was ap-
pointed by President Lincoln judge of the U. S.
Provisional court of Ij<^uisiana. holding office till
1865. "with authority to hear, trv. and determine
nil causes, civil and criminal, including causes m
law, equity, revenue, and admiralty, . . . his judg-
ment to be final and conclusive." He was also
sole judge of another c«iurt of unlimited criminal
J'urisdiction during a part of that time. In 1863
le became chief justitre of the supreme court of
Ix^uisiana, and in 1865 he was a|ipointed U. S.
attorney for the eastern district of Ijouisiana. but
do«-!ine<l that |>ost, and resume*! practice in New
York city. Judge PealKnly is one of the vice-
presidents of the .Association for the reform and
codification of the laws of nations, and has usually
attended its meetings in Europe. He was appoint-
ed by the U. S. government in 1885 a delegate in
its behalf to the Tntomational congress of commer-
cial law convoked by the king of the Belgians, that
696
PEACOCK
POTTS
met in Antworj^t, and hold a similar appointment
from tlio Ni'w ^ i>rk state chamber of commerce.
PEACOCK, Thomas Brower, ixjet, b. in Cam-
bridge, Ohio, 10 April. 1852, He was educated in
Zanesvillc, Ohio, and for about ten years was asso-
ciate eilitor of the To|)eka, Kan,, "Democrat."
He has matle and patente<l several inventions, the
most im|Mirtant of which is a flre-escai)e speeiallv
a<laptpd to large hotels. He has published " Poems '
(Kansas Citv, 1872); "The Vendetta, and other
Poems" (To|)eka, 1876); "The Uhyme of the Bor-
der War" (New York, 1880); and "Poems of the
Plains and Songs of the Solitudes" (1883). The
last volume reachc<l a 3d edition in a vear. and is
being translated into German by Karl Knortz.
PFX'K, Clarissa C, philanthropist, b. in Mara-
thon. Cortland co., N. \ ., in 1817: d. in Chicago,
111., 22 Dec.. 1884. Her maiden name was Brink.
She married Philantler Peck in 1837 and removed to
Little llock, III., in the same year, to White Water,
Wis., in 1841, and to Chicago in 1851. Mrs. Peck was
left with a liir-xc fortune, and l)equeathed l|05.(K)0
to various religious and charitable institutions, and
the residue of her estate, about $535,000, to found
the Chicago home for incurables.
PENROSE, WlUiain Henry, soldier, b. in
Madistm Barracks. .Sackett's Harbor, N. Y.. 10
March. 1832. His father, Capt. James W. Pen-
rose, was an officer of the regular army. The son
took an irregular two-years course in Dickinson
wjllege and l>ecaine a civil and mechanical engi-
niHjr. In April. 1861. he wjvs appointed 2d lieu-
tenant in the 3d U. S. infantry, and, after his pro-
motion to 1st lieutenant in May, served with the
Army of the Potomac till the close of the civil
war. He l)ecame colonel of the 15th New Jersey
regiment in April, 18()3. and thereafter had com-
mand of Philip Kearny's 1st New Jersey brigade,
in the Sixth corps. At times he had charge of a di-
vision, and on 27 June, 1865. he was commissioned
a brigmlier-general of volunteers. During the war
he won the brevets in the regular army, including
that of brigjulier-general. He has since had com-
mand of various posts, and on 31 May, 1883, he
became major of the 12th infantry, and lieutenant-
colonel of the 16th Infantry on 22 Aug., 1888.
Gen. Penrose has invented several mechanical de-
vices and a set of infantry equipments which was
recommended by a board of officers.
PHELPS, (ieorgre May, inventor, b. in Water-
vliet, N. Y., 19 March, 1820; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y.,
18 May, 1888. He early found employment in the
shop of his uncle, Joniis H. Phelps, a maker of sur-
veymg and astronomical instruments in Troy. In
1850 he had established himself in business, mak-
ing various kinds of light machinery, and models.
Soon afterward Mr. Phelps was chosen to manu-
facture the type-printing telegraph of Royal E.
House; and when, a few years later, the American
telegraph company was formed to operate the
t)rinting system of David E. Hughes, Mr. Phelps
)ocame the suiwrintendent of its fjict^iry. Several
important modiQcations of this machine were de-
vised by him, and by gradual adaptation it he-
came the well-known "combination printer." His
most valuable invention was the motor-printer,
which is now in use on the lines of the Western
union U'legranh c(»mpanv. The machinery and
apparatus made by Mr. Phelps were noticeable for
symmetry and gracefulness, expressing an innate
sense of fitness and proportion, which was the
most striking characteristic of his talent as an in-
ventor and constructor.
PHILLIPS. George Soarle, English anther,
b. in Northamptonshire, England, in 1818. He
was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, came
to this country, and was connected with the New
York press. He returned to England about 1845,
edited the Leeds "Times," became principal of the
People's college, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, in 1846,
and in 1854 was lecturer to the Yorkshire union of
mechanics' institutes and literary societies. He
has been an inmate of an insane asylum in New
Jersey since 1873. Mr. Phillips wrote generally
under the pen-name of "January Searle," and
among other works published " Chapters in the
History of a Life " (1849) ; " Life of EWnezer Elli-
ott " (1850); "Memoirs of William Wordsworth"
(1852); " The Gypsies of the Dane's Dike "(1855);
and "Chicago and her Churches" (Chicago, 1808).
His pamphlet on Ralph Waldo Emerson was warm-
ly commended by Theodore Parker.
' PIERCE. Winslow Smith, pioneer, b. in Bos-
ton, Mass., 3 May, 1819 : d. in Brooklyn, N. Y.. 29
July, 1888. He was educated at Dartmouth and
the'Harvard medical school, settled in Hlinois, and
was a professor in Rock Island me<lical college for
several years. He removed to California in 1849,
and was state comptroller in 1849-'53. Dr. Pierce
was one of the originators of the first line of
steamships between the Isthmus of Panama and
San Francisco. He declined the nomination of
the Democratic party for U. S. senator in Cali-
fornia, settled in Indiana in 1860. devoted him-
self largely to the coal and iron industries, and
laid out and at one time owned a large part of In-
dianapolis. He left in manuscript a complete col-
lection of material for a book entitled " Reminis-
cences of Public Men from 1828 till 1888." Both
his wives were sisters of Thomas A. Hendricks.
PINSONNEAULT, Peter Adolphiis, Cana-
dian R. C. bishop, b. in Montreal, Canada, in 1815 ;
d. in Canada in 1883. He studied in the College of
Montreal with the intention of becoming a lawyer,
but, resolving to become a priest, went to Paris,
studied theology in the College of St. Sulpice. en-
tered the Sulpitian order, and was ordained in 1840.
He exercised his ministry in Montreal, on his re-
turn, until 1856, when he was consecrated bishop
of the newly erected diocese of London, Ont. He
removed to Sandwich in 1859, and obtained the
alteration of the name of the diocese to Sandwich.
He resigned in 1867, and lived principally in
Montreal, where he rendered great services to the
bishop. He published a work in favor of the in-
fallibility of the pope (1870).
POTTER, Joseph Adams, soldier, b. in Potter's
Hollow, N. Y., 12 June, 1816; d. in Painesville,
Ohio, 21 April, 1888. He entered the U. S. service as
a civil engineer in 1835 and was engaged in build-
ing public works and making survevs of the great
lakes until the beginning of the civil war. In 1801
he was ordered to Detroit, and was appointed, on 27
Sept., 1st lieutenant in the 15th U. S. infantry.
He was soon transferred to the quartermaster's
department, with the rank of captain, and sent to
Illinois, where he was engaged in fitting out troops
and in building Camp Douglass at Chicago and
Camp Butler at Springfield. He disbursed millions
of dollars, purchasing large amour\^s of supplies
and great numbers of cavalry horses. Subsequent ly
he had charge of the quatermaster's departments
at various posts nntil 1874, when he became chief
quartermaster of the Department of the Gulf, with
headquarters at New Orleans. On 21 April, 1879,
he was retired. He received the brevets from
major to brigadier-general in the U. S. array on
13 March, 1865.
POTTS, Benjamin Franklin, soldier, b. in
Carroll county, Ohio, 29 Jan., 1836 ; d. in Helena,
POWDKRLY
REICH
097
Montana, 17 June. 1887. He was educAte<l at West-
niiiiHter colle>^\ New Wilmington, Pa., and admit-
UhI to the bar in IHTM. He Ihk-huu' captxin in the
4id Ohio rejfiiiient in IHtH. norved in tlie Shenan-
doah valley, was commihsioncii colonel in lHi\2,
|tartieipa'(Hl in the Vickshur); camiwiiurii. and wus
then promoted to the eommand of a l)ri>fa<le and
serviHi under Gen. William T. .Sherman. On 5
Jan.. 1805. he Itecanie brigadier-^neral of volun-
teers. Ho then returnetl to the jtrattice of law,
wa.< eleote<i Ktate senator of Ohio, and wiu> frovernor
of Montana in 1870-'83. He was in the legii*lature
in 1SH4. after which he oociinied no public office.
P()WI>ERLY. Terence Vlncenl, >;eneral ma.<«-
ter-workman of the Knijjhls of lul)or. 1). in CarlK)n-
dale. Pa.. 22 Jan.. 1840. of Irish Catholic parents,
who had come to the United States in 1820. His
father was a day lal)orer, and Terence was the
eleventh child. He attended the public schrK)ls
fnun his seventh to his thirteenth year. Then he
iN'f^un keeping a switch for the Delaware and
Hudson canal company, and in 1806 he was em-
ployed as an appn>ntice in the niachine-sho{>s of
that company. In 1809 he went to Scranton. Pa.,
which has since been his home. There he obtained
work in the shops of the Delaware, Lackawanna,
and Western railroad company, and at night stu«l-
ied drawing and mec-hanical engineering. In 1871
he joined the Mju-hinists' and blacksmiths' union,
of which he soon Ix-came president. His interest
in industrial affairs has been the guiding prin-
ciple of his life. In 1874 Mr. Pt)wderly was miti-
ate<i into the Knights of lalK»r (an onler foundtnl
in 1809 in Phila«lelphia by Uriah S. Stevens, of
Ca|)e May county, N. J.) and became a member of
Assembly No. 88. During the panic of 1873 he
lost his work at Scranton, and went to Oil City, Pa.,
whence he went, in 1874, as a delegate to the Na-
tional convention of the Machinist^' and black-
smiths' union in Ijouisville. This was his first
national appearance as an advocate of organized
labor. He nnally sncceeiled in getting this union
to disband and join the Knights of lHlH)r ai( Assem-
bly No. 222. In 1877 he assisted in organizing in
Lackawanna county. Pa., a district assembly of
Knights of labor, of which he became and was
district secretary until 1880. In the great strikes
of 1877alxiut 5.(K)0 labon-rs. mostly of the Knights
of lalx>r of that district, were discharged, and emi-
ffrated to various parts of the west. In their new
lomes they established new a.sscmblies of the
Knights of labor, and to this Mr, Powtlerly largely
attributes the spread and growth of the order. He
and other lea<lers held the first general assembly
of the ortier at Heading. Pa., in 1878. and at the
next session, held in .St. Ijouis in 1879, he was
elected to the second office, grand worthy foreman.
At the third convention, held in Chicago in Sep-
temt)er, 1879. Mr. Powderly was electeil general
master-workman, and he has since, despite bitter
opposition, been eight times re-electe«l to that
omce, which he now holds. In April. 1878, by the
labor vote, ho was electe<I mavor of Scrant«>n. Pa.,
and ho was several times re-ele<'t«xi as a DemtK-rat
to that office. He hel|)ed to establish the " Lalior
Advocate" at Scranton in 1877. Mr. Pow«lerly
writes regularly for the organ of the Knights of
lalMir, the "Journal of United Ijalwr." and has
written on "The Army of the Unemployed " and
kindred topics for (lehixlicals. When the Irish
land league movement was organized in this w)un-
try Mr. Powderly was made its sei'ond vice-presi-
dent. He went as chairman of the Pennsylvania
delegation to the Irish land league convention of
1883, and called that convention to order. At
present he is engaged on a ** Ilistonr of the Origin
and Principles of the Knights of I^ilwr."
I'l'LESTO.N, Sir John Henry, lianker. b. in
the vale of Cluyd. Wales, in \KU>. He was edu-
cate<l at King's c<»llege, liondon, where he studie<l
minlicine. This profession he so<»n abandone<l, and
came to the Unite«l States, lie 8eltle<l in Lucerne
county. Pa., and published a paper in Pittston.
which proving unsuccessful, he founded one in
Pha>nixville. During the civil war he was ma«le
chief of the Pennsylvania agencv establishe<l in
Washington by Gov. Andrew G. Curtin. He «li»-
charged the duties of this office for some time, but
resigned to take charge of claims offerwl to him
under the government. Subsequently he estab-
lishml himself in New York city in the banking-
firm of Puleston. Ilaymond and Co., and later re-
turned to London as a member of the firm of Jay
Cooke, McCulloch and Co. He was elected to par-
liament from DevoniK>rt in 1874, and by re-eleo-
tions has since retaiiu<l that s*'at. In 1887 he wm
knighted for his long and faithful services in par-
liament. At present he is a meml»er of the bank-
ing-firm of Puleston and Brown.
PURDUE, John, philanthropist, b. near Sheiv
ardsburg. Pa., o Oct., 1801 ; d. in Lafayette, Ind.,
12 Sept., 187(». In his earlv youth he emigrate<l to
Ohio with his parents. lie received a common-
school etlucation, taught for a time, became a drjr-
go<Hls merchant. settle<I in I^afayette. Ind., in
IKJft. and accumulated a fortune, also engaging in
manufacturing. Mr, Punlue was owner of the
Lafayette "Journal," and in 1800 was an'unsuc-
cessfid independent candidate for congress. In
1809 he founded Purdue university in his adopted
town, giving |150,U00 toward its endowment
RAMBAUT, Marj Lnrinda Bonney, edu-
cator, b, in Hamilton, N. Y.. 8 June. 1810. She
founded, with Harriette A. Dillaye, the Chestnut
street seminary for young ladies, in Philadelphia,
in 1850, and conducted it until 1883. when it was
removed to Ogontz, near Philadelpliia, where she
continuiHl it for five years. In 1888 she married
the Rev. Thomas Hambaut, and resides in Hamil-
ton. N. Y. She originatiHl the Woman's national
Indian a.s80ciation in 1879. and was its pn'sident
until 1884, when she be<"ame honorary president.
REED, Caroline Gallup, tHlucat«)'r, b. in Heme,
N. Y., 5 Aug., 1821. She is the daughter of Al-
bert Gallup, treasurer of Alliany «)unty, and was
educated at St. Peter's K-hooI and the Female
academy in All»any. In 1851 she married the
Rev. Sylvanus Heeil. and in 18<>4 established a
school for young ladies in New York city, which
she still continues. In 1883 this very suivessful
schwjl was incorporatetl under the laws of New
York .state as Reed college, so that the iH?rpetu-
ity of the establishment might be assured. Mrs,
Reetl was electetl a mendier of the American geo-
graphical society in 1800, of the American ass<K-ia-
tion for the advancement of s<ieiu"e, and of the
New York genealogical and biographical .society
in 1882. She has published various i)a|>ers and
has issued regularly "circulars of information'*
up4in subjects of educational interest.
REICH, JarqiieH, artist, b. in Hungary-. 10
Aug.. 1852. He was a pupil of William Adolphe
Bouguereau and Koltert Fleury, studie«l art in
Hudafiest, and in 1H73 came to the Unite<l States,
where he c<»ntinne«l his stu«lies at the ,\c«ilemy of
fine arts in Philadelphia. He has devoie<l most of
his time to drawing in black and white, and has
executed numerous portraits in charooaL In 1870
ROBERTS
SALOxMON
he went to Paris for the purpose of continiiiii); his
studies, and remained under the instruction of the
above-mentioned masters for a year. Keturninjj
to Philadelphia, he tumetl his attention to draw-
inp in ytcn and ink for illustrating l)(K)ks, and to
etchinp. In IHK") he came to New York and made
nil the [)en-and-ink jK)rt raits for Sc-ribners " C'ycio-
p;i»dia of Painters and Paintings." as well as nu-
merous others for |)eriodieals. He drew the iK)r-
traits for Apnletons' "Annual Cyclopir<lia " for
188«. 1887, and 1888. Kariy in June, 188G, he l)c-
pan to execute the sixteen hundred portraits for
this work, to which task he gave almost exclusive
attention till it was completed in DecemWr. 1888.
KOKGRTS. Cileor^e Brooke, civil engineer, b.
in Montgomery county, Pa., 15 Jan.. 1838. He
wa< graduated at Rensselaer polytechnic institute
in 1849, and was an assistant there in mathematics
and geo<lesy in 1850-'l. He entered the Pennsyl-
vania railroad service as rodman in 1851. in 1852
became assistant engineer of the Philadelphia and
Erie railroiwl. and for the next ten years was
steadily engaged in the IcK-ation and construction
of various roads, returning to the Pennsylvania
niilroad in 18(i2. as assistant to the president. He
was made fourth vice-president in 18G9, then sec-
ond vice-president, in 1874 first vice-president, and
uiM)n the death of Col. Thomas A. Scott, in May,
18^). he Ix'caiiu' president of the company.
ROBERTS, (Jeorge Litch, lawyer, b. in Bos-
ton, Mass., :J0 Dec, 18;](». He was graduated at
Wesleyan imiversitv, Middletown, Conn., in 1859,
and l)egan the practice of his profession in the office
of Ik'ujamin R. Curtis. He has taken a prominent
part in the Bell telephone cases, and is one of the
foreinnst patent lawyers in the United States.
ROBIXSON, James Sidney, soldier, b. in
Franklin township. Richland co., Ohio, 14 Oct.,
1827. He wjis e<liicated in the common schools,
editeil a newspajwr in Kenton, Ohio, and was clerk
of the Ohio legislature in 185(>-'7. He entered the
Natir.nal army in 1801 as lieutenant in the 4th Ohio
regiment, Un-ame major of the 82d Ohio infantry,
and rose to lirigadier-general of volunteers, 12 Jan.,
1865. He was brevetted major-general of volun-
teers, 13 March, 18(),5. He became commissioner of
railroads and telegraphs in Ohio in 1879, was a
memlHT of congress in 1881-'5, having been chosen
as a Republican, and since 1884 has been secretary
of stAte of Ohio, Ho was chairman of the Ohio
Republican executive committee in 1877-'9.
ROCK WOOD, <ieorge Gardner, photogra-
pher, b. in Troy, X. Y., 12 April, 1832. He was edu-
cated at ihe Balston Sna institute, became a reporter
on the Troy daily •• Times," and at twenty years
of ago^ was managing editor of the Troy daily
" iV)s»." Ho l)ecame interested in photography in
1855, was the first to make the carte de tnaife
photograph in this countrv, introduced many of
the chief inventions in the art, and constantly
contributed to the f)ress both upon scientific and
technical suluects. Mr. Rockwcxvl is the author
of the stnentific hoax, " Brain Pictures," which ap-
peared in a New York paper in 1887.
ROGERS, Moses, pioneer steam navigator, b.
in New Ixindon, Conn,, in Septemln-r, 1780; d.
in Cheraw. S. C. 15 Sept.. 1822. He was asso-
ciateii with Ro»)ert Fulton in his experiments, in
1808 commande<l the '•Clermont," and in June,
1809. with Rolwrt L. Stevens, had charge of the
" J hcrnix" m her voyage from New York to Phila-
delphia, which was the first trip that was ever made
on the ocean by a steam vessel. Subsequently he
commanded the first steamer that went from
Charleston to Savannah. In 1818 he was em-
ployed by Scarborough and Isaac? to purchase
a hull in which he was to have built an engine in
order to make a trial-trip across the Atlantic.
This vessel was christened " Savannah," and he was
made her captain and engineer. She left Savan-
nah. Ga., on 28 March, 1819, and went by way of
New York to Liverpool, where she arrived on 18
June, thus lieing the first steam vessel to cross the
ocean. After his return Capt. Rogers built and
commandwl the " Pee Dee." plying between George-
town. S. C., and Cheraw, S. C, until his death.
RYAN, William Thomas Carroll, Canadian
author, b. in Toronto, Upper Canada, 3 Feb., ]e.{'.».
He was educated in St. Michael's college, Toronto,
served as a volunteer in the Crimean war when
little more than a boy, was afterward in an Eng-
lish regiment, travelled extensively, and then be-
came a journalist. He has written "Oscar, and
other Poems" (Hamilton. Ont., 1857): "Songs of
a Wanderer " (Ottawa, 1867) ; " Description of the
Route of the Canadian Pacific " (1876) ; and " Pict-
ure Poems" (1884). — His wife, Mary Ann Mac-
Ivor, is the author of " Poems " (Ottawa, 1870).
SALOMON, Lonis £tienne F^licit^, presi-
dent of Hayti, b. in Aux Cayes in 1820; d. in
I^iris, France. 19 Oct., 1888. He was of pure
African parent-
age, but of a
wealthy family,
and received an
excellent educa-
tion. In 1838
he entered the
public service,
and in 1843
joined the revo-
lution against
Boyer. lie rose
to the grade of
colonel in the
army, and in
1848 became
minister of fi-
nance, foreign
relations, in-
struction, and
justice. After
the proclama-
tion of the em-
pire he w^s created Duke de St. Louis dn Snd, and
he became general-in-chief in 1855. On the fall of
Soulouque in 1859, Salomon went to France and
later to St. Thomas, whence he participmted in the
revolutionary attempt of 1862, and was sentenced
to death in his absence. In 1867 he was appointed
by Salnave minister to England, France, and Spain,
but President Nissage Saget dismissed him in 1870,
forbidding his return to Hayti, and in 1873 he was
again condemned to death in his absence as an in-
stigator of the rebellion of Gonaives. He returned
in 1876, and was again exiled in March 1878, but
in 1879 went again to Hayti, and was elected presi-
dent on 23 Oct., being chosen again jn 1886 for
another term of seven years. Although he was
practically a dictator, his administration was bene-
ficial to the country. Honest management of the
finances was introduced, and the public credit was
raised in such manner that the revenue increased
and the balance due to the French government
since 1825 was paid. A national exhibition was
held in 1881, the country joined the Postal Union,
and government bonds were steadily redeemed from
the augmented revenue. Revolutionary attempts
Q^ay/L^
SCOTT
SULLIVAN
Inoreaawl after his re-election, and the harsh mens-
Uffs that hi' cinployed to crush thorn. wldiMl to the
^miithI (lisNitisfm-tion, (■uliiiitiiit(Hl in an insurriM--
tionon 4 Auff., l^iMM. Salomon was Ix'sieged in his
|«ilafo by the roK'Hious jjarrison. and on 10 Aup.
l«iok refuge t)n l)oar«l a British man-of-war. Thence
he went to Santiago de Cuba. an<l by way of New
York to Paris. He was a flne-looking man. six feet
four inches t^ill. witii jf't-black skin and white hair,
SCOTT, >Villiani Lawrpnce, congressman, b.
in Washington. I). C.. 2 July. 1828. He is the
grandson of Gustavus Scott (vol. v., p. 4%). After
receiving a common-school education he l)ecame a
|)age in the U. S. house of representatives. He
settled in F]rie, Pa., in 1848, as a clerk in the ship-
ping business, and in 1850 entered business for
nimself as a coal and shipping merchant. He sub-
sequently Ix^came largely intereste<i in iron manu-
facturing, coal-mining, and the construction an<l
o|H'ration of railroads. He was a delegate to the
I)enux>ratic national conventions in 1808 and in
1880. was elected mayor of Erie in 1866 and 1871,
and was a meml)er of the National Democratic com-
mittee in 1870-'88. By a union of E>emocrats and
iiwlependent Republicans he was chosen to con-
gress an independent Democrat in 1884, where he
was a member of the committee of ways and
means, and has since served by re-election.
SCOTTOW. Joshna, colonist, b. in England in
1015; d. in Boston, Mass., 20 .Ian., 1098. He emi-
f grated to Massachusetts with his family in KJ34,
»ecame a cautain of militia, and was the confiden-
tial agent of Ija Tour in his negotiations with the
colonial government in 1654-'7. His daughter,
Elizabeth, married Thomas Savage, the ancestor of
James Savage the antiquarian. lie piiblishiHl " Old
Men's Fears for their Own Declensions," a vigor-
ously written presentation of the supi)osed degen-
eracy of the author's times (Boston. 1091 ; reprinted
1749). and a '* Narrative of the Planting of Ma.ssa-
chus«'tts Colony " (1094).
SHEKRED, Jacob, donor, b. in German v, 28
Jan., 1750; d. in New York city. 80 March. i821.
He was a glazier and painter, and had an exten-
sive business in New York city. Sherred was a
vestryman of Trinity church, and a tablet to his
memory has been placed in its monument-room.
When it was proposed to remove the General
theological semmary of the Protestant Episcopal
church to New Jersey, he was induce<l by nis wife
to leave in it $fK),000, provided it should locate f)er-
manently in New York. Through his efforts and
those of others St. Philip's Protestant Episcopal
church was built as a pliwe of worship for colored
people, and he contributed generously towanl its
suftfKirt. He also
loft a large sum to
the orphan asylum
in New York city.
In 188;i the first of
the new buildings
erecte<l on Cheshire
8(|uare for the The-
ological seminary
wax named Sherreil
hall (see vignette).
The other build-
ings of more recent
erection are Pin-
tard hall, name<l
:ifter John Pintard.
and Deh<m hall, so
called in honor of
the bishop of South Carolina, through whose ef-
forts the seminary was established.
8TARLIN0, Lrne. philanthropist, b. in A
lenburg county, Va,. 2* I^-c., 1784; d. in Cc
Meek-
'oluin*
bus. Ohio, 21 Nov., 1848. He n-movwl t<j Ohio in
early life, was a founder of Colunjbus. and M'riuir-
ing largo wealth, dovotetl much of it to benevc»lent
objects. He left a sum to establish in Columbus
the Starling medical college and hospital.
STEARNS, JuMeuh Barker, electrical engineer,
b. in Weld, Me., 28 Feb., 18:jl. He received a com-
mon-school education, and worked on a farm, but
l>ecame a telegranh-o^rator, and in 18,W-'07 was
sup«»rintendent of the Boston flre-alarn> telegraph
company. During this time he made many inven-
tions that were of value in developing the fire-
alarm telegraph as it is now use<l in the United
States. In lml8 he invented and patented the
duplex system of telegraphy, which is now used
thrcmghout the world, and for which he obtained
royalties from the British, French, Italian, Rus-
sian, Spanish, and Indian governments, and from
the several sui)marine cable companies. In 1879-'hO
he was employed as engineer by the Mexican tele-
graph company in making, laying, and putting
mto operation the cables of that company be-
tween Galveston, Tex., and Vera Cruz, Mexico,
and in 1881 he performed a similar service for the
Central and South American telegraph conjpany.
whose cables extend from the Isthmus of Tehuan-
teftec in Mexico to Callao, Peru, in all l)etwecn
4,(X)0 and 5,000 miles. This work he completed in
1882, and he has for some years resided in Cam-
den, Me., where his residence contains a library
of 10,000 volumes, and his collection of Chiriqui
pottery, which has l)een on exhibition at the Smith-
sonian institution in Washington, D. C. ; and his
collection of carved ivories are now on exhibition
at the Metropolitan museum of art in New York
city. The latter is sjiid to be the largest collection
of the kind ever made in any country.
STEU ART, George H., soldier, b. in Baltimore.
Md., 24 Aug., 1828. He was graduate<l at the
U. S. military academy in 1848, l«came 2d lieuten-
ant in the 2d dragoons, 11 Nov., 1849, Ist lieuten-
ant in the 1st cavalry, 8 March. 1855, and captain,
20 Dec. 1855. He rt-signed in April, 1801. and on
10 June. 1801, was commissioned heutenant-colonel
of the 1st Maryland (Confeilerate) regiment. On
21 July. 1801. he was promoted its coltmel, and on
18 March, 1802, he became brigadier-general. In
Stonewall Jackson's advance on Gen. Nathaniel P.
Banks, in May, 1802, he led the cavalry, and he
afterward had charge of an infantry brigade. He
was badly wounde<l at Cross Keys, 8 June, 1802,
and his brigade sufferetl severely in the attack on
Culp's Hill, at Gettysburg. He defended the
"bloody angle" at the battle of the Wilderness
against Hanccwk's corps, and was taken prisoner,
but exchange*! in the winter of 1804-'5. Since the
war he has re>i(led in Baltimore.
STl'RGIS. Russell, merchant, b. in Boston,
Mass., 3 Aug., IKM. His father was a member of
the firm of Kuss«>ll and Co., Canton. The son waa
educated at Harvanl, engage«l in the China trade,
and was U. .S. consul at Canton, but returni'd to
lioston, and became a men-hant in that city. In
1802-'d he served as captain and major in the 45th
Massachusetts regiment. He has Inn-n actively a»-
8«K;iate<l with the Young men's Christian associa-
tion since 1858, as president of the lUtston associa-
tion, chairman of the state committee, and member
of the international committee, and he has pub-
lishwl numerous religious tracts.
Sl'LLIVAN, Alexander, lawyer, b. near Wa-
terville. Me.. 9 .\ug.. 1847. His jwrents were na-
tives of Ireland. lie acquired reputation as an
L
700
TAPPAN
nretor in Michignn Ix-fore he Iwcame of ape. He
afterwani n-iuoved to C'hiea^'o, and in Wiii shot
and killttl Francis Hanford. the author ()f an
anonymous K-ttvr caluniniatinp Mr. Sullivan's wife,
whiih ha<l Ihtu read at a nici-ting of tlie conunon
council. The shootin;; took place at an interview
that Sullivan sought for the purpose of obtaining
a retraction, at which not only he was assaulted by
Hanford and oue of the latter's friends, but his
wife was also struck by Hanford when she, by
chance seeing an altercation, sought appealingly
tt> stop it. Sullivan w»is tried and acfiuitted. He
was then admitted to the bar and took an honor-
able pliue in his profession. In lH8:i he was chosen
first president of the Irish national league of Ameri-
ca, whose object is to promote hoihe rule in Ireland.
This place he resigned in 1884, and now devotes his
entire time to his profession.— His wife. Margaret
Frances (Himhanas), has In^en a leading writer
for news|)aiH'rs, and is a contributor to magazines.
Mrs. Sullivan is literary and art editor of the
Chicago "Tribune" and' an editorial contributor
to the press of New York. She is author of •' Ire-
land of To-Day" (I'hiladelphia, 1881), and co-
author with Mary K. Blake of " Mexico— Pictur-
es«jue. Political, and Progressive" (Boston, 1888).
TAPPAN, EH Todd, educator, b. in Steul^on-
ville, t^hio. 'M Anril. 1824. He was educated by
private tutors and at St. Mary's college, Baltimore,
Sid., engaged in journalism, studied and practised
law, and afterward taught. In 1844-5 he was
mayor i>f SteuU'iiville, and he was superintendent
of the public schools there in 18o8-'9. He was
professtir of mathematics in the University of Ohio,
Athens, in 18.")!»-'G(), and again in 1865-'8, and
from 18()8 till 1875 was president of Kenyon col-
lege, Gambier, Ohio, where he was [)rofessor of
mathematics from 1875 till 1887. In that year
he was appointed state commissioner of common
schools of Ohio, which post he now holds. Mr.
Tappan has published a "Treatise on Plane and
Solid Geometry" (Cincinnati, 1867); "A Treatise
on Geometry and Trigonometry" (1868); "Notes
and Kxercises on Surveying for the Use of Stu-
dents in Kenyon College' (Mt. Vernon, 1881);
ami " Elements of Geometry" (New York, 1885).
THORNTON, Jessy Qiilnn, jurist, b. near Point
Pleasant, Mason co., W. Va., 24 Aug., 1810; d. in
Salem, Ore., 5 Feb., 1888. In his infancy his par-
ents removed to Champaign county. Ohio. The son
studied three years in London, read law in Staun-
ton, Va., ami was admitted to the bar in 1833. He
afterward attended law lectures at the University of
Virginia, in 18;i5 he opened an office in Palmyra,
Mo., in 18:{6 edited a paper in the interest of Mar-
tin Van Buren. and in 1841 removed to (^uincy. III.
In 1846 he emigrated to Oregon, and early in 1847
was appointed chief justice of the provisional gov-
ernment. In the autumn of the same year he
resigned and went to Washington, where he exerted
his influence in forwarding the organization of the
territorial government, and in incorporating the
principal of the " Wilmot proviso" in the act that
prohibited the extension of slavery into the terri-
tory. He was the author of the provision in the
statutes at large that gives to the cau.se of public
eiluuilion the 16th and 36th sections of public
lands in each township. In 1864-'5 he served in
the legislature. Atthe time of the murder of Klijah
P. Ii»ivejoy, at Alton, III., in 1837, he commented
freely on the occurrence in his pai)er, and a pro-
slavery mob surroundtHl his building, but, after
threatening death to the first man that should enter
d9f^
WILLIAMSON
the office unbidden, he made a speech announcing
his position on the slavery Question and defending
the right of free speech so clearly as to mollify his
hearers. He published "Oregon and California in
1848 " (2 vols.. New York, 1849), and " History of the
Provisional Government of Oregon " in the " Pro-
ceedings of the Oregon Pioneer Association " for
1875 and in the " History of the Willamette Valley."
TRACY, Beiijaniin Franklin, cabinet officier,
b. in Owego, N. Y.. 26 Anril. 1830. He was edu-
cated'at the Owego academy, and at the age of
twenty-one years was admitted to the bar in his
native place. In 1853 and 1856 he was elected
district attorney of Tioga
county. In 1862 he was a
memlxjr of the committee
appointed by Gov. Edwin
I). Morgan to organize re-
cruiting for the U, S. army,
and later was made colonel'
of the l()9th New York regi-
nient. He took part in the
battles of the Wilderness
and SiMittsylvania, soon
after which failing health
compelled his return home;
but he again went to the
front as colonel of the 127th
regiment of colored troops.
Later he was placed in com-
mand of the rendezvous
and prison-camp at Elmira,
N. \ . At the close of the
war he was made brevet brigadier-general of vol-
unteers, and settled in Brooklyn, N. Y. On 1 Oct.,
1866, he was a[)pointed U. S. district attorney for the
eastern district of New Y'ork, to which office he was
reappointed on 23 Jan., 1871, serving till 1873.
After returning to the practice of law. Gen. Tracy
was retained as counsel for Henry Ward Beecher in
the Tilton-Beecher case. On 8 t)eo., 1881. to fill a
vacancy, he was appointed associate judge of the
court of appeals, holding this plac*e until January,
1883. In September, 1882, he was nominated for
supreme court judge by the Republicans, but was
defeated on a party vote. On 5 March, 1889, h^Vras
appointed by President Harrison secretary of the
navy, was confirmed on the same day by the senate,
and immediately entered on the duties of the office.
WILUAMSON, Isaiah Vansant, philanthro-
pist, b. in Fallsington, Pa., 3 Feb.. 1803; d. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 7 March, 1889. He was a farm-
er's son, and entered a country store at an early
age. Before he attained his majority he went to
Philadelphia, and there engaged in various enter-
prises, snowing great business ability. He became
a partner in the firm of Williamson, Burroughs,
and Co., in the wholesale dry-goods trade, and ac-
quired a fortune. Mr. Williamson invested his
money in coal and iron lands, and became one of
the largest holders of Pennsylvania railroad stock,
and in the Cambria Iron Works. Believing that the
degeneracy of mechanical excellence among Ameri-
can artisans was due to the passing aw«y of the ap-
prentice system, he determined to found an institu-
tion where Iwys could be taught carpentry, black-
smithing, printing, and other mechanical work.
For this purpose in December, 1888, he placed
|>5,000.000 as a minimum amount in the hands of
seven trustees to establish a free school of mechani-
cal trades. Mr. Williamson's fortune was esti-
mated at f 15,000.000. He never married, and lived
obscurely and almost penuriously for many years.
SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
John Hancock, III, 71.
Vew Hampshire.
JoHiah HartU'tt, I, 1H5.
William Whipplf, VI, 402.
Matthew Thornton, VI, 104.
Massachusetts Bay.
Samuel Adams, I, 20.
John Adams, I, 15.
Robert Treat Paine, IV, 6:J0.
Elbridpe Gerry, II, 630.
Connecticut.
Rofjer Sherman, V, 501.
Samuel Huntington, III, 326.
William Williams, VI, 526.
Oliver Wolcott, VI, 587.
New York,
William Floyd, II, 4H8.
Philip Livingston, III, 742.
Franeis Lewis, III, 704.
Lewis Morris, IV, 414.
New Jersey.
Richard Stockton, V, 693.
John Witherspoon, VI, 584.
Francis Hopkinson, HI, 260.
John Hart, HI, 102.
Abraham Clark, I, 623.
Pennsylvania.
Robert Morris, IV^ 416.
• Henjamin Rush, V, 349.
Benjamin Franklin, II, 526.
John Morton, IV, 430.
(leorge C'lymer, I, 664.
Jame^ Smith, V, 568.
George Taylor, VI, 43.
James Wilson, VI, .550.
George Ross, V, 328.
Bhode Island.
Stephen Hopkins, HI, 259.
William KUery, II, 326.
Delaware.
Caesar Rodney, V, 299.
George Read, V, 197.
Thomas McKean, IV, 127.
Maryland. *
Samuel Chase, I, .588.
^yilliam Paca, IV, 618.
Thomas Stone, V, 704.
Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, I, 536.
Virginia.
(Jeorge Wythe, VI, 634.
Richard Henry Lee, HI, 664.
Thomas Jefferscm, HI, 415.
Henjamin Harrison, HI, 95.
Thomas Nelson, Jr., IV, 491.
Francis Lightfoot Lee, HI, 665.
Carter Braxton, I, 361.
North Carolina.
William Hoof.er, III, 253.
Joseph Hewes, HI, 190.
John Penn, IV, 711.
South Carolina.
Kdwanl Rut ledge, V, .358.
Thomas Ileyward, Jr., HI, 193.
Thomas Lynch, Jr., IV, 04.
Arthur Mi'ddleton, IV, 317.
Georgia.
Button Gwinnett, III, 20.
Lyman Hall, HI, 42.
George Walton, VI, 343.
PRESIDENTS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS AND OF
THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION, 1775-1788.
1775. Peyton Randolph, Va., V, 175. 1782.
1775. John Hancock, Mass., HI, 71. 1783.
1777. Henry Laurens, S. C, HI, 630. 1784.
1778. John Jav, N. Y., IH, 408. 1786.
1779. Samuel Huntington, Conn., ni, 326. 1787.
1781. Thomjis McKean, Del., IV, 127. 1788.
1781. John Hanson, Md., Ill, 75.
1*
Elias Rondinot, N. J., L 327.
Thomas Mifflin, Pa., IV, 3 IS.
Richard H. Lee, Va., HI, 664.
Nathaniel Gorham, .Mass., II, 688.
Arthur St. Clair, Pu., V, 368.
Cyrua Griffin, Va., II, 764.
PKESIDENTS, VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND CANDIDATES FOR THESE
OFFICES, AND CABINET OFFICERS, FROM THE ADOPTION
OF THE CONSTITUTION TO THE PRESENT TIME.
GEORGE WASHINGTON, VI, 373.
Thomas Jefferson, Sec. State, HI, 415.
Samuel Osgood, IV, 600 ) p^^^ ^^^
Timothy Pickering, V, 1, J
1789.
John Adams, I, 15.
Alexander Hamilton, Sec. Treas., Ill, 56,
Henry Knox, Sec. War, HI, 565.
Edmund Randolph, Att. Gen., V, 176.
1793.
GEORGE WASHINGTON, K, VI, 373. John Adams, F., I, 15.
* George Clinton, Ji., I, 659. Thomm Jefferson, R., Ill, 415. Aaron Burr, K, I, 465.
Alexander Hamilton, HI, 56, ) «, rp
Sec. State. Oliver Wolcott, VI, .588, f ^^^- ^^^''•
Henry Knox, HI, 565, )
Timothy Pickering:, V, 1, V Sec. War.
Thomas Jefferson, HI, 415,
Edmund Randolph, V^, 176,
Timothy Pickering, V, 1,
Edmund Randolph, V, 176,
William Bradford, I, 351,
Charles Lee, HI, 667,
Att. Gen.
James McHenry, IV, 121, ^
Timothy Pickering, V, 1, ' ) p^^^ ^^^
Joseph Habersham, HI, 21, f
1797.
Thomas Jefferson, R., HI, 415.
Aaron Burr, R., I, 465. Samuel Adams, R., I, 29.
JOHN ADAMS, K, I, 15.
Thomas Pinckney, F., V, 22,
Timothy Pickering, V, 1, ) ^ ^ James McHenry, IV, 121, ) g ^
John Marshall, IV, 222, \ ^^''' ^^^^^- Samuel Dexter, II, 161, \ ^^''' ^*'^-
Oliver Wolcott, VI, 588, ) <j r^ Benjamin Stoddert, Sec. Navy, V, 698.
I, f ^®^- ^^^^^- Charles Lee, Att. Gen., HI, 667.
Joseph Habersham, Post. Gen., HI, 21.
Samuel Dexter, II, 161,
THOMAS JEFFERSON, R., HI, 415.
John Adams, F., I, 15.
James Madison, Sec. State, IV, 165.
Henry Dearborn, Sec. War., II, 117.
Levi Lincoln, Att. Gen., HI, 729.
Joseph Habersham, HI, 21, ) p * p
Gideon Granger, II, 705, \
THOMAS JEFFERSON, R., HI, 415.
C. C. Pinckney, F, V, 22.
James Madison, Sec. State, TV, 165.
Albert Gallatin, Sec. Treas., II, 577.
Henry Dearborn, II, 117, ) « -nr
>yilliam Eu-stis, II, 379, \ ^^- ^^'••
Gideon Granger, Post. Gren., II, 705.
1801.
Aakon Bubk, R., I, 465.
C. C, Pinckney, F, V, 22.
Samuel Dexter, II, 161, ) o t„__
Albert Gallatin, II, 577, S^^' ^'^*®-
Benjamin Stoddert, V, 698, \ ^ ^
Robert Smith, V, 588, J ^®^- ^^^y*
180S.
Geobge Clinton, R., I, 659
Rufus King, F, HI, 542.
Robert Smith, V, 588, ) g ^
J. Crowninshield, II, 22, \ ^®^- ,^'
Levi Lincoln, III, 729,
Robert Smith, V, 588, . ^^^ ^^^^
J. Breckenridge, I, 364,
Caesar A. Rodney, V, 300,
' The nameA of unaucoessftil oandidatea for the presidency and vicc-preBidency are printed in UaUc$.
PRKSIDKNTS, VICK-PRKSI DENTS, CABINET OKFICERS. ETC.
1809.
JAMES MADISON, R., IV, 1(W.
C. C. PinrJbiet/, K, V, 22.
Robt-rt Smith, V, 688, ) g^ ^
.lainoM Monroe, IV, 358, f ^**^- '^"^•
Williajn Kustis, Sec. War, II, STft.
( 'ivstkT A. Rodney, Att. Gen., V, 300.
Gkorue Clinton, /?., I, O.'iO.
Jiu/us King, /!, Ill, 542.
Albert Gallatin, Sec. Trea^., II, 577.
Paul Hamilton, Sec. Navy, III, 64.
(iideon Granger, Post, (ien., II, 705,
1813.
JAMES MADISON, A, IV, KW.
De M^itt Clinton, K, I, 660.
James Monroe, Sec. State, IV, 358.
G. VV. Campbell. I, 512, )
A. J. Dallas, II, 58, \ Sec. Treas.
William II. Crawford, II, 6, )
W. Jones, m, 473, \^ y.
B. W. Crowninshield, II, 22, \ ^^' ^^^y-
Elbridge Gerby, />., II, 630.
Jared IngersoU, h\ III, 347.
J. Armstrong, I, 92, ) <, ^
James Monroe, IV, 358, f o«c- ^a^-
W. Pinkney, V, 26, ) . ^
Richard Rush, V, 350, \ ^"- ^^"•
Gideon Granger, II, 705, \ p ^
R. J. Meigs, IV, 288, f ^''''^' ^®"-
1817.
JAMES MONROE, Z>., IV, 358.
Rxifus King, 7^, III, 542.
John Quincv Adams, Sec. State, I, 24.
John C. Calhoun, Sec. War, I, 498.
William Wirt, Att. Gen., VI, 578.
R. J. Meigs, Post. Gen., IV, 288
JAMES MONROE, i>., FV, 358.
John Q. Adams, Sec. State, I, 24.
William II. Crawford, Sec. Treas., II, 6.
William Wirt, Att. Gen. VI, 578.
R. J.
J. Mel
Daniel D. Tompkinr, 2>., VI, 130.
J, E Howard, F., Ill, 277.
William H. Crawford, Sec. Treas., II, 6.
B. W. Crown inshielil, II, 22, ) ^ ^^
S Thompson, VI, 94, \ ^^- ^^""3'
1821,
Ulll TT 111', ir%.V\l. rJi^ll. 1 A, %t%\J.
f^'K^'^' \ Post. Gen.
;Lean, IV, 144, \
Daniei D. Tompkins, 7)., VI, 130.
John C. Calhoun, Sec. War, I, 498.
S. Thompson, VI, 04, | o^ ^
Samuel L. Southard, V, 613, f ^*'' ^*^y-
182B.
JOHN Q. ADAMS, 2>., I, 24.
Andreie Jackson, III, 373.
WilUam H. Crawford, II, 6.
Henry Clay, I, 640
Henry Clay, Sec State, I, 640.
James Barbour, I, 162, | ^, .y
P. B. Porter, V, 78, C '^*^'^- ^^ *'^-
Samuel L. Southard, Sec. Navy, V, 613.
John C. Calhoun, />., I, 498.
Nathan Sanford, V, 390.
Nathan Macon, IV, 1.56.
AndretD Jackson, III, 373.
Richard Rush, Sec. Treas., V, 350.
William Wirt, Att. Gen., VI, 57a
J. McLean, Post. Gen., IV, 144.
1820.
ANDREW JACKSON, D, III, 373.
John Q. Adams, I, 24.
Martin Van Biiren, VI, 230, | o ^ «,
?:dwar(l Livingston, III, 745, ]
John H Eaton, II, 294,) g^^^.^^
Lewis Cass, 1, ool, \
John Mcpherson Berrien, 1, 249, } *»» rj-_
Roger B. Taney, VI, 28, f ^"- ^°-
John C. Calhoun, />., I, 49a
Richard Rush, V, 350.
William Smith, V, 594.
Samuel D. Ingram, III, 3-19, ) ^^ Ti*--
Louis McLane, IV, 139, S
John Branch, I, 358, ) g^ j.
I^vi Woodbury, VI, 601, f ^^- ^"^y*
William T. Barry, Post. Gen., I, 181.
PRESIDENTS, VICE-PRESIDENTS, CABINET OFFICERS, ETC.
1833.
ANDREW JACKSON, />., Ill, 373.
Henry Clay, I, 040.
John Floyd, II, 487.
WiUiaiH Wirt, VI, 578.
Edward Livingston, III, 745, )
L<juis McLane, IV, 1-9, J- Sec. State.
John I'orsvth, II, 507, )
u'^v'iV'Tr'S'lil'^ UecWar.
B. \. liutltT, I, 47<J, J
Lovi Woodbury, VI, 601, ) ^^ ^
Mahlon Dickerson, II, 170, J ' ^*
Martin Van Burkn, 2>., VI, 280.
John Sergeant, V, 462.
Henry J^ee, III, 607.
A. lUlmaker, II, 334.
WilliaiH Wilkins, VI, 510.
Rog^r B.Taney, VI, 28, )^ ^
B. F. Butler, I, 476, f ^"- ^^"•
Louis McLane, IV, 139,
William J. Duane, II, 236,
Roger B. Taney, VI, 28,
Levi Woodbury, VI, 601,
William T. Barry, I, 181, Tp^. ri^_
Amos Kendall, 111, 513, \ ^^^^' ^°-
"■ Sec. Tre^s.
1837.
MARTIN VAN BUREN, D., VI, 230.
William H. Harrison, W., Ill, 96.
Huf/h L. White, W., VI, 471.
Daniel Wehster, W., VI, 406.
Willie P. Manyum, W., IV, 187.
John Forsvth, Sec. State, II. 507.
Joel R. Poinsett, Sec. War, V, 48.
B. F. Butler, I, 476,
Felix Grundy, III, 7, \ Att. Gen.
Henry D. Gilpin, II, 659,
RicHAKD M. Johnson, 2>., Ill, 443.
Francis Granger, W., II, 705.
John Tyler, W, VI, 193.
Levi Woodbury, Sec. Treas., VI, 601.
Mablon Dickerson, II, 170, ) o-_ >t_„„
James K. Paulding, IV, 679, f ^^^- "^^^y*
Amos Kendall, III, 513, ) p r^
John M. Niles, IV, 5:^1, f ^''^*- ^^"
WM. II. HARRISON, ir., HI, 96.
Martin Van Jiuren, I)., VI, 230.
James G. Birney, L. P., I, 267.
Daniel Webster, Sec. State, VI, 406.
Thomas Ewing, Sec. Treas., II, 393.
John Bell, Sec. War, I, 226.
1841.
John Tyler, W., VI, 193.
li. M. Johnson, D., Ill, 443.
L. W. Tazexnell, />., VI, 56.
James K. Polk, D., V, 50.
Thomas Earl, L. P., II, 288.
John J. Crittenden, Att. Gen., II, 9.
George 'E. Badger, Sec. Navy, I, 132.
Francis Granger, Post. Gen., II, 705.
1841,
JOHN TYLER, W., VI, 193.
Daniel Webster, VI, 406,
Abel P. Upshur, VI, 213, \ Sec. State.
John C. Calhoun, I, 498,
Thomas Ewing, II, 303,
Walter Forward, II, 508, J- Sec. Treas.
John C. Spencer, V, 628
John Bell, I, 226,
James M. Porter, V, 72,
John C. Spncer, V, 628, j
William Wilkins, VI, 510, J
Sec. War.
John J. Crittenden, II, 9,
Hugh S. Legare, III, 677, \ Att. Gen.
John Nelson, IV, 490,
George E. Badger, I, 132, ^
AberP. Upshur, VI, 213,
David Hensbaw, III, 177, \ Sec. Navy.
Thos. W. Gilmer, II, 657,
John Y. Mason, IV, 247, J
Francis Granger, II, 705, ) p . ^
Charles A. .WickliflFe, VI, 498, f ^°''^- ^®"-
PBffilDENTS. VICK-PRRSIDEXTS, CABIN KT OFPICBB8. BTa
JAMES K. POLK, /)., V, 50.
Henry Clay, 11'., I, G40.
Jumes G. Jiintei/, L. P., I, 267.
James Buchanan, Sec. State, I, 428.
John Y. M.ison, IV, 247, i
Nathan Cliffonl, I, 657, [• Alt. Gen.
Isaac Toucey, VI, 142, )
Cave Johnson, Post. Gen., Ill, 441.
1 846.
Gkobge M. Dallab, />., II, 50.
Theodore J'lreUngfuiyaeny If'., II, 543.
Thomas Morrit, L. P., IV, 41«.
Robert J. Walker, Sec. Treai?., W, 829.
Georee IJancroft, I, 154, ) o vr
John Y. Mason, IV, 247, } ^^^- ^^^J'
William L. Marcy, See. War, IV, 203.
1849.
ZACHARY TAYLOR, W., VI, 51.
I.^eis Cass, />., I, 551.
John P. Hale, (— ), III, 33.
Martin Van Buren, F. S., VI, 230.
John M. Clayton, Sec. State, I, 640.
George W. C'rawford, Sec. War, II, 4.
Thomas Ewing, Sec. Interior, II, 393.
Jacob Collanier, Post. Gen., I, 689.
Millard Fillmore, W., II, 452.
William O. Butler, 1)., I, 481.
Leicester King, ( — ), III, 33.
Charles Fruncis Adams, F. S., I, 12.
William M. Meredith, Sec. Treas., IV, 803.
William B. Preston, Sec. Navy, V, 115.
Reverdy Johnson, Att. Gen., Ill, 446.
t850.
MILLARD FILLMORE, W., IT, 452.
Daniel Webster, Sec. State, VI, 400. Thomas Corwin, Sec. Treas., I, 751.
Charles M. Conrad, Sec. War, I, 709. Alex. 11. II. Stuart, Sec. Interior, V, 726.
William A. Graham, Sec. Naw, II. 701, John J. Crittenden, Att. Gen., II, 9.
Nathan K. Hall, Post. Gen., ill, 43.
1883.
FRANKLIN PIERCE, />., V, 7.
Winfield Scott, W., V, 440.
John P. Hale, Z. P., Ill, 33.
William L. Marcy, Sec. State, IV, 203.
Jefferson Davis, Sec. W^ar, II, 98.
Rolx'rt McClelland, Sec. Interior, IV, 86.
James Campbell, Post. Gen., I, 513.
William R. Kixh, />., Ill, 548.
William A. Graham, W, II, 701.
George W. Julian, L. P., Ill, 486.
James Guthrie, Sec. Treas., Ill, 15.
James C. Dobbin, Sec. Navy, II, 189.
Caleb Cashing, Att. Gen., II, 38.
1887.
JAMES BUCHANAN, />., I, 428.
John C. Fremont, R., II, 545.
Millard Fillmore, A., II, 452.
Lewis Cass, I, 551, ) „ o* *
Jeremiah S. Black, I, 272, f ^^^- S*«^^-
Howell Cobb, I, 666, ) « ,p_
JohnA. Dix,II, 183, l^-^*'*'*-
John B. Floyd, II, 487, ) ^^ ^
Joseph Holt, HI, 244, \ ^^' ^^**^-
Isaac Toucey, Sec. Navy, VI, 142.
John C. Breckknkidge, />., I, 366.
WiUiam L. Dayton, R., II, Ua
Andrew J. Uonelson, A., II, 199.
.lacob Thompson, Sec. Interior, VI, 91.
Jeremi.ih S. Black, 1,272, ) ... .,
P^lwin M. Stanton, \ , 64H, \
Aaron V. Brown, I, 39:J. )
Joseph Holt, HI, 244, ^ Post. Gen.
Horatio King, III, 539, )
PRESIDENTS, VICE-PRESIDENTS, CABINET OFFICERS, ETC.
1861
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, i?., Ill, 715.
Stephen A. Ihtuylas, D., II, 2Ki.
John C. Breckenridye, JJ., 1, 'M\(\.
John Bell, C. U., I, 226.
William II. Sewartl, See. State, V, 470.
Simon Cameron, I, 509, | ^^ \\^y.
Edwin M. Stanton, V, 648, \
Caleb B. Smith, V, :m, \ ^ i,,terior.
John P. Usher, VI, 219, T^^'^-
Gideon Welles, See. Navy, VI, 427.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, /?., Ill, 715.
George B. McCleUan, D., IV, 79.
William II. Seward, See. State, V, 470
Edwin M. Stanton, Sec. War, V, 648,
JohnP. Usher, VI, 219, ^g^^ j^^^,
James Harlan, HI, 83, \
nor.
Hannibal Hamlin, i?.. Ill, 6.1.
Herachel V. Johnson, />., HI, 443.
Joseph Lane, I>., HI, 606.
Edward Everett, C. U., II, 387.
Salmon P. Chase, I, 585, ) ^^ Tkhul
Wm. P. Fessenden, II, 443, f "^^ ^'^'^
Edward Bates, I, 193, ) ^^^ q^^
James Speed, V, 625, j
Montgomery Blair, I 282 ) p^^^ ^^^
\\ illiam Dennison, 11, 142, \
1868.
Andrew Johnson, R., Ill, 436.
George IT. Pendleton, D., IV, 709.
Hugh McCuUoch, Sec. Treas., IV, 98.
Gideon Welles, Sec. Navy, VI, 427.
James Speed, Att. Gen., V, 625,
William Dennison, Post. Gen., II, 142.
1863.
> Sec, War,
William H. Seward, Sec. State, V, 470
Edwin M. Stanton, V, 048, ^
Ulysses S. Grant, II, 709,
Lorenzo Thomas, VI, 85,
John M. Schofield, V, 424,
Hugh McCulloeh, Sec. Treas., IV, 98
Gideon Welles, Sec. Navy, VI, 427.
ANDREW JOHNSON, III, 436.
James Harlan, III, 83, ) g^^ Inter'r.
Orville H. Browning, I, 415, )
James Speed, V, 625, )
Henry Stanberv, V, 643, \ Att. Gen.
William M. Evarts, II, 385, )
William Dennison, II, 142, \ p . a,
Alex. W. Randall, V, 170, J ^''^^' ^^°-
ULYSSES S. GRANT, 7?., II, 709.
Horatio Seymour, I)., V, 475.
E. B. Washburne, VI, 370, )
Hamilton P^ish, II, 463. \ ^^^- ^^^^^'
G. S. Boutwell, Sec. Treas., I, 331.
J. A. Rawlins, V, 1.90, ) g ,^
Wm. W. Belknap, I, 224, f ^^''' ^^^'^•
ULYSSES S. GRANT, B., II, 709.
Horace Greeley, D., II, 734.
Charles O' Conor, 8. O. D., IV, 554.
James Black, P., I, 271.
1869.
Schuyler Colfax, R., I, 687,
Francis P. Blair, Jr., D., I, 280.
J, D. Cox, I, 758, ) g Interior
Columbus Delano, II, 133, f ^^''' A"^«"«'-
Adolph E. Borie, I, 322, ) g ^
George M. Robeson, V, 281, f ^^''' '^''^^•
George H, Williams, Att. Gen., VI, 522.
John A. J. Creswell, Post. Gen., II, 8.
1873.
Hamilton Fish, Sec. State, II, 463,
William W. Belknap, I, 224,
Sec. War.
Alphonso Taft, VI. 19,
J. I). Cameron, I, 510,
John A. J, Creswell, II, 8,
Marshall Jewell, HI, 431,
James N. Tyner, VI, 202, ,
George M. Robeson, Sec. Navy, V, 281.
Henry Wilson, R., VI, 548,
Benjamin Gratz Brown, D., I, 403.
John Q. Adams, S. 0. D., I, 13.
Columbus Delano, II,_133, ) g^^ Interior.
Sec. Treas.
Post, Gen,
Zachariah Chandler, I, 574
Wm. A, Richardson, V, 243,
Benj. H. Bristow, I, 380,
Lot M. Morrill, IV, 408,
George H, Williams, VI, 522,
Edwards Pierrepont, V, 16, ^ Att. Gen
Alphonso Taft, VI, 19,
PRKSIDBNTS, VICI-^PRKSI DENTS. CABINET OFFICERS, ETC.
1877.
RITTHERFORO B. HAYES, 7^., Ill, ia4.
SamuelJ. TiUlen, />., VI, 114.
Peter Cooper, I. N. /*., I, 730.
G. C. Smith, P., V, 574.
William M. Kvarts, Sec. State, II, 385.
R. VV. Thompson, VI, 94, | ^ \^
Nathan Gotf, Jr., II, 672, ) ^'^' ^*^y-
D. M. Key, 111,529, I t> » /t
Horace Maynard, IV, 276, f ^^^' ^'*"'-
William A. Whkklkr, fi., VI, 455.
ITiOtnas A. IlenJrick*, />., HI, 166.
G. T. Stetcart, P., V, 686.
John Sherman, Sec. Trea»., V, .506.
G. W. McCrary, IV, 96, | ^
Alexander Ramsey, V, 168, f '^^' ^*'-
Carl Schurz, Sec. Interior, V, 428.
Charles Devens, Att. Gen., II, 155.
.TAMES A. GARFIELD, /?., II, 599.
Winfield S. Hancock, /)., HI, 72.
Janie^ B. Weaver, G. B., VI, 401.
Xeal Dote, P, II, 219.
James G. Blaine, Sec. State, I, 275.
R. T. Lincoln, Sec. War, III, 727.
W. H. Hunt, Sec. Navy, III, 320.
Wayne MacVeagh, Att. Gen., IV, 162.
1881.
Chester A, Arthir, /?., I, 99.
WiUiam //. Kmjlish, I)., II, .^59.
William Windom, Sec. Treas., VI, 562.
S. J. Kirkwood, Sec. Interior, HI, 557.
T. L. James, Post. Gen., Ill, 399.
•Tames G. Blaine, I, 275, ) ^ ^j
F. T. Frelinghuysen, II, 544, \ ^^- ^^*^^'-
R. T. Lincoln, Sec. War, HI, 727.
W. H. Hunt, HI, 320, ) ^ vr
W. E. Chandler, I, 574, [ ^^«- ^a^y.
1881.
CHESTER A. ARTHUR, P., I, 99.
William Windom, VI, .562,
Sec. Treas.
C. J. Folger, II, 490, [^
S. J. Kirkwood, HI, .5.57, ) « , . •
H. M. Teller, VI, GO, '[ Sec. Interior.
T. L. James, HI, 399, ) r» . r^
T. O. Howe, HI, 284, \ ^^^^ ^«°-
1888.
GROVER CLEVELAND, />., I, 651.
James G. Blaine, P., I, 275.
Benjamin F. Butler, L., I, 477.
John P. St. John, P., V, 371.
Thomas F. Bayard, Sec. State, I, 199.
William C. Endicott, Sec. War, II, 3.55.
William C. Whitney, Sec. Navy, VI, 491.
William F. Vilas, VI, 293, | r» . f .
Don M. Dickinson, VI, 678, ]
Thomas A. Hendricks, /)., Ill, 166.
John A. Logan J P., IV, 5.
WiUiam JJanielSy P., II, 76.
Daniel Manning, IV, 191, )^. ^
Charles S. Fairchild, II, 401, \^^^' ^^'^^
Augustus H. Garland, Att. Gen., II, 60.5.
Lucius Q. C. Lamar, HI, 598, ) ^^^ ■. ,
William F. Vilas, VI, 293, f ^^- *"'^'" •"
1889.
BENJ. HARRISON, P., Ill, 98 ; VI, 68.5.
Grover Cleveland, />., I, 651.
Clinton B. J'lsk, P., II, 467.
Belva A. B. Lockwood, X. R R.,\\\, 751.
James G. Blaine, Sec. State, I, 275.
Redfield Proctor, V, 127, \ ^ ,y^^
Stephen B. Elkins, II, 325, f ^^' ^^ "'^•
Benjamin F. Tracy, Sec. Navy, VI, 700.
John Wanamaker", Post. Gen., VI, 346.
Levi Parsons Morton, /?., IV, 431.
AUm Granbery Thurman, />., VI, 108.
William Windom, VI, 562, ) o^ rp^
Charles Foster, II, 510, f ^*^- '^***
William H. II. Miller, Att. (ien., IV, .330.
Jf>lm W. Noble, Sec. Interior, IV, 528.
Jeremiah M. Rusk, Sec. Agric, V, 351.
PEN-NAMES, NICKNAMES, AND SOBRIQUETS.
AfricaH Rotc'nu. Ira Aldridge, I, 44.
AgaU. WhiU'law Keid, V, 217.
Amrritan Sappho. Sarah W. A. Morton, IV, 480.
Ann the Word. Anu Loe, ill, (560,
Arttmug Ward. Charles F. Hrowne, I, 412.
BiiUi Etujle of Wentchetter, The. James W.
Ilustod, lil. 830.
Baldy .■<mith. Gen. William F. Smith, V, 595.
Beau Hickman. Robert S. Hickman, III, llio.
Beau yeill. Thomas II. Neil!, IV, 488.
BelU Brittan. Hiram Fuller, II, 660.
Bill Arp. Cliarles II. Smith, \ , 558.
Bill Sye. Edgar W. Nye, IV, 647.
Black Snake. Gen. Anthony Wayne, VI, 899,
Black Sican. Klizabeth T. Greenfield, II, 755.
Blue Jacket. Admiral John A. Dahlgren, II, 53.
Blue Jean« Williams. J. I), Williams, VI, 523.
Boncairtn. Nathaniel Greene, II, 754.
Brother Jonathan. Jonathan Truml)ull, VI, 168.
Buffalo Bill. William F. Cody, I, 674.
BurUigh. Matthew II. Smith, V, 562.
Cerberug of the Treasury, The. Oliver Ells-
worth', II, 335.
Christian Reid. Frances C, Fisher, II, 465.
Christian Statesman, The. Theodore Freling-
huyseu, II, 543.
Chrononhotonthologos. Gen, John Burgoyne, I,
452.
College Puritan. Juhn Sherman, V, 501.
Cousin Alice. Alice B. Haven, III, 117.
Cow- Killer. Red Jacket, V, 205.
Drop Shot. George W. Cable, I, 490.
Duke, The. Richard Stockton, V, 694.
Dunn Broirne. Samuel Fisk, II, 408,
Eagle, The. Pnslimataliaw, V. 138.
Edmund Kirke. James R. Gilmore, II, 657,
Eusehiua. Edward D. G. Prime, V, 123,
Extra Billy. William Smith, V, 594,
Fanny Fern. Sara P, W, Parton, IV. 666.
Funny Forrester. Emily C. Jndson. Ill, 485.
Fighting Dick. Israel H. Richardson. V. 242.
Fighting Joe. Gen. Joseph Hooker, III, 249.
Frank Forester. Henry W. Herbert, III, 179.
J-kiss and Feathers. Gen. Winfield Scott, V, 440.
Oail Hamilton. Mary Abigail Dodge, II, 193.
Gath. (Jeorge A. Townsend, VI, 148.
Gentleman George. George II. Barrett, I, 176.
Greut Objector. William S, Holman, III, 239.
Grace Greenvood. Sara J. Lippincott, III, 735,
n. //. Helen Hunt Jackson, III, 386,
Harry Bluff. Matthew F. Manry, IV, 264.
Hero of the Crater. Gen. William Mahone, IV,
177.
Honorius. Noah Webster, VI, 417.
Ik Martel. Donald G. Mitchell, IV, 346.
Irenmts. Samuel Irenaeus Prime, V, 122.
Jenny June. Jane C. Croly, II, 14,
John Phcenie. George II. Derbv, IF, 148.
Jonathan Oldbuek. Silas M. Stihvell, V, 690.
Josh Billings. Henry W. Shaw, V, 485.
Kin{/ Caucus. Silas M. StUwell, V. 690.
King of the Lobby. Samuel Ward, VI, 354.
Little Ben. Benjamin Harrison, VI, 685.
Little Giant, The. Stephen A. Doaglas, II,
213.
Litlle Magician, The. Martin Van Buren, VI,
230.
Little Phil. Gen. Philip H, Sheridan, V, 497,
Long John. John Wentworth, VI, 436,
Maccabaus of Montreal. Charles Le Moyne, III,
686,
Major Jack Downing. Seba Smith, V, 689,
Marian Harland. Mary V. Terhune, VI, 64,
Mark 'J train. Samuel L, Clemens, I, 648,
Miles O'Reilly. Charles G, Ilalpine, III, 58.
Mrs. Partington. Benjamin P. Shillaber, V,
610.
Napoleon of the Stump. James K. Polk, ^^ 50.
Ntd Buntline. Edward Z, 0. Judson, HI, 485,
Nemesis. Thomas M. Norwood, IV, 639.
Nun of Ketimare. Mary F, Cusack, II, 88.
Old Blizzard. Gen. William W. Loring, IV, 28.
Old Bullion. Thomas H, Benton, I, 241.
Old Hickory. Andrew Jackson, III, 373.
Old Man of the Mountain. Nathaniel P. Rogers,
V, 309,
Old Stars. Gen, Ormsby M, Mitchel, IV, 341,
Oliver Optic. William T. Adams, I, 33,
Orpheus C. Kerr. Robert H, Newell, IV, 504.
Pathfinder, The. Gen, John C, Fremont, II,
545.
Perley. Ben : Perley Poore, V, 66.
Peter Parley. Samuel G, Goodrich, II, 680.
Peter Pepperbox. Thomas G. Fessenden, II, 446.
Petroleum V. Nasby. David R. Locke, III, 750.
Pie-Crust Palmer. James S. Palmer, IV, 639.
Pig-iron Keiley. William I), Kelley, III, 505.
Q. K. Philander Doesticks, P. B. Mortimer
Thomson, VI, 99.
Richelieu. William E. Robinson, V, 289.
Siamese Twins. Chang and Eng, I, 575.
Sir Jaclc Bragg. Gen. John Burgoyne, I, 452,
Stonetcall Jackson. Gen, Thomas J, Jackson,
III, 391.
Sunset Cox. Samuel 8, Cox. I, 769.
Swamp Fox. Gen. Francis Marion, IV, 207,
Tall Sycamore of the Wabash, The. Daniel W.
Voorhees, VI, 307.
Timothy Titcomb. Josiah G. Holland, III, 234,
Vandike Brown. Marc Cook, I, 717.
Vandyke Brown. William P, Brannan, I, 359.
Veto Governor, The. John A. Winston, VI,
571.
Watch-Dog of the Treasury. Elihu B. Wash-
burne, VI. 370.
Weeping Prophet, The. Joseph Sewall, V, 468.
Wheel- Horse of the Senate, The. Benjamin
Ruggles, V, 343.
Yankee Farmer. John Lowell, IV, 42.
INDEX.
The Roman numerals indicate the volume: the Arahic, the [mge: the words in Italic, the artideu
In ca.<^ the entire pa|^ is occupied by one article, the volume and pugf? alone are indicjited. Names
that form titles or sub-titles of articles are not indexed here, except as they occur in other articles.
ABANCEV
Abmnwy. haltU- of, II. 1«W. Pim, R.
AImuv bf-bi-, the. Ill, 183, Hrriivftedt.
Abbatlie. Aniiantl M . I. 2, Abbndit, A. T.
AblK>f, Mis.s A. W. II, 4i«, I-ytUom, S. S.
A»>»»ot. Kiiiiicl. II. .^19. Fox, C. J.
AblxXt. ?:ii/.al)eth, I, 6T». Cogswell. J.
Abbijtt, (l«"org« J., II. 4r8, Flanilrau.
Abljott. Rev. Jacob, I. 6. Abbott, U. D.
AblM)tt. Rev. J(Meph, I. 6. Abbott, J. J. C.
Ablwtt. J. «.. II, .Vi5. fVo»/, R. S.
Abbott iiwtitute. the. I, «, Abbott, O. D.
Ab<ly. E<lwar<l 8.. I, BUS, Child, D. L
Alxly, Matthew, V, 449. Secconib, John.
Abenaki In>liaii8, enmity of to the English, V, 184, Ra^e ;
missions to. 184 ; VI, a85, Vetromile.
Aberoorn, Dulce of. Ill, (J1.5. Lnnsdowne.
Al>ercn>iiibv, den. Sir Ralph. UI, 90tt, llugveM ; 512, Kempt.
Aberleen. Lord, VI. 413, 414.
Abernethy. Dr. John, pupils of. I, 582. Chapman, If. ; II,
128. Ma field, E. : 842, Lhidley, B. W. ; 407, Fargues ;
521, FrancU, J. W. ; V. «71. Stevetu, A. H.; VI, 830.
YateB, W.
Abert, John, I, 8, Abert, J. J.
Ablngtlon. Md.. college at. I, 109. .4«bury.
Ab Ku Kil Chel. I. .'i07, Uhel Ab Ku Kil
Abolition, movement for, in the S|>anish colonies, first 80-
cifty in Spain, III. 5t«J. />ifcra ; gradiialLsm, II. GIO, (Jar-
riaon, W. L. ; early aidvocaoy of. III. tW*. Lee, R. H. ;
V, 387, Sandi/ord, R. ; the BIkIow papers, IV, 40, 41.
8«e Abolitionists.
AbolitionL><ts. WK'ieties of. violence towartl. I. 27 ; 99, y4r-
thur : ia«5. Bailei/. 0.\ 217 ; 284, Benezet ; 287:388. Biriteu ;
80A. Broion ; 404 ; 480, Burns, Anthony ; 455, Burleigh ;
603 ; 677 ; 839. Clny, C. M. ; 675. Coffln. L.\ 711, Conway ;
758. Cox, H. ; II, 508. Gage, F. D. ; 606, Gamer, P. ii. ;
809. Garrett, T. : 811, Oarriaon ; 613 «14. Gaxtine ; 016.
Gates, S. A/.: 8H. Ga», S. II. ; W2. Giddingx, J. R. : 788.
Orinike, 8. A/.; Ill, 261. Hopper ; SU, Hutchinson, Jesae ;
410: 412 : 518, Kendall. A. ; 813, Lay ; 650, Leavitt ; 687,
Le Moijne, F. J. : IV. 27. Ijnring. E. G. ; 34. 35. Lovejoy ;
64. Lundy, B. ; 136, McKim, J. M. ; 278. May, S. J. ; 441,
Hott, J. and /.. : 634, Palfrey, J. G.;KA; 700. 761 : V,
137. PurviJt, R. ; 180. Rankin, J. ; 206, Redpath ; 829,
Rosa, James ; 423. Schoelcher ; 632, Simmons, O. F. ; 883-
584, Smith, G. ; 008, Sttjoumer ; 607. Sonfhonar ; 635.
Spooner, L.; 619, Stanton, //. B. : 659. Steel : 083. .Stetrart,
Alvan ; 714 ; 733, Slurge ; 745 748 ; VI, 1.3. .Siriaahelm , 32.
Tnppan, ^. ; 88, Tliompatyn, E<iwin : 90, Thomtuum. G. ;
\'»,Torrey, C. T.\ 1.^5 l.Vi, Treadirrll, S. H.; 425. Weld;
4')\, Whittier; 518, n'illey. A.; 548. Wilson. //.; 021,
Wright, E.; 700. Thornton; Fanny Wright societies.
622, Wright. F. See Abolitiuk, Anti-Slavcky. Sljivery,
UNDKBORorND RAILROAD.
Aboriginal literature. I, 378, Brinton.
Abravenel. I>*<in, II, .591, Garcilaao.
Abreii, liiego de, II, 165, Diaz iielgarejo ; 208, Dorantet ;
III. 354. Irala.
Abreii, ('apt. Manuel, V. 483. .Sernn.
Aca<ieiny, the first, in New Kngland, II, 2M, Pummer.
Academy of arts and soiencen, American, IV, 630, I'aine,
R. T. ; gift to, V. 846.
Academy of deal^, founder of the, II, VO, Dunlap, W.
Academy of fine arts, the national. VI. 100. Trumbull, John.
Academy of fine arts, New York. Ill, 745, Livint/stmi, R. R.
Acadia, I, .VW, Charnia^ ; II. 177. lUereville ; III, .V<3, Im
Corne ; grants of. IV, 374. Mont* ; 732, Perrin. E. P. ;
miasionii in, IV, 294. Mrmberton ; claims to. 171. Ma-
dockawando ; VI, 142. Tour ; struggles for. III. .5i>7, Ijit
Loutre ; V. 368. .s7. Caatin ; capture, bv the British. 738.
Subercaae : VI, 284. I'etch ; responsibUity for removal
of the people of. .^08. Winalow. John.
AcapnlOD, hurricane at. I, 124. Aganta : buming, 600, Oat>-
endisk : siege. IV, 3!>2, Morelos.
Aooordeon, improveinents in. I. 686, Coleman, O. M.
Accum, F. (;.. 11. «7. Ikma. J. F.
Acha, Oen.. IV. 291. MrUjarejo.
Achaan, Oen.. II, 622. Geffrard,
Achaguaa, batUe at, I, 300.
AGAWAM
Achenbach. .Xndreas, pupils of, VI, 90, Tait, J. R.; 196,
Whittredgv.
Acid, formed by electric sparks. V. 120. Priestley.
Acia, town of. rounded. IV. 697, Pedrariaa.
Acland, John Dvke. I. 9. Acland, C. H. C. F.
Aculhuas. the, ^'I, 035, Xolotl. See Tcxooco.
Aooma.H. tribe of the, II. 373, Eanejo. A.
Aoonias. city of the, II. 308, Fubert.
AoomeuticuM river, settlements on, II, 688, Gorges, R.
Aconcagua valley, battle in, I, 784, Copahue.
Acoustics, researches in. IV, iTi.liayer, A. it.
A. C. y. W.. |)en name, VI. 888, Wateraton.
Across the Chasm, anonymous novel. IV, 175. Magruder.J.
Actors. I. 473. Burton ; jieculiaritv common in. 472. Burton^
W. E.; first ap|>earfiiR>* of. in fe>ston. IV, 6:J0. Piiine, R.
T.; home for age<l. II. .Vfi. Forrmt. K.
Acts of Pilate, the. III. 3»i»l, HuidekojH-r, F.
Acultzingo. battle at. IV, 20, Ijurencet.
Adair. James. IV. 275. Mayes.
Adams, destruction of the corvette, VI. 814, WadswortK
Adams family, homes of. illuiitrations. I, 15, 20.
Adams anil LilM-rty, song. III, 225. Hodgkinton, J.; IV,
63()-«31. Prtni*-. R. T.
Adams. .Miss. I. IfC. Barrymore.
Adams, (ten. Daniel, trial of. VI, 642, Yerger.
Adams, Henry. I. 15, Adams, Jolin.
Adams. John. I. 20.
Adams, J. v.. UI. «. Grow.
Adams. Joiieph, I, 20.
Adams, J. Q.. quoted. II, 341 : V, 340, RoyaU, A.
Adams. I<ouisa C. I. 27.
Adams. Phineas, II, 886. Everett.
Adams. Surah Abif^l. V. 210, Richmond, S. A. A.
Adams, R.'V. S. W., Ill 515, Keudrick. .V.
Adams. Ri-v. William, I, 14, Adams. Kliphalet.
Adams nervine asylum, the. I, 32. Adamn. ,S.
Adding-niachine. inventor of a. VI. 402, HVW». C. H.
Address to the people of (}n>at Rritaiu, III, 408, Jaya,
Adduins, Mozis, pseudonym. I. 1.35, Baijby.
AdellH-n college, gift to. V. 699. Stone. A
Adelina. empress of Ilayti. V, 612. Soulouque.
Adirondack region, the. III. 152. Headley. J. T.
Adiroiidacks. explorations in the. I, 600, Colvin.
Admiral, first, in l' .S. navv, II. 419, Farragut.
Admiral of New Kngland. V'. 671.
Admiral DufT, i>rivateer. destroyed, V, 104. PreUe, E.; Vt,
627. Wdliama. J. F.
Advance, voyage of. Ill, 493, Kane. E. K. \ m, 182, 18S,
Hayea, I. I.
AdventisU, IV, 880. Miller, W.
Adventure, voyage of the, I. 71.V
Adventure, the gilley. Ill, 531. Kidd.
Adzar. Bishop, n, 863. Kric.
Aeronauts. II. 198. lionaldaon, W. II.; 200. Durant, C. S.;
UI, 28, Haddock, J. ; 424. Jeffriea, Jtthn ; .N45. King, S.
A.; (KM, Im Mountain ; IV, 80, Loiee, T. S. C: 082, Ami-
lin ; ^^, 581, Wise. J.
Aen)hone, the, II. 304. Ediaon.
Afghans, mission to. IV. 2. L4>ewenthal.
Airica. exploration of, I, 221. Beeckry ; I. 222, Brhnim : II,
241, Du C'haillu : II. 610, FouvilU ; IV. K, 0. lAmq. C. ('.;
V. 045-646. .s-taulry ; VI, 222, Vaillant ; .<U0. W'aldrck ;
capture of Englisli settlements in. III. 6.^3, Lnuzun ; For-
tugueae poaaeasions In. V, 802, Sa, S. c. de ; mtwtoas to,
III. 047, Leaeoek ; VI, 366, Wilaon, J. Uinhton.
African colonisation, I, 207-208, 548. Cary. L : II. 400, Fin-
ley, R. ; IV. 100, UcPonouah ; pUn for. II. 4:>5 : Garri-
son's opposition to. 611 ; colony on the island of Bubuna,
IV, 866. V ' •=
African M the. founded, M. 201, Varriek ; so-
cieties-': /. T.
African <>> .^.^asine. Ill, TOO. i>iv/«, AiOcA.
African K H|ue(, I, 44, Aldridgu.
A|{aoea,tii '.Cnbeza.
AgMBis, U.^«. i., i . 1.34.
AcHriiapnolaUon, the. I. 151. BnUnrd. II. H.
A«ata. peb-aame. V. «17. Av>.y. Wh.teinv.
AgKiruai, Itam, founded, V, 144, Pynchun.
702
AGNEW
ALLEN
Ajn**"*'. Adeline, I, 293, HlennerhoJiaett.
AK«ew. John H., V, 401, .vjrfain, J.
A^new, Mary, VI, 40, liiylur, B.
Akiujw, Mary Nawh. II, linj. Dodge, G. H.
Ako. Kelix, |)eti-uuine. Ill, 'M. tialdemun.
Atcricula, pHeuilonym. II, >«i, Ktliutt, W. : IV, 618, Nicko-
Uu, I'. A.; VI, W7. Yuuny, Jolin.
Agricultor, the. Journal, II. 598, (iarcia-Reyen.
Agricultural bureau, establish inent of a, IV. 808. Newton. I.
AKricuttural journals, flnst. in America, V, 5*5, Hkinner,
J. S. ; in New York, tiH, Soutliwick.
Airricultural niai^'liines, inventors of, I, 450, Burden ; II,
877, Esterly. See IIarvemters, Puji'OHS. etc.
Ajrricultural schools, pnjject for. IV. 147. Maclure.
A»jr'cultural soc-ieties founded, VI, 391, Watson, E.
AKriciilture, exjHTiinents in, V, (llli, Stockbridge.
Agriculturist and Industrial Matrazine, the, II, 384, £t<aiM,
AKua de Veminu bridj^e, the, m, QS8, Latrobe, C. H,
Aguado, IV, IHv, Manicat>tex.
A>fi>»'y'>«'>*> cacique, V, 370, Salazar, D. de.
Atfuiel, Mrs., II, 4K7, Flower. U.
Aguila. Count del, VI, 00, Tello.
AKuilera, In^^'s de, I, 003, Chiiruaihue ; III, 199, Higuaihxii.
Afoistin I., of Mexico. UI, 368.
Ah Kin Chi. I. 602, Cki-Ah-Kin.
Ahualulco. battle of. iv, 339, A/i'ramoii.
Aiken. Mary E., I, 380. Brooks. J. O.
Aimwell. NValter, pen-name. V, 585, Sinwnds.
AinmUller, Chevalier. IV, 483. Neat, D. D.
Air-compreHa<ir. inventor of an. VI. 591. Wood, D. V.
Alr-curreiits, theories of, VI, 581, Wise, J.
Air-enKines. experiment with. III, 559. Kitching, J. B.
Aireskoi. god of the Mohawks. V, 16, Pierron.
Air-pumps, inventors of, V, 124, Prince, J. ; V, 817, Rood,
Oyden S.
Air-ship, plan for an. VI. .581. Wise, J.
Airy. Sir O. B.. IV, 430, Morton. H.
Aix rfuwls, entfajfement in. II. .'>87. Gamhier.
Akenside. Mark, IV, !M9, Mit chill.
Akers, Paul, quoted. I, 4a», Brown, H. B.
Ako, Michael, II, 619, Gay, P. du.
Alaliama, colonized, III, SJ9, Iberville ; a^lum for political
exiles in. III. 597. Ixillemnnd ; 670, Lefibwe : Indian
warfare in, 376 ; R. C. institutions in. V. 82. Purtier ;
1.52. Quintan, J.; iron-factories in. VI, 193, Tyler. D.;
suspension of clergy in. 543. Wilmer, R. H.
Alabama, the, captures by— loss of — claims on account of,
V. 460, Semmes. R. ; I, 418, Bruce. F. W. A. ; II. 385.
Evarts, W. M.; 464. Fish. H.; VI, 569, Winstow, J. A.;
n-iected treaty. III. 447, Johnson. Reverdy ; British com-
missioners on. IV, U« : settlement. II, 720.
Alabaster. Dr. W.. VI. .572, Winttirop.
Alacci, II. 628, Geraldini.
Alamance creek, defeat of the Regulators on, III, 829,
Husbands.
Alamo. baUle of the, II, 13, Crockett : III, 274. Houston,
S. ; V. 303. Santa-Anna ; VI, 155, Travis. W. B. ; illus-
tration. 1,55.
Alan-onolllo, Judge, II, 374, Ettpinosa, G.
Alaska. iilace<l on the map before its discovery, IV, 498,
AVuiiV/e. P. B. ; Russian colony in, I, 161, Baranoff ;
VI. 618. Wranpell; exploration of. 145. Baker, M.; IV,
aw, Meares : V . 433. .Schttotka : purchase of. II, 620, Fox,
a. v.; V. 336, 472, 478. Ronssenu ; education in. III. 891,
Jackson, S.; missions in, IV, 114, McFarland, A. R.: V
4.53. Seyhers.
Alatorre. Oen., II, 370. Escohedo, M.
Albania, name given to northern New York, IV, 518, Nicoll,
Sir R.
Albany, VI. 250. Van Rensselaer : controversy. 2M, Van
Refuaelaer. H. ; land near, obtained from the Indians,
II. 136. Dellius : Indian invasion of. III. 681. Leisler ;
first mayor of, V. 4.30. Schuyler. P. : Schuyler house at,
illustration, 433 : medical college at. IV. 200, March, A ;
normal school. 623, Patje, O. P. ; capitol at, II, 316. Eid-
litz, L. ; V, iMl, Richardson. H. //.; VI, 681, Fuller, T.;
view of the capitol, 115 ; gift to state library at, V. 038,
Sprague. W. B.: proposed university at, I, 91, Amisby ;
All-SainU' church in, illustration. VI. 082.
AJlMuiy congress, the. III, 832.
Albanyjplan for Federal union, the, I, 762, Coxe, T. ; II,
Albany regency, the. I, 494. Caqqer : .553. Catsidti : TL 81
Oroswell, E : 184 ; IV. 203. Marcy, W. L. ; VI, 833
Albemarle. Duke of. IV, 761. Phips.
Albemarle. Earl of. Ill, 523, Keppel.
Albemarle colony, irjsurrection In, II. 88, Culpeper. J
AI»M«marle, the ram. II. 425. Febiger, J. C. ; defeat of V
*)2. R<,e. F. A. : destniction of. II. 40. Cushing, W. B. '
A Ix-niarle wnmd, explon'd. I, 166. Barlow. A.
AllM-rdi. .luan B.. VI, 1.57, Wheehrright, W.
AIN-rf, Charles d", V, 282. Rihaut.
Alb»Tt Nyania, the, V, 646. .Stanley.
Allv'-rtlle. kerosene frf.m. II. 230, Downer.
A i.lon, or New Albion. Ill . founded, n, 487, Flower, G
A bion. wreck of the. II. 464. Fisher, A. M
Albion college, Mich., V, 19, Pilclier; gift to, 118, Prea-
Albrights, the, I, 89.
Albuquerque, surname taken by the family of, IV, IM,
Maranlulo.
Albuquerque, Britesde, II. 2ST,Dtuirte Coelho.
Albuquerque, Cien. Malias Ai, 11, 103, Dtas, H.
Alcala, Duke of, 11. 300, t.iiritfuez, P.
Alcalde, office of, II, OaJ, Geary.
Alcatruz island, Cal., fortifications at, II. 888, Elliot, O. II.
Alcott, Pen, pen-name, VI. 141, Totten, C. A. L.
Alcotts, home of the. illustration, I, 40.
Aldea, Rodriguez, IV, 507, <>'higgins.
Alden. Henry W., I. 43, Alden, T.
Alderete, III, 800, Huelva.
Alderete. Geronimo de, III, 895, Huden.
Aldine. the, periodical, V, 097. Stoddard, R. H.
Aldrichs, Jacob, III, 214, Hinoyossa.
Alejambe, III, 436, Jogues.
Alert, capture by the, II, 56, Dale, R.
Alert, the surrender of, V. 78, Porter, D.
Alert, school on the receiving-shiw, II, 414.
Alert, the arctic voyage of the, iV, 478, Nares ; return of,
to England, I, 105.
Alexander I, of Russia, II, 872, Esmenard ; 111, 814, Hum-
phreys, S.
Alexander II., of Russia, II, 580, Fox, G. V.
Alexander, Cosmo, V, 738, Sttiart, Gilbert.
Alexander, James, II, 245, Ihier, W.
Alexander, Mary, III. 741. Livingston, P. V. B.
Alexander. Henry Carrington, I, 46, Alexander,. J. A.
Alexander, Sarah, IH, 741, Livingston, P.
Alexander, Sarah, IV, TM, Perry, C. R.
Alexander, Susan, V, 449, Seddon, J. A.
Alexander, William, I, 45, Alexander. Archibald.
Ale.xandre, Monsieur, ventriloquist, VI, 264, Vattemare.
Alexandria. Egypt, claims in. for damages, U. 409, Far-
man ; massacre at— burning of, IV, 9, Long, C. C. ; bom-
bardment of, IV, 515, Nicholson, J. W. A.
Alexandria, Va.. Christ church at, Washington's head-
quarters at, II, 402 ; view of Christ church, V, 171 ;
Braddock's headquarters at. Illustration, I, 347 ; retro-
cession of. to Virginia. lU, 223, Hunter, R. M. T.; capitu-
lation of, II, 686, Gordon, Sir J. A^ ; incident at, U. 885,
Ellsicmth, E. E.
Alexandria seminary, gift to, VI, 590, Wolfe.
Alfaro, Gen.. VI, 278, V eintimilla.
Alfleri, II, 270, Durao.
Alflnger. Ambrosius von. V. 633. Spire.
Alfonso II., of Spain, quoted, I, 698.
Alfred. John, VI, 164, Trowbridge, E.
Alfred, capture of the. III, 214, Hinman.
Alfred observatory, V. 310. Rogers, W. A.
Algebra, discovery in. III. 90, Harriot.
Alger. P'rancis, 111, 384. Jackson, C. T.
Algeria, Spanish expedition against, I. 750. Cortes : pay-
ment of tribute to. 140, Bninbridge : HI, 875 ; American
captives at, I, 167, Barlow, J. : war with. 141, Bain-
bridge ; II, 121 ; French campaigns in, I, 637, Clausel ;
UI, 497, Kearny, P.
Al^lc society, the, V. 425. Schoolcraft, H. R.
Alica, Mex., the tiger of. sobriquet, rv. 80, Losadn, M.
Alice and Ruth, anonymous book, H, 183, Dix, D. L.
Alida. pen-name, IH, 585, Ladd, C.
Alien, right of an, to sue a state, V, 177. Randolph, E.
Alien and sedition laws, the, I. 23 ; III, 175. 420 ; pai-don of
prisoners under, 481 ; FV, 169, 170 ; V, 178, Randolph, J. ;
121, Priestley.
Aliste. Count Alba de, m, 570, Koenig. J. R. : IV, 47, Loza-
no, F. R.^
Allaire. James P.. II, 183, De Coudres ; III, 118, Haswell.
Allaire. John. V, 268. Roach, J.
Allan, John. V. 41. Poe.
Allan, William, IV, 106, McDonough.
Allan, Sir W., V, 261, Ritchie. A. H.
AUatoona, defence of, I, 747, Corse. J. M. ; works at, V,
305, Rogers, G. C.
Alldred, Frederic, pen-name, V, 208, Reddall.
Alleghanies, the, early journeys across the, IH, 653,
Leflerer.
Allegheny City, gift to, I. £89, Carnegie.
Alleghany college, founded, I, 48, Alden, T. ; gift to. III,
518. Kennedy, J. C. G.
Allegiance, perjjetual, treaty of 1870, I, 277.
Allemand, Cant. Geoixes, V, 245, Richery.
Allen, Miss. HI. 274, Houston.
Allen, Rev. Bennet. II, 262, Dulany, L.
Allen, Chester O., VI. 402. Wef>b, O. J. •
Allen, Rf V. D. H.. 1. 217. Beecher, L.
Allen, Elizabeth. VI, 219. Ushei\J.
Allen, Ethan, anecdote of, HI, 881, Hutchinson, Aaron.
Allen, Rev. Ethan. Ill, 71. Hanaford.
Allen, Rev. James. IV. 017, Oxenlnidge.
Allen, John, VI. 118. Ticknor, W. D.
Allen, I^wis F., I, 651, Clet>eland, O.
Allen, Mary Penn. Ill, 744, Livingston. H. W.
Allen, Col. Nathaniel, VI. 108, THurman.
Allen, Samuel C, I, 51, Allen, E. H.
Allen. William F., II, 632, Gerry, E. T.
Allenites, I, M. Allen. H.
Allen university, founded, II, 170, Dickeraon, W. F.
ALLIANCE
ANARCHISTS
70R
AlliAnoa, O., V, STB, Rohrrt*. S W.
AllUnoe. oonapini'v on buanl Uif, III, SW; cAptum by,
l,\W,Barry,J.;m.¥m.
Allllxm*, Francia, 1, 870, Cochran, John.
Aiiiicntor. Um, oAptunw by, V, «H, StiKkton, R.jr. ; attack
on. I, «A4, Blake, O. S.
Alliii. r>anifi. II. K.CurtU, A. A.
Allliison, F:«lw«r.| P., IV. 4(H,Morrry.
AlliHon, KAlwanI P.. IV. 7J8. P^nmae. R.
All itcJlRioiiM and K<>lii(loua CVrfinouiett, anonymous hook,
V. 'iry\ Ki>f>ttitu>, T.
Allsion, WoNhinvion, guoUnl, V, 7589.
AliiinunniM<<t<, chief, V, Mft, Stuftonan.
Allyn. C.l. John. VI. ffl, Tnlcutt, J. and S.
Allyn.', Joseph. IV. flOlI.
Alum collfio*. founded, I. ."fflS, Carman. A.
AlnianA(>a, II, 220, l*<)irnrg; Poor Kii-h&rd'g, 11, 838:
llrst uwhI in advertising. Ill, •lU. ^fiyiir ; comic and
llliistrnti'tl. III. (m, UiUie. F. ; V, ■!*«, Shaic, H. W. ;
•Irst. in tli«i coU^nieis, IV, 703, Peirce, \V.
Alinanotk <le Ootha, th«', IV. Ifi7, McPlwraun. E.
AltiiA(li-n mine case, the, V, 178, Randolph, E.
Alinansa. M. K. de, VI, 188, Toledo, F.
Altnv, Anna, III. 4'X, Jrnkin*, A. A.
Alonso. Uen. M. R IV, HO, I^,pez.
Alpha, pen name, IV, 787. Picien.
Al|ihttl)et hUx'kH, paU>nt for. VI, 4H7, Whitney, A. D. T.
AlphonHo VI., Itinif, V, 302. Sa, S. C. de.
Alsina, Valentin, f\', av). Mitre.
AlHop. Man-. Ill, 542 5 iS, Kinq.
Al««t4.n, Jow'ph. I. 4W, Rurr. T.
Altenbiirg theoloeiral ttenilnnry. \1. S43. Wallher.
Alt4»n. III., mob violem-e at, IV, S4, Lnvtjny, E. P.
Aluminium, production of, method Invented, IV, 70,
Mahrry.
Alvear, Oen. Carlo* M.. Ill, 186, Herrena, A'. ; V, aM.
Riifra.
Alvarado. Oomez de. III. S43, Illatopa.
AUnr^z, Catherine, IV. MS, Paraguatai
AlvftPfs. Diejfo, 11,270, Dura*.
AlwatiT lani^ia*re, the, I, 70, Andrewa, S. P.
Amat. (len. Manuel, IV, 197, Alan»o ; 673, Otivarea ; VI,
1*5. T.>r<> Zamhrtinn.
Amateur. An. i>seud<>nym, I, 761, Cor, H'.
AmaycM, the, tri»)e. II, 373, Eapejo, A. : 898, Fahert.
Amazon river, the di.<icovery of. II. IfiS. Diaz de Pineda ;
V, 36, Pizarro, G.\ name of, IV, 5HM, Orellana ; miBttions
in the valley of. celebrated map of. II. 136, Detr^ ; .V>3,
Fritz ; flrst dettcription of. Ill, 3*4, Inxhttffrr ; explora-
tion of, I, 10. .4ru/lrt,<".; II, .300. F.piphane ; 439. Ferreira ;
.MO, Fouville: III, im. Uerndon. W. Le : IV, 44«, JL'om-
r<ii7/<' ; VI, 178, Tucker, J. K. ; opened to all nations, IV,
(V.IO. Pedro II
Amazon valley, foKsila diacoveivd in, IV, 5^ Oort ; &0S,
Oiton, J.
Amazons, a corps of, IV. 81, Lopez, F. S. ; tribe of, 888,
(hrellnnn.
Ambler. Dr . II. 137. De Ijonq.
Ainbier. Marv Willis. IV. 222.
Ainbri.st««r, 11, .VVS. UaiUiten, Jaa. ; execution of, III, 378 ;
V. 4X. Potndrxter.
Ambrotypes, invention of, U. 49, Cutting, J. A.
Ambulance, Invention of an. III. !)1, Harria, E.
Amelia, pen name, VI, 423, U'elbu.
Amelia mlaml. engaKement at, 11, 326, EUery, F. ; IV, 258,
itathewa. (/.
America, theorj' regarding. l»efore the discovery, VI, m6,
Vicente; dls«\>very of. prophj-ni mI in Yucatan, I, 608,
Childm BaUlni : a mipiMtseil discoverer, I. 2.12, Rehaim ;
diaeoTertes of, before Columbus. I, 807, Rrendon ; III,
800, Htielva ; V, l.Vt-ino. /JriM : .^78, .Smith. J. T. ; sup-
posed, VI, 16, Szkttlny; 106. Thorvald ; 101-102, Thor-
finn : 303. Tifrker ; 201. Vnrnhiuien : VI. «.W. Zrno : 678,
C'tuain ; diHcovery of. by 0)lumbtm. I. fllC ; a i-ompanion
of Oolumbiw. V. 29. Pinzon. M. A. : papers saitl to liave
been left with Columbus, .388, Sanchez, A. ; discovery of
the continent of. I, <>3. Amrrigo.
American. An. signature, I. .343. Rrackenridqe, H. it. : III.
89 ; IV, 415, M.irria, O. ; V, 122, Prime, B. Y. ; VI. 801,
H^afjon, E.
Americana, collections of, I. 167, Barlow, G. L. il.\ 809,
Brtvoort, J. C; 87?. Rrinley «. ; .396, Broicn. J. C; 411,
Bromn, Thomaa ; .W. Chnmhrra. H'.: II, 115, Deane, C;
499, Force, P. ; III, », Ilakluyt : 86.%, Inelin ; V, 9S7,
Rick, O.l ooUectonof, 676, Sterma. It.: I. 896. Rrotrn,
J. €.', oolooial history of, burned bv the executioner, V.
104. Ramal ; M8S. of hlstof}- destrxn-ed. Ill, 833. Hutch-
inaon, T. ; I, 488, Ryimiton : HH. Calhoun. S. H. : 11,848,
Emerton, J. s. : 468. Fiak. P. and F. ; 506. *\mi. J. E. ;
707. Orant ; III. 12, Oulirk, P. J.
American academy of arts and sdeDceB. FV, B74, Oliver,
A.; gift to. II. 6W, Oorr. C.
American Addijon, the. III. 840, Kinodey, J. L.
American bank-note company, II, 678. Gttodall.
American board of commissioners for foreign misaions
formed, V. 288, Rice. L. : gifts to, I. .387, Ro%uUnnl ; V.
211, Reed. JT. ; VI, 87*. Wa^hum. W. B. : missions of,
III, 12, Oulick. P. jr.: V, 88. Pimd. S. »r. : 838. Rigga. E.:
9M, Rigga, S. R. ; a»«, guiding, L. ; VI, 840, WaUh,
J. J.; 8BI. Wartl. F de W "'" V »» m. O.-. 4B.
Whitman, it. S>*«> Cn.xuui .i. MuaioiM
or, and PacMBVTKHiAN <-Ht I
American Chun-li .Monthly. ili«-, in, i:»». iiti<iu,n. H. S.
American Ciuirch Review', V. 24.3. litchttrdmin. S. S.
American citizi-ru*. wUiirv of, I. 40M, Brown, J. p.; in, 8B0,
Inyraham. />. .V.
American colU-ge In Rome, the, IV. H9, McCUtakey. W. O.
American colonization ihiciety. II, 460, Finlry, R. and R. S.
American Cuusiu, llie, oontrovemy over, V, 880, SiUbee.
J. S.
American Et^lectic. the, IV. 740, Petera.
American Engineer, tbe. III. 288. HoUru, A. L.
American Kntomologist, the, V, 288, Rilry, C. V. : VI, 880,
\VHl»h. H. n.
American ethnological society, II. 879. Gallatin.
American Historical K<-cord. the, IV, 81. Ujating.
American Howanl. the. II. .nn. Eddy. T.
American Journal of Mathematics, the, V^I, 18. Sylvetter,
J.J.
American Jmimal of Me<iical Sciences, III, 146, Haya, I.
American Journal of Si-ience, V, 828-829.
American Jurl.Ht. the. journal, IV. 768. PhiUipa, Willard.
American I.aw Review, th.-. V, 4B8, Sedgtrick. A. O.
American I»yalist, the, IV, 198, Mana/itld. J. B.
American .Magazine, I, 880, Rrad/ortl. A. S.: II. 816, Powie,
D.: IV. 511. SirhoUt ; VI. 417. Wehatrr. S
American Magazine of Useful and Kntertaining Koowt-
e<lge. III. 310. Hunt. F. : V. .VJl. Sibley. J. L.
American Mechanic, the. V. 79. I'urter. R.
American Med. and Phil. Kegister, the, II, 823, Francia.
J. W.
American Me<lical Monthly. II. 488. Flint. Austin.
.\merican Mercury, the. I. 160. RarUnr. J.
American missionary ossrx-iation. VI. 33. Tappan, /„;
gifts to. 372, M'nahhum. W. B ; 684. Hand.
American Monthlv Magazine, the. III. INO. Herbert; SB.
Hoffman. C F.; IV. 122. McHrnry : W. WO.
American Monthly Review, the, VI, 818, Willard, Sidney.
American Musemn. the. I. .524.
American museum of natural history, gift to, IV, TtSl.
Phcenix.
American Naturalist, the. III. 885, Hyatt ; FV, 422. Iforar.
E. S. : V, 1.3H, Putnam. F. W.
American <)«ldKellow. the. IV. 893. Orr. J. W.
American party, the. founder of. III. 701. Ijerin.
American peritHlical, first, reprinted in England, I, 417,
Brownaon, (t. A. •
American philosophical society, the, II, .52S ; IV. 574. CHi-
ver A. ; 0;TJ, I'attetMm. R. if. ; V. aW : iVi, Ruah. B.
American Pr«Hligy, the, soiirituiet. III. OHO. Ije Moine.
.\merican professor, the, II, 429. Frit on.
American Quarterly Register, the. V, 730. .'itryhrr, Jamea.
American Register, the. I. 397, Brown, C. B. ; 806. CaUen-
der. J. T. : II. .3K4. Kixina. T. W.
American Review of History and Polilics, the, VI, 840,
Wnlah. R
American Soppho, the. IV. 4.30. Morton. ."?. W. A.
American Ship, the, newsikaiter. II. 700. Grijflthn. J. W.
American socl.'ty of chiwcb hi>«tor>-, the. \ . 416, Schoiff.
American system, the. I. 499, 501.
American turtle, the. I. 474. Buahnell. P.
Americanus, [len-name, 11. 880, Ev<ana, C. ; TH, 711. Li»-
Iter. F.
American ^^Tiig Review, the. I, 606. Cotton, O. H.
Ames. Burrett. I. 001. Collins. G. C.
Ames, Daviil, VI. 428, WrlU. D. A.
Ames, Dr. W.. III. 251. Hooker. T.
Amherst. N. Y.. (Ireeley's birthplace at. illustration. D, 7M.
Amherstburg. attack on, IV.78. i/cj4rf/i«r. /).
Amherst colleg.*. I. 025. Clark, I). A ; III. 216, Hilckeodc,
K. : gifts to, 219. Hitchcock, S. A.; IV. 3iVi. Merrick. J. L. ;
002, Air»onj.. /).; V, 211. Rred. W.: 4iH. .Shepant. C. U.;
VI. 179, T\'fta, O.: 221. I'aill ; 841. Williatnn. S.; 868.
Winkley ; founded, 417, Wehater. .\'.i illustration, V. 087.
Amherst system of college government, the, V, 488, SeHye,
J. H
Amis des nolrs. Ije*. club, V. 787. .tuard.
Amistail caj>tlves. the. case of. I, ISO, Baldwin, R. S.: 616.,
Cinque ; II. 042. Giildinga. I. R.
Ammonia, discover^- of. V. IJO. Prieatley.
Anuiesty bill. I. ii:^ : II. 721 : pnvlanjation. 717.
AnnenltV-s (iraphicH'. magazine, II. tlOI. (iiranlin.
Amphibious regiment, the, II. OCO. (f'/oi'rr, John.
Amphitrite. the. I. 210. Rmumarchais.
Amputation. methiKl of. II. 499, fhrbea, S, F.
Amvraull. MotM«s. IV. 712.
Anahouillo, l>attle of, IV. 4>C. Segrrin>m.
AmMthesia. principle of. IV. 9, Lmg, C. W.; InrvntioDor
Inhaler for. II. 149, /v Romrt.
AniMthetlca. first use of, in sursery. h 0M< Culton, Q. Q.;
VI, 480. WrtU. H See Kthkb.
Anagauga. destruction of. I. 480, Butler, W.
Anagnoa, Michael. Ill, 9*t. Hotre, J. R.
' Anahuac, tnTaakm of, VI. 688, Xolotl.
i Analectic Magaxine. the. HI. 861.
Anaquito, battle of. IV, 840. NuMet-Vela.
Anarchtail. the. HI. 880. Hnpkitu,l^; 818. Uumphnift, D.
I Anarchist*, the Chkaco, V, aM, ^<m.
704
ANATOMY
ARANCARA
Anatomy, first lectures on. Ill, SH. Hunter. W. ; 424, Jef- '
/n>«, J.: V, .M2, Sliippen. W.; the doctor's mob, V, K4,
Fi>»t. »♦". : original n-searches in, V. 033, Spitzka ; VI,
SOB, HiW^r, W. (/.; NSIJ, H'iJif<ir, C; CtJ.
Ance, the, mission at, I, lOt). Hara<ja.
AnceHlral tablets, VI. 4W, Whitmore.
Ancient an<l honorable artillery comiiany, the. III, 498,
Ketiyne ; V, 43(i, SeiUju'ick. K. \
Ancient Brethrens church, the. IV. 453. Muennter. \
Ancient Order of Hibernian.s, the. IV, 4W, Nenbitt. |
Ancient ( )rder of United Workmen, the, VI, 211, Upchurch.
Aneora. Peter. IV, 4S3, Seayle ; V, 725, Strvther.
Andenwen, Adolph. IV. -UK, Morphy.
Amlerson. Evelina, 1,71. Andemon, W.
Anderson, lludh. VI. 21). Tailfer.
Anderson. John, I. 36. Agn»siz.
Anderson. John. V. 30H-:*)9, Rogers. .V. C.
Anderson. John. a.ssuined name. I, 71, Andre.
Anderson. Naomi. IV, 179, Makemic.
Andersonville jirison. VI. S-'M, Wallace. L.\ responsibility
for the abuses at. 1. 277.
Andes, railroad across the. IV. 2«7. Meitjgs.
Andes. Count de \os, V, 463. .Serna.
Andover. settlement and name of, IV. fiOO, Osgood, S.
Andover Review, the. V, (ilH). Smyth, K. C.
Andover theological seminary, purchase of land for. VI,
."599. Wvodhridge. J.; establishment of. V^, 639, Spring,
S.: IV. 424, Morse, J.: 702, Phillips. P. F.; gifts to, I, 5,
Abbot. S.: 1H6. Hartlett. »»'.; 674, CVx/man ; 679, Cogs-
tprll. J.; II. 419, Farrar. S.: III. 219, Hitchcock, S. A.:
IV. ."a'i Sorris. J.; 763, Phillips, Hilliam ; V, 211, Reed,
ir. : VI. 565. Winkley.
AndK). John, capture of. IV. 681, Paulding. J. ; medal
awarded for the capture, illustration. VI, 257 : proposal
to e.\chan}fe for Arnold, IV. m\. (kjden. A.: V. 278, Rob-
ertson. J : burial of. pifts from his friends. U, 138,
Pemarest. J. : discussion of his s«>ntence, I, 258, Bid-
die, C. J.: subject of a po?m by. III, 283. Hou-e. R. : his
Cow Chase, V, 268, Rivington ; quoted, 127, Proctor, T.;
VI. 399.
Andr^, anonymous drama, V, .'«i2. Smith, E. H.
Andrea Doria. the. 1. 2V\ Piddle, N.
Andrew, John. VI. 21. Talbot. J.
Andrew. John .\.. quoteil. II. 612. Garrison.
Andrews, I.saac, VI. 609. Vi'oolmnn.
Androboros. anonymous farce. Ill, .^23. Hnnter. Robert.
Anemometer, invention of a. V. 530, Silliman, J. M. ; a
self-rejri.sterinp. I. 676. Coffln. J. H.
Anfriso. pen-name. IV. 482. Xnvnrrete. M. if.
Angel Mr.. II. 617. Gilbert. W. B.
Anjrela. Mother. II. tVoO. Gillespie, E. M.
An»rel (iabriel, the, ship. I. 678, Coosivell. J.
Angv\ (Jabriel riots, the, V. .569, Smith, Jesse C.
Anpelos family. II, :«8, English. T. D.
Anplesea, Marchioness of. III. 541, King. J. P.
Anglican church. mis.sions of. III, .VkJ, Keith, O.; VI. 21,
Tallxit, J. ; clandestine consecration of a bishop for
America, 21, Talbot, J. See Protestant Episcopal
Church.
Anplo- American Magazine, IV, 117, Mncgeorge.
An(;o. Jean. IV. 6.VI, Parmentier, J. ; VI, 282, VetTazano.
AnKol, battles near. II. .32. Curanteo ; III, 199, Higiiaihue ;
capture of. II. 2.'). Cudeguala.
Antniita. battle at. I. SaH,' Boves.
Anj^ilo. Jose and Vicente. V, 1.35. Pnmocahua.
Anjoi^tura. [Jassaiare of. III. .3.12. Inhnuma. I
Anhydrous nitric acid, discovered, V. 370, Sainte- Claire,
H. E. ■
Anian, fabulous strait and city of. III, 306, Hiihne ; U, 575,
Gali : VI. 226. Valerianos ; 665, Zuiliga. G.
Animal heat, researches on, I, 416, Broian-Siquard ; II,
221 >, iMtirler.
Animal industry, bureau of, VI, 692, Z> Due.
Animals, extinct, new species of. IV, 218, Marsh. O. C.
Animals, societies for prevention of cruelty to, I, 244,
Bcrgh ; III, 541, King, L. W. ; bequests to, I, 244, 312,
Bonartl.
Aoimikite. discovery of, VI, 629. Wurtz.
Anlversario, the manifesto, V, 154, Quintana Roo.
Annapolis, settlement of. V. 704. .Stone, W. : engagement
at, I, OS, Claiborne ; library at, .362 ; naval academy at,
428, Buchanan, F. ; midshipmen's monument at, illus-
tration. V^, 518.
Annapolis. See Port Royal.
Annapolis convention, the, IV, 160, 167.
Ann Arbor, history, seminary at, fcunde<l, 1. 18, Adams,
Anneau, Father, VI, 277, Vh-nndrye.
Annisi|uam, laboratory at. III. 3:15, Hyatt.
Ann the Word, III, 6,"i6, Lee, Ann.
Annual of Scientitlc DLscovery, the, VI. 429, Welh, D. A.
Annuities. invent<ir of Tontine system, VI, 132, Tonty.
Anselmus, pen-name, II, 249, Duffleld, S. U'.
Anson, Admiral George, II, 567, Gadsden ; V, 37, Pizarro,
J. A.
AnsoD, Tex., Ill, 463, Jones, Anson.
Antarctic ocean, exploration in the, 1, 715: \^, 832, Walker.
W. M.; S09, Wilkes, C.
Antequera (Oajaca), n, 18S, DOgadiUo.
Antholoiery club, the. 1. 576, Channing ; n, 70, Dana, R. H. ;
386, Everett : 596, Gardiner, J. S J. ; VI, 178, Tudor.
Anthony, Daniel, I, 82, Anthony, S. B.
Anthony, Hezekiah, II, 288, Eames, J. A.
Anthony. John. I. 81, Anthony. H. B.
Anthracene, VI, 361. Warren. C. M.
Anthracite coal, first use of, VI, 437, Wemtcag; 608, Wood-
house.
Anthropology, studies in, II. 207, Doraey, J. O.; IV, 408,
Morgan, L. H. See Ethnoixxjy.
Anthro]Kilogy. discovery bearing on, V. 144, Puysegvr.
Anti-Catholic riot,s. III. 519. Kenrick, F. P.
Anticosti, island of. III. 461, Jolliet.
Anties, the |)arty called, I, 242.
Antietam, battle of. I, 463: II, 210, Doubleday, A. ; 76S,
Griffin ; UI. 250, 670 : IV, 88 ; 140, McLaws ; IV, 280 ; 476,
Nugle ; V, 87, Potter, R. B. ; 727, StuaH, J. E. B. ; VI,
202, Tyndule.
Anti-Federalists, the. III, 149, Hazard, J. J.
Antigua, I, 147, Balboa.
Antilles, settlement of the. II. 275, Dutertre ; French colo-
nies in. 262. Duparquet : 353, Enamt/uc.
Antillon, Gen., Ill, 341, Iqlesias, J. M.
Anti-Masonic excitement, the. I, 27 ; HI, 51, Hallett, B. F.;
in, 236, Holley, M. ; IV, 404, Morgan, W. ; V, 470, Set€ard.
W. H. ; 628, Spencer. J. C.
Antimon.y, investigation of, I, 721, Cooke. J. P.
Antinom'ian controversy, the, VI, 16, Symmes, Z.
Antinomians, III. 331, Hutchinson, Anne ; VI, 673 ; book
on the, 425, Welde.
Antioch college, rV', 191, Mann, H.
Anti-poverty society, the, IV. 119, McGljpin.
Antiquarian, the. inagazine, I, 107, Arthur. W.
Anti-renters, the, U, 463, Fish, H.; VI, 252, Van Rens-
selaer. S.
Anti-slavery cause, the, I, 268 ; 878, Brisbane, Brisbin ; 465,
Burleigh : first book of the, 604, Child, L. M. ; mob vio-
lence, '672. Codding, I. : II, 611 ; III, 446, Johnson, O. :
2.36, Holley, M. ; first paper and lectures of, iV, 54,
Lundy, B. ; 328, Miller, J. P. ; beginning of the struggle,
669, Pastorius ; party, VI, 516, Willcox, A. O. See Abo-
litionists and Slavery.
Anti-Slavery Baptists, the, I, 628. Cldrk, John.
Anti-Slavery Quarterly, the, VI. 621. Wright, E.
Anti-Slavery Standard, the, II, 619, Gay, S. i/. ; IV, 40 ; V,
20, PiUsbury, P.
Anton, Andrews, 11, 821, Eliot, C.
Antoine, P^re, I, 83, Antonio.
Antonides, Rev. Vincentius, I, 221, Beekman, G.
Anzures Pedro. Ill, 3.54, Irala.
AondechSte, V, 160, Rngrieneau.
Apaches, the hostilities of, II, 1.5, Crook; 629, Geronimo ;
IV. 27, LoHng, F. W. ; 323, Miles, N. A. ; the Mescalero,
m. 49.5, Kautz, A. V.
Apartado. Marquis of, II, 399, Fagoaga.
Apes, William. V. 601. Snelling, W. j.
A. P. I.. Parin Papers, the, II, 423. Faxon.
Apodaca. Ruiz de. III, .368 : 10, &uerre>o. V.
Apollo, the so-called statues of, VI, 322. Waldstein.
Apostle of Brazil, the. I. 68. Auchieta.
Apostle of California, the, V. 381. Salvatierra.
Apostle of Methodism, the, III, 66.S. Lee, J.
Apostle of Newfoundland, the, IV, .558, O^Donnel, J. L.
Apostle of Nova Scotia, the. I. 7.54, Coughlan.
Apostle of Oregon, the, I, 288, Blanchet, F. R.
Apostle to the Germans, the. III, 12, Guldin.
Appalachian mountains, exploration of, III, 65.3, Lederer ;
V, 6-3o, .Spotsirood.
Appalachicola river, fort on the, blown up, HI, 378 ; mas-
sacre on, by Indians, ibid.
Applet on, Daniel, I, 84, Appleton. D.
Appleton, Edward D., I, 84, Appleton, D.
Appleton, Frances, IV, 13.
Appleton, John, I, 85. Appleton, J. J.
Appleton, John, V, 345, Rum ford.
Appleton, John Adams, I, 84, Appleton, D.
Appleton, Nathan, IV, 13.
Appleton, Capt. Samuel, IV, 408, Morgan. M.
Appleton, W. H., I, H4. Appleton, D.
Appleton. W. W.. I, 84, Appleton, D.
Appomattox, surrender at, II, 716, 717 ; scene of, illustra-
tion. 716 ; II. 392, Ewell, R. S.; Ill, 673, 725.
Apprentices, school for. III, 226. Hoe. R. M.
Apthorne, Rev. East, IV, 275, Mayhew, J.
Apthorp, Frances W., VI. 267, Va^tghan. C.
Apthorp, Sarah W., IV, 430, Jtforfon, S. W. A.
Apurimac river, IV, 178, Maitu Capac.
Aqueduct, the Vento, I, 89, All)€ar. ,
Aqueducts, cast-iron, II, 563.
Aquidneck, island of, I, 634, Clarke, John ; 673. Codding-
ton ; III. 331, Hutchinson, Anne ; Indian deed of, IV,
313, Miantonomo ; VI, 532.
Arabi Bey, insurrection of, IV, 9, Long, C. C.
Arago, Fran<,'ois, II, 693, Goidd. B.A.; Quoted, II, 876, Espy.
Aragon. Sancho de. III. 408, Jaureybo I.
Araugua. battle at. I, 304.
Arama, Col., IV, 207, Mariilo.
Arana, Barros, IV, 673, Olitxires.
Arancara, Mex., founded, II, 52, Dacian.
ARAKDA
ASPINWALL
706
(IrandA, Ootint. IV. SOB, Olnvide.
Arauouniii iind i'ataicoiiia. kiiiKof, IV, 587, Or^lie.
Araucauianii, the. n*Hiittauee of, to the Kpaiiiardu, I, 110,
Aureliu; 4flft, Calti/uuin : 599, Cai<;>«/iVnn ;. OtW, Chi-
atuiihue ; MS, CoUtir ; 898. CollipulU-, Vulocalo ; 734,
Copahue ; II, 24, Cudrifwtla ; iJ5, Cuenecurti ; ){6. Oui-
entur, Vuillemiichu, CuiUavilu ; 84, Cumnteit ; III. 9,
OutmouUft : 10, (iiienturalquiii ; 199, Higuiiih\U ; 'SXt,
Uttden, Huelrn ; 3U), Hufpon ; fl!», Lnuttiro ; 780. Liu-
coiian ; IV, 47, Lnyoln ; a heroine of the, II, 81, Cunequeo;
poem on the war with, 3il3. Krcilla.
Arauco, capture of, II, 24, Ctulequala.
Arbadaos, trit>e of the, I, 490, Cabeta.
Art»ella, the ship, VI, 573.
ArbeiterZeitunt;. the, V, 688, Spie*.
Arbitration. milMtilntion of. for war, II, 448, Field, D. D.;
UI. 412. 413 ; V, (VW. Sniftter, S.
Arboriculture, IV, 314, Afichaux.
Arbre CYoche, I. ICO. Hnraga.
Arbuthnot, Alexander, capture of. II, 588, Gad*den, Jamea ;
execution of. III, 378; V, 48, Poindexter.
Art)Uthn()t. Dr. John. I, 8B, Arbuthnot, Ai.
Arcadia Mexicana, the, IV, Vd, i)chon.
Arcadians, academy of, in Brazil, II, 585, Oama, J. B. da.
Arch, John. I, .'J97, Brown, D.
Archjpolotcy, collection of objects of, I, 6, Abbott, C. C. ;
566. Chavero ; American, II. 39, Cuxhinq, F. H. ; 95,
Davit, E. H.; 665, (iliddon ; III, 14.5, Haynes, H. W.; V,
189, Putnam, F. W. ; 18.5, Rnu ; iW, Keynolda, E. R. ;
«41, Squier, E. O.; dLseoveries, VI. 315, Wagner, M. F;
aw, WuMeck; SO, WitliLitein; expedition to Asia Minor,
WO, Wolfe, C. L.: (02: to Central America, 674, Chamay.
Archambault, Cyrille, II, 250, Duhainel.
Archdale, Thomds, I, 87, Archdale, J.
Archer, Maj J., I, 87, Archer, \V. S.
Archibald, Haniuel and James, I, 87, Archibald, Sir A. O.
Archibetjue, Capt.. VI, 691, Le Archeveque.
Archipelago of St. Lazarus, the, II, 559, Fuentes, B.
Architecture, I, 444, Hulfinch. C. ; II, 816, Ki tlitz ; 0.54,
aUman ; III. 277, Howard, J. O. : .•j07, KeUum ; 518, Ken-
dall, E. H.; 627, Latrobe, B. H.\ IV, 136, McKim, C. F. ;
V, 223, Renwick, J. ; 241-242. Richardson, H. H. ; 833,
Rotch, A.; 530, Silloway; 540, Sims, H. A. and J. P.;
719. Strickland, W. ; VI, 213, Upjohn ; 239, Van Brunt,
H.; 341, W(dter, T. U.; .358, Ware, W. R.; 501, Wight,
P. B.; 61.5, Willard, Solomon; 584, Withers, F. C; 681,
Fuller. T. ; 082, Gibson.
Arco do oego, II. 4;i4, Femandes Pinheiro.
Arco- Verde Mornbixa(>a, cacique, IV, 198. Maranh/lo.
Arctic, k»8s of the, I, 691, CoUtn*, E. K. ; II, 112, Day, M. ;
V. 210, Reed. H.
Arctic exploration. I, 106 ; 128, Back ; 221, Beechey ; 228,
Belanger, Belcher ; 230, Bellot ; 856, Brainard. D. L. ;
4S8, Buchnn ; 48t, Button : 486, Bylot ; 11, 72, Danen-
kower ; 103, Davis, J. ; 12i, De Haven ; 130, D<; Long ;
6SI-535, Franklin. Sir J. ; 648. (V<Wer, W. H. ; 741, (free-
ly ; III, 1, (irinnell, H. ; 37-38, Hall, C. F. ; 106, Hart-
tteiie : 132, Hayes, I. I. ; 492, Kane. E. K ; 504. Kellett ;
538, Kislingbury ; 752. Lockioood, J. B. ; TV, 87, McClin-
lock, F. L. ; 90, McClure, Sir R. ; 210, Markham, C. R. ;
29:1, Melville, O. W.; 478. Nares ; 522, Nindemann ; 696,
Osborn, S. ; 608. Ostaade ; 626, Pages ; 661, Parry, Sir
W. E. ; 683, P<ivu \ 684. Payer ; V. 21. Pirn ; 70. Poret ;
158, Rae, J. ; 2»2, Richardson, Sir J. ; 297, Rodqers ; 880,
Ross, Sir J. ; 420, Schley, W. S. ; 4.33, Schwdtka ; 484,
Scoresby ; .537, Simpstm, T. ; 544, Skene, A. M. ; VI, 217,
Urf^, a. J.; sledKe travelling, IV. 87, McClintock, F. L.;
farthest point reached. III, 752, Lockwood, J. B. ; high-
est latitude reacheil by a sailing-vessel. III, 493. Kane, E.
K. : 110<» west first reached. IV, Otil, Parry. .Sir H'. K. ;
voyajres. VI. 618, Wrangell ; 641, Young, Allen W.; 662,
Vifr de Chazetles.
Arctic overshoes, invention of, IV, 220, Marshall, E. P.
Arcturus. pen-name. Ill, 585, Ladd, C.
Arcturus, the, periodical, II, 278, Duyckinck ; TV, 888,
Mathews, Cornelius.
ArdinburKh, Oil. Charles, V, 608, Sojourner Truth,
Anlt, Ferdinand von, V, Zii, Reuling.
Arecilxj. battle at. I, 746, Correa, A.
Areitos, author of. I, 67, Anacaona.
Arequipa. city of, founded, IV. 178, Malta Capac; attack
on, 1, 492. Ciiceres, A. A. ; capture of, II, aW, Elias.
Arey, H. W., II. 661. Oirard, S.
Arey, Oliver, I. 88, Arey, H. E.
Arjcelander, V. W. A., fl, 6<B, «oiiW, B. A.
ArKentine Republic, the, wars and revolutions in, n, 806,
Dorrtgo ; 878, Espejo, J. ; 660, Frias, Felix ; 690, Oorriti ',
III. (B4, Lavalle ; M7. La Madrid : IV, 21, Lopex, E. ;
349-850, Mitre ; (fgl, Pat, J. M. ; V, 88. Ptmidaa ; 166.
(^uiroga, J. F. ; 316, Rondeau ; 888, Stutfedra, C. ', VI,
17. Tahonda ; early hl>*ory of, ID, 19. (iuzmnn. R. D. de ;
improvements in. 256. Hopkins : political dis.sension8 in,
846, Indarte; exploration of. IV. 625. Ptige. T. J. ; plan
for a monarchy. V. 2»k5, Riradavin : tyrannical dictator-
ship in, 890-321, Rosas; its victims, 821 : education in,
obMrvatory, 400, Sarmiento, D. F. ; first historian of,
«n, Schmidel ; loan for, VI. 268, Varela, M. : war in, for
independence, EnKlish invasioa. III, 088, La» Hera* ; V,
188, Pueyeredon ; 880. Rotaa.
W VOL. n. — 46
Anms da \/p\, Dnudlian Journal founded, IV, 806, Mende*,
Manoel (ktorico.
Arjftlelles. extradition case of. II. 252. Dulce.
Atkus. the brig. III. 309. //«//. /.; destruction of English
vessels hv. cairtiin" of, 701, Ijefy.
ArgjrII. I>ulfe of. antMHlrtte concerning a young American,
IV , 45. Ijowiides, William J.; 89, Lome, Marquis afi
II. «S6. Erskine. fVauces.
Arias. I.,uU. II, 436, Fernandez, J.
Ariel, the. journal. IV, 412. Morris. E.
ArioKto, pseudonym. VI, 208, Vndnue.
Aris|N'. lianion, II, tCB9, Fagoaya.
Aristiilean, The, magazine. II, 868, English, T. D.
Aristides. pen-name, VI, 849, Van Ness, W. P.
Arist<K)k war. the. I, 565, Chamlterlain, J. L.
Arithineter. invention of the, VI, 622, WriijUt, E.
Ariza, Manpiis of, IV, 0;W, Palufox.
Arizona, 8ui)p<^>sed diamond-flelds in, 11, 851, Emmmis, 8.
F. ; Jesuit missions in. III, 577, Kiihn ; Indian murders
in, IV, 27, lairing, F. W. ; earlv history of, ,594. Ortega,
J. ; organize<l as a territory, V, 9 ; K. C. institutions in.
V, 879, SalfHiinte.
Ark, the, and the dove. I, 808, Calvert. L.
Arkansas, contested election in, I, 196, Baxter, E.; Jffi,
Brooks, Joseph ; IV, 509, Newton, R. C. ; hot springs of,
II, 1.53, l>e Soto ; finances of. IV. 83. Loughborough ;
question of slavery in, V, 278. Robertson, U.
Arkansas, the ram, V, 75, Porter, W. D.
Arkansas post, capture of, V, 75 ; I, 449, Burbridge, 8. O.
Arkwright, Richanl, V, 547, Slater.
Arlington House, illustration, II, 45.
Armada, the Spanish, II, 2SM, Drake. Sir F. ; V, 168.
Armagh, Stuart, archbishop of, IV, 716, Penn, O.
Armand, Count, assumed name, V, 884, Rouarie,
Armendariz, IV, 194, Mauosali-as.
Armenia, first newspaper in the language of, I, 838, Benja-
min, N.; mission in. II. 279, Dwight, H. O. O.
Armiiian, Gen., IV, 335. Mina.
Armistea<l, Mary, VI, 193, Tyler, J.
Armistea*!, W., IV, 4. Logan, James.
Arms, Rev. 3Ir.. I. 606, Coan, T.
Annstrong. Andrew C, V, 443, Scribner.
Armstrong, Rev. (Jeorge, V, 508, Shei-wtxtd, J. M.
Army, the U. S.. after the Revolution, VI, 679, Doughty.
Army medical mu-seum, the, I, 171, Barnes, J. K. ; \T, 96,
TTiomson, W.
Army of the Andes, the. V. 392. San Martin, J. de.
Army-signals. syst«'m of, IV, 473, Myer.
Arnold, Bene<Uct, plan to capture, I, 568, Champe ; charge
of arson against. III, 80, Hardy, E. ; headquarters of,
illustration, I. 95.
Arnold. Catherine R.. VI, 520. Williams, C. R.
Arnold, Mwin. I, 578, Channing, W. H.
Arnold. Elizaljeth, V. 44, Poe.
ArnoM, Franz. Ill, 710.
Arnold. Dr. O. W , I, 96, Arnold, L N.
Arnold, Matthew, quoted, n. 318.
Arnold, Oliver, VI. 520. H'i7fiani«, C. R.
Arnold, Dr. Thomas. II, 604.
Arnold, William, I, 93, Arnold, B.
A mot, a.s.Hunu-d name. I, 467.
Arnot-Ogden hospital. KImira, IV, 562. Ogden, W. B.
Arouet, pen-name. III, 5ftt, Ixtdd, J. B.
Around the World, anonymous book. Ill, 177, Henthaw,
Joshua Sidney.
An>. Bill, pen-name, V, ,568. Smith. C. H.
Arr, E. H., iH-n-nanie, V, 318, RolUns, E. C.
Arrezures, case of. II, 108.
Arrla, i)enname, V, 1.32, Ptir/h. E. L.
Arriaga, Antonio. I. 705, Condorcnnqui.
Arrington, Archilmld, I. 98, Arrinqton, A. W.
Arriola, Fortuiiato, pupil of, V, S». Rosenthal. T. E.
Arrow-heads, process of making. II, 89, Cushing, F. H.
Artnud. Prof.. I. 1.54. Bancroft. O.
Art collections. III. 405, Jorius ; VI, .342, Walters.
Arte de furtar, supposed author of. VI. 2<.t0. I'lViria, A.
Arthur Carrvl. anonvnjous lK>ok, IV, 55*7, Ostnyrn, L-
Arthur, Mrs'. C. A., Ill, 181. Hemdon, W. L.
Arthur, Rev. William. IV. 87. McClintock, J.
Art Journal, the, VI, SSM, Wat»<in. Henry Cood.
Arundel, Anne, I, 1.54. Calvert. Cecil.
Anmdel. Lord, I. 5.38. Carroll. J.
Asapista. chief. Ill, 618. /xi Ribourde.
Asbury university. V, 251, Ridpath.
Ascha'm. Roger, 11, .387.
Asgell. Ciipt.. VI. 608, Wotxlhull. J.
Ashburnhftm, Mass., gift to. II, 40, Cushing. T. P.
AshlMirton tnatv. the. I, 110, Ashburton ; VI, 418, 414.
Ashford, IJaron, IV, 162, MacSab.
Ashland, I. fM2.
Ashlev, Jonathan, I, 788, Cooper, W.
Ashley, Timothy, IV, 597, Otbom, Selteck.
Ashurst, Sir Henry, IV. 2M, Mather. I.
Asia, exploration of the ovtst of. III, 616, La Phrmse.
Asia Minor, mineral resources of, V, 673, Smith, J. L.
Asken, J. A., Ill, 4.37.
Asphalt pavement, invention of the American, 1, 188, Av*-
rell, W. W.; VI, 861, Warren, C. M.
Aspinwall, burning of, 1, 006.
706
AS-SE-nE-nO-LAR
AZTEC
A««e-be-ho Inr, IV. SM. (Areola.
AJBheton. Kjilph, VI, ««. Wnttii, E.
AB8itials Indmiis. tin*. Ill, 4Ma, Jiirhfrau.
Awixiut.Ml press, tin- n>ii.H<>li<lmf<l, V. 51)6. Smith. W. H.
AasociuU- K«*fyrm«'(l t-hiirch, the. foiiiuled, IV. *», Mwum,
John : III, OSi, lAiurie, J.; mUtuou of. III, IW, Hetider-
AaKK-iation for the mlvancetnent of science, the, V. 139.
Putnam. F. »'. ; 2«H. HedjWUl. \V. C. ; 807, Rogers. IV.
B.: fax. jfift t4>. VI. UO. Thomp»on, E.
Kivn>ciathti\ of Amerinin areoloKists, VI. 256, Vanturem.
AJMoc'iaUjrs, the, IV. ."ii'i, Nixon. J. ; V, 574, Smith, J. B.
AKS4«exi>etliIioii. the, II, 178, Diller.
Assyriolojcy. III. 210, Hilprtcht ; VI, 695, O'Conor.
AstemicU. zodiacs of. computtHl, III, 2S»2, Hut>har(l, J. S. ;
discoveries of. IV. 741, Fetirs, V. }L F. ; VI, 189, Tut-
tle. H. P.: 892, Watson. J. C.
Astor exjjedition, the, II. 622. Franch^re.
Astoria. 8t<jry of. I. 112. Astor ; II. 522, Frnnch^re ; surren-
der of. IV, i:iH, Mitcicenzie, D. : journey from, V. 732,
Stuart. R.
Astoria. L. I.. Isabell.1 home at. IV, fl<)8. Ottendnrfer, A.
Astor library, the. I. 079, Coynwelt, J. if. ; illustration, I.
112; eifts"u>, 113.
Astor place riots, the, II, 273, Duri/ee, A. ; 605. Forrest,
E. : III, 45, Unit, »'. ; 485, JuUsou, E. Z. C. ; VI, 26,
TiiUmadfje. F. A.
Astrolojfer. the New Kngland, VI, 179, Tull;/. J.
Astrolojcers, predictions of. III, 37, Ixtlilxuchitl II.
Aslrolojjy. IV. 4iMi. Set ztthual pill i.
Astronoiiiical instruments, improvements in, II, 053. Gil-
liM : 111, Kl. H<irk,ics.<t. »'. ; 271. Hough, U. U'. ; IV,
IMl, Mitrhel, O. M. ; V, .350-357, Rutherfurd, L. M. ; VI,
11. Swift. L.
Astronc^mical lantern, a, I. 034, Clarke. J. F.
Astronomical ol>s»'rvatory of Bogota, IV, 472, Mutis.
Astronomy, discoveries, olwervations, phot<ytraphy, etc.,
I, 5Sr>, Chdne. P. E. : 7.55, CovarrubiaM ; II, .585, Gama,
A. L. de.: 693, Gould. H. A.; Ill, 37, Hall. /!.: 204, Hill,
G. \y'.: 232, Holden ; 292-2W1, Htiblxird,J. S.; Oil, I^tu/-
ley: IV. 18, Loomis. E.: 47, lytzano. F. R.: ai2, Mitchel,
a. if. : »17. Mitchell. M. : 50:), Sewcomb ; 701, Peirce ;
741. Peterit. C. F. //.; V.4, Pickering, E. C: 127. Proctor,
R. A.; -XA. 310 311. Rogers, W. A. : a50-357. Rutherfurd,
L. M.: 36)1. Sdfford. T. H ; 447. Searle. G. M. and A. ;
606. Smith, G. W.: VI. 11, Sirift. L.: 125. Todd, D. P.;
189, Tutlle, H. P.: 206. Ulloa. A. de : 274. I'elasquez Car-
denas : 331, Walker. S. C; 392. Watson. J. C: 402. Whip-
pU, J. A.: 505. WinbH-k: 575. Winthrop.J.; 019. Wright,
A. W.; 540, Young. C. A.: 672. Brooks ; 679, Elkin ; first
practical work in U. S., II, 6.53. Gilliss.
Asuncion. founde<l. I. 12:), Aijolas : settlement of, IV. 437.
Mosquera. R. G. ; taken by allies. IV, 21, Lopez, F. S. ;
chart of. III. ?m, Huss.
Atahualvm, the inca. II, 1.52, Pe Soto ; cause of the exe-
cution of, II. 427. Felipe : portraits of. IV, 385, Mora, D.
Atalanta, capture of the. I. 180. Barry. J.
Atchison, college founded in, IV^. 318. Miege.
Atequiza, battle at. IV. 339, Miramon.
Atheniruni Shaw. sr)briiiuet, V. 487, Shaw. W. S.
Athens. American school at, III, 204. Hill, F. M.; gifts to,
VI. 590. Wolfe.
Athens, (la., gift of land for. FV, 324. Milledge, J.
Athens of America, the. Setzahualcoyotl.
Ath»'o», anonymous book, II, 6.50, Frothingham, W.
Atherton. Israel, III, 110. Haskell. A.
Atherton K&«. the. I. 114. AtheHon, C. G.
Atkins. Dudley, VI. 202. Tyng.
Atkinson. Charles F.. IV. 27.'Loring. F. W.
Atkinson. Rev. Dr.. U. 1S5. Dixon. Alexander.
Atkin.son. Theodore. VI. 4:i5. Wentieorth, F. D.
Atkinson. N. H . jdft to. VI. 17S», Tufts. Q.
Atlanta. Sherman's movement on. II. 714 ; destiniction of
rallnwls. III. .5.35, Kilpatrick : little at, 247, Ho<xi. J.
B.: IV, 0, htrtan. W. A.; \', .504, Sherman ; influence of
itHi>apture. Ill, 72:).
AtUnta, capture of the. II, 260. Dii Pont : V, 297.
Atlantic, wreck of the. I. 93, Armstrom/. W. J.
Atlantic City. Mercer home at. FV. 300. .Werrer, A. J.
AUanti)- coast, survey of the. I. 297. Blunt, E. and G. W.
Atlantic insurance company, the. III. 472, Jones. W. R.
Atlantic Journal and Friend of Kowledge, the, V, 139, Ra-
ftnesf/ue.
Atlantic Mntrazlne. the. V. .389. Sands. R. C.
Atlantic Monthly, the. II. .^«6 : 451. Fields, J. T.: III. 210
Holmes. (». W.; 286 ; IV. 41 ; VI. 210, Underwood, F. H.\
493. Whittier.
Atlantic t^-leifraph, the, project of, company organized, II,
448. Fiel/t. Cyrus W. ; first cable. 449 ; second and third
cabL-s, 449 ; view of the Oreat Eastern. 449 ; first sug-
gestion of. route indicate<l. IV. 205 : III. 602. Lampson.
Atlantis. III. I9r). Hervas ; II, 201. Donnellu, I.
Atlaa, the. III. 187. Herrick, A.
Atlw, Capt.. Ill, 367. Irvine, James.
Ail*, Col. W. P.. I. 11.5, Atlee, J. L. : IV, 601, Parry, C.
AUixco. Duke of. V. 401, Sarmiento.
Atmospheric changes, inventor of recorder for, V, 676. Ste-
vens. E.
Atmospheric physics. I, 295, Blodget, L.
Atomic weights, investigations on, I, 689, Clarke, F. W. ;
IV. 183, Mallet.
Atoms, theory of, VI, 459, Whelpley, J. D.
Atrato expetlition. the. II. 3, Craven. T. A. M.
Atterley. Joseph, pen-name. VI. 176. Tucker, G.
Attic Nights. i).'r.«Mli(-al. VI. 460. Whipple, E. P.
Atticus. j)en-nauie. IV. :)82. Moore, M.
Attiwanduronks. the. VI, 140. Totiri.
Atwood, Chiff Justice. 1. VJH, Bayard, N.
Atzcajjotjyileo. empire of, VI. 0;i5. Xolotl.
Auburn, Seward house at, illustration, V, 472.
Auburn theological seminary, IV, 21, Lord, E. ; gifts to,
IV, 398, Morgan, E. B. ; V, 272, Robert, C. R. ; VI, 82.
Tap]}an, A.
Auckland. Lord, II. 302, Ed^n, W.
Auditor, great third. III. 25, Hagner, P.
Auguie, Madame. II. 024. Genest.
Augusta, Oa., sieges of, during the Revolutionary war,
I, 511. Campbell, Sir A. ; 414. Browne, T. ; III. 0«j7. Lee ;
IV, 768, Pickens, A. ; seizure of arsenal at. in 1801, I. 408,
Brown, J. E.; Confederate powder-works at, V, 161,
Rains, O. W.
Augusta. Me., gift to, VL 676. Corey.
Augiistana college. III. 111. Hasselguist.
Augustine. Saint. II, 627-02i8. Geraldini.
August ines, the, II. 573-574, Galberry ; missions of, IV, 406,
Moriarty ; V, 24, Pineda.
Aulne, Baron d', VI, 183. Turgot, A. K. J.
Aunt Alice, pen-name, II, 727, Graves, A. C.
Aunt Fanny, pen-name, 1, 179, Burrow, F. E. ; U, 568, Oage,
F. D.
Aunt Kitty, pen-name, IV, 124, Mcintosh, M. J.
Auriesville. III. 43.5, Joques.
Aurora Borealis of 1780. the, II. 681, Goodrich, E.
Austin. George L., IV. 702, Phillips, Wendell.
Austin, Loring H.. VI, 668, Austin, J. G.
Austin, Moses. I. 121. Austin, S. F.
Austin. MLss.. burned. II. 327, Ellet. A. W.
Australia, exploration of, I, 715 ; II, 63, Dumpier ; 534,
fYanklin, Sir J.
Austria, burning of the. 11, 817. Eisfeld.
Austria, Archduchess of, II, 526, Franco, F. de M. ; IV.
698, Pedro I.
Auto da f^ in Mexico, an, VI, 1.37, Torres y Rveda.
Autographic recording testing-machine, inventor of a, VI,
110, Thurston.
Autographs, collection of, V, 638, Sprague, W. B. ; coun-
terfeited, 6.39, Sijring. R.
Automaton Minstrel and Bird, I, 686, Coleman, O. M.
Anton. C. pen-name. III. 202, Hoppin, A.
Aux Canardo. engagement at, I. 561. Cass, L.
Aux Cayes, taken by buccaneers. III, 343, Illigen.
Avache, island of. III, 031, Laurent.
Avahi, battle of, FV, 499, Neies.
Avalon, I. 15.3. Baltimore ; 020. Cluibome.
Avavares, tribe of the, I, 490, Cabeza.
Averell, Ehenezer, I, 121. Averell, W. W.
Avery. Rev. Joseph, II. 405. Fisher. Jonathan.
Averysboro', fight at, II, 715 : V, 505,
Avila, Gonzalez de, IV. 670. Olid.
Avon, manor of. Md., V, 704, Stone, W.
Avonia. Kan.. Ill, 407, Jones, J. Mather.
Awakening, the great, II. 310, 312.
Axacan. country of. V, 455, Segura.
Axavacatl, King, VI, 123, Tizoc.
Axtell, William. II, 145. De Pev.ster, F.
Ayacucho, battle of, I, 306 ; 739, Cordova, J. M. ; IV, 330,
Miller, W. ; V, 403, Serna ; 739, Sucre, A. J.
Ayacucho, the hussar of. III. 184, Herran, P. A.
Ayeu, Duke d'. III, 580, Lafayette.
Ayers. Miss. II. 221. Downing, Col.
Aylett. Miss. Ill, 00.5. Lee, R. H.
Aylett. William. I, 301, Braxton.
Aymard. Col., IV, 291, Mejiu.
Aymard, (Justave, pen-name, 11, 659, Gioux.
Ayolas, Juan de, II, 515, Fonrher.
Ayrshire, wreck of the, II, .5JJ4, fVuncis, J.
Ayutla. plan of. I. 02. Alvarez, J. ; II. 124, DegoUado.
Azcapotzalco. kings of. I. 606, Chimalpopoca.
Azilia. margravate of. FV, 372, Montgomery, R.
Azores, the. famines in. II, 51, Dabney, C. W. ; naval battle
near, 761, Grenville. R.
Aztec calendar-stxme. the. 11. 585. Gama, A. L. de.
Azt^c club, the, VI, 146, Tower, Z. B.
Aztec kingdom, consolidation of the, I, 9, Acamupictli.
A2t«c language, the, I, 300, Brasseur : first preaching in,
II, .5.58, Fuensalida : works in, IV, 352. «3/o{t7m, A.de;
decioherment of MSS. and inscriptions, II, 398, Fubregat ;
V. 520. Sibiel ; VI, 035, Xolotl.
Aztecs, the. VI. 03. Tenoch : 75. Thiband : kings of. I, 606,
Chimalpopoca ; III. 307. Huitzilihuitl : first emperor of.
372, Izrohuatl : compared with the Toltecs. 300, Iluemat-
zin : treatment of. 183. Hernandez. I'. : relics of, I, 595,
Chaveru; antii|uities and hieroglyphs. III. 342, Ignacio,
Igolino ; destruction of antiquities of. IV. 034. Palafox ;
teaching of a priest of. Ill, 3l>7. Huitzilihuitzin ; work
on, V, 868, Sahagun ; chronicle of the, VI, 655, Zapata-
Mudoza.
Aztec Virgil, the. II, 28, Cidtzhayotl.
BARILLI
707
H. pen-name, VI, 9(13, Ward, \.
UabUit, KlUabetli, III. NA. Haune», L.
Babbitt iiu-Uil. I. ]i». Hubbitt. l. II. ItC. DLrom, Joseph.
Dobctx-k, AliihiMW, I, ttOv.', I'kirkrrim/, Jonat.
Baboook. Chk-rJiiHili-.', I. la:., Hnlxuck, //.
Babvlonia, exulurluK f x|if<litiua U>, VI, 806, Hard, H*. H.
Baocaiaoa, IV; OM, I'tirrut. P.
BavchuN. Island of. I, MS, Cartier. J.
Iltchf, Paul, III, 7Sr, Lupenard.
U Khe, Sarah, V. 408, Hergeant, T.
II t<lii>, MisH. III. lOD, Harwoody J. E.
li.trlx'lor'H Klvsiiitn of In-ing, the. III, 511, Kembte, O.
UickiiH Isliind, I, 'ifri, Hlennerhavtett.
Kacon. t^lmuml. III. 4^.
BiKv.ti, W. R.. Ill, *M\ JohtiMin, Mary.
lU«".«rr« r«>>>elllcin. 1. 131, Hncon, A'.; II,*JS4, Drummond, W.
U»o«»t, T. W., III. »M, //lif/rr, A.
Bacteria, cau!w> <>f <li.sea.s>' in pinnt.s. I, 4AP. Hurrill.
Badajoa, Oonuilo <le. trcoMurc lost )iy. II, 8T-I, Ettpinoita. G.
Bad Axe river, enifa>?i'inents (in, I, 115, Atkii\9on, H.\ H^i,
Blank Hawk : VI. .M.
Bad Boy'8 Diary, the, anonymous book, VL 987, Victor,
Metta v.
Ba<l-n, revolution in. V. ."121 : 725. titruv^.
n.-ulwr, Rutii. I, ft-«». CiJifmrrll, T.
Hadillo, l'i««ln>. V, aiO, HiMedu.
It.iil lAmU, the. III, 131. Hayden, F. V.\ skirmish In, V,
rw. Sulhi, A.
liatlln, arotie vovasfes of the. V, 4*1, Scoretby.
Ha;i'>ll, Antonio*. V, .-i-SJ, Sicklt^g.
H-iha<liK>r, Jiin^, IV, 572, lUiphant.
Uahaina islands, the. governor of, II, 132 ; capture of, 654,
anion : expe<lition to. III, 254, Hopkins, Eaek ; Hlaves
taken from. IV. 5(jr. OJedo.
Bahia, founde<l. V. rtlO. Soiiza, T. de ; taken by the Dutch,
IV, 430, \(usau-Sieijen : IV, 4W, Set/reiron ; recaptured,
IV, 831, Padilha ; V. 3tta. Sa. S. C. de : IV, 418, Sloura ;
IV, 531, Nore* ; evacuated by the Portuguese, IV, 608,
P^dro I.
Bail, lA)uis, IV, 30, Loop. J. S.
Ilailfv, Abitcail, IV, 3WJ.
llailfy, E/ra. II, 6J5, Oleim, C.
lUiily, I^H)ii, pupil of, VI, 114. Tiffany, L. C.
Baily, Kaward H.. III. 302. Hughe*, B.
Hiiiibrid;<e, Sir Arthur. I. 14<), Bainbridge, W.
Ilaird. Mattht-w. II, OWJ, (iould, H'.
IJaird, Thoina*, VI, 009. Haird, H. 8.
Bai.sch, Herni inn, puiiil of, VI, 20, Tail, J. R.
Baker, C.>nrad. III. 1(W. Hendricks, T. A.
Baker, Francis. VI, 600, Baker, W.
Baker. Isaac D., V, 443, Scribner.
Baker, Laura E., IV, 60, Lyman, L. E. B.
Baker, Thomas. II. 3Hi(, Ki-an*, D. h.
Bakewell, L'ley. I, 117, Audubon.
Balaklava. charge at. II. 380, Ihinn, A. R.
Balance, the Hudson, II, 21, Croswell, H.
Balcarce, Gen., IV, 21, Lopez, E.; 67, Luzuriaga ; V, 880,
Rttaas.
Bilch, Rev. T., II, 47. Cutler, M.
Balch, W. R., II. 605. (inrfield.
Bald Eagle of Westchettter, the sobriquet. III, 380, Hutted.
Baldwin, t'hrUtopher ('., V. M.\ Rugglea, T.
Baldwin, (leorj,'*' R.. VI. 017, W'orthen.
Baldwin, Simeon, I. 149, Baldwin, R. S.; V,S»,Silliman. B.
Baldwin, R Jb.-rt. II. 3J0. Elgin.
Baldwiu Blues, thf, II. 100. IhUeti.
Baldv Smith, sobricjuet. V. .M(G, Smith, M'. F.
Ballol, John. V, 4.W. Scott, R.
Bxll. Mary, VI, 373.
Ball, Thomas, group by, I. 45, Alexander, Archer.
Ball'vian, .los*. 11,551, Frias. T.
Ballinifer, Jo*>pli, I. OJU. Collins, E. B.
Balloon, u*? of the. in war. V. 303, Roebling, M'. A.
Ballooning;. S«>e ARuonaits.
Ballm>n Tytler, sobriquet. VI. aoi. Tytler.
Ballot reform, d.-inan.l for, V. 233, Rice, A. T.
Ballots, law on. s«-ale<i, VI, 325. Walker, A.
Ballon, IV'v. Miiturin, I. l.'>2, Btdlott, H.
Ballou, Eliza. II. .'liW. (iartirtd.
Ball's Bluff, battle of, II, 171, nickinson, Anna E. ; 383,
Etntu. N. If. ; V, 700. ,Stone. C. P.
Bilmaine, Rev. Alexander. IV, 2H2, Meade, »'.
Baltimore, defence of, in 1H14, III, .529, Key, F. S. ; V, 897
VI, 415, Wvhutrr, J. A. ; riots of 1812, in. III. 44, Hull, J.
E. ; 7«, Hnniutn. A. C. ; «B7, Ijee H. ; attack on the
Federal Republion- ■ •«— ~>\, Hanson, A. C. ; 732. Ling
am : mob in. V, : n- ; riots of 18C1 In. IV, 4a).
Morris. W. H'. : ' ; VI. 880, Watson, B. F.
I, SIS, Bond, H. L. . .— u* I. 477 : cathedral of. IV. 204
Mar^chal : ftittH to. 1(«. Mrlkmogh ; III, SWl. Hopkin
Jithns; insane asvliim In. V, 4tC, .Sficfypord, M.; the
Peabody institutc'lll. 517. Kfnnetly. J P : |V. 688. Pea
body, (/. ; the Kelso orphan honi»»s in. III. .509. Kelso, T
V, 801, Readi/ : public library* found*"*! in, illustration
1(M: R C. institutions in. III. 519, Kenrirk, F. P ; l\\
SSB, Moranville ; Kifts to charities of,— Thomas Wilson
sanitarium, VI, .557.
Baltimora academy of medicine, the. TV, 161. McSheiTy, R.
BaltiBarB beater, the. III, 627, Latrobt, J. H. B.
Balum-VotAn. VI. 808, rofdn.
Baiic-Ker, Oerrit. II. 53U, Frreman, B.
Banco Ijuvo. battle at. III, 300, IntHirren.
Baiicnilt, A. I. , I. 150, Boncroft. H. H.
Buncrott. (iforge. quoted, V, 56; cuntroTeray with. tOI.
Rrrti. J. : 210, W B.
Bani-roft, Kilas A.. VI. 178, Tuckerman. S. P.
Bands (Oriental, the, UI, 186. Herrera, \. ; 608, Lecor : IV,
608, PiBdro /.
Baaderas, II, 164, Piax. C. A.
Bangor. Me., gift to.
lU, \(». Hersey, S. F.
Bangor theological seminary, gifu to, lit 638, LoHrmct.
A.: VI. 5C5, Winkley.
I Bangs, Ix-muel. IV, 113, McElrath.
Banker, Evart, II, 130, Dellius.
I Pankbills, method of printing, In colon, II, 187, ZMSOM,
I Joseph.
; Bank fight, the. I. 430.
Bank-note comjiany. the American. 11. 617, Oarit.
' Bank-note plates, transfer machine fur, I, 801, Boponf-
I us, J.
Bank- note engraving, inventions for, II. 888, Durand, C.
Bankrupt laws. IIL 420. Jenckvs ; VI, 831.
Banks : the United States, war ui>un, repeal of its char-
ter, etc., I, 2.57. 2a5. 5(10, .'lOl ; II, .58. Ikillns ; III. 375, 381 ;
contest of 'Clay and Jackson, its alxilition, 3t^ : resulta,
3rtl ; 402. Kane. J. K. ; IV, 189. Mann : events leading to
the repeal of iU charter. 244, Mason, Jeremiah : V, 51 ;
resolution of censure, and expunging resolution, 867,
Rii-es, W. C. : 470, Seieard, W. H. ; VI. 29 : 193. Tyler,
J. ; 195. 196. 232 : national. II. 4M : orgsnization of. IV,
98. McCulloch, H. : national, VI. 407 : of America, the,
230 ; of California, the. IV. .332, Mills, I). O. ; V. IM. Ral-
ston, W. C. ; of England founded. IV. 670, Palerson,
W. ; of Nevada, the. 127, Mackap, J. W. : of North
America, the, 416. Morris, R. ; VI. 180. Tompkins ; dt
Pennsylvania, the. IV, 409 ; Morris, C. ; wild-cat, SA,
Mather. S. //. : first, chartered, VI, 589, Willing.
Banks. Sir Joseph, I, 715 ; UI, 655, Ledyard, J.; \, 4li4,
Scorest>y.
Baptism, celebrated debates on, IV. 395, Morgan, A. ; V,
236, Rice, S. L : VI. 337, Waller, J. L.
Baptist homes, the Philadelphia and Germantown, IV, 644,
Nugent, (/.
Baptist Memorial, the, magazine, founded, 1. 120, Babcock,
Rufus.
Baptist Missionary' Magazine, founde<l. I. l.V). Baldwin, T.
Baptists, first, in the colonies. III. 568, KnoUys : first church
of, in America, VI, 118. Tillinghttst, P. ; in Rhode Island,
I, 395 : IV, 1<.»2. Manning, James.
Baptists, persectition of, hi New Hampshire. V, 448, Srrr-
ren, W. ; first church of, in Charleston. 412; treatment
of. in Massachusetts colony. IV, 474, Mylrs. J. ; 741, Pe-
ters, H.; II, 108; history of, .307. EdtrartU, M. ; first
sendnar>' of, I. 5K1. Chase, I. : II. 293. Eaton, I. ; VI, 581.
Williams, Roger ; gifts to charities of, I. 070. Culrum, A.;
083. Colby, O. ; II. 22, CYozer ; IV, 738. Perry. Eli ; 544.
Nugent, U. ; pioneers among the, I. 7t50. Craig. L. ; VI,
.337, Waller, J.; in Virginia, IV. 2^'0, Mariihall. W.-.
Campljellite schLsin, see Campbellites ; exclusion of
open cummunionists, V, .573, Smith. J. H. ; nii-ssions of,
I, 608, Clough, J. E. ; 299, Boardman, (i. D. : II. 115,
Dean, W. ; III. 409. Jones, J. T. : 488, Judson ; 538. Kin-
caid, E.; .565, Knowlton, M. J. : IV, 155, Macomber ; 840,
Mason, F. ; OOO. Perk. J. M. : V, l(i8. Rand, & r. : 885,
Rice, L.; 618, Shuck : 514^51.5. Skinner, E. : VI, 46. Taylar,
J. ; .302, Vinton, J. H : II. 428, Feller ; famoua debate
on principles of. VI. mti, Wightman, V.; old Albemarle
church. 005. Wixxts. W.
Baptists, (iennan Seventh-Day, I, 288, BeisseL
Ba<iuedano. Gen., HI. 735. Lirti.
Barnya, (Jen.. V. 890. .Santander.
Barnt. Madame. II, 242. Duchesne.
BarlMidoes. results of abolition in. III, 812, Hincks, F; ad
ventures in. 711. Lig^m.
Bar»)ary jxiwers, the, defeat of, II. 181 : difflcuUy with, V,
1(X5. /Ve6/e, E.
Barbauld. Anna Letitia. VI. .389, Watkinson.
Barber. Catherine W.. VI, 147, rorr/«.
I Barber. John. V. 014. .*<t)uthwick.
BarlM-rigo. .\g«>stino. I. 098.
Bnrhlran. M.. III. f&K Hunt. W. M.
Barbosa, Francisco V.. IV, 044, Paranagwl.
Barlvnir, Col. Tliomas. I. 162. Barl>our, J.
Bar»x>za. Mrs. M. H. G., II, 606, Garnet.
Barca. (Vimt of. I, 124. Azeredo, A. A.
Barcelona, battle at. I. 801 : capture of, 806 : II, fitt,
j f\eite».
' Barclay. Anthony. VI. SOB, Wilde, R. H.
BarcUiv. Rev. H . I. 1«W. Barclay, T.
I Barciav. Jameo. IV. 2l»9. Menken.
Barclay, R«*v. J. T , III. 4.V1. Johnmm, 8. B.
Barclay. Rev. Thomas, HI. 737, Liapemard.
Barclay, Rev. Thomas. IV. 58, Lydiua, J.
' Barclays, one of the. i>enname, IV, dOlB, OtU, K. H.
I Barculo, Seward, II. 114. l>ean, U.
[ Bard. SuaanMV, 709, Pendleton, JV.
I Barentaon, m. 8»7.
! Barilll, SigBorm, IV, 874, Aiffi, C.
708
BARING
BEJUCO
Baring, Alexander, 1, 109.' Aahburton.
BarltiK, Sir FraiioU. I, KW, AnJU/urtun.
BjiriiiK, Ht'iirv, 1. '-JW. Hinyham, W.
Barki-i-, KlizaWth. IV. 74:4. /V/fr«, E.; VI, 660, Winatotr, £.
Barker, <itH>rKe. I, 244. /<t ro.
Barker, Col. Jmicpli. II. Qw. Oage.
Barker, Lieut.. V. 127. Proctor, T.
Barkly, Wir H., III. 474, Jordan.
Barkpe<'U'rs. tin-. IV, lf7. McVullagh.
BarkHte<i. Col.. II. 'AS. Ihunning, Sir O.
Barnanl. Rev. C. F.. I, 107, Barnard, C.
Banianl. (}. (J, VI, ll.V
Barnard. I'lt-rre, V. '-m, Richings, C. M.
Barnave. M.. III. 4«ft, Jnn-ic.
Barn builtliiiK. improvement in. IV, 157, MacPher»on, D. M.
Banil)nrn.-rs, 1. 4m. Hutts ; VI. 283-233.
Barnes, Charles M. Ill, .VK, Kent, James.
Barnes. David, II. :JW1. Kytinge.
Barnes. F,arl. V. 41W, Sheldon, M. D.
Barnes. .lohn. 111. 22, Hackett,J. H.
Barnes. Marv. 1. 7()«, Connor, E. S.
Barnes, Mrs. Mary T.. II. 422. Fauntleroy.
Barnes, Robert ()., VI, 24.'J. Vanderooel, A. P.
Barneveld islands, discovery of. Ill, 684, Le Maire.
Barney, Nathaniel. II, .514. Foster, S. S.
Bamafey mine disaster, pjem on the. IV, 59, Lyle, W.
Barnuevo, Maldonado. \ I, 60. Tejeda.
Baroa. capture of. II. 25. Cuenecurn.
Baron, the, Huron chief. III, 572, Kondearonk.
Baronet, first native, of America, IV. 721, Pepperrell.
Baronetcies. American. I. 48. Alejcander, W.
Baron de Kalb, the iron-clad, VI, 328, Walker, J. O.
Barouco. caciijue (»f, II, 3.59, Enrique.
Bar<iuisenieto, engagement at, I, .S(M.
Barr, confederation of, V, i;i3, Pulaski, K.
Barr, Ro»)ert, I, 174. linrr.
Barr, Robert and Alexander, IV, 592, Orr, H.
Barranca, Jos** S., IV. .570, Dltantai.
Barranca Seoa. battle at, IV, 215, Mdrquez, L.
Barre. John de la, I. 620.
Barre. Mass., change of name of, III, 3.33.
Barrel Miral)eau, IV, 3.38, Mirnbeaxi.
Barren Hill, Lafayette surprised at, III, 587 ; II, 708, Grant,
James.
Barrens, seminary of the, IV. 486, Neckere.
Barreto, Isabel, IV, 2S>5, Mendana.
Barrett, (Jiles I,e«)nard. I, 17.5, Barrett, G. H.
Barrett. Jackson. VI. 287. Victor, F. A.
Barrett. Joseph H.. III. 727, Lincoln, A.
Barrett. Walter, pen-name. V. 442, Scoville.
Barrie Herald, the. IV. 677. Patton, J.
Barrier forts in China, the. II. 4i)6. Foote, A. H.
Barriira. Juan Gonzalez, V. 400. Sarmiento de Sotomayor.
Rarrinper. Victor C . I. .5. Abbott, B. V.
Barrinpton, I^ord, III, (558.
Barrington, R. I.. IV. 474. Myles. J.
BarroM- strait, explored. IV, 661, Parry, Sir W. E.
Barry. David. VI. 206. VHoa, A. de.
Barn*. Cant. Thomas F.. V, 4.33. Schwatka.
Barstow, RliEa>>eth. V. 697. Stoddard, E. B.
Barstow. Marguerite. TV, $1, Loud.
Barth. Ferdinand, pupil of. VI. 200. Uhlr.
Barth. Count Joseph de. VI. 319, Wnlbach.
Barth. I»uis A. and John de, VI, 319, Walbach.
Barth^ilemy, the poet. V. 611.
Bartholin statue, speech at the imveiling of, II, 145, Depew.
Bartlett. D W.. III. 727. Lincoln, A.
Bartlett. Kllis. I. IHII. Bnrtlett, W. L. A.
Bartlett. Richard. I. 281. Blair, H. W.
Bartolini. I»n*nzo. pupil of, V, .309, Rogers, Randolph.
Barton, trage<lian. II. 41, Ciijthmnn.
Barton, Capt. .Stephen. I, 187, Barton, C.
Bartrain homestead, the. illustration, I. 189.
Barye. Antoine Ix>uis. works by, VI, 342, Walters,
Barye, M.. Ill, 511. Kemeys.
Ro-ses ortriinica'«. the. IV. .386, Moralen, J. B.
Baskervill, Dr W. M., HI, 100, Harrison, J. A.
Baaque. !>•. IV. 315. Michel, J. L.
Bmb. Lyman K.. I. 051, Cleveland, O.
Basie, Jeremiah, HI. 62. Hamilton, A. and John.
Bafwe Tern*, capture of. HI, 306. Hngiies.
Bftfavia, N. Y., located, II, 828. Ellicott, J.
Bat«man. H. L.. I. 192, Bateman, K. J.
Bateman. Virginia F.. I. 192, Bateman, K. J.
Bateman's cottage. Newport, II. .597, Gardner, C.
Bates, Hervey. I. 192, Bates. C. F.
Bates college, gift to, II. 490, Fogg.
Bathori. Sigismund. V. 570.
Bathometer, inventor of the. IV. 729. Perkins, Jacob.
Itathy<»meter. invention of the, IV, 428, Morse, S. E.
Baton Rouge, taken, II, .584, Gdlvez, B. ; surrender of ar-
senal at, HI, 110, Haskin, J. A.; attack upon, VI, &34,
H'i7/iaiiiji, T.
Batteries, invention of plans for, VI, 120, Timby.
Batt^'ry, the. New York city. HI, 681, Leisler.
Battle above tlie clouds, the. III. 251. Hooker, J.
Battle island. Indian engagement at, II, 6, Crawford, W.
Battle of Dorking, the, I, .59)), Chesney.
Battle of the kegs, the, ID, 800, Hopkinson, F.
Batture Sainte Marie, controversy over, m, 746.
Baudelaire, Charles, V, 40.
Baudin, Capt., lU, 664, Ledru, A. P.
Baudin, Admiral C, V, 158, Radiguet.
Baudouiu, Herre, I, 335, Bowdoin.
Bavaria, governmental crisis in, IV. 868, Montez ; reforms
made in, V, .340 ; gifts to school of, VI, 8»4, Villard.
Baxter, Mr., IH. 170, Henry, A.
Baxter, Richard, his " call," U, 828.
Bayamo, burning of, I. 561, Cespedes.
Bayard, Harriet E., Vl, 252. Van Rensselaer, 8.
Bayard, Judith, I, 197, Bayard, J.
Bayard, Judith, V, 736. Stuyvesant, J. B.
Bayard, Margaret, V, 574, Smith, M. B.
Bayard, Samuel, I, 197, Bayard, J.
Bayard, Samuel, II, 481, Fletcher, B.
Bayar'i, Samuel J., I. 196. Bayard, G. D.
Bayard of the Revolution, the. III, 681, Laurens, J.
Bayley, Elizabeth A., V, 465, Seton, E. A.
Baylies, William. I, 423.
Baylor, Walker, I, 301, Baylor. R. E. B.
Bayly, Bishop, his Practice of Piety. II, 383.
Bayne. Dr.. H, 251, Lhihamel, W.
Bay of Buen Succeso, IV, 529, Nodal.
Bay of P'undy, engagement in the. III. 389, Iberville.
Bayonet fastening, inventor of a, IV, 576, Oliver, P. A.
Bay Psalm Book, the, II, 323 ; VI, 425, Welde.
Bazaine. Marshal, charge against, of treachery, II, 168.
Bazin. Rev. The<Hlore, II, 580, Gallitzin.
Beach, John, 1, 202, Beach, A.
Beall, Edgar C, III, ;«8, Ingersoll, R. G.
Beanes. Dr. W.. III. .529. Key, F. S.
Bean, Pole, sobriquet, IH, 466, Jones, J. C.
Bean's Station, battle of, II, 441, Ferrero.
Beard, Isalxd, V. .5:^8. Simpson, G. S.
Beard, Sir James, I, 306. Beard, J. H.
Beard. Maj.. hanging of. IV. 62, Lynch, C.
Beardsley, Fredericka, VI, 683, Gilchrist.
Bear Flag revolt, the, I, 87, Arce, F. ; IV, 221, Marshall,
James Wilson.
Beas, Admiral Antonio. V, 82, Portocarrero.
Beatriz, Dofia, the, II, 25, Cueva.
Beatriz, Princess, of Peru, V. .36. IHzarro, F.
Beat tie, James, III, 78, Hardie, J.
Beatty, Rev. C, I, 308, Beatty, E.
Beauchainp, trial of. III, 228. Hoffman, C. F.
Beaufort, Canada, battles at. III. 481, Jucherau.
Beaufort, N. C, surrender of. I, 403.
Beaufort, S. C, fort on the site of, V, 232, Ribaut ; found-
ed, II, 2, Craven, C.
Beauharnais family, the, IH, 475, Josephine.
Beauliarnais, Eugene. IV, 171, Maelzl.
Beaumarchais, his Marriage of Figaro, HI, 419.
Beaumont, filie de. lU, 384, 385, Jackson, C. T. ; V, 870,
Sainte-Claire.
Beau Hickman, sobriquet, III, 195, Hickman.
Beaujeu. HI. 622.
Beau Neill. sobriquet. IV, 488, Neill, T. H.
Beauport, Quebec, asylum at, founded, U, 212, Douglas, J.
Beau Trumps, original of. III, 691, Leonard, D.
Beauty and Booty, countersign, V, 48, Poindexter.
Beauty of Holiness, the, magazine, U, 548, FYench, M.
Beauvallon, case of. III. .583, Lacour.
Beauvoir, estate of, II, 102. Davis, J. ; 207, Dorsey, 8. A.
Beaver Dam, capture at, V, 498.
Beccaria, Abb6, III, .5.50, Kinnersley.
Bechamel, Francois, II, 767, Grillei.
Beck, Caleb, I, 212, Beck, T. R.
BeckamVille, engagement at, IV, 90, McClure, J.
Becker, Jacob. IV, .3.54, Momberger.
Becker. Mr., 'V, 184, Rapp.
Beckwith, N. M., I, 214, Beckipith, J. C.
Bedel. Gen. Moody, I, 214, Bedel, J.
Bedel, Sarah, I, 731.
Bedell, Rev. Gregoi^-. II, 340. Elij, E. 8.
Bedford, Duke of, V, ,3.51, Russell, A. G.
Bedford, fight of the. II. 5.34. Franklin, Sir J.
Bedford House, the, illustration, HI, 410.
Bedini, Archbishop, III, 305, Hughes, J.
Bedlow, Catharine. II. 17, Crosby, E.
Bedlow's Island, purchase of, I, 164, Bard ; statue on, I,
182, Bartholdi.
Beebe, Lieut., II, 741, Greely.
Beecher, David, I, 216, Beecher, L.
Beecher, Isabella, HI, 249, Hooker, I. B.
Beechey, Sir W.. I, 231, Beechey, F. W.
Bee-hive, invention of a. HI, 612. Langstrofh.
Bee-hive, the Vermont, VI. 420, HVeA:.s, J. M.
Beekman, rebellion of. II. .543, Freire de Andrado.
Beekman, Margaret, III, 744. Livingston, R. R.
Beekman, Maria, V, 736, Stuyvesant, N. W.
Beekman, William, I. 331. Beekman. J. W.
Beer, first, made in United States, IH, 533, Kieft.
Beers, Isaac, V, 15, Pierrejiont, H.
Behagues, Count de, V, 393, Rochambeau, Donatien.
Behnes, W., IH, 119, Hawkins. B. W.
Behring strait, its existence inferred. II. 575, Gali,
Beirut, plundered by Bedouins, II, 678, Goodell.
Bejuco, bridge made of the vine, IV, 178, Maita Capae.
BELAIR
BILLOPP HOUSE
709
I
BtUlr, pUntAtlon of. IV, SA4, OgU. B.
B.'lch«T, Andrew. I. «tS, Belcher. J.
lUkher, J. H.. III. irr, Hennhaw, J. S.
B«'lt"<>ur, charai'tvr of. II, 2»i4, Dwper.
tt<-lfni. dhnoKmiihic iiium-uin M, II, &4t, FVeirt de Ak-
arada.
\M(rf%K*', Rev. H.. IV. 767, Picken. .
i<<-lKrnno. (k*n.. Ill, 984. Imcuhm. M.
ItrliHariuH. alleffcHl dcHoendanU of, VI, 48S, Wetter.
IWI, Sir C. II. 4M1, Flint, A.
im. John, I. itrr. «»•//. .s.
U.«ll. Jcwhua F.. II ijra. Duihnm, M. J.
It^llaviHtd. citv nf. foundt'<l. IV. ISO, Manao de Velcuco.
R<-llavmta. >>attl<> nf. II. 5MN, Umui.
Belltviu. Sir NarcLsw F.. IV, 108.
B«'llefonte. Pa., I. 837, Henner.
IMlcfonU* feneibh'H. the, I. 211, Render.
B«'lleville, N. J., tnippiT-niineH, III, 854, HnmNotrer, J.
lU'llfVue hiiopital, sriflH to, I, .529, Carnegie ; (dven to, IV,
213. Marqwtiut. If. (}. : reforms in, VI, 596, Wood. J. R.
Ik'llevjie nitfdleal colletre, IV. 443, Mott, A. R. : V, 411.
Sfiyrr, L. A. \ VI, 42, Taylor, I. E. ; founded, M», Wood,
J. R.
B«-ll.'wood collejre. Ky., II. 4«M. Fi»her, M. M.
Bellona, the Vain lire of. Ill, 247, Hood, S.
Bells. caKtintr or. II. 122. l)e Condrea.
Bellville, Dr. Nicholas. II. X)f>. Ewinfj, W. B.
R«>linont. estate of. Pa., IV, 744. Petera, R.
I{<>ln)ont, school at. III. 99, Harrimm, Gemmer.
Belmont, Mo., engatcement at, II, 710 ; IV, 6, Logan, J. A.;
V. .17. Po/A-. L.
Boloit c-ollefre, UI, 520, Kent, A.; IV, 80, Loaa : gift to, V,
319. Root, I).
Belphegor, character of. II, 178, Dillon, C.
Belpre, O.. settlement of. I, 348, Bradford, R.
Beltran, Father B.. II. 373, Eapejo, A.
Beltrani, Count, (pioted, I. 492. Cabrera, M.
Belvedere, residence of. Md., illustration. Ill, 277.
Belzu. Manuel I., IV, 291, Melgartjo; VI, 272. Velaaco,
Joittf.
Bembridge. Henry. V. 743, Sully, T.
B<>miss. Dr. .John. I. 232, BemiaH. S. M.
BemiH.>< Heights, battle of. III. 728. See SARAToaA.
Benai Berith. order of, IV, 7(M, Peirotto.
Benavente, Toribio de, IV. 440, Motolinia.
Benavides, f}en.. II. 541. Freire, R.; V. 121. Prieto.
Ben^M>w. Admiral, II. 240. Ducaaae ; 494. Fonvielle.
BemHliotines. the. III, 686, Lemcke ; the. first in the U. 8.,
IV. Vii, O'Connor. M. ; missions of, IV, 238, Marty ; es-
tablishment of abbeys, VI, STifl, Wimmer.
Benedictine nuns, convent of. II, 450, Fink, M.
B«'necke, Prof.. I. 154. Bancroft, O.
Bendant. M., V, .598. Smitharm.
Benjamin, Joseph. II. 176. Dickaon, T.
Benjamin. Mary. IV. 438. Motley.
Benicia. college at. I. 3»H. Breck, J. L.
Ben. Ezra, Juan Josaphat, pen-name, III,l!i84, Lacunxa, M.
Bennet. Dr. David, IV. 7(51, Phipa, S.
Bennet. Phineas. I. iSiT. Rennet, O.
Bennett, Belva A., Ill, 751, Ijockwood, B. A. B.
Bennett. E<1mund H.. Ill, 153. Heard.
Bennet. Willjaui. VI. .%4-5, WilniHhuriit.
Bennett island, discovered. II, 137, f>e lymg.
Bennington. Vt.. name of. VI. 435. Wentirorth, B.; V, 887,
Rohinaon, S.; gift to. IV, 648, Park, T. W.; battle of, II,
537, fVfijier, .S'.: V. .372. St. Luc; V, 663-663, Stark, J.;
monument ilustralion. 063.
Bennoch. Francis, III, 129.
Benseki, Col.. 111,308.
B«'nslfv. anonvmoiis book. 1, 448, Biince, O. B.
IVnsfm, Carl. I. 37\i. Briited, C. A.
Benson. Judge. II. 475. Fitznntrick, B.
Bent, Capt. Charles. V. 18. Pike, A.
Bent. Lieut. Silas. II, 607. Oli/nn.
Bentham, Jeremy, IV, 484, Neal, J.
Bentham, philosophy of, II, 844.
Bentheim. Count de. II. 428. Felix.
Bentivoglio. Countess, IV. 317, Middleton, A.
Benton. Calvin. I, 240. Renton, J. O.
Benton. Col. Jesxe. I. 241. Renton, T.
lienton, Jessie, II. 545. 648, Frimont.
Benton. Lot, I, 210. Beecher.
Benton. Sarah, HI, SB8. Jacob, R. T.
BenUintown. Tenn.. I. 841.
Benton ville. batUe of, II, «M, FeaHng, B. i>.; 715; m,
459 ; V, 505.
Beresford, Cien., occui)i«'s Montevideo, IV, 887, ilatee, John;
his capitulation, VI. 4H). W'hitelocke.
Beresford. Sir W., V. 1.32. I'tteyrredon.
Bergen, Hans Hansen. V. IMS, RapaeUe.
Bergen-op-Zoom. capture of. IV, l4S,MaeLean, F.
Beringer. Oac«r. II, fm. (ileaaon.
Beriot. Charles Augiwte de. IV. 181. Malihran.
Berkley, Helen, pen-name. IV. 450. Moimtt.
Berkeley, Sir Maurice. I. 847. Rerkeley, Sir W.
Berkeley. Norbome. I. .384. Rotetourt.
B«»rkeley. Califoniia. I. 840. Rerkelru. O.
Berkeley Divinity school. VI. 587. Williama. J.
Berkshire medical Institute, I, 806, ChiUU, U. H.
Bcrme Jo river, exploration of the, I. W, ArUu, F. O.
B4Tmuila Hundnxt, liatlle at, IV. 281. Mariin, J. <i.
Bermudas, the. diiwtiverv of. I. 217. Rrrmudet ; proposed
college in. I. 21"i. Hrrkriry ; V. .'lUH, Smufiert.
Bernard. Claude, n-tin-s from iirKfeiwonuiip, I. 416, Brotnt'
St^iiuartl : pupil of. 11. 4H|. Htnt, A.
Bernard, Susan A., IV. KM. MncdonuM, S. A.
B.'nianl. Thomas J.. IV. IU4. MucdunaUi, 8. A.
B<-rnoullis. the. II. 150, Uva Bnrrro.
B.Trieii. MaJ. John. I, H». Berrien. J. il.
li<Trlu/.al>al. F., II, 9BU. Ahcofteriu.
B«Try, Aimer. John. I, 850. Berry, JV. S.
BerrV. I>;wi«, VI. 405. l\'hitcher.
Berthold. Krnest. [lenname. V, SH6, Robinaon, TKerete.
B«'rthoud, Ferditmnd. II. 4^^. Fleurien.
B«-rtie, Peregrine, V. WJ, Smith, John.
Berti-end, LouU. HI. 0.%, Luteal, F. X.
Berwald, Franz, IV, 522. .\ilaaun.
Bessemer process, the, Impruvenienta for. 111. 818. HvhL
Robert \y.
Bessemer steel-works. III. 230, Holley, A. L.; patents for
improvements in the pnH-ess. ibid.
Bes.<u<mer. Sir II.. alleged inventor of his process, HI. 900.
AV7/V. H'.
Best, William T, piipil of. VI. 488, ^Vhitino, O. E.
Bethany college. W. Va.. II. 000.
B«'thencourt, Juan. I. 252. Reihencourt, P.
B»'thes<la, (ia.. III. 21, Halxrnhnm. Jamet.
Bethlehem, Pa., hospital establlshetl at. H, 879. Ettwein,
John ; ditnculties of settlers. V. 621. .SiKinf/enberq, Au-
guatua (iottlieb; founde<l. IV. 581. Sitachmnnn. David;
university and church founded at. IV, 080. Padeer,
Bethlehemltes. order of the. I, 858, Bethencowrt.
Bethune, Angus, I, 25.3, Bethune. J.
Bethune, Divle. I, 258, Rethune, (i. W.
Bethune, Isabella O.. II. 248. Ditffleld.
Bethune. Jessie (».. IV. 77. McCartee, J. O.
Bethune. Thomas («., VI, 129. Tom.
Betisoque, £. jfagement at. I. 3(V4.
Bculah, Penn., V. 22St. Rheen. M. J.
Beverly, Peter, I. 615, Clayton. J.
Beverly, Maj. Roljert. I. 254. Reverly, R. ; H, 885, Drum-
mond, W. ; 474. Fitzhuyh, M'.
B«'verstone castle. I. 247. Rerkeley, J.
Beverwyck. village of. VI. 250. I an Renaaelaer.
Bewick comiwiny, the. III. 316. Hunt, F.
Bezena. Itorl)alho, VI, 2H6. I'iale.
Bezoar-stones. IV. 601, Oama-Jaraycejo.
Bhaqui^re, John. I^ord de. II. 118, De Rhaoui^re.
Biiis.s«>n. Jean. II. 154, Deaaalinea ; VI. 144, 7'oit*aaiiif, D. F.
Bibb. Capt. W. I, 264. Ribb. »»'. IT.
Bibb, cmlse of the, I, 35.
Bible, the. discover>- of a MS.. HI, 89, Hall. I. H. ; first,
printeil in America. I. .38. Aitken ; II, S23 ; the Indian,
3£j ; first German, printed in America. V. 616-^17. Sotcer.
C. ; King James's version. III. 846. Homer. J. ; in the
schools, 819, Hoadley, <i. : publication of, 79. 80, Har-
ding. J. and M'. M'. ; revision of the English. 1. 589, Chaae,
T. ; 761, Coxe, A. C. ; HI, 22. Hackett, H. R. ; 81, Hare,
a. E. ; 514, kendrick, A. C. ; 575, k'rauth : 657, Lee,
Alfred ; IV, 141, Maclay, A. ; 288. Maturin, E. ; 600,
Oagood, H. ; 619. Porkord, J. ; V, 848, Riddle, M. B. ;
410. Schaff: VI. .309. WdJthbum, E. A. ; Woolaey, T. D.
Bibles, collection of. III. t'rf«. Lenox, J.
Bible society, first. In America. IV, 875, Mayer, P. F. ; V,
104, RaUton, R.
Bible society, the American, gifts to. I. 387, Roudinot ; II,
891, Eaathum, M. : VI. .VS5. Winkley ; formation of the,
IV,. 333. Milh. .S.J.
Biblical Re|)ertor>- and Princeton Review, HI, 288, Hodge,
Charlra.
Biblical Rj'positorv, the. V, 284. Robinaon, E.
Bibliography. I. 6f», Cogatrell. J. O. ; V. 676, Stevena, H.
Bibliotheca Sacra, the, IV, 017. Park, E. .4. ; V, »4, Rob-
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BIcvcles, improvements In. V. 67. Pope, A. A.
Biddle. Clement C. VI. 070. Riddle, C.
Biedura, Liuvs Hernandez de, II, 153, De Soto.
BieiKMUrt. V. JM, I'^iutrinrourt.
Bienio. El. I, 39. Alcantara.
Biernatzki. IV. 817. .l/«ir»*. C. C.
Big Bear, Chief, VI, 519. Williama, A. T. H.
Big B«thel. Imtile of. II, 733. Greble, J. T.; Ill, 90i, HiU, D,
// : IV, 175. Ma<)r\ider.
Big Black river bri<lge, battle at. H. 718.
Big Buckeye, the. sobriquet, V. 640, Sproat.
Bik'elow. Horatio .V . HI. 219. Hoadley, J. C.
Bijft'Iow. Tvler. I. tV«, CAi/d, D. L.
Big Hole Pass, enifagement at, U, <SS, CHbbom, J.
Biglow. H.^-a. IV. 4<\ 41
Big Sam. sobri(|uet, II. .VI, Pale, .<?.
BiirTbimder, sobriqu.-i. VI. Mi, Wood, E. B.
Bill.-rica. Mass.. gift to. VI. 23. Tnlbot.
Billianl balls, comnosltion. III, .336. Hyatt, J. W.
Rilllard-playeni. H. 181. Dion : IV. 75(\ Phelan. M.
BUIings. Frederick. I. 240 : IV. 217. Man-h. (f P.
Billings. Josh, pen-name. V. 4K5. Shoic, H. W.
BlUopp House, the. Illustration, I, 868.
I
710
BILOXI
BOLIVIA
Blloxl. nettlement at. I, SM. Bienville : IV, 5«i. mveUeg.
Bimetalinni. Ill, 3U5, HiU, A'. P.; coDfidential missiou, VI,
Sae, Wtilker, (i.
Blmiiil. islan.l of. V. 62. Ponce de Uon.
BindnrH, Kraln. invfntion of. III. -WO. Johnaton, S.; l\ . 9j.
McCormick, C. H.
BliiKley. Lord. I. 458. Burgoune.
Billon. M.. II. 7M. (ireenough. . ,„ -/v. r
Binnaole illuiniiiator. the, invention of, III, lOv, Lewis,
WiujUow. .
Biobio. battle at. I. 604. Colocnio : III. 199, Hinunihiie.
BioloKV, r.>,sMir.he« in, lU, 680, Leidy ; IV, 2a0, Martin, H.
N. ; Xrr, Minot, C. S.
Birch. Harvi'y. iu The Spy, original of, II, 18, Crosby, E.
Birchani, Saidis, III. 136.
Birks. p:ii/j»l»-tli, 1. 4«8, CabeU.
BirniiiiKhain, Knif., riot in. V, 121, Priestley.
Bln>n. l>iio Af. III. tKK, Uiuzun.
BLHl)ee. Rev. John. Ill, 31K). Jackson. M. B.
Bishop. Rev. Artenias, II, Wi. Emerson, J. S.
Bishoi). Sir Edward. VI, 403. Whistler, J.
Bish..p, Sir Henr>-. II, W7, Gilbert, iV. B.
Bi.sl>op. Mary R.. I. 463. ,.,._, ,., o,
BLshoiw. clandestine conseeration of. for America, vl. -;i.
Talfx)!, J. ; first eon-seorated in the U. S.. I. 619. Claggett ;
first apiH)inted to U. S., Ill, 481, Jiuirez. Juan ; suspen-
sion of, IV, .Vtl, Ontlerdonk, B. T.\ succession of Ameri-
can. V. 44.'>-444i. Seabury. .
Bishop, church without a, controversy on, vi. iU, wain-
vrigkt.
Bishop's collesre, Canada, IV. 418. Mountain, 6. J.
Bishop's wood. the. II, 435, Fernandea-Sardinlia.
Bison, first awount of the, I, 745.
Bissot. Ulara F., III. 401. Jolliet.
Bissot, Kran^cis. VI, 2y«. V^incennex.
Bizarre, the Randolph residence, V, 178.
Biarnar, VI, 101, Thorfinn.
BJ'irck, Rev. EricT., VI, 308. Unander.
Black, (}.. V, .323. Rituvtuuah.
Black. James antl Henry. I. 272, Black, J. S.
Black bovs. the. V. ."VW, Smith, J.
Black»)eard. sobriquet, II, 301, Eden, C.
Blackburn, Rev. F., Ill, 'ZS!, Mollis, T.
Blaekburne, Mr.. IV, VSi, Mackenzie. O. H.
BlacklHirn's Ford, engagement at, IV. 110.
Black code, the, 11, 567, Gabnret : TJ^, Gamboa.
Black David, sobriquet, II. liOa, Forman, D.
Black Dick, sobriquet. III, 2H0. Hone, R.
Blac-k Dome, N. C.. Mitchell's grave on, illustration, IV.
!M3, Mitchell, E.
Blackflsh. chief. 1. 31.5, Boone.
Block (loronwy of Anxlesea. IV, 614, Oicen, Goronuy.
Black Hills, the, II, 44.
Black Hawk purchase, the, II, 764. Grimes. J. W.
Black Hawk war. the. I. -JTi, Black Hawk ; II, 193, Do<lge,
//.: 111,716; VI. 52, 53.
Black .lack, I. 406.
BlackliM'k, Thomas, I, 25.3. Beveridge.
Black Mingo river, the. engagement at. IV. 208.
Block R«jck, N. Y., expedition against. U.2:54, Drummond,
Sir G. ; TiVi^Graham, J. H. : III, 548, King, H'. ; V, 78,
Pnrter. P. B ; 678. Stevens, T. H.
Blacksmith, the learned. I. 4<59, Burritt.
Black Snake, sobriquet, VI, 400. Wayne. A.
Blai'kstock Hill. S. C. engagement at. V, 752 ; VI. ;».
Tarleton.
Blackstone. Sir William, I. 423 ; influence of the study of,
III. 416 : IV. 255 : V. 120. Priestley.
Black Swan, the, sobriquet, H. 7.5.5, Greenfield.
Bla<'k Watch, the. IV. 151. MacNab.
Blackwater. engagement on the, V. 69, Pope, J.
Blackwell. Henrv B.. V. 708, Stone, L.
BIftckwell. Gov. John. III. 748. 749. Uoyd, D. and T.
Blackwell. Capt. John. IV, 210. Markhain. W.
BUu-kwell, Samuel C, I, 274. Blackwell, A. L. B.
Blndensburc Md., engagement at. I, 672, Cockbum, G. ;
II. 382. KiYiiLK. .Sir G. : V. .332. Ross.
Blaine. Ephraim L.. I, 27.5, Blaine. J. G.
Blaine. J. (} , his oration on Garfield, 11. G04.
Blair. Elizabeth, V. .585. Smith. Robert.
Blair. Mar>-, V, 233, Rice. David.
Blair, of Balthnyrock, II, 4:t2, Ferguson, A. J.
Blair's ]>laiitAtion, engajrement at. V. 457, Self ridge.
Blaisel. Manpiis de, I, 2(Vi, Binaham. W.
Blake. Admiral, I, »M, Blake. Joseph.
Blake. Daniel S . VI, 225. I'ale. E.
Blake. E V., HI, 38, Hall. C. F.
Blake. Francis. 1. 2H|. Blake, G. S.
Blakenev. Gen . Ill, 119, Haviland. W.
Blanchard, Eliza>>eth, HI. .V>. Hamblin, T. S.
Blanchartl, Jonathan, V, 236, Rice. M. L.
Blanchard. Susan. H, 318. Elder, S. B.
Blanco. Gen.. VI, 297, Villeraye.
Bland. Frances. VI, 175, Tucker. Sf. G.
BUiB.l, TluvKjorick, I, 480, Hind. W.
Blasphemy, tHal for. 111, r*;\, Kneeland, A.
Blathwayl. William, VI, -iKT, Van Cortlandt, .9,
Blavatsky, Gen. N. V.. 1. 25)0, HIavatHky. H. P.
Bleaching, American systewi, II. U7, IMna, Samuel Luther.
Bleckley. L. E. n. 4. Crnir/ord, if. J:
Bledsoe, Isaac, V. 279, Robertson, J.
Bledsoe, Jesse, I. 201, Baylor, R. E. B.
Bleecker, Eve. V. 128. Provoost.
Bleecker, Mary. V, 478. Seynumr, H.
Blocker. Rutgers. II, 243. Dudley, B.
HIenkensolT. Catheri/ie. II. ;i79. Euphemia.
Blenkinsop. George. V. 67. Pope, F. L.
Blennerhas.sett, home of. illustration, I, 202.
Blessing. Abraham, II. :19C. Eyster.
Btessington. Countess of. VI. 54.5, Wilmshurst.
Blifll and Black (Jeorge, I. 26 ; III. 379.
Blind, the, education of, II. 679. Gallaudet, E. M.; III. WS,
Howe, S. G. and J. R.; first attempt to instnict-alpha-
bet, maps, and books for, V. a51-352. Russ, J. D. ; Nesmitb
fund for. IV. 495, Nesmith, J.; Perkins institution for,
731. Perkins, T. H.: writing-case for. described, V, 111.
Blind minister, the, VI. TM). Woodbridge, T.
Blind preacher, the, IV, 321, Milbum.
Blind preacher, the, VI, 309, Waddel.
Blind singer, the, V, 486, Shaw, O.
Bliss. Rev. Asher. I. 294. Bliss, P. C.
Bliss. Rev. Daniel, II, 343, Emerson, R. W.
Bliss, CJeorge. VI, 4:.'9. Wells, D. A.
Bliss. Capt. John. I, 294. Bliss, W. W. S.
Bli.ss. Judge Philemon. IV. 662. Parsons, C. C.
Bliss. Sylvester. IV. 330. Miller, W.
BliU. Jennie, VI. 257. Van Zandt.
Blockade-runners, capture of. I, 1;W, Bailey ; IV, 77, Mc-
Cann ; fired upon. 111. 324. Hunter, W.
Bloede. Dr. G.. I. 295, Bloede, M.
Blood, discoveries concerning the. I, 416, Broum-Sequard .
BlcHKl letter, the. I, ,574, Chandler, Z.
Bloo<ly angle, the. Ill, 73.
Bloo<ly Bridge, flght of, V, 64, PbnfiVrc.
Blootlv Run. engagement at. II. 61. Dalzell, J.
Bloo<ly Tennent of Persecution, the, anonymous book, VI,
Ki'i. Williams, R.
Bloomer, Amelia, II, 625, Genin.
Bloomer. Dexter C, I. 296. Bloomer. A. J.
Bloomfield-Moore. Clara, IV, S79, Moore, C. L
Bloomingdale. II, 132, De Lancey. O.
Blooming Gap, engagement at. Ill, 604, Lander, F. W.
Blotter, Samuel, pen-name, II, 195, Doe, C. H.
Blount. Jacob. 1. 296, Blount, W.
Blowers, Rev. T. I, 297. Blowers. S. S.
Blow-nipe. oxyhydrogen. III. 81, Hare, R.
Blue Book. the. II. 499, Force, P.
Blue PJirth river, the. 111, 698, Le Sueur.
Blue-glass theory, the. V, 40. Pleasanton, A. J.
Blue Hens Chicken, the. VI, 298. Vincent, Francis.
Blue Jacket, pseudonym, II. 53, Dahlgren.
Blue Jeans Willianis. sobriquet, VI. 523, Williams, J. D.
Blue laws. the. story of, IV, 742, Peters, S.
Blue Licks, battle of the, I, 315, Boone ; II, 062, Girty ; IV,
2, Lf)gan. B. : VI, 126, Todd, J.
Blue Mountain Valley, capture of the ship, IV, 561, Ogden,
Aaron.
Blue Water, battle of, V, 2.57. Van Vliet.
Bluff. Harry, pen-name, IV. 2ff>.
Bluffton movement, the. FV. 768, Pickens, F. W.
Blum. Robert. II, 553, Frvebel.
Blume family, the, 1. 80. Antes.
Blumenbach. Prof., I. 154. Bancroft. G.
Blumenthal. Carolus E.. IV, 87. McClintock, J.
Blunders of a Bashful Man, anonymous book, VI, 287, Vic-
tor, M. V.
Blythe. Samuel, grave of. illustration. I, 471.
Boats, invention for raising or lowering, II, 563 ; for sub-
marine navigation, 56:? ; for stemming rapids. V, S47,
Rumsey, J.; for detaching. VJ. 598. Wood, W. M.
Bobadella, Count of, II, 642, Freire de Andrcuio.
Bochsa, R. N. C. I, 209. 270. Bishop.
Bockholtz-Falcoin. Mme.. II, 40:J. Fairlamb.
Body of Liberties, the, VI. im. Ward. A'.
Boehm. Jacob. I, SOO, Boehm, H.; Ill, 509, Kelpiua; IV,
743, Peters, R.
Boehm. Martin, I, 800. Boehm, H.
Boel, Rev. Henricus. II. 2:17, Du Bois, G.
Bogaert, Theunis Gysbert. V, 18.3, Rapnelje.
Bogart. Rev. David S., I, :»2. Bogart, E.
Bogle, Paul, II, 086, Gordon, G. W.
Bogota, scientiflc institutions at, IV, 472, Mutis ; college In,
727, Pirez, S.: riot in, VI. 137. Torres, J. M.
Bogran. Gen.. V.. 009. .So^o.
Bohemia Manor. HI. 188, Herrman. A.
Boiling water. HI. 057, Lee, C. •
BoLsbriand, Dugu6 de. VI. 143, Tour, L. B.
Boisduval. M., Ill, 652. Le Conte, J. E.
Boisfontaine, Baron. II. 572. Gaines, Myra C.
Boisgirais, M.. VI, .306, Volney.
Bold liean-hiller. the. sobriouet, II, 273, Durkee.
Bolingbroke. Lord. II, 254, Ihimmer, J.
Bolivar, engagement at, I. 36:i. Brayman.
Bolivia, separated from Buenos Ayres. I, 306 ; formation
of. into a state. V, 739. Sucre. A. J.; insurrection in. IV.
459. MuHecas ; Indian rebellion in. V, 4.5.5, .'^gurola :
revolutions in. VI. 272. Velaso, Jose : war for independ-
ence, confederation with Peru, dictator of, reforms in.
flOLLAX
BOTH Eli ATION
Til
V a05, 8nntn Cms. A ; III, 714. Unnrt» ; IV. <9|.9I,
Meloarrjtt ; »«. Morale* : war uf, with C'lilli ; iletipottan
In. VI. eW7. r<i»»^t. 8eeCHIl.l.
Kollnii, WilllAm. trnol nttril>ii(«d U>, VI, SOO, Vqughan.
H.ll.-s. A. S., IV. 417. Morim, R.
M .11.VS. Mary L . I, XH, Hrnnch. SI. L. B.
i;..liiiar. Anilioiiy. V. -I-VI, SrUm, f".
It.ilixiK-U-r. iiiviMitiiiu <ir tli«. ill. (111. LangUy.
».>lt.iii, Charles KiiowU-n, I. »V, Holton, ii. A.
I^>ll<>^, Natttatilol. I. .tilU. Bolton, S. T.
li..lt..n. MaJ. V. «W. «ir/.
|{.>iiilMt. t\gM at. II. -AiV Eaton, H'.
IJomtln. Munjiiw <U'. IV. 310. Memjuita, J. F. tU.
IVitiilMlicll. th«>, oaptiin^ of. II, ■*», Frbiyer, J. C.
lioiuiiiza iniiKM, the. IV, \t:, Mackay, J. W. ; 051, O'Brien,
\y. S.; II, ♦W. Fair.
lionaiMrt**. Prince Caiiluo. I, IIH.
K<>ria|iarti>, I>e, I, ♦W. Hniitn, Manes.
Boim|>artv. Joaeph, III. 5M ; procUunationa of, In Mexico,
TIS, Lizaiut.
Botiaparte, Liicien. I. !W9. Bonaparte.
Bonaparte, Na|M>leon, II, 250, Dutjommier. See Nafolbon
Bonaparte, I'auline. III. Wl. Ijeclerc, V. E.
Bon.l, Alvin. II. 4*W, Fink, P.
Bond. Dr. Phineas, V. iTiO. Kidgely, C
B >n<lH. U. 8 . I, 101 ; of 18W. if, 444, AVjwcmien, W. P.;
ohartce of rohl>ery of. etc., 488, Floyd, J. B.
Doneji. repnKluction of. VI. 5115. Wood, J. B.
Boiilieiir, Stella. II. avi. Errant.
Ban Homme Rk-hard. the. II.. W. Pile. i?. ; IH, 408.
Bonn, conference at, V. 410. Schnff.
Bonoat, I.^on. pupIlK of. I. «n. Coffin, H'. A. : II, %0, Enne-
king ; III. 4«7. Julio ; 083, Uland, H. : 7;«, Lippincott,
W. H. ; IV. 0»1. Pi-arce, C. ,S. ; V, Sfil, Bi/der. P. P. : 4««,
Sattertee. W. ; 5ftl, Smith, F. H. ; VI, 1K5, Turner, C. Y. ;
301, I'inton, F. P. ; 420, Weeka, E. L. ; 501, Wight, M. ;
dfU : Zogbaum.
Bonne Cltoyenne. the. III. 040, Lawrence, J.
Banner, «. W., III. 731. Linton.
Itoiiner. 8herwoo«l, iK"n-nanie. IV, 111, McDoirell, K. S.
Itonnev, Catherine V. R.. VI, 'SXi, I'an Ken«aelaer, S.
BonneV, Mary L.. VI. 097. Hambaut.
Bonplanil. \\m(>. IV. 4.'>5, Muhlenlierg, G. H. E.
Bonsai. William C. VI. 030. Wright, R. M.
BonsilaU'. III. *«, Hi/alt, J. W.
B>M>k-liin(tin(;. invention of thiols. I, 149. Baldwin. M. W.
B<M.k-oa.s»'8. revolvinK. invention of. Ill, 442, Johnson, F. O.
|{ook-ke<*pinK methiHl. invention of a. I, 310, Booth, B.
B.M>k of IJfe. the. V. iWi, .Sitiounier Truth.
Book of Mormon, the. V. .V>. Smith. Joseph : 0*4, Spauld-
ing, S. : translations of, VI. 40. Taylor, John.
Book-plate, Bishop Pn>v<K»t»fs. illustration. V, 130.
Books, antiquarian. II, 098. tiowana ; collection of naval.
V, KB, Prehl,-, (/. H. : first, printe<l in America, II.
n.S. IMye; .ttl ; IV. 2!»7, Mfndoza : VI, CM, Xnmarra-
gua ; flitt. Pultlo* ; first, printed in New Kngland. 4iV
Welde: rare. II. .S2J. :«». 831. Elliott. John; III, 340.
letersdorf; X>\. Intjraham, E. D. ; .351, Engulf: *«.
Janaen. R. : IV, 250, Mather. C. ; S-W, Molina. A. de ;
6», Nivert ; 6»W. Ojeda. D. de : 701, Pellepart : 720. /V-v
ira, S. M. ; 732, Perrein : 741. Peters. //. : 091. Peale. T.
R. ; V, 144, Pynchtm ; 189. Rawle, F. ; 810. Rogers, R. :
811, Romans; 3«rt. Saaredra Hazman ; collectJous of,
864. Sahin, J. ; 047, Stansburu. P. ; 0«W, .Stephens. W. ;
002, Stotx) ; 7.37. Suarez, L ; Vl. 114, Tilden ; 137. Torres
R»Mo ; 290, I'ieira. A. : 394. Watteau ; «M. Welih. T. S.:
5SS, Williams. R.; Oft). Zenon \ 0.3.5. Ximenes ; suppreawnl
in London, 502, Wikoff ; anonymous Sunday-tichcK)!,
IV.618, PiicJtorrf, K /I.
Boone, Oeoree. I, 315, Boone. D.
Boone and (Y<K>kett club. the. V. 318. Roosevelt, T.
Boone brttthers. trial of the. III. 14«l. Haynes, L.
Ii<M>ni'sbon>UKh. Indian attack on. I. 31>V Boone.
Boonesboro'. fipht at. III. 204. Hill. l>. H.; KO.
Boonton, lienevolent institutions, IV, 24, Lord, J. C.
Boot, Adrian, II. 437. F>rndndez de Ci'trdova.
Boot and shoe nailInK machine, inventor of a, V, K88, Rob-
inson, S. W.
Booth, John. I. 330, Btxdh, M. L.
BtKJlh, Richard. I. 317. H>-ith. J. B.
B.>r.th, Sherman M . IV. 027. Puine. B. : VI. 30.
Bopp. Fnuiz. pupils of, V, 877, Salisbury ; VI, 480, Whit-
uril. W. />.
Bonidel. Margaret, V. 485, Shepard, T.
Uorlinan. William. IV 608, Ofts. E. H.
H'>riiii|ii'-ii. island of. V, 01. Ponoe de Leon.
I! Ilk.-. I<.'ii..ii v.iii. V. 251, Riedeaei.
H..rii. I'i..i' . I II
M..riico. Ml, • ih of, VI, lao, Torrey, J. W.
Bi>riiei. HI 1. Farlow.
Born.il, 111 ■■n, C. L.
Borrowe. I>r . ii. iv.?<. l>flafteld.E
Boacawen, Admirul. (|uot«*<i. II. 370, Estaing.
Bosoawen, ivn-name. II. 7.V4. (ireene, S.
BoMin. Ool. de. V, 1.33. Pulaski.
BoiBuet, pre<liction by. III. 080, Le Maine; quoted, ',U,
L'' Incarnation.
BoHuet at tbe American church, the, IV, TiB, PierdU,
Boatoo, Enfr., Ubiet In church of. I, 758, Cotton, J.
Boston, Mmm., foumieil. VI, 578 ; fimt Nrttler In. I. 174,
Blackatitne; aale of site of. 274 : •^■uu-ui-.a „t. III. 44S,
JoAiMora, /. ; grant of land in. I\' "A. .S" ; flna
church In. VI. Mi. Wilmm. J . I n»t In. ill,
aa, Hutchinmm, T : pre-R«'v.ili: 'inent lu, I,
24S, /^rrnan/dtee BotiToN r lol deMruo-
lion of. III. 72. llam-ock. J In. llluNtra-
Uon, 72 : artillery for tin- .-. „ _.u uf auppUca
Ui, V. 140: eva<-uat<^i by tif Uritmli. VI. sn ; iMCcajT
trial In. II. fljo. liorton ; exciUMneiii in. ov«r a bHVttaal
book, V, 144. I'ynchon ; flnrtHliip built In, 11,7*7, Oravm,
T. ; flntt mayor of. IV. 759. PtnlUim. John ; flrA aavinn-
bank in, V, 4ik5. Saitigr. J : first t»rick block In. VI. 9K,
yaughan. C. : riot In, II. .324, Eliftl. S. A. ; pmaUiri*y
mob in. VI. tti), Thomfmon. (i. ; l«a<-k Itay Improvement,
city hall. II. »V>4, (lUman, A. ; ref<»rm« In. V. 152: gift*
Uj charities of, .^7. Rum/ord. S. ; 400. .Srt'rr ; Roman
Catholic institutions In. I v. 114, McElroy. J. ; 20O. Matig-
non ; fh^ brick church in. V. 511. Shipiirn : okl South
church, 124. Prince. T. : King'schaiiel. iV. 474. Mylrs.S.;
Trinity chun-h. founded. V. IIH, Prtce, Roger; CtirM
churi'b, organized, IV, 474. Myles. S. ; Columbian muse-
um, V, 21, 7'liM' ; record commisHion. the. VI. 4M7, Whit-
more ; Ancient and honoral)le artillery conifiany, V, 07.
Poore ; children's hospital in. III. «i:W. Ijtwrrnce. W. R. ;
Franklin's birthplacti at. illustration, II. 581 ; srtldk-rs'
and sailors' monument, illustrution, IV, 384 ; monument
to the discovery of el her as an anH->aheli<-. IV 48t : the
old Pruvinct^ House, illustration. V. |(«) ; Trinity churt;h
in. illustration. V. 212 : old building of, illustration, VL
112: state-house, illustration. VI. 3i'i(* : statue of I>eir
Erikson in. illustration, VI, 487; statue iu museum of, 571,
Winslow, W. C.
Boston, tbe frigate, captures by. III, 738. Uttle. O. ; VL
174, Tuck-er, Samuel ; the, IV, \t», Manley, J. ; wr«ck of
the, VI, 01, Tt-mjtle. W. a.
Boston academy of music, eRtablishe<i, IV, 247, Mcuon, L.
BoHton anthology society. See Anthoi/xjy Cli'B.
Boston athena>um, gifts to the. I. 3H8, Bromfield ; IV, 7SI.
Perkins. T. H. : V. 487. .S*oir. 11'. S.
Boston Ban!, tbe. signaUire. I, 070. Coffin. R. ft.
Boston conservatory of music. VI. 144. Tourgee, E.
Boston fanii-schi>ol. gift to. IV. rtl, Lyntan. T.
Boston harbor, blocka<le of. I. 141 : naval engagt*ment off,
III. 527, ATersainf ; cleare<l of British vessefc. III, 728.
Bostonian society, the. VI. 4>C. Whit more.
Boston lAtin-sch(M>l. the. II. OiCi, Uouid, B. A. ; III, WS,
Keayne : IV. 35, />»ivM. J,fhn.
BosUm libraries, gifts to. I. 194. Bates, J. ; n. 411. Fam-
ham. L ; IV 050. Parker. Theodore; VI, 111, Ticknor,
a. ; view of the public. IV. 1.30.
Boston Luminary, the. magazine. TV. 824. Millard. />.
B >ston massacre, the. 1, 10 : nO. Attueks : II. OH. Dana. R.;
III. 71. Hancock. J. ; .33.3. Hutchinson. T. ; trial of Capt.
Preston, IV. 0.5. Lynde. H. : V. 151. Ouiney, J. ; anniver-
sary' siieei'h. ITTTi. VI. .3f»5. irorr<»n. Josepk.
Boston Slonthly Macra/ine. the. III. .500. Knapp, S. L
lioston physical trainiiiK'S<-hiH>l. HI, 702, Ia-wis. /».
Boiton [>ort bill. the. I. .592. Chatham ; II, 530 ; III, 408, Jay ;
petition on. 030. L*ii4rt>nji.
BosU>n Quarterly Review, the. I, 417, Brownaon. O. A.
Boston society of natural history, I, 204, Btnney, A. ; II.
605. Oould. A. A.
Boston tea-party, the. I. 3i) ; II. 803. E}des. B. ; HI, 190,
Hrtces. a. R. T. ; IV. 122, Mnchin ; 271. Majnrell, T. :
272, May. J. ; 298, Melville, H ; V. .35. nils. UndaU ;
151, t^umcy. J. ; 037. Spratjue. C. ; 070. Stevens. E. ; 710.
Story. J. ; Franklin's advii"e to pay for the tea, II, .WO ;
last survivor of III. .V>2. Kinnisim ; The Squabble of tbe
8i'a Nymphs, VI. 301. H'<ipren. .V.
B<ioton theoloffical seminars*, cift to. I, 618, Claftin. L.
Bostwick. .\rthur. I. .-Wl. Ht'utirirk. D.
Boswell. Sir Alexander. V. 7:*), .Stuart. James.
Botanical Matrazine. the. VI. .3.57. Wanh-r. J. A.
Botany, lnv(>stigationH in. colleotioiis. an<l diacorerieo. I,
180, Bartram : 015. Clayton, J. ; II. 1.59. Itrwey, C. ; 1«1.
Dombey; 211, Jinurilas. />. : 20H. Ihtrand. E. ; SSA, En-
gelmann, O. : SIM. (ianien ; OlH. Gay. C. ; flOB. Godin des
Odonais; 728, Gray. Asa ; III. 207, Hosack. P.; 871,
Houghton ; £4. Haenke ; .327. Huon ; 842, Igolino ; 396.
Jacquin : *M\, James, T. P. ; .Vlfl, Kellogg. A. ; 568, Kirt-
land ; .500. K<pehler. A. It. ; .581, l./tbat. J. B. : 616, Ijnp-
ham, I. A.; 052, Ije Conte ; 697. Usriuereux ; IV. I,
Lne/ting ; 15. Longinos ; «», Marshall. H : »«. Mee-
han; iu, Miehaux; 821, UiUtert ; 850. M»c,*o; S74.
Montrueil ; 4.Vi, Muhlenberq, G. H. E. ; 472, MutU \
547. Suttall, T. ; 685, I'alitot : Ot*. ftir»em». //. B. : V,
48, Ptumier ; 187, Pumh : 147. i,Htaadamovk:h ; 149. Ques-
net, 157. Radtli : \''> " " 'i. Roihtemque : 187, Ra-
venel. H. W : 811 u : Uf.Rom, A. M. : 871.
JSfimf Hilnire: M*: 4»4. AleAniM»Mrg* : 484.
Srh ' ■ '■ -T" '«"-frm ; .42. *l«i-
U,. 7n.r*i>r|r;
l.'is -T-V VeUoait ;
8»v .*..... r...M . •>.- v " . ►... .,.,,.i. L. F.iV*,
Watson, S.; .590. li'o/lr. F ; Mi. Wimxl. .%.; (MS, Ijtmtmim.
Botheratloo primus, aubrlquet. IV, 521, XUes, S.;
Nile*, S.
712
BOTSFORD
BRICB
Botsford, Amod, 1, SM. Botaford, JT,
BotUsini. SiKiior. 1, 548, Vary, A. L.
Boty, Iver. Ill, -Jin.
Boua^niat, lord of, I, -JM, Cndillac.
Boudet, It^n.. 11, 154. Oemuitinea.
Boudinot, Aiinm. V, t««4, Stttckton. A.
Boudiiiot. Elias, Cheroktse chief, V, 337, Boudinot, E.; V,
IMU. Kidof.
Ix)ujfut'r. M.. II, 600, Oodin, L.
Bt>iiKUfreau, \V. A.. pu|)il8 or, II, 380, Evans, D. S.; 597,
Gardner. K. J.: VI. 4.')2. W'htfler. D.: 697. Reich.
BoiilanK»T. O. R. C. pmills of. V. .38, P/a«, C. ^.; VI, 87,
ThomitHtm, A.; 191, Twachtmnn.
Boilll^. Helen. I, .V59, ChampUiin.
Boulojrne, l>attle at, III. 5S4, L/icrosae.
Houltoij. Klizttl)eth, I, .VW. Cameron, J. H.
Bound, Mary F.. 11. 469. Finke, John.
Boundaries, dispute eonceniing the, between Oreat Britain
and U. S., 1, 155 ; V. ^71. Roberdean, I. (see Oregon) ; the
Mexican, 1, 177 ; IW, Bartlett,J. R.; between states. 111,
*B, Jenckes, Joneph : surveys. II, 704, Oraham, J. D.
Bound BriK)k, N. J.. 111. 7*1. Linruln, B.
Bounties. tt> volunteer soldiers, II, 601.
Bounty-lands, in the MLssissippi valley, II, 350, Enoa.
Bouraksa, Charlotte A., III. till. Lunylxtde.
Bourbons, alleged heir of the, VI, 524, Williams, E.
Bourl)ourK. Braswur de. 111, 3(X), Huematzin.
Bourdon. Sieur. Ill, 4:15. JtHjuea.
Bourne, Shearjashub. Ezra, and Joseph, I, 331, Bourne, R.
Bourne. Kotjerl. 1, 8*>. Bourne, N.
Boustleld, Thomas. V. isM.
Boutain. Capt., 111. 270. Houdetol.
Bouteroni-. Mile.. II. ."iOO, Garakonihie.
Bouvier. Dr.. I. 394. Brown. Buckminster.
Bouvier, Hannah M.. I\'. 745. Peterson, H. M. B.
Bowditch. W. 1.. IV, 4«». Sell.
Bowdoin. Elizal>eth. V. M. Pitts, James.
Bowdoin college, gifts to, 1. 32, Adams, Seth ; 335. Bow-
'doin, J.; III. 125 ; IV, 11, 12 ; VI, 565, Winkley ; 605.
Bowen, Daniel. IV. 289, Meiijn, J.; V, !M, Pine.
Bowery House, the, V, 7;17. Stuj/t^exant, P. G.
Bowery theatre, the. III. 55, Hamblin, T. S.
Bowie-knives, 1, 3^, Boirie, J.
Bowman. Cant.. IV. 1(19. McDowell, G. O.
Bowman. Col. John, IV, 2, Logan, B.
Bowman. Capt. S.. I. .3.'JS). Bowman, A. H.
Boxer, the. flKht of. with the Enterprise. I, 471, Burrows,
W. ; IV. 75. McCall. K. R.
Boyaca. Iwttle at, 1, mj ; IV, 194, Manrique ; V, 39G, San-
tander.
Boyer, Alexl*:, pupil of, V. 671, Stevens, A. U.
Boyescu, Baron de. IV. 646. Parepa.
Boyle, Dr. James, V. 27:1, Roberts. S.
Boylston. Peter. 1. 15. Adams, John.
Bovlston. Su.sanna, 1. 15, Adams. John.
Boy merchants, the. Ill, 508, Kelly, W.
BoynU)n, W., Ill, 284. Howe, T. O.
Boy prejuher, the. III. 516, Kennedy, C.
Boy preacher, V. 610. .Soule. J.
Boz. the original. II, 170, Dickens, A. If.
Brace, John, V. 714.
Brace. Ne«l. original of. I. 131. Bacon, Edmund.
Bracebridge, .Mr., III. 2(M. Hill. F. M.
BrachioiMxls, cla.s.siflcat ion of, IV, 422. Morse, E. S.
Bracito river, engagement at the. II. 200, Doniphan.
BraddiK^-ks expedition. Washington's escape at, I, 767,
CVtiiA.-; 711. Vontrecoeur : II. .509, G^ne. T.; difficulty of
getting colonial supix)rt for. 529 ; Vir375.
Bradd(K-ks hea<iquarters, illustration, I, 317.
Bradford. Jerusha. II. 618. day, E.
Bradford, John, burning of, IV, 251, Mather. R.
Bra<lford. Kev. J. M.. 1. ai8, Bradford. A. W.
Brmlford. Lydia. I. 680, Cogswell. M. F.
Bra<lfonl, Maj., II, 506, Forrest, N. B.
Bradford club, the, IV, 430. Morton. Jackson.
Bradford House, at Plymouth, illustration, I, 349.
Bradie. David, IV, .342, Mitchell, D. B.
Bradley, Alice, III. 117. Haven. A. B.; IV, 4«4. Neal, J. C.
Bradley. Cornelia H., V. 240. Richards, C. H.
Bradley, Emily. HI, 117. Haven. A. B.
Bradley. FYaucis. 1. 352, Bradley, J. P.
Bra<iley T. B. M., II. 8, Creswell, Julia.
Bra<ly, John R.. I, 102.
Brady. Judge T. S.. 1. XA, Brady, J. T.
Brag. Sir Jack, sobrinuet. I. 45.3, Burgoyne.
Braganzas. the. III. 406, Jarvis, H'.
Braidwood. Thomas. 11, .579, (hUlaudet, T. H.
Brain picture hoftx. the. VI. 698, Rockwood.
Brains, weight of, HI. .562. Knight. E. H.
Bramtree. grant of land in, IV. 267, Ma^^erick, S.: Merry
Mount, IV, 4.3;i. Morton, T. : history of, IV. 521, Miles, S ;
V 150, Vi/iMc?/. E.: Quincy house at, illustration, 151;
gift of a«-a<lemy and library to, VI, 73, Thayer. S.
Bramah. Joseph. II. .56.3.
Branch. Rev. J. O.. 111. 179, Hentz, C. T.
Branch. John S.. 1, .3,58, Branch, M. L. B.
Brandicourt. (ien., VI. 144, Tousmint.
Brandon seminary, I. 7(«, Conant. J.
Brandreth, Dr. W., 1, 858. BrandretA, B.
Brandywine, battle of the, 1, 744 ; II, 119, Deborre ; cannon
captured at. 139, Denting. \V. ; 206, Duportail ; 751 ; mis-
take concerning, 751 ; III, 587 ; IV, 221, MarahaU, T. ; V.
I.i3. I'uluski ; 671, Stevens, E. : VI, 398, Wayne.
Branford. Conn., V, 17, Pieraon, A.
Brant. Molly, 111.4,52.
BrasiUy. dye-woods, IV, 481, IfavaiUea.
Bratton, William, I, 361, Bratton : IV, 90. McClure, J.
Brattonville, engagement at, IV, 90, McClure, J.
Braun, Alexander, II, 850, Knyelmann, G.
Braun, Prof., I, *4.
Bravos de Paez, HI, 366, Jribarren.
Bray. Rev. T., I. 216, Beecher.
Brazil, dis<'overr of, I, 492, Cabral ; V. 29, Pinzon.V. Y. ;
expkiration of, I, 211, Beaurepaire- Rohan ; 294, Bliaa.P.
C. ; n, 164, Diaz, C. A. ; 165, Diaz de Pineda ; 489, Fer-
reira ; 481, Fletcher, J. C. ; 516, Fouville : 542, Freire de
Andrado: 597, Gardner, G.; 111,340, Iff; 582. Lacerda;
612, Langsdorff ; 685, Zjcme : 713, Lima. M. : IV, 498,
Neu-Wied ; .52<), Nieutchof ; scientiflc exploration in, 204,
Marggraf : 237, Martina ; settlement of, II, 2:17, Duarte
CoeUio ; 671, Goes ; III, 615, Lapa ; V, 615-616, Souza ;
sale of, by the natives, claim to the sites of cities in. III,
(S86, Lemos : colonization of Indians in, troubles about,
804, Home \ cannibal tribes of, II, 451, Figueira ; 435,
Fernandes - Sardinha ; conquest of native tribes in,
French invasion, capture of French colonies, IV, 198-199.
Maranhiio : Huguenot colony in. Ill, 694, Lery, J. de ;
VI, 295. Villegaignon ; contests of French. Portuguese,
and Dutch in, II, 103, Dias, H. ; 434, Fernandes, C. ; 111,
159. Hein : 183, Hermstaedt ; IV, 297, Men de Saa ; 480,
Nassau-Siegen ; 487, Negreiros ; \, 362, Sri, E. de ; VI,
290, Vieirn. J. F. : insurrections and revolutions in, II,
426-427, Feijo ; 494. Fonseca Lima ; 525. FVanco ; 526,
Franco de Sd ; Ul, 714. Lima. L. A. ; IV, 235, Marlines ; V.
377, Saldanha ; war of, with Argentine Republic, II, 125,
DeKay, G. C. ; wars of, with Uruguay, the Argentine
Republic, and Paraguay, III, 3.52. Inhauma ; 714. Lima ;
IV, 498, Neves ; war against the Spaniards, II, .542, FVeire
de Andrado ; IV, 705, Pelotas : commercial crisis in, II,
566, Furtado. F. J. ; movement for emancipation, strug-
gle tor independence. .506, Furtado de Mendoca : inde-
Iiendence of, declare<l, IV, 725, Pereira, J. C. ; war for in-
dependence in, lU. 4.30, Jequitinhonha ; 654, Ledo ; emi-
gration of the royal family to, constitution secured to,
departure of the king, attempt to recall the prince, inde-
pendence of, declared, first emperor, insurrections, new
constitution, revolution in Pemambuco, IV, 098; Pedro
I., debt to Portugal, abdication of the throne, proclama-
tion of the majority of Pedro U., IV. 572, Olinda : 099 ;
plot for securing constitutional government in. III, 713,
Lima, Jose and h\ancisco ; debt of, English claims dis-
allowed, 736, Lishoa. J. A. \ decree opening the ports of,
to all nations, independence of, 730, Lishoa. J. da Silva ;
navy of, II, 104, Dias Vieira ; slave-huniing in. Ill, 403,
Jaray ; journals of, anti-slavery society, revolutionary
party. 682, Leite ; emancipation in, II, 526, Franco, B. de
S. ; improvements in, 111. 6.36, Lavradio ; provinces of
Maranhfto and Para, II. 541. Freire de Andrada ; dis^
coveries in, I, 107, Arzao; mines of Paracatu, II, 542,
Andrada ; mines discovered in, imprisonment of the
discoverer, IV, 405, Moribecha ; gold-nunes of. Ill, 800,
Hilbernaz ; \1. ASH. Wernicke ', search for emerald-mines
of. VI, 280, Vicde : discovery of salt-mines. IV. 524, Niflo ;
search for the Moimtain of Wealth in, VI, 305. Vogue ;
flora of, V. .370-371. Saint Hilaire; first sugar-mill In,
01.5, Souza ; hereditary captaincies in, 015-010, -Souza. M.
P. and T. ; first bishop of, II, 435, FemandesSardinha ;
first mission in. IV, .544, Nunes ; mLs.sions to, II, 562
Fritz ; IV, 213, Marques Perdigdo ; Jesuits in, 1, 124, Aze,
vedo, /., and Azpilcueta ; R. C. institutions founded in,
III. 709, Libramento; the apostle of, I, 68, Anchieta;
college in, 68 : Indian college in, III, 685, Leme ; first
academy and printing-office in, II, 542, Fi-eire de Andra-
da ; first public school in. III, 89, HatTah ; academy of
medicine of, IV, 290, Meirelles ; Dutch expedition to, VI,
517, Willekens; French. 651. Ysambert, O.
Brazilian Humbohlt. the, II. 440, Ferreira, A. R.
Brazil litteraria. magazine. IV, 170, Magalhaena, D. J. O.
Bread father, the. V, til 7. Sower, C.
Breadwinners, the, anonymous novel, m, 181, Hay, J.
Breckinridge. John, 1, 366, Breckinridge, J. C
Breed's hill, V, 109
Bremer, Fredrika, II, 221, Downing, A. J. ; IV, 290, Mar-
shall, A.
Breno, Randolph of, V, 174, RandoljA, W.
Brent, Gov., V, 119, Price, S. ,
Brenchley, Mr., V, 220. Remy.
Breshwood, Capt.. II. 184.
Brest, observatory founded at, V, 116, Privalaye.
Bretigny, Poncet de. HI. .300. Huet ; IV, 810, Mesnard.
Brett, Arabella, III. 225. Hodgkinson, A.
Brewer. David, V. 141, Putnam, R.
Brewster, Osmyn, II, 12, Crocker, U.
Brewton, Rebecca, II, 571, OaiUard, P. C; TV, 446, Motte,
R. B.
Briancourt. Gen., IV, 260.
Briand, Bishop, II, 371, Eaglii.
Brice, Gen., V, 378, Salnave.
BRIDE
BUCCANEERS
713
Bride of Fort Kdwnnl, the, I. 130. Bafon, D.
BriilKe. » J.. III. U»7. //»ir«Yi../.
Brl«iK<<lM>rt. Ooiin., I, ITS, Barnum, P. T.; m«chine-works
at. in. vmt. //.*./v. E.
nri'kiHirt. Hu)fh, III. 118. 110. Haviland, J.
Url>k<-8, V. M»r. Sniith, H'. .Srwv ; at 8t. Ixtuiii. 11. 8W,
/mc/« : flnit wirt* !iui<(ieiutli>n, XiO, Ellet : Niagara KUH|>eti-
Bii>ti. 9», Kllrl ; invention of a trum, IV. lit, />»«{/. N. //.:
invention of an iron. IMI. I'liine, T.; BUiipenHion, V. fliEi.
h'orMing; cantilever. .WU. Smith, C. S.; iron. VI. 4«t»,
W'hipitU, S.\ lonjrest N]>an in, 4.^, W't-rnung; one niaile
of vine, IV, 178, Slaita Capac ; Important, \'I, 5W, H'll-
Mill, J. M.
Briili;ewat«r, Duke of, II. SOS.
liritlK<*water. Mamr.. Ill, 647. Leach. O.
Brill ip^ water, battle of. See Lunoy's Lake.
Bridport, Hu>:»i, IV, 506, Newmm.
Bridport. Lord. VI. .3t«.
Brier Creek, enKagement at, I, 110, Aahe, J.; V, 116, Pre-
XfMt, A.
BriKliatn, Dexter. Ill, R5. Hnrnden.
Brikfht. John. ohoUhI. II. 44l(. Field, C. H'.; IV, TOO.
Brillant<>. I>e. 1. M». Brown, Miutea.
Briinfleld, Mass., free hiKb-school and cburcb of, gifts to,
III, ai«. HUchciKk, S. A.
Brink, t'larissa C, VI. fllW. Pec\.
Brinton, Eli/jibeth, IV, 7», McCUllan.
Brion. Admiral. I. ^M.
Brisliane. AlU-rt. II, 7«.
Briscoe. Frank. IV. I'iJ. SfcFlhenneu.
HrisciH', Nathaniel. II, 2U5. Kntun. Y.
BrisHot. M.. quoted. IV. .331). Mifflin.
BriKsotins. the. I. STtl. Biiiaiot.
Bristol. Karl of. I, twa. Colbum, Z.
Bristol. iMinibardinent of. I. IM. Bradford, W.
Bristol, the, at Charleston, IV, 446. Moultrie.
Bristow Station. entraKement at. III, aiK, Hill, A. P. ; V,
3i!7. Keed. H. B.
Brittan. Belle, pen name. IT, 560, Ftiller. If.
Britanniiriis. |ieti-natne, IV, 147, MvLeod, 3i.
Britton. Winchester, V. 4«1, Shank*.
Britts. James B . II. 2S6. Dyer, M.
Britton, John. I 175. B<irr?, J.
BritiKh America, exploration of, IT, 5W, Franklin. Sir J.;
Ill, 154, Henrne : till). Ui P^rouse. Mackenzie, Sir A.; V,
67, Pope, F. L. ', inscriNnl stone found in, VI, 877, I'e-
randrye ; pretended discovery in, 25t'.'. Vignan.
British North American colonies, union of, II, 688, Oalt, A.
T.: IV. mi: 116. Mcdee.
British American. A. |>en-name, IV, 843, Majnn, T.
Brititth American Mat^azine. the, I, 11, Adam, G. M.
BritM) Columbia. II. 133. lie Cosmos ; discontent in. 347.
Dufferin : foundation of British claim to, iV,3IM, Meareii;
R. C. institutions in, V. 138. Provencher.
British jmm, IV. 7:W. P.-rrj/. U'.
British museum. l>eKinninK of the, V, 550, Sloane, Sir H.\
Bhells presented to, I, 583, Carpenter, P. P.; AmeHcana
of. V, ortl. Stevens. H.
Brixen, iMttle uf. II. 358, Dumas.
Broad river, S. C, en(ca7ement on the, V, 752.
Bl^)ad Seal war, the, IV, 717, Pennington, H'.; m, 87,
Haines.
Broadway railroad charter, the, I, 707, Conkling, R.; V,
4.S3, Sharp. J.
Bnuulwav tabernacle, the, UI. 81. Hale. D. : 11. 463. Finney.
Brock. R. A.. M.S. in |M>sse«sion of. I, 486. Byrd, W.
Br<)ck. Kallie A.. V. 14.J. Putnam, S. A. B.
BriK-k's monument. I. 3S1. Brock.
Brixlersen, Bishop. III. .576. Krogstrvpp.
Br-xlliea-l. Rev. Dr.. II. Itfi). l>emtt,T.
BroKlie, Marshal. III. 4»). Kalb.
Bn>nie. lyord, I. 748. ConiiniUis.
Bromfleld. Maj.. III. tV>4 aVi. Udyard, W.
Bronck, Jonas. VI. 'S9i. Van Curler.
Bninson, Knos, III, 79. Hanling. J.
Bronson. Rev, SherU>ck A.. V. 508, Sherman.
Brons«in. \V. W.. III. 300. Hildebum, C. .«*. R.
Bmntotheri<lH«. the. IV. 318, .Uarsh, O. C.
Bronze ca.stinK. tlrst, in America, I, 400, Brown, H. K.; HI,
3«l. H<>„i,in, T. F.
Brook, Elizabeth. I. 586. Carroll.
Brooke. CharU-s W.. V. 1S9, h'airle, W. B.
Brooke, Elizabeth. IV. 151. MacSab.
Brooke, John. I, .884. Brooke, F. J.
BrtKike. Ro»)ert. I. 6W. Clay. H.
Brooke- Rj»wle, \V.. V, 180, Rawle.
Brook Farm tvtmmunitv. the, II, 85, Curtis, O. W.; 64,
Dana : 379. Diright. J. S. ; 651. Fuller, S. M. ; 754, Oreene,
ly. B.; III. 136. 1«; 156, Hecker, I. T.; IV, 655 ; V, 8S0,
Emermn, II. 815.
Brookhaven, VI, 603. ^yoodhull, R.
Brooklyn, Conn., V. 180. Putnam, t.
Brooklyn, N. Y.. purchase of the site of. V. 1.5. Pierrepont.
H.\ settlerB of. III, 444, Johnson, J. B.; imnrovementa
In. 448, Johnson. K. M ; V, 16, Pierrepont. H. E.; Atlan-
tic docka at, 717, Stranahan : hospital. foundinK of. IV,
t45, Uason, T. L.; .Methodist hospital of. »drt to, V. 401,
Seney. a. I.; R C. institutions foundeil in. II. .VJ7, /Vaa-
»ioU ; industrial institute in, V, lUl, Pratt, C. ; LiTingston
house in, illustration, m, 74S : MSt dlstiiet of, VI, «M,
WiMxihult. M
Brooklyn aca<leniv of deniim. III. 10S. Hart, W.
BriHiklyn F'aust cfub. III. tit*. Harrimtn. Uabriel.
BriH.klyn MatnuUne. the, IV, SlM. Morford.
Bnxjklyn taliernacle, VI. 37. Tulmage.
Brooks, Cliarlotte <»., II. 887.
Brooks, Chatty. |ien name. V. 333. Rice, R.
BnMjks, K«'v. F.dward. I <>" " i ■., P. C.
BriMiks. Judjf»' (i. W.. II ' J.
Bnislus. R»-v. Felix. II. ■
Brother Azarias. iien-na:... .... ..... Mullany. P. F.
HrotlierlKMMl of the coast, the, II. M5. David, E.
BrotherhiMxl of the new life, the, HI, »l, Harris, T. L.',
IV. 573. (Hiphant, L.
BrotherluMxl of the union, the, II, 485, Florence, T. B.; Ill,
7:i4. lAppard.
Brother Jonallian, origin of the name, VI. 108, TrumbulL,
Jonathan.
Brother Jonathan, wreck of the, VI, 628. Writ/ht, O.
BrouKham. I>.rd. III. 173. Henry, P.; quoted.' VI, aKX
Bniuillon, I)e, III, TAKi, La Hontan.
Brfjwn, A»)el, III, 388. Jack»m. J. C.
Brown, Catherine Kwan. V, 634, Spear, C.
Brown, Daniel, II. .880. Eiytns, D. R.
Brown, Daniel, III. 448, Johnson, S.
Brown, Elizabeth C , I. .837, Boirers^E. C.
Brown. Emma E.. III. 341. Holmt-s. ft. H'.
Brown, Ford Madox. Ill, 634, iMthrop, F.
Brown, Dr. Francis. Ill, 318. Hitchcock, R. D.
Brown, Oeor^e. II. 830. Ehjin.
Brown, James. I. 413. Brown, W.
Brown, John. Kmerson on, II. 840.
Brown, Matthew. III. 438.
Brown. .Moses. I. (W. Almti : III. 436. Jenkins, A. A.
Brown. Nicholas, I. .'««. 300 : II. 535. Francis, J B.
Brown, OI>adiah, III, 430, Jenkins, A. A.
Brown, Peter, I. 4<H. Brown. J.
Brf>wn. Kawdon. I. 491, Cabot.
Brown. Smith. V. .547. .Slater.
Brown, Thomas M.. III. 166. Hendricks, T. A.
Brown, Vandyke, pen-name, 1,859, Brannan, 11'. P.; 717,
Cook, M.
Brown. William. I. 409. Brown, M.
Browne, Anne. VI. .573, H'liit/irop.
Bmwne, Dunn, |)en-name. II. 408. Fisk, S.
Browne. Junius Henri. V. 341. Rirhnrtison, A. D.
Browne. Rev. J. W., I. 418. Browne, S. J.
Browne. Sir Thomas. II. 4.VS.
Browne. William (ioldsmith, I. 418, Brotm. F. F.
Brownell. Frank E.. 11. Xi.\ KlUuorth. E. E.
BniwninR. Eliza>N-th B.. HI. 345. Home.
Browning- Roi)ert, oriKinal of a poem of. HI, 846, Home.
Brownlow, Dr. C.. HI. I."*. Hecker, I. T.
Brt>wn"8 ferry, movement at, V, 505-506, Smith, W. F.
Brownson, Sarah. VI. (H. Trttney. S. B.
Brownson. Sarah M.. II, 58], (iallitzin.
Brownston. battle of. V. 126, Proctor. H. A.
Brown university, founding of. flnrt student, IV. 198. Man-
ning, James ; V, 310, Rogers, It'. ; gifU to. I. 3P6. 6KS,
Colby, a. ; II. 8tT7, Efhrards. M. : jfifts to, 339. Elton. R. ;
748, Greene, A. G. ; IV, .59, Lyman. D. »i'. ; 311. Metcalf,
T. ; VI, 215, I'pfon, J. ; .M8, Wilson. G. F. : 604. Woods,
A. ; reorganization of, VI, 897, Wayland, F. ; illuati«-
tion, I. 306.
Bruce. David. I. 418, Bruce, O.
Bruce. Dr. William. I. 418, Brucf, A.
Bnicite. 1,418. Bnice, A.
Bnidenell, Chaplain. I. 9. Acland, Lady Harriet ; II, &87,
hVaser. S. ; IV. 97. McCrra.
Bruin. Capt. Peter B.. V, 81. Pmierfeld, R.
Brunn. Kristofer. III. 403. Jansnn, K.
Bninnholtz. Rev. Peter. IV. 45.8. Muhlenberg.
BrUnnow. Francis. I. 3, Abbe ; VI, 454, WKetler, O. B.
Brunton, John. IV, .8i». Mrrry.
Brunton. Louisa. IV. .80!t. Merry.
Bnish, Mrs.. I. .581. Chaplin, C.
Bnish, Piatt. V. l.VJ. Qmtman, J. A.
Brush college. IV. 831. .Vilburti.
Brushes, invention for making. I. 511, Campbell. AndrtW.
Brutu.H. i)en-name. I. 61. Ames, F. ; V. 539. Simpson, 8.
B^^■an. .John Randolph. V. 178, Randttlph, J.
Bryan. Morjran. IV. 7»i7. Piatt. S. .W. B.
Brvant. Ichalnxl. I. 4«. Bri/ant. W. C.
Bryant. Peter. I. 433. Brvant. W. C.
Brvant. Philip. I. 432, Brmnt, W. C.
Bryant. Samuel, ir, 1135. Drake, S.
Brvant, Stephen, 1. 4tt. Bryant, W. C.
Bo ant. W. C, V, 806. Red Jadcet.
Br}'ant's midenoea, iUustratiomi. I. 4M. 496.
Bryant's station, Kr.. siege of. II. 6(13. Gtrlu.
Bryology, III, 607. Lesquerrus : V. 743, SuUivant.
Buccaneer, a woman. Hi, 865. trwinq.
Buccaneers, depreciations of, II, 85. David, K. : TtB. Grand-
mont : HI. ah, Horn, Knn : S4S, Hligen ; 441. Johnson,
Daniel ; 501. jM/itte : 681. Laurent : 679, Ijegmnd ; IV,
S7. Lute, E. : 46. Lowther : 56, Lussan ; XO. M*ry ', SSI,
JiontatU>and. Uontbara : 815. Michel J. L ; 980. Mor-
gan, Sir H. ; 477, Narbonne, C. H. ; 481. Kau ; death oC,
714
BUCHAN
CABASSON
in ehalM. by yellow fever. 673, O/iiw : depredations of,
733, Ferrot, F. ; V, 14, Pierre ; 24, Pinel ; 40, Pnntis ;
history of, 410. Schimmelin ; depredations of, 000, Sou-
bin ; VI, 39, r<nvrniVr ; 2M, Van SatUe ; 297. Vin ; 814,
H'afer : »M2, l'"U. . ^
Buchaii. Earl, tfift to Waahinffton. V, 277, Robertmn, A.
Biiohaiuui, <iriu-«', V. ef^J, .sfeifFM, J./V. . . ^„
Biulianuu, Janiea, residence of, at W hcatland. I. *Sl.
Biiohanan, Marj.'aret F., VI, 700, SuUtvun.
Biiotianan. Mary, V, 301, Saiiford, N.
Biioliar.l, H. II. 541. /'Veire, li.
Buchez, M.. II. M, Ihtin.
Bucke, I{ev. Horatio W., I, 437, Rucke, R M.
Buokinghainsliire, Earl of. III. •£»), Hohiirt, A. C.
Buckniinst»*r. Thomas, I. 440, Burkmintter, J.
Bucks county rel)ellion, II, Ml, t^ies.
Buck-shot war, tlie. II, 521, Fraley \ III, 492, Kane, J. K.\
IV. 710. /Vfiiotf, C. H.: V, 734, Sturaeon.
Bucktails, the. III. 403. Knne, T. L.\ VL 230.
Bu<l<l, Thomas. Ill, 429, Jennings. S.: TV, 408. Morrey.
Buddington, C'apl., Ill, IM, Hartstene.
Bu(l(lin>;t..n. S. ().. HI. 3H. Hall, C. F.
Bu<l(liii>fton. Mrs. Z. B., Ill, 14, Ouxtafson.
Bu.'li, Sarah J.. Ill, 3.5, Hale, S. J.
Buell, William. I, 442, Huel, J. I).
Buenaventura, founded, I, <i8, Andagoya.
Buena Vista, liattle of. II. 0«, Davis. J.; V, *%, Roiisseau :
3!>4, Santa-Anna ; VI. 54 ; 3S5. Washington, J. M. ; «09,
WiHjl.
Buenos Ayres, province of, V, 302, Rodriguez : insurrection
in. I. Itfr. Artiqas : i-evolntion in, II, 206. Porrego ; war
of indej>endence in. 1. 412, Brottn, W.\ II. 609. (logeneche ;
IV, 350, Mitre : .520, .V/>/o, V.\ VI, 218, Urquiza ; demand
for re|>aration from France, IV. 126. Matkan ; religious
institutions fonn<led in, II, 3S»9, Fahy.
Buenos Avres, city of, newly founded, II, 591, Ooray ;
founded" and burned, IV, 29rt, Mendoza, P. de; defence
of, II, i:i5. Deliniers ; college in, V, 4(X), Sarmierito, D. F.;
literary society of, IV, 545. Nuilez, I. ; museum. I, 4.57.
Hurmeister ; seminary in. IV, 510, Neyra ; statue of San
Martin In, illustration, V. 302.
Buffalo. N. Y.. founder of. II. 328, Ellicott, J. ; historical
siK'lety of. 4.Vi ; Fillmore's house at, illustration, 4.57 ;
first church in, IV. 601. Osnond, T.; R. C. institutions in,
VI, 121. Timon ; library, th'«, illustration, II. 316 ; gift to.
fi«7. (iliUk.
Buffalo me<lieal college, the, II. 483, Flint, Austin.
Buffalo, first accoiuit of the, I, 745, Coronado.
Buffalo, the. lialloon. III. 516. King, S. A.
Buffalo Bill, sobriipiet, 674, Cody.
Buffalo creek, nuvting with Indians on, III, 728, Lincoln, B.
Bufflngton i.><land. II, 472, Fitch, L.
Buffon, II, 106. Domheti : III. 419.
Buffum. Arnold. I. 442. Buffum, E. G.
Bugeaud, Marshal, III, .5<j5, Knowlton. M.
Buildings, inventions for fire-proof, I, 742, Cornell, J. B.;
instrument for raising, II, 52, Daboll.
Buitron, I. 670. Cobos.
Bulflnch, Dr. Thomas. I. 444. Bulfinch, C.
Bulgaria. Turkish barbarities in, IV, 116, MacQahan ; in-
vestigation of Turkish ma.s.sacres in, V, 431, Schuyler, E.
Bulkelev. .lohn, II. 67. IMna. S.
Bulk-lev. William F.. I. 618, Claflin, H. B.
Bulkly. Miss. HI. 313, Humphreys, D.
Bull, the pirate. II. .581. (iallnp.
Bull. .I<weph. V. 417. Schebo.ih.
Bull, C'apt. T.. HI, 670. Uete.
Bullard, .\rtemas, I. 219.
Bullen, Marv S. L., III. 678. LenarA.
Bullion, Madame de, IV, 1S5, Stance.
Bull Run, l>attle of, I. 46;i : II. 90 ; .536, Franklin, W. B. ;
III, 70, Hampton ; IV, 110 ; 673. Patterson, R.; V, 508 ;
727, Stuart, J. E. B.; incident of, VI. 311, Wade, B. F.;
aecond battle of, II. 763, Griffin : battle of, HI, .391, Jack-
aon, T. J.; second, .3!« : 407, Kearny, P.; 670, 718. 719 ;
alleged insulxialination at. V. 76. Porter, F. J. ; 228,
Reynolds. J. F.: V. .524.
Bull's bay. S. C. expedition to take. V, .502, Sherman, T. W.
Buhner, Sir PVnwick. V, 377, Sales LMterriere.
Bulnes, Oen.. HI. 312. Iguain.
Buioz, lyiuis, signature, IV, .589. Orleans. F. F.
Bulwer. E. L., accuse<l of plagiarism, II, 408, Fairfield, S. L.
Bump, Huldah P.. VI. .3(i7. Warren. M.
Bump. Mercy L., V, 717. Stratton, At. L. B.
Bunbury. Sir H.. HI. (K7. f^e. C.
Bunce. Hannah. VI. 300, Watson. Ebenezer.
Buncomlte. s|>eaking for, I, 448, Buncombe.
Bunker Hill, battle of, 11,117. Dearborn, H.; 411, Fam-
hnm. Rdlnh : 570, Gage ; 093, Gould, B.; 762, Gridley. R.;
Ill, 5tV>, Knotrlton, t.; IV, 88, McClintock; 669, Pater-
son; V, 18, Pigot : 31. Pitraim ; 61, Pomeroy, S.; 6.52,
Stark, J.; 140, 141 ; 109-110, Prescott : statue, VI, 365,
Ware. Joseph ; 348. H'orrf, A.: statue. V. 109.
Bunker Hill, drama of, I, 453. Burk.
Bunker Hill mr)nument, II. 756, Greenough ; funds raised
for HI. 35. Hale, S. J.; 638. lAiinrence, A.\ VI, 178, Tu-
dor ; illustration, 409 ; architect of, 515. Willard, Solo-
mon.
Buaker'8 Hill, near New York. 1, 198, Bayard, N.
Bunner. H. C, IV. 261. Matthews.
Bunner, Randolph, III. 8t)3, Irving, P.
Bunsen, Chevalier. 1. 113, Aator, W. B.; quoted, IM, Ban-
Buujten, Prof.. I. 154. Bancroft, O.: n. 685, Genth; m,
.3H4, Jackson, C. L.\ V, 707, Storer. F. H.
Buntline. Ned. iien-name, HI. 485. Judson, E. Z. C.
Bunktt Coutts. Baroness, I, 186, linrtktt, W. L. A.
Bureau, the magazine, IV, 240, Mnsoji, D. H.
Bureau system, the, U, 271, Durell.
Burger, Edward O., V, 6.MJ, Steams, S. B.
Burge.s8, (^ol. Elisha, V, .520, Shute, 8.
Burgess, Thomas, I, 451, Burgess, G.
Burgoyue's plays, incident connected with one, I, 184.
BaMli'tt, J.
Burgoyne's surrender, news of, in parliament, U, 581 ;
immetliate consequences of, 531.
Burhaus, Eliza W., II. 411, Famham, E. W.
Burke, Edmund, I, 166. Barlow, J.; II, 130, De Lancey, J.;
HI, 417 ; 569, Knox ; 6;W, Laurens : 658 ; V. 25)4, Rocking-
ham ; 432 ; his knowledge of colonial affairs, HI, 742,
Livingston, P.
Burke, arrest of, I, 277.
Burke, Mrs , UI, 414, Jefferson, J.
Burleigh, pen-name, V, 5C2, .Smif/i, M. H.
Burlington, la., library of, II, 767, Grimes, J. W.
Burlington, N. J.. I. 486. Byllynge ; college at. founded. II,
188, Voane, O. W.
Burlington, Vt.. gifts to. III, 278, Howard, J. P.; univer-
sity at, illustration. VI, 139.
Burmah, mission to. Ill, 4S:i-484, Judson ; war of, with Eng-
land, treatment of missionaries, 483-484.
Burne-Jones, E., HI, t)24, Lalhrop, F.
Burneston, Anna M., I, 452. Burgoyne.
Burnet, Bishop, I, 4.57, Burnet, W. ; cited. III, 508. Kfilh, Q.
Burnet, Miss, IV, 144, McLean, JV. C.
Burnett, Edward. IV, 41.
Burnett, Frances H., II, 652, Gillette, W. H.
Burney, Capt. James, VI, 283, Verschoor.
Buriiham, George P.. II, 272, Durivage.
Burnham, Mary H.. II. 521, Fox, M. H.
Burnham industrial farm, the, V, 335, Round.
Burns, David, VI. 248, Van Ness, M. B.
Burns, Robert, I, 37. Ainslie ; IV. 66, Lyon, A.; IV, 603,
Oswald, R.; dedication of a poem of, II, 145, De Peyster,
A. S. : subjects of poems by. III, 603, Oswald. R. : V, 228,
Renivick ; quoted, VI, 204, Tytler ; poem attributed to.
545, Wilson. Alex.
Burn.side, Edghill, I. 462, Bumside. A. E.
Burnside. James, I, 462, Bumside, A. E.
Burch, William, IV, 684. Paxton. C.
Burr, Aaron, original of a character in fiction, n. 867, Du-
puy ; trial of, IV, 224 ; speech at the trial of, VI, 578,
Wirt ; book suppressed by, 596, Wood, John.
Burr. C. C, I, 455, Burleigh.
Burr, Frank A., I, 212, Beaver.
Burr. Sarah, I, 465, Bm-r, A.; V, 213. Reeve, T.
Burr. S. J., III. 98.
Burrows. William, grave of, illustration, I, 471.
Burt, Silas W., I, 101.
Burton. George, I, 472, Burton, W. E.
Bush, Lieut., IV, 208.
Bushnell, Mr.. HI, 132. Hayes. C.
Bushnell. Judge Charles. VI, 520. Williams, M. B.
Bushy Run, engagement at. I, 329, Bouquet.
Business colleges, V, 6:10, Spencer, P. R.
Bustamente. Cant., IV, IHO, Malaspina.
Busteed, G. W., I, 475, Bu.it eed. R.
Bute, Marchioness of, V, 188, Rawdon.
Butler. B^ F., effect of a book on the campaigns of. III,
208, Hudson, H. N.
Butler, Charles, VI, 673, Butler, G. B.
Butler, G. H , II, 39(i, Eytinge.
Butler, James, I, 482, Butler, W.
Butler, Capt. John, I, 477, Butler, B. F.
Butler, Sir Riehanl, I, 480, Butler, P.
Butler, Samuel, I, 478, Bntlei; C.
Butler, W. H. G., VI. .352, Ward, M. F.
Butler, statue in. I. 385. Broolci. C. S.
Butterworth, Josiah, HI, 484, Judson, A. H.
Button-hole machine, invention of. III, 273, House, J. A.
Butts hill, battle at, V, 740, Sullivan, John.
Buys-Ballot's Law. I, 676, Coffin J. H.
Byfield, Rev. Richard, I, 4a5, Byfleld. N.
Byng, Admiral, execution of, I, 591, Chatham ; HI, £09,
Iturribalzaga ; 593, Ixi Gnllissonniere.
Bynner, Edwin L., II, ,526, Frankland.
Byrd, John, I, 486, Birrd, W. *
Bvrd residence, the, illustration, I, 486.
Byron. Lord, I, 487, Byron, J. ; I, 527, CarlisU, F. H. ; II
69, DuUas, R. C. ; IV, 663, Parker, Sir P. ; quoted, I, 487,
Byron.
Cahala. the, IV, R43, Pnncnast. S.
Cabanel, Alexandre, pupils of, I, 131, Bacon, H. ; II, 22.
Crowninshield, F. ; 760, Gregon/, E. ; III, 275, Hoven-
den ; IV. 757. Philippoteaux ; Vt. .351. Ward, E. M.
Cabanos. war of, IV. 213, Marques Perdigdo.
Cabasson. M., Ill, 15, Guthers.
CABKLL
CANADA
715
Ottlietl. Jonepta C, III, 40.
CaIn-II, Niodolas, I. ««, CabelU W.
CabvU'u Dale, I. 884, Brrcktnridge. J.
OaliineL tl»e. Idea of reKJicnatinuH bv. VI. 418.
Ofthlf. G. W., satire on hlii Uraiidiasiiiiett, V,' 885, Rou-
quette, A. K.
(!ablf stivft-railway. flrat, in U. S., II. 210. Doubleday, A.
CVilxrt. Kll/a \a^\ 11. -liW, tiMen, E. L. C.
r«l)ot, J. E., II, »4H.
Cabot. Lyilia. IV. t&J, Parker, T.
Cab<it. Samuel. II. ■lie.'. FiMfu, E. L. C.
Cabot, Sebo-stian, Ix'sicf^'d by liKlians. II. 501. Oarcia, D.
Calwvil, line of thi- Indian word, I, JB, Betanzot, P.
Cabral. Gen., V, .STX, Stiluave.
Cabreva, Pablo Felix. V. 257. Rio, A.
Cocaniatzin, III, 371, IxtlUxochitl II.; IV, 4M, Netzahual-
pilli.
Caoeren, Felipe, II, 105, Diaz Melgartjo.
CaohucA, I, 612, ChrUty, O. N.
Cacique, capture of »he, II, 125, De Kay, G. C.
CadereiU. MarquLs of, IV, 618, Pitcheca.
Cadereita. Mex.. founded. Ill, 090, Leon, Alonao de.
Caiile, I'rior, I, 36.H, Breck.
Cattiz, 8ief;e of, II, 354, Encnlada ; supplies for the garri-
»on. IV, 2r«. Mmd<; R. W.
CadwaUwIer, Frances, II. 966, Erakine.
Cadwalader, Maria, V, 257. Rinqqold, .*?.
Cadwalader, (ten. Thomas, I, 49:^, CeidwaJader, O.
Caen, ftnii-ry de, VI. 277. VentatUrur.
(■"a^iarea Carol! island, VI, 21(3, I'iltalolios.
Ceesani, mysterious city of the, IV, 4X, I^)zano, P.
Caetano L. de Moura, pen-name, IV, 20, Lope*.
Caeigal, I, 3.33, Bovea.
Cahokia, defence of, I. 687.
Cuillavilu. t<xiui. III, 730. Lincoyan.
Cain of America, the, VI, 295, yillegaignon.
Cairo, destruction of the ironclad, V, 457, Selfridge.
Calcium lijfht, the. Ill, 81, Hare, R.
Calcraft. James, V. 42.'). Schoolcraft, L.
Calcutta company, the. II, 3SW, Eyziujuirre, A.
Caldert' ita, colony of, founded, I, 90, Armendariz.
Caldeii. Milne, IV, 281. Meade, O. O.
Caldwell, Capt. Billy. V, 403, Sawjatiaah.
Calil.vell, James H.. II, 41 Cushman.
Caldwell. Josiah, I. 278.
Caldwell, Martha, I, 498. Calhoun.
C^ildwell. Susan B , V. .38.3. SamuvU, S. B. C.
Caldwell, IJcut. W., IV, 335, Milton.
Caldwell. Lieut , II, 181.
Caledonia, N. Y., flsh-culture at. II. 746. (ireen, S.
Caledonia, capture of the briR. II. .^30, Elliott, J. D.
Calhoun, James. I, 498, Calhoun, J. C.
Calhoun, John, III, 7I«.
Calhoun, Patrick, I, 498. Calhoun, J. C.
Calhoun. ReU'cca. I. 131, Bncon, J. E.
Calhoun, W., IV, 112. Mclhtffie.
Calhoun residence, the Illustration, I, .VW.
Caliban of Science, the, sobriquet, V, 108, Ramtey, A.
Calico-print Infr, improvements in, II. 67, Ikina, S. L.; In-
vention of t<K)ls for, I, 149, Baldwin, M. W.; invention of
prfjces-ses, V, <5.3S, .Spraguf, IV.
Calico nunint; district, the. VI. .387. Waterman, R. W.
California, dis<>overv of. VI, .3lM, Vizcaino ; exploration of,
I, 4;»2, Cahrillo ; ll, 440, ^V»^v/(» : .'>46. Fremont ; VI, 058.
Zell ; 6<i5, ZuHif/a. <i. ; Rio (iran<le route to. II, .^40, Fre-
mont : ex|M*dition to locate a port in, .575. (ioli : coloniza-
tion of, I, I.')7. 421, Bryant. K.: 4:11 ; possession of, taken,
1.55 ; II, 224. Ihake, .Sir F; cession of, V, 095, .Stockton,
R. F.; alcaldes in. I, 272. Blackburn, !»'.; revolt of, 61,
Alvarado, J. B. : name of. HI. .32. Hale, K. K. ; discovery
in, 84. Harmand ; discovery of eold in. IV. 221. Mamhall.
J. W.: inde|M'nd<'nc«' of. 221, Marithiill, ./. li'. ; view of
Sutter's mill. VI. 2 ; adnds-sion of. I, 4.V.t. Burnett, P. H.;
603, 044; constitution of, 111,49: R. C. institutions founded
In, II, .576. (lallai/her, H. P.; IV. fiA, O'Vonnell, E.; mis-
sions in. III, 489, Juniitero; IV. 748. Peyri ; VI. 2115.
I'oarte : afxistle of. V. »*I. Salratierra ; Kifts to Jesuit
mission in. I. 488. Catxtllero y Ocitt ; educational endow-
ments in. III. 112. HoMtinon, S. C; h\g trees of. first de-
8crihe<l, .506. Kellogg, A.; first map of, 1.89, Alarron, //.;
desifcner of its coat -of -arms. IV, 66, Lyon, C; disunion
sentiment in. III. 547, King, T. S.
California, Lf)wer, discovered. I. 750, Corte».
California colunm, the. I. .526. Carleton, ./. H.
Ciilif.irnia Diantond. Little Nell, the, II, 80, DauiToy.
California state university, I, 846.
Calistof^a, Cal.. \. 359, Brannan, S.
Call, Emily L.. V. «7. Pone, E F.
Callao attacketl by the Dutch. II, 4S7, Ftnulndex de Cor-
dova; bomliardment of (|806>. IV, 545, JVu/les, C. it.;
earthquake at (1087 1. 723. Peralta.
Callen<ler, Revs. Ellis an<l Elisha, I, 606, Cailender, J.
Callioji«», the steam. invent4^>r of, V. 697, Stoddard, J. C.
Callisthenes. |>eiinanie, V, 151. Quincy, J.
C;iII..wl,iII. Hannah. IV. 715. Penn, U.
'■ ' \>'r. pen-name. VI, 267.
' II. 204.
<■ me, II, 364.
Calurimutur, the, HI, 81, Hare, R.
Calpulalpan. battle of. I. 670. Cobot ; II, IW, DoUado : IV.
214, Manptez ; .3:19. Miiomon.
Calvary, determination of ttMt iiit4> of. IV. 807. Merrill, S.
Cl^vary Token, the. magazine. IV, 178, Majjttt.
Calvert. Caroline, 11. ;)irj, tjden.
Calvinisui in New England, I. 100. Barnard. J.; U, 811,
EdtranU, J.; controvei-sies on. VI, 6u4, WooiU.
C^lvinistic Magazine, the, V, iOti, ho*M, F. A.
I'am. Diejfo. I, •££!, Hrluiim.
Camara, Gen.. IV. 21. lAtitez, F. S.
CamarAo, Felip^le. II, 104, (has, //.
CamaTKo. Adnural. III. 344, Imecourt ; explorations br,
VI, 814, IVaguer. D. C.
Cainaxtle, god of the TlasraUuw, III, 807, HuHziton.
C^anibrav. |jen-name. II. 4.30. Fennell.
Cambridge. Mass., IV, 13 : Washink'ton at, VI, 370 ; Holmea
house at. illustration, HI. 240; Washington's headquar-
ters at, IV, !.'>, illustration, 12 ; I»well house at. 40.
Cambridge platform of discipline, the, IV, 252, Mather, R.
Cambridge theological school, gifts to, 11, 291, EoMtbum,
M.; V,7M,.Stone,J. K.
Camden, battle of, I, 744 ; II, 615, 663, Oitt, J/. : 752 : III.
491, Kalb ; V. 671, Stet-ens, E: VI, .3W, Wathington, W.
Camel-back IfK^wnotives. invente<l. VI. 569, Winans, R.
Camels. us«* of, in America, VI, 400, H'ayne, H. C.
Camen»n, Capt. Angus. I, ,')08. Ciimeron, J. H.
Camertai, Kenneth. I. .508, C'<i meron. H.
Cameron, Leila, |)en-name, II, 238, Ihitiote.
Camillus, pen-name, I. 04, Ameg, F.\ III, 5H, 50 ; 542. King.
Camisards, the. HI. t'>50, l^-e, Ann.
Campan. Madame, II, 024, lienext.
Cam[)ani. Marquis, II, 7.V.t, Uregori.
CamplK'll, Allen. I, 4:17. Huckhout.
Campix-U, Sir Archilwld, III, 4H4.
CamplH-ll. Archibald. IV. 221. MarahaU, T.
Campbell, Sir Colin. V. 072, .Stevena, ./. (i.
Campbell. Donald. |)en-nanie, I. 532, Carpenter, S. C.
Campl>ell, Col. Duncan (i., I. 514. Cami>lteU, J. A.
Campbell. Elizalx'th Russell, V, 115, Preaton, T. L.
Campl)ell, John, I, 730, Cooiter, P.
Campliell. Col. J. B.. VI, 102, Trotter, O.
Campbell. John Wilson. I. 512, CamjAtell. C.
CamplM>ll, Kate. p«'n-name, HI. 729. Lincoln, J. E.
CamplM>ll, Ixtrd Neil, HI, 02, Hamilton, A.
CamplH'll. Margaretta W., VI, 078, Deland.
Cami>lH'll. Sherwood, I, 665, Cfxin, S.
CamplK-llites, the, II, .599, Garfield \ V, 2S2, Rigdon ; 480,
.Scott. W.
Camp Beulah. II. 380, Etnina. A. J.
Camp Douglas. VI. 7. Sweet, B. J.
Campeachv, captured by pirates, 11. 705, Orandmonl ; VI,
605, Xuiliga. G.
Campeachy. I>ay of, discovery and first name of, II, 185,
Diaz de Solia.
Campenon, M., HI, 691, Leonard. \. G.
Campero, Narciso, II. 114. Daza.
Camphausen. Herr. IV, 407, Morrell. I. R.
Camp Jackson, .Mo., capture of, IV, 68.
Camp-meeting, the first. IV, 120, McGready.
Camp-meetings, in England, II, 218, Dow, L.
CamJNis, Martinez. V, 404. Serrano.
CumiMi Tourinho, I^eonor, III, 080, Ijemna.
Canada, supjioseil discoverer of, IV. 040. Parent. P. ; its
name. 1, 544. Cartier, J. ; exploration of. .543. Cartier ;
II. lie. Dawaon, S. J. ; colonization of. I. .508-509, Cham-
plain ; IV, 178. Maiaonneuve ; V, 281, Roherval ; 292,
Roche, E.; VI. 277. Ventadour ; Irtxiuois raid into, 878,
Vercherea ; expedition to conquer. 320, IValker, .Sir H. ;
surrender of— dis«.-ontent of the French in — British ad-
ndnistration, rv, 468, Murray, James : VI, 205, r«u-
dreuil, P. F. ; the French under the English in, I. 70.5,
Craig, J. H. ; project to invatie, during the Revolution,
in, 409, ,587 ; IV, 871 : VI, 84, Thomax, John : cession of.
to Unit«Hl States iiroposed by Franklin, II. .5.32 ; .Mcl>ean
insurrection in. V , 109 : Prricott. Ritttert ; invasion of, I,
107 ; union of Upner an<t I>»wer. 107, Arthur. G. : inva-
sion of, in 1814, IV. 73. Mc.Arthur. D. ; n-U-llion of, 1837.
I, 583, Cardinal ; .509, Chenirr ; 082, Cullxtnte ; II, 520,
Fox. H. .S. ; 670, Gagnnn : 661. Gi'-ouarrt. J. J. : 66H.
Goddu : 698, Gotean, (>. R. ; 703, (Irnlley. P. ; III, 151,
Head, F. B. ; «21, Lartitjue: IV. 20, lArrimier: 134-135,
Mackenzie, W. L. ; IM.' MacSah; ITX, Mailland, J.;
477, \arbonne, P. R. : 493. AVi*>n, U'. and R. ; 64.3. Pn-
pineau ; V, 1.57. Radcliffe : 31-3, Rolph. J. : VI, 444.
Wetherall ; disabilities impose<l after It, HI, 008, I^anlie ;
pardon to insurgents. VI. 310. Wait, B. : northwestern
rebellion in, IV, 177. Mair. C. ; 318, MidiiUton. Sir F.
D.; V. 93, Pntndmaker: 851-2.52, KiW ; 42H, Schultz;
land policy of the French government. IV, 314. Michel :
land com|)any of, II. ,583, Halt. J. : land tenure in, VI, St,
Tarien ; conspiracy in grant of land in, 1, 881. Brock;
Indian titles to western lands of, IV, 430, Morria. A. ;
surrender of Indian lands in. HI. .590. Ixiinl ; flnanr«-s
of. II. iVffl. Gait. A. T. : n'pr»'s«'nl«tive g»ivemnient in. IV,
62. Lvmtturner ; elet-tlve chandH'r in, HI, 17, ^iuy. P. ;
reform party in. 1. 149, Bnl'linn. R. : cabinet crisis In. V.
871. ,St. Juat ; letrislative impn>vementH in, IV. 131. Alnr-
kenzie, A. ; a<lministration of, 311, Metcalfe ; th«' two-
cUtys' ministry in, 104, Macdonald, J. li. ; removal of
710
CANADIAN
CARS
Ilentenant-Kovemors In. III. 610, Langevin, H. L. ; pro-
powtl U>, U» unite with Maryland. I. .538 ; proposed con-
quwit of. loan bill, II. 014. Uiulun, W. : Fenian invaiiion
of. IV. 5M1, oWritl, J.; protective tariff in. 108; lejfiH-
lative otmnKi-M in, 1(W : use of French in the leiflslature
of, 32, Liithiniere ; union of provim-en, VI, 14, Syden-
ham; union of proviiiceK-taiiff qii-siion. IIH, Titley ;
union of province*, IHl ; annexation of. V, 5«i.\ Smith,
Ooldwin ; note in. II. 3Il>. aW, E'liiin ; manifesto on
annexation to U. 8.. *« ; ivfornis m. mo ; treaty. -SO ;
federation, first proiKwed, V, 474. Seuetl, J..\ I. 410,
Brown, G. ; first bislit)p of. III. im. Iaiv(U ; It. C. insti-
tutions in. VI, .'MO, H'(i/«/i. J. : Catholic festival-days in,
IV, 310, MeMein ; anti-Catholic niovenieut« in, V, 41,
Ftemin, J. O. ; military wllefce of. III, 101, Heicett, E. O. ;
project for universiU' of, mi, Leitch ; art associations
in, IV, SU, itiirtin, T. M.; railways of. III. 'iVi, Hincks,
F. ; clergy reser\e act, 212, Hincks, F. : hisU)ry of. II,
Am, Ferland : old historical dfjcumenta. II. 408. Fari-
bault, a. H.; recipr<K-ity with U. S., VI, 558, Wiman.
Canadian club, the, VI, ^58, Wimiin.
Canadiuns, plan for colony in Iowa. III. 098. L^Jwlie.
Canalizo, Ueu., Ill, 185, Htrrera, J. J. de ; V, im, Santa-
Anna.
Canals. II. 5fl.3 ; en(?ineering of, III, 4.'», Jen-is, J. B. ; ma-
chinery for use on, VI. 487. Whitney, Asa; improve-
ment in, II. 216, Douglass, D. B. ; projector of M^stem
of, VI, 391. Watmm, E. ; the del Dique, VI, 140, Totten,
G. M. ; Illinois and MichiKon. and Hennepin, I. 104 ;
Chesapeake atid Ohio. IV. 166 ; Chenango, VI, 107,
Throop, E. T. ; first project for interoceanic. III. 7ri0.
Lo6o : the Welland, VI. 6.38, Yates, J. B.; Delaware, U,
659, Gilpin ; use of steam on, VI. 620, Wriaht.B. H.
Canaseraxa, church at, V'. 15. Pierrepont, W. C.
Cancer, alleged cure for, II. 480, Ftores. Josi.
Cancha Rayada. Iwttle of. II. 354. Encalada ; IV, .567,
ifHiygins, B. ; (KW. Onoiio ; V. 3S«, San Martin, J. de.
Candle-inachine. invention of a, VI, 173, Tuck.
Cane-land, the. III. .522. Kenton.
Canelos. ctiuntry of the. II. 105. Diaz de Pineda.
Cuiiete. Don Manuel. IV, 2S»7, Meudive.
CuAete, Marquis, II. 104. Diaz, A.; Ill, 329, Hurtado, G.
Catlete. foundtnl. III. 329, Hurtado, G.
Canfleld. Cai)t. Augustus. IV. 139, Mclxine, R. M.
Canfleld. John. V. 027, Spencer, Ambrose.
Canisius college. II. 273. Durthaler.
Canning. Sir Stratford. V, 417, Schauffler.
(!annon. James, VI, 1.3, Sirisshelm.
Cannon, first perfect bronze, in U. S., I, 49, Alger. C. ; in-
vention of a revolving. 1, 671, Cochran, J. W. ; the Dahl-
gren, 11, .54 ; curious old wrought-iron, n, 1-39, Deming,
Vi'. ; a revolutionary, VI, 454, Wheeler, S. ; D.ver projec-
tile for, II, 286, Dyeir, A. B.; invention of improved, II.
6:», Gennea; VI. 155, Treadwell, D. ; 189, Tutlle, H. P. ;
III, 397, James. C. T. ; inventor of a process of casting,
IV, 477, Napione ; rifled, invention of projectiles for. V,
408, Sawyer, S.; rifled, V, 701, Stone, E. W.; revolving,
VI. eel. Maifoll.
Cano. Juan, IV, .369. Montezuma.
Canoe club, the New Yoric, I, 42, Alden, W. L. ; IV, 638,
yorton, C. L.
Canoe fight, II, 56, Dale, S.
Canonchet, IV, 7.56. 7.57.
Canonicus, the, I, 224. Belknap, O. E. ; 226, Bell, H. H.
Canterac, Gen., I, .300 ; IV. 213, Maroto ; 749, Pezuela,
Jotuptin ; V. 463, Sernn ; 739, Sucre. A. J.
Canton river, captun'^ of forts at, I, 224, Belknap, O. E.
Canton. Mass.. copper-works at, V, 225, Revere, P.
Canty Ciirl, pen name. V. 407. Sawyer, F. W.
Caoutchouc. introdui?«'<l in Kurofje. I, 704, Condamine.
Cap au (Jris. siege of, IV. 075. Puttie, S.
Cape Ann. settlement at, 11,43, Cushman, R. ; Dana house
at, illustration. II, 70.
Cape Blanco, II. 440. Ferrelo.
Cape Breton exf)e<lition, expenses of, I, 808, Bollan.
Cape Bretfin. imiK)rtance and advantage of, anonymous
tract. VI. 2»)9, laughan.
Cape Cod.discovery of, VJ. 106. Thortrald ; named, II, 691,
Oosnolil ; li»)el suits at. IV, 14.5, McLean, S. P.
Cape Colonv. conquest f>f. I. 765, Craig, J. H.
Cape Constitution, m. 493. A'an-e. E. K.
Cape Corrientes. nami-<l. V, 62, Ponce de Leon.
Cape Diamonfl. inscription at. IV, 371.
Cape Disappointment. IV. 102. McTavish.
Cape Fear. nnme<i. 11. 761. Grenrille.R.
C^pe Frttn(,'nis. Santo Domingo, III, 887, Suon,
Cape Frozier. III. 4!I3. Kane. E. K.
Cape Hattera-s. flirht off, I. .S57, Braine.
Cape Henry and Cajje Charles, named. IV. 605. Sexrport.
Cape Horn, first doiibUnl, III. 684, Le Maire ; islands near,
11.510. Foster, Henry.
Cape Kjalarnes. VI, 101. Thorfinn ; 106, Thonrald.
Cape IxHigane. city founded at. Ill, 395, Jacobsen, S.
Cape IJeber. III. 1.33. Hat/es, I. I.
C*pe May. N. J.. pun<hase of lands In, HI, 269, Hosset.
Cape Mendocino. H. 440. Ferrelo.
Cape Menzies. IV. 181, Mackenzie. Sir A.
Cape North, difflculUes concerning, II, *42, FYeire de An-
drada.
Cape of Good Hope, name of, II, 163, Dias, B.
Cape Orford, II, 440, Ferrelo.
Cape St. Vincent, naval battle off. HI. 480, Jervis, Sir J.
Cape Santa Maiia de la Consolacion, V, 29, Pinzon, V. Y.
CajK; Town, caitture of. II, ;138, Elphinatune.
Cape Victory, IV, 173, Magellan.
Cape Virgins, IV, 173, Magellan.
Capital, choice of a national, U, 681.
Capital punishment, question of, U, 858, English, T. D. ; V,
1S2. Rantoul ; law on. V. 627, Spencer, Ambrose.
Capitol at Washington, extension of the, II, 465, 456.
Capmany. Antonio. IV. 481. Navailles.
Capuchins, missions, VI, 39, Tauste ; 652, Yoes ; 680, Foulon,
Carabello, II. 318, Elcano.
Carabobo. battle at. I, 805 ; IV, 623, Paez.
Coracas, rounded. IV, 30. Losada, D. de ; seminary of. H,
508, Fartique ; university and museum of, VI, 200, Var-
gas. J. M.
Caracas, conquest of the, IV, 29-90, Losada, D. de ; IV,
186, Manco Vapac.
Caramari, town of, IV, 567, OJeda.
Caramelli, Hamet, III. 648, Lear.
Caramuni, poem of, II, 270. Durcu).
Caramuru-Assu. IV. 643, Paraguasau ; V, 616, Souza, T.
Carbajal, Gen., V, 290, Robles.
Carbolic acid, as a local anaesthetic, first used, r\', 50S,
Newman, W. H.
Carbonari, the, II, 502, Foresti.
Carburettor, inventor of a, V, 602, Snow, W. D.
Cardan, M., V, 724, Strong, T.
Cardinals, first American, VI, 36, Taschereau, E. A.; TV,
88. McCloskey.
Carding-machines, invention, H, 288, Earle, P.; VI, 492,
Whittemore, A.
Cardoso. Balthazar, pseudonym, HI, 603, Lancastro.
Cardoso, Gen.. 11. 164. Dias, U.
Cardozo, Albert, VI, 115.
Cards, curious games of, V. 16, Pierron.
Card-wire, Invention for cutting, I, 759, Cox, L.
Carey. Henry. I. 4.5.3, Bvrgoyne.
Carey. Martha. U. 2.54, IHimont, J. L.
Carry's Swan's Nest, I. 484, Button.
Caribs, the, V, 312. Rollin ; rebellion of. H. 262, IHipar-
qiiet ; III, 270, Houdetot ; books on their language, 340,
letersdorf; account of. .581, La Borde; apostle to 476,
Jouff'roy ; mi.ssion to. IV, 582, OnMme.
Carini. princes of, I. 358, Brnnciforte.
Caris Sima, pen-name, IV, 448. Mountcastle.
Carl, pen-name. V, 407, Sawyer. F. W.
Carleton, pen-name, I, 674. Coffln ; 498, Caldwell, Joteph,
Carleton, G. W., HI, 262, Hoppin, A.
Carlfried, pen-name. VI, 564, Wingate, C. F.
Carlisle, captured. II. 057, Gilmor.
Carlist war, the. H, 378, Espartero ; TV, 116, MacGahun ;
end of (1839), IV, 213, Maroto.
Carlotta, Empress, IV, 270, Charlotte.
Carlyle. Thomas, U, 74, Daniel, J. M. ; his letters, quoted,
American edition of, 344.
Carman. Catherine W., VI, 570. Winslow. C. W. C.
Carmelites, first convent of, in United States, H, 174. Dick-
inson. Mary Clare.
Carmen Alto, battle of, H, .390. Elias.
Carmichael, Dr. Edward, VL 23. Talcott, G.
Carnarvon. Ixjrd. I. 286. Blake, E.
Camau. Charles R.. V, 'i50, Ridgely. C.
Carnifex Ferry, battle of, V, 324.
Carolinas. exploration and early history of the. HI, 643,
Lawson, J.
Caroline, burning of the, H. 141, Denison, G. T.; 763, Grid-
ley, P.; m, 229. Hogan. J. S.
Caroline islands, discovery of, V, 198, Read, T.; VI, 293,
Villaloboa.
Caroliniensis, pen-name, HI, 242, Holmes, I. E.
Carolus-Duran, pupils. I. 759. Cox, K. ; IV, 88, Loic, W. H.
Caromaia. pen-name, IV. 272. May,C.
Caron, Sir Adolphe, IV, 250, Masaue.
Caron, P. A., I, 2t)9. Beaumarchais.
Carondelet, Baron de, VI, 3!>6, Watts. S.
Carondelet, service of the, VI. .324. Walke.
Carothers, Andrew, VI. 895, Watts, D.
Carotid artery, operation on the, I, 680, Cogatoell, M. F.
Carpenter. Alice, I, 319.
Carpenter, Dr. Lant. I, .531, Carpenter, P. P.
Carpenter, Samuel, V, 262. Rittenhouae.
Carpenter. Rev. W., II, 4a5. F7o;ir.
Carpenter's Hall, congress at, VI, 876.
Carranza. Brimo. II. 436. Fernandez, P.; HI! 434, Jimenez.
Carrasco. governor of Chili. II. 206, Dorrego.
Carriage, wind-force. HI. 176. Henry, W.
Carricks Ford, battle at. n. 607. Gamett, R. S.; TV, 80.
Carrier, Jean Bai>tiste, VI, 297. Vilmot.
Carroll, pen-name. VI. 119. Tillinqhast, J. L.
Carroll, Maj. Charles. V. 298, Rochester.
Carroll, Daniel. III. 4.50. .Johnson. T.
Carrollton. view of. illustration. I. .5.37.
Carrollton. Pa., founded. Ill, 685, Lemcke.
Carron, Abb<i. I. 4'JO, Brut^.
Carronades. IV. 7.35.
Cars, patents for coupling, IV, 825, Miller, E. ; inventor of
CARSON
CHADDS
717
foot power, V, 40R. .Sfiiryrr, S.; of bar-wtnctow, V, 117.
Pric*, B.: of lmpruvein»«nu. VI, 815, Hagttrr, H'eMrr.
Cwaon. W. A.. IV. 745, l\tiyru, C.
Oartagena. Juan lU*. IV, ITS, Magellan.
OutMena. Hit-g^M and captures nf. I. VM, SOS ; n, 404, Fon-
vieUe: III, IHl. Hrmiui, P. ,if ; IV, 1«, Mackau ; 87S,
H,mtilUi. M.; IV, 405. Morillo ; pluwlt-r of. V. 40.
I\jintia : ItM furtlHcationa. II. 871. >;(/<ifKi ; BritiMh n*-
Mlw» at, VI, MO, I'ernon, £.; reliKluua institutions in,
. 749. Loayta.
Cartagena, reacuf of the. III, 414, Jeffert.
Carter. Anm*. III. flflT, />•«•, //.
Cart«T. Kliza. 1, 4H7. Hijrd.
Carter. Henry, III. Cixi. Ia'sH*. F.
Carthv. Daniel. III. (Kll, Ue, Charlra.
Cartruljre lontlin»r inaehine invente<l. ^^. 402. HV6A, C. H.
CartwriKlit, (}., III. 44a. Jnhtm-m, K.\ IV, a(J7, Maverick, S.
Cartwrijfhf, Sir (Jeorije. V. 73B.
('arvajal. family of, V. 385, .Sem Carlos.
Carvajal. FraneLneo, II, 899, Fiu)<Htgn.
Carvalal. (i. and B. Suarez de. Iv. W«. Nuilet-Vela.
Carvefl. Capt. H. I). W., IV. 617. Patroa.
Carver. .Ii>hn. Es<|.. pseudonym, II, 194, Dodge, N. S.
Carvill. Mr. III. All.
Car-wheels, corrugated plat«, annealing process for, VI,
4l«<. }\'hitneu. A.; Impnjvements, .55a, Hi'nuiu, R.
Carv. Anne, V, 173. Kandolph, T. M.
Cary, Ovies. IV. tJfiO, Pttrris, S.
Cary. Dr. Nelson H., I. 548, Cary. A. L.
Cary. >Iar>-. IV. «25. I'nqe, Carter.
Car>-. Mis.H. II. 4(«. Fairfax, T.
Cary. Rev. Samuel. II. ,>I0. Freeman, James.
Carv. Thoma«. III. 3;J7. Hifde, E.
Caryl, Rev. Joseph, V. ."MO. Shute, S.
Carysfort liKht-hou.s(\ Fla.. V. M7. Stansbury, H.
Casa di Miranda. Count, IV. .5^. A'i'/mon.
Caaa-Maroto. Count of. IV. 218. Maroto.
Oasas, Bartolom<i de las. II. 308. Eacandiin.
Casca. pen-name. VI. 91. TTiamjtaon, John.
Caaco. ntta.k on. I, »4«. Hrackett, A.; Ill, 18», Hertel. .
C-a."<ev, Samuel, V. !Jfi7, Rirrs. J. C.
Ca.sey. Col. T. L.. IV. .S.«. MHIm. R.
Cai*h-box. invention of a folding:. V, 907, Reed, H.
Casket, the, maf^azine. I, 218, Hennett, E.
Caspipina. ix-n-name. II. 211. Dlichf.
Cii.'w. Capt. Jonathan. I, 551. Com. L.
Cass, Ivewl.K. his action on the surrender of Detroit, HI, 309.
Cassidv, John, I. 553. CoMidy. W.
Ca.ssilhas. Count de. VI, 103. T^omfon, E.
Ca.s8ilis. Vat\ of. III. 516. Kennedy. A.; VI, 806, WatU, J.
Casalo. pseudonym, II, 694. «<»uW, E. S.
Caaaius. psi'utloiiym. I, 2H9. Bland, T.
Castaflares. Father, IV. 4S, Ijozano. P.
Castellanos. the historian. II. 426, Federmann.
Caatelli, Clen., IV, .57, Lnznriaaa.
Caatelli, Juan Jonf'. IV, .520, .Viefo, V.
Oastelnau. (Sen.. IV. 2»K».
Castillo. Severo. II. 297. Kchenique ; III. 480, Juarez, B. P.
Castillo. Sebastian del. III. 214, Hinojoaa.
Castilla de < >ro. exi>edition to colonize, IV, 607, Pedrarieu ;
IV. 519, \icuesa.
Castine, i>seudonvm, I, 3S9, Brooks, .V.
Castlne, Me.. V. mx. Sitint Caitlin.
Caatle Oanlen. VI. 529, U'i7//Vi»»ni. J.
CMtie Hill estate, the. Va.. VI. 830, Walker, Thomas.
Caatle Point, N. J., I, 199. Bayard, H'.; illustration, V, 674.
Caatom, the, 4, .580, Chapleau.
Castriea, Marshal de. I. 5.\5, Castries ; V, 144, Puyaegur.
Castro, Beltran del. Ill, 329. Hurtado. (i.
Castro, Oen. Jos.'*, II, .546, Fremont ; IV, 6*8, Paex.
Castro, Lope (Jarcia de, IV, 295, MfndaHa.
OBSts. new meth<Ml of taking;, IV, .331-,332. Mills, C.
Caat-steel, invention of pnx-ess for, I, 122, AvereU, W. W.
Catalpa 8i)eciosa, the, VI, 8.57, Warder, J. A.
Cataracts, removal of, I. (M). Cogswell, M. F.
Catan^'ony. III. (V>1. himfHrville.
CatawlMi Indians, lust of the. Ill, 93, Harris, P.
Cat island. I. OiC
Cathoiirt, F:arl. V. 44. Plumsted. H'.
Cathcart. RoU»rt, IV. 149. McMaster, W.
Calhe<lrati<<um. the. V. 136. Purcell.
Catherine II.. F:mpres8, I, 828, Bouille ; II, 60, Dana, F.;
Ill, 6,55, Uduard. J.
CatherwoMi, Fn'deriek, V, 6fi»l. Stephens. J. L.
Catherwixxl, James K., VI, r>74, Colhmeood. M. H.
Cathulic Cabinet, the niaKazine, IH, .Vii'), Kenrick.
('.ithi.lic historical society, U. 8., V. 488, Shea. J. D. O.
Ciitliclic MaKazln<>. the, V. 020, Spaldinq, M. J.
Catliolic Miscellany, II, 8S7. England, J.
Catholic prottH^lory. New York, III, 870. /r«r, L. 8.
Catholic Quarterlv Review, the. I, 737, Corcoran, J. A.
Catholic 8cho-.l8, III. .104, .305.
Catholic Union, the. II. 114. Dealy.
Catholic Universe, the. II. 658. (filmour.
Ciitholi<- WorUl, the. Ill, 157, Hecker, I. T.
Catholics, flrst piiKTimaire of. to Rome from America, IL
114, liealy ; i>ontn>ven<ies with. III, 300-801, H%lQKeu, J.;
conceasions to, II, 16, CYooks. A.
Cato, pen-name, III, 90, VI, 110, Tibbits, O.
Catakfll, the, monitor, I. 175, Bamtt, E.; V, SS. Rodoen,
(/. »'.
CauciM. mipp(m«><l orl^n of the word. I. CO.
CamrhiiawnKn. tl;;lil at. I, S23, Cardinal ; II, 207, ttuqmft.
Cuiildeld. SiiHun. I, Vhi. Burgoyne.
Caulkers' club, the, I. 29.
Cau.Hiien. Jen>miah, V, 210, Reed, P.
faux. .Maniuis de, IV, 675. Pntti.
CavaKual, Chevalier de, VI, 205, Vaudreufl, P. F.
CavaiKuac, M., II. 55, Ikiir.
Cavalry raids, in the civil war. Ill, 5."B, Kilpatrick.
Cave Creek, enicatcement at, IV, 100, McDowell, C.
Cavour, II, 75, iHinirl, J. M.
Caxias, Duke of. Ill, 714. Lima.
Cayenne, i-olony on the island of. HI, 800. Hurt ; IV, 810,
Mrsnard ; III. .•i44, Im/reiille ; surrender of , 306, Hugues ;
plan for gradual emanciiiation in, .5K) ; rerorms in, IV,
181, Malouet ; 299. Mentelle ; retaking of, VI, 151, Tracy,
Man/uis de ; II, 625, (iennea.
Cayrfl, Viscount <le. III. 730. Lishoa, J. da Silva
Cayuga, the. gimboat. I. 189, Bailey.
Cazimes, III, 4UH, Jaurrybo J.
C. B.. signature. I. 423.
Ceballo. manifesto of,— its author, FV, 582, Onis.
Cecil, Juiltre, V, 616, Sowards.
Cecil, Sir RoU'rt, V, 163.
Ce<-il, Md.. Ill, 188. Herrman. A.
Cedar Creek, battle of, II, 43, Custer; 890, Early, J. A.;
71.5, Grant.
Ce<larcroft, vi w of, W. 41.
Oe»lar Park. IV. .301. Mercer. J. F.
Ce<larmere. illustration, I, 420.
Ce<lar Mountain. Iwittle of. I, 1.59, Banks : Ml, 070.
Cedar Run, battle at. III. SiW. Jackmiu, T. J.; V, 400, 300.
Ce<lar8, the, atUck on. I. 215, Bedel, T.
Cellars, the. III. 18i1. Herbert.
Ce<lar Sprint^. enga«rement at. V, 482, Shelby.
Celluloid. III. XW. llyott. J. W.
Celman, Juarez. III. .VjO. Irigoi/en.
Cement, hydraulic, VI, 492. Whitlemore. D. J.
Cenieteri**. national, bill for. VI, 871, Washbumc, E. B.;
Roanoke. II. 740. Green. S. A.
Cempeola, the arches of. VI. 61. Tembleque.
Census, the. III. 518, Kennedy. J. C. G.
Centennial ex|M>sition, the, I, 740, Corliss ; U, 521, Praley ;
VI, 4.'«. WtUh. J.
Centreville. Imtlle at, VI. .362, WaiTen, G. K.
Central America, supposed founders of nations in, HI. 200,
Huehufti-mijrcatl ; early languages of, I. HBO. Braiateur ;
exi)loration of, IV, 519i Siciieaa ; V, 419, Scherzer ; IV,
523. .Virto. .4.: V. 666. Stephen*. J. L.\ discoveries in, IV.
697. Pedrarias \ con<]uest of. I. 61. ,4/eararfo. P. de ;
grant of land In. IV. 567, Ojeda ; cities founded in, W^,
Montejo ; 697. I'nlrorias ; revolt of iiativt>fl in. HI. 6HK.
Lempira ; Great Britain's claims in. 6:». I^urence, A.;
I. 431-133 ; wars an<l revolutions in, II, 378. fjtrada ; III,
18, Guzman, J. K.: IV, 375. Montufar. See also under
names of the various state's: revolutionary movemeota
in and attempt«Hl union of, I, 177 ; confe<|eration of, 58&,
Carreni. R.; IV. .38S», Mo,-<iztin ; V, 608. .So/... R and M.
A.; relations of U. S. to. II. 215 ; prop«me<l uni.m. Vl.OfiS,
Zaldirar, R.; exi>loration of ruins in. 671. Chamay.
CiMitral America, the. loss of. III. 184. Hemdon. !»'. L.
Central and South American commission, a. I. 103.
Central i>ark. IV. 445. Mould ; 578, tHmsled ; Belvedere in,
illustration, VI, 270.
Central universitv. Ky., gift to, IV, 4, Logan, J. V.
Centre, Roliert. V, SWl. Smith, A. C.
Centr»' college. IV. 112. McDoirell, E.; 481. A'Waoa, 8, K.
C«'nturit>n. the. I. 487. Hvrtm.
Century club, the. III. 2«. Hoppin. H'. J.
Century magazine, the. II. Al8. Oilder, R. W.; V, 448,
Srritiner : ,580, Smith. Ronrell.
Century White, sohricpiet. W, 472. ir*i7e, J.
OenA. discovery of. I. 4W, CVirer^». A. de.
Ceracchi. bust of Hamilton hv. III. ,50. 90.
Cerberiis of the Tn'asury, the, sobriquet, 11, 888, ElU-
vrorth. O.
Cerebro-sj)inal meningitis, n, 371, Eshleman.
Cerillac, 51. de. II. 275. lYutertre ; 203, Oupan/uet.
CVr-Hrraphy. IV. 428, Morse, S. E.
CVn>n. Diejfo. V, 01, Ponce de Leon.
Ceron. Juan. V, 009, Sotomayor, C.
CVrralvo. Marquis of. IV. 018. Packeca.
Cerralvo. Mex.. IV. 618. Pochrca.
Oerro (Jonlo. battle of. II, 'J8. CuUrer : m. 605, Laidlmy;
rV. 79. McCtellan ; V. .!■ . l-.aa ; 411.
Oerrantea, BartolomA, \\ ilo.
Oerrantea, Miguel. VI. «V<
Oeaar, rranciaro, V, 290, R,>l,lr<l<>
Oeaarotti, n. STO, Durao.
Oeutto, baule of. IV. S«. Orrfot.
OenUloa, OoT.. IV. .V>1. MonoiHt*. J.
Cbabot, Admiral i'liiU)>|^»>. VI, -^u, Vrrraxano.
Chacabuco, batt
Martin, J. de.
Illllpiie,
of. I\',
500, t>Higgins, B.; V, :
Chachayoyas, battle at, 11. lOB. Dias de Pfnado.
Chacomar, cacique, V, 449. ftedelUt.
Cbadd's Ford, defence of, VL, 808, Wayn*.
718
CHAFFEE
CHESTERFIELD
Chaffee. C. C. V. 488. Scott, Dred.
Chaffe*, E. M., II, 6H4, Uoo-lyenr.
ChofTvs, inttusoleiim at. II. 510, Foster, Henry.
fha^rin or«^k, the. I. (M7. ClenreUtnd, M.
(,'halK-hiuhcufoan. IV, aW, Marinu.
Chains, (i«*n. IVt«T. I. .VB, Chaille, S. K
(?hair, invention of a kind of. Ill, 194, Hei/irood, L.
Chair cane, nia<.-liine for pr«*j)arinK, V, *J8, Sawyer, S.
fliali-hiiilitlanetzin, king. Ill, 871, IxtUlcuechahxta.
ChalohuaiHt. I, Ix.
t'halkli'v. MiK.s, III. HW. James, T. C.
t'liallinichinm, chief. III. 1«»1, Hua-noar.
CliallenKer, exploring exi)edition of the, I, 34, Agaaaiz, A.;
II, .1(15. Ericiuuin.
Challeux. fttienne, V. 232. Ribatit.
Chalmers, tJeorge, VI. SV>, Wihtm, Adam.
C'hahners, James R., IV, tB, Lunch, J. R.
Clialmers, Thomas, quoted, II. 311 ; 507, Forsyth, John;
IV. 95. McCoith : 97, McCullai/h.
Chalmette Ijatteries, the. II. 417.
t'liamti'ijelia {}<Klin8B, the. II, 070. Oodin, I.
C"tianil)erlain, Daniel. V, (Bfi. .S';»rfif7ne.
Chamlx-rlain, Col. James, I. 5(5.5. Chamberlain, J.
ChandH-rlain, Thomas C. Ill, 45!), Irving, R. D.
l'haiiit)erlaine, Agnes F., VI, 1.53, Traill.
ChamlM-rlavne. Maj. W., VI, .3H3.
Cliambersburg, Pa., burne<l, II. 290, Early, J. A.; 657, Gil-
mor.
Chamblee, chief. V, 484, Shauhena.
Cliameau. wreck of the, IV, 34. Louvigny.
Chamillard. Manjuis de, II, titiT. (fabaret.
Cham|HMiiown, Sir Philip. V. I(i2.
Champney, Rev. Joseph, VI, 515, Willard, Joseph.
ChamiKillion, V, 474. Seyffarth.
Champ d'Aaile. the. III. -iOl. Jnrnac : IV, 710, Peniires.
Champion, Aristarchiis. V, 410, Sajrton, L. C.
Champion Hill, battle of, U, 712; UI, 276, Hovey, A. P.,
.McPlierson. J. R.
Champlain, Lake. See Lake Champuiin.
Chancellorsville, »)attle of, III, 250; .35)2, Jackson, T. J.;
671 ; V, 523, Sicklex ; 727, Sttiart, J. E. B.; incident of, I,
2.50, Berry, H. (}.: heroic charge at. III. 500, Keenan, P.
Chancery, the court of. III, 531, Kent, J.; VI, 345 ; aboli-
tion of, V, 471.
Chardler, Joshua, I. 573, Chandler, E. B.
Chandler, Ixmise, IV. 446. Moulton, L. C.
Chandler, Mary O., VI. :i58. Ware, M. O.
Chandler. Peleg W., IV', 73, Andrew.
Chandler, Thomas, I, 573, Chandler, E. M.
Chandos, Duke of. III, 317, Htmt, I.
Chanler, John Armstrong. V, 267, Rives, A.
Channel transit, plan of, V, .531. Silver.
Channels, system for maintaining, 111, 116, Haupt, L. M.
('banning. W., II, 7.55, Greene, R.
Chanticleer, the corvette. II, 510, Foster, Henry.
ChantiUy, battle of, m, 2.V).
Chantry, Sir Francis. IV. .506. Newton. G. S.
Chapin. Oen. Lsrael, II. 760, Greiq ; III, 728, Lincoln, B.
Chaplin, Rev. A. J., I. .580. Chaplin, A. C.
Chaplin. Charles, I, ,'jSl, Chaplin, Christine.
ChapiMiqua, II. 738.
Chapter of liturgies, a. I. 14.3. Baird. C. W.
Chapiiltepec. palace at, II, .585. Gdlvez, B.: castle of, Illus-
tration. IV. a«W ; storming of. III, ao:j. Hill, D. H.; siege
of, 4.5K. Jnhnntnn. J. E.: .5.3(5, Kimball, E. A.; IV, 28, Lor-
intj, W. W.\ V, 441 : 479, Seipnour, T. H.
Charities, boards of, II. 192. DiMlge, G. H.\ 202, Doremus ;
IV. 4-% Lowell. J. S. ; VI, 177, Tttckerman, J.
C^harities and correction, national conference of, VI, .563.
n'ines. F. H.
Charity hospital college, VI, 405, Weber, G. C. E.
Charles I,. Judges of. II, 187, Dixwell : 220. Downes ; 222.
n»wning. Sir (}.; Wi. Fenwick, G.; 672, Goffe ; VI, 446.
Whalley : charges connected with his execution, I\ . 741 .
Peters, H. ; reign of. VI. .573.
Charles II., present to, I, 229, Bellingham ; quoted, 217,
Berkeley: III. 11.5, Hathome, W.; Invited to Virginia,
66.3. Ue. R.: VI. 251. Wan Rensselaer, N.
Charles m.. IV. 1.5. Lnnginos ; 22. Lopez, J. F.
Charles IV.. statue of. Ill, !m, Iturrigaray ; illustration.
VL 129.
Charles V., I. 699, Columbus, F.; 749-750; IV. 298. Men-
doza, P. de ; II 818. Elcano ; 425-426, Federmann ; .591,
Garces ; grant by. to the Welsers, III, 835. Hutten ; 749.
Ijoayza : IV. 173. Hageltan.
Charles IX.. III. 6OT. lJiudonnif:re.
Charles, Robert. Ill, 744. Livingston. R. R.
Chariess, Joseph and Fxlward. IV, 661. Parschall.
Charleston. 8. C laid out. II. 28, Culpeper,J. ; the pal-
meuo fort at, attacked during the Revolution, IV. 44(W
447. Moultrie: II. 266, Ihi Pont: III. 301, Huaer : IV,
3(»7. Marion ; (1776- "HO), V. 357-a58, Rutledqe ; (1776), IV,
(Vi.3. Parker. Sir P. ; V. 183, Pulaski : I. 86, Arbuthnot ;
1. 661-662. Clinton. H. ; H, .54 ; HI, 6.59 ; servile insur-
rection in. VI, 284-285, Vesey ; Democratic convention
of I860. I. 182, Barry. W. T. S. ; sieire of. I. 211. Beaure-
gard : unsuccessful expedition agninst. III. .321. Hunter,
n. : atUck on the forts (1803). V. 230. Rhind ; bombard-
ment of, m, 145, Hayne, P. H. ; evacuation of, II, 715 ;
V. BOB : IV. 356, Moncrieffe ; fire in. bombardment, IV,
84, Lynch, P. N. ; cathedral of St. Finbar, V, 827, Rev-
nolda, LA.; Academy of fine arts in, V, 49, Poinsett;
immigrants to. I. 284. Blake, J.
Charleston college, 8. C, gift to, lU, 265, Howy, E.
Charlestown, Mil., founded. V. 197, Read, John.
Charlestown. Mass.. destruction of a convent at. II, 4.?1.
Fenwick, B. J. ; V, 210, Reed, R. T. ; archives of, II. 302,
Edes, H. H.
Charlestown, N. H.. V, 676. Stevens, P.
Charlotte, tJueen, I, 11. Adams. Abigail.
Charlotte. N. C, capture of, 11, 90, Davie, W. R. ; Queen's
college at. v. .56, Polk, T.
Charius. Count de. I. 555. Castries.
Charming Molly, capture of the, 1. 172, Barney.
Charnock, Mr., IV, 252. Mather, S.
Charter oak. the. I, 77. Andros, E. ; legend of, VI, 081,
Wyllys, S. : illustration, 631.
Charter oak regiment, the, n. 188. Deming.
Chartist movement, the, IV, 615, Owen, R.
Chartres. Duke of. IV, .589, Orleans, R. P. L.
Chase. Elizabeth, I, 5. Allen, E. A.
(.'base, Mr. pseudonym. 11. 698, Gowans.
Chase, Thomas, Aciiiila, and Ithamar, I, 585, Chase, S. P.
Chase, Thorndick, Vl, 557, Wilson, T.
Chase. W. 8., II. 278. IHirivage.
Chasseb(eiif, Francois. VI. .306. Volney.
C^hasseurs Canadiens, the. I, 7.55. Coursol ; U, 267, Diiqvft
Chassiron, Barqn de. IV. 463. Murat.
Chatham. Ix)rd, II. 173, Dickinson, J. ; portrait of, IV, 358,
Monroe, J. ; quoted. I, 323, Boscawen : VI. 376.
Chatham street theatre. New York, II, 462. Finney.
Chatazimo, V. 3.35, Rougnette. A. E.
Chateaugay, Sieur de, III. 686-687. Le Moyne.
Chateaugay, engagement at. III. 69. Hampton.
Chatswortli, Randolph of, V, 174. Randolph. W.
Chattanooga, battle of. II. 713 : III, 251, Hooker, J. ; V,
59.V5!)(i : Smith. W. F. ; VI. 80.
ChatterV)ox. the. III. 696, Leslie, F.
Chaucer, the Ellesmere text of. II. 6.55. Oilman, A.
Chauncey, Natfianiel. II, 284, Dwight, H. E.
Chaurenet, Regi.s, I. 281, Blair, A. A.
Chautauqua circle and university, VI, 299, Vincent, J. H. ;
first suggestion of, II, 410, Farmer, J.
Chautauqua Town and County club, 1, 167, Barnard, C.
Chauvallon, M.. VI. laS. Turgot, E. F.
Chauvelin. M.. III. 691. Leonard, N. G.
Chauvin, M.. V, 63. Pontgravi.
Chaves. Diego de, 11, 368, Escobar, M. de.
Chaves, Nuflo de. 111, 3.54. Irala.
Check-book, the Sprague, V, 637, Sprague, C. E.
Checkley, Elizabeth. 1, 31.
Checkley, Rev. S.. IV. 438. Motley.
Chedotel, Guillaume. V. 292. Roche, E.
Cheese, machinery for making, IV. 1.57. Macpherson, D. M.
Cheever. John H.. II. 269. Diirant, H. T.
Cheever. Nathaniel. I. 597. Cheever, G. B.
Chemistry, investigations and discoveries in. I, 585. Chase,
P. E.; in. 32, Hayes. A. A.; 9\, Hare, R.: 318, Hunt, T.
S.; 477, Joy, C. A.; .570, Koenig, G. A.: 3W, Jackson, C.
L.; 612, Langley ; IV, 183. Mallet ; 406. Morley, E. W.;
4m, Morton, H.; V, 120, Priestley ; 1.32. Pugh, Eva ; 230,
Remsen : 239, Richards, E. H: 260. Rising, W. B.; 370,
Sainte-Claire, H. E.; 528,529. .5.30. Silliman,J. M.; 5(3,
Smith, J. L.; .598. Smithsnn : VI, 628, Wurtz.
(^eney, John, FV, 180, Malbone.
Cheney, Miss, II, 7.35.
Chepach^t. R. 1., demonstration at. 11, 206, Dow, T. W.
Cheraw, capture of supplies at. n. 715.
Cherokees, the. mission to, 1, 307, Brown, D. ; in the Revo-
lutionary war, V, 356. Rutherford, G.; cjonflicts with
I, 498, Calhoun; H, 708, Grant, J.; IV. 207. Marion ;
768, Pickens, A.; \, 279, Robertson, J.: 467, Sevier, J.;
VI, 82, TTiomas, Isaoc ; cession of territory by, 11. 665,
Glenn ; lands of, in Georgia, I. 64.5, Clayton, A. S.; HI,
381 : removal of. II. 501. Foreman, S.; V, 249. Ridge;
eastern band, lawsuit of, 330, Ross, John ; the Ix)uisiana
conspiracy. 31.5, Rometm, N.; 1, 297. Blount, W.; in the
Confederate service. VI. 388. Watie ; head king of, IV.
55.5. Oconostota ; vice-king of. 1, 115, Atta-CullaCulla ;
cession of lands of, IV. 555. Oconostota : sibyl of. VI,
.3.52. Hard. Nancy; alphabet of. Ill, 11, Guess; Scrip-
ture translation for, IV. 45. Lotcrey.
Cherry valley massacre, the, 1, 479, Butler, I.; in, 453,
Johnson, Sir J.
Chesapeake, the. att.acked bv the Leopard. I. 25 ; 178. Bar-
ron ; 883. Broke ; II. 121 ; 111. 310. 422, MO, Lavcrence, J.;
1. 388, Broke.
Chesapeake bay. the British fleet in (1814). IV, 653, Parker,
Sir P. ; battle near. in. 247. Hood. S.
Chesney. Esther, pen-name. II. 77. Dargan, C. V.
Ches-s, games of. IV. ];W. Mackenzie, G. H; 407, Morphy ;
V. 662. Steinifz : VI. 682. Gilberg.
Chess-jilaver. Kempelen's automaton. TV, 171, 178, McLclzL
Cheste. Count of. IV. 749, Pezuela, J. M.
Chester. Samuel. V. .32. Pitkin, W.
Chester castle, attack on, I. 663. Chisei-et.
Chesterflelfl. I>ird, I. 466 ; II, .526. Franktand.
Chesterfield of the navy, the. III. 694. Leroy.
CIIKSTER
CHROMOS
719
Chester mlllH, the. V, isr. Piisey.
Cheatertown, Md., t* nKiMC^iiifiii arar, IV, AM, Pnrker,8irP.
Cheatout LevtO, acboui tA. lUjOaH. Latta, J.
CbeTklaHs, Aytner de la. VI. B, Ttueker.
OhaiVaUar, Gen., V, sre. SiUnave.
Oheiraller. H. K , renoaine, V, 448, Sean, E. t.
ChtfyeruH. Al>l>/* <!••, IV. )»)), Mattgnom.
Chev(«, AlexiindtT. I. floi. Chfvea.L.
Cheve«. Ixuina S . IV. W. McCord, L. S.
OhevTAiiiH, .lactiUfiwon de U, I. ST?, Coffin, W. A.
Che\T«*ljl. M.. II. 'iHA, Dnnmittrr.
Chi«vrfiise. .1. <l > la. II. irlS. Pyer. C. O.
Ch.'W, Marifar't. Ill, aT7. Hoirant, J. E.
Chew h(>u!w>. illust ration, I, OM ; III, BM ; defence of, IV,
■in, iluAyt-ttrr, Sir T.
Cheyennes, the, II, 44.
Chiapaa, stippoMHl origrin of the nation. III, 8W, Huehuete-
mixcati : III, .SOS.
ChiWfha Indians, th«», V^, 584. Simon, P. A.
Chi<;a;c»>, foundi-r of. Ill, !»\J, Kinzie, J. ; flrrt whit« man
on th«» site of. IV, 516, Sirolet ; flrot dwt'llinfr on the Bil«
of, IV, 214, Mnnjiirttr ; early ent«'q)rts«t« in. III, aW,
Iluhhnrd. O. S. ; In<lian maaHacre at, 1812. V, 408, Sau-
gaiuuh ; made a city, V^I, 4'1(3, H'entintrth, J. ; first
niavor of. public works in, charitable and educational
InHtitutlons, IV, .VUJ, ihiden, U'. B. ; plot U) release pris-
oners at, and bum. Vl, 91, Thom/tium, Jncttb ; VI, 7,
Sireet, B. J. ; anarchM riots in. V. 6.12. Spies ; conven-
tion of 1880, the, I, 105 : II, ftM ; of I8tM, I, 105 ; rais-
Inif of the (frade In, VI, 416. Wehstt-r. J. D. ; relief
for, and" from. VI, 170, Triuxifll ; (;rain business in.
V, 34r-.HW, Bumsey. J. O.; indel>te<lnes8 of, IV, 003.
I'tar»an». I). K. ; ijifts to the |KK>r of. ihiil. ; huKpital
(fiven to, IV, ."WB. O^Begdn ; Ilalineniann hospital of, V,
418, S<-ainmon, J. Y. : gifts to chariti*-*! of, IV. W«, Fear-
tonji. D. K. ; Ottawa memorial in, V, 8(51, Bi/frmtn, M. ;
pift to, VI. 871, Wiuthburm; E. H. ; foundling home In.
V. 511, Shipman ; auditorium and hotel, IV. 65)4. Peck,
F. \V. ; art collections in, VI, 4«17, White, Alex. ; expo-
iiition<« in, V, 227, BeynoUU, J. P. ; Academy of sciences
in. coll -"ct ion < of, \,&i\, Stimpittm ; historical HtK'iety of,
founded. I, 181. Barry, W. ; public library of. III, 28it.
Hoiine ; IV, .V)2. Newberry, B'. A. ; l)e<|ue»t for lectures
in, V, 8tH, Ryter, W. H. : Baptist institutions at, foun<l-
ed, II, 8U1. Etvrts, \y. H'. : first R. C". church in, V, 300,
St. Cyr ; R. C. institutions in, V. '.^7^, St. Piilnia ; univer-
sity at, in, 2-<S». Hoyne ; the<jloffical seminary at, IV, 140,
McUiren. W. E. : statue of (ten. (Iraut for. illustration,
II. 721, 724 ; pioneers of. VI, 6i»l, Kinzie ; home for in-
curables in. 6;»0. Peck. Hee also Foht Dearborn.
Chichfm^-atecuhtli. IV, 22, />j;j«, M.
("liicht'ster. t^arl of, II. .^20. Fi-ankland.
Chichimecas, the. l\, 28. Cruz, J. B. V. tie la ; W, 27«-a78,
X'e'inco, L.: tVi">, XitUttl.
Chlch (hovki (Delaware) river, the, II. 1.84.
Chiclcahoininv. euKajfement on the. II, 4;), Cwtter ; bridge
over the, II. 2Jti, Dunne. J. C.
Chickahoiiiiny fever, the. Ill, 817. Hunt, J. H'.
Chi.kamftu;?a, battle of, I. 8M. Brajg ; II. 601 ; IH, 217,
H'xrl, J. B. : IV, 487. Negley : V. 57. Polk, L. ; SH,
498 ; 659, Steeilman, J. B. : VI. 80.
ChickamauKB towns, expeditions to. V, 467, Sevier, J.
Chickasaws, wars of the. I. 98, Artaguette ; VI, «8, Fjn-
cenneH.
Chico. I, 61. Alvarado, J. B.
(•Iiiiv)p<'e. foundetl. II. 280, pirioht, E.
Chicoulimi (.Sujfueuav) river, IV, 814, Michaux.
("lii.-f-\Vho-NeverSle.*i)«. the. III. 740. Little Turtle.
Cliiliunhua. capture of. II, 200, Ihtnipluin.
CliilnbiTt. ('.>l.. execution of, VI, 218, I'rnuiza.
Child, first white, bom in America, II. Ti, Dare, V.
ChiM, Rev. Willard, VI. .829, WnUcer, K. K. C.
Child. Lydia M.. (|uatrain by. II, 122, Peering.
Childf, Ann, V, 4.')4, Seijuin.
Childe, E. liee. III, 674. Ue, R. E.
ChiUlren, S<K'i,'ty for the prevention of cruelty to. I. 845.
Hrni'i ; institution for destitute, II. 234, Drumgoote.
Childress, Jof\, V, .15.
Chil.lH. CM)has a., IV. fi06, Sewsam.
ChiMs, William. VI, 4». U'elU, D.
ChiM. Lundsford. Ill, 181, Hemdon, M. E.
Chill. ci>n(iiK-st of, II, 177, Diente ; I, 5)». Almnoro ; war
in. III. 2J9. HueUn ; 900. Uueintn ; 205. Huden ; 883.
Laulfiro ; 7.80. Lincoynn ; VI, 228, Valdivia, P. de ;
towns founded in. 228-224 ; old ptn'm on the c«>nqueat of.
188; Toledo, F. A.: pillage in, II, 221. Drnke, Sir F.;
Araucanian warfare in. I, 495, Cala/quin ; .Vi9. CoMpoli-
oin. Chiguaihue : 083. Colcur : 6(>3. CipHipulle, Colocolo ;
784. Cowth'je, Copaiio ; II, 84. Cudeifunla ; 85. Ci««i*-
cura ; 86, Cuientur, Cuilliimdchu. C'uitlnvilu : 81, Cune-
uites : 88, Curanteo ; .862. Errilla : HI. .829. Hurtndo, (i. ;
IV, 47, Loyola; French-Arnucnnfan kln.i'.|.>m fn .W7.
Or^lie ; treatment of In<liitns in. III. 748. / war
in, L 534, Cnrrern ; II. 8(il ; war for ii of.
588, (iitnn ; III. 621. lyiMt, f^utra ; IV. : mn ;
287. M'irtinez de Boiwvi ; Bfl6-.Vr7. (rHiq;p"- : V. 203, Re-
cahftrren ; .801, Riidriqttez. M.; union of provinoea, aboli-
tion of slavery. IV, H», Nnhon, M. I'.; war in. II, 578.
Oainxa ; war lu (1815-'18), IV, QOS, O$orio ; campaign of
the reatoratlon In. II. 87S, Eaptfo, J. ; Rtmilla warfan la.
V. 81. Pincheira : revolutiMMia, L, &S4, Carrwra \ ILSM.
Dorrego ; 814. Eit<iAn : 854. Encttiada ; SM. Eyxaguirrr,
•X.: 541, Freirr. R.; III. 109, Hrnriquez ; 345 346, abjli-
tion of slaverA-, *4«1. Infnnte J. M.: r«-voluttuna in, IV.
8l», i/.iriM ; V, 121, Prietu ; VL 8MH, VicuAa. U. V. il.;
want with iHher sut<^, IV, 048. Pureja, A. and J.\\,K9 :
II. 727, (irnu ; III, M\. Igletias, il.; ai»^)M, Loom ; au.
Ijutorre : 718. Ullo ; IV. 54. LvncA. Patricio ; 887. Htm-
tent ; ( 1HB5). M4-&45. NuAet, C. If.: (I8M>. V. 71. PurtatM ;
101. Prado. M.; naval operaUona in. II. 787. lirau ; V.
101. Prat ; mines In. II. 196. Domttey ; reform*. <fS|KMl-
Hon in. 866. Errnzuriz ; reforms in. universliy of. revolts
in. IV, .874^.875. Montt ; history of. 3.12. Molina. J. I.; re-
form club of, I. 153. BalmHcrdn ; navv and naval opera-
tiuuM, VI. 588. WiUifiniM ; 618, Wttoater. C. W.; 600. Zen-
trno, J. I.; revolutions in, II, 114. Dtiza.
Cliiliasm, III. .V>9, Kelpina.
Chilidugu diaW-t, the. III. 118, Hnvettad.
Chilian, city of. destnjyed. I. 0U8, Ctiiguaihue ; battle at,
III. 199. Hiqunihue.
Chillianvallah. battle of. IV, 448, Mountain, A. S. H.
Chillicothe, O., U. 4<J1, Fintey, S.; Indian flght at, IV. 2.
lAtgan, B.
Chillicothe. the ram. II. 511. Foater, J. P.
Chilo*' islands, the, dLscovered, III. 895. Huden ; explored,
585, iMdriUeros ; conquest of. II. .8(52. Ercilla.
Chilton. Mary. I. 785. Coploi : VI, 809, M'tuhltum, E.
China, sup[>oNe<l route to. III. 296-297. Hudson, H.; 6S1. La
Salle ; violaticm of neutrality towartl. VI, 38, Tattnall ;
treaties with, I, 77, Angell, J. B.; 434 ; 4.'i6, Burlingame ;
III, 4SK5. Kearni/, L.; non-molestation grante<l to Ameri-
cans in, IV, 77, McCartee. D. B.; first for«'ign envoy
from. I, 456, Burlingame ; the Taeping reU'llion in, VI,
848. Hard, F. T.; engagement at the l>arrier forts, II,
358, EngliHh. E.; hotipilal at Canton. IV. «a.8, Parker, P.;
first I'rotestant school in. I. 411. Broirn. S. A*.; misitioaa
to. V, 473. Seu-ard. U. F. : II. SOit, l>„ty. E. : VI. 534-«»,
H'i7/inm.'i. .S". U'. ; reforms in. 652. Yuntj Wing.
Chinantec Indians, the, V, 896, .Surorin.
Chinchas i.slands, occu|>ation of the. IV, 749, Pezel ; coolie
insurrection in, V. 420, .'<chlev, W. .S'.
Chinese, the. immigration of. I. 108. 878 : III. 140. 148 : flnit
importation of, as labon'rs. TiM, Kelly, II'. ; outrages upon
the. I. 050.
Chin*-*!** sugar-cane. II. 81. Pat'eiiut.
Chiouatenhoua. Chief, IV, 667. (Monhaton.
Chipp, C. W.. II, 13tS, 187, Ite I^ong ; IV. 528. yindemann.
Chipi>ewa. battle at. I. 401. Brou-n, J. ; IV. 154. McNiel ;
V, 440, .Scott, H'in/ietd.
Chippewa Indians, the. I. 864. Breck. J. L. : III. 283, Hole-
in-the-Dtiy ; rfSJ-rvation in Minnesota for, VI, 462. Whip-
ple. H. B. ; grammar and dictionary of their language,
I. 160, Biiratjn.
Chiquimula. institute of, I, 178, Barrio*.
Chiricahuas, the, II, 629, Ueronimo.
I'iiivers. Thomas Ilollev, V. 40.
Chi Xiii. II, 613. (inxjxtr.
Chlejiowski. Charles B.. IV, 850. Mndjettea.
Chlorine, use of. as a disinre<'tant. II. 908. Doremu*, R. O.
Chloroform, discovery of. III. l.V (iuthrie, .H.
Choate. John an<l David. I. OK, Choatr. R.
l'h(H"olat<', intr<Hluce<l into KuroiJe, I. 596, Chavez.
ChtK'taws, removal of, I, 4Ki, Byington ; missions to, II,
251. Duken ; treachery ■>f, III. 4i>4. Jnrnac ; first miasion
among. .149, A'iiif;«6i(rv, t'yru*; treaty with, education,
removal of. V, 31, Pitrhlt/nn ; in the war of sect-ssion,
.82 ; the, in the war of IHI*^, V, 138. PushmaiaJtaie.
Cboes. the. Ill, 845, Infnnte. H.
Choiseul. Due de. IV. 5.80. .Voirc/«r.
Cholera, theory of. V. HI2. Souft^.
Cholula, foun<|e<l, V, 149. (^uetznlcohuatl.
Clio<|Uehuanca. Manuel, % , i;i5, Pumncuhua.
ChoKU. the daimio of. V, 131, Pruyn. R. H.
Chouteau. F. F.. VI. 694. Menard. Berenice.
Christatleliihians. the. VI. Ki, Thomaa, John.
Christian. Wtitin, VI. 199.
Christian church, the (M« th<^list). IV. 5«8, O' Kelly.
Christian church, the (BaiMist'. V. 7t»i. .Stone. B. W.
Christianity, taught by gHines of <-ards. V. 16. Pierron.
Christian Magazine, the. IV. 24<V Mnaon. J. M.
Christian nionjtor s«H-iety. the, II, .848, Emeraon. W.
Christian Uuarterlv S|>eotator. the. U, 081. OoodrUii, C. A.
ChriatUn Review, the. V. 447. ,Smr». B.
Christian's A. B. C. the, anonymous hook, V. ISO, PuUifer.
Christ iansen. III. 7.12, fywAriroorf. J. B.
Christiin stat«'«man. sobriquet. II. 548, Frrlinghuifen, T.
Christian Thought, r>'agaxine. II, 188, Deemu.
Christie. Daniel M., Ill, 33. Hale. J. P.
Christina. Queen, of Spaiit. U, 878, fiQMrfrra ; 800,
Fn<Tt>ani.
Christina, gueen. of Sweden, V, 186. Printt. J. : 880, JUa*
ino. J. C.
Oirisiina. Del., VL 807-808, Unander.
Christinat, M, I. 84.
Christy. F^ Bvron and W. A . T "" ' '' -'u. u. .V.
Chromatii's. investigations in. -f.
Chromium, orvw i»f. IV, 19. /..-.
Chromoa, first made in America, I, \w. Banvard,
720
CHRONOGRAPH
COAL
fhronocraph. a printinR. Ill, 871. Hough G. W.
Cliroi»oiiliot«>nth«>lo)?<>«. oobriquet. I. 453, Burgoyne.
ChrvHlerx Ki.-ld, battle of, I. 340. Boyd. J- P ] +»^. Buell,
J. v.: IV. 42!. Morrimin, J. H'." VI. 8I». Walbach.
Chubl). Capt. l-ascho, IV. 171. Madockawundo.
Chubbiick. Kinily. III. 4N5. Judson, E. C. „ „ ,
Chupas. liattle ..f. I. M.\ Carta ml, F. ; BM, Castro, V. ;
MlTcentfito : II. 177. Ihente ; III. 214, Hinojum
Chiiquiii»fa. battle at, 11. 661, Giron ; IV, Wl, Gtrdn ; 580,
Ondeijardu.
Church. Fidelia. I. 065. Conn, T.
Church. Jonathan M.. 1. Oil, Church, L. R.
Church-builder, the. IV. 4«4. y,n-in€kx. . . ,
Church, the established iu N. E., VI, 407 ; In Maryland, I,
.3152 Bray.
Churches, the oldest in New York, IV. 758, Philipae ; In
United States. V, 243, Kich'ardaon ; oldest Protestant in
Unite*! States, ilhistration. 111. 291 : in America, illustra-
tion. V. 99 ; Chrwt. I'liihidelphia. III. 497. Kearsley ; com-
munion service of. II. 3H1. Kvann, E. ; of the Heavenly
Rest, New York. Ill, 2K7. Hoirlnnd, R. S. ; of the
Stranj^jrs. New York. VI. 211 ; of the Holy Communion,
New York. IV. 4.'i.5. Muhlentterq, \V. A.; American eon-
jrress of. IV. !)(H). Seirtnn, U', \V.
Chun-h fathers, the. as jfeoffraphers. H. 627-628. Geraldini.
Church Monthly, the. 111. 32.-1. Huntington, F. D.
Church of England, the, in Canada, IV, 447-448, Moun-
tain.
Church of God, the. VI, .V52. Winehrenner.
Church proiiertv. controversy on. Ill, .*)5, Hughes, J.
Churubusco. liattle of. I. 482, Butler, P. M.; V, 441.
Cia, citv .>f. U. :i73. R«/»e;o. ^.: 898, Fal)ert.
Cibola."kinK<iom of. 1. 49(), Cnheza ; city of. H. 398. Fahert ;
report of the wealth of.— its capture. IV. 526. AiV/n. M.;
seven cities of. I. 39, Alarcdn ; 745, Coronado ; IV, 298,
Menditza, A. df.
Cicero, the American. I. 249. Berrien.
Cicero of America, the. III. 745. Livingston, R. R.
Cicerou. Blanco. II, :Vii, Encalada.
'•Cid,"the. 11,361.
Cider. pro<?ess for. V, 633. Spnulding. E.
Cider-tract, the. 1. 271. Bluck. J.
Cienejruilla, N. M.. battle of. II. 87. Davidson, J. W.
Citfar-boat. the. I. 4.V). Burden : VI. 559, Wirians, T. D. K.
Cinchona, species of. IV. 472. Mutis.
Cincinnati. S(x-ietv of the. II. 113. Dayton, E.; III. 705.
Ijetris, M.: V, ^51. Sumner, John : founded. VI, 403,
W'ebft, .S". B.: last survivor of the original, II. 837, Elmer,
E.; pamphlet on. I. 454. Burke. A.; opposition to. II.
631 : constitution of, drafte<l. Ill, .32.% Huntington, Jedi-
diaA.
Cincinnati. O . founder of. VI, 16. Symmes, J. C; first name
of. II. 4.')7. Filsim : present name of, V. 369, St. Clair ; in
the civil war, VI. .331. Wiitlnce. L. ; mob violence in. 1. 268 ;
bank fraud in. IV. 78. McCarty : historic remains found
at. I. 6.36. Clarke. Robert ; suspension-bridRe at, V. 303.
Roehlinq ; literary- club. Ill, 134 ; public library, srift to,
IV. 472, \ln%*ry\ observatory, founded in. IV, 341, Mitchel,
O.M.\ institutions of learnin)? in, I. 4.58, i?«rHe^ J. •.1.41.3.
Browne, S. J.; III. 706, Lewis, S.; 1819, V. 546. Slack. E.;
law-school at. Ill, 544. Kina, E. ; VI, .331, Walker, T. ;
medical schools. V. 1.35, Pulte, J. H. ; IV. 422. Morrow,
T. V. : College of mimic, the. IV. 513. Mchols, G. W. ;
miLHic-hall of.— jfifta to religious, charitable, and art in-
utitutlons of. V. 640. S^tringer, R. R.: IV, 403, Morgan,
M. S. ; VI, 440, West, C. W. ; V, 83, Pitman, B. ; IV. 740,
Peter, S.; V, 651. Starbuck ; V. 5r>l. Smead ; Are depart-
ment, IV. 766, P,att..J. W.; first R. C. church and bishop
of, II, 431. Fenwick. E. />.; sist^rhomls in. IV. 740, Peter,
S. ; financial embarrassment in the diocese of, V, 136,
Purcell ; tort on the site of, illustration, VI, 679.
Cincinnati, loss of the. V. 6<)1. Steinbel.
Cincinttatus. pen-name. V. 42, Plumer, W.
Cinnamon-tree, expedition to discover the country of the,
V, 265. Rii-rra.
Onto. Frav. V. K2. Portillo.
Cipher despatches, the. Ill, 111, Hassard, J. R. G.; 140.
Circassian, case of the. III. 641. Lttwrence. W. B.
Circular lett<*r. the. of the Massachusetts assembly, in,
664. Ue, R. H.
Circular motion. Inventor of method of transferrins, VI,
15. Syhv.nter. J. J.
Clrcuninavijfation of the i^lobe. first. H. 818, Elcano.
Cisneros. Baltasar de. II, 185, 136, Deliniers.
Ctenems. Hidalgo de. IV, .580, Nieto, t^.
Ctesey, Oen. de. V, 199, Read, J. M.
Citizen, pen name. V, .501, Sherman, R.
Citizen of Ma.ssachus(>tts. pen-name. IV^. 42, Lowell, J.
Citv of Mexico, capture of the. V, 609, .S'o^o.
City Point, enfrasrement at. III. 70. Hampton.
Ciudailela. n-volution of the. III. .593, Jyifragua.
Cluda<l Renl de (luayra, founded. II. 367, Escalera.
Ciudad. Victoria, enfratrement at. I. 1!K. Avezznna.
Civics. American institute of. VI, 318, Watte, H. R.
Clvilj-idhts bill. the. V. 749.
avil servi.-*., the : the spoils sj-8tem, HI, 880 ; Jefferson's
removals. III, 421 ; appointments. W, 380 ; reform in
the. I. 1(¥». 101. KB. 651 ; IL 478, Flanat,han, W.; U, 720,
Oranf ; HI, 889, Jama, T. L.; m, 486, Jenckes ; com-
mission on, n, 298, Eaton. D. B.; HI, 1*5, 136, 188. 180,
140 ; conipetltive examination system, 140, 143, Hayea,
R. B.; IV; .37, Low, S. ; documents on cauw of removals
called for, II, 805, Etlmunds.
Civil war. the, in the United States predicted, I, 407 ; feel-
iuK in England at the lime of. 13, Adams, 0. F. ; proposed
peace convention. III. 44.5. Johnson, W. P.; con'erenoe
In Hampton Roads, 323. Hunter, R. M. T. ; seizure of
war material. SIH), Jackson, M. M.; mission to Europe,
aoi ; ofllcial date of the close of, 438. See Wab of Se-
cession.
Civis. pen-name, II, 496, Foote, G. A.
Clailx>rne. engagement at, IV, 49, Lucas, T. J.
Claremoiit, estate of, V, 86, Post, A. C.
Clarendon, tract called, VI, 640, YeamanM.
Clarendon. Earls of, I, 740, Combury ; HI, 418, Jay, W. ;
rv, 95. McCoHh ; V. 645, Stanley, F. A.
Clarina. Lord. IV. 249, Massey, E.
Clark, Daniel. I. 62S. Clark, James.
Clark. Daniel, II. .572, Gaines, Myra C.
Clark, Edwai-d, V, 542, Singer.
Clark, Ezekiel, V, 118, Price, H.
Clark, Richard. I, 62», Clark, G. W.
Clark, Thomas, I, 623, Clark, A.
Clark, Col. William. I, 6.30, Clark, M. H.
Clark. William, VI, .57, Tecumseh.
Clarke, Edward, III, 322. Hunter, J. D.
Clarke, Prof. H. A., II. M8. Gilchrist, W. W.
Clarke, Matthew St. Clair, II, 499. Force, P.
Clarke, Robert, II. 645. Gilbert. Sir H.
Clarke, Sara J., Ill, 7:i5, Lippincott, S. J.
Clarke, Walter. I, 636. Clarke, Robert.
Clarke, Col. William J., I, 635, Clarke, M. B.
Clark's island. I. 631.
Clarkson. Thomas, reply to. HI, 68, Hammond, J. H.
Clarkson. T. S., UI. 7«, Livingston, R. R.
Clark university. Ala., gifts to. III, 117, Haivn, O.
Claro river, the, battles on. Ill, 633, Lautaro.
Clason, Isaac S.. III. 239, Holman, J. G.
Classen. Ars, HI, OKI, Le Mnire ; V, 427, Schouten.
Classification bill, the, VI, 2:».
Claiideboye, Viscount, II. 247. Dufferin.
Claudia, pseudonym. H. 77, Dargan, C. V.
Glaus, Col. Daniel, III, 4.52.
Claverack patent, the, VI, 253, Van Rensselaer, H. •
Clavers. Mary, pen-name, HI, 556, Kirkland, C. M.
Clavijero. 11, 28. Cultzhayotl.
Clay, Henry, birthplace of. illustration, I, 640 ; tomb of,
644 ; quoted, 499 ; II, 803, Edgar, J. T.; anecdote of, 194,
Dodge, O. E.; petition to, V, 659, Steel.
Clay, William, I. 6.38, Clay, C. C.
Claypoole, David C, V, 92, Poulson.
Claypoole, James. V. 102, Pratt. M.
Claypoole, John, I, 645, Claypoole, James.
Clayton, James, I, 64(i, Clayton, J. M.
Clavton-Bulwer treaty, the, I, 103, 279, 481 ; 448, Buhvtr ;
646 ; H, 215.
Cleaveland, Kate, pen-name, IV, 514, Nichols, R. 8. R. .
Cleaveland, Rev. John, I. 647, Cleaveland, M.
Clemenceau. M.. quoted, HI, 827, Huntington, W. H.
Clemm, Virginia. V. 46.
Clemmer, Mary, I. 65, Ames, M. C.
Cleopatra expedition, the, II, 3R5. Ecarts, W. M.
Cleopatra's needle, the. II. 409, Farman.
Clepsysaurus Pennsvlvanicus. the, UI, 646, Lea, L
Clerc," Laurent, II. 679. Gallaiutet, T. H.
Clerk, Admiral Jacob, II, 487, Fernandez de Cordova.
Clermont. See Livingston Manor.
Clernront, the, IH, 745, Livingston, R. R. ; illustration, n,
563.
Clergymen, home for disabled, IV, 300, Mercer, A. J.
Clergj- reserves. IV, 419, Morris, W. ; 421, Morrison, J. C.
Cleveland, Moses, I, (5.57, Cleveland, G.
Cleveland, Rev. Richard F., I, 651, Cleveland, O.
Cleveland, William, I. 651, Cleveland, G.
Cleveland, O.. founded. I. W7. Cleaveland, M.; spelling of
the name, 647 ; school system of. V, 247, Rickoff ; acad-
emy of science, the, HI, 5.58, Kirtland ; gifts to charities
of. V. 699, Stone, A.; IV, 729, Perkins, Jos.; P. O. of, VI,
344, Wnlworth, J.
Clifton. Sir Jukes Oranville, U, 180, De Lancey, J.
Clinch. Jacob. V. 682.
Clinton. Catherine. VI, 238, Van Cortlandt, P.
Clinton. Elizabeth, VI, 26, Talmadge, M. B.
Clinton, Miss. II, 624, Genest.
Clinton, William. I, 659, Clinton, C.
Clinton, Conn., school at, IV, 895, Morgan, C
Clinton, Mas.s., I. 260. Biaelow. E. B.
Clinton. N. Y., founded, 11. 497, Foote, T. M.
Clive. I^rd. II. 245. Duer, W.
Cloberrv. William. I. 620.
Clocks. Inventor of astronomical, V, 409, Saxton ; for time-
signals, improvements In, H, 698, Goxdd, B. A.; Inven-
tions for, I. 801. Bognrdus, J. ; manufacture of, VI, 66,
Terry. E. ; 86. Thomas, Seth.
Cloyd Mountain, engagement at, IH, 134.
Clyde. Rev. J. C, V. .321. Rosbruqh.
Coal, theories of the origin of, IV. 7. Logan, Sir W. E. : of
formations, HI, 695, Lesley ; study of flora, 697, Leaque-
COAL-STOVE
COLUMELLA
721
rrux ; IntrtKlurtlon of Anthracit**, I, BI7. CSst, C : trans-
porUlfcm of. IV. Oa). Ittckrr ; «4. Ptirdee ; OTS. F^tlrr-
•ON, J#.
OMU-stove, Invention of a, VJ. 487. HVrnrfvio. .
CVMlicldn (Ifl Norto. the. III, M7. Ln Mwhiil.
OoMt aurvfy. I, ViT, Hachr, A. D. ; 111, 111. Hauler, F. R. ;
IV. 701. /Virrr ; 7(W. Frirve, C. S.
Coate*. Charlotte. V. 7W.
Cohb. John. I. «««. Cohh, T. W.
OobhliT of A»;tfn» am. tlie. VI. SftS, Ward, X
OoImU>ii. lUilionl. III. IHO. Uavitt.
0<>burn, Kleaxar. I. 870. Ciihurn, A.
Cocaine, line of, in anipiilatlonH. VI, aoo. l-'nri'rJI:, T. R.
Cochineal, dtacovery of the orijrin of. V. 43, Plumier : In-
troduction of, into Santo Douiiu^, Vt 76, Thiiry ; III,
8*7. H\um.
Cochrane, Ixinl, Thoman. IV, 088, P^ro I.
Cock, Dr. Thomas. I. 437. Btick. U.
Cookioft nail, UI, 511, KrmMe, O. ; IV, OBI, Pauldina,
James Kirkr.
CocAm. Kinp. I. 802, Chinhkin.
C<H|(linKt<>n IIoiuu-, the, illiistnition. I, S78.
Code, ri'fonn of the criminal. 111, 746.
Code Noir. the. 1, aS9. Hirnville,
Codteo, lU, ISl, Hrrt-din. P. de.
Oodrington. (Jen., II, M7. Oabaret.
Ooelho, Jorjce de Albuquerque, V. 88, Pinto. B. T.
Coetus and Confereutie parties. III, 708, Leydt ; 747, Liv-
ingnton, J. U.
Cofanfa, tri»»e of the. mLwions to, n. 410. 441, Ferrer, R.
Coffee, culture of, I, .Wi. Cnrrillo ; in Brazil, IV, 238, Max-
carmhat ; hullinff-nmehine for, VI, (KM, Sluyall.
Coffee, Oen. J., III. 029. Liiutleninle.
rnfff«eville, Ijattle at. IV. .36. LoivM. M.
Coftin, Alexander. I. 676. Coffin, K. B.
Coffin, Rev. KlM'nezer. I. 670. Coffin, R. S.
Coffin, (Jeortfe W.. III. 71. Hannford.
Coffin, Capt. Thomas. IV, 441. Mott, L.
Coffin, the. house ealleil. I. IW, Bartlett, J.
CogKeshall. .James. II. 736.
CogfC^liall. John. I. 674. Coddington.
CoRiiiet. Won. pupils of, IV. 274. Mayer, C. ; IV, 487, Neh-
liy ; IV. 757. Phdipjtoteaux.
Co(C8. machine for cwttiuff. 1.740. Corli*».
Cogswell, Col. Amos. VI, 436, Wentumrth, J.
CoKswell, Andri'w K.. III. 566, Kirkpatrick, L.
Cogswell, FJizabeth L.. II. 186. Dixon, Jnmea.
Ci^well, Dr. Oeorge. 1, tWO. Cogtwell, W.
Oofcswell, Jane E., III. .Vyi. Kirkimtrick, J. B.
Oogawell, John, I, 67H. Cof/strell, J.
CogBwell, John. III. 312, Humfrey.
Cogswell, Joseph O., III. 17(i. Itenry, C. S.
Conwell, Dr. Nathaniel. Ill, 502, Knight, E. H.
Cohen. Minna, III. 5!W, Klettterg.
Coinage. comiiarL4on of. of varioiM countries, II. 209. Eck-
feltit ; act of IKTS. III. 780. Ltixderman ; improvements
In mafhinery, V. fl(B. Snoirdon, A. L.
Cfjins, flrst. issiie<l in the colonies. III. 425. Jenckea, J. ;
motto on U. a., V, 59, Pollock. J. ; clipnwl, V. 278, Rob-
erlnon, J. : oolle<!tii>n of specimen. III. 730. Linderman.
CoLsmoiit. Marquis de. VI. IKi, J^tnjot, E. F.
Coke, influence of the study of. III. 416.
Coke, Niihola-H, V, 090. Stilirrll.
Cokesbury college. Md.. II. 171. DickinM, J.
Colliaith. Jeremiah J.. VI. M8. WiUton. H.
Colix.rne lodge. III. 278. Hotranl, J. G.
Colburn, Kiclmrd T.. V. 241. Richnrdnon, A. D.
Colby academy, gift to. I. 080. Colgate.
Colby university, I. 581. Chaplin, J. ; gifta to, 670, Cohum,
A. ; ft*}, Cnlby. a. : IV. 174. Maaoon.
Col.-raft. Henry Rowe, pen-name. V, 426, Schoolcraft, H. R.
CoMiii, R.-V. Alexand-r. I. 688, (kMen, C.
Cold Harl)<)r, battle of, II, 714 ; m, TU.
Cole, John, III. :«i, Hutchinmm, Anne.
(.Vileralne, Lord. Ill, 75. Hanger.
Coleridge. 8. T., ciiiot«Nl. I. .VM. Cartwright, O.
Coleridge. Sara. ft. 190. nohrizhoffer.
Colea, Mary, IV. 171, Madimm, D. P.
CVilea. Miriam, III. 9.S. llarrU. M. C.
C«]pta river. engag)-ment at the, II, 460. Fannin.
'■■'.. William, I, 087, Col/ojr. S.
rate chief. V. 551. Sltxit.
1 1 111. colonists sent out by. 111, 860, IiUa ; V,
v-'u icj, /;i/Hiut.
I • •ligny island. VJ, 295, Villeoaignon.
« ' liars, invention of paix-r. II. ^1, Oray, S. S.
( •■llectonililp, the New S'ork. I. 100. 101.
('■"liege instruction. VI, .VOi. \%'tthrrg}H>on, J.
Ci.Uege of All Hallows. I'tah, V. 413. .'iennlnn.
Oolteg« of New Jersey, opening of the, II, 174, Dickinmm, J.
SeePBINCBTON.
OoUego of Philadelphia, the, IV. 743, Petent, R.
O^exe o( pimdciaiis and ■urgeons, gifta to, VI, MS. Van-
OoOege of 81. ciuuiea Borromeo, Can.. V. 157. Racine.
Oottsn of St. rnuada Xavler. n. 481, Fenwick, E. D.
OoUei* Of St. James. Md.. HI. 524. Ker/,pot.
OoOegeoTSt. Joseph. U. 318, Elder, a. A M.
College of St. Thomas, ViUanoTa, m, 510, Kenriek, F. P.
VOL TX — 16
OoUage of Kalrador. CuIni. IV. 57. L*u.
OoUege of Kan Uklro. C^Mta Ktea. III. 4S4. Jiwtenes.
Collegp of San Nlii 1 r ' »' - ^' ~ "• vvi. iJcnmpo.
O.llege of Snn .Mill ido, (J.
Coll.>;e of S<»n Mui
(>>llegeof South Cm ■•iiiiii. >. m. / r.-.i'..i. W. C.
CVilk^e of the city of New York, the. 111. W. Harris, T. ;
VI, 415. H'rtuter. U.
College of the Holy Croaa, U, 481. Fenttick, £. J. ; O, rS.
Fit ion.
College Puritan, the. sobriquet. V, 801, Sherman, J.
CV>lleg». society. Western, I, 180. Baldwin, T.
Coilimatlng sights. i>ati*nt for. VI. 141, Totlen, C. A. L.
Collins. John, II. 3. Crarm. T. A. M.
Collins. John M., IV, 51, Ludlow, J. R.
C<>lliiis. K«'l>»'c<-a. II. 701. lirellet.
Collinson. IVter, III, .'iflO, Krnnerwiey.
Colll<iuen, battle at, II. 105. l>uu dr Pineda.
Collodion, discovery of. II, 37, Curtin, Jotiah.
Coll«Kjuium. the. I. '76. Andreu-M, S. P.
Colineiian-s, Ro<lrigo de. IV, 519, AVcaeaa.
Colola. iMittle of, IV. 459, Munecaa.
Colombia, republic of. proclaimed, L 80S : war for iad*-
pen«lence in. U. 438. Femdndet Madrid. Ferndnden-
PeAa ; IV. 854. MonmmA.J. ; 623. Paez : reforma In, V.
896. Santander ; revolutions in. II. 075. (iomalez, F. J. :
III. 16. Outierrez, S. : IV. IM, Manrique ; 487. Mo»quera,
T. C. : 478. Sarino ; 6K4, Pnyan ; new constitution, oen-
tralb^**! government. IV. .MV^Md. Nuilez, R. ; reforms in.
4<V4-165. Jfun7/o-ror.) ; negotiations with. I. 108 ; indem-
nity demanded of. IV, 421. Miivm-. I. K.
Colonial Advocate, the, mob attack on, IV, 181. Madeen-
zie, W. L.
Colonies, the American, guarantees secured by Ralegh
for, V. 102 ; proposed alliance between French and Eng-
lish, ll. 231. Drruillettes ; scheme for union of the thir-
teen. 528 ; 129. /V I^ncey. J. : IV. 514, .MchoUon, F. ;
III. 332 ; confeileration of. V, 7IM. Stone, T. ; draught of
instructions to Virginia delegates in congress. III. 417 ;
taxation of. II. 181, Dinwiddie ; VI. l.V). Totrnjtrnd. C. :
petition of. to the king, II. 130. De Ijtncey, J. ; attempta
to reconcile, with England, III. 2H0 Howe, R. ; their fu-
ture predicte<l. V. 100, Putmall ; theatrical perform-
ances in. III. 40. Hallam ; mo<lel form of government
for. VI. 029. Wyatt, F; liberty of the press in. 660, Zen-
ger. See Dbclakation or Indepknolhcc and RsVour-
TioNARY War.
Colonization. African, III. 52. Hallork, O.
Colonization soi-icty. III. 13. (iurlry, R. P.: tS7, Latmhe,
J. H. B ; IV. 210. March. C; 282, Meade. W.; 888, MUU,
S. J.; V. 583, Smith, O.; VI. 510. H'ilk-eaon.
Colorado, pioneer of. V, 588. Simpton, (I. S. ; colonization
of. I. 509, Cameron, R. A. : mlm-s of. III. 206. HiU, S.
P.: R. C. institutions in. IV. 121. Machehtruf.
Colorado carton, exploration of the. V. 95. Pntrell, J. W.
Colorado river. (iis<'overy of. I. 30, .4/rtrco»i, //. ; explora-
tion of. IV. 601, Seirltrrry. J. .S.
Color-blindness. Ill, 421. Jrffrien, B. J.
Colossus of Fnirmount. the, VI. 437. \%'emwa{i.
Colossus of RhtMles. the. I, 183. Borlhnldi.
Colportase, system of. I. 717, Cook, R. S. ; IV. 810. ifarsA,
^miiei.
Colfon. Walter. I. 606. Cotton. O. Q.
Columbia. .S. C, taken by Sherman, n, 715 : burning of.
III. 70. Hampton : gift to, V. 114. Prrtton, W. C.
Columbiada. invention of. I. 309. Bom/ord ; V, SSft-SW.
Rodman.
Columbia institute. Tenn.. IV. 601, Otey.
Columbia river. dL-Jcovery of, II. 147, Derby, R.; 781. Oray,
R.: HI. TiNi, Uwi*,M.: VI, 801, Fuoaino ; expedition to,
III, 29H, Hiidmn, IF. /..
C«>liimbia seminary, gift to. FV. 805. Merrick, J. L.
Coluriibia college, established. HI. 448, J,thn»on. S.; grant
to, of the botanic gardens. V. 28, Pintard ; charter of,
11. 129. De Uiucey, J. : collections for. III. 411. Jay,
Jamem; geological cabinet of. IV, ."iOl, Seirberry, J. S- ;
school of min<-s of. II. 316. f>f/r«/on : gifts to, IV. 785.
Phcenijc ; VI, 138, Torrey, J.; fttt, Tyndale ; Illustration,
1.168.
Columbian unlvernltT. D. C, glfU to. I. 689. Colgate ; U,
830. Elton, R.; HI. SIS, Kendall, A.; V. »15. RugglcM. »'.'.
VI, 427. \y,llin<i : illustration. 428.
Columbian illuminati, Society of the, IV, 037, Palmer.
Elihu.
Columbian Magazine, the, I. 617, att, C. ; m, 808. /»-
man, J.
Columbus, Bartholomew, U. 106. Diax. M.
Ooliunbus, Christopher, shin of. iUuatration, I. 607 : status
of. an : his herein. II. OK-OW, OeraMiai ; dlHCorenr ot
his tomb, rv, an. JformM de Saint Mery ; his aeajoui^
nalB, 4Hi. Navarrete. M. F. de.', hoatillly toward. II. 4M.
FrmJieciy^J. R. ; alleged disoorery of Amerioa before,
m. 800. Bttelva. See Amkkica.
Columbus, paeudonrm. I. 94.
Columbus, O., R. C. institutions In, V. SO, ffosr<!rmML&
H.; VI. an, Watterwon, J. A.; medii-al ooUece in, M,
Startino.
Columbua llteolairical Magaslne. the. IV. 47. Lorn.
Oohimeila of New England, the, IV, it, Lotnli, J.
722
COLVE
CONSTITUTION
OoWe, Anthony. 11. 391. Evertaen.
Uolville, Andrew, V, S-iT, Simimm. (fir O.
Oomancht*. ttghut with the, V, 840, Royall, W. B. ; VI,
SMS, Van Don,.
Combahw, battle of the, II, C«3, GM, M. ; in, 631. Lau-
rens^ J.
Ootnbustinn, controversy on, IV. 14.3. ^f<lclean. J.
Comedy, betdnnlngs of American. Ill, 22, Hackett, J. H.
Comet, the 8ail-)x>at. V, KMS. Smith. A. C.
Comet, n-Houe of tiie brip, II, 078, Ooldsborough, L. M.
CometH, (lisooveries of, 1, 107, liamard, E. E. ; theory of,
II, Ti, Ikin/urth, S. ; discoveries of. VI, 11, Swift, L. :
180, Tut tie, H. P.; 392, Watson, J. C.\ C72, Brooks;
theory of, 619. Wriijht, A. W.
Oomic annuals, II. 461, Finn.
Commerce, the bri^, V, 2X, Riley, J.
Commerce. American, durinK Napoleonic wars. III, 406,
Jarvin. H'. ; IV, 170 ; with India. 11, 147, Derby, E. H.
Commercial cable company, the, IV, 127, ilackay, J. W.
Commercon, I, K8, Huugainville.
Committee of seventy the, II. 353, Emott.
Committees of correspondence, 1, 30 ; ftrst suggestion of,
ni, 664, Lee, R. H.
Commodore of the lakes, the, IV, .V)2. Nevberry, O.
Communipaw, pen-name, IV, ?tW, Milex, P.
Communism, experiments in, IV, 615, Owen, R. ; 531, Xor-
manti. See Ba(x>K Farm.
Comparton, Franci.sco, 11, 374, E^pitiosa, G.
Company of St. Philip, the, V, 221, Renault.
Company of the twelve seigneurs, III. 300, Huet.
Company of the west, the, ill, 637. Imw, John.
Comparator, the Rogers- Bond. V, 311, Rogers, W. A.
Comjxiser. the earliest American, I, 26.3, Hillings.
Compn)nii.se, the three fifths. IV. 166. 168 ; of 1833, the, I,
M2 ; of 1H50, 242, !M.3, *«. M4 ; VI, 414.
Compromis*' tariff, the. I, .500 ; author of. III, 737, Littell, E.
Compton, Bishop, I, 281, Blair. James.
Compton, Dr., 11. 381, Evans, E.
Oomstock, O. F., Ill, .522, Kent, James.
Oomstock lotle, the. IV, 127, Mackay, J. W.; 651, O'Brien,
W. S. ; VI. 6S0, FlfKxi ; designer of machinery for, V,
486, Scott, I. M. : tunnel to, VI, 2. Sutro.
Oomte, Auguste, I, 175, Barreda ; IV, 87, McClintock, J.;
quoted. VI, 335, Wallace, H. B.
Conant, \V. C.. V . 431. Schuyler, M.
Concepcion, destruction of, 1, 495, Calafguin ; 694, Colo-
colo ; III, 299. Huclen ; rebuilt. III, 329, Hurtado, O.
tlonchologv. studies and collections of, II, 695, Gould. A.
A.; Ill, 413. Jay. J. C: (m. Lea, L; V, 410-411, Say. T.;
VI, 12. Swift, R.; 142, Totten, J. O.; 171, Tryon, G. W.
Concord, Ma-ss., founded, I, 444, Bulkeley, P.; the British
expedition to. Ill, 71, Hancock, J.; battle of, II, 98, Davis,
I.; V. 258. Ripley, E.; news of, at Pomfret, V, 140 ; old
manse at, illustration. III, 127 ; Alcott house at, illustra-
tion, I, 40 ; Emerson's home at, II, 344, illustration, 346 ;
monument at, .344 ; school of philasophy at. 347 ; V, 384,
Sanborn, F. B. ; gift to. VI, 90, Thompson, E.
Concord, N. H., Rolfe and Rumford asylums in, V, 347,
Rumford, S.\ President Pierce's grave at, illustration,
V, 8. See Pknacook.
Concord, voyage of the, III, 684, Le Maire ; wreck of the,
II, 425, Fehiger, J. C.
Concordia, MaJrquis de la, I. 2, Abnscal.
Condense<l fcxxls. 1, .^1, Borden, G.
Condin, Thomas, I, 753, Condin, R.
Cone, Judge, V, 664.
Cone, Mi-ss, I, 638, Claxton, K.
Oone-Chit Corners, |>8eudonymoii8 novel, I, 5, Abbott, A.
Conettfoga. massacre of Indians at, IV, 716, Penn, J.
Confe<l('racy, the frigate. III. 409.
Confc<leracy of southern states, proposed in 1788, IV, 168.
Confe<lerate states of America,the, fil, 717 ; brains of the,
1, 23."j, Benjamin, J. P. ; president of the, II, 99, Davis, J. ;
dctiigner of the first flag of. III. 585, L(idd, C. : confiscation
of property, I. 575, Chandler : original scheme of admin-
iKtration, III, 323, Hunter, R. M. T.; intended recognition
of, II, 417 ; attempts of, to secure recomition, UI, 619,
Kenner ; VI, 70. Tharin : attitude of France toward,
V, 649, Slidell ; loan for, ships of war for, 549 ; special
mission from, to France and the pope^ IV, fr4. Lynch, P.
N.; supplies tor, V, 371, St. John, L M.; navy of, IV, 184,
Mallory, .S. R.; VI, 810, Wnddell, J. }.; Bibles for the
army of. Ill, 230, Hoqe, M. D. ; commission on the debt
of, 1, 840, Bouce ; surrender of forces, III, 189, Herron ;
I. 565, Chamberlain, J. L.; II, 99-101 ; currency of the,
100 : fall of, 101 ; amnesty to people of, 108; crucial bill
of the. IV, 7.50. Phelan, J.
Confederate Notes, anonymous novel, VI, 214, XJpshur,
Confederation of xtates (1781), III, 67 ; 4.50, Johnson, T.
OoofeoBional, decision on the. III, .571. Kohlmann.
Ooofeflrion of faith, the New England, IV, 253.
Oonfevions of a Poet, anonymous book, IV, 597, (M>om,
OtrafUoce. defeat, of the, IV, \vn,Mncdnnov.nh.
OoofloKration of Moscow, the, Fv, 172, Maelzl.
OooRO, alleged exploration of the. n. 218, DonvilU.
Uonfco aasociation, and state, 1, 108 ; V, 880, Sanford, H. S.:
V, M«, Stanley.
I Congregational church, the. in New England, VT, 407 ; and
Calvinism, 1, 169, Barnard, J. ; charge of heresy In, VI,
491, Whiton, James M. ; missions of, I. 129, Bacon, D. ;
235, Benjamin, N. : 26:1, Bingham, H. ; 293, Bliss, D. ; I,
&31, Bourne, R. : 357, Brainerd, D. and J. ; 411, Broum ;
485, Byington; 665, .Coan, T. ; 718, Cooke, A. S. ; 461,
Burgess, Ebenezer; 504, Calhoun. S. H.; 757, CowUt,
G. H.; II, 116, Deane. James; 342, Emerson, J. 8.;
498, Eisk, P. F.; 600, Ford, J. E.; 7m, Grant ; HI, 641,
KiiKi, J. ; 649, Kingsbury, Cyrxis ; 655, Kirkland, S.; IV,
59, Oi), Lyman. D. B.. S. J., and H. ; 730, Perkins, J. ; V,
17, Pierson, A. ; 197, Read. H.; 239, Richards, W.; 417,
Schauffler ; 448, Scudder, D. C. ; 444, Scudder, J. and
H. M7; 462, Sergeant, J. ; 469, Seicall, Jotham ; 6.57,
Smith, Azariah ; 561, Smith, Eli ; 698, Stoddard, D. T. ;
VI, 61, Temple, D.; 109, Thurston, A. ; 246, Van Dyke, C.
V. A. ; ^48, Van Lennep ; 441, West, 8.; II, 193. Dodge,
J. H.; 821. Eliot, John ; 678, Goodell ; III, 128, Hawley,
G.; VI, 570, Winslow, M.; 620. Wright, A.; scheme for
government of churches, 581, Wise, J.
Congregational Home, gift to. Ill, 219, Hitchcock, 8. A.
Congregationalism, in New England. VI, 574.
Congregational Quarterly, the, V, 154, Quint.
Congress, the colonial, I, 30 ; n, 129, l>e Lancei/, J. ; H,
628 ; III, 332 : IV, 663, Parsons, S. H. ; V. 867, Rutledge ;
VI. 376 ; the U. 8., general ticket system. — division into
districts, V, 663 664. Stephens ; grant of 5-per-cent. im-
post to. Ill, 642, King, Rufus ; first president of, V, 176,
Randolph, P. ; freedom of the floor, VI, 90, Thompson,
E. ; of 1839, II, 605, Garland, H. A. ; struggle in the 45th,
II, 602 ; assaults in, I, 389. Brooks, P. S. ; V, 3.36, Rous-
seau ; pay of members of, VI, 107, Throop, E. T. ; 194 ;
4.55, Wheelei; W. A.
Congress, the, 1, 428, Buchanan, F. ; U, 365, Ericsson ;
Argentme squadron taken by, VI, 307, Voorhees, P. F.
Congre.s8 of American physicians and surgeons, the, IV,
250. Mastin.
Congress's Own, corps, HI, 80, Hale, N.
Conjuring, tricks of, IV, 641, Palmer, W. H.
Connecticut, expedition to take posse8.sion of. V, 879. Sal-
tnnstall ; claims to, VI, 2.55, Van Twiller ; flret house in,
255, Van Ttciller ; 666, Winslmc, E. ; Andros's claim in,
ni, 676, Leete ; French invasion of, TV, 373, Montiqny,
J. B. T. ; destruction of towns in, VI, 171, Tryon, W. ;
Dutch settlement in, VI, 239, Van Curler, J. ; petition
for annexation to New York, V, 378, Salisbury, 8. ;
union of, VI, 156 Treat, R. ; controversy with New York,
1.56, Treat, R.; charter of, 156. Treat, JR.; 574 ; constitu-
tion of. IV, 52, Ludlow ; the blue laws of. IV, 742, Peters,
S. ; scheme to make war on the Dutch, IV. 52, Ludlow ;
conflict of English and Dutch colonists, VI, 566, WiTislow,
E. ; monument to colonists of. 23, Talcott, J. ; first law-
yer in, IV, 52, Ludlow ; revivalists driven from, III, 887,
Imw Jonathan ; first printing-press in, V, 380, Salton-
stall, G.; abolition of slavery, scnool system founded, 681,
Smith, Nathaniel ; constitution of, 1818, 582, Smith, Na-
than ; school fund of. III, 206, Hillhouse, J. ; gift to
schools of. Ill, 254, Hopkins, Edicard ; legislative
changes in. III, 432, Jewell, M. ; historical society of, FV,
521, Niles, J. M. ; gifts to, V, 870. Robbins, T. ; VI, 389,
Watkinaon ; retreat for the insane, V, 466, Sever ; R. C.
institutions in, 111, 166, Hendricken ; new constitution of,
m, 485, Judson, A. T.
Connecticut, captures by the, I. 59, Almy.
Connecticut Evangelical Magazine, the, IV, 388, IfiUa, 8.
J. ; V, 723, Strong, Nathan.
Connecticut farms, burned, 11, 751.
Connecticut Magazine, the, IV, 289, Meigs, J.
Connecticut river, the, discovery of, I, 295, Block ; first
brick house in the valley of, illustration, V, 145.
Connecticut rangers, the, ID, 30, Hale, N.
Connelly, J. F., IV, 3, Logan, C.
Connolly, Thomas P., II, 4.50, F^eld, N.
Conquistador, El, II, 412, Farragut.
Conrad, John, V, 53!t, Simpson, S.
Conscience Whigs, the, V, 747.
Considerant, Victor, II,- 55, Z>ain ; IV, 631, Normand.
Conspiracy of Pontiac, the, V, 64, Pontiac.
Conspiracy trials. IV, 271, Mcuncell, H.
Constable, James M., I, 9.3, Arnold, A.
Constable, William, lands of, V, 16, Pierrepont, H.
Constantia, i>en-name, IV, 469, Murray, J. S.
Constantinople, mission in, HI, 66, 66, Hamlin, C; gifts to
college in. V, 272, Robert, C. R.
Constellation, the frigate, appropriation for finishing. III,
875 ; capture by, 1, 22 ; VI, 170, Truxtun.
Constituent, A, pen-name, II, 649, Giles, IJ^. B.
Constitution, the U. S., first movement toward, VI, 417,
Webster, N.; framing of the. III. 615, Lansing, J.; IV,
670, Paterson, W.; v; 176. Randolph, E.\ I, 480, Butler,
P. ; n. 52, Dacres ; 533 ; V, 22. Pinckvey, C. C. ; 28, Pinck-
ney, C; 358, Rutledqe, J.; HI, 410 : V, 601, Sherman, R.;
opposition to the adoption of, II, 631 : III, 684, Leland ;
66.5. Lee, R. H.; IV. 44, Lowndes, R.; 1.55. Macon ; 283,
Martin, L.; 242. Mason, G.; VI, 582, Wi.tner, H.; Hamil-
ton's plan for. III. 57 ; change in text of, U. .336, ElU-
worth. O.: the Virginia plan, IV, 1(57, 168 : representation
of slave population. lt')8 : adoption of. HI, 729, Lincoln, B. ;
rv, 121, McHenry ; VI, 379 ; ratification of, by states, 1, 31 :
CX)NST1TUTI0N
COTTON-OIN
798
m, 140. llatard, J. J. ; IV, 108, 9U-m, «», ffift-»S : V,
017-418, Spai^kt ; Calhoun on. t (MB : John lUodolph on.
V, 178 : oriirinal Intent of. VI, 410. 411 : compact (beonr
of, I, aoO; IV. 17<); repudiation of, II. OlI.niH. Oay.S. H.;
oppoaitJon of AttolUlunlstii to. IV, 7<ll ; CYKtenden-Moiit-
Komery amenfltnent, IV. 37V', Mimtnomfry, H'.; Article
VI., V, ITfl, Knniiolph, K.\ flref t..ii aiiiendinenta. 111.666,
Lee, K. H ; IV, 1(W; olfv.-nth Hiiu'ii<ltiifnt. V. 177 ; thir-
teenth. Ill, ■WH. Tat : rourt«fnth, -WU ; flftwnth, II, 719 ;
propoaed ainfndinentM, V. 51 ; VI, :{7U.
Oonwtutlon, th<* frik^nte, anprnpriation for flnixhlni;. HI.
875; captun-of ihf Java, I, Ul ; fl^ht with th«*(luerrii^n-,
III. SIO, 811 ; uaitK^l GUI IroiiMUIe«<, 311 ; prlz«*-nioney of
the crow. 811 ; III. tt.5. Hamiltini. P.; 211. Hinckn, K. l»". ;
propoaal to break up, !M*), Hoi meg, O. H'.; capture of the
Cyane and the U'vaiit by, V, 6»l, Stewart, V.; view of.
084 : hUU>ry of, VL. .'>M, H'i7*on. J. a.
Constitutional law, oplnionx on, IV. iS4.
OonHtltutlonaJ society, the, I, 166, Barlow, J.
C>>nHtltut4onal union party, the, I, *}?, Bell, J. ; IIL «7.'i,
Hoiutton. S. ; 717.
Const itutionx, the Ft^leral and Rtate, III. 174.
ConHiilar service, Hcheme for reorKanizinir the, I, 108.
Contarini, I, 491, Cahot.
ContentiouH nmn. the, I, 669, Cnhhett, W.
Contest In America between Great Britain and France,
the, anouyinoua book, IV, 343, Mitchell. J.
t\>ntinent, the, nnagazine, IV, 538, Norton, C. L.; VI, 144,
Tourgee.
Ct»nUnental Monthly, the, 1. 717. Cook. M. E. D. W. ; II, 657.
aUmor^.J. /?.; 6S3, LeUind. C. U.; V, 630. Stanton, F. P.
Oontoocookville, founder of, IV. 728. Pertin*, O. H.
Contrabands. I, 478, Butler, B. F. ; III, 719 ; VI, 86, Tall-
madye, (1.
C;ontract-lal>orer8, importation of, forbidden, I, 108.
Contreras, Pe<iro de Mova, II, 675, Onli.
Contreras, captur.^ of. V, 411 ; IV, 88, Loring, IK. W.
Oontreras. tlie, VI, 221. I'aMivieto, A.
Convent, a Dunker, I. 223, Beinael.
Conventicle act, trials under the. IV. 713.
Conversations about Common Thinn. anonymous book.
II. 1K.1, Dix, D. L.
Convict labor. I, 052 : in the south, I, 400, C<Me ; flrat ad-
vocacy of, II, 117, Dearborn, B.
Convict 4. law for retuminfr, I, 108.
Conway, Nelly, IV, 165.
Conway cabal, the, I, 91 ; 712, Contray, T. ; U, 015, Oaten,
H. : 630. Oerry ; 751 ; HI, 587 ; discovery of, VI, 511,
Wilkinnon.
Conwell, Russell H., m, 14.3, Haves, R. B.
Conjr, Nat^niel, VI 675, Cony, D.
Commgtuun, J. N., III. 416, Johnson, O. F.
Cook, execution of. I. 4<T7.
Cook, Oen. Francis, III. 251. Hopkins, Esek.
Cook, Capt.. II, l.Vt, /),•« Barrea ; IV, 565, Oglethnrpe.
Cook, John E.. VI. 307. Voorhee*, D. W.
Oook, Rev. Theodore D., I, 717, Co-ik. M.
Cook, Oen. William, I, 717, Cook. M. E. D. W.
Cooke, Flora, V. 727, Stuart. J. E. B.
Cooke, G. F., monument to, illustration, I. 719.
a>oke. George WillLs, II, 318.
Ci>oke, R. H.. I, 722, Cook, R. T.
Cooke, William D., VI. 508, Wiley, C. H.
C>K)l.'y. James E., III. 146. Hni/n4-a. L.
Cof>lidjfe, Austin J., IV, 195, Mannlield, J. B.
Coolidkce, Joseph. V. 174, Randolph, O. W.
C<M)lid(fe, Sus.an, i>euname. VI, 611, Woolsey. S. C.
Oh (lie-trade, breakinK up of the, V, 5a8-M8. Smith, E P.
Coon speech, I, a.%S, Clinqmnn; note*! story, V. 438, SroW. M.
Cooper, Sir Astley. pui)il8 of. II. 128. Dfladrld, E. ; 242.
DudUy, B. \y. ; IV. 411. Motl. I'. : IV 471. Mussey, R. /). ;
V, 877. Sates LaterrUre ; V, 671, Stevens, A. H. ; W, 314,
Wagnxr, J.
Cooper, KixgvatA. I. KO^ristol, A. C.
Cooper, Ebenezer, II. 287, Dutton, H. W.
Qooper. James, II, 1 15, Dean. Julia.
Oqoper, J, F.. book attributed to, V, 451, Sedaieidc, C. il.;
TlSe Pilot, III. 488.
Cooper. John. IV. 191. Manning, W.
Cooper, WllUain, I. 725, Cooper, J. F.
Cooper, W, F.. IV, 888, Meias.
Oo-opetAtlTe dreas aarcclatTon, n. 4B0, Field, K.
Cooperatown, I, 805. BeaU, S. W. ; founded, 785.
Cooper Union, I, 731.
Cooper-shop hospital, the. IV, 485, Ifehinoer.
Cooaaw, capture of batteriee on the. V, 072. Stevens, L I.
OiMMwhatchie, battle at the, m, 681, Laurent, J.
Coote, Baron. I, 8», Beliomont.
Ooote, Mr., m, 807.
Cope. Caleb, I, TM. Cope. T. P.
Cope, Gilbert, U, 600. FutKey, J. S.
Copeuuid, execution of, L 407.
Oopelaod, B. F,, m. 588, Kidder, F.
Oopenbagen, expedition atrainst, I, 558, Cathcart ; bom-
bardment of. U. 680, Oatnbier.
COj^ey, Joha 8., subject of a picture by, VI, 800, Watson,
Copley," Thomas, U. 408. Fisher, P.
Ooporo, battle at, m, 30a
Copper oeata. flnt made, I. 870. Cnekram. Jtumes.
Ooppenitlne river, the, explored, n, AS4. FrankUn, atr J. ;
nt 151. Heame.
Copper-minea, the Lake Superior. I. 84 : III. 170, Henry.
A. ; 880, Hussey ; dteoorery of . 008. i> Sueur.
Coppej- strip, the contlnuoua. L 880, Britlan.
rv>ppln, garah. I, 3:^4. Brady, J. T.
(Vippoc, exeiHitiou of, I, 407:
Copp'K Hill biirvinK irround. the Mather tomb In, IV, au.
("nppiick, Am.-(ia B, VI. 428. Wrihy. .1. B. C.
Copylntr. instntmrnt for, II, 385. Ellmrorth, K. W.
l'oi>.vriKhi, movfMient for international. V. 404. Saunders,
F. ; suit on. VI, 4.'d. Whenlnn. H. ; beneflU of, mevuna
to authors, ftW, Youmiins, E. L.
Cixpiehert, Felix, I, 4.'..3, Hurk.
('•Kjueite, the. orijrinal of character In. I, 440, BuckmintUr.
C<M|uil>acoa. countrj- of, IV, Bfl7, (tjeda.
Coquin, kiuK of. III, OWH, l^empirtt.
Cora, capture of the, II. IM, Croiitiu. P.
Cora an<i the I>octor, anonvmouM book, I, 14S, Baker.
Corliet. Miles. II, 222. Dou-'ning. Sir Q.
Corbln. Elizabeth, I, 361, Bnixton.
airbin, MLss. III. OM. Lee. R.
Corcoran. Michael. III. 536. Kimball, E. A.
Corcoran, Thomas, I. 737. Corctiran. W. W.
Corcoran gallery of art. the, illustration. I, Tfr.
Conl«*«. Esther, IV. 2()7, Marion.
Cordier. CJiarles. II, .368, Etcanddn.
Cordoba, oh«e^^•ator^• at, II. 698, Oould. B. A.
Conlova, Francisco Hernandez de, IV, 007-698, PtdrarioB.
CV)rdova, Oen. Luis. II, .360, Eruuzo.
Corea, AbW, V, 173, Rnndolph, T. M.
Corea, intercourse with, I. JOT.
Corlnne, p«'nname, II, 54, Dahlgren. M. 1'.
Corinth. Miss., iniprirtance of. III, 455 : battle and eraaia-
tion of, I, 211, Beauregard ; II, 711 ; III, SO ; V, 884, 008:
V, 615, Stanley. D. S.
Corinth, isthmus of, colony in. III. 8«3. Hou>e, S. O.
Corinth. p)em entitled. Ill, 473, JonJan, C. J. M.
Corlear. Indian use of the wortl. VI. 280, Van Curler.
Corlear's lake, VI. 289. Van Curler.
Cormier, Francis. I, 740, Cormier. C.
Corn-cob capitals, illustration. III. 627.
Cornell university, first professor in. IT 881, £^yin«. K. W.;
4flU, Finke. D. H ; (dfts to, IV, 130, Mc<iratr : V. 807, Saoe,
H. W. : r,Zi. .^ihley. H. ; VI, 4flH. While. A.D.itm, Barnes :
mineral collection of, V, .'>29 ; illustration, I. 741.
Com Island. I. 636. Clark. O. R.
ComlawH. the Enirlish. Ill, 650, I^avitt.
Comu. Sebastian. IV. .580. Siemeyrr, J. H.
Comubia, capture of the, IV, 074. Patterson, T. H.
C<imwaleys, Sir Charles. I, 748. Comwaleya. T.
Cornwall. Conn., mission school at, IV, 640, Obookiah,
Comwallis, F.<lwanl, II. 614. flatet.
Cornwallis. William and Fretlerick. I, 748, ComwaUis, C.
Corporal's (rtiani, the, VI. 198.
Coronado, Carolina. IV, 738, Perry. H. J.
Coronado. Dr.. I, .WO, Castrtt, J.
Coronado. F. V. de, cross planted by, II. SM, Fhbert.
Oirot. J. B. C . pupil of, VI. 78, TTiom, J C.
Corral, Oen. Ponciano. V\. .33I-3.'fi. Walker. W.
Correa, r>ie(fi> Alvarez.. IV. 643. Pnnu/uatsu.
Corn'a. Duarte, V. .3rt2. .Sii, .S". C. de.
Correa. Oiejfo, pupil of. III. 33»*. Riarra, J.
Corn-a de Siaa, Victoria, III, 408. Jai-au.
Correlation of forces, the<iry of, V, 846.
Corrujrated metal, us*- of. for %-eMtels, II, 8B4, Francis, J.
Corsl. (iiovanni. I. 548, Cary. A. L.
Cortes. Luis. IV, 7«, /Vm/fa, O.
(!orte«, Martin, I, 618, Cortes, H.
Corvisart. I, 314. BonfAand.
Conu^a. Count of. IV. 451, Moyn.
Coniniia. stonninjr of. II. 127. Drlafield, John.
(>>rwin. .Matthias. I, 751, Coru-in, t.
Corwine, H. W., III. 134.
Cos, buccaneer. II, 4.t7, Frmdndex de Piedrahita.
Owmosnhere, invention of a. 11. 88. Davidson, R.
CoMa Rjca, Interoceanic railway. III, 9, Ouardia : rcTolti-
tioDs In. 9, Ouardia ; 484, Jimenex.
Ooatello, I, 277
Ootacaita. battle at, IV. .580. .Vi>/r>, l'.
OotUnRham. I>ewiH N. pupil of. VI. 800, Vanx.
Ootopaxi. eruption of. V. 347. RumiHagui.
CoUon, F.ilwanl R , IV, IM. .Vaeon.
Cotton, Maria. IV, 2M, Mather, I.
Cotton, Rolanit. I, 752, rotUm. J.
Cotton, Kinjr, III 6H. Hammtmd, J. If.
Cotton. tM'frinnint; of the industry. I, 708, Core. T.: flrat
raise<1 in Gt-orKln. HI. 21. Hatterahnm, James ; mantlon
forcultjvatinfr. ll.R\7. (tailing : maaufaotUTP introdueMl
into America, V, .M7, .'Voter; III. SBB, Jodtocm, P. T.;
rV, 42, lAnrell. F. <'.: duty on fnhrlra, 48, Lowell, F. C;
machinery for. IV. 746. /"> ' ultupe of. in the
French Antilles, V, 870, .<lni 'I uii.
Ontton-bales. inventor of tie r< I Mn/oa. W. T.
Onlton-baiea. protection by, V..'.r.. shrrre. H. M.
Cotton-Kin^jbe. inrention of,— tlieft of,— infrtB|ri'ipw»f of
patent, VI, 488, Whitney. £: impro?wuwm ia, IV. M,
iMgitneU W.-, U, «tt, Omtanr.
724
COTTON-SPINNING
CUMMINGS
CJotton Bplnninif. rinif flier for. I.*11. Pi>gardu»,J.
OoUon-waste, \isp of. in paper, 11, II, Crucktrr, A.
OoUon WhijfH. V. 747.
OoUrill. Kiiiiiw, IV. 757. Philiv.
Coulon <le Villiera. iwttle at. II. 287, Duqxteitf, Marquis.
Coult. Dr., assumed name. l.OM. Colt, S.
Counter irritation, tlieory of, 1. 701. Comegys.
Countesrt. the first American. V, 347. Jiumfurd, S.
Country (Jentleman. the. VI. ITU. Tucker, L.
Countryman, A. i)eniiame. 1. WW. C'hnfon De »v.
Courts, new system of proc-edure In civu and criminal
caaes, II. 447, Fiild, D. D.
Coureurs de bols. II, 25.3, Du Lhut. ,, ^ „.
Cousin, Victor, II, 387 ; alleged discovery by, V, 29, Pin-
ton, M. A. ^ _,
Cousin Alice, pen-name. III, 117, Haven, A. B.
Coutiiiho, Hereira, IV, 643, Parofntaasu.
Couture, Thomas, pupils of, I. 320, Boott ; II, 22, Oowmm-
KhieM, F.\ 310. Khuinger ; III. 330. Hunt, Vf. M.; IV, 15,
Lonafellow, K. W.\ 19, Lntm, H. A.: 272. Mau.E. H.; 407,
Morrell, I. R. ; 503, yetceG, H. ; VI, ft42, Yewell ; 673,
Butler ; 678, Dewing. M. R.
Covenant, the, mapawne, V. 250, Ridgely, J. L.
Covenhoven. John. V, 093, Stockton, R.
Coventry-. John, pen-name. IV, 639, Palmer, J. W.
Ct>vert. Bernanl. II, 194. Dodge, O. E.
CovinRton. theological seminary at. IV, 696, Peck. J. M.
Cowan's Ford, battle of, n, 89, Davidson, W. ; 701, Gra-
ham, O.
Cowboys, the, 11, 132. .^
Cowdery, Oliver, V, 253, Rigdon ; 575, Smith, Joseph ; Vl,
486, Wliitmer.
Cowen, John, VI. 670. Cowen, E.
Cowen. Sidney, UI, 205. HiU. N.
Cow-Killer, the. sobriquet, V, 205. Red-Jacket.
Cowpens. battle of the. I, 7+4 ; n, 752 ; III, 2T7, Howard,
J. K. : IV, .397 ; VI. 35, Tarleton ; 384, Washington., W.
Cowper, William, memorial to, I, 605, Childs, O. W. ; sub-
ject of poem by, V, 458, Selkirk, A.
Cox, Alfred C. iV. 25. Txird, S.
Cox, J. Bellargee, IV. 122. McHenry. M.
Cox, Sir Michael. I, 758. Cox, H. H.
Cox, Robert, I, 7.57, Cox, H.
Coxe, H. C. I. 525. Cnrleton, H.
Coya. princess of, IV. 47. Loyola ; siege of, I, 683, Colcur.
Coytniore, Catherine, 11, 727, Graves, T.
Craftsman, the. maga/jne. III, 457, Johnston, O.
Cra<ld<x'k. Chas. Egbert, pen-name, IV, 464, Mnrfree, M. N.
Cradle of American liberty, the, II. 405, Faneuil.
Craig, Rev. Mr., UI. 665, Lee, F. L.
Craigenputtock. 11. .'M4.
Craigie House, history of. IV. 13, 15 ; Illustration, 12.
Cramer. Julian, pen-name, I, 600, Chester, J. L.
('ranch. Richard. I. 767. Crunch, W.
Crane, Caroline. W, 217, Marsh, C. C.
Crane, Gen. William. II, 2, Crane. W. M.
Craniology. museum of, IV, 432, Morton, S. O.
Craven. Coimtess of, IV, .309, Merry.
Craven. Tunis, II. 2. Craven. T. T.
Crawford. Emmet, II, 275, Duichy.
Crawfonl. F. M.. original of a character of, VI. 364, Ward, S.
Crawford. James, V. 117, Price, B.
Crawford, Louisa, M. 67. Terry. L.
Cn-awfonl. Capt. M., II, 196. Dolph, J. X.
Crawfonl. Marshall J.. II. .507. Fornyth, John.
Crawford. Mr.. III. 373. .Jackson, Andrew.
Crawfonl, T. M.. Ill, 692, Leonowens.
Crawfonlsville, Ind., II. 261. Dunn, Williamson.
Crean. He-rietta A., I. 238. Bennett. J. O.
Creator of Fire. IV. 04.3. Paraguassu.
Crecencio, F., II, .362, Erauzo.
Credit Mobilier, the. I, 66. Ames, O. ; 197, Bayard. J. A. ;
8H6. Brooks, ./. ; 688. Colfax ; Garfield's connection with,
II. 602-003 ; IV. 672. Patterson. J. W. ; 726, Pereire.
Cree Indians, the. V. 93. Ponndmaker ; 002. Steinhauer.
Creedmore. shooting contest nt. II, .55, Dakin.
Creeks, the, I, 338, Boirles, W. A. : design to make inde-
pendent. 632. Clarke. E. : queen of the. 323. Bosomworth ;
war with, 11, 487, Floyd, J.; negotiations with. III, 121,
Hawkins, B. ; massacre by— war with, 376 ; in the Revo-
lution and after, IV. 118, McGillivrav ; treaty for the
sale of lands-dissensions among, 125. Mcintosh, W.;
war with, .V>5. Netcnan ; V. 279. Robertson, J. ; 440.
ffcoft, W. ; 1793. 407. Serier. J. ; VI. 59. Tecumseh ; their
lands in Georgia. 16.3. TVoitp, G. M. ; in the Revolution-
ary war. 399 ; in the war of 1812. 401, Weathersford ;
rising of, 620, Wright, B. ; treaty signed by, 518, Wil-
Creighton college. Neb., IV, 554. O'Connor, J.
Cn'mation. first, in America, m. 631. Laurens, H.
Cremotorj-. first, in America. III. 678. Le Moyne, F. J.
Crem<-rne mission, the. IV. 74, McAuley.
Creole, the slave ship. 11. 642. Giddings. J. R.; V, 746.
Cre«ap. Thomas. II. 7, Crrmp, M.
Crwpent City, the steamship, case of. Ill, 636, Law. O.
CrcKcent City White I>>ague, the, IV, 560. Ogden, F. X.
Crespo. Joaquin. III. 19. Gmmdn-Blanco.
Crestline. O., V. 270, Rol^-rt*, S W
Cretans, struggle of. Ill, 388, Howe, S. Q.
Crlllon, Count Paul, pseudonym, I. 188. Barton,W. P. C.
Crime, society for the prevention of, II, 17, Crosby, H.
Crimean war, enlistments for, in U. 8.. I, 767, Crampton ;
V, 9 ; defence of Kars. VI. 535. WiUiams, W. F.
Crlsto, Col.. II, 370, Escobedo, M.
Critcher, Thomas, V, 293, Rochester.
Crittenden, Col., IV, 22, Lopez, N.
Crinkle, Nym, pen-name, VI. 452, WheeUr.A. C.
Croaker papers, the, I, 658, Clinch, C. P.; U, 160, De Witt,
S ; azCiyrake. J. R.\ UI. 47, Holleck ; IV, 849, MitchiU ;
character in, VI, 622, Wright, F.
Crocker, Sarah, I, 712, Conway, S. C.
Crockett's Van Buren, author of, I. 646, Clayton, A. S.
Crogban. Maj. William. II. 13, Croghan, G.
Croissant R«iuge, medal of the, IV, 444, Mott, T. P.
Croix, Col. Peter, III, 487, Jumel.
Cromberger. Juan. VI. 664. Zumarraga : 605, Pablos.
Cromwell, Oliver, II, 526, Frankland ; .569, Gage ; III, 248,
Hooke ; interference of. in Maryland, I, 622, Claiborne ;
descendant of, I. 476, Butler.
Cromwell, Richard, II, 1P2, Disbrowe.
Crookes, Prof. W., Ill, 246, Home.
Crooks, Ram.say. Ill, 488, Juneau.
Croom, Emily. 1, 228, Bellamy, E. W.
Crosby, John F., Ill, 441. Johnson, David.
Crosby, Judge Joseph, II, 17, Crosby, Ebenezer.
Cross Keys. Ill, 392, Jackson, T. J.
Cross weeksung, N. J.. I, 857, Brainerd.
Croton water-works, II, 3, Craven, A. W. ; 216, Douglat,
David Bates.
Crow, John, V, .32, Pitkin, W.
Crowe, George, I, 192, Bateman, K. J.
Crowfleld. Christopher, pen-name. V, 715.
Crow Indians, mulatto chief of the, I, 214, Beckuxmrth.
Crown, the, British privateer, VI, 174, Tucker, Samuel.
Crown Point, I, 51, .52, Allen, Ethan ; 209, Beauhamais,
C. ; 4,52, Burgoyne ; VI. .360. Wamer,Seth ; V, 66, Poor, E.
Crow's Nest, residence, II, 75, Daniel, P. V.
Crow Wing, I, 363, Break.
Crozer seminary, founded, 11, 22, Crozer.
Crozier, Maj. L. N. F.. V. 252. RieL
Crucible, invention of a, II, 187, Dixon. Joseph.
Cruelty, prevention of, IV, 444, Mott, W. F. See Animals
and Children.
Cruger, Mrs. Douglas. II. 707, Grant, Anne.
Cruger, Nicholas. Ill, .50, Hamilton, A.
Cruikshank, George, II, 692, Gough.
Cruising convention, the, VI, 413.
Crusader, the, magazine, II, 548, French, L. V.
Cryptography, V, 45.
Crystal Palace, the, UI, 119, Hawkins, B. W.; II, 155, Det-
mold.
Crystallna. anonymous poem, HI, 86, Harney, J. M.
Cuadras, Joaquin, II, 679, Goodman, W.
Cuauhtemotzm, statue of. illustration, 11, 24.
Cuautla, defence of, IV, 2.50, Matamoros ; 392, Morelos.
Cuba, conquest of. III, 115. Hatuey ; towns founded, VI,
273, Velasquez ; colonization of. I, 748, Cortes ; cities
founded in, V, 70, Porcallo; 165, Ramirez, A.; taken
possession of, by Spain, II, 457. Fimes ; invasion of, I,
i04. Concha; government of, VI, 211, Vnzaga; insur-
rections in, I. 36, ^grramonfe and Agiiero ; 561, Cespe-
des ; II, 252, Dulce ; seizure of the Virginius, 721 ; insur-
rections, III, 226, Hoff ; 474, Jordan, T. ; IV, 560. (TGahan ;
V, 148, Quesada, M. ; end of the civil war in, IV, 237, Mar-
tinez-Campos ; origin of its commercial progress, I, 80,
Arango y Parreho ; situation of, 98, Arrate ; first rail-
way m, 116, .i4u6er, P. A.; improvements in, 549. Casas
y Ara^orri ; copper-mines of. II, 182, Ditson ', slavery
in, 252, Dulce ; fleet to guard, 365, Ericsson ; cemeteries
in, 372, Espada ; proposed treaty concerning, 455 ; rav-
aged by buccaneers. III, 344, Illigen ; conspiracy in, ex-
peditions to capture party in favor of annexation to the
U. S., IV, 22, Lopez, N.; education in, 57, Luz ; public
works in, 529, Noda ; income of— public works— nautical
college, V, 25. P initios ; natural history of. 47. Poey, F. ;
filibustering expeditions to— the Ostend manifesto— pro-
posal to purchase, 10 ; sanitary improvements in, 814,
Romay ; subject of slavery in, 365, Saco ; negotiations
for purcha.se of. 405, Saunders, R. M.; pi-oposed acqui-
sition of, 611 ; VI, 1.36, Torre, J. M.; tobacco-culture in,
137. Torres y Ayalas ; alleged negro plot in, 222, X'aldes,
Gabriel ; revolt in, 223. Vald^s. Geronimo ; British expe-
dition to (1762), 273, Velasco, L. V.
Cubagua, island of, IV, 588, Orellana.
Cuci-Ccoyllar. princess, IV, .576, Ollantai.
Cud worth, Ralph. II. 2ft, Cudworth, J. *
Cuenca. Tomas, IV, 727. Pprez. S.
Cuenca, city of. founded, IE, 329, Hurtado, A.
Culhuas, the, VI, 0.3, Tenoch.
Culpeper minute-men, TV, 221, 222, Marshall, T. and J.
Cumanes. the. trilie of. II. 373, Espejo. A.: 398, Fabert.
Cumberland, the. I. 128. Buchanan, F.; II, 365, Ericsson ;
sinki-ig of the, IV. 413, Morris, G. U.
Cumberland Gap taken. I. 464 ; IV, 899, Morgan, O. W.
CumlKTland island, II. .520. Fox, L.
Cumberland Presbyterian church, the. II, 893, Swing, F.\
organization of, IV. 120. McGready ; 130, McKendree.
Cumraings, Mary P., IV, 620, Packer.
CUMMINS
DAVIS
736
Oktimnlas. Judge David, II, St, Cummitu, M. 8.
CUnimioB, Elfanbeth, III, aOI, Jackmtn, T. J.
CuiiunlnKton, Bryant's hou«< at, illuatraUon, I, 4M.
(>iiia. tti<<. I, 4«. B^eareli.
('iiiutinniniLrca, liberatioo of, I, SOI ; ancient empire of, V,
:>M. Simon. P. A.
CiiiininKhaiii, Ann I'anifia, II, S!C
('iituiinKhiiin, Jan**, II. 14. Crolif, J. C.
('(iiiiilntrlmm. Ruth. IV. 6U6.
("iiiinintfton, ("<>l. William, VI. 70. Tharin.
V\m\UK\\Atu, Marv. V. 871, Koberdeau, D.
{'lira, battle nrar.'l. 31)1.
C'liricanoha, tftiiplt* of. III, 891, Huunna.
('urlf«. Kan«l«>lph <>f. V. 174, Handulph, W.
Curn-nov, t)n»i><>H!il for uniform, in America, I, 108 ; (\w^-
tion of the. 'iii ; l>itnfialUo, i'H; qucxtiou of pa|MT. II.
om^Hia ; HI. l.r.. i:«), Ul ; in N. E. tH)lonie«. I.2U. Adums,
S : HI. Xi\. am. HHtchinjKtn, T.\ tht> decimal, 418, 41U ;
n-lief bill of IMS?. V. 27H, Hohrrtmm. 0.\ the le^al-teDder
n*.-t, national bank bill. 083, Spnutding, E.U.;a, uniform,
for all nationH. VI, &U, Tefft, T. A.; meaaura concerning
the Unitetl Stat«»s, 407.
Currie, Kev. Koln-rt, VI. 18, Sieinton.
C'lirrie, Dr. William, VI, SlW, Vaughn, J.
Currier. J. M.. II. 174, Dickituon, M. K.
Ciirtin. Roland. II, M, Curtin, A. «.
Curtis, Daniel Sargent, VI, 615, Wofmeley, A. R.
Curtis, R.'v. Mooes A., II, 148, DeRotaet, M. J. ; V, 187,
Hiifencl, H. W.
Curtisa. Daniel S.. II. 87. CiirtiM, A. A.
Curtius. i)en-nau>e. VI. Ul. Ttiompium, J. ; 417, Webtler, N.
Curves, investigation of. III. ai«. Hill, T
CushiuK, tMiuund L., VI. 677. Cashing, JF.
Cushinjr. Mrs., I, 598, Cheney, H. V.
CushinK. S. B., I, 750, Corthell.
Cuatia, Daniel I'arke. VI. 383.
Oustis, Eleanor P.. III. 7tM. Lewis, E. P. C.
Cuitis, Ool. John Parke. II, 45, Custis, O. W. P.
Cuatia, Martha Parke. VI. 383.
Cuatls, Mary R. III. 674. L?e, U. R. C.
Custom-house, first, in the colonies, IV, 401. Nelson, T.
Custom-house, New York. iuvestii;ation, I. 100.
Cutbush. F-<lward. V. XU, Rwih, W.
Cut Knife Creek, battle of. V. 93, Poundmaker.
Cutler. Julia Rush, VI. 3.V1, M'ord, J. R.
Cut-off, invention of the. I, 341, Boyden, S,
Cutt, Marv. IV, 710. Penhalluw.
(?utt. Richard and Robert, II, 48, Cutt, J.
CuttinK. Mr.. imprLnoued in Mexico, IL, 168.
Cults. Adele. II. 215.
Cults, Hannah. VI, .328. Wnldron, R.
Cuttybunk island, colony on, II. 001. Oosnold.
(nivfer. liaron. I, 34, 35. Agassii, J. L. R.
Cuyler. Miss, IV, 38. Low, I.
Cuzco, fouiide<l.— of its name, IV, 186, Manco Cnpac.
Curco, conquest of. II, 164, Diaz, A.; 177, Diente ; IV. 188,
Mnnco Inca ; 588, OrgoAez ; revolution at, IL 81, Da-
tHi/os ; struf^gl^ 'or, V, 36-87; Temple of the Sun at, 37.
Cyane, the, I, 828. Rorland.
Cycloramos, how mode. IV, 757, Philippoteaux.
Cymon. pen-name. V, Oil6, Somerby, F. T.
Cvnthiana. Ky.. attack on. Ill, 6a5. Landram.
Cypre.s8, J.. Jr., Ill, Hit. Hawes, W. P.
Cyi)rus. colU'ction of arti-.-les, from. I. .561, Cesnola.
C«ir of Pennsylvania imlltics, the, I, BOB, Cameron, S,
Czermak, Prof. J. N., IV, 871, Maxwell, O. T.
D' Abbeville, Father Claude. VI, 680, Toulon.
Dabnegr, Thomaa 8., V. .551. Smedeu.
Da OoaU, DIeco, III, 30i), liuelva.
Daora, I/>rd, V, 458, Selkirk. Earl.
Dadiani, PrinoeaB of MinKrelia, IV, 468, Murat.
Daggett, Alfred, III, 5», Kenaett.
Daggett, Susan E.. II, 884, Ihoiaht. 8. E.
DagOO, place namenl. IV. 4.33. Sfortun, T.
Daguao, Chief. IV, 23. UHHtiUo.
Daifuerre. pictureprooes-s of. IV. 487.
Datruerrofype. first, of a person. II. iB7, Draper, J. IV.
Dahl, Nielo Carl, pupil of, IV. 744. Petersen.
Dahl«ren, Bernard Ulric. II, 53. DaMf/ren. J. A.
Dahlgren, Charles <).. 11. 807, Dortev, S. A.
Dalnoerfleid. Col. William, V, SHO, Smith, Meriwether.
Dakota Indians, the, IV. 188, Mattery, O. : language of,
miaaiona. V, 63, Pand, S. W. ; IV, 838, Marty.
Dale, David, IV. 615, Ofoen. R.
Dale, Ebeneser, II, 57, Dale, W. J.
Dale, Salvia, pseudoaym, II. 00, Dtilsheimer.
D'Alemhert, J. R, U, 870, Diirrau ; .581.
Dalflnger, Alexander, II. 485. Federmtmn.
Dalhoude, Dr., m. 180. Mersey, E.
Dallas, Matilda, VI. 511. U'ilkins.
Dallas, engagement at. IV, n. Lognn, J. A.\ 108,
Dalaell, John, II, 01. Diltell. R. M.
Damaa, Baron de, II. 874. Dtumau.
Dana, Benjamin, II. m. Ikma. Joseph ; 68, Dana, 8. W.
Dana, Charles E., V, 510, .shindler.
Dana, Daniel, n. 68. fkinn. R.
Dana, Eleutberoa, IV. 88Q, Meigs, J.
Dana, Jacob, n, 64, Dana, C. A.
Dana, Richard, n, 64. 66. 68, Dana, C. A., J.. 8. W., R,
Dana. It II., country -neat of, Ulusiration, U, 70.
Dana, Sophia W.. < aM.
Dana Hall mIi...!. U. 80I. Eattman, Julia A.
Danburiie, discovery of, V, 4/H. Shepard, C. U.
Danbury, Conn . Hkirmlsh at. I, tfi; 11,807. Ertkim*, 8ir
W.; VI, 611. HcK>.frr.
Dandridge, Dorothea 8.. III. 175. Henry. P.
DandridKe. Col John, VI, .383.
Daiidridee. Pliilip. VI. .W. Tnulor, E.
Dandy Wayne, Hiibrt(|iiet. VI. 31IU.
Dane. John" |>a|i«-r by, II, 115. Drnn, J. W.
Daiiforth, .Nichi.los. II. 73, Dun/orlh, T.
DuiiKerlleld. Capt.. I, 400.
I»aiii.l. I'eter and Travers. II, 75. Daniel. P. V.
I>iiiiii-| Boone of st^mtherti Kv.. the. IV. 66, Lynn,
l>iimelK. .Samuel. I. 61K. Clajtin, IL R.
Danites. order of, VI. 640. Yimnu. H.
Dansville, hygienic institute at. III. 3>«, Jarksnn. J. C.
Dante, the Divine Coimtly. IV. 14 : translation of. Ill, 9U;
restoration of a portrait of. VI, 506. W'ltdr. K. //.
Danvers. Mass.. ^ifts to. IV, 6»4<, PeutHxlu. (i. ; Putnam's
birthplace at, illustration, V, 141 ; <.>ak Knoll at, illuatFa
Uon, Vl. 4»4.
Danville, Ky., IV. 118. McDiwell, E.
Danube, the, plan to improve the navigation of, IV, 7S,
McAlpine.
Darb.iy. Archbishop. VI. 371. Washbume, E. B.
Darby', John, pen-name. II. «I9. Oarrrtsun, J. E.
Darby. Sir Richard. V, 485. .Shenird. T.
Darby. William. II. 2K2. Dirighl. Theo.
Darien, Conn.. Fitch home ot. ll. 470. Fiteh. B.
Darien. Isthmus of, earlv description. VI. 814. Wafer;
Spanish expe<lition to, U, 374. Esuinusa, (i. ; discoveriea
in, I, 751, Cosa : colonies on, I. 147. Balboa : II. 354. En-
ciso ; U, 874. Espinusa, G. ; IV, 670. Paterson, W. ■ V.
85. Pizarro ; 88. Portocnrrero : survey, 716,&Yratn; snip-
canal at. II. .3. Craven. T. A. M.
Dark and bloo<lv ground, the. I. 687.
Dark day of 1780. the, incident of, U, 84, Davenport, A. ;
VI. 63. Tenneu. .S'.
Dark Stream, tlie. II, 667. Glynn.
Darley, Mrs. John C.. V. 74-3. .Stilly. T.
Dartmouth. Earl of. III. <I78, Letigr.
Dartmouth college, foumlwl. VlT 4.Vi. Whrelnck. E. ; con-
troversy in an<l suit. 4.56. W'heeUtck. J.; illustration. 450 :
name of. III. Leoiiv : suit concerning. I, 308. Bntirn. F.:
VI, 407 ; I, 471. "Burlnn ; IV. N58. (tecum : admission of
negroes, 85, Ixtrd. S. : gifts to. L 571. Chandler. A. :
II, 841, ICmerson. B. D. : 480. Fletcher, R. : 707. Grimes.
J. W. ; III. 40. Hall. Frederick ; FV. 85. Ijord. A'. ; V, 810,
R-ed. »'. ; 712. Stoughton. E. H'. : VI. 78. Thayer. 8. :
4.3.5. Wenticnrth. B and J.; 436. HVnfiror/*, J. ; 514,
Willard, J. D. : .548, Wilson. O. F. ; 565, Winkley ; ob-
servatorj' of. V. 484. .Shattuck, G. C.
Darwin, Charles, quotnl. IV. 818. Marsh. O. O.
Darwin. Erasmus, III, 415. Jefferson. T. ; VI. 677, Darurin,
Charles R.
Darwinian theory, the, II, 460, Fiske, John ', VI, 677, Dar-
win, Charles R.
Das Cobras island, revolt In. 11. 486. ^<K>.
Dashmon*. Frank, pseudonym. II. 828, Duvmtnf/, F. M.
Date-|>alin tree, a famous, I. 88, Antonio.
D'Aubign*^. II. 51. Ikihney, R.
D'Aiibigny. C. F., pupils of, II, 858, Enneking ; VI, 171,
Trym, D. W.
D" Aubrey. I»uise. IV. 807. Marion.
Dauphin Island. III. S». Iberrille.
DAuniMiiiont. M.. VI. 022. Wright, F.
Davenport. la., scheme for colony at. III, 6B8, Laalie.
D'Avezac. I^niise, III. 747, Lirinpstoi,. E.
David. Jac(]ues I>ouis, I, 117, Audubon ; 11, SOI, Foreatier ;
IV. on. />iir/<i<-.
Davidge. Dr. J. B.. V. 90. Pi>lter, S : II, 670, Oodman.
Davitts, John, pseudonvm. II. 187. Pixwell.
Davidson. Dr. Oliver, it. 88. Davidson. L. M.
Davidson, Robert H. M.. V, 187, Purman.
Davidson, (Jen. William. 11. 308. Ewing, F.
Davidson wlle^e, N. C , II. W. Davidson, W.
Davies, John. II. 02, Pa vies, T.
Daviea, Rev. Samuel, quoted, VI, 375.
Davila, diacouma on. I. 81 .
Davila, Pedrarias, IV. B97. Prdrarias.
Davis. Siwumed name. I. 480. Burroughs 8.
Davis, Alexander. II. 741. Greeley, H.
Davis, Art. 111.870 II.... ~ I-
Davis, col. II. STJ 'vror.
Davis, Dr. E S., i; ngs.
Davis, Rev. Henrv ... ... /»nf»«, //. H*.
Davia, Jefferson, "his honii>. ilhistratioD, II. 10] : effect of
Greeley's signatun- to his bail bond, 740 ; bis hostility
to J. E. Johnstor- '" '•■' ^m.
Davia, Lucius D . \ a, M. J,
Davis, Samuel. II /
Davia, W. M . V. 4-» V. .<f.
Davia. Rev. Thomas. VI. .iM
Davis, Thomas, II. lOfi. iMiris, P.
Davison, William. I. .371, Breurtter, W.
Davis atrait, Ul, 896, Hudson, H.
726
DAVY
DESSOUG
Dary. Humphrey. II. 207, Dorasj/, J. S. ; V, 846.
DswBon, O. v.. iV. 6. Louan, J. A.
I)aw8<>ii, MoM's. Ill, UH.
HawBon, Kev. Thomas, IV, 61.3. Owen, O.
Day, John, II, 11.1, Ikij/e.
Day, Luke. V. 4NS, Sh(ti,a.
Day, Mary Anne, I, -kU.
Day, R<)l>ert and Thoma«, II. 111. Day, J.
Day, Dr. Sylvesttr, II, 111, iMiy, //.
Day-8tar of the Revolution, the, HI, 68, Hamilton, A.
Dayton, Aamu O., Ill, 5^6, Kirki>atrick, A.
Dayton, O., first settlement at, IV, 673. Futterson, R.
Daza, Cristobal. II. 164. Dinz de Pineda.
Dazier. Adelaide. 1. 4«6. Hyrd, H. L.
Deacon, II. C. 1. 54H. Vary, A. L.
Deaconefwes, first intro<luced in hospitals. IV, 668, Passa-
vant : order of, established, VI. 4U.j, Whittingliam.
D«iad rabbit riot, the. II. a73. Duryte.
Dead sea, the. survey of, IV, 65, Lynch, W. F.
Deaf-mutes, instruction of, I, 212, Bibian ; 213, Beck,
T. R. ; a», Bell ; 374, Bridqman ; »14, Brace, J. ; 526,
Carlin, J. ; fr»9, Clerc : 686, Cogsioell, M. F. ; U, 579,
Gallaudet ; III, 335, Hutton, A. B. ; IV, 505, Newsam ;
700, Pert, H. and /. L. ; V, 70, Porter, S. ; 7H, Strong,
O. S. ; 701, Stone, C. ; jdft for, V, 474, Seybert.
Dean, Edmund, II, 11.5, Dean, Julia.
Dean. MarRery, i>en-name. V, 33. Pitman, M. J.
Dean's Swamp, enfra>rement at, I, 482. Butler, W.
DearlKtrn, Gen., at the surrender of Detroit. Ill, 309.
Dearborn observatory, V, 413, IScammon, J. Y.
Deas, Anne I., Ill, 372, Izard.
De Bary. Henri A.. II. 409. Farloir.
Debate between the Church and Science, the, anonymoua
book. VI. 213, Upham, F. \V.
De Berdt, I-:8ther. V. 309. Reed, J.
De Heriot. I. 44.5. Bull. O. B.
Do Brain. William Qerar. V. 03, Piruhon.
Debt, injprisonment for, aboUshed. II, 453 ; III. 444. John-
son, R. M. ; III. 703, Lewis, Ellis ; V, 601, Stilwell ; VI,
568, Wiman.
Debt, U. S., reduction of. under Gallatin, 11. 578 : Increase
during war of 1812. 578 : refunded, 720 : reduction of,
1868-'76, 723 : III. 135. 1.36 ; IV. 08. McCiilloch, H.
Debtors, colonization of imprisoned. IV. .565, Oglethorpe.
I)ebt8. a.ssumption of .state, by the government, IV, 169.
De Camp, Maria Theresa, III, 510, Kemble, C.
Decatur. James. II. 120. 121, 122.
Decatur's monument, illustration, II, 121.
Deccan survey, the, I, 107. Artliur. 0.
Decimal coinaKe. commission on. I. 47, Alexander, J. H.
Decius, pen-name, II. 598, Gardner, S. J. ; III, 743, Living-
aton. H. B.
Decker. Adolf. VI. 283. Versehoor.
Declaration of Indeix-ndence. the I, 17 ; 537 ; 11. 326. Ellen/.
W. : III. 96. HarrCton. B : 665, Lee, R. H. : IV. 706,
Pendleton ; draft of. V. 501. Shemuin, R. : 568. Smith,
J. ; confrress urged ti rescind. 11. 241. DucH : first print-
ed, ^S, Dnnlop. John ; Franklin's share in. 531 ; as first
published. III. 71, Hancock. J. : publication of, 208. Hil-
leijaii : adopte<l in New York. 409 : committee to draft,
744. LiHntjsfon. R. R. : its authorship. IV. 6;il, Pome, T.:
first puhliclv read. IV. 525, AVxon, J. : house where it
was written, illustration. IV. 624 : read to the armv, VI,
377 : second celebration of. III, 585, Ladd, J. B. ; our in-
tellectual. II. 345.
I)e<-larati()n of Independence. Mexican. III. 107. Hidalgo, M.
Decoration day. origin of. II. 198. Dnunldaon, J. L.
De (Yillon, Coimt. III. 171, Henni, John.
Dedham. view of house at. II. 400.
Deep Bottom, engagements at. II. 714. 71.5.
Deep-sea soundings, sv.stem of. instituted, IV, 265.
Deer, the, capture of. I. 175. Barrett, E.
Deerfield, Mass., captives taken from, VI, 623, WiUiama,
John.
Deerfield. the Sevmour house at. Illustration, V, 477.
Deering. Marv. V. 10». Preble. E.
Deering. N. H.. VI, 436, Wentworth, F. D.
Deflagrator, the. III. 81. Hare, R.
Defoe. Daniel. V. 457. Selkirk.
De Forest. W.. II. (VM, Ooitdyear.
Defregger. Franz. III. 589, Koehler. R.
Degeraudo, Baron, VI, 177, Tuckerman, J.
De (Solver contract, the. II 603.
De OrafT. the buccaneer. III. 631, Tyaurent.
De Oroot. Albert. VI. 660, finker, P. C.
De Hart, Abigail. IV. 277. Mayo. John.
De Hart. John. IV. 277. Mayo, John.
D«»hewainiK, III. 424. Jemiaon, M.
Dehn, M., II. 6.3. Ikimrotch.
Delmos, satellite named. III. 37. Hall. A.
pelrdr*. anonymous poem. HI, 478, Jottce. R. D.
JJe Kevser. pupil of. IV. 286. Meek* ; .331, Millet, F. D.
De In Barre, government of, in Canada, U, 664.
De Ijiet. HI. 207.
Delafleld, Julia. HI. 7ns, Uttnu. M.
De lAncey, Alice. HI. »72. P.ard.
De I^ncey, Ann. VI. .30."). Watt*. J.
De Dancey. Anne. II. 488. Floyd. A. : IH, 471. Jbnef. T.
De Lancey, Charlotte, IV, 70, MacAilam.
De I.ADcey, Jane. VI. .305, Watt*, J.
De Lancey, Margaret M.. V, 294. Rochester, T. F.
De lAncey, Susan, VI, 8»i7, Warren, Sir P.
De lAucey house, the. illustration, II, 129.
Deland, Lorin F.. VI. 678, Deland, M. W.
Delano, Samuel, II, \'i&, Delano, A.
i>elaroche. Paul, pupils of, L, 526, Carlin. J. ; I, 689, Chaa-
Hcrieau ; H, frl3, Uignoux ; lU, 261, Hoppin, T. F. ; V,
423, Schoff ; 429, Schusaele.
Delaware, oldest deed for land in, 1, 295, Blommaeri ; Lord
Baltimore's claim to, UI, 188, Herrman, A. ; constitu-
tion of, IV, 128, McKean, T. ; seizure of the governor
an^ records of, 137, McKinly, J. : separation of, from
Penn., 210, Markham, W. ; revolt in, 1776. .328. Miles. S. ;
Swedish colony in, IV, 838. Minuit \ Swedish setUe-
meuts in, V. 126. Printz. J.
Delaware, destruction of the frigate. HI, 69, Hamond.
Delaware bay. first colony on. lU. 269, Host.et ; UI, 297.
Delaware breakwater, the. I. 128. Bache. H.
Delaware river, the, named. U. 134. Delawarr ; Dutch
colony on, 157, De Vries ; III. 214. Hinoyossa ; crof«ing
of, by Washington. 566 ; claim to, V. 463. Sergeant, J.
Delaware Indians, the, books in their language, II, 378,
Ettwein : mission to. 552, Frisbie ; in the Revolution,
III, 572, Koquethagachton : first work in langiiage of,
238. Holm ; VI, .58. Teedyuseung.
Delawarr, Earl. VI, 440, West. L. S. 8.
Del Campo. Fernandez. III. 479.
Del Cano, Sebastian. IV, 173. Magellan.
De rEp6e, M., H, 579, Gallaudet, T. H.
Del^ry, Jean. See LfeRY. HI, 694.
Delille, AhM, II, 238, Dubois, J.
Dehlle, H. A.. IV, 3, Logan. O.
Delisle, Guillaume. IV, 498, yeuville, P. B.
Delisle. Joseph Nicholas, II, 559, Fuentei, B.
Delia Crusca. IV, 309, Merry.
Delphian dlub, the, of Baltimore. IV, 484, XeeU, J.
Delphi of New England, the, U, 344.
Del Techo, N., VI. 127, Toict.
Del Valle. Marquis, IV, 722, Peralta, G.
Delvau, Alfred. V, 126, Privat.
Demaray, M., II. 267. Duqvet.
Demarest, Rev. AV., II. 542, Frelivghuysen, T. J.
Demarest. Theodore T. C, VI. 678, Demarest, M. A. L.
Demens Egomet, pen-name, VI, 533, Williams, T.
Demetrios, Andrea, 31, 179, Dimitry.
Democratic party, the, I, 27 ; III, 380 ; formation of, IV,
142, Maclay, W.; losses of, through slavery legislation,
V, 10 ; two-third rule in nominations, V, 406, Saunders,
R.M.
Democratic Review. I, 417, Brovmson, O. A.; IH, 126, 127.
Demologos, the, U, .564, Fiilton, R.
Demos krateo principle, the. VI, 195. 412.
Demosthenes of the mountains, IV, 326, Miller, H. M. V.
Dempster, Rev. James, H, 139, Dempster, J.
Denis, Ferdinand. II. 439, Ferrand.
Denison college, gifts to, H. 142, Dennison.
Deuison university, gift to, II, 189, Doane, W. H.
Denman, Jacob S.. IV, 48, Lazier. C. L
Denman, Matthias, II, 4.57. Filson.
Denmark, gift from the king of. IT, 295, Eaton, W.
Denning, William, II, 245, I>uer, W. A.
Dennev, Miss, H, 225. Drake, F. A.
Dent, tiapt. George. II, 725. Grant, J. D.
Dent, Dr. John, II, 249, Dugus.
Dent, Julia B., H, 709.
Dental institutions, founded, HI, 182. Hayden, H. H.
Denver, Gol., I, 205. Beall, S. W. ; first house in, m, 618.
Larimer ; school at. VI. 589. Wolfe, J. D.
De Palm. Baron de. II. 144. De Palm, J. H. L.
De Patz, Baron, III, 315. Hunneus.
De Pauw university and college, H, 144 ; gift to, IV, 187,
McKim.
De Peyster. Alice J.. II. 3.37. Elmendorf, J.
De Peyster, Catherine. VI, 237, Van Cortlandt, PMlip.
De Poincy, M., II. 375, Espivent.
Derbv, Dr., II. 267, Dupuis.
Derby. Earl of . I, 452, Burgoi/ne : V, 645, Stanley, F. A.
Derby, Conn., IV, 196, Mansfield, R.
Dere villa, plant called, H, 177, DiereviUe.
Dermer. II. 688, Gorges.
De Ronde, Rev., Lambertius, 11, 287, Dm Bois, O.
Derqui. SanOago, IV, 350, Mitre ; VI, 17, Taboada ; 218,
Urnuiza.
Derrick, invention of the portable, I, 422, Bryant, O.
Derryfleld, N. H.. V, (m. Stark, J. *
Desaguadero. discovery of the, V, 811, Rojas, O.; battle
of, 395. Santa Cruz, A.
De Saussure, H. W.. I. 499.
Deschamps, M.. III. 699, Lethih-e.
Deseret, III. 2.53, Hooper. W. H.; VI, 645.
Deseret alphabet, the, author of. IV. 755, Phelps, W. W.
Deserte»N, alleged British, seized. I. 178, Barron.
Desertions from Wa.shington's army, I, 96.
Desfourneaux. Gen., Ill, 306. Hiigues.
Des Granges, Zulime, II. 572. Gaines. Mirra C.
Desiccating pr<ices.ses. invention of. V, 698, Stoddard, W. O.
Despard, Matilda P., II. 733. Greatorex, E.
Deasoug, the steamer, U, 6GB, Gorringe.
DESTRfiLEAU
DOPPLER
7V7
DMtl^lMU, M., II. I4«. Derbignu.
DMtrojrer, ibe, 11, tiX, />•<>/". Tt' F.; 905, Erietaon.
HetecUre •orrloe, V, ar. /..n.
Detroit, time or. II, ft^V. iiiulcr of. I. 4M, Corf^/-
/<u: ; trealy «t. aaa, //> rt«4.-kon. by r>tuwiu..VI.
«7, TVi/tm ; in «he Kt-VMluilon. 1. O-.T : rt- ll»-f of. II. •!!. Ikil-
«•«. J. ; forlirUatioii at. II, •£<&, Iht IJtut ; KuriviithT of, I.
881, Brock ; .'vM. Cum, A.: III. »>». i/u«. »'.; V.Oiil. .VwrW-
fil0. J.; VI, 44, Tnylfir, .Inmrn ; Indian itlol to tHkc, sifge
of, V, «M, iVnh<ir ; <-(>ll)'f^> r<HiM(i<-<i in. IV, :11M, .t/iVt^ : V,
W. /iVtr : hrHipital foiUKhtl in. IV, l.VI, McMillan. Jamm;
ritt to. fi(K. Xeicberry, John S. ; pioneera uf , I. mt). tiisiiop,
Levi.
Petrolt. capture of the brlR, II. 880. Elliott. J. P.
Deux HoiitiurneM. Indian Hettleiuent at, V, 5, Ptcquet.
De Vmux culleKt-, II. 181
D« Vela, Nuftei, II. 106. Dint tie Pineda.
Development tiieorj-, the. I, 8ft ; VI. 83a.
De Ven-here«, II, 613, <init],e, P. /.
DeTereux. T. P.. 1. »W.\ Clarke. M. B.
I>eTe«ac. Aujruste. V. .tW. Hom-liuti.
Devil, the. 8«^>ri<iuet, I. STS. Hricetlo, A. S.
Devil'8 AdjuUnt. the. sobriquet. VI. 387, W'cUler, J.
Devil'ti Run. fleht at. III. 24. . Hood, J. B.
Devlin. Mary. 1. »1U.
De VrieK, IVter Rudolphus. IV, 758, Philipte ; expedition,
the. III. 28B. HoMet.
Dew. tlM-ory of. VI. 481. Wells, W. C.
De Wecker. Dr., V. JW4. Reuling.
Dp Wette. II, 4»1. Pollen.
Dewey. Daniel. II. 158. Dettey. C. A.
Dewey. Marj- K.. V, 452. Sedgirick, C. M.
iK'wey. Paul. 11. 150. Iteteeu, O.
De Witt, RiehanI Variek. II. 887. FJmendorf, J.
Dexter. Andivw, II. ItK. Dexter. S. N.
Dexter. George T.. II. 804. Edmondt. J. W.
Dial. the. II. Sl5 ; a new. 346 ; the. 561. Fuller, Sarah Mar-
naret ; V. 259.
Diamond, the Iltt, I. 691. Chatham.
Diainond-c-utting, art of. IV. 428, Marte, H. D. ; machine
for. 423.
Diamond field, alleffed. III. 545. King. Clarence.
Diamonds, artitli-ial. V. 870. SuinteClaire. If. E.
Diamond we<ldln)f. the. I. 185. BartUtt, W. A.
Diard. M.. V. .374. S<iint Simon.
Diarist. A., pen-name, VI. 71. Thayer, A. W.
Diaz. Feline. III. 683. Ijautaro.
Diaz del cWillo. Bemal. IV. 670. Olid.
Diik, A. L.. II. H». Dick, J. T.
Dick, Capt.. Ill, 567, Knox, James.
Dick. Dr. Thoman, II. 507. Forsyth, Joltn.
Dickenn. Asburj*. II. 141. Dennie.
Dickens, Charles, I, 63t». Clark. L. G. : ori»rinal of Bor.. 11.
170. Dickens, /I. iV. ; 788 ; cited. V. 32. PUchlynn ; the plot
of Harnabv Rudtfe. 45.
Dickinson, fiarnabas, II. 174, Dickitison, M. K.
Dickinson, Kllen E., V, tW4, SiHtulding, S.
Dickinson, .lohn. I, 11, Adamn. Ahiyail.
Dickinson, John, niinrrel of, with Adams. I. 17.
Dickins<^n, i^muel I).. II, 173. Dickinson. J.
Dickinson. Samuel p'owier, II. 173. Dickinson, E.
Dickinson. Submit. II. 447, Field. D. D.
Dickinson, Temperance. IV, 5,56. Ikiell. ./.
Dickinson collejfe. founded. II, 178. Dickinson, J. ; 858,
Emory ; IV, .524. Kisbet, C. ; ho««i>ital8 at, 487, NeiU, J.
Dick's River. Ky.. III. 5<57, Knox. James.
Dictionaries, Ameri<-an. VI, 417. Wfl^ter, N.
Dictionary, flrst American, of Knglish, U, 831, Elliott,
John.
Didimus. H.. pen-name. II. 271. Durell.
Diego Ramirez islands. IV. 529. Nodal.
Dietz. Feodor. IV, .^M, Moeller.
Diez, Wilhelm. pupils of. II, 176, Dielman ; 877, i>Meimecir ;
VI, 301, y in ton. F. P.
Dieza, Diego de, II. iH'M, Eseanddn.
INve.stion. study of the |>roce«is of, I. 210. Beavmont, H'.
Diirges. .Sir Th.imas, II, 177, Diggea, Sir D.
I>illg>nt, the, I, 4(10. Brown, Mo»e».
Dillave. Harriette A., VI, (W7, Rambaut.
Dillitigham. I'aiil. I. Ml, Carpenter, M. H.
Dillon, IVter. Ill, flirt, t.n Perouse.
Dinint; r<Miiii Magazine, the, IV, 00, Lyman, L. R. B.
Dinnies, John ('., II. 18l>. Dinnies.
DInocerata. the. IV, 218, Marsh, O. C.
Ditmmore, W. B . I. II. Adams, .4/rin.
Dinwiddle Oourt-House, engagements at, II, 716 ; V. 500,
Sheridan.
Dlneenan hoiMe, V'l. .500. Wolfe.
1' ■• - I VI. no, Till'innhnsf. J. L.
■•'. n-organlrjitlon of the, IV, 501, OrtK.
1 rieiids of Indand, the. IV. 555, O'Cunor.
l>.~t|.|>r^«i.i.i: MiM. the. III. 44.5, .lohnson, J. S.
llisbrowe. John. II. I>«. Disttnxre.
Disciple* of ( 'brist . Ibe. I, .M.V Campbell,^.
Discovery, the. vovm.'--
«0. /fyIo(:715; III.
of ft seaman of. 20N ;
Dislocation. Mctacarpo
Crosby. D.
Baffin : 484. Button ;
H. ; alleged confemion
....^'•il, reduction of, II, 16,
DiMecUon, act lecallsinir. VI. 800. tTatson, B. A.: tm,
Wottd J It
Disaen, Pnif.,'l, 151. Bancroft, O.
Dl-Menten*. eUMtioii of, from England, IV, tS8. Mather. H.
Diatlllatiun, invention of prooesaes, VI, 861, H'arrva, Cmrus
More.
District of IVilumbia. scheme to aboliith slavery In. III.
716: emanclMlion in, 719; slavery in, 411. 414. Jam,
William : VI. W9.
Ditcher. Invention (.f a. V. 173, Randall, T. F.
Divan of Algiers, the. II. .V«.
Dlvidt-rs niid ealiiwrs. |«nt4-nt on. V. 408, SawytT, &
Dividing eii^'in*-. Invi-iiiion of tiie. I. 207. Blunt, K.
Diving tx-ll lM>at«. invention of, II, 887, Had*.
Divinity, the new, VI, IS»2, Tyler, B.
Divinity Ktudents. F.mer>u>n's address to. n, 816.
Dlvorc«'. discussinn on. IV. 616. Owen, R. D.
Dix. Timothy. II. 183. Dix, J. A.
Dixon, fol. Ilenry. II. 185. Dixon. Archibald.
Dixon. Samuel «.. V. 172. Randolph. S. A.
Dixon. Wynn. II. 18.5. IHxon. Architmld.
Dixon's Entrance, strait. dis«-overe<l. II, 186. Dixon, O.
DobbM. Arthur, descendants of, V, 017, Sitaight.
DobsoD, Thomas, I. 418. Bruce. (1.: III. 612. iMtcmm, A.
Doctor Johns, original of. IV. .-MO, Mitchell. D. O.
Doctor of Divinity, title of. first conferred in America. IV.
8M. Mather, I.
Dr. Oldham at Oreystonea, anonymous booic. III. 170,
Hrnry. C. S.
Doctors mol». the. I, 200, Bayley, R : V. M. Post, W.
Documents, oftlcial. (Irst printer of, V, 3^2, Rnssell B.
Dodge, Elizal>eth C. III. 551. Kinney, ElUabelh C.\ V. 658,
Stedman, Edmund Clarence.
Do«lge. Rev. Fjseklel. IV, .521. Niles, S.
Dodge. Htnry, III, 732. Linn, L. F.
Dodge. Israel. II, 193. Ikidge. H.
Dodge, William. II, IW. / >dye. M. if
Doesticks. O. K I'hilandtr. (len-name. VI. 99. Thomson, M.
Dog-show, tlie Hrst. in America. V. 545. Skinner, F. O.
Dolfus. Augusfe, VI, 2')7, l'i71<frTnef.
Dollar Magazine, the, V. iX
Dollar .Monthly, the. I, 238, Bennett, E.
~>ollier, POre, II, 575. Halinre.
DOllingi-r. I^of.. of Munich. I. 84.
DOIIinger, Dr., I. 701. Coxe. A. C.
Dolores, Chili, battle of, I, 498. (VJrerr*.
Dolores. California. mLssion of. III. 489. Junipero.
Dolphin, the, I. tJW, Hill. C. II.
Dotp!iin, iTtory of the sliMip, II, 452. Fillmore.
Dolly Moiint.'shooting conf<'st at, II, tit. tkikin.
Domesticiis, anonymous novel, I, 477, Ituller, W. A.
iKiiiie triK-ar, inve'nliou of the, II, 472. Filch, Simon.
.■>omey!;o. Sel'^or, III. 315. Hunneus.
Doiiiintfue, (Jen , V, 378, Stdnace.
I>omiiiica. buttle in the channel of. V. 801. Rodney.
Dominican republic, the. founded, II. JB6. IHtnrte, J. P.
Dominicans. inlriMluction of. into U. S., II. 431. Fentrick.
E. D. : ill Nicaragua. .501. Forns : .Mexican general
of, IV. 862. Monroy : attempts to prtKect the Indians by.
867. Montesino3. A.: first convent f>f. la U. 8., VI. BU.
Wilson. T. : convents of, in E<Mia«lor. IV. 860, Monte-
negro : tnmbles of. in Chili. 51(t. Srura : missions of, I,
TO. Angulo. P. de : 850-261. Bertrand ; 281, Betantos, D.
rjid P., Betrta ; .308. Bretim ; 518. Cnucrr : .545. Carva-
jal, 11. de ; 788. Conlova. F. de : 789, Cortlova, P. de ;
III, 810. fetrrsdorf; 748, Lixairxtfia ; 749. l^tayza ; IV.
CO. i>M ^Sanf'Mi: 58, Luno; 899. Menier : 340. Miranda,
P. ; 851. Moguer ; V. 221. Rengino : 257. Rio, D. ; SOt,
San Martin. T. de ; 396. .SnraiiVi ; 4<V1, .Servien ; VI. 183,
Toledo, li.: 224, Valdirieso. A. dc ; 239. I'anden Brodt;
886. I'iana. F. : 887. I'lr.. ; 2W. ricfona. T. ; 654. Za-
mora. A.; 660. Xej>e<la ; WS. XuAiga, D.
Dominican sisters, gift to. VI. 872, Washburn, C. C.
Dominique. C«i)t.. VI, f>42. I'oii.
Doiiiiniquo, naval Ivillles off. IV. 170. Maitx.
Domini:K Col. J <>.. 111. 490. Kalakoua.
Domino, new stylo of. III. .336. ffyatt, J. 11'.
Dom Miguel, throne of Portugal usurped by, IV, 008. IV
dro /.
Don. the. blockade rtinnor. III. 220. Hobart, A. C.
Donald. Thoinns, III. IDM. fyjuder, J. M. D.
Dnnaldw>n. .M«J J . III. PW, Hi-rrman, E. O.
Don Carlos, II, 274, Dutuau.
Donenl church. Pa . Illustration. II. 674.
Dooelsoa. Mrs. A. J . III. 8K).
Dooclsoa. Rmilv. III. »M. Jackson.
DooelBon, John' and Ra<ht I, ITT. 371. 381, Jaekaon, R.
DonelKNi, Mary, VI, r,:\ (off. u
DooeraOe. Viscount. V, .371, St. fjrger.
Doney. Thomas, V. 867. Smith, H. W.
Doniphan. Joseph. II, 800, Donifthan.
Don Martin. IV, «M. MariHa.
Donnacona. I, 543. Cartier. J.
Donner party, the. I. 866. Brrm.
Don Quixote of the Jerseys, the. III. 74S, Uvtmgatosi, W1U
iam.
Don Simplicio. newspaper. V. I6A, Ramim, t.
" Don't give up the snip." III. 641. Ijnwrenet, J.
Doppler, Uerr. V. SOA. Sherwood, W. H.
728
DORAN
DUFFY
Itoran, Ellen C. VI. ««, Howarth, Ellen, C.
Dorcht-MUT, set I lenient of, VI, 472, White, J.; view of Ever-
ett's birthplace at, II, 3S» ; church of, blown up, 475, Pitz-
pdtrick. J. B.
Do^che^a4«r company, II, 355, Endicott, J.
!>.irch«'ster liciKJitH. fortitlcatiou of, VI, Hi, Thornan, John.
norcy. (Ji«ot, II, (W7, (iibtui.
I)on'ii"iU8, Thomas C. II. 'Mi.
l>oria. Dr. tYaiiklin, II. 540. Freire, Luiz.
l)orn, Maj.. I. I'Jti, Hayunl, U. D.
DorolJiea. the. I, 428, Jiuchan ; II, 534, Franklin, Sir J.
I)«)rr, Knsign Miwu-s*, V, 051, Stanwiu:
l)«>rr. Seneca R., II. 206. l><jrr, J. C. R.
Dorr, Sullivan. U. 205. Diirr, T. »'.
Dorr's ret>ellion. II. 2tHi. Iktrr, T. H'.; IV, 154, McXeill.
I>ors«>t. Duke of. II, «2«. (Jermnine.
Dorsheimer, Philip. II, 20M, Dorsiteinier, IV.
lK)r8<'y, t)wen. II. 20ti, Oorreiio.
Dorsey, Samuel \V., II, 207, Lktrsey, S. A.
Douav, Gen., IV. 215, Mtlrquez, L.
Doubk'-shuJMe movement, the, Canadian politiea, I, W3,
Cnrtier, O. E.\ IV. 103.
Double stars, discovery of. I, 684. Clark, A. G.
lK>uj:h-face, author of the term, V, 170, Randolph.
DoiikIu.s, Sir Howard, II, 200, Du Font.
IKiii^la-S Marian. |K'ii-name. V, 282, Robinson, A. D.
Douj,'la.«;, K. M. an.l S. A.. II, 215.
Douglas monument, illustration, II. 215.
IK>UKlass, Mass., II. 217, Iktualasa, Vi'.
DouKlasa, David. VI. 20, Tailfer.
I>ouKla^*>. Frederick, on John Brown's plan.<«, I, 406.
l>ouw, Ann, VI. 2;J8. I'liii Cortlandt, P.
Dove, tlie, I, 50(>, Calvert. L.
Dover, N. H., founde*!. III. 331, Hutchinson, Anne.
Dove-tailinK machine, invention of a. Ill, 505, Kellogg, G.
Dowd, J. Luella. i)en-name. V, 579, Smith, L. D.
Dowell, James K.. V, .58, I'ollard. M. A. A'. O. D.
Downing. U. W.. II. 221. Downing, F. M.
Downing. Emanuel. IV, 530, Norton, J.
Downing, Major Jack, pen-name. V, ."jSO, Smith, Seba ;
letters of, II. 91. /><iii.s. C. A.; Ill, 383.
Downing, IjCwIs, II, 221, I\>wning, Col.
Downing college. Cambridge. II. 222, [>oiming. Sir G.
lK>wning str»>et, Ix)ndon. II, 222, Downing, Sir O.
Dowse, Kleazer. II, l£J2, Dowse.
Doven. M., III. rm. Lethiere.
DoVle, Col., IV, 208.
Draft of 1814. the. VI. 407.
Draft of IHW, outrages in Indiana. r\'. 4.'52, Morton, O. P.
Draft riots, the. Ill, 517. Kcnnedii. J. A.; 721 ; causes of,
V. 477 ; noted speech on. 477 : the, 561, Smith, E. D. : in
Wisconsin, .590. Smith, T. C. H.
Dragging Canoe, Chief. VI, 3.52. Ward, Nancy.
DragondorfT, Prof. O.. U. 249, Duffield, S. P.
Drake, Alexander, II, 225, Drake, Frances Ann ; first
travelling dramatic comjMiny, IV, 51, Ludlow, Noah M.;
V, .589, Smith. Solomon l''r<inklin.
Drake, Sir Francis, illustration of his ship, U, 224.
Drake, Janet. II, 120, De Kay. G. C.
Drake. John, VI, 679, Drake, F. R.
Drake, Julia, her two marriages, II, 115, Dean, Julia ; i(X>.
Fusdick, William Whiteman.
Drake, I»ui.se and Caroline, II. 224, Drake. J. R.
Drake, Thomas, V, 519. Slenker.
Drake, Miss. II. 49, Cutter, G. W.
Drake, the, capture of. III, 408.
Drake university, founded. VI. 079, Drake.
Drama, first, writu-n in America, II, 609, Godfrey, T
first American, acted, VI, 201 . Tyler, R.
Dranesville, battle at. IV, 584, Ord, E. O. C. ; V 727
Stuart, J. E. B.
Draper, John. II, 745, Green, B.
Draper, R<>v. John C, II. 220, Draper, J. W.
Draper, Sir W., II, 1.32, De Lancey, O.
Draper, Mrs., III. .350. Inglis, M.
Drawbridges, self-acting, inventor of, VI, 684, Mayall.
DrayUin, Jacf)b. II, 229, Drayton. W.
Drayton and Savres. trial of, IV, 191, Mann, H
Dn-adfiil, the, IV, 315. Michel. J. L.
pn-adnought. capture by the. I. .323. Boscaicen.
Dream of Alla-ad-Deen, anonymous poem, IV, 597, Os-
Ixrm, L.
Dredging, deep-sea. V, 93, PnurtaUs ; 091, Stimpmm.
DnHlging-bucket«, automatic, invention of, III, 442, John-
nan, F. G.
Drwlging-machines, II, 663 ; VI. 172, Tuck ; first steam, II,
884. Eiytns. O.
Drert Scott deolslon, the, I. 502 : H, 35, C^irtin. B. R.; 444,
fememlen. W. P.; IV, 144, McLean, J.; VI. 80, Taney.
Dres.ser, Amos, II. 611.
I)n-w semiimrv (rifts to. II. 231 ; IV. R7. McClintock. J.
I)r»'xel. J<tt«.ph W., II. 725 : house at Mt. MacGregor, 721.
Dreyfus tn-aty. the. II. 298. Erhenique, J. M.
Drevschoi-k. Alexander, IV, 248, Mason, W.
Dried-menl process, the. IV. 219, Marsh, Sylvester.
pries or Dries«h. II. 232. Drisius.
pn ing-engine, invention of a. Ill, 116. Haupt, H.
pmi jilough. invention of a, II, 674, Qale B
Drill-bowing, II, 017, Ualling.
Driving Home the Cows, anonymous poem, IV, 600, Os-
good, K. P.
Drolling, Micliel M., pupil of, V, 871, Saintin.
Drop Shot, pseudonym, I, 490, Cable.
Dnjwne, William, 11. Zii. Drowne, S.
Drummer-boy of Mis.sion Ridge, the. III, 674, Kountz.
Drummond light, the. III, 81, Hare, R.
Drury, Warren O., V, 439, Scott, R. K.
Drury's Bluff, engagement at, II, 064, OiUmore.
Druzes, the, V, 191, Rawson, A. L.
Dryden, Mr., Ill, 520, Key, P. B.
Duane, Mary, IV, 5;M, North, W.
Duarte de Costa, II, 071, Goes.
Dubakly, II, 201», Doubleday.
Du Bellay, Griffon. II, 241, Du Chuillu.
Dubienka. battle of. III, 678.
I)ublin, Congregational church in, FV, 252, Matlter, 8.
Dubois. Paul A., II, 242, Dudley, B. W.
Du Bois, Rev. Peter, U. 287, Du Bois, G.
Dubose, Charles W., II, 288, Dubose.
Dubroca. I..oui8, II, 154, Dessalines.
Dubufe, Edouard, pupil of, VI, 656, Wilson, M.
Du Buysson. Lieut., Ill, 491, Kalb.
Duchame, Abb6, III, 695, Lesieur.
Duch6, Rev. Mr., I, 31, Adams, S.
Duchesneau, M., II, 654.
Duck lake, engagement at, V, 252, Riel.
Duckworth, Admiral. I, 428, Buchan.
Duckworth, Sir J., Ill, 644. Laye.
Duclerc, .lean Baptiste, VI, 051, Ysambert. O.
Ducoudray Ilolstein. See Hou4tein, III, 843.
Dudley, Catharina, IV, 462, Murat.
Dudley, Charles. II, 243, IMidley. C. E.
Dudley, Mercy. VI, 599, Woodbridge, J.
Dudley, Mr., tV, 44, Loxrenthal.
Dudley observatory, II. 243, Dudley, B. ; 693, Gould, B. A. ',
struggle over the, IV. 701, Peirce.
Duelling, II. 357, England, J. ; bill forbidding, in D. C. V,
107, Prentis.<i, S. : laws against, enacted, VI, 509, Wood-
bridge. B. ; III, ."iSS, Lacour.
Duels, McDuffle-Cumming, I, 29 ; FV. 112 : Arnold's, with a
British captain, I, 94 : Arnold and Lauderdale, 86 ; Aus-
tin and Elliott, 121 : Decatur and Barron. 141 : 179 ; Bar-
ron. J., II, 121 ; I, 231, Belmont, A. ; 241 ; 2.58, Biddle, T. ;
challenge by Jefferson Davis, 271, Bissell, W. H. ; 338,
Bowie. J. : 347, Bradock ; 382, Broderick ; challenge to,
389, Brooks, P. S. ; 453, Bnrk : challenge to, 456. Burlin-
game ; 467 ; Cadwalader and Conway, 494 : 712, Conway,
T. ; Carey and Oswald. .524 ; Castries and Lameth, .5.'56,
Castries ; Carroll and Benton, 5.39, Carroll, W. ; Cilley
and Graves. 615, Cilley, Jonathan ; Clay and Marshall,
640 ; Clay and Randolph, 642 ; Clingman and Yancey, 6.58,
Clingman; Cummingand McDuffie. 11.29, Cumming. W.\
Cushing and Lewis, 40, Oushing, T. H. ; 74, 75, Dan iel. J.
M. : John Rowan, 92, Daviess ; Read and Dearing, 117 ;
Gilbert and Denver, 144 : Dulany and Allen. 252, Diduny,
L. ; of a woman. 361 : Baker and Brown, SWO, Evans. D.
R. ; 476, Flaqq. E. ; Foote with Prentiss, Winston and-
Claiborne, 496, Foote, H. S. : Temple and Whately, 5.30 ;
Fry and Brown. 5.57, Pry, Joseph : Gale and Stuart, 574.
Gale, S. ; Gates. Wilkinson. 615 ; challenge to J. R. bid-
dings, 642: Gilbert and Denver, 644; Graves and Cilley, 727,
Graves, W. J. ; Grymes, III, 8 ; Gwinnett and Mcintosh,
20 ; Hamilton and Burr, .59 : P. Hamilton and Eckert,
60 ; Horn and De Graff, 20.3. Horn, Van ; White and
Houston, 274 ; Howard with Prentiss and McNutt, 278,
Howard, V. E. ; Robert Howe and Gadsden, 283, Howe,
R. ; Hughes and Cameron, 805, Hughes, R. W. ; Inge
and Stanley. 346 : Jackson and Avery, 375 ; Jackson and
Dickinson, 375, .370 ; Jackson's challenge to Scott. .377 ;
Randolph and'Clay, .379 ; Wells and James Jackson, 387,
Jackson, J. ; J. S. Jackson, T. F. Marshall, 888 ; of Buc-
caneers, 441, Johnson. Daniel ; Clay and Randolph, 456,
Johnston, J. S. ; J. B. Ladd, .585 ; John Laurens and
Charles Lee. 631 ; John Law's, 6.36, Law. John ; of A. G.
Lawrence, 642 ; of Benjamin Ijee, 056 ; Charles Lee, 658 ;
Lee and Laurens, 600; Leggett and Blake, 679; of the buc-
caneers, Horn and Laurent, 031 ; Mcintosh and Gwinnett,
IV, 124 ; m, 20 ; challenge to a, FV. 128. Ruggles and Mc-
Kean ; Mackenna and Carrera, 131 ; Marryat and Willis.
216 : Marshall and Mitchell, 22.5, Marshall, T. ; Clay and
Marshall, 226 : Ma.son and McCarty, 243, Mason. A. T. ;
Middleton and Grant, 310, Middleton, T. ; Pleasants and
Richie, V,39: Poindexterand Hunt.4«; Porter and Smyth,
78, Porter, P. B. : Clay and Randolph, 179 ; Riker and
Swartout, 254, Riker, R. ; Soul6 and Duke of Al va and Mar-
quis de Turgot, 611 : Spaight and Stanly. 618 ; Stockton,
694, Stockton, R. F. ; Stokes and Pierson, 699, Stokes,
M. : Stuart and Boswell, 730, Stunrt, James ; Swartout
and Riker, VI. 6, Swartout, R. : Thomas and Price, 78.
Thomas. F. : Waddell, 310. Waddell, J. L ; Webb and
Marshall. 403, Webb. J. W. ; Willis and Marryat. 540 ;
Woodbridge and Phillips, 599. Woodbridge, B. ; Yancey
and Clingman. fiVl.
Duer, Dr. George S., II, 245. Duer, E. L.
Duer. John, II. 24.5. Duer, W.
Du Fav, III. .\50, Kinnersley.
Duffleld. George. II. 249. Duffield. J. T.
DuflTy, WUliam, lU, 548, King, W. R.
DUFRESNE
EDWARDS
720
DufrMOe, Jqh«. III. XiS. lAigo.
DiWiy-Trouin, V. ai. Heiuird.
niiiarrler. III. 5K3. Iaicout.
|)uk.% BoKil W. IV. ttS.
Duke, the, aubriquft, V, OM, Stockton, R. ; VI, 4M,
WickUfff.
Diike'H Uws, the, IV, 517, NieolU MatKUu ; 518, NicoU*,
Sir Kivhard.
Duliilh, ('hi«'f. IV. 96. MeCrea, J.
Duliilh, Danifl. I, 0. Amiult.
iHt Lux catf, the. III. 418. Jiiy, J.
Dumas, Alexandre, U, 253, Dunuu, A. D.; 571, Gailtardet :
III. »tS, Home.
DumaH, IV. 963, Montcalm.
Dumati, chemical theoriett nf. III, 3t0. Hunt, T. S.
Dumont, M,. pupil of. V, 2:^1. Hobertt, H.
Dumourier, M.. 11, 3Tfl. Euttace.
Duniouriez, Fran^'oin, V. 188. Pultuki.
Duiiltar, Dr. J. R. \V., V. 001, Steiner.
DunlMirtoii. N. II., V. ftW, Stark, ./.
Duncan, buccaiu-cr. II, -WT, Fernandez de Piedrahita.
Duncan, I>avi(l, II, iVi, Itunran, J. A.
Duncan, C'apt., Ill, 75, Hnunegan.
Dundaii, Sir D., II, l.'tt, Ih-lnncey, O.
DiinitonaUl, Earl of, I, C71, Cochrane, A. F. I.
Dundreary, cliara«'t»T of, V, fl()H. Sotkem.
Dunft-nnlinc. S<'<itlaiid. nitti* to, I. .V-JB, Cameoie.
DiuiiftMifss. lt<»ndi>lj)h of, V. 174, KundoljA, \V.
Dunham, David, VI. .VW, Wilhorit.
DunkerM, S<'vcnth-<lay, I, 'iSH, Beitsel.
Dunlap, Frances, IV, 41.
Dunlap, Williani, II, 258, Ihtnlap, John.
Diuilap, W., Ill, 40, Hallam. L.
Dunlap 8.K'iety, the, II, aSQ, Dunlap, W.
Dunn Browne, i)s»'udonym. II. 4«8. Fisk, S.
Dunning. Rev. Andrew." II. 261. iMinniny, A. K.
Dunning. Daniel. 11. 407. Furgo, W. U.
Dunton. John. 11. 821
Duperrey. M., II. 436, Fernandez, J.
Duponceau, P. 8., his exposure of an impoRtor, m, 888,
Hunter. J. I).
Du Pont, C"harU>s Ir^^n^, U, 854.
Du Pont, VI, 216, \',in l>yke, N.
Du Pont, Henry. II. 2<>5.
Dupontin. Archbishop, I, 391, Bropky.
Duppa, Abraham, III, 711, I.iyon.
Du Puy. H. W.. 1, 52, Allen, K.
Dupuy, Col, II, 267, Dupuu.
Duquesne, Admiral, ll,26i.
Duquesne, Fort, II, 267, Duquetne de MennevHlle.
Duran, Carolus, pupils of. 1, 214, Beckirith. J. C. ; II. 788,
Ortatorejc, K. E. ; 760, Gregory. E. ; IV, 638. Palmer, W.
L.; V, 898. S<iraent. J. S.; Vl, SOT, MiUa, I. K.
Duran, Father, iV, 250, MoHtritli.
DuranK, Ferdinand, III. 530. Key, F. 8.
Durant. Henry. 1. '■ii. Adams, \y.
Duren. N. (J. and R., II. 695. Gould. N. D.
Durham tract. Pa.. V. 48. Plumated.
DurtMwy. M.. II. 3M. Enambuc.
Durrall. Marv. I. .Vr7.
Dury. John. IV 536, Norton, J.
Duryee's zouaves. II. 273, iHiryee.
DuNtin, Thomas, 11, 274, IHtxtin, H.
Dustin's island, II, 274, Ihuitin, H.
Dutch, the, American relations with, I. 18. 15) ; expe<Iitior
of.a^^inst the S|tanish co|oni(*s. HI. l.M). Hfin ; ct>ntro-
Tersv with the Swe<les, 2!C), Huddc ; uneo-siness in S|>aiu
at the dlsc-overies of. 3W, Ikt-rinfj ; c«jnt«i»ts with the
Kpaniards in American waters, \ ,i&l. SpieltMnrgen ; colo-
nies of, VI, 240, I'an drn Broek.
Dutch chiureh. New Amsti'rdam, view of. IV, 887.
Dutch church, old, at New Utrecht, V, 426.
Dutch East India company, the. III, 297 ; privileges of,
•W, Le itaire ; V, 427, .Schnuten.
Ihitch millionaire, the, IV, 758, Philipne.
Dutch Rfformeil church, se|>aration of the American
branch, lU, 78, Hardenfiergh ; missions of, VI. 98. Thorn-
»m, F. B. ; BchiHtn from, II, 13ti, Uemarett, J. ; 55S,
Ftoeliah.
Dutch West Intlia oomfiany. the. III. 814. Hinoyotta.
DuTSl, Gabriel. 111. \m. HrnderiKin, Jacob.
Duval, Maj. William. 11, 277, />uiyi/. W. P.
Du Vivier, assumed name, V, 41, PUville.
Duxbury, MaM., Miles Stand ish monument at, iUustration,
V. 6M.
Duyckinck. Evert. 11. 878.
Dwi^ht. KlizaN'th. VI, 610, Wo<Ai>ey, T. D
Dwijfht, Kli/jilM-th B., II. 280, Diriyht, H. O. O.
Dwijfht. Capt. Henry. II, STV. hwiqht, J. S. and Joseph.
D« i»;ht. James S4-<.tl, II. 2>«>. Ihriqht, F.
D\vi;rlit, John, 11. -.Tit. I hi,, /lit. J,^pK.
D» iKht, fapt. John. 11. 20J, l>ui<jht. J. S.
DwiKht, Nathaniel. II. 281. Ihrif/ht. Timothy.
Dyer, Klisha. IV. .V.t. Lumnn, P. II'.
Dyer, Minnie. IV, .125, Miller, M. />.
Dylce. Mary Ann and Klizabeth. II. 84«. Duff. if. A.
Dynamometer, invention of the, I, 191, Batchelder, S.\ 801,
Bogardu*, J.
Drnamophooe, invention of a, V, 484, Shaver.
Ckpt Bra)amin. HI. 589. Key, F. S.
Eagle, The, aobritiuet, V, ia<. l'MAhm,ttahaw.
EaKle, W. H., II. 7.18, tirrg., ■
Eaicle orator of Tenne«w<'<>. 1 1 Henry, O. A.
Eai;le°Meye«i|icht. 11. 24. r'u»
EaglesviUe. eiiiratfenient at, \. liw.
Eakln, Maj. C. M., V. 5I8. .Shtras.
Eames. Rev. J. II.. II. 2W. fjtmea, J A.
Earle. Sir James, pupil of, VI, 639, Yates, W.
Earle, Phel»'. II, uV7, ihtU^mn. JiuunA.
Earle, Ralph. II. 288. hJ,rU. I' ; 2*. Aiir**-. R.
Eartl). the. curious theory of the form of, VI. 18. /imntnea,
J. C. ; ex|M'rimi-nts to pnive the Hlia|ie of. 11.888, Du-
perrey ; expedition to determine the fonn of the, 8B0.
U<idin, L.
Earthquake*, at Lima and IJs>>on. the, II, 000. Oodin, L. ;
study of, V, 296, Kockicood ; In New Enjclaod (1796), VI.
575, }\'iHthr<tp, J.
Earth<|uake Allen, I. 56, Allen. H".
Easter island, diseoverj- of, 11, 4.%, FIrmandrt, J.
Easthomptou, Maiw., seminary founded at. VI, 541. Willie-
ton. S.
East Hampton, L. I., Payne's house at, illuKtratioo, lA'.OM.
i-Uuit India traffic, the, II. ie24. Drake, .Sir F.
East Indies, the, flnit American trade with, VI, 481, White-
tide, P.
Eastman. Abigail. VI, «W, U'ehtter. D.
Easton, Man-. V, .520, .sihiey, u. C.
Easton, Pa..'law-Kch.M.|, 1\, 78. .UacCartne^.
East River bridKt*. the Hrst proje<-t for. 111. 519. Kino»ley,
W. C. ; V,303,3IM ; illustration, 3»M : VI, 4*. HV//i.ij/f"»«-
East Town. Pa., Wayne hoiuie at, illustration, VI, 399.
Eastwick, An<lrew M.. Ill, 100, Harriaun, J. ; VI, 059,
W'inanji. T. l>. K.
East Wind.sor theoU>frical aeminarv, IV. 84, Lord, K
Eaton, lienjamin. II, 298, Eaton, C'.
Eaton. Rev. Joshua. II. 498, Forbea, Eli.
tllaton. I'n>f.. IV. 67. Ly<m. M.
EI>elinK. C'brLstoph D., VI, 103. Thomdike, I.
Fx;ce I)eus Homo, anonymous l>«K>k. V, 85, Pitter.
Eccles hill, enjfa»femenf at, I, .16.5. Chamberlin.
Ecolesia-stical and Mi.sKionar\- Re«'<ird. the. 217. Reid, Wm.
Echaudia. .Mexican jfovernor of California, IV, 748, Peyri.
Echavarri. (ten.. HI. *>8.
EcheoKuray. (Jen.. V. 290, Bnltlei.
Echobund. Chief, IV, .374, ilontour, E.
Eckert, HI, 60, Hamilton. P.
Eckford, Miss, IL 224. Drake, J. R.
Eclair, Lyden. |)en-tuime. II. 479. Flash. H. L.
Eclipses, observations of. IV, 4.30, Morton, H.
Economic subjects. )><M>ks on, I, 114, AtkiuMtn, E.
Economy, Pa., conuuunity at. V, 184. Ranp.
Ecuatlor. explorations and missions in. II. 441. Ferrer, R. ;
independence of, II, 37.5. Fjipinosa. J. ; rebellion in,
486, Flores, J. J. ; III. 8. Gual ; I. .«« ; reiRn of terror in,
V, 347, RumiAagui ; revolutions in. I, 4n<, Caamnno ;
II, 593, GarciaMoreno ; IV, 528. Soltoa. D. ; (1876i, VI,
2:'2, I'eintemilUt ; end of Spanish domination in, V. 789.
Sucre, A.J: ; towns founde«l in, II. 81, Dniydot; V, 895,
,Santa Cruz. R. : rttads, in. V. .395, Santa Cruz, R.
Eddy Brothers, the. 1. aiB, Beard.
Eddyville iron works, the, Ky.,m, 508, KeUy, W.
E«len. Richanl. I. 401. Calntt.
VAie^ John. II. 302. hUies. B.
I-Vljcar, the ship, destrtK-tion of. VI. 896, Waiker, Sir H.
F^ljrarton, Sarah C. IV. 276, .Mayo. S. C. E.
F^l»;ehlll N«-minary, I, 46, Alexander. J. A.
I->lKe Hill s<-h<iol, V, 174. Raudoli>h, S. N.
t^ljrerton, Sv<lney, IV. 2KI, Meagher.
E«l>ce-t»»oU, (nventor of. 11, 342, Kmermm, J. EL
b^liuburKh. Kift of library- to, I, 529. Carnegie.
E«lla. l'ount.-sH of. Ill, 17^, Hensler.
Education. conunon-schiHtl, I, 257 ; common-school fund
of New York. Ill, 7U5. i>iri«, M. : in Dakota. I, 908.
Beadle ; division of public-schooi money. III, »H: in-
dustrial. VI, 88, Thompmm, C. O. ; Jeffmum's H<.<beme
of, in Vlnrinia, III. iSn ; I^aocaster system. 8. Grt»-
com, J. ; 600, iMncatter, Jtiarfth ; manual trainluK,
VI, 606, Woitdward, C. M. : metixMl of teachiuK readlnx,
4QS, ire66, J. R. : methfKls of. 359. llVimrr. C. D. ',
Mexican association for. I. 40. .ilcx-er : National bnard
of popular, 818 : plan for public. 11. 254 : public lands
devoted to, VI. 700. Thornton ; in Rliode Wand, I. IflH,
Barnard H. ; He<-ular. HI, 136 : se|iarate R C. schonla,
IV. 159. Mci^tid; in the south, (»ntributioiis for, 688.
Peahody, G. ; te<-hnical, VI, 2!'«2, Van RenMaelarr, S. ',
departments nf. in px|Misiti<ins, HI, 290, Hoyt, J. W.
Efdmonds, J. W., 11. 658. (hlmore. J. R.
(Mwanl, the. capiiir.. ,.f i ihi. Barry. J.
Eilwarda, Alexm EituxtniM, J.
l->lwards, Esther
Edwards, Dr. Uo ... . . O. Bdtmrda, A.
Edwards, J. D., I. 4;^l. htwn. M. E
Kdwarda, Lucy. VI. 5»i9. H'oodttridge. T.
Edwards. M«J. J. D.. L 42^ Br^n, M E.
Edwards, Mary, II. 881, Dteight, Timothy.
Edwarda, Richard. II. 809.
Edwarda, Samuel. 11. 807, Afwortia, J.
Edwarda, Tbomaa, I, UD, OarpetUer, S. M.
730
EDWARDS
Mwartis, William. II. 800.
Etlwln. John. II, 313, F>1win. D.
l.>ni-liivs, IlHim Jans.., VI. 1E». Van Curler.
EmnicJiam, d.^tttnution of the, I, 180, Ba>-ry, J.
VViiiont Vat\ of. IV, 723, PerceiHil.
Kypt, Ahvssinian expe<lition from, 11, 281. Djjp : Ameri-
f^ns in m'1-vi.-e of. 3.V<, Ennlish G H.^ V, 701, Won*
C F\ Canadian voyaK^urs in. III, 518, Kennedy, H. .V.,
exp<Hliti.»n to proviiMvn of, IV. 8,9. Lonp, C.C.
Kiryi)tolo(cv VI, 502, WiUxmr \ 571, IVirw/otc, W.C.
KhrenlHTK, IV, 218, Mnrith. <). C.
Klin't, (Jwrtre, HI. 50<.t, Koehler. R.
Kifhhorn, l^of.. I. 1.V4, Bnnnoft. G.
KiKhtw-n Pivshyteriaii ministtTS for a groat, anonymous
iHiolf, III. 518, Kennedii, S.
Eintwhlfmlau. the. II, 306, Kdi/arrfs, John
Eizenhnxit, I^'wls E., II. 130, De Lancey, W. H.
El Bit-nio, I, 39. Alcantara.
n Calahozo, Jiattle at, I, 3-B, Bovea.
El Chato. II. 168, Diaz, F.
El.ler, Charlw* D , II. 318. Elder, S. B.
Elder, John, portrait* by. III. 674, Lee, R. E.
El<ler, Thomas, II, 334, FJlmaker.
El Dorado, search for. IV, 3.30-.331. MdM : 400, Mnnoz de
CoUantea; f,-Z7, Noble, A. E. : .588. OrW/ana ; V .36, A-
tirro O. : 148, (^uesada; VI, 394, nalteau : lU. 335,
Hutten ; V, 633, Snire.
EUlredKe, Ctiarl«s H., IV, 666, Parton. S. P. W .
Eleazar. VI, 09, Thacher, T. . , ,„ ,v^
Election, pn^sidential, of 1789. Ill, 71, Hancock. J.; ^^. 379 ;
of 179-i 'VSO; of 1796, III, 420; of 1800.421, 74.5, Livina-
ston E ■ of 1808, IV. 170 ; of 1812. 170 ; of 1816. III. .543,
Kino R ■ IV. 3<K). Monroe : VI, 1.30, Tompkinx ; of 1820,
IV 300 : of 1821. III. 379 : VI, 419, Weed. T.; of 1828, III,
Snt • of 18:e. .382 : VI, .578, Wirt ; of 18:%, III, 98 : 444.
JohnMtn. R. M \ VI, 195, 1!)6, 232. 412. 4?2, Wliite, H. L.\
of 1810, I, 2«18 : III, 98. (V87. L>> Moyne. F. J.: VI. l^S. 232,
413 ; of 18«, I. 2ti8 ; V. .52, IW. 199 : VI, 232 : of 1818, II,
4,51 ; VI, 2:«, 414 : of 1852. III. 34. Hale. J. P.: .548. King.
W R : V, 9, 441, 001 ; of IKyJ, II. 4.56. 547. Fremont ; of
1861), candidatt's for nomination. II. 739 ; III. 323, Hunter,
R M T ; \, 19i», Rend. ./. 31.; 471 : the election, II, 214 ;
.38''.t Everett. E. ; III, 007, TMne, Joseph ; 717 ; of 18ftl,
723: 121, Hnwiey. J. R.: 4.3H ; IV, 81, McCleltan. G. B.;
of I86S. n, 718 : V, 477 : of 1872. 11,721 : 740 ; 111,4. Groea-
beck ; IV. TkA. (rConor : V, (iOl ; of 1870, 005 : 748 ; VI,
.M9; contested, I, 100: II. 002, 722: III, 6, Grorer, L.;
\W 137. 139 : IV, 90, .yfrCrary; V, 722, Strong, W.; VI,
115; 391. Wattersnn, //.; 4.5.5, Wheeler. W. A.; V, .507;
of 1880, II. 219, Dow. N.: Kfi ; III, 74, Hancock ; V, 507 ;
VI, 401, Weaver, J. B.: of 1884, I, 279, 449, Burehard ; V,
871. St. John, J. P.; 507 : of 1888. .507 : celebrated letter
on, VI. 441, Went, L. S. S.: result of, 680.
Election, New York, of 18S2, Folijer, C. J.
Election returns, falsification of. I. 213. Beckford.
Elections, military interferenw at. I, 278 : III. 141 : pro-
posed repeal of laws. HI, 142 ; proposed amendment on
presidential, etc., 437 ; alleged frauds of 1808, V, 4SJ,
Sharpe. G. H.
Electoral <'oiimnssion of 1877, the. I. 278 : II, 514, Freling-
huyten. F T : III, i:J7 : V, 722, Strong, W.
Electoral college, the. III. .<m».
Electricity, early experiments, di.-icovpries. inventions,
theories, first suggestion of the liKhtningrod, suggestion
at>out the solar system. Ill, .5.50 -.551, Kinner.tlei/ : Frank-
lin's discovery. ll, .528 ; early experiments. III, 2<i0, Hop-
kinMin. T. ; lectures, theories, invention, .5,50-.^51 ; re-
searches on, V, 3:18, Rotrland; VI. 161, Troivbridqe, J.:
V. 5.54, Smallirood, C ; metho<ls of developing, VI, 029.
Wurtz : methrni of firing guns by. 120. Timby : early use
of. In disease, 073. Cadirallader, T. ; I. 205, Beard ; III,
KJO, KimlHill. G.; first applied for movable torpedoes, V,
542. .SVmj«. W. S.: applications of. III, 385, Jack.ion, C. T.\
I. 122, Averell. W. W.\ 22.5, Bell, A. G.: 240, Benton, J.
(i.\ 817, Berliner; .380. Brittan; 395. Brown, Joseph;
7&. CooUy. L. R. C.\ II, 3i>l, FAison ; .582, (tally : 602,
Oiahome ; 739, Gray, E.; III. 172 : IV, 425 : V, 67. Pope,
F. L.; 808. Royer*. J. H.; 319, Rooxevelt, H. L.; VI, 44.3,
WeMon, E.; Ikhting, I, 420, Brush, C. F; II, 301, Edi-
mn ; VI, 98, "niomimn, Elihn ; 443, Wenton, E. ; motor,
first in America, I, 696, Cotton, G. Q.; inventions, IV, 628,
I\iye. C. a : V. Ml, Simit, W. S.
Electric shadow, the, VI. 619, Wnnht. A. W.
Electro-<-hronograph, invention of the, in, 751, Locke. J.
Electro-magnetic ensrine. invented, II, SP, Davenport, T.
Electro-magnetism, HI. 172.
Electnrtvpes. V. :fl. Pitman. B.
Elevate<) railwavs. II, 449, Field, C. W. ; inception of liti-
gation. 647. Gilbert, R. H.
Elevators, grain, invented. IT. 61, Dalzell, R. M.
Elevators, invention of. III. 412, .lohntton. F. G.; IV. Ons,
Otis. E. G.\ hydraulic, VI, 72. Thayer, Eli ; safety. I, 77,
Andre wn.
V.\K\n, Earl of. I. 418. Bruce. F. W. A.
Elias. the. of Ountem-tla. VI. 288. Virtorin, T.
Elibank. Lord. II, 4.13, Ferguson, P.\ IV, 468, Murray,
Jam en.
Elio. (Jen., V, 816. Rondeau.
Eliot, Rev. Adam, Ul, 445, Johruon, O. H. M.
EMULOUS
Eliot. Andrew, III. 47.
Eliot, Bennett, II. 321. Eliot, J.
Eliot, Sir John, VI, .573.
Eliot. Rev. Joseph. II. 323. , „ ^«, „ . i^ i.
Elisabetha regia, the, discovery of, V, 484, S«w>)n!m^».
Elizabeth, Queen, U, 223, 224, Drake, Sir F.; V, 168-168,
Elizabeth City, N. C. expedition to. 11, 765. Oriffln.
Elizal)eth, wreck of the, II, 501, Fuller, S. M.
Elizalx-th island, colony on, II, 091, Goanold.
Elizabeth Thomiison science fund, the. \ I, 90.
Ellzabethtown, N. J., Livingston residence near, lUustrar
tioo. III. 743.
Ellzondo, Capt., Ill, 197, Hidalgo, M.
El Jazmin. battle of, II, 167.
Elk hill. Ill, 418.
Elkhoru, l>attle of. See Pea Ridob.
Ellauri, Dr., VI, 259, Varela, P. „ „ „
Ellen, pen-name. IV, 514, Nichols, R. S. R.
Ellen, Henry, pen-name. III, 253, Hope, J. B.
Ellen, Ivouise, pen-name, IV. 446, Moulton, L. C.
Ellerslie. estate of. Ill, 508, Kelly, W.
Ellesmere Land, explored, HI, 133, Hayes, L L
Ellice, Edward, III, 592, Lafontaine.
Ellicott City, founded, II, 327, EUicott.
Elliot. Henry. I, 500, Celeste.
Elliot, Mis.s, VI, 381, Washington, W.
Elliott, Barnard, II, 3:K, Elliott, Susannah.
Elliott, Elizal)etli, V, 44. Plumsted. W.
Elliott, Sir Oili>ert, II, 328, Elliott, A.
Elliott. John, HI, 281, Howe, Maud.
Elliott, 3. A., HI, 413, Jay, W.
Ellis, John, Harvard, IV, 575, Oliver, O. A.
Ellis, Sarah A., II, 207, Dorsey, S. A.
Ellis, the, II. 40. Cashing. W. B.
Ellison, J., I, 725, Cooper, J. F.
Ellison, Rev. T.. IH, 411, Jay, W.
Ellsworth, Annie O., IV. 426.
Ellsworth, Miss, V, .586, Smith, Roswell.
Ellsworth outrpge. the, II, 475, Fitzpatrick, J. B.
Elme-s, James, IH, 118, HauiZand, J. .
Elmira, N. Y., gift to, II, 319, Eldridge, E. \ hospital
founded in, IV, 502, Ogden, W. B. „ . .
Elmore, Gen. John A., his son. II, 337, Elmore, Franklin
H.; his daughter, 47.5, Fitzpatrick, B.
Elmore correspondence, the, II, 3:J8, Elmore, F. H.
Elmwood, Cambridge. IV. 39, Lowell ; illustration, 40.
El ^oco, sobrinuet, VI, 580, Witte.
Elorreaga I., II, .573, Gainza ; IV, 566, O'Higgins, B.
Elphinston, James, II, 58, Dallas.
Elskwatawa, I, 273, Black Hawk.
Elston, Susan A., VI, 334, Wallace, S. A. E.
Ely, Smith, II. 448, Field, D. D.
Ely. Rev. Zebulon, II. :J39, Elp, E. S.
Emancipation, gradual, I, 403. Broum, S. : advocacy of
gradual. VI, 329, Walker, R. J. ; 649, Young, J. C. \
Emerson's plan for, II, 346 : post-natal plan for, V, 178.
Randolph, T. J. ; constitutional right of, I, 28, Adams,
J. Q. ; proclaimed in Mis.souri, II, 547, Fremont ; bills
for. III, 5.3t), Key, T. M. See Aboution. Slavery.
Anti-slaveby cause.
Emancipation proclamation, the, II, 612. Gaj-rtson ;, III,
719-720 ; sale of the original draft of, 740, Livermore, M.
A.; retaliatory measures. II. 100.
Emancipator, the, III, 6.50, I^avitt : VI, 32, Tappan, A.
Embargo of 1807, the, I, 25, 4SA ; Jefferson's view of, m,
422 ; enforcement of, UI, 454, Johnson, W. ; V, HO,
Stoni. J
Emeralds, search for, VI, .305, Vogui.
Emerson, Dr.. V, 435, Scott. D.
Emerson, Cnarles C, II, 34.3. Emerson, R. W.
Emerson, Edward Waldo, II, 347.
Emerson, Rev. Joseph, II, 343, Emerson, R. W.
Emerson, Lvdia A., V. 78, Porter, L. A. E.
Emerson, IMfarv Moody, H, 343, Emerson, R. W.
Emerson, Dr. Reuben, II, 695, Gould, N. D.
Emerson's house, illu.stration, H, 346.
Emery, Stephen A., II, 495, Foote, A. W. „ „ „
Emery, discovery of deposits, HI, 385, Jackaon, C. T. ; V.
573, Smith, J. L.
Emigrant aid company, VI, 71, Thayer, E.
Emigrants to United States, rights of, I. 155.
Emigration, board of. III, 116, Havemeyer; curious work
on, IV, 162, McSparran ; assisted. VI, 700, Sullivan.
Emilv Chester, anonymous novel. II. 1. Crane, A. M.
Emin Pasha, expedition to relieve, V, 646, Stanley.
Emma. Queen. IH. 490. Kalakaua.
Emma silver-mine company, the. V, 418, Schenck, R. C.
Emmanuel college, founded, IV, 144, McLean, J.
Emmet. Robert, II, 319-.^50, Emmet, T. A.
Emmet, William J., II. 3.50, Emmet, R. T. „ „ , „
Emmettsburg, Md., sisters of charity at, V, 465, Seton, IS.
A. ; college at, H, 238, D}ibois, J.
Emmons, Albert H., HI, 44.3. .Tohnson, H. C.
Emmons. Rev. Dr.. quoted. H, 312.
Emory college, gift to, V, 4<il, Seney, O. I.
Emott. James, III, .531, Kidd.
Emperor of the Indies, the V, 98, Powhatan.
Emulous, captures by the sloop, IV, 456, Mrdcaster.
ENAMKIiLED
EWINO
731
Eiuun«Ued cloth, marhine for. IV, 57. Lm*it.
bidkjott, HftnuM-l. II. «A Kndirolt^. U.
■Bamjr. w« hnvc met the, t>tc., IV, 780, Perry, Oi H.
BodMitiii. M., II. .W. l>nin.
Fnforcement act. the. II. ~\9.
Kii»;>-lmann. K. T.. II. *'>•». Kntjrlmnnn, O.
Kiik'iii(t>riiiK. in Oif Kfvoliitiori. III. 573, KotciuMxJm.
Kii>ci(MH*rinK. Hch<M>l i>f aupik-atiuu In, I. 4. Abbott, H. L.
Ent;iii**«'HnK. work in. Ill, 557, KirkirtHHl, J. P. ; litipor-
uml wiirkH of, V, 4W). Sltniti, J. U. ; Mexican aqu»^ltiot.
VI, (11. Trmblfi/ue ; hydraulic, VI, 617, Worthtfti. Worth-
in<iton. }{. R.
Enjfin^^rinjc Ma(rar.ln«>. VI, 2S0, Van Sottmnd.
EnsineH. inipnivfinenta in, I, 688, Colbum, Z. ; portable.
III. ai9. Ihtnitley, J. C; V, 80, Porter. /?.: stt^am rut-off
for. !fa. Jirnw.ck, E. 8.; 4M^Scott, I. M.: HtraiKht-line
hJK'h si^t-d. VI. 8, Hioeet. J. E. ; rotary, 172, Tuck. See
Stkam knoixkh.
Eiijcland, Mary. Ill, 101. Uarrinon. S.
KiiKland, polii-y <»f. as to Texas. I. .V)8 ; theory of the de-
cadence of, 18; |)roixMe<l French invasion of. III. 668;
VI. iM. yUlenrut'e, Pierre ; relations of, with America
during the war of seccHsion, III, 721.
EiiKli'w.Mvl sch(M)I. II. 'JW). Jhright, IV. B.
KiiKlish. Klisha (J., II. Z.VJ, Enjliab, W. H.
Kiijflish. (r<><>rtfe U.. bot»k of. criticised, II. 387.
Enjrllsh. Mi«s, school of, II. 57, iMill, C. H.
English. Philip. IV, .^77. MmMiy, MuJiua.
EiiKli'<h. T. I> , lilK'i suit concerning. V. 46.
EnKlish bill. the. II. V><K Em/lnth, iV. H.
Knplisli «iH-akinK einpin-. project for an. V, 100. POrma/I.
EnKraviuK, nmchines for. invente<i, I, 301. BogartlxiK. J. ;
Hrat historical, in America. 11.201, Duoliltle, A.; bank-
not*', machines for. IV, 590. (>rm»t)y. \V. L. ; improved
procetisea, 72!», Perkins, Jacob ; photo}n*aphy, process
for. V, 888. SnmueU. E. A. : 5M. Smillie. ./. and M".
C. : VI, 488, Wellstood ; early, ou coppt-r. II, 2ti«. Durand,
A»her Brown.
Enna, Gen.. IV, 22. Ijopez, N.
Enquirer, an. pen-name, VI. 178, Tucker, O.
Enriquez. Beatriz. I, 099. Otlumbiui, F.
Eiisien-men, the, II. 3(l<»-.i62, Erauzo.
Entail, system of, in Virtflnia, III, 4 IK.
Entero-colitis. treatment of. I, 701. Comeriyn-
EnterprlM. flRht of. with the Boxer, I. 471, Burrotea, W. ;
rv, 75, McCnII. E. K.; captures by, I, 119, Aulick, J. H. ;
V. 485. Shaw. J. ; 067. Sterett, A.
Enthusiasm, anonymous letter on. Ill, 323. Hunter. Robert.
Eutomoloiry. studies in. III. (VK-aM. /><? Conte, J. E. and
J. L. ; 71.5. Lincecum ; 733, Lintner ; new classincation,
IV. 619, Picknrd, A. S. ; 0.35, Pnliaot ; r«>8«'«rches in, V,
1«, Prot\tn<her : 410^11. Snf/. T. ; 443. Srudihr. .S. H. ;
largMt colle<'tion in the United States, V, 25.'), Riley, C. V.
ttltre Rloa, Unisru.iy. II. 515. Fnurher.
■nTelopea. machines for mnkint;. I. 2SH, Blanchard, T.
Eoa Olan Twrch. II. »». Edimnia. John.
Eothen. .\r<'fic voyage of the, V, 433, ."^rhiratka.
E|>aminondas, pen-name, II, 705, Granger, O.
Epatlan. battle of. II, 167.
Epervier. the. xliip-of-war, II. 230. Doumet ; V, 617, Shm-
brick. J. T. ; VI, 30H. Warrinqton.
Ephemera, anonymoim book, V, 234, Rice. O. EL
Ephrata. monastic society at. I. 22ri, Heiaael.
Epidemic, matlazahual, I. 492, Cabrera, y.
Epidemics. I. 672. Cork, T.
EplH<'o|>acy, growth of. 111,221. Hohart : prejudice atr:\
221: In the Revolution. 405, Jnrvia, A.: controx.
on, 448. Johnnon, S.; in the colonU'S, consecrations tiy
nonjuhnff bishops, VI. 434. W'elton ; ploniwr of. in Vir-
Klnia, 464. \V hi taker, A. : hieh chun-h. 495. Whiltiny-
Mom. See I'hotf.stast Epistopai, ciicrch.
Eptooopalians. |>enu>cutlon of. IV. 207, Mai'erick, S.
Epiacopal seal. Itlustration, VI. 21.
E^piscopius. V. 286. Rithinaon, J.
K itlurihwi unum, adoption of, aa a motto, and ita origlii,
III, 417.
Epj>es. Francis. III. 422.
Epjws. Maria .lelTerson. Ill, 421. Jetferaon.
Equity jurisprudence, system of, V. 710, fitnry, J.
E. R. aud 8. S . p«'n-natne. V, 191, Rawmn, E.
Bra of Kood f<'ellnK. the. I. 4-J9 ; tlrst use of the phrase,
IV, 881 : author of. V. .3.'i2. RuMtrll. R.
Era. capture of the. II. :«7. Ellet. C. R.
Erelius. the. II. .W>. Fniiiklin. Sir J. : III. 88, Hnll, C. F.
V.\<-)ni< luid Terror, rovajje of. V, 880, Roaa, Sir J.
1 lit. II, .327. FAlirntt.
i the. I. flflO. 661 ; 090. Cnllea : bulldinic of, 11,
'^ ./ ; III, 236, Holley. M.: ealarRement of, V.
Ml. ». : flmt projected, V, 433, SchuyUr, P.
J. : I Renaaelaer. S.
Erics'*. -V^. Krirsson.
Ericason, <H..r, II ■.;!.
Erlcmon. the. ex i ' t h. III. .\Mi, Kitching, J, B.
Erikiion, I>eif. stjii> uution. VI, 4^7.
Erniite. |ien name, iv, jir., .Moriarty.
Erranl. .\chille. VI, 108, Tnurahy.
Erratic, Enriinie, iien-name. IV, .\3. Lukens,
Enikine, Rev. J. M , II. 367. Erideine. U.
Ersktne, Rev. Ralph, II, 307, Ertkine, R.
inMiM, hmmmii, n. m, iHfcifiM, o. u.
Brrtas. Oeonw. If, 867. ErHng.
■wacwna. Salor. in, 888, h-vtng, W.
fcchaiiloiMi, aieur d', V, 878, M.'Oitra, J. B.
BiflObar, Di(«n, IV. M7, OMa.
BittnV, OeoTKH J.. II. 871. EaUng, C. H.
Kaopua, buminfr of V. 12».
EaparhAs. (ten. d*. V. .50. Poli'erel.
Espiritu SanU> river. II, 900, (iamy, F. de.
Esquemelini;. A. O.. V. 419. Schimmelin.
EM|uilache, I»rince of, I, 822. Bvrja y Araotm.
Eaaayist. the. III. 711. l.iyht. O. \V.
tjtsex, conspiracv of, II, 687, Uttrgea ; III, S8, Hakluyt ; ▼.
613, Southampton.
Easex, the. battle of, with the Ph<Bhe atHi the Cherub. II.
413 ; V. 73. 74. Porter. I)
Eiwex, the, at Forts Henry and Donelaoa and Vicksbunc.
V, 74. Porter. \V. I).
Enex, Junior, the. II, 280. Downea ; V, 74, Porter, D.
Emex institute, gitt to, VI. 469, White. D. A.
Emex junt4), the, III, VA ; IV, OM, Parmma, T. : V, 8, Ptck-
erini/, T. ; 152.
Eatabelcimiento. storminf; of. IV, 490, AetMa.
Ertancel. Valentine, V. A4H. .StanaeL
EaUncelin, C. V. 29. Pinzon. At. A.
Eataugh, John. II. .377. h>towih.
Este, Mrs. D. K., III. 98. Harrimm, L.
Eate. Capt. Mows. II. 377. h>te.
Eatedio, captun* of the, II, 121.
Eatelle. jweudonvm. I. 308. Bogart. E.
Esterha/.v. Count. I. .\39. CarroU. W. T.
Estill. Capt.. 111. .^59. Iri-ine. W.
Etah Esquimaux, the. Ill, 493, Kane. E. K.
Etching;, jirix-ess for. in tflasa, II, 254, Du Motay ; art of ,
VI. 404. Whiatler. J A. M.
Etchoe. battle at, II. 7ii8, Grant, J. : TV, 207. JIfarion.
Eternal punishment, dix-trine of. I. 219. Kee Immortautt.
Etharita. Huron settlement. destroye<l, II. 607. Garnier. C.
Ether, controversy cono-rninir. I. 4, Al>bot. J. H ; flrat
administered in New York. HI. 267. Hoaack. A, E. : dis-
covery of, as an anti>sthetic. 3S.5. Jackaon, C. T. ; IV. 484,
Morion ; first use of. in Kurjrer>-. ». Ijong. C. W. : firat
tiae of. as an anae«<thetic- c-ontn>vemy as to the diaoov-
ery, 434. Morton. W. T. ii. ; monument rommemorat-
ioK. illustration, 434 ; aa a workini; energy. III, 4S9,
Keely.
Ethlopic. translations from the. V. 423. Schndde.
Ethnocraphv. r«'S«'ari'hes in, IV, 611, (htrrard.
Ethnoli»>:y. Indians of N. A.. II. 038, Gihtt*. G. ; lancniarea
of North Ameri<'a. 017, Gatachet : bureau of, IV. 188,
Mattery ; studies in. 423, Morae. E. S. ; V, 95, Powell, J.
W. : m. .Stevenaon. J. ; VI, 6S«.
Elowiih campaitfu. the. V. 467, Sevier, J.
Eu. Count <r. IV. .55(1). /.. P. M. F. O.
Euchari.st. the. Emerson's view of, II, 343; imfemienled
wine in. IV. 14.3. .WdWr.iri. .7.
Eueli)id«'s. mililary colle>re of the. HI. ."570, Koepprn.
Euir<'nie, Empress. i>s<-a|N' of. II, 381. Evana, T. W.
Eureka collejre. II, K.5. Ihiveuport, W.
Eusj'bius. |>enimni)>. V, 123. Prime, S. I.
Eutaw SprinpH. battle of, I, 51.5. Campbell, Richard : II,
315. Etinlenton. J. ; 7.'>3 ; error refrardinir. TTiS ; HI. 277,
Howard. J. E. ; 667. I^. H. : IV. 209, Marion.
Eutaxia. anonymous book, I. 143. Baird, ('. W.
1" iii_'.-)i<-al allianc<>. the. first sufctrestiou of, IV, C77,
'I..U. W. ; V. 422. Srhmuckrr. .S. .<>•.
1 I,-' li<-al association, the, I. .39. Albright.
h.Miiic'lical Kpls<-opjil church, the. II. HO. Daahiell.
Evank'elicnl knowledjfe MM>ietv. the. IV. 282. Meade, W.
Evantfelical MaKazine and Review, V, 328, ReynoUU,
William M.
EranRelical Quarterly Review, the, UI, Sn, Krautk ; V,
<m, Stoever.
Evana, Dr. ra<Iwalader. IV. 649. Ptirke, T.
Evana, Fre<l \V., II. 'Mi. lMH,lttlle. M. A.
Evana, Rev. John. V. tim. Strinhauer.
Evana. Dr. M. F. T., II. 8KI, Evana, E. //.
Evana, Richard, II, 888, Evan*, J.
Evelyn, Oeonre, I, S80.
Evelyn iM>llefre, N. J . IV. 138. Mrllt^ine, J. /I.
Evenlni; Hours, anonymous book, II, 183, IKx, D. L.
Everett, C. C, quote<{, H. 318.
Everett. E<lward. H. 344: .^58. FnqliiA. a. R: qootod, I.
804, Calhoun : his lilrthpliu-e. illustration, II, 880.
Everett. Rev. Oliver. II. 3M6. Errrett.
Everett, Richanl. |>seiidonvm, II. 20, CVoa*, E. £
Everett, Sarah IMII. 31. hale. S.
EverRiaden. tlphtinif in the. I. 686. Cttlt
Everhart. W.. II. 3!»i. Ei^-rhort. B. M.
Ever-victorious arm v. ih--. VI. 849, Ward, F. T.
Evolution, theory- of. II. .'UH : 409. Fiake. John: HI. 888,
Hw<ill ; 6M\ Uidy ; IV. 218, Marah, O. C. See Daa-
WINIAN THr.OBY.
Ewaipanoma, the, V. 168.
Ewen, >V. t>ifilvle, II, 808, Amn, M. C. ; VI. 47, Taylor,
M. C.
EwinR, Ellen. H. 8»l, Etrina, T.; V, SOI, Sherman, W. T.
Ewinir, Oeonte, 11, SM, JEtexnff, T.
Bwlnc. Jamea, U, an, £Mm0, a
732
EXCHANGES
FERDINAND
Exchansr<><i, International, of books, art objecto, etc., VI,
a>4. liittemare.
EUeter, N. H., II, 2. Orantield ; founded. III, 831. Hutchin-
mm, Anne; VI, 457, Wheelweight, J. ; ludian grant of
land near, IV, (168. Pufuuiciniairny.
Kxinoufh. I»rd. 1. 1*), Hninljridye, IV.
KxtMtriation, ri>?lit of, I, l.Vi.
Kxpillv, J. J., II. «>5. hlrpilly.
Kxplorini? expedition, U. S., II, (56. IXina, J. D.
ExpK>sive«, investijfations on, IV, 4<11, Munroe, C. E. ;
niethixls for using, V, 479, Sdiaffner ; improvement in,
VI, 141, rotten. V. A. L.
Expretis eonipanieA, founded, 1, 11, Adams, Alvin ; II, 4477,
Fartjo : VI, 42«, HV/fa, H.
Expre«« system, the, originated. Ill, 84, Hamden.
Kx press, the railway. V'l. 157, Treyo.
Kxpuiiging resolutions, the, I, 342, iHO.
Kxtenninator, the, IV. atVi. Montbara.
Extra Billv, sobriquet, V. 5W, Smith. W.
Extra<litio"n, first suggestion of, VI, GOO, Woodbridge, W.:
preoe<ient in, IV, adl-lKM.
Eye, the, inventions for operations on. II. 149. De Rosset.
Eye and ear infirmary, the, founded, II, 188, Dtlafivld, E.
Eyre, Ueut.-Col., Ill, (!54. Udyard, W.
Eyster, U. A. T., II, »»«. Kmter.
E7.|¥'leta. Jo«^ de, V. :101, Rodriguez, M. del S.
Ezra Church, battle at, V, 504.
Fabius, pseudonym. II, 173, Dickinxon. J.
Fabricius. Dr. J., III. .50!t, Kelpitui ; IV. 4, Logan, James.
Fa<lette, iH^n-nanie, V. 213. Reeves, M. C. L.
Fahneslock, Caspar. II. 665. Gleim. J. (J.
Fairt)anks. .Jonathan, II, 400. Fairlxinks. E.
Fairbanks house, the, Iiedliam, illustration, II, 400.
Fairchild, Frances, I. 424.
Fairfait, den.. VI, 145.
Fairfax, Kdward, II. 401, Fair/ax, T.
Fairfax, Feniiiiando, II, 4(«, Fairfax, G. W.
Fairfax, Sir Ouv, II. 401, Fairfax, T.
Fairfax, Henry. II. 401, Fair/ax, T.
Fairfax, Kobert, II, 402.
Fairfax, Lord Thomas. II. 401, Fairfax, T.
Fairfax. Sir William, II. 4(>2.
Fairfax Court- House, recounoissance at, VI, 130, Tomp-
kins. C. H.
Fairfax house, the, illustration, II, 402.
Fairfax hght-hors<', the, II, 703, Graham, G.
Fairfield, (iertrude, VI, 301, Vingut.
Fairfield, Conn., founded— records of, IV, 52, Ludlow ;
burning of, II, 281, Diright, Timothy.
Fair Haven, Vt., founded, IV, 67, Lyon, M.
Fair Hill, estate of, IV, 532, Norris, I.
Fairmount water-works, II, 700, Groff, F.
Fair Oaks, battle of, I, 551, Casey ; III, 669 ; 718 ; IV, 81 ;
095, Perk, J. J.
Falces, Marquis de. IV, 722, Peralta, G.
Falcon, Gen., IV, 623, Paez.
Falcon, J. C, III, 19, Guzman- Blanco.
Falconet, M.. IV, 317, Middleton, J. I.
Fales, Joseph T.. II. 404, Fates.
Fales, Stennen, II, 142, Dennison.
Falkland islands, colony on, I, 388, Bougainville ; VI, 219,
UssieHX.
Fallen Timbers, battle of, HI, 740, Little Turtle ; VI. 399.
Falling Creek. Va., Indian massacre at. I, 247, Berkeley, J.
Falls Church 0)rners, church at. H, 402.
Falls of Kt. Anthony, the, discovered, II, 619, Gay, P. du ;
III, 168, Hennepin.
Falls Town, N. Y.. V. 293, Rochester.
Falmouth, I/ord, I, .333, Boscnwen.
Falmouth. Me., capture of, II, 107, Davis, S. ; destruction
of. IV, 661, Par«o«ji, T.
False Jew I)etecte<l, the. book entitled, VI, 425, Welde.
FalstafT played. II, 118, I)e Bar.
Family JIagazine, the, IV, 31, Lossing ; V, 204, Redfield,
Justus .S'.
Fancher, Mollie, VJ. 33. Tanner. H. 8.
Faneuil. Andrew. HI, 68ft, /> Mercier, A.
Faneuil hall, illustration, H, 405.
Fanny, Aunt, i>s«'Uilonyni, I, 179, Barrow, F. E.
Fara<lay. M., II, .164.
Farbrick, Jonathan, pen-name, IH. 231, Holhrook, S. P.
Farewell address, Washington's, date of, original MS. of,
Farf'&n, Admiral, HI. 181. Hcredia, P. de.
Faria, Miguel de, VI. 4.37, Wernicke.
Farias, Valentin Gomez, V, 893. 894, Santa-Anna.
FarilMiult. Minn., founded, II, 408, Faribault, J. B. ; school
at. V 4H1, shattuck, G. C. ; Seabur}- mission at, VI, 461
n hippie, H. B.
Farley, Mary, VI, .300. Vincent, M. A.
Farlinger, Nicholas, II, 409, Farlinger, A.
Farm, a charity, II. 2:12, Drexel, J. W.
Farmer, A. W., pen name, V. 44.5, Seabury.
Fanners' Cabinet, the, IV, 097, Pedder.
harmers- Letters. IH, 729, Lincoln. L.
Farmers' Library, the. magazine, V, 54.5, Skinner, J. S.
farmlnirton. Conn., seminary, V, 79, Porter, .Sarah.
rarravlUe, Va., engagement at, V, 197, Read, T.
Famham, Henry, II, 411, Famham, N. L.
Famsworth. Ephraim, I, 11, Adams, Alvin.
Farquharson, Martlia, pen-name, II, 461, Finley. HI.
Farragut, Admiral, II. 492, Folsom, C. ; his entrance Into
Mobile bay, illustration, 417 ; his flag-ship, illustration,
418 : statues and portraits of, 419 ; quoted, III, 809,
Hull, I.
Farragut monument, the, illustration, VI, 475, White, Stan-
ford.
Farragut, George, H, 412, 413, Farragut.
Farragut. Loyall, U, 419.
Farragut, William. II, 41.3, 415.
Far We.st, Mo., Monnon settlement at, V, 253, Rigdon.
Fasttng, experiments in, VI, 32, Tanner, H. S.
Fat Contributor, the, pen-name, VI, 684, Griswold.
Father Abbey's Will, humorous poem, V, 449, Seccomb,
John.
Father of American anthropology, the, IV, 403, Morgan,
LetciM H.
Father of American geography, IV, 424, Morse. J.
Father of American geology, tne, IV, 147, Maclure.
Father of the American navy, the. III. 313, Humphreys, J.
Father of American surgery, the, IV. 765, Physick.
Father of Chautauqua county, U, 495, Foote, E. T.
Father of colonization in America, the, TI. 688. Gorges.
Father of the Connecticut school fund, II. 705, Granger, O,
Father of the Dutch Reformed church' in America, the, III,
747, Livingston. J. H.
Father of foreign mis.sion work, the, TV, 833. Mills, S. J.
Father of grain inspection, the, V, 348, Rumsey.
Father of greenbacks, the. V, 623, Spauldirtg, E. O.
Father of historical societies, V, 28. Pintard.
Father of the house of representatives, lU, 505, Kelley, W.
D. ; VI, 531, Williams, L. ; 370, Washbume, E. B. ; 607,
Woodreard, S.
Father of iron bridges, the, VI, 462, Whipple, S.
Father of the jurisprudence of Louisiana, the, FV, 230,
Martin, F. X.
Father of New Spain, the. VI, 272, Velatco. L.
Father of the New York bar, the, III, 472, Jones, S. ; VI,
256, Van Vechten, A.
Father of the North Carolina bar, the, IV, 378. Moore, B. F.
Father of paper currencj', I. 624, Clark, Abraham.
Father of Presbyterianism in New York, the, IV, 155, Mc-
Nish.
Father of Presbyterianism in Virginia, the, IV, 418, Mor-
ris, Samuel.
Father of the public-school system of Pennsylvania, VI,
.588, Wolf. G.
Father of Rhode Island and of American Baptists, I, C34.
Father of rifle-practice, VI, 564, Wingate, G. W.
Father of the telegraph, the, IV. 428, Morse, S. F. B.
Father of Universalism in America, the. IV, 469, Murray, J.
Father of Wilmington art. the, VI, 38, Tatnall, H. L.
Fathers of Mercy, order of. III, .592. Lafonte.
Faucbet, Baron, intercepted despatch of, V, 177, Ran-
dolph, E.
Faunce, Thomas. U, 422, Faunce. -J
Faustin I. of Hayti, V, 612. Soulouque.
Faxon, William. Ill, 123, Hawley, J. R.
Fay, Joseph, V, 372, St. Leger.
Fayal, colony founded at, 1, 223, Behaim ; fight in the har-
bor of, V, 216.
Fayetteville, engagement near, II, 701, Graham, O. ; 715.
Featherstone, Isabelle, IV. 679, Paul, L F.
Federal, the, I, 225, Bell, C. H.
Federal bulldog, the, IV, 233, Martin, L.
Federalists, the, I, 21 ; 167, Barlow, J. ; their hatred to
France, 25 ; criticism of, II, 578 ; III, 57 ; dissensions
in, 58, 59 ; 76, Hanson, A. C. ; effect of their course in
the war of 1812, 379 ; not neces.sarily loose construction-
ists, IV, 169 : the Essex junto and the Hartford conven-
Uon, V, 3, Pickering, T.
Federal Republican, the, mob attack on, lU, 76, Hanson,
A. C. ; 7i^, Lingan.
Feejee islands, destruction of a village in, I, 1.33, Badger,
O. C. ; i:», Bailey : fighting on, 490, CaldweU, C. H. B. ;
V, 257, Ringgold, C.
Feet-washers, the, IV, 830, Miller, W.
Felch, Abijah, II, 427, Fetch.
Felicia, pseudonym, I, 116. Atiher, V. F.
Fellenlierg. P. E. von, VI. (iOO, Woodbridge, W. C.
Female Druids, order of. HI. .337. Hyneman.
Female Petrarch, the, HI. 708. Lewis, Estelle.
Fencibles, the state. I. 2.55. Biddle, C. C.
F6nelon, his T61emaque in English verse, JI, 488, FergU'
son, E.
F^nelon, Archbishop, supposed labors of, H, 756, Or^en'
how.
F6nelon, F. S. de la Mothe. VJ, 163. Trouvi.
Fenians, I, 663, Cluseret ; II, 717 : IV. 116. McGee ; trial of,
133, Mackenzie, K.; 149-1.50, McMicken ; organizer of,
679-580, O'Mahtmy ; invasion of Canada by, 581, O'Neill,
J. ; 587. 0-Reillu, J. B.
Fenno. Eliza, I. 291, Bleecker, A.
Fenwick, Rev. Enoch, II. 4-31, Fentcick, B. J.
Ferdinand of Aragon. I. 697.
Ferdinand VII.. III. 368 ; 309, Iturrigaray ; IV, 336, Mina;
V, 385, San Carlos.
FERGUS
FLORES
738
PflmM, CtowfaL rounded. II. «S. fWffiuon, A.
FarsuK>a,Ool..tV. W, Mt-Cturr, J.
PBrgunn, Col. Ebvoewr. V. 5KS. Smith, C. F.
FwgtMOO, HiiKh iifnry, II. -MM, fVruuMuiu K.
ptarxuwMi, JaiiK'M, II. *«. >Vri/ujM»i. P.
ForiiMon. Th<>rii<ui. II. %ai. Klliott, A.
FVsrn. Fanny. [N-n iinin*'. IV. OM, tiirtom. S. P. W.
T9nvnU-z. ()an>ia. I. (Itf:.
I^e^uln<l^7., Mnntifl K<*llx. VI. 2H8, Victoria, O.
FMiMUidina. Kla., exptsditiun to UUce, V, VH, Skerman,
Thoma» IV.
Femow, K<iwarcl. II. •W9, Frmow.
Wvmgut, AgUHtln, Pablo. Antunio. Oonzalo. II, 412, Fnr-
roffut.
Ferraffut. Don P«Hlro. II, 412. »irr«j7uf.
Ferram. Slifnor. 111. 4W. Ji,hna<m, H. C.
Fern-ira, Silvestre IMiih»*ir(>, V. SB. Pinheiro.
Fem-ira. Vlivnte, II. .VJ5, Franco.
Fernr, Jaa4|iiiu M.. II. :»*. Erauzo.
Fem>t, wmk of the. I, 2». Bell, C. H.
FerrU institutf. II, ifi. Ferrin, I.
FeiTO. island of. II. 44A, Fruillrt.
Ferry-boata, horse and steam, ,V. 67S. «74. Stfireiu, R. L.
FeruIixprK. artiflcial. invention of, IV, 108, ilaprn, Jamet
J. : maniif art lire of, TlW, J'endleton, E. M. ; use of, V.
ass, St,>rkhnfl</e. L.
FesM-Dden, Rev. W., II, 443, Fetaenden, S.\ iVi, Feuenden,
Thonum.
Feuardent, O. L.. I, 561. Cegnnla.
Feulllet. I>mjLs, III. 570. Koenig, J. R.
Feyles, III. ail. Hopkinton, J.
Fiction. scIiooIh of. III. 2H6 ; analytical and metaphysical
R.'h<«)l of. .'fits, .Janifn, H.
Fi<l.-li!<. Father. V, TOa. Stone, J. K.
Field, Hrn<l(l<M?k. pseudonym. II, 180, Dimitry, C. P.
Fiel.i, Kinilia. II. 148, Field, S. J.
Fi.M. Matthew, II, 44^. Field. C. W.
FIcl.l. Mi«s. IV. 4T1, MxiAomve, Sir A.
Fiel.i, Peter. V. 174, Randolph, W.
Fiel.i. Timothy. II. 447. Field, D. D.
Fiel.ien, Samuel. V, (Vtt, Spies.
Fiel.iinjr. Fanny. VI. 214. Upshur, M. J. S.
Fiel.linK. Henry. II. Satt, Frankland.
Fierr.). (ten , I, 301.
Fifleld, Marj-. I. 29, Adams. S.
Fifty rtve. the. VI, 573, Willard, A.
Fiftv-fonr forty, or fiRht. author of. I. 56. AlUn, W. : U.
(V42. (iiddintjs, J. R. : origin of, IV, »«, Medary ; V, 53.
Fi)flitin»r chas.s««ur8. Ill, 14. Guniey, H'.
FiKlitiiiK Diolf. s< .briquet. V. 242 Rirhardaon, I. B.
Fi>:hlinK Fifth, the. II. 20. CVtww. E. E.
Fiffhtiuif .Ifie, sobriquet. Ill, 250.
FiKhtii)}; Nat. V, 002. Snoutlen.
FiKhtint; parson, the, IV. .370. Mnodu, O.
FlKhtini; Quakers, the. IV. afiO. Mntback.
Fljfiieira, Father, II, 3!»rt, Fahreqat.
Fi>rueren>. tJec., execution of, il, 108.
Fijrueroa, I, 01, Alvtirndo, J. B.
Filiii K(flesiR», pseii.lonym, II, 207. Dorsey, .9. A.
Filil)u.sters, exp<><lition of ailei^tni, V, GOM, ,*ioto ; projeot<Ml
exp'ditt<in of, VI, 106, Thrasher ; 2»6-2Sr7, Villeraye ;
flKht with, at San Bins, 310, W(iiMirri!r//if, J. M. : in*a-
Hioiis of Mexico and Central America by, 331-S$2, H'«/A--
er. William.
Filiplna bay. HI. .581. lythetaren.
Filkiii.s, Squire. I. 221, Beekman, O.
Fillmore, AbijfHil. II, 4.VJ.
Fillm.ir«, Caroline C.. II. 457.
Fillmore. John, II. 4.VJ, Fillmore, M.
Fillmore, Millard, his home at Buffalo, illustration. II.
4.'.7.
Fillm.ire. Nathaniel. II. 4.V2. Fillmore.
Fllson elub, the, II, 273. Durrett.
Finani-es. etnlmrrassment of the U. S.. I, 90 ; 842 : 11. 67-58,
litilhis ; during the war of aeceaaion, I, 587 ; V, 507 ; 111,
.V^7-.VW. Arii/>r. J. J.
Finanrial crisis of 1837, the, III, 544, King, Jamet Oore ;
VI. 190 : Zti.
Finol», Sherman, III, 131.
Fiiietran, <»«»n. Joseph, V, 47*>. Seymour, T.
Finlater. F.arl of. V. 448. Sealon.
Fiiilev, .latnes. II, 4tK>. Finley, R.
Fiiiley, James B.. II. 401, Finley, .^f.
Finn«Kan, TerT>-. peiiiiame. IV. 77, SfrCarmll.
Fire-alarm telejfmph. the, VI. 099, steam*.
Fire-arms, inventions an<l improvements In, I, 49, Aljter,
C; «4«), B' ' ' '• : 4.39. Burklaud. C: 442, Buffing
ton; OOR, < ^ Hntchkiss, B B.: 609-510, Kel
ton; TV, , ./. E.; 812. Metcalfe, H ; V. «I9,
Remington. / ; .,;.'. Hnherts. B. S.: VI, W, Thompson
M. J.; ««, Whitney, E; 661. Winchester, O. F.\ «M,
Zaiinski.
Fire department, a paid, IV. 786, Piatt, J. W.; II. 7W,
Ortenirood, M.
Flre^nirlneit, invention of a. I. 57. Allen, Z.; Hvt* steam,
ns. Brooks, C. S.; Hteam, M0. Cary. J- f^-: H. 9M ; ttrtk,
in New York. 180, De Lancey ; the first, in America, III,
485, Jen^ces, J.
Flre-eacape, inventor of a, VI, 000, Peacock.
Flre^xtin^iliiheni. Invention of. I, UK, B^beotk,J. K; IV,
«», .Mnxu-rll. W II
Fire-priNif t>uililiii;.-s. invention <>f procMswa for ooMtrud-
InK, 111,271, // '.'. Wtght.
Unit Citlxen, til.
First in war, Iti-: , uutbonihip of. III. 6B7,
I^, //.; VI, 3M1.
FIkm oofporatiun bill, the, VI. 107.
Fisli, Sanita, VI, 174. TWXrr, Sarah.
FlMh-culture, II, 74«, Oretm, S.; IV, 01, LMnan, T.: 151.
Mather, F.; VL 545. Wilmot.
Fisher. Prof, A. M., 1. 217. Beechrr, C. E.
Fisher, Caroline M., V. 4<W. .Vjiryrr, C. il.
Fisher, Col C. F., II. 4«ft. b'isher. F. C.
Fisher, C. J. B., V. 80. Purtrr, W. T
Fisher, DeljoraJi, VI, 448, Wharton, J.
Fisher, (Jei>rKe. III. 279, Howe, E.
Fisher, Huich. V, :>r8. Smith, Joniah.
Fisher, Jane M . VI, 280. Vernon, J. M. F.
FUher'M Hill. iMitle of, U. 800, Early, J. A.; Vt, Amtv.
W. //.: 714: HI. 1.34.
Fishers islami. II, 51.3, Ftster. L. S.: gnnt of. VI. 874.
Fisheries, teriiiinatiou of treaty elauHes on, I. UH ; U. 8.
c<jinmis.siou of. 143. Baird. S. F.; 273. Blackford. E. O.;
controversy. 2N0, Blaine : II, T»t ; HI, 300, Jarkaon, M.
M. ; neKotiations, HI, 409, 410; IV, »I5, Mitchell, Peter;
VI, 181 ; 8t. lAwrence, II. ai«, Fortin. Ptrrrv ; deain
of France to exclude tiie United SUtes from, «■,
hyanklin.
Fishes, scientific studies of, I. 35.
Fishing Creek. S. C engagement at, V, 738 ; VI, 86, Tarle-
ton. Se<' Mii.1. Sfrinos.
Fishkill, Verplanck house at. illustration. VI. 881.
Fisk, James, murder of, II, 106. Ikivit, S.
Fisk university, Tenn., II. 467, F^sk, C. B.; IV. 800. Jfor^
gan, H. C.\ Jubilee Hall of. VI. 470. White, O. L.
Fiske. Rev. I). T.. II. 468. h\sk. h\delia.
Fiske. Rev. 8.. II, 469, Fiske, John.
Fitch. Helen. IV. CM. Parker, H. F.
Fitch, Rev. James. HI. 608, Langdon, 8.
Fitch, John. HI. 364. Incin, A.
Fitch. Stephen. II. 470. Fitch, B.
Fitch cW^che and institute. II. 470, Fitch, B.
Fittig. Rudolph. V. 220. AVreurn.
FiUgt-rald. E<lward, W, 271, Vedder.
Fitzherljert. Ill, *«, 410, 412.
Fitzherb«'rt, Alleyne. IV, 008. Onraid. R.
Fitzhugh, Miss, I, 268.
Fitahugh. William, HI, Oftl, Lee, R.
Fitzhugh. W. F , 11.475. h\tzhugh. W. H.
FiUhugh. Col. W,. V, 203, Rochester.
Fitz Randolph, Fdward, V, 178. Randolph, J. and J. F.
Fivaz. Rev. M.. I. 34. Ayassit, J. L. R.
Five-cent fare bill, the, I. 658.
Five Forks, Imttle of, II. l.VI. Derin ; 710 ; V, 900, Akarf-
daii : VI. .362. Warren, G. K.
Five of chilis, the, I, 650. Clerrland, H. R.
Five P.iints, mission at, V, 802, Realf ; founder of, SBB,
Russell. A.
Five principle Baptists, the, I, 305.
Haccus, }jen-name, VI. 85.%. Want. T.
Flag, the first with the 13 stri|>es. IV. 811. MaHme : de-
signer of. first raised. V, 216 ; first carried around the
globe, II, 731, Only ; " If any one trie* to haul down,"
etc.. IW. /)!>. J. A.
Flaherty, Bemanl, VI, 690. Williams. Barney.
Flamlteau, fight of Uie, with the Enterprise, V, 4M, Skate.
John.
Flame-engine, Invention of a, 11, 864.
Fland«'rs, Charles. H, 478. Flanders. H.
Flatlnish. \.. I , prisoners taken at. IV. 850. Momcrieffe.
Flatbush. theological school at. III. 747. Livingttim, J. H.
l-latheails. the, mission to, II. 151. /V .Smrf.
Flax, machine for dn^ssing. IV. .502, r)rr, //.
V\&x mill, first in V. S., V. 4.31. Schuyler, P. J.
FU-eta. jM'nname. HI, 61, Hamilton, K.
Fleming. (JfHirge, pen-name, II. 481. Fletcher, J. C
Fleming, Sir Thomas. IV. 171. .Madison, P. P.
Fletcher, B . his seal, illustration. II. 481,
netcher. (irac-. VI, 4O0, Wrhster. P.
Fletcher, Rev. J C . HI. l.%a. Heade, M J.
Fletcher, Richanl, II. 175, Pickaon, A. F.
Fletcher. Col. T . V, !i6, PAk. W.
Fletcher. (Sen. Tliomas. Ill, !t83, Kenton.
neur <le rE|W-.«. fortress of. HI. 306. Hugum.
Fleurj-, Hen-ule AndrA de, H, 4«t Fleury.
Fleurv, 1, .%30. Carftrnter. K. M.
Fleur\-, Roliert. pupil of, VI, 007, Reiek.
Flint," James, V. .W, /foof. F. W.
Floating palace, th". III, 4W. Kerlrr.
FloKKinK- abolition of. In the navv. ITT. 34. Nale, J. P.: V.
006. .Stockton, R. F. ; of English militiamen. I. 000. 0»6>
Itett. W.
Flood, Dr.. n. 41i
FlofMl suflTerers, ncllef of. I, IM ; 18B. Barton, C.
Florence, pen-name, IV, 600, CImtnod. F S.
Florenoe. American chapel In, TV, 08, Lyman, T. B.
Florea, Isabel. V, 880, Rom of IJma.
norea, Lula. IV, 880, Martintx, E
734
FLORES
FORT
Florwt, Rt-ynaldo, VI, 27S, Veintimilla.
Klon'8 Valiic/. DieRo, V, 400, Sarmiento Oamboa.
Florida, ilinoovfry of, V. «BJ, Ponce de Leon ; exploration
of, 11, 153, l>c Soto ; VI, 262, Vtuiconcello», A.; expedi-
tions to c<i|i<iuer, IV, 4TH, Karvaez ; VI. 272, Velanco, L. ;
to colonize, IV, £4, Lumi ; the three caciques of, Siwrnish
KettlenientH in, ^7«, Olotoraca ; Hrst description of. III,
120, Huirkiim, Sir J.; the Huguenot colony on the St.
John's. II, Ol>r, Uourguea ; HI, »!«, Mes ; 029, Lciudon-
niert ; IV, 0U9, Ottiyny ;V, 232, Ribuut ; VI. 292, Vigne ;
first Spanish settlement in, 293. Villafaiie ; English
colony in, V, 312, Holle ; a haunt of adventurers. III, 3<7 :
atrocities in, STS ; Spain unable to control, Jackson's
canii>aign, trouble with Spain, purchase of, Jack.s<jn gov-
ernor. 3TW ; invasion of. iV. ."jOS, (Jglethorpe ; expedition
against, in the Revolution. HI, 2H2, Howe, R. ; the British
defeated in, U, 5^5, Gdlvez, H.\ first surveyor of, natural
hi8t<)ry of, V, 314, Romans ; cession of, I, 28 ; IV, 279.
Mtade. R. W. ; 300, 582, Onis ; Indians of, V, 85, Pota-
non ; their enmity to Spaniards, 85 ; removal of Semi-
noles. II. 5«!8. Oadnden, James ; R. C. institutions in,V, 81-
82, Poitier ; VI. 281, I'erot ; ship-canal, survey for, V, 701,
Stone, C. P. ; Federal expedition up the St. John's, 678,
Stevens, T. H.
Florida Blanca, count of. Ill, 352, liiiao.
Florida war, the, HI, 458, Johnston, J. E.
Florida, the capture of. 1, 092, Collins, N. ; captures by, IV,
172. Mnffitt ; pursuit of, V, 105, Preble, G. H.
Florin, Juan, VI, 282, Verrazano.
Florio, pseudonym, I. 386. Brooks, J. Q.
Floyd, Charity, IV. 518. SicolU, B.
Floyd, Col. C. II. 487. Floyd, J.
Floyd, Mary F.. TV, 70, McAdoo.
Floyd. Nict>ll, II. 488, Floyd, ^V.
Floyd- Jones family, the. III, 471, Jones, T.
Flucker, Lucy. HI. 506. Knox, L.
Flushing, L. I., famous oak at, II, 619, Fox, O.; college at,
W8. ailder, \y. H.
Fluxions, discovery of the method of, V, 263.
Flying artillery, the, V. 706. Storer. B.
" Flying camp," the, HI, 315, Humpton ; VI, 395. Watts.
Frederick.
Flying-machines, experiments. IV, 311, Metcatf, M. J.
Hying-ship, inventor of a, V, 80, Porter. R.
Foblx-s, William. V, 614, Southtmrth, C.
Fog-trumpet, steam, II. .52. fkjMl.
FoKling-machine, invention of a, VJ, 428, Wells, D. A.
Folger, Lvdia. II. 518, Fowler, L. F.
Folk-lore "of Canada. II. 61.3. Gaspe, P. A. de.
Follen. Christopher. II, 491, Fallen.
Folsom. Oscar, I, 6.56.
Folsom City. Cal.. II. 4*3, Folsom, J. L.
Fones. Mariha, VI, 574.
Fontaine, Rev. James, IV, 266, Maury, A.
Fontaine, John, V. 635. Spotsicood.
Fontaine. Joseph. VI. 145.
Fontaine, W. M , IV, 266. Mnury. M. F.
Fontannrossa, Susanna, I. 690. Columbus.
Fonthill, illustration. II. 505.
Food, adulteration of. I. .572, Chandler, C. F.
Foot, El)enezer, II, 49.5, Foot, S. A.
Foot., Rev. George. II, 495, Foot. J. I.
Fm)te, Moses. II, 407, Foote. T. M.
Foote. Roxana. I, 216, Beechrr.
Forbes, Chri.stiana. IV. 716. Penn, W.
Forbes. Edward. III. 119, Hawkins, B. W.
Forbes, Hugh, I. 406.
Force, theory of the entitative nature of, IV, 444, Mott,
Henry A.
Force, William, H. 499. Force, P.
Force bill, the, I, .500 ; II, 394, Ewing, T. ; VI, 195, 411.
Ford, Gabriel. I, 273.
Fordham. home at, VI, .589, Wolfe, C. L.
Forest., the. plantation, II, 255. Dunbar, Sir W.
Forester, Frank, pen-name. III, 180. Herbert.
Forestier, Auber, p»'n-name, VI, 007, Woodwarfl, A. A.
Fore»tr>', VI, 346, Waugenheim ; American woods, V, 399,
Sargent. C. S.
Forestry association, ^^, 356. Warder.
Forests*, infiuence of, on rainfall, II, 223, Draper, D.
Forkel, Mr., HI. 362.
Formosa, Island of, IV, 133, Mackenzie, R. S.
Forney. John W., quoted, H, 143, Dent, Frederick F.; V,
840, Royail, Anne.
Forrest, E<lwin, IV, 99. McCullovgh ; his bouse on the
Hudson, illustration, H, 505.
Forrest divorce suit, the. II, 606, Forest, E. ; IV, 654.
O'Conor, C.
Forrester, Fanny, pen-name, HT. 485. .Tudnon. E. C.
Forrester. PYancis. Esq., pen-name, VI, 579, Wise, D.
Forster, Dr.. H, K>9. F\ientes, B.
Forster, William Edward, H, S06, Forster, W.
Forsythe, W.. HI. .Va. Kinzie.
Fort Adams. Newport. IV. 175. Magrtider ; VI, 309.
Fort Alamo, illustration. VI. 1&5.
Fort-AIibamon. VI. 143. Tour, L. B.
Fort Altona, HI, 295, Hndde.
Fort Amsterdam, built, IV, 838, Minuit.
Fort Anne, 1, 462, Burgoyne.
Fort Arralal do Bom Jesus, siege of, II, 163, Ditu, H.
Fort Barrancas, HI, 377.
Fort Biloxi, HI. 339, Iberville.
Fort Boca-Chica, destructign of , IV, 126, Mackan.
Fort Bourbon, HI, 3S9, 1 berville ; siege ot, 4S0, Jiremie ;
VI, 294. Villaret.
Fort Bowyer, HI, :J77.
B'ort Brown, bombardment of, VI, 53 ; IV, 196, Manafield,
J. K. F.
Fort Carillon. See Fort Ticondekooa.
Fort Caroline, HI. 62!), LMudonniere ; II, C97, Gourguet ;
capture of, V. 232, Ribaut.
Fort Casimir, HI, 295, Hudde.
Fort Catarocouy, VI, 59, Teganissorens.
FortCeperon, III, 300, Huet.
Fort Chagres, capture of, VI, 280, Vernon, E.
Fort Charles, U, 134, Delawarr.
Fort Chartres, III., V, 221, Renault.
Fort Christiana, built, IV, 338, Minuit ; HI, 296, Hudde.
Fort Clark, captured, I, 478, Butler, B. F. ; U, 18, Crosby, P.
Fort Clendenin, I, 135, Bailey.
Fort Clinton, storming of, 1, 659, Clinton, J.
Fort Crawford, VI, 52, 53.
Fort CYSvecoeur, HI. 168, Hennepin ; 622 ; VI, 138, Tonty.
?'ort Darling, Va., attack on, V, 297.
Fort Dauphin, VI, 277. Verandrye.
Fort Dearborn, built, Vl, 46;j, Whistler, J. : evacuation of,
432, Wells, W.; HI, 292, Hubbard, O. S.; 808 ,Hull, W.
Fort de Boeuf , V, 374, Saint Pierre.
Fort de Couty, III, 168, Hennepin.
Fort Defiance, Navajoe attack on, V, 495, Shepherd, O. L.
Fort de la Reine, VI, 277, Verandrye.
Fort de Russy, capture of, V, 5.56, Smith, A. J.
Fort Diamant, storming of, VI, 296. Villeneuve, Pierre.
Fort DoneLson, siege of, I. 440, Buckner ; II, 488, Floyd, J.
P.; 490, Foote, A. H.; 506, Forrest, N. B.; TIO, 711 : m,
321, Hunter, D.\ V, 20, Pillow ; 586, Smith, C. F.; effect
of its fall in the south, HI, 455.
Fort.Douglas, attack upon, V, 461. Semple, R.
Fort Duquesne (Pitt). I, 329, Bouquet ; 347. Braddock ',
711, Contrecoeur •, movement on, U. 256, Dunbar, T. ;
Forbes's expedition against, 498, Forbes, J. ; engage-
ment near, 663, Gist ; V, 692, Stobo ; VI. 375.
Fort Edward, Martinique, III, 520, Kent, Duke of.
Fort Edward, IV. 61, Lyman, P.; V, 140.
Fort Erie, assault on, II, 234, Drummond, Sir G. ; 245,
Drummond, W. ; 639, Gibson ; V, 268. Ranch, L ; 440,
Scott, Winfield ; incident of the defence of, VI, 629.
Williams, A. J.
Fort Esperanza. Tex., evacuation of, VI, 371, Washburn,
Cadvtallader C.
Fort Fisher, assaults on, I, 867, Breese, K. R. ; 478, Butler,
B. F; II. 41, Cushing, W. B.: HI, 285, Hovell, J. C; II,
716 : V, 75 ; 158, Radford ; 230, Rhind ; VI, 66, Terry,
Alfred H.
Fort Frontenac, I, 353, Bradstreet ; HI, 621, La Salle.
Fort Gaines, Ala., II. 417.
Fort Garry, expedition to, IV, 177, Mair, C. ; Fenian at-
tack on, 1.50, McMicken.
Fort George, Scotland, H, 849, Emmet, T. A.
Fort George, New York. I, 684, Colden, C; capture of, II,
117, Dearborn, H.\ action at, HI. 285, Howell, R. L.
Fort George, siege of, HI, 687, Le Moyne, P. J.
Fort George, capture of (war of 1812), HI, 705, Leiris, M.',
evacuation of. firing of Newark, and retaliation for, IV,
90, McClure, Q.
Fort Granby, I, 762 ; HI, 667, Lee, H.
Fort Gregg, capture of. IV, 598, Osborne. T. O.
Fort Griswold. massacre at, 1, 136, Bailey, A. W.; m, 654,
655, Ledyard.
Forth. Mary. VI, 572. Winthrop.
Fort Hale, \U, 31. Hale. N.
Fort Harmar, treaties at, II, 233, Drowne, S. ; VI, 679,
Douqhty.
Fort llarrison, capture of. II, 715 ; HI. 97 ; capture of, IV,
584. Ord, E. O. C. ; VI. 52.
Fort Harrison, Va., capture of, V, 647, Stanuard.
Fort Hatteras, captured, I, 478, Butler, B. F. ; U, 18,
Crosby, P.
Fort Hell, II, 765. Griffin.
Fort Henry, in Virginia, II, 134, Delawarr ; In Tennessee,
capture of, 287, Ends ; 496, Foote, A. H.; 710.
Fort Henry (AVTieeling), attack on, II, 662, Girty, Simon ;
established, VI, 655, Zane, Ebenezer.
Fort Hill, Calhoun's residence at, I, 500.
Fort Hindman, capture of, V, 503.
Fort Hope. HI. 295, Hudde.
Fortifications, 1, 104. •
Fort Independence, attack on, IH, 728, Lincoln, B.
Fort Jackson, bombardment of, I. 496, CaldweU, C: H. B.;
U. 414, 416 ; and St. Philip, bombardment of, V, 75.
Fort Jacques Cartier. II, 150. Des Barres.
Fort Johnson, attack on, HI, 289, Hoyt, H. Jf. ; 452 ; cap-
ture of, IV, 207, Marion.
Fort Johnston, N. C, destruction of, IV. 233, Martin. J.
Fort King, Fla., Indian fight at. II, 53, Dade, F. L.
Fort Lawrence, N. S.. IH, 6.39, Lawrence, C.
Fort Leavenworth, HI, 316, Hunt, H. J. ; 649, Leaven-
toorth, H.
FOUT
PRANCE
736
Kort Loudon, maiwaoiv at, I, US. Atta-CuUaCvUa ; IV,
5B&, Ocvnottuta ; V. Tdti, Stuart, Jufin ; VI. »a, Thuuuu,
Itaae.
Fort Lyman, IV, Oi, layman, P.
Fort IIoAUiitt«*r, Ixxiirmnliufnt of, n. 390, Drayton, P.;
MB. &M Pont : III. I.'iti. Ihtn-n, W. H.
Fbrt Mrllenr)'. I". M>». A>V. /•'• S".: IV, 121, MrHenru.
Port Mackinaw, IV. M. lAiui'n/uy ; UK, M<tclM,utiU.
Fort Maittn, iium«ntler of, 1, MKi ; V, 337, tiotcan, H. C.
Fort MeRw, IV, ICl, AtcRer, W.
Fort MaaaaohuaetU, capture of, VI, M5, PaudrrMil, P. F.
de R.
Fort Manohac, Uken, II, S84, &(i/i'«{, B.
Fort MeiKH, BiegB of, L 088. Clay, «. ; HI, 87 ; VI, 88,
yVci«m««-A.
Fort M^rLvr, aaaault on, II, 748, Qrtene, C.
Fort Miami, VI, 300.
Fort Mifflin, defence of, V, 587, .S'mifA, S.
Fort Miller, V. 140.
Fort MimmH. maiwaorp at. III. 370.
Fort Monroe, re-enforcenienl of, V, 275, Roberia, it. O.
Fort Monaipi, VI, 105, Troy^:
Fort Monticomery, storming of, I, 850, Clinton, J. ; U, 145,
De Ptynter, F.
Fort Morgan. Ala., II. 417 ; FV. 61.V XirhoUon, J. W. A.
Fort Molt«-. captured. U. 752 ; UI. 067, Lee, H. ; IV, aOB,
Mariim ; 44.->. Matte, R. R.
Fort Moultrie, II. 59H, Oardner. J. L. ; incident of the at-
tack on. III. Wr. Jnxjyer ; Iwiitle at. 059 ; IV, aW7, Marion ;
huildiiiK and defence of. 440, Moultrie.
Fort Nassau. Ill, !i95, Hudde ; settlement near, 402, Jan*en
ivin Hiyendam.
Fort Natchez, taken, IT. 5ftl. f/nlvez. B.
Fort Natchitoches, beaiefted by Indians, III. 482. Jxicherau.
Fort Necessilv, engagement at. Ill, 487, J uinonviUe ; V,
ffiW. Stobii ; Vl, 374.
Fort Nei-k Hou.se. illustration. III, 471.
K.irt Nelson. III. 3;«(. Ihervdle.
Fort Niatrara. surrender of. II. 130. De Lancey, J. ; III.
4S2 ; rebuilding of, 086, Le Moyne ; capture of (I7.W), IV,
873. Muntiyny. J. R. T. : capture of. 4«». Murray, J. ;
aettlenient at, 541, Souvel ; attack on, V, 120, Prideaux ;
VI. 105. TroufH.
Fortnightly club, the, II, 195, Doggett, K.
Fort Ninety-six. II, 752.
Fort No. 4, Indian attacks on. V, 670, Stevenit, P.
Kort tX-racoke. destructit>n of. V. 337. Roiran, S. C.
Fort Opiandt, II. 1.57. De Vrieg : III, 2CJ, Hosm-t.
Fort Orange, expedition against. V. 373. St. (htm ; name
of, changed to Albany, Jff8, Salisbury, S. : VI, 250, Pan
Ren«»elaer.
Fort Oswegatchie. capture of. V. 140.
Fort IVma<iuld, III, .ttO, Ihen-ille ; taken hv the French. IV,
378, .Montii/ny. J. T. de ; destruction of, V, 308, St. Castin.
Fort IVfiil)erton, IV, 28, luring, W. W.
Fort IVntagoet, VI, 14.3, Tour, C. A.
Fort Piokeiis. V. 54S, Slemmer ; VI, .323. Walker.
Fort Pillow. II, »4, Ikivia, C. H. : massacre at. 506, Forrest,
y. R. ; bombardment of, VI, 29«. I'iHi-pigue.
Fort Pitt. IV, 124. Mclntfmh, L. ; VI, 375.
Fort Pontcliartrain, I, 45*3, Cadillac.
Fort Powell, attack on. IV, 51.5. Nicholson, J. W. A.
Kort Powiiall. Me.. V, 100, Pownall.
Fort Prince Ueorge, Invested by Cherokeea, IV, 555, Ocono-
stota.
Fort Pulaski, capture of, 11, 654, Gillmore ; surrender of
(1862), IV, .591, b'Rorke.
Fort Quitchitchonen, III, 330, Iberville ; 087, Le Moym,
James.
Fort Recovery, III. 96, Harrison, W. H.; VI, 399.
Fort Roberdeau, V, 271, Roberdeau. D.
Fort Rnsalie, I, 493. Cadillac : burning of, IV, 529, Sogaret.
Fort Rrnige, VI, 277, Verandrye.
Kort Rovftl, Klori<la. attacke<l. Ill, 866, Mes.
Fort St.Charles. Ark., capture of. III. 535, Kilty.
Fort St. Ueorge, Me., II, 646, Oilbert, R.; 087, Gorges ; V,
OB, Popham.
Fort St. Iftlgo, V. 118. Price, J.
Fort St. Jean. III. 687, Le Moyne, J. D. E.
Fort St. John and Fort (Hiamblv. capture of. IV, 871.
Fort St. IxMlis, III. 477. Joutel ; Vl. 132. Tontu.
Fort St. Peter and Fort St. Charles. VI. 277, Verandrye.
Fort St. Philip, bombardment of, I, 496, Caldwell, Charles
H. B.\ 11,416.
Fort St. Rujiert, III, 687, Ije Moyne, James.
Fort San Mateo. II, 097, Uoiirgues.
Fort Saunders, attack'on, IV. 141, McLaw*.
Fort Schuyler, siege of, II, 680, Gansevoort, P.; HI, 188.
Iferkimer.
Fort Smith, confederate occtipation of, I, S28, Borland ;
evacuation of. V. 784. .fturgis, S. D.
Fort Rnelling, V, 601. .*inelling, J.
Fort SUnwix expedition, the. I, 887, Brooks. John : tTMUy
of. III, 458 ; investment of. in the Revolution. 458, JoAn-
son. Sir J. ; expedition against, V, 872, St. Leger ; V, 651,
.S'faniriT.
Fort Steadman. taken by Lee, and retaken. 11, 716 ; m,
105. Hartmn/t.
Fort Stevenson, defence of, II, 13, Croghan.
».
rigkt.
Fort Santar, tail of, I, g\\, BMwngard ; tm. Blair. M.-.
queaUoaocn-enforivmeuiafar, 48&.4M: bambardroMit
of, U. aOL tUioti, .str;>Arii ; rsmova] from Furt M«MlUto
to, 511, fvster. J. a.; proposed re-eofocvament of, MM.
Fox, a. v.; 664, OiUnufre: firat (UD Ibvd oo. V. IM,
Kuffln. £.; surrender of. VI. 4B0, WtafaU; vnpomtti
evacuation of, V, 618, StaiUoit.
Fort Taylor. Kuppoaed Mteiopt to seiae, V. 646. Stanly. F.
Fort Ticoiideroga. I, 891), Bourlamarque ; attack oa. II,
182; skirniisli near, lU. 280. Howe. iJ. A. ; ImiUi, IV, SI,
Lulbiniere ; battle <»f, :»4 ; ca|ilun< of. in 1775. 068. Pur-
sons, S. //. ; 7N3. Phrlps, .\. ; evacuation by St. Clair,
788. PhiUtjM. H'Uliam : (1777). V, 3DU. .SI. Clair.
Fort Trent, ca|)ture of. II. I«|, DinwiMte.
Fort Trumbull, HI, 054. Ijeduard. W.
Fortun, iieniiaine, VI, 656, Zarro.
Fortune, the largest, in America in the 18th centurr, n,
147, l>erhy, K. H.
Fortunee, captures bv the, VI, 855, Vansittart.
Fortunv, pupil of. IV. 3M>. M'Htrr. II. H.
Fort Vaugbau. VI. a<i8. \'auohan, Str J.
Fort WagFier, II. liM, (iiUmore ; V. 130, Putnam, H. 8. ;
898, Rixtgrrs, U. W. ; 480, i^aw, R. U.
Fort Walker, II. 653, UdU», J. P.
Fort Washington, i-ontroversy on the retention of. n. 780,
753 ; 111, 90, UnrriMin, H'. H ; cai>ture of, 2H0, Howe,
W. ; fall of, 659 ; and Lee, capture of. V. 141 ; stonn-
ing of, 190, Rawlingt, M. ; illustration, VI. 079.
Fort Wataon, capture of, II, 752 : stomung of, IIL 48H,
Johnston, P. ; ti«7, Lee, H. ; surrender o?, IV, 175-176.
Maham ; 2i)i*, Marion.
Fort Wayne, HI. 97 ; VI, 809.
Fort William Henry, siege of, 1, 880, Bouriamarque ; capt-
ure and maiwaci-e at, IV', 354 ; V, 412, .ScammeU.
Fort Yuma, Indian siege of, VI. 7. .S'ir«<-nv.
Forum, the, utagazine, IV, 811, Metcalf, L. S. ; V,
Rice, /. L.
Forward, Chauncey, I. 872. Black, J. .<f.
Forward, attack on the pirate-ship, VI, 310, ITaiN*
Jonathan M.
Fossil footprints. Ill, 216. 817, Hitchcock. E. and C. //.
Fossils, new group of, II, 2H0, Dwtght, If. B. ; diaooverjr
of, VI. 449, Whentley.
Foster, Key. Daniel, I. 460, Bums, Anthony.
Foster, Capt. Daniel, II. 512, Fonter. L. S.
Foster, Kestus, II, 285, A/i/<»n, H'.
Foster, (ieorge U., 11,358, English, Thomas Dunn ; IV. 900,
Margiieriltes.
Foster. Rev. John, II. 510, I-y>ster, Hannah.
Foster, Miriam, I. OiX. Vhinite.
Kqster, Rebecca, H. .571. (iaUlard. P. C.
Foster. Dr. Ro»>ert D., V, 576. .S'milA. Joseph.
Kothergill. Dr. John, pupil of. VI, .380, Haierkoum.
Kouke. Philip B . IV, (Vj, MrClemand.
Kouike, C4il., II. 6«7, Gabarrt.
Koul- Weather Jack. I, 487, B^n.
Kounens, .M. de. I, 119, Aurrlto.
Kountain, Rev. IVter, IV, 277, Mayi, W.
Kountain of youth, the, »«'arch for, V. 08, Panoe de i
Kouiitain-pen, inventor of a, V, 400, Saxton.
Kour Brotheru, the, I, 3a'».
Kour Comers, >>attle at. V, 875, Saiatterry.
Kourier. C, II, 55. Dain.
Kourierisin, II. 780.
Kowke, Col. Uerard, IV, 841. Uason. O.
Kowler. Nancv C. I. 127, Bache, A. D.
Fowler. 8<iphla. II. 579. Gollaudrt, S. F.
Fowlerile. di8c»ner«'d. H. 5IH. Fowler, S.
Fowles. Zachariah, VI, K2. Thomas, Isaiah.
Fowltown, burning of. III. S78.
Fox, diaries James. I, ir,rt, Rnrloie, J. ;
580, Fox. H. S ; .\32 ; tjuoted. IV, 871
Fox. Christopher. II. 5'0, Fox, O.
Fox, «en. Henry . II, 580. Fox, U. 8.
Fox, John D , If, 520. >b.r. M.
Fox, KaU>, II, .520, Fox, M.
Fox, capture of the. IV, 180. Manley, J.
Fox, voyagi" of the, IV, 87, McClintock,F. L.
FoxboriMigh. gift to library of. I. 341. Boyden, V. A.
Fox-htinting club of (iloucester. the, VI. 447. Wharton,R.
Fox's Mills, engagement at. Ill, 453. JohnMm, Sir J.
Foxton, K.. p«-n-name. IV, OW, J'al/rey. S. H.
Koy, M. HI, 303, Irrimf. W.
Pra Angelico of FV-uador. the. I. 516, Bedon.
Kra-tionai cunvii<-v. V. 28, fintard.
Kractun-s. tri-atmeiit of. I, 4.37, Ruck, O.
Kranc. Pierre. IV, 733, Prrrot, P.
Franca, Manuel J. de, V 401, Sartain, J.
Vruaomin, M., II. 837. Dub>?is.
Francals. F. L . IV. 407. Morrell, /. R.
France. allUnce of, with America. I, 17 : aid of. 18. 10 : V.
S. relation with, 82 : indemnity pai«l by, 87 : 11. 896.
Ellsirorth, ().: n-Utions of. with l'. a, L 107, Bartow, J.;
aki of, during the Revolution, 810, Beaumarckaia ; 914.
Bontryuloir : II. 110. fk-anr, s : 37S, JWniiia ; 891 ; loans
and gift. 531 : her desire in n<fereaoe lo tne MMHippI
Talley, 538. 538 : ilefeat of. by EmriMid. 891 : aid of. In
the Revolution, 790, Graase : III. 681, Ixtwmu. J.: 400,
410 ; V, 901, 77ocAa»a»rau ; Fouofaet^s tateroepCed and n-
4M, Burke, E. : 11,
: VI. 806, Vaughan.
SeeSvaoaaT.
736
FRANCE
FRIENDSHIP
cently discovered dewpatchcft, 177, Randolph, E.; alli-
ance of, VI, 1H3, Tury>t, A. K. J.\ 27», Vergenne»\ II,
830, KlUirttrth, <).: «»)lii-iu aid in the Revolution, OiU,
(itiie»t ; rupture witii U. S. (17«Si, III. SHS, Huyutfs ; the
Directory, ."KTi ; opinions of the Kevolutiou in America,
4]i>> ; Jay '8 mission to, 4(n» ; pmjjosed alliance with, IV,
■i-Vi, iln'ivm, J. M.\ relations of, with America. 36U ; rela-
tions with U. S. duriuK the war of «ecefi.sion, III, 721 ;
Ki>vemment of, before the Revolution, -IIU ; protective
system of, 419 ; threatened war with the U. S., IV, 4, Lo-
gun, U.\ de«ire for war with, flghtinR on the sea, lUJt ;
reception of U. S. envoys by the) Directory, 223 ; threat-
enecl difflculty with the U. 8., mission to, 471, Murray,
W. V. ; treaties with, 497, JVeuriWe ; preimrations for
war with, VI, 3S1 ; 22, Talbot, S.; 170, Truxton ; 122, Tin-
yeif ; colony of. in 8. A., II, 878, 874, Espeteta ; Urieans
pnnce« of. IV. 589.
Fraince ^juino-xiale. Ill, 344, Imfreville.
Francesca de HraKanza, I'rincess, IV, 589, Orleans, F. F.
Francestown, N. 11.. mime of. VI, ASti, Weixtworth, F. D.
Francis. Kl>enezer, II. 47. Culler, M.
FrancLs. Sir I'hilip. II, .524. Francix, T.; asked to petition
for prants in America. 525 ; VI, 85, Thomas. P. F.
Franci-s, Richard, I, (Ml, Child. L. M.
Francis. Richard. II, 524, tVancU, T.
Francis<,'ans, missions of, I. 555, Castro, A.; 618, Ciudad
Heal ; 74,5, Corpa ; III. IKJ, Hernandez, V.; 845, Infante,
H.; 480. Juarez. Juan ; 488. Junipero ; 603, Landa ; 651,
Le Caron ; IV. 205. Margil ; 440. Motolinia ; 526, Niza,
M. and T.; 576. Olmns; 586, Ordoiiez. D.; 622, Padella,
Juan: 748, Peyri; V, 39. Plaza, M.; 131, Puerta ; 179,
Rangel ; 368, Sahagun ; 4W. Serra ; 534, Simon. P. A.;
M.3, .Sitjar ; 604, .HuUina ; VI, 37, Tastera ; 57, Tecto ;
134, TortU ; 140, Torrubia ; 157. Trejo ; 205. Uhland ; 219,
Urtiaga ; 222, V'aladea : 'ZSS, Valencia : 282, Vasqiwz ;
2»4, I'iUalpando : 4.58, IVIielan, C; 635, Ximenez ; 6.38.
Yanguas ; 651, Zanutra, C; 656, Zarate, M.; 657, Zarco,
(fiulio.
Franciscus Honorius Philononiis, I, 444, Bull.
Franckrf', Aupist Herman, IV, 25,5, Mather, C.
Fran(;oi8, Jean. Ill, 688, Lempereur ; VI, 144, Tousaaint,
Dominique F.
Franconia, case of the, I, 235. Benjamin, J. P.
Franco- Prussian war, the, I, 2IW, Baznine ; the letters on,
IV, 115-116. MnrGnhan : project to teach French troojw
Enfrli-sh, V, 199, ReaH, J. M.; hospital service in, .378,
StUm Salm. A.: Anglo-American ambulance corps. .541,
Sims. J. M.; sale of arms to France, 748; the, VI, 371,
Wnshhume, E. B.
Frank, pseudonym. V, 669.
Frankenstein, John P., VI. 896, iro;/.
Frankland. proposed state of, I, 541, Carter, J. ; III, 75,
Handle!/.
Frankley," baron of. IV. 69, Lyttleton.
Franklin, our later, II. 741, Oreeley, H.
Franklin. Abiah. II, 491. Folger, A.
Franklin. Ann. III. 4.3. Hall, S.
Franklin, Benjamin, .statue of. In New York, II, 124, De
Onwt : his birthplace. Illustration, .\31 ; his tomb. 5.3:^ ;
his epitaph. 5.34 ; translation attributed to, IV. 4, Logan,
Jiimfii-. quoted, 2.54, Mathvr, C. ; essay attributed to,
585. W'ilhersprmn. J.
Franklin, James. II. ,527.
Franklin. John. II. ,527.
Franklin. .Sir J., search for. 11, 12.5, De Haven ; in, 492-
4!«, Kane. K. K. ; .504. Kellett ; discovery of his fate. IV,
87, McClintock. F. L. : search for. first traces of. V. 158,
Rae. J. : search for, 242, Richardson, Sir J. ; 330, Rosa.
Sir J. ; di8<>over^' of relics of, 433, Schtvatka.
Franklin. Josiah. II. .527.
Franklin, Sarah. I, 128, Bache.
Franklin. Thomas, II, .528, Franklin. B.
Franklin, .state of. V. 168. Ramsey. J. G. M ; 467, Se\ner, J.
Franklin, N. II.. gift to, IV, 485, Nesmith, J.
Franklin. Pa., surveywl. II. 327, Ellicntt.
Franklin. Pa., battle of, V. 424. Schofield ; II, 715 ; FV,
.58:1. Ofxlyrke. E.: V. 815. Stanley. D. S.
Franklin college. Ind.. Ill, 239, Holmnn. J. L.
Franklin institute, Philadelphia, founding of, in, 498.
Keating. W. //.; gift to. VI, 488, Wliitney, A.
Franklinite. II. 5IS. Foioler. !■<.
Franklins nn-KS. first »)ook from, V, 189. Rawle, F.
Franks. Rehe<-ca. III. 412. Johnson, Sir H.
Franzelin. Cardinal. I. 417. Brownson, O. A.
Fras»'r, .\lexan(ler. II. KVi. Eraser. S.
Fra.s.'r. Kimon. III. .503. Keith, Sir W.
Fraunce's tavern. Ill, ,586.
Fray Domingo, iien-name, in, 407, Jauregui.
Fray Domingo. V. .530. Sihiel.
Fraxer, Carr)lina «., IV, 48.3, Murat.
Fraaer, Lieut. Col. Persifor, U, 688, Prazer, J. F ; 588.
.Smith. P. F. ^^
Frazier's farm, hattle at. TV, 82.
Frp<lerick the flreat. V. 688. Stenbetx ; quoted, n, 457, FiU-
^'"'J^- M^J^ 1 '*""'^' '^'^••" ^>'- *""'• »'ashington, L. W.
Frederick IV.. of Denmark, II, 314. Egede.
Frwlerick, Md., capture of, n, 6.57, Qilnwr ; R. C. Instltu-
,«2!"nI^'.J^;, '"• ifcElroy, J.; deaf-mute school at, V,
Fredericksburg, battle of, I, 282, Benedict ; 464, Bum-
side ; U, 64, Dahlgren, U.; 5;*, Unnklin, W. B., 562,
l-htller, A. B.; Ill, 72, Hancock, W. S. : 671.
Fredonia, name pr«>|K)8e<l for the U. S., IV, 349, Mitchill.
Free Church of Caiiiida, I, 202, Bayne
Freednien. the ill treatment of, II, 719. 720 ; fund for edu-
cation of, V, M8, Slater ; veto of bureau bill, lU, 488 ;
second, 439.
Freedmen's relief association, the national, n. 548, Frencit,
Mansfield.
Freedom of the press. III, 61, 62, Hamilton, A.
Freedom-of-worship clause, the, V, 595, Smith, W. E.
Frea Lance, the. III. 6!3. Lanigan.
Freeman, signature, II, 230, Drayton, W. H.
Freeman, case of, V, 471.
F'reeman, Carter C, VI, 4.56, Wheelock, J. S.
Freeman, Chapman, U, 486, Florence, T. B.
Freeman, E. A., reference to, I, 1.3, Adams, C. F.
Freeman, Elizabeth, V, 451, Sedgwick, T.
Freeman, T. B., II, 31.3. Edwin.
Freemans farm, battle at, I, 95 ; IV, 896.
Freeman's Oath, the, first printing in America, U, 113,
Daye.
Freemasonry, prejudice against, I, 27 ; IV, 404, Morgan.
W. ; poet laureate of, 417, Morris, Robert ; introduc-
tion into Mexico, III, 580, Labastida ; V, 49, Poinsett ;
706, Stone, W. L. ; movement against, 745.
Freemason's Magazine, the, V, 2SB, Richards, O.
Free Quakers, the, V, 410, Say, B.
Free religious association. II, 5.56. Frothingham, O. B.
Free-soil party, II. 184 ; III, 34, Hale, John Parker ; or-
ganization of, V, 747 ; VI, 548, Wilson, Henry.
Free-trade, Carlisle on. I, 527.
Free Trade and Sailors' Rights flag, the, V, 78. Porter, D.
Free-trade convention (1831). VI, 692. Lee, H.
Free- Will Baptist niis.sions, IV, 542, Xoyes, E.
Freiligrath, Ferdinand. IV. 13, 14.
Frejo, Hernando de. III, 489, justiniano.
Fremont, Dr., II, 212, Douglas, J.
Fremont, O., Hayes house at, illustration. III, 185.
Fremont's Peak, II, 545, Fremont.
French, Eliza M., VI, 44, Taylor, O. L.
French, Col. John. II. 548, French, D.
French, John L., U, 548, French, L. V.
French, Rosalie, IV, 7(M, Pelby.
French, the, in America. I, 457, Burnet ; plan for colonial
union against the, II, 528 ; relations of, in Canada with
the Indiana, III, STi, Kondiaronk ; 577, Kryn ; American
possessions of, documents on, V, 6, Pidansat.
French and Indian wars, the, II, 132; 181, Dinwiddle;
5.54 ; rv, :M. Loudoun ; SW ; expense of, 517, yicolls. W.;
siege of Quebec, in 1690, 764, Phips ; siege of Louisburg,
721, Pepperrell ; V, 6, Ficquet ; 140 ; 868, St. Castin ;
373, St. Ours ; 372, St. Luc ; 4.30, Schuyler, P. ; 431,
Schuyler, P. J. ; 676, Stevens, P. ; noted spy in, 692,
Stobo ; capture of privateers in, VI, 203, Tyng, E. ; 206^
Ulloa, A. de ; naval operations in, 269, Vauquelin ; 374-
875 ; mission of Washmgton, 374.
French army, surrender of the, I, 202, Bazaine.
French Bay, II, 625. Gennes.
French claims, the, I, 4-30.
French colonies, dave legislation in, IV, 472, Mutin.
French Lick fort, V, 58, Polk, W.
French Prophets, the, sect of, UI, 502, Keimer ; 666, Lee,
Ann.
French relief fund, the, n, 280. Dwight, E.
French revolution, the, attitude of U. S. government to-
ward, I, 21, 22: .379, Bressot; II, 26.3, 264, Du Pont de
Nemours; III, .58; operations in America, 311. Hum-
bert ; 589, ,590 ; 6.33, Lauzun ; exiles after the, IV, 710,
Peniires ; royalist conspiracy— arrest of the Guyoma-
rais family— revolt of Les Chouans. V, .384, Rouarie ;
outbreak of, VI, 266, Vaudreuil, Louis ; " pacte de
famine "— "noyades," 297, Vilmot.
French spoliation claims, law on, 1, 105 ; in, 883, 746.
Frenchtown (Monroe), capture of, HI, 97 ; massacre at,
195, Hickman, P.; VI, .561. Winchester, J.
French vessels, engagements with, I, 140, Bainbridge, W.
Freneau, quoted, V, 268, Rivington.
Fr^re. E., I, 131, Bacon, H.; fll, 449, Jofcnron, S. F.; VI.
76, Thorn, J. C. .
Fretum Christlaneum, IV, 459, Munk.
Frey, Samuel Levi, II. 5.50, Frey.
Friedel, Charles, I, 784, Crafts, J. M.
Friedenstadt, VI. 6.58, Zeisberger.
Friedrich, Kari, IV, 261, Materna.
Friedsam Oottrecht, I, 223, Beissel. •
Friend of Industry, a, signature, II, 117, Dearborn, B
Friend of Peace, the, quarterly. VI, 613, Wo%cester, N.
Friend of the Indian, the, V, 732, Stuart, R.
Friendly address to reasonable Americans, I. 730, Cooper,
Myles.
Friendly club, the. IV. 826. Miller, E.
Friendly society, the. I. 7:». Cooper, ."?. F.
Friendly society of St. Patrick, the, IV, 494, Nesbitt.
Friends, society of, II. 519. For, G.
Friendly sons of St. Patrick, the, IV, 451, Moylan.
Friendship, plunder of the ship, by Malays, V, 518, Sftu-
brick, L
FRIENDS
OEAUOA
r37
FriendK* R«»vl«>w. th««. III, 708. Lewin. Kntteh.
Frtuate. nnrt AincrloAii. I, «57. BidiiU, N.
Friiijfi'inni'hliie, a. IV. •ltt^, Srtmith, J.
Kril/. <>., III. 3IK. Hunt, H. IW
Krohishcr Hlrult. II. .VW. Frottiither.
Kn>l»:«irl. <|iiot4^|. V. tVW. SUmiliah.
Frolic, onpturf of the. I. 91. Armatrong, Jamua ; SS8, Bid-
lUf, JmiiiH : III. 4«n. J<>ne». J.
Frc>iiUMm<-, (Viiint. IV. .'174. Montnur, C.
KronfikfiiltTi's. |{Hroii <|<>. V. 4IU .SrAimmWin.
Front Koval. Iwitilf at. II, 15«, Drvin ; III, 515, Kenly.
VtoM, Daiii.l M, IV.«W.
Froct, John, II, \\\ Front. O.
Fro«t. NirhoUs, II. .wv AVcxif. C.
Fruitlftixls, <-oniniiinftv at. I. *). Almtt.
Vry. Sir Fnvleriok. if. 2t,V I)„er, H".
Frv.-hiirtf. Mi>.. II, MM, fV^. Juteph ; poem demniptire of.
Fuea, Juan de, V'l. OH, Vrlerianot.
Fui'hs. Prof.. I. JM.
Ftifnclara. Count de. VI. 295. ViHmtrnor.
Fm-rtfs, I>ol.ir<^ A.. IV, aw. JI/>viA.vii.
Ku>fitive-slnv»' ea!M>.s, I. 7a, Amimr. J. A.; 406 ; 454, Burkf,
S.; -lOO. Hurna. Anthony; Thoiiiaa Sinw, II, S5, CurtU,
a. T.: V, IKJ, Kan tout.
FujfiUve-slav.' law. the. I, VH. 5Hfi. .Vfi". rtU : II. 421. Faulk-
ner: 455; nol«Ml caw under the. III, 199. Higt/inarm.
T. W.; aernion on. IV. i'l. Ijord. ./. C: author of, •i4H.
Matton, J. A/.; imnriHonmentM under, 895. frck, //. K.;
trials under. 703, /¥/«•«•, H'. .S. ; Daniel Webster's at-
titu<le. VI. 414.
Fiilhatn library. I. B.V>. Bradford, W.
Fuller. A»>rahain. III. .lilH. «ii//, H'.
Fuller, Allen ('.. V. IW). Rdirlhia.
Fuller. Frani-es A. and .Metta V., I, ITS, Barritt ; VI, 887.
Tic/or. ,1/. r. and A'. 4.
Fuller. Samuel W.. V. 413. .Srammon, J. Y.
Fuller, Thomas, II. 561. Fuller. Timothy.
Fuller. R«'v. Timothy. II, Ml. Fuller. T.
Fuller's Worthies, qiiott^l. VI. 572. H'inthrop.
Fulton. R4.»).'rt. II. 471. 472. Fitch. John.
Fulton the First. II. Ml, Fulton, K.
Fulton's st«'umtn>Ht. illustration. II, 563.
FulUm. Mo,, en);at,i>tnent at, IV, 1.53, McXeil.
Funes. the histori>in. <|uot4Ml. II. 699, Uoyeneche.
F'lirilustraiidir. VI. 101, Thorfinn.
Fiiriniin, K»-v. Satiiuel. VI, 46.'S. Whitaker, M S.
Fiirmiin university. S. C, II, 565. Furman. R.
Furna«-es. inventions. I, K'i, .4reHff) ; 5.30, Carpenter, R. C.;
ms, Chihon ; II, 317. Eilera ; VI. 302, Lumaun, D. L.
Fumeas, Annis L.. VI. .583. Wiater, A. L.
Frtr-trade. the. I, 1 12. Aator : 610. Chouteau.
Fuses, linnrovenient« in. I, 49, Alg^r, C.
Vum and Feathers, sobriquet, V, 442, Scott, W.
Futbey, Henrj-, II, 566, Futhey, J. S.
Oahalda, Bartolome de. III. 315. Infante. H.
Qadsden treaty, the. II. .352. Emorii. W. II.
Oaffney. Marijaret. III. 115. Hawjheru.
iJatfe. U. H.. II. .VW. dage, SI. J
(Jajfe. James I*, II, .VW, Oat/e. F. f).
(i&Hf. Viscount, of Castle island, II, 509. Oagt, T.
(Jujfer. Rev. W., I, 14, Aduma, E.
(Sasr n-solution. the, VI, 196.
(Jaif nile. the, I. 27.
(iaines. James. II. .571. Oaine.t. E. P.
(laineshorojijfh. l-jirl of. IV. 465. Murphy. B.
Uaines'8 Mills, battle of. III, 392, Jackaon, T. J.; 669, 718 ;
IV, «.
Osioesville, surrender at. II. 506, Forrest, K B.
Galatea, the. yacht. I. 451. Burgeaa. E.
(Jalaxy. the, majfazine. I. 61.3. Church, W. C.
(ialbrailh. .lames. II. 574. Golhraith, A.
(Jale. lyonard I).. III. 172; IV, 425.
(Jalena. III., III. .520. Kent. A.
<}ale8. Weston. II. 57.5. Galea, J
(Jal.-s. W. W. S.. II. .57.5. Galea. J.
(Jalii.is, the, HI, 800, Huet ; lan^ajfe of the, V, 108, Pri-
fontnine.
(Jalla>ra. Ana, III. 197. Hidalgo. M.
(i illahi-r. Jami-s. V. ?a<. Hfuta. F. A.
tiullalin. .lean. II. .577. Uitllatin, A.
(Jiillatiii Vaudenet. Madame. IL 577.
tiiillaiKlet home for deaf-mutes, the, 11, 67V.
(Jall-vr.). Henian. IV. aW, MendaAa.
(Jall.-K'o, I«,N|n.. IV, aae, kontesuma.
( ialli.-hwis, I. 510. Cammerhoff.
(iiillis.<.>ni.^re. M., II, «87, Dum^eane de MennevilU.
<Jiill.)(iinjf Head, sobriquet. III, 151. Head. Sir F. B.
(Jallo Pitagorico, El, pen-name. IV. 886, Momlea, J. B.
Oalloway, Earl of, II, 360, Dunmore ; V, 885, Stewart,
C. J.
Onllun. All)ert, VI. 697. Reed.
(Jalt. .John, orifdnal of a character of. VI, 100, Tkorbum, O.
<Jalt. Ont.. town of. II, 5HS, OiMlt, J.
Oalvan. (Jen., II, 167.
Galvanic battery, invention of a, n. 108, Driiescm, R F.
Galvanism, invention of batteries. III. 81, Hart, R.
Galvarino, cacique. III, S29, Hurtado, O.
TOL. Ti. — 47
OaJTe, Count of. UI. flOO. />(m, Alomaa da\ V, 887. Baa^
doval Silva.
Galveston, founder of, IV, SB, tlrnard, U. B. : caotnra oT.
Galvez, Gen.. II. I»l. Itrgollado ; IV. ». Ijormcea.
(iaiway. VimNMinl. IV. .3V5. .Voncktun.
(•Ulna. Judjfe. II. 177, Ihrnlr.
(<niiil>ier Heinlnarv. found.Hl. I. 5«V. Chaae, P.
(iamble. AirnesK.. 1. 4HU. (ohrll. M'. //.
(iamlile. Uizabeth W., VI. 579. Wirt. R. W.
(iaml.le. Mai. R., III. Kill. Harvie.
(Jaml.le. MaJ. W., II. 5«7. GamMe. T.
(•ambler, the n-formed. II. 741. Green, J. H
Gambrill. CliarU-s I> . V. 211. Uirhurdmtn, H. H.
Game c«K'k briKa<te. the. V. 5. I'irkrtt, U. E.
(Jame-c«x>k. the, soliriqiKt. IV, 2iW.
OaufC'WellH, invention of. I. 77. Andretra.
Gannett. K«'njamin. V. .3«2, S<tmpaom, D.
Garabit4>. I, 147, HhIIdxi.
(Jarcia. Albino. 111,867. Iturttide.
(•areia island. II. 591, Garcia. D.
Garcia. Manuel, III, 182, Hayea, C. ; pupil of, IV, 788,
liiillipa.
(Jarcia. .Maria and raulinn. II. ,592. Garcia. M.
(iarden City. L. I.. cHth>-<lrat at. illustration, V, 48S.
Garden, Jfilui. IV. Mi\. Mumt.
(Jardener's Monthly, the. IV. 2Hfl. Meehan.
(Jardiner, CV>I. Abraham. VI. \ri. Thompaon. J.
(•ardiner. David. VI. itw, Tyler, J. U.
Ganliner. Deborah. V. 14<».
Gardiner. Flizabeth, II. 506.
(Jardiner. Julia. VI. 199. Tyler. J. O.
Ganliner. Lvdia. VI. 460. \VhipiAe. E. P.
(Jardiner. >farv L'H.. III. 2»i«l. Horaford, M. L'H.
(Sanliner, Mercy. I. 3.52. Bradley. J. P.
(Janliner, Nathaniel, VI. 92. Thomjtann. J.
(Jardiner. Ph(i«be I).. III. 2H«, Horaford. it. L'H.
(Janliner. W. H. V, 4. Pickering. O.
(Janliner. Rev. Dr . II. 1S8. Dtxine. G. W.
Ganliners island. II, 505 ; manor-house on, illustration,
505 ; pirates and sniutcg't^rs on, 596 ; treasure buried on,
III. 5:i2, Kidd.
(Jardiner. Me.. II, 596. Gardiner.
(Jardner brothers, trial of, IV, 272, May. H.
Gardner will ca-ne, the. II. 885. EiHirta. »»'. M.
Gardwell, (J^nlek, pen name. III, 506, Keiloga, Edward.
(Jarfleld. Abram. II, 599.
(Jartleld. K<lwanl. II. 599.
Garfield. James ,\ . his proposed monument in CTteveland,
illustration. II. 6m ; hu monument in Washington, 608 ;
his birthplace, illustration, 509.
Garibaldi. (JuLseppe. V, 827, Roaa, A. it. ; proposition by.
II. 75. Ikinicl.J. M.
Oarilwy. (Jen., III. 74H. Litana.
(Jarlnnd of Flora, the, anonymous book, n, 18S, Dix, D. L.
(Jarland for>fer>-. the. I. 268.
(Jarner traKe<lv. the. I, .587.
(Jamet. Mr. iV. .319. Mitchill.
(Jam-tt. Rol>ert. II. 009, Garrett, J. H'.
(Jarn'tt, T. H . III. 318. Hunt, R. W.
(Jarrett Biblical institute, the. founded, 11, 188, Dempater.J.
(Jarrick. A.. I. 131. Baron, Eiimund.
(Jarrison. Abijali. II. 610. Garriaon, II'. I^
Garrison, Fanny. VI. 25M, Vitlard.
(Jarson. (Jen., ill. 714. Lima.
(Jarth. CharU-s. III. a:*\ Johtiaon, TTiomaa.
(Jarth. John. II. 012. Garth. G.
(Jartner. Carl. pui)il of. VI. (ii»7. Woodward. W. A.
Garirell. Lucius J.. V. fia5. .Ste/^ena, A. H.
Garyan-wah kaI). I. 74.3. ComiWanfrr.
Garxa, Feliix- de la. III. 368.
Gas analysts, invention of pnx>eKses for. V, SSO. Skmne,
T. O'C. ; invention of a consumer. .581. Silver ; for light-
in|?and extinKuishini;, I. 420. Brush, C. F.
Gas lamp, regi-ncrative, iuveutiun of a, IV, 55, Lungren,
Charlen M.
Gas-metre, invention of a dr%*. I. 801, Bt^gardua. J.
Oaa-resriilator. inventor of a.' V. 6lS. .Snow, W. U.
Gasea. I\-<lro de la. Ill, 214. Hinojoaa.
GMkell, Christiana G . IV. 710. Penn. W.
Oasparin. Cointe de. IV. 87. McClintork. J.
OaspA, naval entrapment near. III. 5,54. Kirke, Sir D.
OamAe, destruction of the. I. 396, Broirn, John : HI, MS.
Horamanden ; VI, 334, Wallace, Sir J. ; 847, Wamtim;
480, Whipple. A.
Gaston, Al>*xandpr. H. 614. Oaaton, W.
Oaston, John. II. 614. Gaalon, W.
Gates, I>>muel. II, 616. Galea. W.
Gates, Sarah, V, 196. Brad. ColUnanH.
(Jath. p«'n name. VI. IIH. Townaend. O. A.
(latien. Abt»-. II. m\. Girouartl.J.J.
Gathnx Kun, the, II. 617
Oauchiis, the, I. 107, Artigaa : V. 9M. Rivera.
Gaudin. M ., IV. 886. ifiirrin de Moyville.
OaulejrBridfre, enfravement at. VI. 580, H'l'ae, U. Altxamdtr.
GauMi, Oui F.. II. flOS. Gould. B A.
Garett, Sarah H.. II. 646. Gilbert. S. H.
Gaylord, Glance, pen-nanM, L, 868, Bradleg, W. L
Qeauga aeminaiy, U, MM, OarMUL
788
GEBEL
GLACIERS
a«bel Telr. anonymouH book, VI, 178, Tudor.
(l«bhard. Rf v. J. (J.. Ill, Ifirt, Hel/eiuitein.
Oedikfi. Cnpt. AK'xan<UT. II. «un, Oeddet, J. L.
(Jeffninl, (}fri. NiiMlan. II. (hK. (ieffrard.
Gems, K|M-claliKt on. III. ."iTW. Kuiit.
OenealoK.v. NVw KiiKlaiid, V, 400, Sai'offe, Janiea ; tablets
for rvc<mls. VI. 4K7. M'hitmore.
Oeneral, grade of. i-n-ateti and first eonferreil, II, 717, 718.
Oeneral Arnistn^ng. the, privatj-er. tight of. V, 215-210.
Oeneral Monk, the, oapture of. I. 172, Hantey.
Oeneral I'littison. eaptiin* of the. IV. .ViO. O'Hrien, Jere.
General theological (wuiinarv. the, II. 1H8. Doane, O. W.;
Kift.s to. IV. 378. Moore, C. C: V, 15, Fierrepont, H'. C;
5h, Pintard : 47.'i. Sei/mitur, G. F.; removal of, VI, IW,
Turner, S. //.; giftn to, 088, Hoffman ; 099, Sherred ; il-
laHtration. (>99.
General welfare rule, the, I, -lOO.
Genesee vallev, ptircha«e of land in, II, 0.S8. Gorham, N. ;
V, 29». K<H-l'uster.
Gene!«'o, N. Y., Ri't" to. VI, .312, Wndsworth, J. and J. S.
Genesta, the, ync-ht. I, 451, Huryess, E.
Genet, Citizen, I. -H.
Genet, Rlniond. III. 430.
Geneva, lyceuni at, V. (541, Sijuier, M. P.
Geneva award, the, I, ."iSQ. Cattcll.
Genevese traveller, the. |)en-nanie, II, 105, Davis, M. L.
Genin, Thomas H.. II. 1524, Genin.
Genius of Universal Kmancipation. the, magazine,. IV, 54,
Lundii. H.\ n. 610, Gnrristm, IK. L.
Genlis. Madame de. IV. .W.t, Orleans, L. P.
Genoa, cniitiire of, II. .H38. Elphinsione.
Gentlemiiii (ieorge. Kobriiiiiet. I, 17.5, Harrett, G. H.
Gentleman's Magazine, the, I. 473, Burton ; II, 702, Gra-
ham, U. R.; motto on. III. 417.
Gentry, Gen. Richard, V. .313, Rollinit. J. S.
Geoffroy, development theory of, I, .35.
Geodesic conference. II, 48, Cutts, R. D.
Geography. Ill, 17, Gui/nt ; first te.\t-bt>ok of, in America,
IV. 421. Morse. J.; system of. invented, 498, Keuville, P.
B.\ method of teacliing. .579, Olney.
Geology, surveys, di-scoveries, and researches. I. 109. Ash-
burner ; 702. Comstock. T. B.; II, 109, Dawson, J. H'.;
116, Deane, J.; 270, Dutton, C. K.; 280, Dicight, W. B.\
351, Emmons, E.; 424, Featherstonehaugh ; 512, Fos-
ter, John l\'ells; 5.38. Fruzer, P.; 567, Gahb ; 045, Gil-
bert, G. K.; m. 20. Hague, A.; 39, Hall, C. H'.; 41, Hall,
James; 106, Hartt, C. F; 119. Hawkins, B. W.; 131,
Hnyden, F. V.; 192, Hewitt, A. S.; 217. Hitchcock, C. H.;
210. Hitchcock, E.; 319. Hunt, T. S.; 359, Irving, R. D.;
.3K5. Jackson, C. T.; 486, Julien, A. A.; 545, ki7ig, C;
095, I^slcy ; 705. Lewis, H. C: IV, 7. Logan, Sir H". E.;
revolution in the science of, .58. Lyell, Sir C; researches
in. 117, MrOee. ir. J.; 147. Maclure ; 202. Marcou ; 2.57,
Mather, IT. H'. ; fossils discovered, 45:J, J/urf</e ; surveys
and collections. .501. Sewberry, J. S.; 500. WincheJl ; hV,
(Hnisted. />.; 616. Owen. D. D. and R.; 724. Percival, J.
G : V. 95. Powell, J. H'.; 135, Pumpelly; 205, Redfield ;
30f5 3(T7. Rogers, H'. B. and H. D. ; 309-370, Sainte-Claire ;
480. .Shaler. .V. S. ; 528 ; VI. 48. Taylor, R. C. ; 4.5.3, MTieel-
rr, a. M.; 409. White, C. A.; discoveries in. 471, White,
/. C; surveys, 489, Whitney, J. D.; 496, Whittlesey. C;
016. Worthen.
Geometrical fan. the. VI. 15. Sylvester, J. J.
George II., I. .591. .592. Chatham.
George III.. I. 19, 20 ; poems on the acceasion of, 8&5, Bow-
doin ; on Franklin, II. .529 ; III. 75 ; address to, 1/4 ; V,
198, Read, G.\ descendant of. III, 281, Howe, W.; statue
of, on Bowling (Jreen. VI, 587, Wolcott, O.
George Law. the. III. IW, Hemdon. W. L.
OAorgetown, Catholic institutions in. III, 597, Lalor : IV,
485, Neale. L.
Georgetown. S. C. attack upon, IV, 308. 209.
Oeorget4>wn college, I. .5.39. Carroll. J.; IV, 485, Neale, L.
George Washington, sobriquet. VI, 79, Thomas, G. H.
Georgia, projectetl colony in. IV. 372, Montgomery, R.;
Moravian settlement in. 489. .\eisser ; colonization of,
5«V5, Oglethorjye ; colony of Highlanders in, 124. Mcintosh.
L. : pmtest against the intro<luction of slaves in. 124 : mis-
gionar>- work in. VI. 4.37-1.38, Weslei/ ; events of the Revo-
lution in. III. 2SH. Howley. R.; VI. 024. Wright, Sir J.:
houndarj- of. III. 274. Houston, J. : 275 ; imprisonment of
Ojerokee mLssionaries. VI. a50. Ward. J. E.; cession of
Creek lands in. 103, Troup, G. M.: 129, To-mochi-chi •
nulliflcation first attempted in. III, 381 ; platform of
1850, the. V, fl«4 ; railroad war in, VI. 133, Toomhs ;
Sherman's march through. III. 723 ; capture of cities in,
VI, .\52, H'i7«on. J. H.: reconstruction In. 1. 447. Bullock,
R. B. ; debt of, IV, 900, McDonald, C. J. ; R. C. institu-
tions in. Vl. 281. lVro<.
Georgia university, gift to. 11. 6.57. Gilmer, G. R. ; IV. 3M
MiUedge, J ; gift to. VI, 65. Terrell.
Oeorgiana. the. destroyed. II. 105. Davis, J. L.
G*rar<l. M.. III. 270. Houdon.
per]iardt. Karl, statue by, illustration. III. 31.
uerhanlt. Paul, statue by. illustration, VI, 362.
Oerland. Prof.. I. .378. Brinton.
Germain. I»rd George. II, 301, Eden, Sir R. ; paper at-
tributed to. III, 380, Howe. R. ' i t~
Oermanicua, pen name, V, 177, Randolph, E.
German Methodist churches, IV, 481, Ncut, W.
German Reformed churches, the— schools among, V, 420,
Schlatter.
Germautown, Pa., settlement of— its seal, IV, 668, Pn»-
torius ; Chew's house at, illustration, I, 002 ; battle of,
001-<502; Sower house at, illustration, V. 616: academy
of. 617, Sower, C; battle of. II. 751 ; III, 280, Howe, W.;
2.58, Hopkins, S. ; incident of, .5«J0 ; IV, .320, Mijftin ; V,
00.3. Stephen, A.; VI, 398. Wayne.
Ge nmny. reljellion of 1848 in. III, 156, Hicker, F. K. P.:
V, 428, .Schurz ; VI, .5:18, Willich ; exclusion of American
rwrk from, V, .396, Sargent, A. A.
O^runie, Jean lyouis, pupils of, 1, 373. Bridyman ; 769. Cor,
K.T II. 288, Eakiiis ; 290. Eaton, Wyatt ; IV, 88. Lote, W.
H.; 380. Moore, H. H.; 530, Niemeyer, J. H.; V, 6. Pick-
nell; VI, 71, Thayer, A. H.; 306, Volk, S. A. D.; 420,
Weeks, E. L.; 422, Weir, J. A.; 542, Wilmarth.
Geronimo, Fray, III, 800, Huelva.
Gerritz, Hessel. VI, 283, Verschinxr.
Gerry, E., monument to, illustration, II, 682.
Gerry, Thomas. II. 0,30. Gerry, E.
Gerrj'mander, the. II. 631.
Gerrymandering, in Tennessee, III, 437 ; in Virginia, IV,
168.
Oesner, Henry, II, 6.32. Gesner.
Gethsemane, Ky., II. 470, Flaget.
Gettysburg, battle of, I, 44.3, Buford, J. ; II, 210, Double-
day, /I.; 334, Ellis, T. G.: 401, Fa irchi Id, L.; 657, Gil-
mor ; 749. Greene, G. S.; Ill, 73, 672 ; IV, 16, Longstreet,
J.; 119, McGilvei-y; 280-281. Meade. O. G.; defence of
Little Round Top, 591, O'Rorke : V, 228, Reynolds, J. F.;
523, Sickles; 047. Stannard ; 727, Stuart, J. E. B.; VI,
299, Vincent, S.; 31.3, Wadsworth, J. S.; Weed's hill, 419,
Weed, S. H.: 362. Warren, G. K.; statue at, illustration,
3tS2 ; survey of the field of, I, 589. Chase, W. H. : Lincoln's
speech at the dedication of the cemetery at. III, 722.
Gettysburg, hero of. I, 4<il, Burns. J.
Gettysburg theological seminary. III, 679, Kurtz, B. ; gift
to, V, 514, Shober.
GevneAux, Francis, II, .589, Gano, J.
Ghent, treaty of, I, 197, Bayard, J. yl.: 041 ; II, 328, EIW
cott, A.
Ohirardi, Gen.. IV, 290. Mejia.
Gholson, Maj. W.. II, 6.^, Gholson, T. S.
Gholson, Thomas. II, 634, Gholson, W. Y.
Ghost, the, sobriquet. III, 300, Huejxm.
Ghuznee. in Cabool. capture of, III, 496, Keane, J.
Gibbes, Robert. II, 6.34. Gibbes, W. H.
Gibbes. W., II. 634, Gibbes, W. H.
Gibbon, Lardner, IH, 184, Hemdon, W. L.
Gibbons, John, II, 6.35, Gibbons, James
Gibbons, Thomas, V. 675. Stevens, J. A.
Gibbons. William, VI, 631, Wyllus.
Gibraltar. I, 19 : siege of, 614, Chumica ; II, 5.32.
Gibson. Elizalieth E., II, 881, Evans, E. P.
Gibson, John. II. 5, Crawford, T.
Gibson, John. III. 268, Hosmer, H.
Gibson, Miss, II. 80, Daut?roj/.
Gibson, Tobias, II. &40, Gibson, R. L.
Gibson's I.4imbs, II. 640, Gibson, G.
Giddings, Almena D., I. 152. Ballou, M.
Gift, the, annual. III. 096. Lesley. E.
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, III, 114, Hatheway, S. O.
GlllxTt. John. II. 017. Gilbert, T.
Gilbert, Joseph. II. W4, Gilbert, A.
Gilbert, Lucia I., V, 348, Runkle, L. L
Gilbt>rt. Maria D. P., IV, 368, Montez.
Gilbert, Otto, V, 162.
Gilbert.Trudence. IV. 403, Morgan, M.
Gil Bias, authorship of. V, 605. Solis.
Gilder. John, II, 648, Gilder, W. H.
Giles. Deacon, I, .597. Cheever, G. B.
Gill. John. II. 302. Edes, B.
Gillespie, Maria, I. 275. Blaine.
Gillette. Rev. Daniel H.. II, 052. Gillette, A. D.
Qilliland. William. VI. .391. Watson, W. C.
Oilman, Edward. II, 6.55, Gilman, A.
Oilman, Joseph. II. 056, Gilman, N.
Gilman, Mary, I, 079, Cogswell, J. O.
GUman, Samuel. VI. 6.3. Tenney, T.
Gilman. Tristram. I, 398, Brotcn, F.
Gilmer. Mildred, VI. 5''8, Wirt.
Gilmer. Mr., murder of. I, 607, Chisolm.
Gilpin. Joseiih. II, 059, Gilpin, T.
Gimbrede. Thomas, V, 130, Prud'homme.
Ginesta, M.. II. 073. Gomez.
Ginseng. Ill, 590, Lafitau ; preparation oT, I, 408, Brotcn,
Samuel.
Qinx's Babv. anonvmous book, ID, 426, Jenkins. E.
Gipps, Sir George, '11, 090, Gosford.
Girard college, I, 127, Bache, A. D.; founded, 11, 661, Gi-
rard. S.; UI, 710.
Girdlestone, Dr. T., Ill, 661, Lee, Charles.
Girl of the Period, the, anonymous publication, in, 734.
Linton, E. L.
Girls, higher education of, II, 281, Dwight, Timothy.
Giro, Juan Francisco, V, 266, Rivera.
Giron, Gilbert. I. 4SK), Cnbetas.
Glaciers, studies of, I, 35.
GLADSTONE
GRAY
789
Otadatooe. W. E., Irfaih policy of. in. 615, LaMdtntn*.
Qkultfon^. Miaii, V. t». Kicr, T. D.
GUiROW, James, trial of. Ill, 148, Hayiroorf, J.
QUuffOw, the, I, SM. BiddU, !f.
OIumh, iiiaolilrH* for preaainfc, 1, 801, Bogardua, J.; p«Untin(;.
III. :<>«, Ijci Faroe.
(llaxM. K«'V. Jt>hn, V. SHJl, Sandrmnn.
(iliixionl.tiry s.-ttl.'ni.-nt of, VI. 28, Talcotl.S.
(ilast.iiil.iirV Kist«TH. III*". V, B7H, Smith, J. S.
(.I.Ik'. Hishoi). II. *m. tilrig, E. R.
(il*n, .lohii Siinilfnt. III. 8^), Kn-viUe.
(•l)>noalrti. Fjirl of. V, iTl. Rohrrdrau, D.
(Jlfiin. John. VI. JWM, »'<i//(». S. T.
UU'yiv. C. O., piipiU of. VI, 4ft4. n'hitllrr. J. A. M.: HT.
fhomtiixm, A. W., II. «87, Dubois; 4CT, pUher, IV. U.\
III. M2. Kniyht. D. R.
(tloUv an ancient. I. 'iJ2. Brhnim.
(iloU*. invention of a tenvstrial maini<*tic, IV, 788, Perce.
(Jlok'Kn«r. Carl. II. .H-iS. Kliuiu.
(Jloria IM rluirch. illustration. VI. BIS.
(JloiicestJT Point, fnuftKcnient at. III. .WT.
(Jhniivstvr. I'liivfrsalism in. IV. 40ft, i/urray. J.
(Hover. NelHon. II. iXu. (tilman. C. H.
(Jlover. R.'v. Joseph. II. 118. Daf^.
(Jloversville. N. Y.. ffift to llbrar>- of, IV, (JM, Panon; L.
(ilumley, Col.. I, »47. Braddock.
(ilynilon. Howard, pen-name. V, 447, Searing.
(iiiadenhUtten. founded, IV, 130. Mnck ; maaacre of
Christian Indians at, V. V)!k Seidel ; 4fl6, Sm»eman, J.
(tnvandi|)al(a. the. (iiijiirali nia(;azine. IV, 879, Moore, D.
(J.Vl.lard. I). C. II. .M. Ikihlf/rt-n. .V. V.
(l.Kldard, Henr>- P.. IV, 233. Martin, L.
()<xiey'8 Lady's Book, II, 668, Oodey, L. A.; HI, 85, Hale,
.Sit ra J.
(J<Klfrey. Oeorge F.. VI. 112. Ticknor, W. D.
(iu.linez, IV. 181. Mntdonado.
(i.NlUin. James. II, 67(\ Godkin, E. L.
(lo<lwin, Daniel. VI, frfW. Bnker, P. C.
(i<Mlwin. William. I. 7X1. Ok./xt. T. A.: III. 845. Fmlay.
(i<Miyn, Kamiiel, I, 2U5, Blummaert ; III, 269, Hotaet ; II,
ISi", !)e Vrie*.
Qoes, Damian do, 11. 671, Ooea.
Goethe. J. W. von, II, 844.
{k)(T. E<lmiind. VI, 1(H, Trowbridge, E.
(J<iffe. I>r , II. 552. FHnk. ,
(loffe. Rev. Stephen. II. 972, Gaffe, W.
Goffe, William, II, 83. Davenport, J.
Goggin. W. L.. II. 657. Oilnifr, T. W.
GoUlif. Rev. Jonathan, IV. 696. Peck, J. M.
(foW. discovery of, in California. Ill, 851, Ingulf: FV. 8?1,
Marahall. J.'M'.: first, discovered in U. S., V, 808, Reed,
John. See California.
fJold and silver, treatment of ore«. III. avs. Hill. .V. P.
Golden Rule, wreck of the steamer. V. lift. Preble. U. H.
Gold plnlinK. invention for, I. 14», Baldwin, M. »'.
Goldschmidt, Otto, III, 731, Lind.
(•old.xmith of America, the. VI. 49, Taylor. B. F.
Goliad, capture of. by Mexicans, III, !i74, Houston, S. ;
massacn* at. V. iWi. Sant€t-Anna.
Oolves. Manpifs of. IV. 618, Pachrca.
Gomara. FYancisco, the historian. V, 85. Pitarro ; 11. 427-
42«. Felipe ; chronicle of, I, 654, Cajitillo.
Gomhervifle, I. 10. Actina, C. de ; III, 844, Imhoffer.
G6me*, J. P., 11. 674. Odtnex, A. C.
Oonor, Father, VI, 277, Vhandrye.
Gonzaga, Vespasiano de. III. 18(i. Herrera y Tordeaillaa.
Gonzafes o^eKe. Tex., Ill, 210, Hillycr, J. F.
Gooch, Ann. I. 241.
Goodell. William. V, 688. Stemirt, Ah-an.
Good (cray poet. the. sobriquet, VI. 4H6, H'hitman.
Goodhue. Dr. Josiah. V. 581. .Smith, Nathan.
Goodman. Charles. V. 17. I'i>/got.
Goodrich, Abljfail. VI. 4»5. U'hittleaey, A. O.
Goodwin, Isaac, Vl, A68, Austin.
Goodwin, John, IV, 255.
Goodwin, Oslas, V. 82. Pitkin, H'.
Goodwin. P. A., III. 3K3.
Goodyear. Amasa, U. 688, Ooodyear, C.
Gookin. Kir Vincent. II. 684. Oookin, C.
Goold, William. VI. 611. HnoUon, A. L
Gooae. Mother. II. 479. FIret, T.
Gordon, Charles (J.. VI, 819. Hard, F. T.
Gordon, Duchew of, n, 707, Grant, Anne ; IV, 415, Morria,
Stoats Long.
Gordon. Duke of. V, 946. Richmond, Duke of.
Gordon. I»rd George. Ill, 631, Ijnurena, H.
Gonlon. John. II. 8«, Gordon, C.
Gortlon. John Watson, II, 707, Grant, Anne : VI. 561, Wit-
iHin. H'.
Gordon, Marv Duff, pseudonym. II. 847, Duffee.
Gordon. Nati'iniii.l. V. .V.l. .Smith, E. D.
Gordo- y Drayton, W. H.
Gorv. ^ "irsh.
Gore, < I -n^irorf*. C. Jl#.
Gore, Col. c. .s.. IV. 4u;i. A</*>n. W.
Oore, John. II. 687. Gore. C.
Qorgeana. town of. II. 688. Oorgea, T.
Goriea, LonI Edward. II. 688, Gorges.
Gorges, Robert, WUIiam, Tbomaa, and John, n, 688, Oorgn.
a.
Gonres, Robert. VI. 444. Weston.
GorfllA. tlM*. namr«l, Vl, 688 ; Ont specimen of ths, BCOi,
W'tlmin. J. lA-uihtun.
(Jorton. Samuel, VI a»«, Vnras.
GoHhen. (>.. ronnde<l, VI. 668. Zeisberger.
fioshen Place. N. C.. estate of. IV, 789, /^
(iosM. Pnilhesia S.. II. 889. Elton.
Gottwhnlk. Blanche and Clara. IV. 745. Peterson, H. M. R.
(JoUKe. William. II. KM. Iktvmpurt. J.
(ioUKh. J. H.. iMiem m-iiwl by. I, tw. Arrington,
(loiiifh, I»rd. IV. 448. Muuntatn. A. .S. H.
Gould. Daniel. IV. 417. Morris, R.
Gould. R.-V. VAwia. III. W7. Ua,h. H'. T.
(Jould. GM.rKe A.. II. 3:17. Ellsworth, H. »»'.
(«oul<l. Robert. V. 486. .Shaw, S.
(tould memorial society, the. II. SB. Dftremus, 8. P.
(iouldslK.roujfh. Me., founded. V. 486, Shaw, S.
(touvemeur. .Sanmel L., IV. 861.
(Jove. Mary S.. IV. 518. Xichols. M. S. O.
Goremment publications. U. 8.. V. 67. Pnore.
Governor's I>etters, the. Ill, 446. Johnson, O. F.
Gowan. C«i»t. J. H.. II. OWM. Gtnt^tn, O. R.
Gowrie conspiracy, the. IV. 3, Logan, J.
Gracc.ius. |)en-name. VI. 91. Thompson. John.
Grace church. New York, jfift* to, VI, 590, H'olfe.
Gracie. W.. III. 544. King, J G.
Graoios & Dies, revolt against the Spaniards in, m, 6BB
Lempira.
Grat^-iosa island, (rift of, FV, 448. Moura.
Graefe. Karl F. von. V. 224. Reuling.
Graff, Andr^, IV. .Hftl. Merian.
(Jraff. Jeanne and iKirothee. FV, 8W. Merian.
(irafton. J««eph. II. 700. Grafton, K. C.
(iraham diet. the. I. 218. Bercher, C. E.
Graham, James. IV. 8SC. Mnryan, D.
(iraham. Dr. John. II. 702. Graham, /.
Graham. Robert. III. 613. lymii/an.
Graham. Rev. William. I. 45. Al'-.randcr. Archibald,
(iraham. William. 11.7(0. Graham. H. //.
Graliams Magazine. II, 7(i2, Grtiham, G. R.; Ill, 4, Ofi»-
wold. R. ir. : V. 45.
Grahame, Nellie, (ten-name. II. 861. Dtinning, A. K.
Grain-drj-er, invention of. V, 581, Sih-er.
Gram. Hans. III. 23.3. Holden. O.
(iramma^raph. the, inventor of. FV. 6<». Chrmsby, W. L.
(iranada, island of. II. iKi. Ihiparquet : III. 2r0. Hnudetot
Granada, Nicaragua, siege of. II, 378, Estrada ; 1, 568, Cka-
morro.
Granada. Salvador. Vl. 276. I'enenas, M.
(irand Commons rebellion, the. III. 540, King, J. O.
(irand Coteau. battle of. VI, 871, Washburn, C. C.
(irand (inlf. Miss.. II. 712.
Grand island. N. Y.. project for making a refuge for Jew*.
IV. .526. Sonh.
Grand Junction. II. 711.
firand Utrne mission. II. 206, porrmus.
(irandmaiiion. Don Pedro de. II. 670. Godin. t.
Cirand Order of the Intquois. the. IV. 403. Morgan, L. H.
Grand Terre. island of. establistiment of buccaneers on,
III. 591. iM/itte.
Granger. Gehazi. II. 213. Dmiglas. S. A.
Gransrer laws, repeal of. in Iowa. VI, 068. Aldrich.
Gran^re-Trianon. Mdlle de la, II, 554.
(iranier. Juan. II. 114. Ikizn.
(iranite State, the. name first applied, I, 5.35, Carrigain
(irannis, John. I. 88. Arry.
Grant. Anne, original of her "American Lady," III, 4SS.
Johnson, .Sir J.
Grant. (?uthbert. V. 461. ,<iemple, R.
Grant. Dr. Jam<>a. II. 405. Fannin ; 708, Oroaf, J. A.
(irant. James. V. .59. follard, H. R.
(irant. Rev. James. II. 707, Grant, Anne.
(irant, Jesse R.. II. 709.
Grant. John Peter. II. "07, Grant, Anne.
Grant. .Marv F.. I. 767. Cramer, M. J.
Grant. Matthew. II. 709.
Grant. Mrs., of Carron. II. 707. Grant, Anne.
(irant, Simpson. II. 710.
tirant. Sir Francis, portrait bv. III. 6H9. Ijenox, J.
Grant, U. 8.. his birthplace. Illustration. II. TOO ; aoeae of
his death. 721 : medal prvMente<l to. ;a) : Mcl.«(an bouaa.
scene of Lee's surrender. 716 : a favorite iioem of, III.
888. Hoffman. C F. : sale of his memoirs, 11, TM.
Grant and Ward, firm of. II. Ti*
Grant, equestrian statue of, illustration. II. 78S, 7M.
(irant fund. the. III. 290, Hnyt, O.
(irantlev. Ix>nl. IV. 536. Snrlon, C.
Granville seminary. f«>niid.T nf. II. 518, J^snck, Jf.
Graasmann. Dr.. II. 6311 ' >('
Graas^cythe. invention ".. Jrnches, J.
Gratiot, fort and rilla*." - • i-ntioi.
Orarer. dmible. Invention uf a, V, 086, 8<l>dWow, F. R.
OrarJer. John. III. 746.
Gray, Ann A.. I. a«. Carter.
Gray, Barr>-. nspudonym, I. 6^, Coffin, R. B.
Grajr. Sir C E.. II. 69a Ooaford,
Gray, Dr. Francis C . quotMl. VI, 968, Ward, S
Gray, Harrison. IV. W. Otis. 8. A.
Gray. John E.. II. 941. Du ChailU
740
GRAY
Oi»y. Wnitom. 11, 7», Orow F* C
OrayHon. K., pen name. I. 271. BiJ-fttf,/. M
Grayson. Klilre<l. ix-n-nanie. Ill, HI. Hrirf;. K. _. . „
On.it Anu-rioan d.K-U.r, the. sobriquet. V. SW7 R.oorrf, P.
On-at Arii.Tiran traveller, the. V. 101. Pratt. C.
Or.-at H.-lhel. little of. VI. .-iTT. H'inthrop, T.
Great Bridge. Va.. battle of. II, aiO. l>^'^^?r^''}^\^^,'
McLane I'm. V&. Meade. H. K.; VI, im.W<HHl/ord H.
Great Commoner, the. I. Ml. Chatham ; title reappUed, V.
B77, SfevrM. T. ,^ ,,, »~
Ort>at ('rm)ked River state, the. III. 375. . „ <«o
Great Eastern, the. illustration. U, +49 ; repair cf, V, 283.
Kentcick. E. S. ,, „ ^. ^
Great .Iwuit of the Wt^st. the, V. 6, Picnuet
Great Kanawha. Indian tljrht on the. IV . .5. LfHJnn John.
Great Mea«lo»s, Imttle at. 111. 4H7. JuinonviUe ; VI, SH.
GreatMohawk, the. III. 577. A'»T/«.
Great Northw*-)*!. the balloon. III. 546. Kino. S. A.
Great Objtvtor. the. sfjbriquet. III. 2». Holman, U . ^.
Great Paeiflcator. the, I, 071. CV>t7iian<', C. B.
Great petition, the. V. 659. Steel.
Great White Arrow. II. 4H1. Fletcher. B. „ „ . ,
Greece, war for independence in. 111,283, Howe. S. G.: frig:-
ates built for. V. 451. Sedgwick, H. D.; revolution in,
VI, 4<W; mis-sion to. III. 2W. Hill, F. M.: crisis m (1878),
V. 199, Read, J. J/.; reliKious intolerance in. III, 541,
Greek pirates. U. 673. OoldstMrouqh L. M-»n<\ T R.
Greek play, first pro<luction of a. in U. h., v , 248. Htdaie, U.
Qn-vU. n-lief nii.ssion. II. 2<tt. Doremus.
Greek slavi-, the. V. 97, Powers. H.
OrtH-ks. eolonv of. VI, 18». Turnhull. R. J.
Greeks, mission to the. III. 492, Kuloitothakes.
Greeley. Col.. II. 7:iS.
Greeley. Ksther. I. Cleveland. J. F.
Greeley Horace, his birthplace, illustration. II. .:«: quoted.
II. W, Ihxige. A. C. : lyric attributed to, III, 5;J, Halpine.
Greeley, Zaccheus. II. 7;J4.
Green, Anuie I).. V. 282, Rohinson, A. D.
Green, Ashl)el. III. 401, .Jnneway, J. J.
Green, Renjaiiiin. III. .Vil. Kneeland, S.
Green. Charles. IV. .3.18. ytiniurn.
OriN'n. F.dmund B., II. 4()9. Fiike, John.
GnH>n. .Tames S.. IV. :t.'7. Miller. E. .S".
Green. Roger. II. 2."M. I>t~itmmond, W.
Green. Samuel, II. 113. Iktye.
Green. Thomas. VI. m). irn/xod, Kbenezer.
Oreenbatk. draft of the first, IV, 24, Lord, E.
Oreenb.ick theory, a. I. 277.
Greenbacks, ink used for, HI, 319, Hutit, T. S.
Green bav. S. A., III. 371. Iwert.
Greene. .Vlbert O.. II. 4.30. Fenner, C. G.
Greene. Anne Terry. IV, 760.
Greene. C. G.. II. 748, Greene. F. H.
Greene, Franklin T... IV. 145, Mcljcan. S. P.
Greene, John. II. 749. Greene. G. .S.
Ort^ene. Miss L. F.. III. 684, LeUmd.
Greene. Nathanael. V. 660. Steele, .John.
Greene, Mrs. Nathanael, VI. 488. Whitney, E.
Greene. IVrry. II. 75.3. Greene. A.
Greene. Richard. VI. 444. Wenton.
Greenfield. Ij».. battle at. III. 29.3. Hnhltnrd. L. F.
Greenfield, pift.s to library of, VI. 372. Washburn. W. B.
GreenharlKir, Mass, See Makshfield.
Greenland, discovery of. VI. 6.59. Zeno : IT. 363. Eric : colo-
ni/Ation. Eric the Red: early voyage to. III. 297 ; dis-
covery of mountains in. IV. 684, Payer ; new coast added
to, Ilf. 752. Lockwood. J. B.
Greenland, the apf)stle of. II. .314. Egede.
Oreenleaf. K<lward. II, 7.56. Greenle'af, M.
GreenU-af. William. VI. 417. Wet>Kter, A'.
GriH-nly. ?:iizabeth. I. 677. Coffin, I.
Green mountain boys. I. 51, Allen, Ethan; 146. Baker, Re-
memtter : II. 2:15. tuiane.
Green Mountain Valley, capture of the ship, IV, 407, Mor-
rell. T.
Gn^ensboro college. II. 123. Deemit.
Green Spring. Va., engagement at. III, 588 ; VI, 899.
Green way. Anne, V. 13. Pierce, J.
Oreenway court, view of. II. 402.
Greenwich, meridian of. I. 103.
OrjH'nwich. Conn., ^itnam's escape at. V, 141.
Greenwood. Dr.. III. 131. Hayden, H. H.
Gre<'nwfMxl. Grace, pen-name. III. 7.S.5, Lippincott, S. J.
Oreenwoo<l, Rev. F. W. P., II, .540. F}-eeman, James.
Gr»H>nwoo<l cemetery. II, 216, 217, Douglass, D. B.; V, 15,
Pierre]H>nt. H. E.
Gregoire. the AbW, I. 14. Adams. HanncUi.
Gregoire, Madame, I. 493. Cadillac.
Grenada. Mex.. burned. VI. .332. Walker. W.
Grena<la. purchase of the island of, II, 275, Dutertre.
Grenville. Hester. I, .591. Chatham.
Greville, Charles, quoted, V, 94. Powel, J. H.
Grey, Lieut.. IV. 2iVi.
Greyhound, cniise of the. H. 414.
OrvVtown, di-^tniction of. 1. 322. Borland ; HI, 887, HolUna ;
(18Mi. V. I. Pickerinn. C. W.; 9.
Grimn, FJiza. III. 4.V4. Johnston. A. S.
Oriffin, the. La Salle's vessel, III, 882.
GUERRA
Griffith, Arabella, I, 166, Barlow, F. C.
Griffith, John Y.. II. 424. Jeffrey.
Griffiths. John. II, 76.5, Griffiths, J. W.
Grille, Marquis del, V. 261, Ristori.
Grimes, W„ II, 767, Grimes, B. ,„ „
Grimwoo<l, Newton S., II, 199. Donaldson. W. H.
Gringo, Harry, pen-name, VI, 580, Wise, U. A.
Griniiell. la.. Ill, 2. Grinnell, J. B.
Grinnell. Joseph. VI, 540.
Grinnell Land, III, 1. Grinnell, H.; 492, Kane, E. K.
Grisi. Sigiiora. IV, 207. Mario.
Griswold. Eugene S.. III. 3. Oriswold, H. T.
Gris\Yold. Ezra. HI. 3. Griswold, C. C.
CJriswold. George, VI, 2.5:5. Van Rensselaer, M. O.
Griswold, Phcebe, IV. 662. Parsons, J.
Griswold. Sarah E.. FV. 427.
Oriswold college, gift to, VI, 590, Wolfe.
Grito de Dolores, the, IH, 197, Hidalgo, M.
Grog, origin of the word, VI, 280. Vei-non, E.
Orolier club, the, ID, 226. Hoe, R.
Oronovius. I. 64.5. Clayton, J.
Oronow. Owen, IV. 613. Owen. G.
Orosse-Ile, Canada, II, 434, Ferland.
Grosvenor. Col. W, M., lU. 111. Hassard. J. R. O.
Grotius. III. 300, Huelva; controversy with, 585, Laet.
tJroton academy. Mass.. gift to. III. 638. Lauyrence, A.
Grotoii monument, lottery for the. 1, 172, Bamum, P. T.
Grove Place plantation. Pa., FV, 706, Pemberton, P.
Orover, Rev. Stephen, I. 651, Cleveland, O.
Oroveton, battle of, III. 392, Jackson, T. J.
Growdon. Lawrence, UI, 7, Growdon, J.
Oruber, Jacob. VI, 29.
Grumbler, Anthony, pen-name, III. 226. Hoffman, D.
Grymes. Lucy, III. 667. Lee, H.; IV, 491, Nelson, T.
Grymes, Medora. VI, 3.54, Ward, S.
Grymes, Col. Philip, FV, 491, Nelson, T.
Ouachi, battle of, V, 739. Sucre, A. J.
Ouachos. the, V, 144. Puvsegur ; .320. Rosas.
Guadalajara, founded, HI, 18, Guzman, N. B. de ; battle
of, 197, Hidalgo, M.
Guadaloupe, American prisoners at. I, 140, Bninbridge,
W. ; II, 428, Felix ; taken from the English by the
French, III, .305, Hugues : troubles in, 525, Kergorlay :
insurrections in, 584. Lacrosse ; 605. Laudolphe ; public
works in, IV. 582, Onesime ; insurrection in, 704, Pelage;
fortified castle in. public works, marguisate in, V, 24,
Pinel ; insurrections in, 244, Richepanse ; a poet of, lU,
691, Lionard. N. G. ; governmental and sanitary re-
forms in, public works, V, 3.34, Rntours ; earthquake in,
1834, 370, SainteClaire ; Insurrection in, famous episode
of. VI, 280, Vermont.
Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, I, 644 ; V. 441.
Guaicapuro. Chief, FV, 30, Losada. D. de.
Guaimaro. battle at, III, 474, Jordan, T.
Ouaipata, chief, IV, 30, Losada, D. de.
Gualfe. II, .575. Gali.
Guanahani, island of, I, 697.
(Juanajuato, (.-apture of. I. .505, Calleja. F. ; slaughter al,
UI, 197, Hidalgo. C. M.; as.sault on, 4(lS,Jarauta ; battle
at, IV, 214, Marquez.
Guano, sale of, on consignment, II, 298, Echenique, J. M.
Guaqui. count of, II. 699, Goyeneche.
Ouaranis. the. I, 490, Cabeza ; the. V7, 905, Uffenbach.
Guararapes, battles of, U, IM, Dias, H. ; Vf, 487, Negrei-
ros.
Guard, Theodore de la. pen-name. VI, .353. Ward, N.
Guarnerius, Tobias, pen-name, II, 180, Dimitry, A. and
C. P. >
Guatemala, the British re_pelled from. H. .584, Gdlvez, M.;
war in. I. 5-35, Canera, R.; revolutionary movements in,
177 ; imp-ovements in. 178 ; revolutions in, 180, Barrun-
dia ; II, 585, Gdlvez, M.; 593, Garcia-Granados ; HI. 18,
Guzman. A.; college In. IV, 205. Margil ; VI, 219. Urti-
aga ; mission farm in. V. 464. Servien ; economical soci-
ety of, II, 672, Goiaxchea ; dialects of, IV, 658, Parra,
F.; Indian rebellions in, V, 166. Ramirez; ruins of an-
cient civilization of, 2.57. Rio, A.; old MS. history of, VI.
6;». Ximenes ; theory of the origin of its inhabitants,
654. Zamna ; university in. 655. Zajmta y Sandoval.
OuaUMiiala. city of, taken and retaken, IV, 389, Morazan.
Guayabo, battle of, II, 206, Dorrego.
Guayana. Spanish towns and institutions founded in, II.
360, F.piphane.
Quayaquil, capture of, I, 488, Caamano ; capture of, II.
63. Dampier ; taken by pirates, IV, 56, Lussan.
Guayinas, capture of, V, 646, Stanly, K;»VI, 297, Ville-
raye.
Gude, Hans, pupil of, VI. 629, Wyant.
Guelph, Ont.. founded. II. 583, Gait, J.
Guelves, Marquis de. IV. 2.36, Martinez, E.
GUemes. Gen.. II, 690, Oorriti.
Guenterol, Chief, IV, 587, Orelie.
GueralH>llft. Madame, stage-name. VI, 349, Ward, O.
Ouerl>el, Countess, VI, 349, Ward, G.
Guercheville, Madame de, IV, 249, Masai ; V, 94. Poutrin-
court.
Guerillas, In the dvll war, IV. 484-486, Mority.
Gueristersigo, V, 83, Posey, T.
Ouerra, Donate, m, 480, Juareg, B. P.
QUERRA
HANCOCK
741
Chiem. I^uIh ami (niriHtophfr de U, IV, GM, ffi*n.
Ouem«n>, captun* of. bv tin- U'altad, V, 70. htrtrr, P. H.
(liiorrii^iv. ihc. II. &i, IJacrea ; (iKht of, with the Cuotttitu-
Uoti. iii.;iio. .•ill.
Uin-vnmi. ViuHio. II, 1B9. IHax, R.
(Juiaim. laki'ii fi-itin tli«< Kpanlarils. I, !W» ; pxploration of.
II, 7tt7, iirilM ; Fivm-h i-olotiv. III. »«). Itttet ; «*xplora-
Hon of. .14<». Iff: iHiU-h, -ITS. JitrtUrnH, M.\ (>xpli>ratioii
of. IV, saw, Mi-ntrllf ; Frvnt-h, luiiwionit in, H, Ijtmttnnt :
nii!«sion in. 4ti>, MituMf ; Krvnch clainui in. ooniplloation
with I'ortUKal, -lUN, Neut'ille. J. S.\ eolonit^ in. .V*).
ffnirrterr ; KalfKh's (i«*>KTiption of, V, KW ; ticifntifle
exploration of. A'H 4'.!.*>. Schumhuiyk : exploration of. 01.\
Soutman : French, VI, 183, Tiirijot, E. F.\ (Irm iniiwluDH
In. 297, VilUevn.
Oui<'h»'n, Count de. III. .'W7. Keraaint ; IV. 179. Mnitz.
(J iiiile to Christian Perfection, A, mairazine, IV, 3U8, Met-
ritt, T.
Oiiil.i, Jainea and Anne E., VI. 486, Whitmarah.
(liiilfoni, Karl of, IV. .VM. Sorth, F.
Guilford, C-onn.. Kettlement of. II, 1H2, Dinbrnwe ; found-
Init of. III. «70, Uftf ; foundeil. VI. 4SI, iy/iitlit-ld. H.\
old stone-huust- at. illustration. 481 ; Ilalleck's fionie and
monument at. llluHtralionH, III, 47.
Ouilfonl Court-House, batUe of, I, 744 ; II, 758 ; III, 600.
Ijxmh. H.
(luillemet. J. B. A., VI. 171. Tryon, D. W.
Uuillerinin. tlillxTt. II. 4.*). Ferraitd.
Guillotine, the. III. iVJ. Hopkins, L.
Guinev. (Jen. P. R., VI, 084, Guiney, L. I.
Ouio, l)avid. I. ft57. Clevengt^r.
Guistersiico. Chief. VI. 399.
Ouiasol, V. P. G.. V. 6iJ.
Gulf coast, exploration of, I. 489, Cnheza.
Gulf of California, old map of. III, 300. H^hne.
Gulf of Mexico, Krant of the coast of, II, 590, (itiray, F. de.
(Julf of Pearls, the, IV. .^^4. .Virlo.
Gulf Stream, the, first correctly describe*!, IV, 205.
Gully. John W., murder of. I, 607. Chinolm.
Oumerv, M., pufiil of, V, 273. Roberta, H.
Gum Swamp, capture at. III. 4»>4, Jonea, J. R.
Gun barn-Is. machine for making. I, 288, BUinchard, T.
Gun-carriii>ce«, I. 240. Hen ton, J, G.
Gun-cotton, discovery of method for preparing, IL .127,
Kllet, ir. H.
Gun-lock, a nelf-actinf^, II, 364.
Gunn, Alexander, III, 747, Livingston, J. II.
Gunnery, the, school. VI. OW, Wiinn.
(iunny (Jreen, Va., Ill, 7!M, Ijeirin, F.
Gunpowder, manufacture of, II, 2(IV
Guns, flrini;, by l<x-ks, intrcMluced, II. 211, Douqla», fiir C;
271. Dur/ee, IV. F.; 3«VJ, Ericsann, ,/.; revolving battery.
til7. (JiitUng ; telescope si(;ht for, IV, 2-1. Ijttriiiu ; fired by
■team, 72S>. Ferlcins, Jacoti ; invention of a hammer for,
V, 257, Rinygold. S. ; invention of methixl for casting,
as, Rotlman. T. J.; multicharg.', VI. 087. llaakeU.
Oun-sUwks. machine for working. I, 439, Rucktund, C.
Gunston Hall, Va.. illustration, IV, 241.
Gurney. John J.. VI. .5iW, Wilbur, J.
Gurowski, I.A<lisla.H, III. 14, duroipaki. A.
Guthria, Sarah J.. V. .'>78. Smith, J. L.
Gutierrez, tteu.. I. l.W. Ralta.
Gutierrez. T<>ma<*. IV, 545, Pardn.
Guyard, Mdlle. Ill, 714, L" Incarnation.
Guy Park. III. ir^.Johnaon, Guy.
Guzman, Alonzo I). R. de, pseuclonym, II, 361.
(Jwin, Rev. James, III, 19. Girin, W. M.
Gwynn island. II. 200, Dunmort ; Lord Dunmore driven
from. III. 702. lyewia, A.
Oye, Ernest. I. ."». .4/6ani.
Gymnasium, first, in America, IV, 484, ffedl, J.
Gymnotus electricus, the. II, 594, Garden.
Gynecology, revolution in the practice of, V, Ml, Sima, J.
Marion.
Gyroscope, the, electric, invention of, II, 195, Dolbtar.
Habeas corpus act, first use of, I, 254, Ret'erly ; right of, to
suspend, II. 720 : 4:)1. Field, R. S.; VI. 30.
Hnckensack, atteinpte<l union of churc-ht« in, II, 068, Froe-
li<l'i : i-tu'iigement near, I, 4<i6.
II 1 John. III. 23. Hackleman, P. A.
I irtha J.. II. 48. Cutta, R. />.
h M college. III. 404, Jonea, H. G.
Hal iMiiii' l<l, N. J., II, 377. Eataugh ; engagement at, V,
i:«. PuUiaki.
Haddon. John. 11. 377. Eataugh.
Hiiilerinaiin. ChHrl»>s J.. VI. Mi, Walworth, J. R. A.
Hadley, John, II. «•». (hxlfrey, T.
Hadle}-. Ma-ss.. U, 072, r;<>/^e ; Indian attack on. IV, 750 ;
32, Ixtthron, T.
Hagerman. Mr.. II. 229. Draper. W. H.
Hagentti^wn, hospitals at, IV, 485, Nelnnoer, O. W. ; 487,
Neill, J.
H:iirue, the frigat<». IV, 189, Manley, J.
Hahn. Peter. 1. VM. Blavatakv.
Hahnemniiiiiii Monthly, the, II. .WS. Froat, J. H. P.
Haight, Fl.t<her M.. Hi. 27. Hn,ght. H. H.
Hail Columbia, the song. I. 22 ; UI, Ml, Hofikinrntn, J.;
micgwUoa of, IV, 506, OdeU, J.
I Ilainm, Ellas. II. 203. DoremuM.
Hainen's blufT, altaek on. II. 719.
Halt, MoiiMon. trial of. III. M' ;• r
Hal, a Dacolah. |)en name. \ .■. H ff.
Halcyon LumltiMr>-. thf. ma»'. '■H. Woodwortk,S.
Haldeman, Waller N.. VI. .tH. n 'in. « «»»i. //.
Haldimand collection, the. H. .ViW. ff<i</r, 7".
Hale, lt.-v. Cynw. III. 51. Hall.nk.
Hale, l>avid HI. 34. Hale, .V : .V.. Hole, S. J.
Hale, Rev En.K-h. VI. 521. Williams, E.
Hale, Sir Matthew. Ill, 410.
Hate, Natlian. statue of. illustration. Ill, 31.
Half-nuKin. the. illustration. HI. 297.
Half-way covenant, the. II, »«. /Aitmporf, J. ; 810. 81ff:
IV. 345, Mitchell. J. : 253.
Halifax, VjkT\ of. H. 520. Franklin, B.
Halifax, R. C. institutions founded In, IV, 549. O'Brtem, C
Halkett. Sir Colin. IV. 4+s. Muuntain, A. S. H.
Halkett. James. HI. 30. Halkett, Sir P.
Hall. Anne. HI. :>V>. King. .S.
Hall, Rev. E. B., HI, 42. Hall, L. J. P.
Hall, Sir J.. HI. .37. Hull. H.
Hall. Sir James. II. i:«. IM- Ijnneey. W. H.
Hall, (>)l. James Car>lll. V. 587, Smith, S.
Hall. Rev. John. I. 40. Alexander, J. W.
Hall. Dr. John. HI. .T. Hall, B. R.; IV, W8, MitckeU, D. O.
Hall, Mrs. S. C . III. 245. Home.
Hall. Prescott, II. 0.37, <iiht>a.
Hall. Samuel. HI. 43. Hull. R. P.
Hall. Sarah. I. 2'.iH. Hoardman ; HI. 4R4, Judaon, S. H. B.
Halhun. Adminil. HI. 40. HnlUim, W.
WiiXU', M.. II. G4tl. Gottsihalk.
Halleck, F. G.. «iuote<l. I. 719. Cooke, T. F. : his home and
monument, illustrations, HI, 47 : statue of, 4M ; |HM-m of,
IV, 271. Miijriiell. H. ; subject of poem by. V. 254, Riker,
R. ; subject of one of the Croakers, V, 319.' Ritot, Eraatua ;
quoted, Vl, 5, Swartout, S. ; life and letters, 506, Wil-
son, J. G.
HalUnk. Peter. III. 40 Halleck, F. G.
Halley, l->lmund. I. <«1. Colden : II. 008. Godfrey, T.
Hallowell. ti<-njamiii. VI. a«i»J 2C7, I'nughan.
Hallowell, Briggs. HI. .t«. Hutchinaon, T.
Hallowell. Roln-rt. II, .V.«. (ittrdiner.
Hallowell, Sarah. VI. 2ti«>. Vnughan.
Hallowell, Me.. VI. 207. 208. Vdughtin, B. and C.
Haloid benzyl comixiunds. Ill, 3»4, Jackaou, C. L.
Halpine. CharleM (i.. II. 738.
Halpine, R<-v. N. J.. HI. 5.3, Halpine.
HalHte<l, Caleb <>.. HI. 54. Halated, jV. !f.
Halsted. Oliver VI. 307. I'oorheea, J. S.
HamlMJcher Volksfest. the. VI, 590. WoUrnuaber.
Hamet, bashaw of Triijoli, I, 179, Barron, S. ; II, S9S,
»if..n, W.
Hamilton, pen-name. VI. 393. Wataon. W. R.
Hamilton, Alexander, his home, illustration, m, S7 ; bit
tomb. 5!l.
Hamilton. Maj. Anhiltnld O.. V. ,323. Roae, T. E.
Hamilton. Fr»-«leri<k. HI. 239. Holman. J. G.
Hamilton. Gail. |>seu<lonym, II. 193, iMxIge. M. A.
Hamilton, James, lU, 55, Hamilton, A.; 4<M>, Jonea, John
Ptiul.
Hamilton, .lohn, TV. 300. Mereer. A. J.
Hamilti>n. I^dv Mauil E«-elyn. III. 61.5. Lanadointe.
Hamilton. Rolwrt. HI. 01. Hnmilton. John.
Hamilton. Sir William. VI. 301, Tyler. .S.
Hamllt'on college, first president of. I, 129. Bnckua, A. :
fountLsl, HI. .S55, Kirkland, S. ; JV, KM, AV>r/A, .S. and
E. ; M«5, .Sorton, A. S. ; gifts to, II. 162, Hrxter, S. N. ;
III, 567, Knojr, Jumea ; V. 272. Roberta. C. R.
Hamilton literary and theological institution. III, 100, Hti»-
call, n.
Hamilton outrage, the. IV. I.'i2. MacSab.
Hammida. Admiral Rais, II. 121.
Hnmmonast't, Conn . VI. 23. Tnlctttt. J.
Hammonil. K«>niamin. HI. 67, Hammond. E.
Hammond. (> . III. AA\
Hammond. Harry. III. 07. Hammond, J. H.
Hamm<.n«l. W. (}".. HI. 710.
Hamjxien. wn nanie. HI. 253. Hooper, W. ; IV, 008. Orr.l.
Hannxlen Sidney college. V. 585. .Smith, S. .S.
Hampton, Va.. ixist establislied at, II. 134, Delatearr.
Ilampton, Caroline, V. 115, Prealon, J. S.
Hampton. Susan F.. IV. 193. Manning. R. I.
Hampton institute, foundetl. I, 130, Bacon, R. T. ; V^I.aaB,
Armatrttng.
Hampton Roads, peace conference in, U, 101 ; battle In,
VI, flifcj. WtxMlfortl. W.
Hampton's leirion. Ill, 70.
Hanaford. J<«eph H.. HI. 71. Hanaford. P. A.
Hancock, siege of. 111. tHH. Lander, F. W.
Hancock, capture of the, 1, «ao, t\iUier, O.; IV, ISB, Mam-
ley, J.
Hancock, captures by the schoooer, VI, 174, TWfar,
Samuel.
Hancock, B. F., HI. 72. HanroHc, IT. S.
HanciM'k. Kt)enezer. III. 71. Hanroek, J.
Hnn<-o<-k. Kirliard. HI. 72. Haneoek, W. S.
Hancock. Thomas. H. 084. Hondyenr.
Hancock bouae, tbe, Uluatration. m. 7S.
742
HANDEL
Handel and Haydn society, founded, VI, 404, Webb, T. 8.
Haiiford. Francis, shootinji of, VI, TOO, SuUivan.
HantftT, Maj. OeorKe, VI. 85, Tarleton.
HoiiKiiiL' Itook. battle of, IV. 90, McClure, J.; V, i52.
HaiikH. Nancy. III. 7ir>. Linco/rt , „ _
Hannah, captim- of the. V, 380. SalfongtaU, P.
Hannah, anunyiiious drama, VI, ail, I'ail. T. H.
HaniiilMil. capture of the. IV. 55<t, <rBritn, Jere
Hanover Court-House, battle at, IV, 2&i, Martmdale, J.
H ' 81
Hanover collejre. srift to. II. dOl, Dunn, Williamson.
HanH(>n, Marie. IV. 41.
Haiiw-n. Maurice (i.. III. 708. f^it.
Ilansihl, R.'v. Mr.. III. 107. Hurtwick.
Ilaimon. Harriet. V. aK9, RobinsoH. H. H.
Haiwon. Kev. J. H.. VI. 524, Williums, E.
Haiwhurif. branch of the house of, I, 160, Baraga.
HarlM)r improvements, II, 2H7, End».
Harlxira of refute, IV, .W. Lunt, O.
Harcourt. Sir William Vernon. IV, 438, Motley.
Hanleiil)erKh. Johannes. III. 77.
HnnlentxTkrh. Rev. John R., IV. 312, Meyer, H.
Harilin colleire. Mo., pift to. Ill, 78. Hardin, C. H.
Hardy. Richard and (ieorse. III. 80. Hardy, S.
Han'." Kmilv. pen-name, VI, 577, Winthrop, L.
Hariot. Thomas. V, Itsa.
Harlem Heiphts. Imttle of, ni. 565. Knoirltnn, T.\ V, 141.
Harland, Marian, [x-nname. VI, 64, Tcrhune, M. V.
Harlan<l. Thoma.s, VI. 06. Terry, E.
Harlow. fJeonre H, VI. 440. Went, B.
Harmonic flute, the. inventor of. V, 657, Steckel.
Harmonica, the. II. 91. lkivie.i. M.
Harmonfeti*. the. founder of. V, 183, Rapp.
Harmony. Pa., conmuinitv at. V. 183-184, Rapp.
Harnden. H V., VI, 429. WelU, H.
HarntHl. Pavid. FV. 48. Uizier, C. S.
Harney. Thomas. III. 85. Harney, J. M.
Harou"n-al-Ras<^'hid. tomb of. I. 190. Bassett, J.
Harper. Africa, III. 88. Harjtvr, R. G.
HariH-r. .John. Ill, 460, Johnston, W. F.
Hari>er, Joseph. Ill, 87.
Harix'r, Rol)ert (Joodloe. II. 148. De Roxnet. A. J.
Harper's Ferrv. Browns raid on. I. 4f)6. 407 ; III. 392, Jack-
don, T. J. ; V. KJ ; burning of the armory at. III. 549.
Kim/Mhury. C. F.\ VI. fm. .Jones. R.: captured. 111,670;
IV. 140. McImws: .S21. .^^iU■s, I). S.: raid on, V, .583,
Smith, a.: destruction of arsenal at, VI, 690, Jones, R.
Harjx'r's Magazine. III. 286.
Harriet I.rf»ne. the. capture of, IV, 175, Magruder ; VI,
316. Wiiinirrifjht, J.
Harrin^rton. O. F.. pen-name. I. 140. Baker, W. M.
Harriott, Frederick C IV. 412. Morris, C.
Hani*, did Captain. VI, ,58. Teedyussung.
Harris. Alexander, quoted, II. :i'V4. Etlmaker.
H.irris. Dr. Chariest . II. 2(«. Doremus, R. O.
Harris. Rev. Eliiah, IV. 424, .Vorse, J.
Harri.H, John, III. 108. Harvey, M.
Harris, Martin. V. .57.5. .Smith, Joseph.
Harris. Sidney. III. 93. Hnnis, M. C.
Harris, Thomas. Ill, 447. John.son, Reverdy.
Harris. W.. III. 93, //arrj>. T. M.
HanisburK. Cameron's residence at, illustration, I. .509 ;
founder of. III. 92, Harris, John ; Lis house, illustra-
tion, 92.
Harri.sou, Dr.. IV. 252, Mather. S.
Harri.son, Mi.ss.. II, 175. Pirk-son. J. A.
Harrison. Benjamin. III. 100. Harrison. J. T.
Harrisfm, Burton, III. W, Harrisfin, C. C.
Harrison, fteorge. V. 198. Read, T.
Harrison. Jeannette S.. IV. 30. Loop.
Harrison. Mary. VI. 476. White. W
Harrison. Russell. VI. i'tXT. Harrison. C. S.
Harrison. Samuel A.. Ill, U13. Hindman, W.
Harrison, Thomas, III, 100, Harrison, J. T. ; 101, Harri-
Kon, .S.
Harrison, Walter. V. 5. Pickett, O. E.
Harrison, (ien. W. H.. famous interview, II, 335, Ells-
kimtaira.
Harrisonburtr, Va.. battle at, HI, 28, Haines, T. R.', 493,
Kane. T. L.
Harrison me<lal. illustration. III. 98.
Harrison safety-Njiler. the. III. la), Harrison, J.
Harrisons [.andinic. Va.. retreat to. IV. 83.
Harri.sse. Henrv. I. 167, Barlow. S. L. M.
Hamwisburtr, Ky., III. 101. Harrod.
Harrwitz. Herr. IV, 407, Morjthy.
Harr>- Wadsworth clubs. III. .32, Hale, E. E.
Harston rifle, the. III. 102. Harston.
Hart. K»)enpzer. III. 103. Hart. J.
Hart, F^lward. Ill, 102, Hart, J.
Hart, Francis, II. 157. De V'inne, T. L.
Hart, John de. III. 102, Hart. J.
Hart, Lucretia. I. 640. Clny, H.
Hart, Samuel, IV. 7.50. Phelps, A.H.L.iVl, 518, WiVard, E.
Hart. Rev. Seth. II. 1.30. De Ijancey, W. U.
Hart. Col. Thomas. V. 293. Rochester.
Hart, William. IV. 752, Phelps, O.
Harte. Bret, subject of a poem by, I, 89. Arrruello ; U, 788.
Hartford, founded, Ul. 851, Hooker, T. ; settlement of, V,
HATTON
703, Stone, S. ; VI, 23, Talcott. J. ; (fifts to charities of.
IV 521, iV«7e«, J. M.; VI, 889, Watkinson ; first state-
bouse in, V, 82. Pitkin, W. ; armory at. I. 695, Colt ; capi-
tol at, illustration, VI, 213 ; orphan asvlum, jfift to, iV.
402, Morgan, J. S.: House of Hoi)e at, VI, 239, Van Cur-
ler ; 25.5, Van Ttriller ; historicJai society of, V, 110 ;
view of Trinity college. .565.
Hartford, the, FarraKut's flag-ship, XL 416. 417 ; Farraput
in the rigKinff, illustration, 417, after the battle of Mobile
bay, illu.stralion. 41*; lU, 427, Jenkins, T. A.
Hartford convention, the. I, 491, Cabot. O. ; protest aniinst,
III. 729, Lincoln, L.; IV, 607, Otis, H. O.; V, 3, Pickering,
T.; 582, Smith, Nathaniel.
Hartford Wits, the, 1,60, Alsop. R.: 166. Barlow, J.; Ill,
256, Hopkins, L. ; U. 282. Dwight, Theodore ; UI, 313,
Humphreys. D.
Hartley, David, II, &31.
Hartley, Samuel, pen-name. lU. 258, Hopkins, 8.
Hart man, George, III. 105. Hartman. W. D.
Hartshorne. R. and W.. Ill, 105, Hartshome, J.
Hart's mill, engagement at. II, 701, Oraham, J.
Hartt, Jarvis W.. III. 106, Hartt, C. F.
Hartwell. Mary. VI, 674, Catheneood.
Hartwick seminary. Ill, 107, Hartwick.
Harvard, Mass., community at, I, 40. Alcott.
Harvard, John, family of, traced, VI, 387, Waters, H. F. O.
Harvard. Robert, III. 107, Harvard*
Harvard college, founded, lU. 107, Harvard ; gift, to, 107,
Harvard ; charter prepared for, IV, 253 ; affairs of. 254 ;
first arrangement of graduates' names at, I. 15, Adams,
John ; first professor of, II. 295. Eaton, N. ; buildings of.
reforms in. marking system of, elective system, V, 162 ;
during the Revolution. III. 608, Langdon, S.; Ubrary of.
destroyed, I. 247, Bernard ; V, 521, Sibley, J. L.; first
graduate of. VI, .599, Woodbridge. B. ; grand commons,
rebellion at. Ill, 540. King, J. G. : Whitefleld's journal on,
245, Holyoke, E.\ building of Harvard hall. IV. 194. Man-
ning, W.; battle window at, III, 586, Ixi Farge ; change
in government of. II. 324, Eliot, C. W. ; in methods. 325 ;
annual lecture fund, 244, Dudley, P. ; loss of a legacy by.
222, Dowse; gifts to, I, 34, Agassiz, A.; 48, Alvord,J.;
246 ; 33-1, Bowditch, N. I.; 342, Boylston, N. and W. N.;
346, Brackett, J.; 376, Bright, J. B.; 444, Bulkeley, P.;
679, Cogswell, J. G.: II, 161, Dexter, S.; land given to,
262, Dunste, H.; gifts to, 296, Ebeling ; 46.5, Fisher,
Joshua; 574. Gale, T.; 687, Gore, C; 732. Gray. F. C;
7.56, Greenleaf, E. P.; UI, 71, Hancock, T. and J.; 189,
Hersey, E. and ^.; 237, Hollis, T.; 252, Hooper, S.; 498,
Keayne ; 555, Kirkland, J. T.; 639, Ijawrence. A.; IV,
143, McLean, John ; 658, Parkman, F.; eSS, Peabody, G.;
V, 340, Royall, L; :«7, Rum ford; 466, Sever; gift of
Gage papers to, 638, Sprague. W. B.; gifts to. 712,
Stoughton, /.; 713, Stoughton. W.; VI, 73, Thayer, N.;
103, Thomdike, L; 155. Trendwell, J. G.; 156, Treat, J.
H.; 164, Trowbridge, E.; 179, Tufts. Q.; 202, Tyndale;
318, Wakefield, C; 327, Walker, J.; 483, Whiting, W.
Harvard annex, the, II, 655, Gilman, A.
Harvard book-rack, the, I, 170, Barnard, J. G.
Harvard hall, the first, illustration. III, 107,
Harvard law-school, II, 72, Dane ; V, 710, Story, J.
Harvard lyceum, the, II, :J87, Everett, E.
Harvard memorial hall, illustration, VI, 229.
Hanard natural history society, lU, 94, Harris. T. W.
Harvard observatory, IV, 701, Peirce : gift to, V, 4, Pick-
ering, E. C; 152 ; work of, VI, 565, Winlock.
Harvesters, invention of, I. 151, Ball, E.; 170, Bamnrd,
W. S.; VI, 597, Wood, W. A.; self -rake for, m, 460,
Johnston, S. See Reapers.
Harvey, Ali^xander. Ill, 108, Harvey, P.
Harvey, Mathew, III, 88, Harper, J. M.
Harvey, Prof. W. H.. III. 2.52. Hooper, J.
Harwick, Earl of. Ill, 210. Hillsb<n-ough.
Harwood, John, pen-name, IV. 335, Minei; C.
Hascall.^Vsa. VI, 4.55, Wheeler. W. A.
Haseltine. Anne, III, 483-1H4, Judson.
Ha.skell, Lieut. W., V. .3.39. Row.wn.
Ha.skins. Elizabeth, III, 585, Ladd, J. B.
Hassler. Henrj- and Mark, III, 122, HassUr, 8.
Hastings, Charles S., Ill, 233, Holden, K. 8.
Hastings, Charlotte, VI. 461, Whipple, E. P.
Ha.stings, Daniel H., V. 507.
Ha.stings. Marquis of, V, 188, Rawdon.
Hastings, Warren, impeachment of, I, 454, Burke, E.
Hastings college of law, endowed. III, 112. Hastings, 8. C.
IIasting8-on-Hud.son, observatory at, II, 228, Draper, H.
Hatcher's Rim, engagement at, II. 715.
Hatchie. battle of the, IV, .584, Ord, E. O. C.;JI, 711.
Hatch's Ranch, engagement at. II. 2.56, Duncan, T.
Hatfield, J. B. T.. HI. 114. Hatfield, E. F.
Hatfield, Mass., gifts to, V. .582, Sm if A, O. and S.
Hathome, W. and J., HI, 1'34. Hawthorne.
Hats. H, 635, Genin ; machine for making, I, 341, Boy-
den, S.
Hatteras. loss of the, I, 284, Blake, H. C.
Hatteras inlet, fight at, U, 663, GiUia, J. P. ; V, 730, String
ham.
Hattie, Aunt, pseudonym, I, 144, Baker, A. li.
Hatton, Sir Christopher, III. 115, Hatton, T.
Hatton, Richard, UI, 115, Hatton, F.
HAUPT
HKWITT
74S
Hwipt. Pi of,, n. SOO, Edd!/, H. C.\ rv. an. Palne, J. K.
Haiiptiiiaiin. Moritz. 1, 437, Buck, D.; Ill, «», UonUy \
IV. atN, Miimm, »»'.
dauiHT, pupil i.f. V. aw, WWfrr. K L.
Haay, AbltA, VI, HJ.i, IrtHmt.
Havaiut, iniUitnlioim r<>iitHU*<l in, lU, 16, Chitierret, J. N.;
capture of, liy tlie KiiifllMh Il7(tt), !UM. Kepyrl ; vx\r>f*\i-
tiou tn, IV, 01. Lyman, /' : Hurrendvr of. 107, M»tuu> ; V,
10(), I'kkU), J. ilr ; iiu>t«N>n>loKical observatory, 47, iWy,
^t.: public works of, VI, Ou, Tejtda; foundinic of, IfA,
I'etnmfuez.
llaveland. Charles, III, 110, Havrland, L. S.
llav»»n, Sjimm-l L., III. 117. //arm. .4. B.
Haverliill. i-npHire of, V. »73. St. (yurs.
Hawaii iiiiiviTsity, fountie<l, I, 7.'i, Audrctrt. Lorrin.
Hawaiian islandit, exploradoii of. I, OtSA. Cottn, T.; niiiwion
U>, III. IS, (iulirk: iHi. Judil, (I. I'.; kinK of, 480. AVi/rt-
kitun : trt-aty of, with (Ircat Britain, 4W>, ATr-amy, L.; law
({IviiiR lands t<> the people in, 675, Lee, tT. L. ; a governor
of, VI, 047. Young. John.
Haweo. M. J.. III. mi. Holniea, it. J.
Uawe8, Marv E., VI. *4M, Vnn Lf-nnep, M. E.
Hawes. Kaiiiuel P.. VI, 01, Terhune, M. V.
Hawes'H .Shop. Iwittle of, V, 4aH.
Hawke Sir KAlwanl, III, 016. />i P^roxme.
Hawkins, Rirhar.l. defeat of. III. :tJ9, Hurtado, O.
HawkinH. W., Ill, \H\ Hatrkinti, Sir J.
Hawkiiuiville, (ia.. III. 121, Hairkinii, H.
Hawley, Rev. F. and Samuel. III. 123, Hawley, J. R.
Hawley. I^ura M.. VI. ICR*. Thurston, L. M.
llawthoriie. Julian. <]unte<i. II. ,')4K.
Hawthorne. Nathaniel. Htntues described by, I, 88, Aktrt\
his home, illustration. UI. I'JT ; his grave, 129.
Hawthorne. Ko«e, HI, 024, Ijithrop, R. H.
Hay, Dr. John, V, »45. Rum ford.
Hayes. Henry. i»en-name. III. .V54. Kirk, E. W. O.
Hayes, Col. Rieliard, II, »M1, Clidding*.
Hayes. }{. B.. his home, illustration, HI, 135.
Hayes farm, Ralefrh's house, illustration, V, 163.
Hayes river, discovered, V, 433, Schicatka.
Havfever. I. 2i>S, Btiird.
Hayley. William. II. :^«3. ErriUa.
Hnvne, Dr. Arthur, II; US, Dean, Julia.
Ha\ nes, Charles (}., II. X*), Emmet, T. A.
HnVnes, J. C.. II. IKl. lUttum. C.
Haviies, Nathaniel. Ill, M.'i. Hatmet, U. W.
HhVs. I>r. I. M.. HI. 140, Hnys, I.
Hayfer, Sir ().. HI. 41, Hall, H. B.
Hayti, conquest of. I. 752, Cotabanama ; slavery In. II. 840,
Kmanpard : Columbus in. I, 521, Caonatto: claims of
tVench residents in. Ill, 51M, iMfp-avi^ro ; indemnity to
French i-olonists. IV, 120. Mackau ; lea^nie to exteWni-
nate the Spaniards in. 1K7, Municaotex ; resistance to the
Spanianls, III, H. Uuacanaijari ; 0(t, (iuariotiex ; IV, 1K7,
Jlanicaotex ; 277, MuyotHinex ; public works in, 44.^,
itotte, E. A.; English invasion of (17)«), 4.'>1. Moyne, H.;
Oyi ; V, 737. Suani ; civil dissensions in. 74.'> 740. I'etif/n ;
indemnity paid by. V. 15H. Radignet ; the British in, VI,
8BS, Vincent. C: insurrections and revolutions in, I, 388,
Borgella ; S41, Boyer : 595. Chm^annes : Oil. Chrintopiie ;
687. Ctauael ; II. l.%4. DcMialineK : .35fl. Enrique ; t>22, 628,
Geffrard ; 660, Oirartl, S.: IV. 2»V4. Mauduit du I'lettit ;
«f, Moyne, //. ; 56:1, Oge ; V. 244, Riche, J. B. ; 252, Rigaud,
B. J. A. ; .378, Salnave ; 612, Soulouque ; VI, 308, Voatey ;
revolutions in, flSH, Salomon.
Haywanl, Abraham, quoted. U, .3H7.
Haywanle, Kichnrd. i»s«'u<l<>nym, I, 763, Cozzena.
HaywtKxl. Eglx-rt. HI. 14h. Haf/wo<id,J.
Hii/ard, Caroline, II, ITU. IHmun,J. L.
Hn/I.tt. C^pt. C. E . VI. 290, Vincent, 8.
Hazlilt, execution of, I. 407.
Head. Rev. Sir J.. HI, 151. Head, E. W.
Head light, inventor of the locomotive, TV, 848, Mn*on,
Melttncthon M'.
Head of lri>n. sobriquet, II, 488, Forbe; John.
Heald, Mr , IV, :M)h. Montex.
Healev. Mark, H. .V. IkdI.
HeHlth lifting, VI. .VW. IVindjihip.
Healy, (i. P. A., illustration from painting by, V, 006.
Healy, Jf«8eph, III, 1.53. Healy, J. P.
Heap, George, HI. 1.53. Heap, U. H.
Htmrd, Col., UI, 105, He,ider»on, T.
.Heard, M. A., assault by. I. 98. Arnold. T. D.
Heart, experiments on the action of the, IV, 379, Moore,
Eilirard SI.
Heat, discoveries conreming, V, 340.
Heath. Jamj-s. VI. 11.3. Tirfunit.
H.-athcote. Sir (.il»>ert. HI. 1.55. Heathcote. C.
HeatiUK appnratiia. improvements in. V. !M6.
Heliert, Antoine A. E.. pupil of. \1. fiOl, Wight, M.
Hebrew, a, with Egj'ptian principles, I, 235, Benjamin,
.hidnh P.
II '- • nmmer schools of, V, 423, Schodde ; VI, 481,
1. view, the, V. 1.S3, Rnphall.
UeorewH. m Russia, I, 103 ; colony of, at Cayenne. V, 688-
S80, Sprangtr.
Hebrew union college, the. VI. .580. \%'i»e, I. it.
Hecatomb of Vera Cruz, the, II. 168.
Heck. Paul. HI, 1-56. Hecic, B.
HMonville. Oen., VI, 140.
Heenan, John C, IV, 299. Menken.
He«Ten. lYof., I. 154 ; uuoU<d, 156, Bancroft, O.
Heges, Cttpt , HI, 209. Iloaaet.
HeiUman. Martin. HI, lOii. Hritxman. C.
Helderlx-rgia, aiionynious jioeni, V, 43M, Schoolcraft. H. R.
Helena, Ark . engagement at. V. lOiS, PrentiM*, B. il.
Heleue. capture of the schooner. Il,0i8, UoUitborough,J. it.
Helen Jewelt trial, the. HI. 2l*l, Hoxir, J.
Helen's liabies, anonymous Ixxik. 111,21, Habberton.
HelfTrich, Rev. J. H.. HI, Ulu. Hrl/enatein.
Heller. Rol)ert, iwudonym. IV. 041. Palmer, W. H.
Hell Ciate. first ]>aHsage of. I. 295, Block ; removal of ob>
struclions from, IN', .VW, Srtrton. J.
Hellmuth college, HI. Mil. Heltmuth.
Helliiland, VI, KM, Thorfinn.
Helm, Benjamin and U-onard, III, 161, Helm, J. L.
Hehn, Peter, II, tW>, (iirard, S.
Helmholtz. pupil of, IV, 702, Prirce, B. O.
Helping Hand, tnission of the, IV, 74, UcAvley.
HelvidtuM, pen-name, VI. 8H0.
Hemlandet det Uamla ocb det Nya, the, m. 111, AiMnf-
quiat.
Hemmenway. John. III. .585. Ixidd, W.
Hemp, machine for spinning. VI. V.A. Treadwell, P.
Hemi)-break. inventor of a, VI, 91, Thompaott, M. J.
Hempsteatl. C. H.. VI. 870. Wiuhbume, S. B.
Hendee, Joshua, III, 163, Hendee.
Hendricks, B<Mlnvn, IV, 106, Man»o.
Hendricks. John.' HI, lfi»5, H^ndricka, T. A.
Heneage. Charles, V. 37S. S<dm Salm, A.
Heukel, Oerhardt. HI. 160, Henkel, P.
Henning's Statutes at Large ( Va.), HI, 416.
Henrico, settlement of, II. .57, Dale, Sir T.
Henrietta island, discovered, II, 137, De Long.
Henry IV. of France, IV, 874. MonU.
Henry, Benjamin T., VI. 501, U'incAesfer, O. F.
Henry, Uabriel. VI, 30K. Voatey.
Henry, James Buchanan, I. 4.^.
Henr>-, John B , HI, 411, Jay, H'.
Henry, John H., HI, 170, Henru, A.
Henry, John and Alexan<ler, III, 173, Henry. P.
Henrj-, Patrick, his license, V, 175. Randolph, P.
Henry, Judge \V. J , HI, 95. Harria, W. L.
Henry Clay, destruction of the steamer, II, 881, Domt*
ing, A. J.
Henshaw. Sarah E., IV. 4.39.
Hensken, Mr.. HI. 95, Harria, T.
Hensley, Joseph. III. 147. Haythome.
Hepburn, (i. B.. II. 538. fYaaer, S.
Herald (Wrangelli l^nd, HI. 501. Kellett.
H/>rard, Rivii^re. V, 244, Rich^. J. B.; 896, Santana,
HerlMin. M.. I. OKI. Coldm. ('.
Herllert. Oeorge. memorial to. I. 005, Childa, O. W.
Herbert. Morgan. HI. IMi. Herbert, H. \V.
Herbert, Rev. W.. III. 170. Herbert.
Heresy, trials and punishment for, I. 170. Bamea, A. ; 817;
864. 'Breck, R. ; the anabaptist, 395 : trial for, 475. Buah-
nell, H. ; II. 202. Dunater. H. : of Columbus, 627. Uer
aldini ; punishment of. 690. Gorton ; triala, IV, 106,
Mftcdonnell, D. J ; 670. I'^Uton, /•'. /,.: V, aw. Rogera, J.;
415, Schaff ; VI, 12, Suing.
Herkimer convention, the. I. 5.5.3. Cnaaidy.
Herkimer monument, the. illustration. Ill, 188.
Hemilne. pen-name. II. 3IH. Elder. S. B.
Hermitage, the, near Trenton. II. 174, Dickinson, P.
Hermitage, the, ilUistration. Ill, 381.
Hermit of Newfane. the, I, 3SC.
Hermit of New York, iieu-name, II. .550, Frothingham^ W.
Hermits of St. Augustine, onler of. 111. 519. Kenrick, F. P
Hermit's spring, ttie, UI, .VI9, Ktlpiua.
Hernandez. 11. 1.52. De Soto.
Hemdon, Ann, IV, 865.
Hemdon. Ellen L., I. 100. Arthur, C. A.
Herndon. Reu»>en. HI. IKl. Hemdon. M. E.
Hernia, systi-m for treatment of. II. 219, DovreU.
Hero of I'harleston. the. lU. 659.
Hero of the Crater, the, IV, 177, Sfahone.
Hero de la Mojonera. the, I. 745, Corona.
Heron. WlUiam, IV. 0»W. /^ir«on«, S. H.
Herrada. Juan. I. .59. .Alimuint.
Herrick, Christine. VI. 01. ferhune, C.
Herrick. James B . HI. IS7. Herrick. S. it. B.
Henw-hel. Sir W.. II, 255. Dunbar, Sir H'.
Hersev, E. J., I. 73, Andrew.
HerveV. Rev Alpheiis B.. VI, 855, Hard, R. H.
Herz. Henri. IV. 074, /Vi//i, C.
Herzen, Alexander. HI. 491, Kofn*
Hesperian, the, iHTiodical, II "" '~"-<nh«T,W.D.
Hesse- Wartegg. Ernest v . Ili A.
Hemians, the, in the R<-v.>lu .r. n, Vi\,Damop:
HI. 569. Knn^auaen ; IV. i>^. / „.,,,„.
HeterodoxT, cbante* of, II. »«. Dmght, T. »'.; UL, 4,
Oristrold, S.; 88. Harker, S. S«"e Hkrkst.
Heteronclan. pen-name, HI, 149, Hazard, R. G.
Heth. Jovi-e. I. 173. Unntum. P. T.
Hewins, Marv. H, Ml, Fox. M. H.
Hewitt, JauMM L., Ui, Itti, Hewitt, U. R.
744
HEWLINGS
HOOSAC
HewUnRS, Esther. VI, 476. White, W.
HewHon. W.. III. 193. Hew»m, T. T.
Heyden, Kathfrine. V. M3, Skene, P.
Heydwi. Rt-v. T . II. ftNl, (ioltitzin.
He)<l»n, Sir t'hrLsi4>|>her. VI. 3U), Vincent, P.
H»^V<*»s PfUT. II. r>7. I>e I'riis.
Heyward. |)iuiit-l. III. Il«. Heyward, T.
H. H., iK'n imiiif. III. :Wi. Jiickson, H. M. F.
H. H. M.. peii-imini'. III. H»l. Unrtshome, H.
Iliawallia. c»i*tf of the. IV. •i\. Lord, D.
liihiMird, \U'\. Hilly. III. MM. HUttmrd, F. G.
HIIiIk'iis, Mistn-Kt*. exe<Mition of. I, "iJO, Bellingham.
Hibbiiis, William. IV. 741. Peters. H.
Hilx-niia, the privateer. IV, .V>(), O'Brien, Jere.
Hieklinjj, WiHiain. jiseiidoiiym. II. 122, De OMa.
Hickory island, ea|)tun' of, II. e»H, (impan, O. R.
HiokK. lieverley A.. III. 1H4. Ileriuton, M. E.
Hicks, Isaac. I. HI.'.. Barker, J.
Hicks, Ri'v. Thoina-s. IV. 713.
Hicksites, III. 1%, Hkhi. K.
Hidaljfo, CYistolml. J(ia<|iiiii. anrl Mariano, III, 107. Hidalgo.
HieroRlyphics. KKyptian, key Xn, V. -174, Seyffarlfi ; first
lvi«e "of, us*-*! ill America, IV, SH'i, Moolaenke, V. E.;
Mexican, III, 342, Ignacio : key to. lost, Jyolino.
Hierophant, the, niaj;azin<', I. 474, Btush. G.
Hierophilos, p«'n name. IV, 4«»5, Moriarty.
HiKh Bridge, III. twW. Uitc, G.
HiKherlaw. the. V, 471.
llit;hlan<lers, colonies of, IV, 105, Macdonell, Alexander ;
106, Macdonell, M.
Highlanders reRiiiient (79th N. Y.), mutiny in, V, 672,
I'ttei'ens. 1. I.
Hildreth. Richard. III. 200. 301, Hildreth, //. and G. M.
llil<ln-th. Sarah. I. 47«. Butter. li. F.
Ilil^iird, (Ju-stavus, VI, 2!>4. Villard.
Hill. Ahralmm. III. 2«M. Hilt. I.
Hill. Dr. John H.. 111. 2^4. /////. F. M.
Hill. Sir Rowland. III. ti-Vl. Leuiitt.
Hill, Samuel H.. Hi. tmi. I^omird, A.
Hill. Surah A.. V. 4^. Sharon.
Hill. Mai. Thomas. III. 2<y. Hill. A. P.
Hill. William and Solomon. III. a«, /////, D. H.
Hillard, (ieorge S.. qiiotetl. II. 3«H.
Hillard. William. I. 402. Brown, James.
Hlllilit-s. II. .Vfi). Freeman. B.
Hill memorial school, the Athens. III. 204. Hill. F. Af.
Hillritx>roii);h. N. H.. IVesideiit Tierce's house at, illustra-
tion, V. H.
Hillsl)orough, N. C, church at, founded, II, 747, Green,
H'llliam M.
Hillsbor»)ush, Earl of, IV. 66. Li/ndon ; VI, 171, Tryon, W.
Hillynr, Capt. James. V. 74. Porter, D.
Hilton. Cant.. V. 1S5. Kasle.
Hilton. Ool . V. 2!);J. Rochester.
Hil:on Hea<l. attack on the fort at. IT. 671, Godon.
Hincks, Chief Ju.sti<-e J . HI. 211. Hincks, E. W.
Hiiuks. I»r. T. D.. III. 212, Hincks, IV.
Hindinan. Jacob. HI. 213. Hindman, W.
Hiiie. Charles, pupil of. V. 710. .S7orv, G. H.
Hin);ham. .Mass . settle<l. HI. 222. Hobart. P.: academy at,
II, 147. Derby, R.: HI. 1H;». Hersey, E.; frfft to librarj- of,
H, 42:1, Fearing ; meeting-house at. illustration, IV, 537.
Hinman. Rev, S. D . Ill, K2. Hare. W. H.
Hinton. Col. Ric-hanI J.. V. 202. Real/.
HiokatiKi. HI. 424, Jemisnn. M.
Hip dis«'ases. tn>atnient of. I, ;W4. Brown, Buckminster.
Hi am. O . mob at. V. 25:1, Ritjdon.
Hiram college. II. 000.
Hirsoher. Dr.. I. 761. Core. A. C.
Hisingerite. discovery of. VI. fi2«, Wurtz.
HisiMiiiola, colony in, I. 6i»7, 608 ; royal university of, 739.
CoriUn^, P. de ; H. 376. Esquicel ; cnielties to Indians
In, I. 67. Anarnona : IV. 612. Ovando : HI, 183 : Hernan-
dez, V. ; gold mines in. conquest of, IV, 567, Oieda ; towns
foundeil in. VI. 2TT1. Velnsijuez.
Historical Magazine, the. VI. 4K7. Whitmore.
Historical nocieties. Chicago and Pennsylvania gifts to n
«5». Gilpin, H. I). : of Massachusetts. 687, Gore, C
Hoadley, Kli S.. IV. 24«. Mason, H'.
Hoar. IJeut. Daniel. HI. 220. Hoar, J.
Hoaxes, the HvidMU>rk inscription. I, 756, CoiPan, F ;
newspaper, HI, 751, Locke, R. A.; brain pictures, vi
WH, Rocktrood.
Holiart, Kflmund. IH. 228, Hobart, P.
Hobrirt. MUs. HI 370. hvs. L. S.
HolMirt. Rev. Noah. VI. 426. Welles, ff.
Hobart college. H. 181 : gift to. V, 1.5, Pierrepont. W. C
Hol.l«, Kredfric. II. 705, Granger, D. T
Hohl.v. Mr . VI, ^.\.
H..bkirks Hill. Iwttle of, V, 188, Raxtdon ; VI, a»l, Wa»k-
infilon. W.
HolK>ken. N. J., site of. I. 199, Bayard, W.; Stevens insU-
tute in. illiiKtration. V, 675. • ' • "» "»"
H(Hh.-laga. the. I. .'M.3-.544, Cariier, J.
H<«lir<l<wi. Maj. 8.. V, 2.
H'xIiT". Margaret. I. 1«8. Bayard. J.
H<HlKSon. John. I. IW, Bamrd, J.
Hoerkil, the. III. 2fi!t. Hosaet.
Hoes, Hannah, Vi, »4.
Hoes, Mary, VI, 230.
Hoey, John, HI, 226, Hoey.
Hoflfman, Edward F., III. 22ft, Hoffman, C. F.
HofTinan, Heinrich. pupil of. IV, 30«, Merritt, A. L.
Hoffman, J. (.).. II. 2iMi, Eaton. A.
Hoffman, Matilda. III. 228. Hoffman. S.; her death, 360.
Hoffman, Nicholas, HI, 22H. liitffman, S.
Hoffman, Prof., II. 3H4. Jackson, C. L.
Hoffman, Samuel V., VI. ti«H. Hoffman. E. A.
Hofraann, Anna K., U, IK), Dimmock, G.
Hofmann. August W., V. 260, Rising, W. B.
Hoke, Gen, Robert F.. VI, m, Terry, A. H.
Holbrook, Eliza R.. III. 76, Hanson, E. R.
HolbrfRjk, Josiah. HI. 231, Holbrook, Alfred.
Holbrook, Nel.son M., VI, 147, Town, S.
Holcomlie. R. I.. IV, 6». Lyon, N.
Holcroft. Thomas. I. 733, Cooper, T. A.
Holden's Magazine, U, 517, I'owler. H.
Hold the Fort, motive of, I, 294, Bliss, P. P.
Holdup, Thomas, V. 678. Stevens, T. H.
Holguin, IV. 181, Maldfmado.
HolgiJin, Alvarez. IV, 366. Montemayor.
Holka, Mahratta chief. IV. 468. Murray. James.
Holland, proposed treaty of, with America— its result, IH,
630, Laurens ; commercial treaty with America, war
with England. 66(5. Lee, W.
Holland, J, J., V. 218. Reinagle.
Holland, John, U, :W4, Dudley, W. L.
Holland land company, the, IV, 560, Ogden, T L.\ V, 470,
Seward, W. H.
Holland purchase, the. II. 328, Ellicott, J.
Holley, Alexander H,. HI, 235, Holley, A. L.
Holliday, Samuel. V, 61, Pomroy.
Hollingsworth. Valentine. IH, 237. Hollingsworth, L.
Ilollis. Thomas Brand. Ill, 2:17, Hollis, T.
Hollister, Frederick, V. 47.5, Seymour, H.
Ilolloway, Junius B., Ill, 238, Holloway, L. C.
Holly Springs, raid on, I. 337, Bowers, T. S.; capture of,
II,"711 ; VI, 245. Van Dorn.
Holmes, Ann S., VI, !Sl3, Upham, C. W.
Holmes, Daniel, III, 243. Holmes, M. J.
Holme.s, .John and David, III, 240, Holmes, A.
Holmes, George. VI, 255, Van Twiller.
Holmes, Maj.. III. 97.
Holmes, Mary Anne, I, 317.
Holmes. O. W., quoted, II, 348, 418 ; HI, 48, Halleck, F. O.;
IV, 702. Peirce,B. ; heroine of a poem by. II, 526, Frank-
land : his birthplace, illustration, IH. 240.
Holmes, William, VI, 2:19, Van Curler, J.; 255, Van Twiller.
Holt, Catherine, IV. 252. Matlier, R.
Holt. Henry. UI. 708, Leypoldt.
Holtou. James, VI, 491, Whitney, F. A.
Holy Alliance, the, lU, 377.
Holy band, Wesley's, I, 108, Asbury.
Holy Cros.s, order of the, I, .330, Bourget ; TL, 650, 661. GiJ-
lespie, E. M. ; founded, mission of, V, 607, Sarin ; IV, 52,
Luers.
Holy cross college, founded, n, 286, Dzierozynskin.
Holy Ground, the, UI, 376.
Holyoke. founded. U, 280, Dtcight, E.; gift to charity of,
V. 718, Street. W.
Holyoke, Rev. Elizur, III, 245, Holyoke, E.
Home for incurables, the. II. 447, Field, B. H.
Honie-Maker, the. magazine, VI, 64, Terhune, M. V.
Homes, Luther, III, 24(i. Homes. M. S. S.
Homes, Capt. Robert. HI, SM6, Homes, W.
Homes, Sarah, VI, 32. JTcippan.B.
Homespun.^Henry, pen-name, V, 614, Southwick.
Homespun, John, pen-name, VI, 190, Tuttle, J. F.
Homestead bill, I, 434 ; III, 7, Grow ; the first, 534, Kil-
bourne, James.
Homestead laws, I, 241.
Home, Sweet Home, song, IV, 686, Payne, J. H.
Homiletic Magazine, the. VI. 554, Wilson, J. G.
Honuuopathy, first lady in the institute of, III, 890, Jack-
son, M. B.
Homceopathic institutions, founder of, VI, 893, Watson,
William H.
Hondius, Jodocus, HI. 297. 298, Hudson, H.
Honduras, conquest of, IV, 570. Ulid ; invasion of, 888-880,
Morazan ; II, 593, Garcia-Granados ; filibustering expe-
dition to, V, 609, Soto ; revolt of slaves in, 1, 106, Arthur,
G.; revolt in, revolution. III, 9, Guardiola : grant of
lands in, VI, 17. Tabor ; project for a colony in, 459,
Whelpley, J. D.
Hone, Philip. HI, 422. *
Honest John, VI. 58, Teedj/uscung.
Honestus, pseudonym, I, 120, Austin, B.
Honorius, pen-name, VI, 417, Webster, If.
Hook. George F., VI, 17. Tabor.
Hooker, Rev. Edward, III. 145, Haunes, John.
Hooker. Joanna. V, 495. Shepard, T.
Hooker, John, HI. 249. Hooker, L B.
Hooker, Sir William. II. 211, Douglas, D.
Hooper, Alice M.. V. 749.
Hooper. Robert M.. III. 252. Hooper. L. H.
Hoorn. exploring company of. Ill, (184, Le Maire.
Hoosac tunnel, the. II. 117, Dearborn. H. A. S.; 147, Derby,
E. H.; completion of the, V, 481, Shanly, W.
HOOTON
HUNTINGDON
74fi
IltMton, Elizabeth, VI, 3(M, Uarrm. Joseph.
I1«k>vlt'h (Jap, (li-fenoe of, II, 4-'4, AVarinf/. B. P.
llo|)e, attaokH i>n (lit* Hhip. I, l-H), Hainbnoffe,. W.
lli>|M*, Hi'lirv. III. (>i. HiimtUon. //.
II. .|«-, I'ol. JttnicH, VI, XM, M<i//-i»y. ,/. H.
Hoiie. Sir Jaiiifii. IV, lUU, MitctlouyaU, W.
Ito|M- i-<>llff;e, I. SIM.
II<i|m>'m C'h«-ok, I. WA, Button.
Ilopetown, tJirl of. VI, *M. HViZ/nr*-. J. H.
il<i|>fwi>ll, tlu>. III. »». Huilavn. H.
Ilopkiiiit. Krniicis. I. 510, C'u»i;>6<-//, W.
Hopkins, (it'll.. VI. M.
llopkiiu*. ,lain.-H. VI, 471, White, H. L.
Hopkins. Mark. II. fii)0.
Hopkins, Dr. Sannu-I. satirized. Ill, 585, Ijadd, J. B.
Ho|>kitisiani.sni. 111. &X. Hoitknm. S.
Honkintoii, III, "£>*, Hopkinx, F.dimrd ; estate at, II, 526,
Frankinud ; chtiroli at. V, 118, Price, Ruaer.
noiK)thlayohola, Chief, IV. ia5, Mcintosh, W.
lioption. Adnnral. VI. aw. lVr;ion, E.
Horace, p«>n-nanie. III. *4H, Ingermilt, K.
Horace, que«>r translation of, iV, 649, Piirke, John.
Horatius CVx-les of the Tyrol, the, 11, 'JSH, Dumat.
Horatius Klacciis. iien-nanie, VI, (UW, Wright, R. M.
Ilor^an, Thomas. IV. a57. Mnthetr, T.
Horicoii, Wis., foun(ie<l. III. tUJO, Larral>ee, C. H.
Horn. (Jeorife. 111. .^W. Huelva.
Hornblower. Mary. I. XiS. ,
Horuer, Robert. Ill, -JOS. Homer, H'. E. '
Hornet, capture by the, I, 25<1. Biddle, James ; flght with
the Peacock. HI. 64(>. lAiwrence, J.
Hornet's nest, at Shiloii, the. II, WO, Gibson, R. L.
Horse, earliest known ancestors of, IV. 218, Marsh, O. C.
Ilorsenianden, Mary, I, 486, Hyrd, W.
Horseneck. l*utnam'8 escai)e at. V, 141.
Horse-rake, inventor of a. V, 6117. St(Htdard, J. C.
Horses, fast. I, Si\S, Bonner : humane treatment of, II. 487,
Flower. E. F. ; taminR of, V, IW. Karey ; VI. 604, Wood-
ruff,H.
Horseshoe, battle of the. VI. 690, Wright, B.; HI, 274.
Ihmston, S. ; 376.
Horse-shoes, machine for making. I, 430. Burden.
Hortalez and Co., tirm of. I. 210. Benumarchuis.
Hortensius. (len-name. HI. 1.30. lUty, G.
Horton, {JillK'rt, case of. III, 411. Joy, W.
Horton. Jotham, II. 510, Foster, Ellen H.
Hospicio, in Mexico, the, I, 428, Bucareli.
Hospital ward dressing-carriage, inTention of, IV. 433, Mor-
ton, T. U.
Hot Cinders, Chief, II. 608. Garonhiaqui.
Iloudon, Jean A., statue by, illustration, VI, 370.
Houel, M.. II. ;J75, Espiient.
H«>UKh, Horatio O.. Ul, 270, Houqh, F. B.
Hours at Home, magazine, V, 443, Scribner ; V, 808, Sher-
wood, J. M.
Housatonic, discovery of the, I, 296, Blocks.
Housatonic, the, destruction of, HI. 199, Higginson, F. J.;
V, 1, Pickerinq. C. W.
Housatonnuck Indians, mbwion to, II, 310.
House-tax, or window-tax. the. II. 561, Fries.
Houssatonnuc. battle at the. VI, 23, Talcott, J.
Houst4in. Sir I'atrick. 111. 273, Houston, J.
Howanl, Sir Charles, HI, 277. Hoimrd, F.
Howard. J. Q.. HI. 143. Hayes, R. B.
Howard. Jf>«eph, V. TWI. Stone. D. M.
Howard. Joshua. HI, 277, Howard, J. E.
Howard, Martin, IV. 381. Minire, M.
Howard, < ). O., quoted. HI, 497. Kearny, P.
Howard, Slleniv. I. 422. Bryant. W. C.
Howard house. Belvedere, illustration, HI. 277.
Howarth. J<jseph. VI. 688. Hoii^arth, E. C.
Howe, VAier I)., V, 624, Spauldinfj. S.
Howe, Cien., opinion on. II, 266, thiportail ; clutrge of in-
competency, .^82. Gallotmy, J,
Howe, Hezekiah. HI. 281. Howe, H.
Howe, John, 11. 229. Oraper, M.
Howe. Judge. 1. 423.
Howell. Klia-H, HI. 2m. Hoieell. J. B.
Howell, Natlianiel W.. II, 760, Greiij.
UowiU, Marj-, HI, »lo, Home ; WUIiam and Mary, II, 400,
^b/«y, M. E.
HowUnd, Gardiner O.. HI. 2H7, Howland. R. S.
Howland, John, HI. 287, Howland, J. ; S88, Howland,
William P.
Iloxie, Richard L . III. 280, Horie, V. R.
Hoyt, iH-nis. HI. 428. Jenks, P.
Hoyt, Mary, V. 608, Sherman, W. T.
Huaina Ca^Nic II. 50S, Oarcilaso.
Huajtiapam. Mex.. siege of. HI. 000, Leon, Antonio.
Hiiainacucho. battle near. I, 4fl3, Cdcert*.
Huarte, Aim M.. HI. .V)7. Iturbide.
Huart^, Catalina de. II. 325. Eliiaga. '
Hiiascar. the monitor, II. 727. Grnu.
Huato IMoquinto, bandit, II, 370, Escobedo, M.; UL, 034,
lyertlo.
Hiihanl, James. IH. 891. Hnhard. W.
Hiibbanl. Charles F., IH, 893, Hubbard, L. F,
Hubbard. Sarah. V^I. 167, TrumtmlL, J.
Hubbard, Thomas, V, 309, Rogera, If.
Huhbanrs Trail, III, m. Hubbard, O. A
Hubli«nlt4)n, liattle at. U, 587, FroMtr, S.', V. M0, St. Clair ;
VI. 360, Warner, Seth.
Hubliell, Rev. Slephen, lU, 894, Hubbrll. M H.
Huck, Capt Christian. I, 9U0, Bralton : IV. Ul. Mcfiurr.
J. ; V. 7.'.2.
Huddleston. William. I, 174. Bar,
Huddy, Jtjseph, I, 1(I9. Asgilt.
Huddy, Capt. Jotdiiia, inunler of. VI, QOS, Wocdhuil, J.
Hudson, Christopher, John, Thoiuaa, and itteplK-ii, 111, 890,
Hudson, H.
Hudson. Edmund. 1. K>. .-tmes, U. C.
Hudson, Henry, his ship, illustration. ID, 897.
Hudwin, Ricliurd, IV, 259, Mathews, J.
Hudson, Stephen. HI. 29.^, Hutimm, C.
Hudson bay. exiHHliiion. I, 227. Bell, R.; VI. 165. Troyes ;
exi.loration. 11,520, F^x, L.\ 534, Frankltn, Sir J.; HI,
399, James. T. ; bay and strait, discover}- of. 898, Huiimm,
H.\ hostilities in. 8S9. Ibervtlle ; destruction of tnullng-
posts on. 616, Lm Pirotue.
Hudson Bay Comnany, claims. HI, 436. Johnson. A. S.\
posts established. Mtruggles with rival companies. IV,
146. McLeod. John : withdrawal of the charter, ibid.,
Malcijlm : revolt against. V. 252, Riel ; conttict with the
Northwest Trading Company, 461. Semple, R.; union
with Northwest Com|>anv. .VJ7. Simpson, Sir (/.
Hudson river, discovery of, HI, 297 ; underflow of, IV, 348,
Mitchell, H.\ attempt to Imu* the, V, 141 ; steam cnviga-
lion of, 673.
Huemac. King. V. 149. Quettalcohuatl.
Huerta, Gen.. II. 167, 869, Escobedo.
Huetzin, King, HI. 371. Ixtlilcueduxhua ; VI, 140, Tote-
pehu.
Huger. F. K.. I. 308. Bollman.
Huggerford. Dr. Peter. IH. HO. Hardy, E.
Hiigtrins. Ixui.sa C . VI. 189. Tuthill.
Hughes. Margaret. HI, 517. Kennedy, A.
Hughes, .Sarah M., IV, 266, Maury, S. M.
Hugh«-s. William, V, 46.
Huguenots. s<>ttlement of. II. 867, Dexpuy ; in New York.
65, fhiille : massacre of a colony of. 607, Gourgues : New
Rochelle piirchasetl for. HI. (W2. fjeisler : colonies of. in
Florida : *H5. Me» ; 629. Laudonni^re : V, 232, Ribaut ;
colony of. in Brazil, VI, 295. I'lUegaitjnon.
Huguenot society. II. 122. I)e Costa ; HI. 414, Jay, J.
Hultziloijochtli, the god, VI, 64, Tenoch ; 123, Tizoc.
Hulaniski. 1. 4H4. Buttre.
Hull, Canada, founder of, W, 610. Wright, A.
Hull. Anna, IV. liW. Manstield, R
Hull, Hannah, V, 467. Setrall.
Hull. Isaac, at Bomba, II. 295. Eaton, W.; medal given to.
illustration. III. 310 ; his tomb. 311.
Hull. Richard and Joseph. III. 3t)8. Hull, W.
Hulsemann. Welwter's letter to. II, 455.
Humacao. Chief, IV. 23, Ijomiillo.
Humbird. Ja<-ob. V. 277, R(J>erts, W. M.
Humble Attempt at Sciurility. a. anonymous pamphlet,
III. 317, Hunt. J.
Humboldt, A. von, quoted, IV. 481. Ifavailles; VI. 304,
Vizcaino.
Humlioldt glacier, discovery of. III, 403, Kane, E. K.
Humboltina. discovery of. V, 866, Rivero.
Hume, David, enistle to. HI. 658.
Hume, Ji^seph, IV. 120, MacGreqor.
Humphrey, Heman. II. 470, Fiike. S. W.
Humphreys, Daniel, III, 312, Humphreys, D.; 818, Hmm-
phreus, J.
Humimreys, Gen. A. A.. VI. 3T0.
Hunchback, attack on the ship. IV. 76, McCann.
Hundrt-tl Associate's, the. IV. .529. Sogaret.
Hundre<l <|ollar a<,-t. the. V. 603. Snyder. S.
Hungar>-. controversy on, 1, 336, Boiren, F.: 548. Carter,
R.: revolution In. f. 344, Brace, C. L.; crown-Jeweto of,
V, 090, .StiUman, W. J.
Hungi-rfonl. Henr>- J., V. 508. Smithsim.
Hunkers. I. iXi. Butts : VI. 232 ; 845, Van Dyke.H. U.
HunnilM'e. Kate. iM-nname, IV. 60, Lyman, L. E. B.
Huns<lon, I>>nl. I, .M8. Cary. .4.
Hunt. Abijah. V. 48. I>,in<fexter.
Hunt. Charli-s H.. HI, 747. Livingston, E
Hunt, Henr>-, II. 232. I>rrtr, L
Hunt, James, VI. .VT<. Wirr.
Hunt, I^-iifh. monument to. I. 606. Child*, O. W.\ UL, 817,
Hunt. J.: quotetl. V. 27. Pinkney. S.
Hunt, I»uis«' L.. HI. 747. Lii'ingslou. E.
Hunt, Thomas and Samuel W., HI, 316. Hunt, H. J.
Hunt. Col. Thomas, V. fiOI. SnrlUng, J.
Hunter, the. HI. 322. Hunter, J. />.
Hunter-preacher, the. IV. 66. Lynn.
Hunter. John. IH. 328. Hunter. W.
Hunter. Dr. J . IIT "^'l. Hu,jrr. T K.; IV, 7«&, Phgtiek ; V.
388. .St. Clai, T
Hunfer. Dr. Wi I'en, W.
Hunter. W. R . , /.
Huntley. I'>.»'ki»i \ y.
Huntley, Lvdia, HI. M.
Huntillte. discovery ••: • .I'mt/x.
Hunlingtion, (^ouniess <>i. \ i. 4^,n, White/letd.
Huntingdon, Enoch, U, ttl, Dwtffkt, Timotht/.
740
HUNTINGTON
INDIANS
HuntinKton. L. I.. Brittah occupation of. V, 181, Prime ;
sm. hum/ord. . ^ ^ ,^
Huntinifton. Danit-l. III. 325, Huntington, F. D.
Huntington. Jaln-z. V, f)«)2. Smith, S. L.
HuntniKton. J(>ti»-i>»i, III. :*), Half, N.
Hurtxil. Viscount tl'. II. 4^1, Fuuchrr.
Hurlbul. Dr. P.. V, (fcJI. SjHiuldimj, S.
Hurli-y. N. Y.. fouudinK of. IV, »5, Lovelace.
Huron, wn'ck of the, V. SiU, Ryan, U. P.
Huroniau nx-ks. Ill, 31U, Hunt, T. S.
Huroiw. the. missions t»>, III. tJ51. Le Caron ; I. 561, Cha-
iMinrl: 51W. (7i<ii<mo««/ ; 3K&, Hretteuf ; mission to. II,
ttC ; IV, ."JN. (Jtirnier, C: slautfliter of, l)y Iroquois. II,
Birr ; niassaon* hy. 74. Daniel, A.; warfarf with Mo-
hawks, III, 4.V>, J(Miues ; and tht- Iroquois. 572. Kondia-
ronk : villa^f de8tn'>ytMl 1)V the Irwjuois, 590, Laleniant ;
defeat bv tJie Iro<iuols. I\'. 314, Michel.
Hurry, William, V, •M\, Hitch.
Hurtado, Father Juan, U, \X>, Delqntn.
Hurtmlo, Lucia Miranda de, IV, 187, Mangore ; 436, Mos-
i/uera.
Hussey, Christopher, III, 330, Hussey, C. G.
Hus«-y. ()be<l. V. 4;«. Scott, I. M.
Huston, Oen. Felix, III, 464, Johnnton. A. S.
Hiilcliiiis, John. V. 621), Sinilding, B. J.
Hutchinson. Klislia. IV, &VJ.
Hut<hiiLsoii. Kli/alx-th, HI, 373, Jackson, Andrew.
Hutchinson. Kllen M.. V. t»r)K. Stedman. E. C.
Hutchinson. H»-nrv. HI. :iU. Hutchinson, John.
Hutohinson, IVter « >.. III. Xi:i.
Hutchiiiso! Itichard, 111, .tM. Hutchinson, Jesse.
Hutchinson. Sallie. IV. .'574. Oliver, XV. S.
Hutchinson. Col. .'^ . II. 4HH. Floi/d. R.
Hutchinson, Susanna, 111, ;W1. Hntrhi.ton, Anne.
Hutchinson, Thonius, M.>^. saved from his house, II, .320,
Ktiot. A. : HI. JM, Huhlmrd, H".
Hutchins4>n. W.. J. .M.. and J., 111. :«I. Hutchinson. Anne.
Hutchinson letters, affair of the, II. ."iSO. :i^) : HI, aSii ; IV,
mi. Piij-ton. r.
Hutton, I)r., H, 2<M, Du Pont de yemours.
Huxley. Thomas H., Ill, »>80, Leidy ; pupil of, VI, 643,
Yimnmns, H'. J.
HuvRens me<Ial. the. IV, ."503. Xewcomb, S.
Hvidsaerk, falls of. V. 1«»), Rafn.
Hwa. VI, :«8. »-<m/, F. T.
Hy Hras-sail. voyage to, I, .367, Brendon.
Hydraulic entrineerinff, II. ty£i, Francis, J. B.
Iiydrnulic ma<-hine, invention of a. 11. 3.39. Eluyar.
HydriHt-phalus, oi)eration for. II. 6(>>. Clover, Joseph.
Hydrojren, life-l>oat. the. II, .524, Francis, J.
Hydro>fraphy, investigations in, IV. 34S, Mitchell, H.
Hydrometers. VI, lU, Tagliabue ; immersed, inventor of a,
V, 4<»!t, .s<IJ•^),l.
H) Iropathy, introduction of. V. .508. Sheie.
Hy(lroph"l)ia. prophylactic treatment for. IV. 444. Mott, V.
Hydro-pneumatic pul.satinjf vacuo-machine, lU, 4U9, Keely.
HyleKer. Su.>4an. 1. 14<1, Bninbridge, W.
Hyneman, I>Hin, V. 2:10. Rhine.
Hyperion. |<en-name, V, LM, (jiuincy. J.
Hyperion, the. balloon. HI. .546. King. S. A.
Hyi)erion, character in I/iUKfellow's. IV, 13.
Hyf>ochondriacs, R<jxbury asylum for, I, 32, Adams, Seth.
I, sittiature, 11,312. Etlwards. J.
lanthe, jx-n nanu-, II, .'Ml, Embury, Emma C.
Icamole, l>attle at. II. l(w.
Ice, artincial, machine for. IV, 39, Lowe, T. S. C. ; inventor
of, VI, \'.ti. Twining, A. ('.
K^-land, II. 4firt. Fiake, D. W. ; millennium of, 469 ; VI, 41.
4 ley ca|)e. I, 71.5.
Idaho, wreck of the. Vl, 42. Taylor. B. R.
I<la May. story and sonjf entitled, V, 19, Pike. M. H. O.
Ide, Jacob, HI, 3IH, Hunt, .S".
Ide, Jacob I)., 11. .151, Emmons, N.
Idiots, instruction of. III. 283, Howe, S. O. ; V, 454, Seauin.
E. ; VI, .503. U)7/>Hr. //. B. and C. T.
Idlewild, illu.strafion. VI, 540.
Ilfuanodon dinner, HI. 119, Hawkins. B. W.
iKuarasMti, siege of. II. 163, Ihas, H.
Ipiaramu river, colony on, HI, 403, Jaquez.
Ike-Hima. inland of, V. 4.57, Selkirk.
Ilchester. F.arl of. I, 9. Aclnnd.
lirraconilM'. Cana<la. HI. 102, Harston.
Ilhui.-nmina. IV, .36H, Montezuma /.
Ilia. IV, .5KS. Orlando.
Illinois, Indian disturbances In, III, 25«, Hovkina, S ;
r.-s..rvatlons in, V, 403, Sougtinnsh : V. 4ftl, Shauhena ;
Catholic uwtitutions foimded In, HI, 4«7. Juncker : V
140. Quiirtrr ; northern l>oundan' of. V, 68, Pope. N.
n nols colleife, (fift to. HI. 219, Hifchct>ck, S. A.
Ililnob* country, capture of the, I, 627.
Illinois Indians, the, (rrammar of their lanf^ia>re IT 728
I!^'Iw''v*"*':'"7' ^y If"<l'>oi«, III, 022; alliance of!
with tJie French, VI, 1.32, Tontii.
I inoLs normal university. HI. 276, Hovey. C. E.
lUusf rnt.-<l New Monthly, the, V, 665, Stephens, A. S.
Inia Sumac, IV, 576, rv/«»i/a«,
Imlav, f>«.rj:e. II. 4.57. Filson.
luuuactilate*, the. 111, 479.
Immlprration, V, 476.
Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the U. 8.,
anonymous book. IV. 428, Morse, S. F. B.
Immortality, conditional, doctrine of, IV, 747, PettingiU,
John H.
Impeachment, first case of, in America, IV, 389, More ; of
the president. 111, 4;W.
Imperial, city of, burned, I. 603, Chiguaihue.
Imixirts in bond, direct transportation of, II, .508, Forney.
John W.
Impost law, proposed, of 1783, IV, 165-166.
Inaufi:uration of Washinpton, the, scene of, III, 744, Liv-
ingston, R. R.
Inca, the, historian, II, 593. Garcilaso.
Incas, the last. III, 329, Hurtado, A.; mummies of. III.
:i29, Hurtado, A.
Inconnue. pen-name, II, .548, French, L. V.
Incubators, improvements in, V, 223, Renwick. E. 8.
Indemnification for losses in the public service, IV, 144,
Mcl^^an, J.
Independence, American, recognized by Holland, 1, 19.
Independence hall. III, 61, Hamilton, A.; 498. Kearsley.
lnde|)endence, Mt.. I, 1.34, Badlam.
Index Expurgatorius, the. U. 227, Draper, J. W. ; in, 584,
Lacunza, M.
India, native wars in, 1, 340. Boyd, J. P.; the French In,
712, Conway, T.: war in. 744, 745 ; wars in, IV, 468, Mur-
ray, James ; missionaries in. III, 483, Judson ; project
for a native university in. 625, Lathrop, John ; governor-
general of, IV, 311, Metcalfe: exploration or, V, 420,
Schhiqintweit, R.
India, ship, loss of. IH. 314, Humphreys, Clement.
India comiiany, the. 111. 6.37, Law. John.
Indiana, purt-hase of land in. Ill, 96, Harrison, W. H.;
early days of, 715, Lincoln ; German colonies in, IV, 237,
Marty ; legislature broken up, insurrection planned, 4S2,
Morton, O. P.; community in, 615, Oicen, R.: gift to
orphans in, 694, Peck, E. J. ; Catholic institutions in. 52,
Liters ; V, 373, St. Palais ; pioneer of. 509, Shields, P. H.;
selection of site for capital, VI, ISB. Tipton, J.; the
French in, 2(18. Vincennes ; debt of, 466, IK/i»fcom6,
James ; tract named. 447. Wharton, S.
Indianapolis. VI, 696. Pierce ; Gen. Benjamin Harrison's
home, illustration. 680.
Indian Apostle, the, II, .321, Eliot, J.
Indian as,sf)ciation. Woman's, VI. 697, Rambaut.
Indian Bible, the, 11. 745. Green, S.
Indian canoes, tight of the 4.000, I, 161. Barba.
Indian captivity, story of. III, 350, Inglis, M.; pretended,
:i22. Hunter. J. D.
Indian charity-.school, subscriptions for, IV, 662, Occum ;
VI, 455, Wheelock, E.
Indian commissicners, Albany board of, IH, 452.
Indian creek, I, 074, Codj^.
Indian department, frauds in, IV, 218, Marsh, O. C.
Indian fighter, the, sobriquet, VI, 23, Talcott, J.
Indian general, the, V, 1.38. Pushmatahaw.
Indian nill farm, V. 67, Poore.
Indian hunter, statue, illustration, VI, 3.50.
Indian knight, the. III. 200, Higuaihue.
Indianola, wharf at, IV, 39.5, Morgan, C.
Indianola. surrender of the, I, 399, Broum. O.; destroyed,
V. 75, Porter. D. D.
Indians, American, oratory of, II, 120, Decanesora ; speech
of a Stockbridge chief, I, 2t»5, Beall. S. W.; theories of
the origin of, 10, Adair. James: 208, Beatty, C: 827,
Boudinot : III, .5K5, Laet : 590, Lafitau : VI. 7.1, Thibaud ;
277, VeraHdrye ; their claim to lands. 57, Tecnmseh ; mis-
sion to the Oiibways, 1. 129, Bacon. D.: mission to Potta-
wattamies, 134, Badin : 160, Baraga : Cherokee mission,
272, Blackburn. G.; mis.sions in Oregon. 288. Blanchet, A.
M. A. and F. R.: missions to, 331. Bourne, R.: .357, Brain-
erd, D. ; 363, Brebeuf : .368, Bressani, Breton ; 397, Brown,
D.: 421, Bruyas: 485, Byington: 549, Casas, B.: 617,
Ciquard: II, 151, De Smet : 155, Detre : in California,
mission to, 176, Diego : Sulpician mission to the, 196, Dol-
lier : mission to the Illinois, 217. Doutrelenu : of New
England, mission to, 322 ; first book in their language,
32:^; of Maine, mis-sions to, 431. Fenu-ick, B. J.: 552.
Frisbie : early missions to, 728. Gravier ; 767, Grillet ;
III. 41, Hall, James : gift to missions, 71, Hanctick. T.:
123, Hawley, O.: first Christian convert in New F.ngland,
ISM, Hiacoomes ; missions to. on Long Island. 260, Hor-
ton. A.: 677, Lefevre ; of Martha's Vinej'ard, mission to,
IV, 275, Mayhew : the gospel first preached to, V. 478,
Seymour, M.: society for Christianizing, Vf, 566, Wins-
low, E.: treatment of, I. 349: Spanish cruelty toward,
IV, 612, Ovando : VI. 87. Tastera : 135, Toribio : 136,
Torre, T.: 205, Uhland ; 2ai, Valdivieso, A.: 226, Valan-
zuela, P. F.: 228. Valverde : treatment of. by the Portu-
guese, 290, Vieira. A.: treatment of. in New Spain, .586,
Witte : bounty offered on scalps of, IV, 36, Lovewell ;
treaties with, I. 540. Carson : first treatj' with, in Massa-
chusetts, VI. 566, Winslow, E. : first blood of, shed by the
whites, rV, 277, Mayobanex : war with. I, 77, Andros, E. :
ni. 105. Hartley. T.: V, 64. Pontiac ; 672, Stevens, J. J.:
fight with Chicka.saws, I, 98, Artaguette : wars with, 181,
Bacon, A'.; 273, Black Hawk : II, 15. Crook : Tuscaroras,
L 178, Barnwell ; Lord Dimmore's war with, 315 ; x-evoU
INDIANS
lEVINO
747
of Creekm, SSS. BoMmtrorth ; the Creeka, MS, BnteleM, W.
A.: At Fort Duque«ne. M7 ; Mohawk* and Miamia, SM.
Hrant ; C>«H*k8 and CiimtM'rlandH, war with, 43B. Hu-
channn. N. ; Flori<lii, tn-ui'hcry "f. SIH, Ciiucrr \ fichtliif;
with, in KiiriHax ami Coloradn. !tXi, t'nrr, K. A.; hattl>-N
In the wetrt, II. 143. I>rnt, F. T.: 193. Mx/jk. //.; VI, 52 :
III. «6, Harrimn, U'. //.; IV. »fc{-JtB. Milfn. JV. /<.; ex-
{MHiitionR axainHt weHf«>rn. III. 'JTH. Hoicari, <). O.;
n the French and KntfliKh war, fll« ; in the Revolu-
tion, till, LiintiUiiif \ l'i)fwnckel battle, IV, 86, /»ir-
irfh ; war with Cayuse and Yakima. •ll»5. Sfmnith. J. H'. ;
first ciHitest with, in New Kntcland. V. 6W. Standish ;
ex|>e<liti(>nM to the northwest atrainHt. T-W, .SW/w, A.; in
the Revolutionary war. I. 47». HuIIt.J.; tJlO, Chrialian,
W. ; soheme to unite the. IV, a»5, Menard, M. B. ; inur-
dem hv. in Tennetwee, III, 874 ; see Nickajack ; liquor
traffic "with. im. Uival, F. X.: IV. BIO. Owlin ; bequest
for. I. 48, AU^ord, J.; promissorv notes of, V, W. Pim-
tine : ChriKtian villaKcti of. I. .157. firainerd ; 88S. Hrt-
beuf; administration, improvements in. III. 72, Han-
cock, J.; only Indian (;nulunt<* of Harvard. I, .MM,
CkceAhahtenumuck ; improvements in the condition of,
II. 719 ; e<lucation and civilization of. VI. »W0. Fletcher ;
the Arkansas, II. 2tJ3. />u Puistim ; b<M)ks in the dialects
of. I. lOl). Htiriiffa : literature and antiquities of, 87H.
Hrinton ; manuscript said to rdateto. II, WT, Domeneck ;
study of the Poncas, Sioux, and Oretron tritn-s, 207, I>or-
/wr/, J. O. : volume on the. IV. 131. StrKenney : dictionary.
III, 2»i6, Hnrsford. E. A'.; collection of tnfurination coh-
cemiuK. V. 42.'). Schoolcraft. H. R.
Indians of South America, missions'to. I. 251, Bertrand ;
21)2, Betetn ; in Santo Doniinf^o, Centnil America, and
Mexico. 251, Betanzoa, D. de.
Indian territory, intrusion Into. I. 104 ; settlers In. III. 142.
India-rubljer. invention of processes for. Ill, 148, Haj/ward,
y.; shoes of. II, 683, Ooodyear, C: compound of. In-
vente<l. III. 2X5. Hoire, J. I.; machines for workinjf, I,
*11. BoyiinltiM. J.; vulcanization. II, 683-6W, Uoodyear.
Inditi^eiia. pen-name. IV. 299, Menken.
Industrial education. I. 731. See Mani'al tkaimno.
Industrial school in New York, founded. IV. 24, /»rrf, J. C.
Inebriates, treatment of, IV, 245, Mason, T. L.\ 660, Par-
ri»h.J\ 657. Parker, W.
Inebriety. I. 21V., Beard : conRress of, VI. 627, Wright, T. L.
Ines Huayllas Nusta. Princess, V. 86, PUarro, F.
Inez, anonymous novel. II, ,3Ht>. Evans, A. J.
Infantry e<iuipments. invention of, VI, 696, Penroae.
Infant schmils, I. 375. Hrii/ham.
Internal division, the. I. *tt, Bovea.
Intlalii n bill. the. II. 722.
Inflexible, the. defeat of Arnold's fleet by, V, 416, Schank, J.
In for a iH-nny in for a pcjund letter, the, V, 24, Pine.
InKiilLs. K<lmund. III. 346. Ingalla, W.
Inicavi. battle of. III. 343. I<fuain.
Inifcrscill. Kl)en. III. .'M8, hu/eraoll, R. G.
luKersoll. Joseph R.. II. 659, dilpin, H. D.
InKersoll. I>ewfs I).. II. 741. Greeley, H.
luK^inac. ttcn . IV. 29. fyjrouet.
Iiiu'lis. Mrs. Charles. IV. 418. Morria, M. P.
liiulis. Frances. I. 496, Calderon de la Bnrca.
In^raham. Capt. Joseph. III. 35(), hu/raham, D. ff.
Iii»;raham. Nathaniel, III, 850, Ingraham, D. N.
Iiiifres. I. .VW, Chaaaerieau.
Initial deed, the, I. 3*5.
Inkle and Yarico. story of. m. 712, IJgon. R.
Innis. Ky.. attack on. I. 714, Ct^tk, //."and J.
IntK'ulation. I, MH. Boylaton, Z. : prejudice afcainst, II, 750,
(ireene, ,V. ; intriKluction of, IV; 254, Mather, C.
In)>an(|ui. Inca. 111. 2SM. Unayna; .34.3. lUntuitn.
Inquiry cono-rnintr the principles of a commercial srstein
fort>ieU. S..I.:K Aitken.
Inquisition, the, in Mexico, II. 2fi7. Durnn ; .566. Furtado
de Mendoca ; VI. 137. Torrea y Rueda ; 820. W'aldeck.
Insane, asvlums for. disease i>ec«illar to. I. 228. Bell, L. V.;
abuse of, 866, Chamt>rra, ('. J. ; laws for asylums, II,
lrt.5. Pavia, L. C: reforms In care of. 175. LHckaon, J. R.\
relief for the. 188. IHx, I). L.; asylums for. 282, Diright,
Sathaniel ; asylum for. III. 889, ,/ackMm, James; In-
Btruction of. II. 289, Karle. P.; care of. 731. Gray, J. P.;
III. 512. Kemitater ; 661. fye. C. A. : IV. 101. Mrfkinald,
J. ; 512. .Mchola, Chnrlen H. ; V, 668. Steuart, H. S.; VI,
126. Tixld. Eli : hospitals for. III. 5M. Kirkf)ride, T. S. ;
I>on(rview asylum. OOH, lAtnt/don. (). M.; WortH-ster aii)'-
lum, IV. \90,'M(inn, //. ; propo<»e«l appropriation for the,
V. 9 ; villaire system for the, VI, 563, W'inea, F. //.
Insanity. V. (W3. .'<i,itzka.
Itisi'ct.s. injuriiius. researches on, V, 8BS, Rileg, C. V.
In.stnictiou. do«'trine of. I. 480.
Insurance companies. II. 127, r^lafield. John ; first, in U.
.S., rV, 404. Seshitt ; meth<KU of. orijrinate«l, 754. Phelps,
G. R.; commission, a, VI, 622. Ur..//./. E.
Insurjtente. the. capture of. V. 296, Rodger:
Intetrralism. I, 76. .4n(/reir*. .*f. P.
Intcrnnl improvements, policy of, V, 54.
I \i-nue. V. IMrt, Rnum : districts, I. 108.
I .1 railway, the. II. 48il. Fl'mimi. S.
I \ i*ntor of a new methiHl of coiiiputlnR, VI, 494,
i» >i<h. ./.
International law, controvanqr over Wbeatoa*!, II, 71 ;
ni. SIS.
remoD-
German
MHoriatlon for reform In, 44B. FitUL, D. P.; WMOciaUoii
for the (HMlifli-ation of, IV, SCI, MilM, J. B.
Intemati<inal Ma«(axlne. tbf. III. 4. Griatrold, R. U'.
International Review. th«. III, 649. Leavitt.J. U. \ IV, I,
lAHlite. H. <• ; 4aK. Morae, J. T.
Interstate commerce commission, the, V. 608, Sterne.
Interstate comment ai-t, VI. 66H. Aldrick.
InterviewiuK, newHpap«'r. In Eurojie. IV. 116. MarGahan.
In the Hospital, anunyniouH poem. III, JtW. Huwlaud,
Mary W.
Inti Cusi Huallpa. III. 291. Huaacar.
Intn-pid. the. I. 409. Broini. Mitaes : II. 181 ; dratructlnn of
the. IV, 10, lymnfelloir, //. W. ; V, 608. Smntrrs, R. ; VI.
318. M'adauun-th. //, : IV. 87. McClintock, F. L.
Intn-pl<le. the. hurninK of. VI. SQ9, Vattgirawi.
Inveniess. (la.. IV. 121. .Vclntoah^ L.
Investigator, voyage of the, IV, W, McClure, Sir R.; V. M,
Pim, Bedford. C. T.
Invincible (■'aptain. the. II. 166. Piax Mrlgareja.
Iowa. Kift to. Vl. 668. Aliirich ; Catholic UiMltutiona in. IV.
23. Lora» ; V, 599. Smvth, C.
Iowa cotlefces, gifU to, II. 767, Orimea, J. W. ; III, 8, Ortn-
nell, J. B.
Ipecacuanha, discovery of. III. .340, Iff; V, 80, Pison ; cult-
ure of. III. 6,36. Larradio ; IV. 472. Mutia.
Ipswich, Mass., I, 678. 679, Cogawell ; laid out,
Ilum/rey ; settlement of. V. JM). SaltonstaU, R.
strance of citizens of, VI, 580, Wise, J.
Iredell, James. II. 242. Ihick-inJleUi.
In-dell. Peneloi»e. IV. Ibl. McRee, \V.
Ireland. Gov . of Texas. II. 168
Ireland, ai^itation in. I. .524 : II. 178. Dillon, J. B.
emi(frants to. .341. Emhuru, P.; efforts for lnde|)en<lenoe
of. Slit. ."i'lO. Emmet; iMtriotic movements in. 478. hStz-
yerald. Lord ; famine in. 6.V), Gilleapie ; insurrection of
17U8. 6»B. Glendy, J. ; rebellion of 17UM. 098, ^'oiran. (). R. ;
IV. 105. Macdunrll, Alexander ; V. 8K3. Snmpaon, !»'. ;
movement for indep«'ndence in. 1848, IV. 283. Meagher ;
national rariy in. treason felony bill imssed. 341. Mttchel,
J.; ivvolutionarv movements' in. 5.9. (f'Mahuny ; 587,
O'Reilly, J. B. ; t)eRmond n>>ellion In, V. 1«2 : relief In
time of famine. 289. Rolunaon, li". E. ; revolutionary
movements in. 4t>i). Sat-aije. ,/ohn ; gitl to. 0(t4.
Iivnanis. jx'U-name. V. 122. Prime, .s'. /.
Iridium. pnKX'ss for. inventt-d. II. 244. fhidlry. W. L.
Irish bri>ra«le. the. IV. 283. .»en,iher ; 458. MuUigan.
Irish national leaz'ie. the. VI, 7IX). .s'u//nyin.
Iron, mmle from black sand. II. 324. Eliot, Jared : medal
awardiyl for, llliLstration. .^4 : first works in America, I,
246. Berkeley, J.; Ill, 425, Jenckea,J. : inventions in pro-
cesses and uses of, I, 49, AIner. ('. ; the intlustry in Penn-
sylvania, !S17, Benner ; worlts. 529, Carnegie ; iiianufact-
ure. 731.
Iron and steel, manufacture of. III. 192. Hetritt, A. S.; Im-
provements In the manufacture of, 318. Hunt, R. W.
Iron boats. II. .524. Frayicia, J.
Iron britcade, the, II, 401, Fairchild, L- ; IV, 308. Meredith^
Solomon.
Iron buildlnio*. I. 301. Biygardua, J.
Iron-clad oath. the. I. 197. Bayard, J. A.; 11,448, Fields
S. J.; 606. Garland.
Iron -clad vessels. II. 287. Eada ; V. 674-675, Stevens, R. L.
Iron Kraya, the. II, 628, Gerard ; VI, 5, Stmrtout. S.
Iron-mines, I. 2ftJ. Blair. J. I.; at Lvnn. .373. Bridges, R.
Ironsides. Old. III. 3(19. 310 ; name jjlven. 311.
Ironton, library at. I. 374, Briqija. C.
Iroquois, the, I. 863, Brrlteuf ; mission to and trMUT with,
421. Bruyaa; missions t<». .525. Cnrhril, .S\: hostility
of. to the French. .ViH. .5«<(. Chamitlain ; II. 80. Ikiulac ;
5.51; warriors, sent to the jralleys. 142. ftrnonfilie ;
French ex|>e<lltion asain-st. III. 189. Hrrtel \ In war of
1H12. +45. Johnson, J. S.\ un<ler Sir W Johnson. 4.52: in
the Revolution. 555. Kirkland, S.; and the Hnrons. 572,
Kondiaronk ; and the Frenc-h. 577. Krim ; alliance of.
with the Kn^lish. tiOI, lynmliernlle : def<>at<-<l at Ville-
niarie. 686. 1.^ Moyne : mission to. 6K8, l^ Motptr .V ; ejc-
fie<lition aKMinst. IV. 31. Ijouviimy ; purcha.xi' of land
rom (17881. 318. Mitrhill; French treaty with, at Thn*
Rivers, .374. Montmoguy; study of the. 403. Monitin. L //. ;
title of. to lands. HV),(^len, A. ; efforts to r«Mt>n<Mle. with
the F>ench. fill. Ihireouhnre ; pr»t«'nt cbi«-f of. tv«). /Air-
itrr, E. S.; teni|>orarv p»'a«'e of. with the Fn-ncli. V. ."»,
Piakaret ; UmiruaKes. stuili»>s In. 14.5. Pyrltrus ; ntudlea
In dialects. 563, .Stnith. Ermiunie A.; vlllaiteii burned.
788. Subercase ; ex|ie<lition of 177« asainst. 741. VwHienn.
J.; relations ot, with the French. VI. .59. fln "
rrnj ; merrations of. in New York. m. Tl"
hoatJlitlM acrainot the Fn'nch. 132, T'mty : .;
the French, 151, Tracy, Marnuia de ; last atitiiipi to o.»-
tach, from the British, 865. VnudreuU, P. F. dr R.\ alli-
ance of the. 291. I'lV/r. A. C.
Irrepnwrible conflict, the. V. 471.
Irrln, Alexan<ler. IV. 277. Mayo, IK.
Inrlne, Adam. III. 357. trf-iur, .fames.
Irvine, OeoTRe. III. 3.^:
Irvlnjr. Kheneter. III. ■'
Ir\-lnR. WaahinKton. -^
original of a clMir«<-t<r .
h;. T.
!l. 127. DetnflrM, J^Jm;
/mm/. W. P.; hlsr
Uluitratlon, III, 802 ; huuae dt^cribed by, VI, MS.
748
HIVING
JEROME
IrrlnK. Wllll".m. III. »».
Irwln, Sorah A , IV. 474, J/WM-s, .<f. -4. ,« on,
Isaa*' T. HopiM-r home. II. &». Gibbons, A. IL; III, 261.
1mi>m>I. in-n-nnnie. IV. 4.'>0, Mowatt. , „ „
InttlM-1 (If HniKiiiiziv, rrino>«s, IV, 590, Orleant, L. P. M.
ianlM-lla. Priiuvss, IV. (KW. I'edro II.
lsab.'lla. <>f Siwiii. 1. 697 ; II, 373, Etipartero ; 494, Fonseca,
J. K ; V. 4t}4. Serrauo.
IsjiNMla. Empress, II, .W2, Frcilla.
iHalM-y. KiiK«^np, I. :iU9, Brown, (J. L.
Ishani. John, HI. :M1.
Iithatn. Mar>'. V. 174. Rnndolph, W.
Lsis, laptiin* of tlie friKat*', IV. 42U, Mortemart.
Islii. MM., Ill, l'.)7, Hi(Uilyi), M.
WtL. the bn>thers. III. IHl, Juarez. B. P.
Island No. 10. plan for jiaasinf?, I, 159, Brtnrarrf ; II. 49.,
FiH)te, A. It.: Ill, 5(); 01, Hamilton, S.; VI, 191, THee-
(/«/»■ ; 3iM, H'<i/Ar.'.
Island of St. John, III. .''21. Kent, Duke of.
Islam! Queen, the, capture of, I, 201, Beall, J. Y.; 450,
Hurlty.
Islas Rieas. dLsco%-ery of. VI, .Wl, Vizcaino.
Isle aux Noix, I, Oil, Christie, O.
Isle of IMm's, the, II. 414.
Isl.' of WiRht (X. v.), II. .595. Gardiner.
Islip Granfce. estate of. IV, 517, Nicolls, W.
Ismail, Khe<live, II, OHD, Gorrinije.
I.srael, lost trilx's of, II, 35S.
I.< That All y anonymous novel. V, 11.3, Preston, II. W.
Itabira soUl-mines. Ill, «»>. HiH>emaz.
Italian mi'^-ii )n, established, VI, .590. Wolfe.
Italian ojjera. first comi)anv in U. S., II, 592, Garcia. M.
Italy, stnipK'e of IM9 in. "II. .561. Fuller, S. M.: schools
and home for children in, 09.3. Gould. E. B. ; first minis-
ter to the new kingdom of, IV, 217, Mars.'i, G. P.; free-
dom of, VI, 0S1-6S2, Gariltaldi.
Itamarac&, battle at, II. 4.'14. Femandes, C.
Itamaracd. island of. III, .'■>74, Foster.
Itard, Jean (Jajjpard, pupil of, V. 454, Sefjuin, E.
Ita-sc.-i, the, I, .399. Brown. G.: 4%. Caldwell, C. H. B.
Itinerant Dey of New Jersey, the, III, 743, Livingston, Wm.
Itinerant pn-achers, law concerning:, II. 401, Finley, S.
Ituzaintfo, battle of. III, IHO. Ilerrera, N.: GM, Ijaixdleja.
Itza nation, the. founded, 1, 519, Canek ; III, .345, Infante, H.
Itz«'u-C4ian. or Itzen-maval. VI, KA, Zanma.
Itzstein, III, l.V), Herker. F. K. F.
luka, battle of, II, 711 ; V. 119. Price. .<?.; 321.
Ives, Ijeut. Jos»*ph C, IV, 353, Mvllhausen ; .501, Netc-
Itci-n/, .J. S.
Ives, Thomas B . I. 396. Brown. N.
Ivie, Marj-, II. 148, he Posset. A. J.
Ivison. Uavid B., Ill, .371, Mson. H.
Ivy Crwk. battle of, IV, '.^5, Marshall, C. A.
Izainal, city of, VI, 0,M. Zamna.
Izamnat-Ul. VI. C.)4, Zamna.
Izard. KlizalK-.h, VI, (•.•.>4, Wright, A.
Izard, Mary, IV, 317, Middleton. A.
Izard, Sarah, I, 515, C'anipdcW, U'.
Izquierdo, II, 073, Gomez.
JabloHsky. Bishop D. E.. IV, 524, Nitschmann, D.
Jachman. B. de. II, HV.K Femow.
Jack, t'a^>tain, M<kIoc leader, I, 518, Canity.
Jack-chain, machine for making. III, 5(6, Kellogg, G.
Jackson, Judjfe All>ert, III. 561, Kuott.
Jackson, A., disruption of his cabinet, 11, 2ft4, ^ofon, M.
L. ; headquarters at New Orleans, illustration, III, 376 ;
Hermitape. illustration, .381.
Jackson, .\nna C".. IV, 4;i. lynrell, A. C.
JackB'>n. Judge Charles, III, aiO, Holmes, O. W.; 294, Hnb-
b<irti, S.
Jackson. Cliarles L.. TV. 70, Mabery.
Jackson, Cummins, III, 391. Jackson, T. J.
Jackson, Capt. Daniel. III. .390. Jackson, M. B.
Jackson, Hugh, III, 373, Jackson. Andrew.
Jackson, James. parodie<l. II. .53:1 : VI, 691, Lakey.
Jackson. Or James. Ill, 240, Holmes, O. W.
Jackson. I. R, III. nrt.
Jackson. Miss L.. II. sm.
Jackaon, Richard, II. IIH. De Berdt.
Jackiton. Maj Timothy, III. 3H6. Jackson. F.
Jackson. W S.. III. .3Hfi. .lackson. H. M. F.
Jackson. Miss . capture of, II, 712.
Jacksonville. Fla . capture of. III. 199, Higginson, T. W.;
battle of, IV. 157. M( Plterson, J. B.: encasement near.
II. 40. Ctishinri. »'. B.
Jacob. Relief. V. 744. Humner, C.
Jacob's lailder. Mt. Washington, illustration, IV, 219.
Jacobins. Ijjfavette's letter denotmcing. III. 589.
Jaeolw, B»-la, III. :»5. .Iac<ths, .ST. S.
Jacque, Charles. I, 0K5, Cole, J. F.
Jaequesson, I»uls. pupils of. rv. &», Xiemeyer, J. H : Yl
171, Tryon, D. H'. '
Jacquet. Jean Paul. III. 295. Hndde.
Jacquet. Col., III. .Vi7. Kirhrood. R.
Jadaiw^thn. I. 56.3. Chndwick. G. W
Jakob. I'rof. I... H. von. V. 2K1, Robinson. E.
Jalapa, plan of, I. 476. Btudnmente. A.: capture of. V 441
Jamaica, discovery of, I, tW7 ; towns founded in, U, 87o"
I Esquivel ; capture by the English, 569, Ga^ie. T. : earth-
quake in. III. 222, Hobhy, Sir C; New-Englanders in-
vited to colonize, II, 6H4, Gookin, D.; insurrections in,
896 Eyre. E. J. ; 685 ; exectitions, 686, Gordon, G. W. ;
French and Spanish in, III. 631, Laurent ; revolt in, IV,
457, Mulgrave, C. H.
Jamaica. N. Y., II, 133, De Lancey, O.; church contest in,
IV, 155, McNish.
Jamaica Plain. Mass.. school at. I. 475, Bussey. B.
James II., LI, 85, David, E.; his toleration of di&senterfl.
IV, 714.
James, Abel, III, 399. James, T. C.
James, Capt., IV, 308, Montez.
James, Charles P., I, 5, .466off. B. V.
James, Dr. Daniel, III, 397, James, E.
James, Fllizabeth. VI, 478. Whitefield.
James, (i. P. R., II, 4'>0, Field, M. B.
James, Judge, I. 482. Butler, A. P.
James, Julia L., I, 48:1, Butterfleld, D.
James, Mrs. Louis. VI. 310, Wainvright, J. M.
James, Uriah P., III. .398, James, J. F.
James, W. D.. IV. 20!t, Marion.
James bay. III. .399, James. T.
James river, bridge over, IV, 277, Mayo, John.
James Stanley, anotiymous book. III, 516, Kennedy, C.
Jamestown, N. Y., II, 495„Foofe. E. T.
Jamestown. Va.. settlement on the site of, 1, 123, Ayllon ;
colony at, II. 091, Gosnold : settlers of, FV. 505, Newport ;
supposed di.scovery of gold, IV, 505 ; settlement, V, 670 ;
burne<l. I, 131, Bacon, N.
Jamestown Ford, engagement at, VI, 399.
Janemo, Chief. IV, 5'£i. Ninegret.
Janeway, T. L., Ill, 401, Janeu-ay. J. J.
Jans. Aniieke, I, 301, Bogurdus, E.
Jansi-n, William, grant to. III, 453.
Jansen family, the, III, 444. Johnson, J. B.
Jansenists, the, VI, 261, Varlet.
Janvrin. Mary W., II, a35, Ellsworth. M. W.
Japan, II, 76.5, Griffis ; fight at Osaka, 358, English, E.;
ports of, opened, 455 ; American seamen imprisoned in,
607, Glynn ; first commercial treaty with. III, 95, Harris,
T.; survey of, IV, 59, Lyman, B. f>.; scientific researches
in, 423, Mbr.ie. E. S.: 296, Mendenhall. T. C; first scien-
tific navigator of, 470, Nakahama ; U. S. relations with.
V. 131. Pruyn, R. H.; first American official of. .502,
Smith, E. P. ; expedition to and treaty with. IV. 737. Per-
ry. M. C; agricultural college in. I. 6:il. Clark, W. S.;
indemnity fund, the, II, 544, FVelinghuysen, F. T.\ III,
272. House, E. H.
Japanese, dictionary of. III, 179, Hepburn.
Jaramillo, Juan de, IV, 206, Marina.
Jaranta, Chief, III, 607, Lane, Joseph.
Jardineiros. the. Ill, 430, Jequitinhonha.
Jar vis, William, IV, 151, Mac Nab.
Jason, the privateer, IV, 189, Manley, J.
Jas{)er, Margaret, FV, 712.
. Java, capture of the, I. 141.
Jay, Eve. IV, 461. Munro, H.
Jay. John, I, 19 ; residence, illustration. III. 410 ; investi-
gating commission, I, 100 : treaty. III. 58. 410 ; an Eng-
lish opinion of. ibid. : III, 542, King, R. : papers relating
to, rv , 109, 223 ; popular clamor over, 242. Ma.ion, S. T. :
V, 177, Randolph, E.; VI, 417, Webster, N.; V, 596, Smith,
William Loughton.
Jayne, Juan, II, 575. Gali.
Jayne, Ebenezer, HI, 414, Jaipne, D.
Jeannette, voyage of the, 11.72. Danenhower : 137, DeLong.
Jeannette island, discovered, II, 137. De Long.
Jebb, Dr. John. V, 129.
Jefferson, Hettie, IV, 133, Mackenzie, H.
Jefferson, Maria, II. 360, Eppes.
JefTerson. Peter, II. .557, Fry. Joshua ; m, 415, Jefferson, T.
Jefferson, Thomas, sermon aimed at. II. .3.51. E}mniatts, N.:
his controversy with Livingston, III, 746 : election of, .59;
his home, illustration, 419 ; his tomb, 423 ; his seal, 421 ;
414, Jefferson, J.
Jefferson college. Pa., IV, 1.50. McMillan, John.
Jefferson college. \a.. founded, V. .313. Roman.
Jefferson medical college, IV. 86. McClellan, G. ; gifU to,
II, 340, Ely, E. S.
Jefferson Davis, the privateer, II, 99.
Jeffrey, Alexander, III. 424. Jeffrey, R. V. O.
Jeffrey, Ix)rd, III. 668. Lee. H.
Jeffrey, Miss, V. 222. Renwick.
Jemison. Thomas, III. 424, Jemison, M.
Jenkins, Alexander M., IV, 6, Logan, J. A. *
Jenkins, W., III. 426. Jenkins, A. A.
Jenks. I^ewis E.. III. 428, Jenks, P.
Jenks, Nathan, III, 428, Jenks, E. W.
Jenks, Dr. Phineas, IV, 688, Paxon.
Jeimings, Edmund, IV, .358, Monroe, J.
Jennings. William. VI, 090, Jennings, F.
Jennison. Silas H.. V. 478. Seymour. H.
Jennison's Jayhawkers, IV, 251, Mather, F.
Jeremie. III. .584. Lacroix.
Jeremie, Hayti, founded, IV, 445, Motte, E. A. ,
Jeremy Levis, anonymous book, IV, .597, Osborn, L.
Jerome, Ambrosini.' Ill, 17. Guy. S. J.
Jerome, Rev. C., Ill, 430, Jerome, I. E.
JERSEY
JOURNALISM
749
Jemey bluea, the. II, 118. Dayton, E.; V, 430, Schuyler, P.
Jeraey City. .(EstheticBoctety of. ¥,.^63. Snulh, Erminnit A.
JeruiHUelil, N. Y.. VI, .M!i, WilkinMm, Jemima.
Jenrey, Mrs. l/ouin, II, tlVi fen, (iilmnn, C. H.
JeMop, (i»H>rK«' H., IV, aiu, .UiitthrwM.
Jeasup, Aiitfuntiis K., IV. ."}7!>, ilixire, C. J.
JewiitM. th«« tlrst. ill North AiinTlca, IV, 888, Muriinez, P.;
at I\jrl Royal, ;MSt, Masae ; V, 9. J'tmtrinnpurt ; In Cana-
da, I, .Vilt, (.'huntnlain : II, 5r>4 ; VI, 277, I'rii/adoiir ;
th«'ir pro|K>rtv takfn in C^tiiatia. IV, Jttl. Milne, U.S.;
di-ssensioiisi with the FUn-olletji, 811, Michel : Indian ]X)licy
of, SOi), OrinamI : iiiLssioiiarit^. niiui.sa<-n> of, I, VAX, Ateve-
do. I. ; awiise<l of design to found an ind»M»eiideiit state in
Urujfuay, II. .">«(!, (ianui, ./. li. da : allef;«»d eiiipire of the,
in South America. IV. -103. Senguiru ; l.W£i. Cardennn,
H. ; coUeKex founde*! in I'eru, 98, Arriayn : expulHion from
l'araK>iay. II. 1'.*'. Ihtlrrizhttffer ; expulsion from .South
America, IV. 32. /xjf/enjK/iioft/; 5tW,o/«ij(/«':.573.o/irare*;
BUpuresiiion of, I, 5.SH, Carroll, J.; IV, 22, Ijntez, J. F.;
abolition of, II, 36<), Enrinuez, M.; troubles of, in Mexico,
IV, 634, I'alnfox : in the U. S.. 1 \:i, McElrou. J. : missions,
bankruptcy of, al)olition of, in PVanee. III. tK14. L/tva-
lette ; expulsion from Bel(;ium, IV. 4,S5. \eule, L.: work
on, buriie<l. II, !U3, Einjxiran ; missions. I, 58. AUouez ;
61. Allham ; 67, Atu-hiela ; «7, Arce, M.: 124. Azevedo,
I.; Iftl, fiarcena, A. de ; 2M. Biiird; mi, Jirebeuf,
Breck; .368, Hresmni ; 421. Brums: 525, Curheil ; .561,
Chabnnel; .Vt2. Charlevoix ; 582. Chauvionot : t)87. Claver;
II. 51. Dablon ; 62. Damen ; 74. Daniel : 146. Dequen ;
W!, Gamier, C. and J.; 728. Omvier; 767. Orillet ; III,
U,Ouignas; 12, OumiUa; 118. Haoestad; 181. Herdo-
nana ; 183, Hermttaedt ; 184. Herran, J. ; 226. Hoecken ;
'MX. Home : II, 696, Ooupil ; III, 342, IgneChivr^ ; 844,
liiihuffer ; 843, Inama ; 346, Ingenhuxu ; 366, laoart ;
396, Jacome ; 404. Jarque : 407, Jaubert ; 435, Jogues ;
476. Jouffroy ; 572, ATonjcAo* : 577, ATiiAn ; 596, La/f-
wianf : dOl. Lamberville ; mi, Le Jeune ; 6J«, /^ 3/er-
c/er, F. ; 687, J> Moyne, S. ; 713, Lima, i/. : IV, 8,
Lombard ; 32, Lottennchiold ; 47, Lozano, P. ; .53.
Lu(7o. K rf«r ; 199. Marbau ; 204, Mareuil ; 213, Af<ir-
one</e ; 229. Martin, F. ; 2J9, Masse ; 250, Mastrilli ;
ao. .Wcnord. K. ; 296, Mendes, P. ; 312. Meyer, B. ; 318,
Afi^j/e ; 324, Milet ; 335, Mimeure ; 388, Alorand ; 479,
Naaimben : 497, A'eumann. 7.; 527, .Vo6iW ; 528-529, A'o-
bre^a ; M4, JVun^a ; M7, JVye/ ; 572 .573. Oliva Oliv<ires ;
8W, Oro« : 594, Ortega, J. ; III. .596. lAtlemant ; IV, 610,
Oudin ; 612, OuaHe ; 704, Pellepart : 723, Percheron ;
725, Pereini. /I. ; 732, Perret ; 74«5, Petit ; V, 16, Pierron ;
97, Plorrer. .V. ; 148, Quentin ; 149, yuicAe»i6orrw ; 156,
airos ; 160, Rapueneau : IKiJ, Ransonnier ; 184, /?a»/c ;
, /?ej/ ; 231. Ribas, A. P.;-£i\, Rcnaud ; 256, Rincon ;
a05, Roger ; 363, .S<iaiv(/rrt, //. A. de ; 381. Salvatierra ;
885, ^nc/iez. />. /. : 395. Santa Cruz, R. ; 453, Seghers ;
486, Segura ; 542, Siatiaga ; 610, Sotdabie ; 662, Sfein-
he/er; VI, 34, Tarawi/ ; 74-75. r/wowicoAoren ; 110,
rAurj/ ; 124, ro6ar ; 127, 7V>irf ; 137, Torres, D. : 172.
Tsondatsaa ; S06,UffenlMich aiM\ Ugarte ; 'i\7,Urfe, L. E.;
223, Valdiviu, L. de ; 262. K<oironc^//oji, S. ; 271, I'eigl ;
278, Verden ; 279, Vergara ; 290, Viel ; 308, Kirof ; 839,
Wallon ; 467, WA/<e. Andrew ; 655. Zopata, J. O.
Jesuit Relations, the. I, 254. Biard ; 803, Brebeuf.
Jesuits-a^lonnC', II. 696, (toujnl.
Jet aspirator, invention of. v. 239, Richards, R. II.
Jethro, ijen-name, VI. Wil. Vaill.
Jetties, the Mississippi. II. aH7. Eads.
Jewish theolojficul wminury. New York. IV. 386, Morais.
Jewell. Lyman and Charles. Ill, 4.'K, Jewell, M.
Jewell, F'tiny. III. 4.11. 432. .Jewell, M.
Jewell, Thomas, III. 431. Jewell, M.
Jewett, C. A., III. 433. .Jewel t, S. VV.
Jewell. William, VI. :tK. M'aldo, .S. L.
Jews, asylum for Christ ianiau'd. 11,550, Frey ; emi(cration
of. from Russia. III. MX. lAizarus ; project, for KAther-
injf, on Qraml islaiKl. IV, .526, .VooA ; persecutions and
disabilities of, V, 183, Rui>haU ; of Jerusalem, fund for,
,M2. .Simiuyn.
Jimenez, Cardinal. IV, 173, Magellan.
Jim lAiies army. II. 49. Cutter, C.
Jint4'mal. I, lil, Arioxit.
Joa<». Prince, IV, 698, Pedro I.
J((b«'ro, defence of the brid»re of, II, 897, Eeheniqve.
J<K-elvn. Nathaniel, V. .332. Rossiter ; 706, Stone, W. O.
Johannes. Count. I. 3K1 Brooke, A. S. J.
JohannisbiiriT. battle of. III. 701, Levis.
John IV., of Portuical, III, 2IV4, Home ; V, MS, Sa, S. C. de.
John VI.. Ill, .^-il. Inhambupe ; IV. 810. Mesauita, J. F. de ;
407. yeuville ; 688. Pedro I. ; his return from Brazil to
IJsbon, V, 25, PinJteiro.
John. Mary. V. 210. Reed, R. T.
John Adams, the, I, 381, Brock ; iU destruction, FV, 411,
Morris. Charles.
John ap Rhydden-h, IV. 894. Morgan.
John Bull, the locomotive, V, 074, Stevau, R. L.
J(4inness, sobriquet, VI, 642, You.
John of the Forest, IV, 221, MarshaU, T.
Johns. H. V. D., II. SC. Davis, H. \V.
Johns Hopkins university, II, 666, Oilman, D. C; founded,
IIL, 806, Hopkins. Johns.
Johnino, Andrew, his shop, illustratioa, m, 4S7.
Johnson, Beniamin F.. rM>n iwme. V, 886, Rilni, J. W.
Johnson, Chrtstopher, III. 451, Johnson, Str W.
Johnaon. Claude M.. III. 424, Jeffrey.
Jobnaon. David K., II, 5I1, Foster, H. R.
JohnaoD. John. Ill, 211. Hil»>,n. E. A.; *1», JoknMm, R.
Johnson, J. .\iiK>t»liis, III, 4.'iO. Johnsiin, Sarah B.
Johnson. J. FaHtiimn. III. :i£i. Kent. James.
, Johnson, John I'n-ston, II, 4«k. Floyd, S. B.
I Jobnaon, Laura \N inthrop, VI, 577, Winthrop. L.
I Johnaon, I<ouisa. I. 21.
1 Johnaon, Ne«-lv. I. ti8T. Coleman. XV. T.
Johnson. Otis C, V. HiH. l^etcfilt. A. B.
Johnson, Reul)en, III, 4i7, Johnstnt, RosHler,
! Johnson, Col Richard .M . VI. .58, Tecumaek.
Johnson, Roljert, 111, 448, Jolnison, James ; 448, Joknton,
.Stimttel.
Johnson, Samuel, quot<><l, II, 44>, Cushing. T.; MS, Ru>tma,
I John ; 708, Graham, J. ; III. 449. Johnstm, W. K ; flS,
Lennox ; his visit to the Hebriden, IV, 145, McLeod, A. ;
565, Oglethorpe.
I Johnson, Satiiiiel, Jr., II, 331, Elliott, John.
Johnson, 8«iphia, VI. 240. V'anderhilt.
Johnson, Thomas. Ill, 445. Johnson, John Mtlton.
Johnson, Til)erius, III, 4<>2, Jan•et^, R.
Johnson, William, II, 57, Dale, If . J. ; III, 458, Johnson,
Sir Joh n .
Johnson, W. Tenipleton, VI. 577. XVinthrop, L.
Johnson-Clarendon treaty, the, 447, Johnson, Reverdy.
Johnson Hall, illustration. III. 452.
Johnson's Island, plan to capture. I. 456, Burley.
Johnson the T<'rT<jr. III. 441, Johnson, Jtaniel.
Johnston, Elizabeth B., VI. 437. Xi'ertmiiller.
Johnston, Henry Elliott, HI. 457. Johnston, H. L.
Johnston, Jane, V. 425. .Schoolcraft, H. R.
Johnston, Dr. J.. Ill, 454, Johnston, A. .S.
Johnston. J. E.. his surrender, grounds of disapproval of,
V, M9. Stanton, E. M.
Johnston, John H., HI. 456. Johnston, J. S.
Johnston, Dr. Ix'wis. Ill, 1.55. Heathcote.
Johnston, Marjraret. I. 164, Bard, J.
John8t4>n. Sarah B.. HI. 71.5. Lincoln.
Johnston, W. P., V, 339, Rowson, C.
Johnstone, Sir James. HI. 4<5i>. Johnstone, G.
Johnstown. Johnson's residence near, view of, settlement
of, HI, 4.52.
John street church. Now York. II. 841. Embury, P.
John street tlieatre, New Y'ork, HI, 171, Henry, John ; 4S3,
Johnaon, Guy.
Joint-sti>ck companies, act of parliament on, I, 90 ; m.
8;i2, Hutchinson, Thomas.
Joinville, I'rince de, IV, 680, Orleans, L. .<4. P.; VI, 604,
H'i7/i«mji. /'.
Jones, Arabella, H. 4«8. fVoj/rf, A.
Jones. Aniold E.. H. .340. Elzey.
Jones, B. Muse. HI. 252. Hooper. L. H.
Jones, Chilion. VI. 681. Fuller, T.
Jones. Judsre David. II. 488, Floyil, A.
Jones, David. IV, 96. MrCrea, J.
Jones, Col. Edward F.. VI, 380, Walson, B. F.
Jones. Eli. 691. Jones, S.
Jones. Eliphalet, V. 121. Prime.
Jones, Dr. Evan, HI. 466. Jones, John.
Jones, Oeorjfe. 1. 3K4. Brooke, A. .S. J.
Jones, Hannah. II. 4»<. Floyd, H'.
Joneft, Jacob, medal awanled to, illustration, m, 465.
Jones, Jemima. I, 74.5. Comu-allis.
Jones, John Paul, his name. HI. 462. Jones, M. M.
Jonea, MaJ. Jtmeph. VI. 96. Thompsun, W. T.
Jones, Owen, IV. 445. .\lo*ild.
Jones, Riohanl B.. quote<i. II. 413.
Jones, Robin. HI, 4<52. Jones. Allen.
Jones, Sanmel T.. VI. 445. M'elherill. S.
Jones, Stephen. HI. 462. .Jones, A. G.
Jones. Thomas, cited, II, 255, Dunbar, M.; Thomoa, 488,
Floyd, A.
Jones, Rev. Thomas, VI. 600. Jones, ."?.
Jones. Thomas ap Cafesbv, IV^, 129. McKeever,J.
Jones. Thomas D.. III. 72f. Lincoln, A.
Jones. Thomas P.. II. SKI. Eians, O.
Jone*. WiUiam. VI, 114, 7'i/rfrn. S. J.
Jonesboro. tuutle at. V. ,r04 : VI, HO.
JonesHi Hill Fort, HI. 471. Jones, T.
Jonqui^res, Marquis de, IV. .365. Montcalm, P. F. J.
Jordan. FranciH H.. HI. 473. Jordan. C. J. M.
Jorullo. volcanic eruption at. I. ,37. Ahumtida.
Josefa. Fernanda DoAa. HI. 10. Giiell, Josi.
Joseph. Chief. IV. 888, Miles, \. A.
Josephine. Empreoa. I, 900, Beauharnais, A. de ; VI. 85.
Taseher.
Joaephlat Brothers, the, I. 890, Bourget.
Joolrn, Dr. H . H. .568. Oape, M. J.
Joaaelyn, Sir T., HI. 473, Josselyn, J.
Jossi. enifraver. II. 813. Edwin.
J. O. T.. jM-n name. VI. 66. Terry. J. O.
Jouffroy, Francis, pupils of. V, 870. SI. Oaudena ; VL 800.
WarH4fr, O. L.
Joumalisni, correapondence in, L 888, Brooka, J.; earir,
V. 88«, Svasell. B. ; Imprlaonnient of a Journalist, IV, 60^.
(Mom, Selleck.
750
JOUSTER
KEY
Jou8ter. the. IV. JKC, Pedrarias.
Jovc«* chiUJren. the, I. 3«H. Brent, H. J.
JoyiifH, W. T.. III. 47M. JnuneJt, L. S.
J. S. of Dale, i)eii name. V . (Htl. Stimaon, F. J.
Juan Fenmndei. island of, II, 488, Femnndez, J.; illustra-
tion, V, 4.')r.
Juarez, C'atalina, I, 748. Corte*.
Jiiazez. tomb of. ilUistration. Ill, 480.
Jubilee i-ollej'e, Illinois, founded, I, SM, Chfuie, P.
Jueherau, J<)hn, III. 4H1. Jurherau, JV.
Juohi, battle near, I, 470. liiuitamente. A.
Judah, the, destruction of, I, 139, Baileu ; V, 853, RuHsell,
John Hrnry.
Judaism, reformed. III. 491, Kalisch.
Judfre of the Hrst instance. II, (Ui\ Geary.
Judires. act re^nrdinK. m Mas.sachu.setts, I. 16. 30 ; salaries
of colonial. Ill, 3.J3, Hutchinson, T.\ IV, 574, Oliver, P.
Judi'.-iary, of the U. S,, I, 429.
Judith, the, destruction of. Ill, 190. Higginson, F. J.
Judith. ?j!ther. and other poems, I, 388, Brooks, it. O.
Juet. RolH-rt and John. III. 297.
JuKendfreund. the, magazine, 1, 38, Brohst : V, 617, Spaeth.
JuVien, .M , art school of. III. 33, Hale, E. D.
Juliet. Gustav. V. 13.% PxdaKki.
Jumanes. the tribe of. II, 373, Espejo, A.
Jumbo, elephant, I, 173, Barnum, P. T.\ W, 851, Ward,
Henry A.
Jumel, Stephen. IIT, 487, Jumel. E. B.\ the house, illustra-
« tion. 487 : the suit, IV. .W5, iXConor, C.
Jumping, feats of. IV, (S69, Patch.
Juncal. battle of. II. 542, Freitea.
June, Jennie, pen-name, II, 14, Croly, J. C.
Juneau statue, illustration. III, 488.
Juniata, voyage of the. II. i:J6. De Long.
Junin, battle of, I, ;*)0 ; IV, 330, Miller, W.; hero of, V,
Ml, Sih-a.
Junius, di.scussion with. III. fifiO, T^e, A.; letters of, I, 17.5,
Bnrre. I. ; 452, Burgoyne : II, 524, Francis, T. ; supposed
authors, 02St, Germatne : III, (561, Lee, Charles ; V, 100,
Po^mall : VI, 85, Thomas, P. F. : 386, Waterhouse.
.Jimius, E., V. 335. Boui/uette, A. E.
Junius Americanus. pen-name, II, 355, Endicott, C. M ;
m\ Evrrett. />. ; III, fm. Ue. A.
Junius Brutus, pen-name. III, 209, Hilliard, H. W.
Junius palters, the, I, tJ!).5, Cotton, C.
Junliin, Kleanor, III, 3f.H. Jackson, T. J.
Junkiu. Margaret. V, 113, Preston, M. J.
Junot. «en.. III. 406. Jarvis. W.
Junta de Santa F^*. manifesto of, VI, 226, Valenzuela, C.
Junto, the. II. .528.
Jupiter inlet, Fla.. action at. Ill, 431. Jesup, T. S.
Jurac Uuari. the. I, .302. Bohimiues, P.
Jurisprudence, American, 111, 521-522, Kent, J.; authority
on. V, 710, Story, J.
Jurj'. rights of the. established. IV. 713.
Jiuwieu, M.. II. 177. Diereville ; 111, 109, Henrion.
Ju.ssieu, Bernard de, II. 190. Dombey.
Ju.ssuf, Caramalli. II. 295. Eaton, W.
Jute, introduction of. into the U. S., II, 147, Derby, E. H.,
3d ; manufacture, IV, 57, Lyall, J.
Kaha-Rega. King. IV. 8, Tyonq. C. C.
Kadesh Bariiea. site of. VI. 167, Ti-umtntll, H. C.
Kaercher. Franklin H.. III. 490, Kaercher, G. R.
KahgegwagelKiw. 1, 7:W. Copvay.
KalUn-h. (i.. IV. 285. .\fe(lt>erru.
Kalmia. the plant. III. 4!>2, Kalm.
Kaloratna, I. 167, Barlow. J.
Kamehameha. I. 718. Co<ike. A. S.: III. 490, Kalakaua.
Kampa Thorix-. pen name. I. 228. Bellamy, E. W
Kamtchatka, settlement in, 1, 245, Bering.
Kane. Dr. E. K.. II. 520. Fox, M.
Kane, Robert, II, 227, Draper, J. W.
Kansas, settlement of, II; 282, Dwight, Taeodore : coloni-
sation of. III. 039. Ixiirrence, A. A.; free-soil emigration
to, VI, 72. Tlinuer. Eli ; gifts to colonists. 90. Thompson,
E.: troubles, the. I, .389. Brooks, P. S.; 404, 405, 434 ; III,
606, Lane. J. //.; IV. 68 ; war in. 869. Montgomery,
James: 872. Montgomery, W. R.; V, 10; 211, Reeder \
283. Robinson, C: .528 : report on. in congress, 506, Sher-
man. J.: a<lmi.ssion of. 11.359, English, W. H.; debates
on admission of. V. 747-748.
Kansas Hero, the, IV, 889. Montnomen/, James.
Kansas- Nebraska bill, the, I, 227, Bell, J.: II, 815 : I 842 •
II. 430, Fen ton ; 444, Fessenden, W. P.\ III, 487 ; V, 10,
Pierce ; 747, Sumner.
Kapiolani, Oueen, III, 490. Kalakaua.
Kaposia In(fians. the. III. 7:flt. Little Crmn.
Karens, conversion to Christianity, III, 4W : the mission.
IV, 155, Macomhrr ; 240. Mason, F. : VJ, 802. rinton, J
H : theological school, Burmah, gifts to, V, 346, Rug-
qles, W. 7 » . w
Kars. defence of. VI. .5.35, Williams, W. F.
Kaskaskia. missions at, I, 58, AUouez ; IV, 214, Uarauette '
ca|>tur© of. I. 627.
Kastner. (Jeorge. pupil of, V, 264, Ritter, F. L.
Kastos. Emiro. pen-name, VI, 186, Toro, F
Ka^b^h. Wilhelm von, pupils of, I, !»i. Chase, H.; UI.
flW, UiUze ; VI, 512, wflntarth. i . "^.
Kaunameek, I, 357, Brainerd, D.
Kavanagh, James, 111, 495, Kavanagh, E.
Kavanaugh. Rev. W., Ill, 495, Kavanaugh, H. H.
Kava Khor, battle of, IV, 29, Luring, W. W.
KaVhnatho. II. *}. Cusick.
Kearney, David, III, 457. Johnston, D. C.
Kearny' badge, the, 11, 421, Fasnacht.
Kearsarge, fight with the Alabama, VI, 569, Winslotc, J. A.
Keating, Baron John, HI, 498, Keating, W. H.
Kecongtau, Va., V, 99, Pocahontas.
Kecoughtan, I, 620.
Keefer, George, III, 498. Keefer, 8.
Kegs,' battle of the. 1. 474, Bushnell, D.
Keith, George, II, 3:18, Elpliinstone.
Keith, Rev. James, IV, 221, Marshall, T.
Keithians, the. 111, 502, Keith, G.
Keller, M., Ill, 112, Hussler. S.
Kellerman, W. A.. II, 390, Everhnrt, B. M.
Kelley, Abby, 11. 515, Foster, A. K.
Kelley, John, 111, 505, Kelley, W. D.
Kellogg, Mary, VI, 652, Yung Wing.
Kellogg, Miner E., VI, 3, Suydam, J. A.
Kellogg, Spencer, V, 475, Seymour, H.
Kellum, C. B., 1, 4,55, Burleigh.
Kelly, Alfied, VI, 6, Swayne, N. H.
Kelly, Caroline E., II, 93, Davis, C. E.
Kelton, James. Ill, 509, Kelton, J. C.
Kemble, Capt. T., Ill, 563, Knight, S.
Kemble, John P., HI, 510, Kemble C.
Kemble, Margaret, II, 570, Gage.
Kemble. Peter, lU, 511, Kemble, G.
Kempr, Mary S., V, 1.52, Quincy, E. 8.
Kendall, Amos, his influence with Jackson, III, 380.
Kendall. Francis, III, 51.% Kendall, A.
Kendall Green, estate of. 111. 513, Kendall, A.
Kenesaw Mountain, battle of, IV, 158 ; incident, 93, McCook,
Daniel.
Kenmore House. 111. 703, Lewis, F.
Kennebec, the, war-ship, IV, 76-77, McCann.
Kennedy, Capt. Archibald, II, 328, Elliott, A.; VI, 395,
Watts. John.
Kennedy, Samuel, 111, 517, Kennedy, J. C. O.
Kennedy, Thomas. HI. 516, Kennedy, A.
Kennedy. Walter S., HI, 241, Holmes, O. W.
Kensington, Pa.. IV. 636, Palmer, A,
Kent, Duke of, II, 1.39, Denaut.
Kent, Elisha, IH. 521, Kent, James.
Kent, Moss, 111, 521, Kent, J.
Kent, island of, I, 620, 621.
Kent club, the, HI, 411, Jay, P. A.
Kentish guards, the, II, 750, Greene, N.
Kentucky, first settlement of, 1, 815, Boone; early history of,
IV, 2, Logan. B. : first white child born in, 2, Logan, W. ;
pioneers of, I, 205, Bean ; 815, Boone ; UI, 522, Kenton ;
567, Knox, James ; 715, Lincoln ; IV, 66, Lynn ; 70, Jlfc-
Afee ; 673, Patterson, R.; V, 278, Robertson, J.; VL, 126,
Toild, J. ; 829, Walker, T. ; constitution of, IV, 51 T.
Nicholas, G. ; pioneer religious work in, 130, McKendree ;
V, 233, Rice, David ; purchase of land In, from Indians,
HI, 164. Henderson, R.: Virginia title to lands in, 680,
Leigh, B. W.; first printing-office in. IV, 67, Lyon, M.;
attempt to force Into alliance with Spain, HI, 8.54, Innes,
H.; V, 492, Shelby ; attempt to separate from U. S., VI,
611, Wilkinson ; the Revolutionary war in, I, 626, C27,
Clark, G. R. ; famous resolution, III. 85, Harney, J. H. ;
new and old court controversy m, IV, 70, McAfee ; first
classical school in, II, 460, Finley, R. W. ; Catholic Insti-
tutions in, 86, David; IV, 494, Nerinckx; V, 619, Spald-
ing, M. J. : loss of, by the Confederates, U, 600 ; in the
civil war, 710 ; IV, 174, Magoffln ; V, 616, Soicards ; VI,
79, Thomas, G. H.; 465, Whitaker, W. C; raids into, IV,
402, Morgan, J. H.; the "secession juggle," V, .508 ; at-
tempt to force, into the' Confederacy, 625-626, Speed.
Kentucky resolutions of 1798, 1, 864, Breckenridge, J.
Kenwatewenteta. Maiy Ann. VI, 5^, William.<i, E.
Kenvon college, founded, I, 586, Chase, P.; gifts to, II, 134,
Delano; 111. 638. Laiorence, A.; IV, 688, Peabody, Q.;
VI, .589, Wolfe. J. D.
Keokuk, Iowa. HI, 523.
Keokuk, sinking of the. V. 280, Rhind.
Keporative, society, HI, 430, Jeqvitinhonha.
Keppel. Admiral. IV, 596, Orvilliers.
Kt^ratry, Count, 11, 167 : HI, 524, Keratry, E. de.
Kernstown, battle at, HI, 391 ; I. 158. Banks, N. P.
Kerosene, first obtained, II, 220, Ztotwier ; aflrst made in
America, meaning of the name, 638, Gesner.
Kerr, George, IV, 4iiG, Mosler.
Kerr. Orpheus C, pen-name, IV. 604, Neirell, R. H.
Ketchum, Daniel, III, ,528, Ketchum, W. 8.
Ketchum, Hiram. II, 261. Dunning, A. K.
Ketchum, Leonidas. Ill, 528, Ketchum, A. C. ■»
Kettle Creek, engagement at, IV, 768, Pickens, A.
Key, Alice, IV, 709. Pendleton, G. H.
Key, Anne P. C, VI, 29.
Key. Francis Scott, monument to, HI, 709, Lick ; illustra-
tion, ,529.
Key, John Ross, HI, ,529, Key, F. 8.
Key, Philip Barton, V. 528, SickleM.
Key, a screw-headed, inventor of, IV, 676, Oliver, P. A.
KEYES
LABOR
751
KeyM, Dr. J. W.. m, iro, Henix, J. L.
KejrmH, Capt. I^wrenee, V, 103.
Key W«iit, I, Am, CuUtl. E. C: II. 8. Craven, T. A. M.
K 11., iM-n liHiiif, VI. 41H. H'ehnter, R.
Kfiiva, iM>inl>ar<lment of. IV, 116, MitcGahan.
Ki("il>-.laiuil>. Kintc. VI. M. Trrum-Uman.
Ki(l<i. ('apt. William. aecuHations of complicity with, 1, 198,
fhtifitr I. S.
Kid.l.T, Isaac. III. .^3^. Kidttrr, F.
KI(I(I.T. Ri-iib«>n. III. MS. Kiilder, F.
Ki.lnt'yg, thfory on the, V. .^99, Smyth, A. W.
KilTfti. W.. III. Mt. Knallui.
Kiliani. Lilian B.. VI. 41.
Kill Buck, Chief, II. (124. GeMemend.
Killin>?l>e<'k. Anthmiv. VI. 497. Wickertham.
Killiturxworth. (rrant of. VI. 23, Talcoti, J.
Kilinuinham Jail. II. S49. Emmet, T. A.
Kiltnosev. Karl of. IV. 4H6. Xfedham.
Kimhali; Texas, founrtM. III. KiT, Kimball, R. B.
Kin C'hi. Maya priest, II. 01.1. OiutHir.
Kinderjfarten system, introduction of, FV, 688, Peabodu,
ElizalH-th P.
Kind-Tliook Roarer, the. sohriquet, VI, 248, Vanderpoel, A.
Kindler, pupil of, IV, 4:W. Mosier.
Kliii;, projHisal to make Wa-shinffton a, VI, 877.
Kini:, Capt., II. ,510, Foster, Henri/.
Kin^r, Charles. Ill, ,"523, Kent, Jamen.
KiiiK. I);uiiel, III, .VK), King, J. U.; 64.5, King, S.
Kill),'. Klisha W.. Ill, .548, King, W. A'.
KiiiK, treorge. III, 5;». King, H.
Kinjf, James, of William, murder of, I, 687, Coleman,
William T.
Kintf. John, UI. .546. Kin(j, T. B.
Kinjf, Joshua. III. 545, K^ing. R. H.
KinjT, Leiivster, III, .33, Hale, J. P.
Kinif, Richard, III. 542, Kin>/, Ru/ui.
KinK, Siiiniiel W.. II. 206, iMtrr, T. \V.
Kinir. William, III. 54S. King, W. R.
KiiijT Bt'aver, V, 510, Shingask.
KinjT CaiK'US, sobrimiet. V, 691, Stilirell.
Kiiik' Fisher. Chief. VI. 471. White, H. L.
KinK of the lobby, the, s.^briquet. VI. .Y)4. Ward, S.
Kinjf of the Quakers, sobriquet, IV, 7WJ. Pemtterton, I.
Kinii Philips war. I. «12. Church, iJ. : II. 322 ; III. 700,
Leverett, Sir J. ; IV, :«. Ixithrop, T. : 7.56-757 ; V, 14,5,
Punchon. John ; VI, 23, Tulrott. J. ; 1.56, Treat, R. ; 209,
Unco* : poem founded on, V, 889, Sands, R. C. ; II, 290,
Emthurn, J. W.
Kinif Wampum, sobriquet, IV, 706. Pemherton, I.
Kinif William's war. Ill, 687, Le Mojpxe ; be^nning of, IV,
171, Mudorkntraniio.
KInife, William. III. .VIS. King, D. P.
Kind's Bridge, enj^agement at (1779), V, 884, Rouarie.
Kiiigr's cha|)el, Boston. 11, 540, Freeman, Jama : lUustra
tlon, IV, 474 Mulen, S.
Kind's collejfe^ See Columbia colleok.
Kintf's Farm, the, I. 301, Bogardmt, E. ; 11, 481. Fletcher,
H. ; VI, 2rtl, Veseij, W.
Kinjr's Mountain, battle of, I, 516. Campbell, W. ; 744 : in-
cident, II, 14.5, De P-y»ter, A. ; 4.«, Fergxuon, P. : pt.w-
der for, IV, 109, McDowell, O. G. ; V, 467, Sevier, J. ; 492,
Shelby.
Kind's raiipers. the. I. 414, Brotcne, T.
Kiii^fsland. X. V III. 4.52.
KinKston, Earl of. III. .^48, A''in(7«6oroii(//i.
Kingston, Canada, f3und«»d. V, 6, Picquet ; Catholic Imiti-
tutions in, IV, 105, MacdoneU, Alexander ; V, 124,
Prince. J. C.
Kinifyton, N. Y.. destruction of, \^, 268, Vaughan, Sir J. ;
^U, Wallace, Sir J.
KInkel, (Sottfrietl. V. 428, Schurz.
KinlcK'h, James. Ill, .580. Kinloch. F.
Kinnear, Mrs.. II. 191. Iknld, M. A. H.
Kinnersley. Rev. W., III. .5.50, Kinnernlei/, E.
Klnnev, Sir Thomas, III. .551, Kinitey. it'. B.
Kinney. William B.. V. 658, Stedman, E. C.
Kino. See Kt'HN. III. .577.
Kiot«atou, Chief. V. .SO. Pinkaret.
Kip, Henry au<l Lsaac. HI. .552. Kip, W. I.
Kirbecan. battle of. II. HI. l>enuion, F. C.
Kirby, Miss, III. 121. Hniih>, F. L.
Kirbjr, Frances M., V, 576. Smith, J. L.
KlrcnenfrMind. the. mai^azine. V, 416, Schaff.
KirchhofT. II. 227. Dntiter, J. W.
Kirk, (Jeorife, 111, 413. Jny, J.
Kirk. fV>l. O. W.. III. .520. Kerr, J.
Kirkbrkle, Jos.-pli. III. .V>|. Kirkbride, T. S.
KIrke, K<tii)und. j)en-naine. II. 657. Gilmare, J. R.
Kirke. (Jervase. III. :V>4. ATirilv. .Sir D.
Kirkham. Henrv, III, ,VV>, Kirkham, R. W.
Kirkland, I^.ui.sn. VI. 1.52. Tracy. C.
Kirklanil. town of. III, .Vx5, Kirkland, S.
Kirk pat rick, Andrew, III, 5.56, Kirkpatrick, L.
KIrkpatri.-k. Ann. II. 377, E»te.
Klrkpatri<-k. David. III. .556. Kirkpatrick, A.
Kirkpatri<-k. Jane E . I. 67S. Cofiittrell, J.
Kirtland. Rev. Daniel. III. .5\5. Kirkland, S.
Kirtland, Ohio. Mormon aeCUement at, V, 85-8, Rigdon ;
675, 576, Smith, Joteph.
KIrwan. pen-namr. I\', 470, Murraw, S.
Kisell. Baron. V. 570.
Kismet, anonymous novel, n. 481, Fletcher, J. C.
Kissam. B<-iijaiulii. III. Ut^.Jiiy.
KIssam. MaJ. John. IV. i;i'*3. lliraons, 8. H.
Kitchen i-aliiii«-l. the. Ill, SW, Stt.
Kite. Franklins. II. rnn.
KiitanninK. d<-stru<-ilon of, I. ftt, Armstrong, John.
Kltt^ry. P»-j)i»<'rrell house at, illustration, IV. 7a.
Kleeberg. Dr L.. III. .5.59. Klerlterg, M.
Knapp. Rev. Fre<lerick N.. V. 18. I'ierce, J.
Knapp. <J«-orice. III. .Vift. Knapp, F.
Knapp. John. III. .VKi. Knajtp, J. H.
KneasH, William. III. U\\. KneasM.S.
KnickerlMxker. H J. III. 5«1. Knickerbocker. J.
KnickerlK)Oker homestead, the. illustration. Ill, .5<B.
Knlckerbo<-ker Matrazine, I, 029, Clark. Letcit G.; 11, 4«.
Flint. T.: III. •£»<. Hoffman, C. F.; IV. 548, Nowes, J it.
Knife, Detniolds. II, l.'»4. Ifelmold.
KidRht, Charles. II, 44W, Fiirley, H.
Kniffht, Mrs M. C. Ill, 52. Hnlloik. W. A.
Knijrht. Jonathan, VI. 4fW. Whistler, G. W.
KniKht. Richard, III. .503. Knight, .S.
Kni»rht of St. ({rpp)ry the (Jreat. Ill, 230. Hoguet.
Knight of the Order of .Star\-ati(jn, etc., the'. Ill, 748, Liv-
ingston, William.
Knight Russ (X-ksido. pen-name. VI. 99. Thomnon, U.
Knichtsof Ivibor. the. VI. 097. Pnrdtrly.
Knights of the (Jolden Circle. IV. 4-32. Morton, O. P.; V,
3H«, Sanderson. J. P : VI, .333, Wall. J. W.
KnightA of the Golden Hors.-shoe. V, 6.35, SiKttstrood.
KnightN of the Round Table, the, magazine, V. 706, Stone,
William L.
Knitting-machines, invention of, 111, 590, Lamb, I. W.; W,
614, Work.
Knob Gap. engagement at. I. .527. Carlin. W. P.
Knolles. Rev. T. II. 4f.O. Fisher. P.
Knott. Joseph P.. III. ,504. Knott, J. P.
Knowledire. magazine, V. 127, /Vorfor. R. A.
Knowles-s. Mr. Al)Kiinl. III. .50.3. Knollys.
Know-Nothinp part v. the. III. 6:«. Law. G. ; IV, 857, Monk ;
riots, 1S.55. V. 742. Sullivan, P. J.
Knox, Rev. J. P.. I. 2«K. Rlyden.
Knox, Capt. James. V. .50. Polk.
Knox. J. Amorv. VI. 7. Street, A. E.
Knoxboro. N. Y.. III. .5(57. Knox, J. J.
Knox college, organize*!. II. 574, Gale, G. W.
Knox's highland. III. .508. Knox, .S. R.
Knoxville. III.. Ill, .567, A'nor. James.
Knoxville. Tenn . foundetl. VI. 471. White, J.; siege of, I,
464 : 11. 713 : Armstrong house at, V, 494. .Shepard, /.
Kobell. Prof. von. I. .34.
Koekkoek. Barend C.. jMipil of. ^^. 806. \'ollmering.
Kolapun. lnsMrre<'tion in. I. 107, Arthur, G.
Koldewev. Karl. IV. t>q. /Vij/er ; VI, 052, Y'ver.
Kolno. John. VI. 10. Szkolny.
Ko-mah-byn. I, 299. Hoardman.
KooskooRKy river. Ill, 700, Ijetris. M.
Kooweskoowe. Chief, V, .330, Ros», John.
Kopp. Emile. V, 707, .Scorer. F. H.
Kori)onay, Col., I. 190, Hai/ard, G. D.
Kortright, I.awrence, IV. .361.
Kosciusko. Thaddeus, II. 615, Gates ; monument, ilhntra-
Uon, III. .573.
Kossuth. I^Miis. IV. 9. T^mg.J. C; V. 690. Stillman. W. J.;
reception, at .New York. II. 625. Genin : proposal to con-
vey 111 a national ship. Ill, 661, Kinney, W. B.
Kossuth hats, II, 025. r;.-rii>i.
KosterinK. R«'v. J. F.. Ill, .V30, Kryl.
Knszta, Martin, 8elze<l bv .Vustrians. 1. 408, Brmrn, John P.',
lU. .3.V). In(rrahatn. />.' .V ; IV. 20.% Marcy, W. L.
Kotzebue. murder of. II. 491. Follrn.
Kotzehue sound. Ill, .574. Kotzfbue.
Kotzschmar. Herman. IV. 029. Paine. J. K.
Kourt)n city, founded, IV, 299. McntelU.
Kraft, Col.. III. 100. Harris>m. J.
Kr»'b«. Josi'ph. pupil of, V, 098. Stoeckel.
Kro«sarn«-s. VI. 100. Tltori-ald.
Knjfier. Capt. Martin. HI. 214, HinoyoMa.
Ku Khix, the, I, 007, Chisolm ; III, «8S, Holden, W. W.;
outrages. V, 4.39, Sctttt, R. K.
Kullak, Theodore, pupils of, IV. 608. Pe<ue, A. H.; V, 808.
.fhenrood, W. H.
Kuro Shiwo. the. flnrt ilescrlU-d. 11. 667, Glynn.
Kvanizing pnx-ess. III. 579. Kyan.
Kvn, J«ran. HI. 4W. K>en. G.
Kype, Ruloft de. 111, .552. Kip.
La Arada. battle at. I. 5.35. Carrrra, R.
Labadiata, the, 1. 197. Rayartl, J.: community of. UI. 188.
Herrman, A.; miracle connected with, ibtd., Herrman,
Xpkraim G.
Labatout. Oen.. VI. 1.35. Torire:
La bcUr sauvam'. V. w. Pornhonta*.
LabniMdere, Alice, II, 5|0. FouviUe.
Laboraton-. New York, for navy medical supplies, organ-
teed. I, "128. Hache ; first, for inatruotion, 816. Booth,
James Curtis.
Labor bureau, the. created, VI, an, ITr^f. C. D
762
LABOR
LARREY
I^l>or leajnie. the. IV. CIS. (hren, R.
La»).>r iHirfv. th«'. II. ifi, l><iviii. Daind : VI. 13. Swinton,J.:
thtMifv of'ivforni. VI, 8IH1, Warren. Jiixiah : riots, V,632.
.s>iV*"; strikes. 1H77. tiie. III, 138; i"*?, IroiiM; VI, ffJ7,
Pinrderlu : unions, defence: of. V, 1S2. Kantoul.
LalM>rsavintc nmohines. o|>|K>iition to, 111, 27Jt, Hoire. E.
Lahraitor. dist-overy of, 1, 491, Cabot ; exploration of, 748,
('ort)-real.
La CalMirta, f<>rtn-«s of. II. 4.VI. Fitnes.
I^icandoiK-s. the. HI. ^i\ Infante, H.
Ijo, Corlxinera. Imltle of. II. 167.
Laeaze, .\. de, II. 4;fll. Ferrand.
\^c des ruants. Ill, 4«ll, JollUt.
La Chnudit^n* Noin-. VI, •,■«». Vaudreuil, P. R.
l^cldiie. origin of the name, II, 196. DoUier ; HI, C21, La
Stille.
lAchmr. licnaz. I. K7, Cntenhusen.
\j\ t'l»M>|>&lre. capture of the frigate, II, 395, Exmouth.
Laco. i)enname. Ill, 19S. HUiginsun, S.
La C'olle. I, "JIU, Htaujeu ; euKagement at, V, 375, Sala-
herry.
La Condaniine, M.. II. 6(19. Oodin, L.
Laconia. tract called. IV. SJ47. Mnaon, John.
Ijiconlaire of America, the. II. 37(i, Esquin.
Ijx Corne family, the, V. 372. .S7. Luc.
Ijic-roi.x. Count de, II. 274, Dwtuan.
La Oros.se, Wis., Cath<)li<' in.stitutions in. Ill, 160, Heiss ;
ffift of lil)rar>- to, VI, 372, Wnxhhnm, C. C.
I.AC Saint Sacrament. S*"*- Lake St. S.
Ladd. (». W.. III. .Wl. IauIH. C.
Ladd, W.. III. .VO. lAidd. J. H.
Ladies' liKlit infantry, the. VI. 116. Tilghmnn, T.
I^adies" Magazine. Ill, X\ Hale. S. J.-. 316, Hunt. F.
Ladies' Kepository, III, 66, Hamline ; IV, 276, Mayo.
S'lrnh ('. K.
La<lies" Wreath, mapnzine, IV, 238, Martyn. S. T.
iM Dow. <J. A.. III. <i<>7. [jtme. />.
I^Adrone islan<ls. the, IV, 173. Magellan.
\jBn\y Mary. III. 7+4. Liringston. H. W.
\jat\v Rel»ecca, the. V, 99. Pofahontast.
Lafayette, liberation of. III, .301. Huger. F. K.: funeral of.
II. 2:17. Dnlmi*. H. A. : va.se piven to. illustration. Ill,
58rt : hLs ca.stle. .WJ : his tomb. ."JitO ; apostrophe, II, 388.
Lafayette. Ma<inine (le. Ill, 411, Jay. John ; imprisonment
of, 'I V. 361. Monroe. E. K.
Lafayette colle^'e. jrifts to. I. &59, Cattell. W. €.: IV, 143,
Mr'Uan. I>. I'.: CU : VI. *18. Ward. C. L.; Pardee Hall,
illustration. W4 : V. 72. Porter. J. M.
lAfayette theatre. III. 239, Holman, J. G.
Latitte. Baroness. 1. 39. AllHini.
I^afoiitaine of Canada, the, V, 67.5. Stevens, P.
L'Afrioaine. floatint; of the, IV, 661, Paraeval.
Lafuente, IV. .V>2. ik-ampo.
I^agarde. M., IV, 214, Murguez.
I^K'o. Willis. VI. .30.
La^os bay, battle in. I. 323, Roxratren.
Ia (Jrange. II. 711 ; castle of, illustration. HI. .589.
Ia (iranice institute. Ind.. endowed. III. 428, Jenks, E. W.
]jk (luairn. Venezuela, earthnuake at. VI. 259, Vargas.
I^A^ina, Baron de. III. IHti. Henera, N.; 663, Lecor.
I^atnma, CJen., III. (114. lAivalleja.
La Har|x, II, 270. Pmeau.
I A Haye. Father. IV. 4.".I. Mnyse. H.
Ijiicus. pen-name. VI. 3(i:i, llVirren, /.
Ijiidlie, R«'v. A., II. 2:J7. Du Bois, O.
I.Ai^htoD. Thomas B. VI. 71. Thajcter. C.
L'Aijrle. capture of the fripate, II, 338, Elphinstone.
I^inK. II. 36.1. Erie the Red.
Lake. Capt. Thomas. IV, 254, Mother, L
Ijikf B<irKne. enRaifenient on. IV. 129. McKever. L
Lake Champlain. I. .5«J8 ; battle on. 94 ; II. im, Ermouth ;
IV, KTT : early name of, VI. «». Van Curler.
Lake Erie, battle of, I. itn. Hnrclai/. R. H.; 570, Champlin,
S.: V. 678, Stevens, T. H.\ IV. 7a'>-730.
Laken Erie and St. Clair, first sailed through, II. 196,
IMlier.
Lake fJeorffe, battle of, II, 177, Dieskau : III, 452 ; IV, 61,
Lyman, P. ; V. 61. Pomeroy. S. ; name of. III, 435.
JfHlues : name ^iven to, 452 ; ambuscade near, VI. 521,
Wdliams. Efihraim ; monument at, illustration, 521.
Ijike Hazen. II. 741, (freely.
Ijike Huron, first whiU' man to enter. IH. 651, /^ Cnron.
lAke MahotvK-, Washington's headquarters at, IV. 418.
Morris. ^^. P.
Ijike Michifran. tide in. III. 616, Jjipham. L A.
\jx\if .'ian Martin, dis<'overv of. IV, 3a3, Moreno, F.
Lake St. Sacrament. III. 43.5. .Joques ; named I>ake George.
452 : battle on, VI, 265, Vaudreuil. P. F. de R
Lalff Sjiperior. II. 252, Du Lhut ; exploration of coastB,
III. 271. Houithtim; mineral resources first not^nl. ,385,
Jackson, C. T.; mining wuntry, exploration of. IV, 105,
Mardonell, Allan ; region taken in the name of France,
V, 872, St. LuMon ; exploration of, 425, Schoolcraft, H
H.; cession of Indian lands, ibid.
LAkwi,-the great, exploration of, U, «», Doty, J. D.: sec-
ond map of. .576. (ialinee.
Lake Tan^nyika. exploration of, V, W.V Stanley, H M
Lake tid.-s. the. IV, 211. Marquette.
Lake Winnipeg, French name of, HI, 461, Jolliet.
Lakey, Charles D., VI, 691, Lakey. E. J.
Lalande, M., II. 264 ; 585, Oama. A. L. de ; III, 485. Joguea.
La Ulolse, loss of the, V, 70, Poret ; VI, 217, Urfi, O. J.
I.a Llave, IV, .5.52. Ocampo.
Lally-Tollendal. I. WH. Rollman.
Lamarck, II, ;«8 ; V. 371. Saint- Hilaire.
I^marline, A. de. HI. 703, I^wis, Estelle.
Lamb, Rev. Aroswell, III, 599, Lamb, I. W.
Lamb, C. A., Ill, (500, Uimb, M. J.
I.Amb, Husfh, V. 287. Rich, C. A.
Ijimbert, Gustave, IV. 683. Pavy.
Ivjmberton, colony under, V, 126. Printz, J.
I.Aml)«»th conferences, the, III, 705, L^vris, J..T.
Lanibtnet, ftmile, I, 401, Broum, H. K.; 68.5, Cole, J. F.; II.
7;M, (ireatorer, E.; III. 209, Hilliard, W. H.; 887, Hau>-
lund, A. C: V, 4*^2. Shapleigh.
L'Ami du Noir. journal. II. 614. Gastine.
I.amon, Ward H., Ill, 727, Lincoln, A.
Lamont, D. S., I, 655.
I^a Montague, Johannes. III. .533, Kieft.
La Mothe mine. I, 493, Cadillac.
La Mott«. Ill, 168, Hennepin.
L'Amour de la Patrie, captured, V, 667, Sterett, A.; priva-
teer, destroyed, II, 120, Decatur.
Lamperti, Francesco, pupils of, VI, 108, Thursby ; 857, Van
Zandt.
Lamplighter, the, II, 31, Cummins, M. S.
Lamps, improvement for, IV, 77, McCarroll ; clock-work
for met^hanical, invention of, V, 531.
I.Anaudi^re. M. de, VI, 278, Vercheres.
Ijincaster, S. C, asylum for the poor in, V, 541,Si»»i«, J. M.
Lancaster-Jones family, the. III, 603, L/inca^ter, Joseph.
Lancaster sound. III. 603, Lancaster, Sir J.
Ijincewooil, Lawrence, pen-name, VI, 579, Wise, D.
I.and, property in. II. 627, George, H.
Ijind-bank, the, I. 29. Adams, S.; IH, 332.
Land-claims, Spanish and Mexican, II, 427, Felch.
Landfall, site of. III. 2C.(i, Horsford, E. N.
I.Andor, Miss, HI, 130. Hawthorne, N.
Land-patents, pistole fee on. V, 175, Randolph, P.
I>and-reform. theory of. II, 882, Evans. G. H.
I^iids, disposition of government, I, 241.
I^ndsfeldt, Countess of, IV. 368, Montez.
I>andskron, battle of. V, 13.3. Pidaski.
I..and we Love, magazine, IH. 204, HiU, D. H.
Lane, Charles. I, 40, Alcott.
Lane, Elliott T., Ill, 4,57. Johnston, H. L.
Lane, Harriet, I, 4:i2, 4;13.
Lane, James H., V, 212. Reeder, A. H.
Lane, Jesse and Joseph, HI, 606, Lane, Joel.
Lane, Louisa, II, 232, I>rew. L.
Lane seminary, founded, I, 217 ; anti-slavery agitation at,
136, Bailey, G. ; 217 ; suppression of Anti-slavery society
at, VI, 425, Weld ; eift to, 32, Tappan, A.
Lang, R. J., II. 495, i^bofe, A. W.
LSngbanshyttan, monument at, II, 365, Ericsson.
Langdon, Mary, V, 19, Pike, M. H. G.
Langlade, Augustin de. III, 610, Langlade, C. M. de.
Langrage, how made, IV. '35.
I^angsyne plantation, IV, 94. Mc.Cord, L. S.
Langtry, tdward, HI, 612, Langtry, />.
I>anguage, a universal, I, 76, Andre^ts. S. P.
Ijingworthy, Edward, III, 661, Lee, Charles.
Langford, Sarah, IV. 641. Palmer, P.
Lanier, Mary Day, HI, 613, Lanier, S.
Ijinier. Robert S., HI. 613. iMnier, S.
La Noria, plan of, II, 167, 168.
Lansdowne. country seat of, IV, 717, Penn, J.
La Paz, battle at, Iv, 292. Melgarejo ; siege of (1781), V,
455, Seguroln ; capture of, IV, 459, Muileccu.
La P<>roust% straits of, III, 616.
lapidary machine, the first, I, 441, Buell, A.
Laplace, I, 334, BortiditcK, N.
La Plata, Duke of, II, 85, David, E.; TV, 482, Navarra ; in,
570. Koenig, J. R.
La Plata, division into Buenos Ayres and Paraguay (1617),
V, .36;^, Saavedra, H. A. de.
La Plata, city of, founded, II, 62, D'Amico ; government
palace at, illustration, UI, 481.
La Plata river, fort on, slaughter of Spaniards, IV, 187,
Mangor^.
La Prairie, mission of. II, 545, Fremin ; Indian colony of,
.588, Ganneaktena ; mission village, 608, Oaroidiiayue ;
HI. 577, Kryn.
La Presentation, V, 6. Picquet.
\ji Puerta, battle at, I, 833, Boves ; IV, 405, Mfn-iOo.
Lara, Gen., I, 306.
Lara, Nufio de, IV, 187. Mangnri.
lArcombe. Jane E.. HI. 729, Lincoln, J. E.
I^ardner. Dionysius, U, 364.
I^rdner, Hannah, IV, 716, Penn, R.
1^ Renomm^^e, wreck of, H, 7, Crespel.
La Reunion. Texa.s, colony of, IV, 581, JVbi-mand.
La Rivit>re. Marquis de. III. .586, Lafayette.
Larned, William. Ill, 619, Lamed, E. C.
La Rouerie, IH, .586, Lafayette.
Larra, the poet, VI, 66:1. Xorrilla.
I^rrev, Baron, pupil of. V, 671, Stevens, A. H.
Larrey, Dr. F. H., U, 242, Dudley, B. W.
LARYNGOSCOPE
LEITCH
758
LuyagoKope, claim to the Invrntinn of, XV, 271. ilant^ll,
Oforffr T.
LAryniruloniy, Biibhyoidean, o|X'ratioD of, in, tt77, Lrjrrt;
Ocorf/e M.
Ijui Caaas, Francbico. IV, 570. O/iVi.
Laa Caaaa. C.tunt (!<'. V. l.W. Rtulinurt.
LaaCnicea. luitlle at. III. ]Vr. Hidalqo, M.
La Serena. Chili. <lftitn>ye<i. I. 734. Co/xiflo.
La Sema, 0<*n. Kc«> Sekna. V. 403.
Laa Ptoilraa. tmttle at. II. ««i. Florra. V.
Laateyrie, Count <(t>. III. .MM), La/ayetU.
lA«t iiland. III. ."WI. Lafltte.
I.n-^t nf the Cm-ktHl Mats, sobriquet, IV, 3ftl. Meaae, J.
l.iitliiun. SamiU'l. IV. .'MM, Mitrhill.
I jit h.-H, invention of, II, W, DaboU ; feed-dlaks for, V, 458,
.SV//«T«, c.
Ijithrop, Amy. VI. .<WI. H'arrKT. .4. B.
Lathrop, Harriet, VI. 570, H'inslow, H. L.
Ijkthn.p. Mory A., III. .W. Unllock. M. A.
I^tillrt. Horatio A.. II. .%4<). fWrman, H. A. L.
l^iiiiier. Mori ha. IV, itt. Mcf'ook. D.
Ijitimer, Rj»n(ioli>h, VI, 6I.'>, Witrmeley, M. E.
l..atiii. Rf)nian pronunciation of. V, iM3. Richard»<m, J. F.
Latitude, higliest northern. rea<^'hed. I. X>6. Hrainard, D. L.
Latitudes, method for det4>rmlning, VI. 24. Talc^tt. A.
Latorr*. (Jen.. IV. BiK. PafZ ; 7(16. Piar ; VI, 259. I'arela, P.
Ijl Trinitaria, secret K«HMetv. II. 'il7. Dnarie, J. P.
Latrobe. Henr>- Bonival de.' III. tmj, iMtrobf, B. H.
Latter-Day Saints, church of, organized, V, 576 ; Smith,
Jrmeph.
I^U liner. Miss. Ill, 239. Holman, J. O.
hatto. Alexander, III. 6:». Latto. T. C.
Laud. Archbishop, HI, 251, Hooker, T.; Vl, TM, Winslotp,
Kilinirri : !573.
Lauder. Etlward, V, 672, StciHftu, I. I.
I^udenlale, I-Jtrl of. IV 178. Ma it land, J.
Lauichton. Frances P.. IV, 112, Since.
Ltuneau's Ferry, enpajrement at. VI. 468, White, A. W.
Laura, pen-name. II. 4-'J3, Fvr<juson, E.
Laurance, John. IV, KW, Mar<to\tqall. E.
I.iaun-al, Madame de. trial of. II. 340. Emangard.
Laureate of the .South, the. HI. 145. Hafpie, P. H.
I.Aurel Hill cemetery. Hull's tomb in. iliu.st ration. III, 311.
Ijiurence. Samuel, IV. 1.5, iMng/elUnr, H. W.
I.Aiirencez. Oen., IV. 215, Miirquez, L.
Laurencilli). HI, 6.51, l^iurent.
I^aurens. Harriet. HI. 3.'iO. fngraham, D. >'.
Laurens, J. P., pupils of, VI, 185, Tumei; C. Y.; VI, 301,
Vinton, F. P.
lAurens, Martha. V. 166, Rnmtay, M. L.
Lourentian rocks. HI. .SIO. Hunt, T. S.
I.AlUsat, Pierre A.. HI. (H2. fMUnsat.
I.AUtaro secret s<x'iety. the. V. .')01, Rodriguez, M.
Lauzon, Frttn<;ois de. HI, 6H(i, Ije Moi/ne.
Ltivn beds, attack on the. II, aryt. (rillrm.
Liival \iniversiiv. gift to, II, 408, Fariba^dt, O. B.; in,
»>V). iMisil. F. X.
Lavaux. (len., VI, 480. Whitelocke ; 14.5.
Ia Vega, Oen, See Garcilaso dk ul. Veqa.
La Vega, l>atUe of. IV. .567. Ojeda.
Laver, AuKUStiis. VI. 6S1. Fuller, T.
Ijiverffne. battle of, IV, 4X7. Negley.
La Victoria, defence of. V, .531, Silva.
Ijivis. Andrew. HI. 108, Harvie.
Ivivoisier, M . 11.265,
Ijivoisifr. Madame. V. 346.
I>aw, William, V. .576. Smith, Joseph.
Law, revision of the code of practice of New York. 11, *47,
Field, I). [K; 701, Graham. I).; interpretatioas and defl-
nitions of the. HI. rvH^tH. Krnt.J.; Pennsylvania system
of equity, new tnjde. HI. rwC), King, E.; first code in New
England, VI, 353, Han/, A^.; reforms. U, 447, 448, Field,
D.l).
La W-an<l Order party, the. 11. 179, Diman, B.
Lawnfleld, H, :«1. Evann, D. S.
Law of Planetary Rotation. V. 108. Pratt, O.
Lawrence. AbraFiam R.. VI. 491, W'hitneu, W. C.
Ijawrence, Cornelia, HI. 2i18, Hillhoti*e, J. A.
Lawrence, Isaac. HI. t!4l. Ijatrrt-nce, W. B.
Lawrence, Judp- V.. VI. (V.W. Utwrence, C. B.
Lawrence. Samuel. HI, tVX, Jjawrmce. A.
Lawrence, S^nih T. !>., V. a«}, Kohiiuum, Sarah.
Lawrence, Thomas, V. 512, Shippen, E.
Ijiwrence, the. in the Ivottle of i.Ake Erie. IV, 785.
Lawrence, Kansas, pillagisl, I, 40S ; lU, 890, Lawrence, A.
A.; burning of, V, 4X1. Sfmnnnn.
Lawrence. Mass., IV. in: J.
Lawrence Hall. Cambn iMtrrence, A. A.
Lawrence monument, ill' ill. 640,
Lawrence scientific scIkmi), Hi, •,•<;•>, Homford, E. N.
Lawrence university. WLs.. HI, 6.'«>, Ijuwrencr, A. A.
Jaw reporta, first volume of. III. .\V1, Kirby, Ephraim.
Laws, Victor F.. V, 7(H, stone. M. E.
Lawaon, Mr, II. 70l), (/m/fenried.
Lawyers, prejudice against. I. 15. Adanu, John : S9.
Laxarista. the, IV, 63. Li/nch. J. J ; 5S7. Odin ; Institutiooa
of, V. 8S1, Romti ; Vt. 121. Timon.
Layaffua Indiana, the, HI, 342. Ignf-Chivri.
Lay impropriationa. U, 83, Davenport, J.
VOL. VI. — 48
Laying-on-of-han<Is <-ontroverny. I. 30fi
Layman. |>en-name, IV. 42. Ijintell, J.
Imv of the Scottish Fiddle, auouyinoua pn-m, IV, 879.
Alit/«/im;.
Ijiy Pn-ttcher, the. II. 141. Dennie.
L^y's Ferry, engagement at, VI. 7, .Sireeny,
Lea. Anna M., IV. Siw. Mrrritt, A. L.
Leach. Abisha, HI. 617. I^ach, S
Leach, I>aniel. VI. 4. .S'lrtin, H'. /).
Leach, David S., III. 617. Uach, H'. T.
Leach, John, II, »tsi, Eihii. P.
Leach, Rev, J.itn'iih S., III. eM6. Uarh. J. O.
Leach. .Samuel. HI, 6tfl. lA-och. D. W. C.
Lead, first American t-urgo of, V, .M7. Shreve, H. M. ', mllMf^
Chipil'H. HI. 3.54, Inntt, //.; mines of Iowa, diauovered.
IV, 733, P^TTot, N.
Leade. Jane, III. 509, Kelpiux.
Lea<iville, riot« at, V, ;H, Pitkin, F. W.
League of ()ileadit4-s, I, 405.
League of universal brotherhood, the, I. 480, Burritt.
Leake, Isaac Q,, HI, .5!«». lAiml>, J.
Ijnake. John (J.. VI, 8S»5, MVi/r*. J.
Leake and Watts orphan-house. VI. 805. Wntta, J.
Lean. Froncis. IV. 216, Mnrryat. F.
Lean Jimmy, sobriouet, HI. 466, Jone*, J. C.
Leao, Honorio, IV, 64.3, Parana.
Leather, inventions for making, I, Ml, Boyden, S.; n, 811,
Edtrards, M',
I^eaves, development of. HI, 202. HiUiard, T. C.
Leavitt, Marj', III. .%T4. Hutchinaon, Jeme.
Lebanon. Kv.. capture of, U, »18, Duffleld, W. W.; eiigag»>
ment at. 254. fhtmont, E.
I^ebanon. O.. normal whool, HI. 831. Holbrook, Alfred.
Ije Bu«<jue. Mi<-hael. Ill, .'Ml, Illigen.
Le B«'rceau. copture of. III. 738. Little, G.
Le Blanc. Jean, VI, 27. Talon.
Ijeboucher. M.. pupil of. V, 871, Saintin.
Ije Breton. Rev. W, C„ HI. 612. Langtry.
Lecleri-q. Agnes. V. .378, Salm Stdm, A.
Lecomplon constitution, the. II. 215 ; 444. FeMtenden, W. P.
Lecture bureaus. V, 2i»i, Redjtath.
I>e<lerer, Baron, collection of, V, ,529. Silliman. B.
I>edvard. Fanny. HI. 6.5.5. I^dynrd. »",
Le<iyard. .Mary".\.. I. 0«). CogmreU. M. F.
I>ee, Alice ({., iK'nname. HI. 117, Haven, A. B.
\jpe. Arthur. II. 116. Iteane. S.
I>^. (ien. Charles. II. 76.5. Griffith, D.
Ijee, David, VI. 321, Waldmtee.
Ijee, Eleanor P, W.. VI, a58, Warfield.
Ijev, (}. O.. HI. 062. lA-e, H. F. S.
Lee, (ten. John, HI, 657. /..«?, C.
Lee. Jonathan. HI. 6(51. />>«•, Chauncey.
Lee. l>auncelot. HI. 66.3, Lee, R.
I^H'. Uonel. HI. 66.3, Ue. R.
Lee, Mary A.. VI. 678, T)emare»t.
Lee, Matilda, HI. 607. Ue, H.
\jse, PhHip. V. 580. Smith. Meriwether.
Lee. Robert E.. Oen. S<M>tts eulogy oik V, 866, Ruther-
foord. J.: statue of, illustration, VI, 236.
Lee, Thomas. HI. 662. />-«•. E. H.: IV, 712.
I.<ee house, the, iliu.st ration, HI, 664. l^ee, T.
Lee, the si'luxiner. captiin's by. IV^, IW, Manley, J.
Leech. Ileeekiab. HI. 07.5. Uerh, D. D. T.
Leech, John, IV, (578, l>nul, H.
Leech, Maj.. II. .55. Ikikin.
LeMa, Ducheas of, I, 538, Carroll. C : 558, Caton, R.
Leeds Manor, grant of lands in, IV, 225, itarahatl, J. M.
Lee'H legion. III. 667. 668. Lrr, //.
liee-Siig. Katherine. HI, 22. 23, Hackett, J. H.
lAH'tf islan<l. III. 676, Uete.
Lefebre, pui>ils of. I. .5.30. Carpenter. E M ; IL 887, Qard-
ner, E J. ; V, 88, Piatt. C. A. ; VI. 87, Thompeon, A. ;
507, Wiles, I. R. ; 678, Dewing, T. W.
LefTerts. I^effert. I. 369, Brenxtrl, J. C.
I^flflngwell. Thonias, VI, 209, Vnca:
lie Fort. RoN'rt. i>seu(lonvm. IV. 500. Orleans, R. P. L.
liefuel. Hector. Ill, :«ii. Hunt. R. M.
Legal-tender suits, first. V. ,301, Rnelker ; MA, Smith, E. D.
LagarA college, Iowa. HI. 678, Ijegnr*.
Leggett. Abraham. Ill, t>79. I^ggrtt, W.
I>-ggett, A, A., HI. nTM. I^ggelt. W. //,
I>'glon of honor. cn«s of the. III, 497. Kearny, P.
l>'gislative teller. Inventor of a, V. 076, Stevens, S.
Ix'gnw, Oen , II. (523, Grfninl.
lichigh university, illustration. IV. 620, Pncker.
I>-hinann. C. E U H . pupil of. VI. 71. Thayer, A. H.
I>ehre, Thomas. II. tVM. GiUieM. W. H.
I>»hn< und Wehn-. magazine, VI, US, Walther.
Ii)>ibnitz. II. 311. fyiirartls, J.
IMt. II. 363. Erie the Rrd : VI. 908. Tyrker.
I/"ifsbu<lir. VI. KM, Thon^dd.
Iii>igh, Florence, pen-rame. VI. VW, iri76iir. A. T.
I>-igh, J. M . 11,(179. (,:■ :r
I>Mgh, Stuart, nseudoii larke, M. B.
Ijeigh. Judg«> Williatn, > .I'tlph.
Leinater. Duke of, H, J-'.r / -f .;. ,„id. lA>rd E.
LeWer troubles, the. I. 19M. H»uor>l. .V. : party of, I, tH,
Be^cwtan, O : rebellion. HI. Chi. 6Ni, Leisler.
Lettcb, MaJ., Ill, Ma, Knowlton, T.
764
LEITB
LIMA
Ijeite, DiotfO. V, 615. Souza.
I>>iva, Foneiano. V. OOK. Soto, M. A.
Iceland 8Unf«)r<l univt-reity, the, V, G44.
Ix» Iie<-hf. J..lin. III. (Mr. Uach, L.
lif I»up, ("liiff, IV. !tr. McCrvn.
!>• Mairt'. Isaac, III. f>H4, l^ Mttiie, J.
U" .Mairf. strait of. III, .•J*!. Iherintj.
I^e Manw-illais, pirut*-, V, (»«!, Soubin.
l>'iiK-k.'. K.'V. 11.. U.W\. (Jiillttzhi.
Ld? MfHurier. IV, W. MrClure, Sir R.
I>>miii(>ii, Hannah, I. T.<i, Corromn, IV. H'.
Leinmon, .loiiathaii, case of slaves of, I, 99, Arthur ; II,
.SSS, KiHirts, W. M.
Ije Moine, Beiijaiiiin. III. fiKV
Ijemoine. |>«euil<>iiyin, II, 176, Didier, E. L.
Lemos, C!<>unt tie," his daughter, I, 822, Borja. Ana ; 11,
■V3&. Fenuintlez tie Vnstro.
LemoK, M. <i. de, VI. .fiHl, Wattn, S.
lie Movne, Jean. III. tW.-,. U- Moine.
U-nd a Hand, iH'ri(Hlical. III. :«, Hale, K E.
lynicth, standards of. V. .SI I, liinjers, II'. A.
I^ennox, I>>rd (Jeorj^*, V. •J4.'>. Richmond.
I>»nox, Henrietta. III. (iWt, I^nox, J.
liPtiox, Kot»ert, III, tWt. [^nox. J.
Leno.x lihrarj-. rare lxM)ks in, II, 328, 824 ; illustration, m,
C«l ; collet-tor for, V. 076. Stevenx, H.
Lenude's Ferry, VI, .3H4, Wtinhington, IV.
LtH), capture cif the. II. .')2. [hicrex.
LeoKan •, Hayti. enKajjenient at, VI, 298, Viticent, C.
Leonard, I)ani<>l. I. 17.
Leonanl, f'ol. Kpliraim. III. 091. Typonnrd. D.
liConard, Henrv and .lames. Ill, GUI, Leonard, G.
I^eonard. I»r. ()". L.. III. ti'.ll, Uonard, A.
Leonanl. Stephen B . 111. ti02, Leonard, W. A.
Leonardson. Sanuiel, II. 27-1. Dustin, H.
Leonora, o|>era of. H. .Vi7-.'j.')8, Fry, Tl". H.
Leonowens. Thonia.s. Ill, f)92. Ijeonowenn.
Le<-)parfl. t'le. and the Chesapeake, I, 25; 178, Barron;
III, MO, 4'w.
Leojx)|(litia, .\rehdu<-hes8 of Austria. IV, 698, Pedro L
Ije<ii)<>ldiiie s'x-iety for niis.sions, V. 2;?.(. Reze.
I>eow hridife. the.' on Broadway. II. tia5. Genin.
lie Pays rie Boiirjolli. Col., Ill, 497, Kearny, P.
Le Pesant, VI. 27. Talon.
Le Pieard. Pieri*e, III. 4-11. .lohnson, Daniel.
Lepidoptera. VI, 4^1, W'eidemeyer.
lie Poitevin, II. (W. Dana. W. P.
lienna. (Jareia de. IV, 4(10, Munoz de Collantea.
Ix' Rov, Caroline. VI. 412.
Ii«'s 12 seigneurs. III. »K). Hnet.
Lea amis des noirs, ilub called. IV, .519, Niel ; 563, Og6 ;
V, fiiTT, Sonthonax ; VI, 7.'i. Thevenau.
Les<li!cuiAre, Duchess of. I. .Vtl. Charlevoix.
l-eseur, Alexandre. IV. .530, Sielo, J. A.
liesher, John. V. 82K, Rtms. J.
lipslie, C.>1.. incident of his march to Salem, II, 147, Derby, R.
liealie, Charles R., (pu>te<i. V. 4<»4. Saunders, P.
lieslie. Rev. fJeorge, VI. 72. Thayer, J.
lieslie. Sir John. V. 173. Randolph, T. M.
lieslie. Ma<leline. pen name. I. Ki, Baker.
Iie«liien'ux, Leo. III. 17. Gv.yot.
lies Saint<-s, island of. III. .S(r>, Huqueg.
lies-ser Sun, the. of the Natchez. V. 3(>9, St. Come.
lx"8sinjr. Kari R. II. til!), (iat/. E.\ III. (199, lA-utze.
liPnter, John W.. stage-name. VI. 3:«. IVatlack, J. L.
L'EBtrange, Corinne, pen-name. III, 106, Hartshome, H.
Ijesueur. M.. II. 3?2. Esmenard.
Letheon. IV. 4.VJ. Morton, \V. T. G.
I>>trau, literary acadenjy of. Ill, .584, Lacxrnza, J. M.
Letter from a (ientlenian in Transylvania, aoonvmous
pamphlet. HI. 317, //unr, /.
Iietter(}. the, I, 179. Barrow, F. E.
Lettres sur les colonies Francaise de PAm^rique, anonv-
mouK iKiok, V'l. (KiO. Zenon.
l.^taoin. Dr., I, .546, Cnrrcr, Jonathan ; VI, 386, Water-
houM".
lipupp, O. M . III. 602. T^e, G.
L«uUse, III. .Y>9. Iniiifi, J. B.; 642, Tjo^rrie : VI, ;«6, Wnu
Levant, capture of the, I, 151, Ballard, H. E.\ V. 084
Stewart, C. .
I>?vel, invention of a. I. TStS, Carpenter, R. C.
lieverett, Thomas, III. 700, Let-erett, J.
Leverett, William, 1, 281, Blair, H. W.
Leverrier. his discovery of Neptune, IV, 701. Peirce
lie Vert, Dr. H. S , II I.' 700. U Vert. O. W
l.« Vice-Admiral Martin, capture of. VI, 235, Vantittart
l.«vl8, Canada, founded. H. 163, Deziel.
lievy, David, VI, 651. Ytilee.
liPwes, colony at. I. 205, Blommaert.
liPwger. John. I. 621.
Lewis. Kll. Ill, 703. Uwin. Elli*.
lA'win, Col. (i.^rjre, IV. aoi. Mercer, H.
liswla. H.wiea. III. 7or,. Ijewi*, Ida.
l^'wls. Rev. I.uiac. IV. »W. Mamn, T. L.
I>>wi«. John, eviction of, Ul, 701, Lewis, Andrew.
liewls John, VI. nu, U'ythe, G
L«wi8, John. VI. 6<V., Woods, W
I^wta. lAwrence, II 4.5. CuAtis ; IH. 704. LewU, E. P. C
Lewis, Sidney p.. Ill, 703, Uwis, EtUUe.
Lewis, Mai. Thomas, V, 60a Smyth, J. F. D.
Lewis, VV iiliam, VI, .Sft5, Watts. D.
liewLs and Clark expedition. 111, 706, Letvis, M.; I, 687,
Clark, W.
Lewisljerry, Pa., Ill, 703, Lewis, Ellis.
Lewis creek, settlement on, II. 1.57. De Vries.
Lex, Charles E., VI, 448, Wharton, F.
Lexington, Ky.. first house on the site of, IV. 673, Patter-
son, R.; the Say re institute, V, 411, Say re, D. A.; Clay's
tomb at, illustration, I, 644 ; medical scliool at, 4m,
Brown, S.
Lexington, Mass., battle of, I, 629, Clark. Jonas ; II, 108,
Dawe^, W. ; 570, Gage ; IV, 725, Percy, H. ; retreat of the
British from, V, 1. Pickering, T.; 31. Pitcaim ; Revere's
ride to, 22.5-226 ; its consequences, II, 388 ; centennial of,
I, 186, Burtlett, W. F.
Lexington, Mo., battle of, II, 74.5. Green, M. E.; defence
of, IV, 458, Midligan ; capture of, V, 119, Price, S.
Lexington, capture by the. I. IfiO. Barry, J.; capture of
the, n, .56, Dale, i?.; burning of, 461, Finn ; 491, FoUen.
Leyden, Puritans at, V. 286, Robinson, J.
L'Hermite, Jacob, VI, 283, Verschoor ; 517, Willekena.
L'Hommedieu, Benjamin, III, 709, VHommedieu.
Liancourt, Duke de. V, 293, Rochefoucauld.
Liautard. Abb^. II, 274, Dusuau. '
Libby prison, escapes from, II, 340, Ely, W. O.; V, 823,
Rose, r. E. : IV, 5.35, Northrop, L. B.
Libel suits, II, 21. Cro.tiiell, H.: (i.5. Dana, C. A.; III. 61.
Hamilton, A.; firat suit against a vendor of, V, 481,
Shanks.
Liberal party, the. III, 6.50, Leavitt.
Liberal-Republican party, the, 11, 721, 740.
Liberator, the. I, .30:i, Bolivar ; order of the, 804.
Liberia, I. 111. Ashmxin, J.; boundary dispute of, 108;
name of. III. 627. Latrobe. J. H. B.\ Marj-land colony in,
ibid. ; first president of, V, 274, Roberts, J. J. ; govern-
ment of, .341, Roi/e ; concession for territory of, 694,
Stockton, R. F. ; college of, gift to, II, 423, Fearing.
Liberty, debate on the influence of churches on, I, 365.
Liberty, seizure of the sloop. Ill, 71, Hancock, J.
Liberty Bell, the periodical, IV. 40.
Liberty boys, the. I, .360. Brasher.
Liberty Enlightening the World, statue, illustration. I, 188.
Liberty hall, estate of, V, 0(53, Stephens ; 111, 742 ; illustra-
tion, 743 ; IV, 519, Tfiemcewicz.
Liberty party, the. HI. 236, Holley, M. ; first candidates of,
III, (j87, Le Moyne, F. J.
Liberty-tree, the. III, 330, Huske, J.
Libraries, Canadian, destroyed. II, 407, 408, Faribault,
G. B.; parish, I, .362, Bray ; care of, II, 159, Dewey, M.;
VI. .301, Vinton, F.\ cataloguing of. V, 65, Poole, W. F.\
methods of librarians, 43.3, Schwartz ; law for school, VI,
312, Wadsworth, J. and J. S. : economy. III, 432-433. Jetc-
ett, C. C.\ works on, IV. 50. Ludewig ; first public, in the
west, II, 46. Cutler, Ephraim ; Mexican national, I, C23,
Cardoso. J. J.; valuable colonial, 486, Byrd, W.
Lichenology. VI. 176. Tnckemian. '
Lichfield, Earl of, I. 506. Calvert, E. H. ; III, 663, Lee. R. •
Lick observatory, the, III, 332, Holden, E. S. ; illustration,
709. Lick, James.
Liderer, Baron de, II. 221, Downing, A. J.
Lieb, Michael, I, 762, Coxe, T.
Lieber, W., III. 709, Lieber, F.
Liebig, Baron Justus, pupils of, II. 6.38, Gibbs, O. W. ; m,
15, Guthrie, S.; 211, Himes ; V, 77, Porter, J. A.; 678,
Smith, J. L.
Liebreich, Dr. V., 224, Reuling.
Li^nard, Michel, V, 38, Plassmann.
Lier, Adolph, pupils of, IV, 325, Miller, Charles H.; VI, 30,
Tail, J. R.
Life-boats, invention of, II, 524, Francis, J. ; V, 484, Shaver.
Life before Him, anonymous book, I, 448. Bitnce. O. B.
Life-saving appliances, invention of, II, 524, Francis, J.
Life-saving service, a pioneer of the. III, 279, Howard,
W. A.: .5.37, Kimball, S. L
Life-saving stations, forerunner of. III. 685, Le Mercier, A.
Liga-lilieral-maranheuse, the, II. 526, Franco de Sd.
Light, researches on, II, 227. Draper, J. W. ; velocity of,
rv, 315, Michelson ; 406, Morleu, E. W.
Light, invention of a, V, .522, Sickel.
Light-horse Harry, III, 667, Lee, H. : 667, Lee, R. E.
Lighthouses, improvement in, I, 128, Bache, H.; Ill, 707,
lywis, Winslow ; XI, .548, Wilson. G. F.; IV, 737, Perry,
M. C; first iron-pile, VI, 11, Swift, W. H.\ 454, Wheel-
er, Samuel.
Lightning, Franklin's experiment, II, 628. ,
Lightning-rods. I. 380. Brittan.
Lillil)ridge. James. TV. 468. Murray, James.
Lillie. Theophilus, V, 603, Snyder, C.
Lillington, George, 111, 712, Lillington, J. A.; IV, 636,
Palmer, A.
Lillington, N. C, III, 712, Lillington.
Lily of Quito, the. IV, 205, Marianna.
Lima, citjr of, founded, II, 109, Diaz, R. ; V, 86, Pizarro ;
evacuation of, I. 306 : colleges founded in, II, 32, Cruce ;
820, Elias ; fortification of. III. .570. Koenig. J. R.: earth-
quakes in, 714, Lilian : »of 1687), IV. 482. Xavarra ; 196,
Manso de Velasco ; rebuilding of, 669, Olavide ; V, 88,
Portocarrero ; water-supply, IV, 22, Lopez de Zuiiiga ;
LI-MA-IION
LOMAS
756
ptrk around. 8R7. Meigga : hospitAl for ItKliann. III. TTA
Loaifxa ; Inmirrection in. II, 4>*l, Fliiirt. J^J : niiracU'H
In, canonization, V, Tll, I'tirrrz : cuttuHlral. I, 'i]'i. Hrvemi ;
IV. 187 ; *J7. AW-wom/rx tir Conluvii : 1H7 ; illiixti-ation.
6R1. tknmjio. d. de ; U-niple of l^w I>fsani|>arad<Jtt. 11.
430, Fcrnitnttrz de Ciutru : unive ntity. endowment to. I.
'Zii. Hinavidr* ; VI, 1». Ttilrdo, (.'.; Koeafuert^H tomb,
illiiHtration. V. 201.
LI Ma-Hon. tin- cornalr. Ill, fiHI. lAtln-iaret.
LInibH. artiflfial. Invention of. III. 4.«. Jeitrtl. (/. B.
Lime-kiliLH, oonstrnciion of. II, 127, Dflujield, Joseph.
Liflan. (ien. Fascual. III. .<«IH.
LinareH, city of, f<)iin<l«Hl. IV. ST. Marfinfz dr Rota*.
Lincoln, Abraham, hiH journey to WaxliinKton. II, 420 ;
Orv<-ley'8 share in the nomination of, TTfit : letter of. III.
asc) ; home of, illiiHlration, 717 ; Htntues of. 71M, 7!*), 721 :
life-mask, 7!S1 : monument to. 7SC ; fac-8imile of letter
by. 741 ; hoiLse when* he <lie.l. 728 ; arrest for compUeity
in hLs miml.r, II. atM). Ford. ./. T.
Lincoln, (larl of. III, 44.S, Johnmm, A.
Lln<x>ln, John, III. 71.V LinnAn, A.
Lincoln, Joslah, III. 71.\ Lincoln, A.
Lincoln, Mordecai, III, 71.5, Li'nco/ii, A.
Lincoln, Hamuel, ill. 715, Lincoln, A. ; IV. 730, Phelpt,
Almim H. L.
Lincoln, Thomas, ITT, 71.'i, Lincoln, A.; 788, Lincoln, B.
Lincoln Tower. HI. 4:1, Hall, S'eicmnn.
Linci>ln university, II. 170. Dicketi. J. M.
Lind. Jenny, II. 104. iXxlge, V. K; first seat for her first
concert, 625, Uenin.
IJndau, W. A., Ill, 822, Huntrr, J. D.
Lindenschmidt, William, pupiln of, V, 514, Shirlaw : VI,
2(17, Ulrich.
Lindenwald, entate of, VI, 232.
Lindenwood colleee. Mo., founded, V, 590, Sibley, G. C.
Lindl, Ignatius, \ , 417, .Schnuffler.
Lindsey, T. N., Ill, TM, Lindney, D. V.
Lint(K< Ijouis, V, (W2, Spies.
Linieni, (Jen., V, aUJ. .Saafedm. C: ^^. 4«0. IVhitelocke.
Linnti*an society, the New En^^land. V. H, Pickering, O.
Limitpus. I. ♦iH4, Colden, C; II. 177, Ihereville \ IV, 1, L»e-
/ling ; .3, Loyan. J.; V, .311. Rnidnder.
Lmnet, the, and the Eai^le, flKht of, V, 125. Prinq.
Lin.<»ly. Noah. Ill, 743, LinMy, Jnred.
L'lnsurjfente, the capture of, I. 'il : VI. 170. Trturfun.
Lion, explosion of the 8teamlx)at, III. 4!t6, Jnhniitnn. J. S.
Lioness, l>urnin(; of the steamer. VI, 460, H'hile, E. D.
Lion of Belfort, the, I, IKl. Bartholdi.
Lipp*«tt, Col , III. 47.3. JoneH, W.
IJppincott. lieander K., Ill, 7*4, Linpincott. S. J.
Lippincf)tls Mapiizine. 111,^554. kirk, J. F.; 7*4, Lippin-
aitt. J. B.; V, VC, .Smith, !l. P.
Lipscomb. Joel, III. 73.'). Lifiticomb. A. S.
Liquids and solids, equivalent volumes of. III, 310, Hunt,
T. Sterry.
Lis>Min earthquake, the. II, 58B, Frnnklnnd.
List)unie, Vis<'ount. VI. 288. Vau{/hnn, Sir J.
LisKar. Baron, VI. MH. Young, Sir J.
Lisle, Baron de. II.4S2. Fleurieu.
Lisle. Bridtret. VI. 219. Cither, U.
Lisle. John. Ill, 220, Hoar. L.
Lislet, Ixuis Moreau, III, 746 ; V, «11.
Lis()enar<l meadows, the. III, 737, Lispenard.
List<in, I, 473, Burton.
Liszt, Franz, II, tW. M. Dnmrosch ; IIL 228, Hoffman, R.
//.; IV, 248. M<iM>n. H'.
Litchfield, Conn., law-school. V. 21.3, Reeve, T.
Litchfield, N. II., Indian i^rant at. IV. GOK. PiiMaconaway.
Lil<'rary Amerie-a, pn>jecte«l nmKazine, V, 4fl.
Literary leather-dn-sser, the. sobriquet, 11, 222. Dowite.
Literary Life, matrazine. I. (Vifl.
Literary Magazine an<l American Reicister, the, I, 997.
Literature lotteri.-s. VI. B:W. Y(ite», J. B.
Lithography, introduced into the U. 8 , III. 35.3, Inman,
//.: IV. B04. Otiit ; drawini^ for, 806. Xewsam.
Lithotomy, II, 242, IhuiUy. B. W.
Lithotritv, intr.Kluctlon of, I, 408, Brown. S.
LilK'Tiiteur. tlrst proft-ssional, I, .397, Brown, C. B.
Littell, Malviiia Pray. II. 4K\ Florence, W. J.
Little. Grace A., IV, r>7\ (Hirer, G. A.
Little. William. III. 7;W. Little, S. L.
Ijttle Academv club. the. I. »l.
Little lieanl's town. III. 421. .temiitnn, M.
Little Belt, capture of the. I. .570. Chnmplin, 8.
Little Ben, s<ihriquet. VI. «Hft, Harrimtn.
Little Biz Horn, battle of the. H, 6, Crnzv Home ; 44 : V.
M3, Sittinq Hull ; controversv »>n, VI. 4!»2. Whittakrr, F.
IJttle David, the, toriJ^-do ciKar boat, V, 1«7, Ravenel, St.
Julien.
Little Egg Harbor, shinplnir destroyed at, II, 43S, Ferfpuon,
P.; enfragement at. V, 183, Pulojiki.
Liftlefleld. Catherine. II. 7.58. Greene. .V.
I.lltlf (Jiant. the. sobriquet. II. 818. Pouglrui. S. A.
I.litle Holland House. U>nilon. IV. 122. UcHenry.
I.iMle Maf^cian. the. sobriquet, VI, 283.
Little Missenden AblM-v, I. i«, .4»-nrt/d, E. O.
Little Mountain, fljrht nt. HI. «». Irvine, W.
Little Phil. sobri<|uet. V. H\\ Sheridan.
Little Pilgrim, the. magaxtne. III, 736, Lippincott, S. J. I
Utile Pittsburg mine. the. VI. 17. Tuhor.
Little BiK'k. Imltle of |\ mil M^rrdl. L.
IJttle.Slx.CIUef.lv.' ' <^, ft. JV.
Live I )uk (ieorfc'e. Ill
Uver. the trIv.-oK'eni. 1... ..... .,{ the, II. «U, Flint. A.
Uverinore. Kev. |iuni<l 1' . ill, 740. Livermure, il. A.
Li*eriKN.l. K'ifis to. I. ."flU, Brawn, W.
Livinir Akc. Utulls. 111. 787.
Livingston. Catherine. II. (MM, Garretmtn, F.
UvingHton. C<im. I. \»i. Burton, T. P.; V . tM, Som^rvOh.
Livingston, Cornelia. IV. .Wft. o'Conor.
Livingston. Crawf<.r<l. VI, ■120, HV//*, //.
Livingston, F.<lwin linn-khoUt, HI. 747.
i IJvingston, Kliza, HI, 7-M, Liviityttou, J. U*.
Livingston, Elizabeth, III, 638, Lawrancr ; V, S8S, Smith,
Pfter.
Livingston, Oertnide, HI, 706, Ij^rit. M.
Livingston, (iilbert, HI, 741, l.ninijttim, R.; 747, J. H.
IJvingston, Janet, HI. 744, LiriinjKlun, R. R.
Livingston, Joanna, VI, 237. I'nn (urtlandt, Pierre.
IJvingston. Rt--. John. HI. 741, Liringtton, R.
Livintrston. I^ewis. HI. 740.
Livingston. .Margaret, V. 737. Stuytemnt, S. »'.; VI, 9M.
\'etch.
Livingston. Maria C. V. C74. .Stereng. J. C.
Livingston, Harah V., III. 411, Jay, John ; 743, Liringtton,
H'iltitim.
Livlngfit4>n hriiise In Brooklyn, illustration. III, 742 ; near
Elizabeth. 74.3.
Livingston Manor, the. III, 741, Liringtton, R.
Livingstone, l>r. David, search for. V, tH5, Stanley, H. M.;
6.57. Sti-orns. n: F.
IJvius of Annhuac. the, HI. 3718, Ixtlilxockitl.
Lizano, II. A^Vi, Fernandez. P.
Llai-Ilai vallev. battle in, I. 77U, Copahue.
Llam). Gen., Hi, .367, Burhide.
Llano F^stacado, the, V, 68, pope. Jotin.
Llewellvn Park. N. J.. HI. 110. Hatkell, L. S.
Lioque\u|>anqui. inca. IV. 178. ^faita Capnc.
Lloy<l. ,\nne. VI, 116, Tilghman. M.
Llovd, Elizalieth, V, 257, Rimn/old. S.
Lloyd, Fanny, II, 610, Gurriton. W. L.
IJoyd, fJrace, HI. 7. Grotrdon, G.
Lloyd, Mary. IV. .5.32. Aorrit. /.
Uovd, Miss. IV, 28. hiring. Joahua.
IJov<l. Rachel. IV. 70. .Mnlirry.
Lloyd, Capt. Thomas, IV. .323. itilet. S.
Lloyd's Neck, L. I., capture of Toriea, at, \*I. 85, Tkitt-
madge.
Loaiza, Garcia, II, 318, Elcano.
Loarfe, (iabriel. VI, iw). Tuixic-Amaru.
Lochiel. Cameron's resilience, illustratton, I. 500.
Ix)cke. Jane E.. H. .510. Fotter. Hannah.
Locke. John. II, 811, Edwards, J.; philosophy of, 844 ; IV,
714, Penn. W.
Locke, John (J.. HI, 751, Locke, J. E.
Locke. J<«<>ph. IV. .MKt, iH>n<Mtd, F. H.
Locke. Michael. VI. 227, l'(i/»riorio«.
Locker, Fre<lerick. HI. 602, Lampton. <
Lockridge. II, 210. I>»ul>ledau. C. «'.
Locks, etc.. Invention of. I. 283. Blak-e. E. W.; inrentor of
time and other. V. .307. .Vm/rrif. J.; combination, InTen-
tlon of a, .500. Smith. IK .U.:' invention, VI, 630, Yale, L.;
clock, double, and combination, 6.37.
Lockwood, Ur. I':zekiel. HI. 7r.l, lAickicood, B. A. B.
Lockwood Lslanil. HI. 7.52. Locktcood, J. B.
Ix>ckyer. Miss. III. 414. Jefferson, J.
Ix>co-f<K"o |>artv. the. I, 417. Browntttn. O. A.
IXKWiiotive Chaw. the. IV. 842, ilitchrl, O. M.
Locomotives. impn>venient8 in. I. 140. Baldwin, il. W.:
the first, in America. 731 ; inventions, II, 364 : improve-
ments in. HI. 213. Hinkley. H.: IV, »18. Mason, M. W.;
difTerential pulley, a, V, 4M, Saxlun.
I/xnist Orove, l\. 427.
Ix) de Ovejo. »>attle at. I, 403. Cadena : II, 167, Diax.
I/xIging-houses. model, HI, 630, iMtrrrnce, A.
IxKlowick, Lieut. Col. C. I, 188. Bayard. X.
Loefi'tz, Lu.lwig. pupils of. III, 569, Koehlrr, R. ; VI, 190.
Tirachlman : 2i'7. I'lrich.
Ix>est-hhorn. II, 300. Eddy. H. C.
I/tessing. Heniian. HI. M'-i. Ignacio.
Logan. Hannah. V. .586. .Smith, J.
Ixtgan. Hart. IV. 7. I^iintn. Sir M'. E.
Ix>gan. James. IV. 7. Logtm. Sir U'. E.
I>ogan act. the. lA*. 4. Lt>*f<in. G
Ixnronian library-. Phil ' • ••: T^' ; ' -^ri. Jam m and
WUUam : gift' of r.r .ci>, W.
Ix>gan'8 (YtrsM-Kooils.
Logan's Fort. Kv.. Indum i. -'. ij'-'nn, B.
LoKHsabin and hnnU ider l>e, 1, (US ; lU, 98 :
•onrMof, 2»<. H-'.r,^. 7 : \ 4 ('
Lop, -• . •■ ■ " ■• '• .-,f, ir
Loj;.
T ;«.»,.,. njy. .'. . U'.
I J.L.; 481, .Vait.
i/>niiM'o. tuitlieoi. J. <n»«, i iw«»nw»».
Lomas de Ttocoac, battle of, II, 078, Oonsolrx. it.
756
LOMENIB
I^omenie, M. de. papers discovered by. ITT. (m, Lee, A.
U^ZTAingV^i^ for the p.>..r. IV. OHH. Peahody, O.
I»ndon AssuraiKf . authorsliip of, I, 31)2. Hroiujham.
Ix>n(loii C%)in|)aiiy, Uie, 11, tiW-tW. (iorfiex.
Umdond.Try, Ma.ss., fouiide.l, IV, 120. MacOreggor.
London lawyer, the. III. HO, //ardj/. E.
UinK. I'rof. ^i.. III. IW, Harriion, Ueamc-r.
IjMiK. Lucv. I. 012. Chrixti/, (i. N.
\jonu IVter B . VI. .592. Wmxi. E. B.
liontr! Maj. S. H. exploring (•xi)e<lition of. III. 397, James, E.
I^nst'cun.'. Imttle of. Ill, :»C. Jdckxon, J.
I»nKrlianip. Dr.. II. 522. fV(i»i<i<i.
Ix)nKf<'ll<>w. William. IV. 10. I^tnuMlow, S
Lont'fellow. H. W.. his hirthplac-e. lUustration. IV. 11 ; his
home 12 : fat- simile of his handwritiuK. 15 : his bust m
WestminsLT Abbey, U ; oriKinal of a character in The
Wayside Inn, :r2. Stout i ; subjects of PJ^ms by. V. l.M,
PuUmki : 22.->. Kei'ere, Paul ; 044, Standish, M.; VI, 4.J5,
Wtnitirorth. H.
IxinRford. Earl of.IV. 633, n.AeJi/.om
Ijone hair, s.HMetv to protest aRamst. IV. W2. AoireH, /.
UmK hunters, the. III. .W, ATiKu;. Jf(me«.
lx.ne Island. Iwttle of. 11. 13.3, Ik- Lancey, 'V^ .!• •*'i-/'/,T
aruier, ll.; Ill, :V.2. Inman, (1.; IV, 324, Miles; V, 141 ;
491, .S/iW/>i/, /.: VI, :}rr.
Long Island, ranper Reneral of. III. 471. Jones, rhomaa ;
Fort N»H-k house, illu.stration. 471.
Long Island historical 8«x-iety, IV. 466. Murphy, H. C; gift
to V, 461, .Se;iev. O- I \ 014. Spooner, A. J.
Loneitnile. first deterniine<l by lunar observations. I. l.tt.
/^i>in ; nieasurement-s. II, ()93, Oou/d, B. .4.; observa-
tions on. IV. IH, Loom i.i. A'.
l»nK John, sobriquet. VI. 4.36, Wentworth, J.
Ijouk'h Peal;. IV. 10. I^)n</. S. H. , , .„, „
LonKstreet. Judge, original of a character of, 1, 131, Bacon,
Edmund.
Ix>ngueuil. Sieur de. III. tlW>. /> Mnyne.
Ix>ngw(Hxl, church at. III. <'.:!!». Uiirrence, W . H.
Lo<i ('boo islands, dispute concerning, II, 723 ; Iv , 77,
MrCiirter, I). H. , ^
Ixwckernmns. Govert. VI. 236. Van Cortlnndt, O.
Looko\it Mountain, battle on, II, 3.30, Elliott, a. M.; Ill,
251. f/m.Avr, ./.
I>x)k-up I>-gion. the. III. :K. //a/p. E. i?. „ ,, „
Looms, invention of. I. 260. Bigehm; E. B.\ H. 14. Comp-
ton ; III. 5<U-5»i5. Knoulvs : IV. .377. Moody. P.: 6*3. Peajie,
J. I : first broadcloth, in Ma-ss., II. 147, Derby, E. H.,Jr.\
Lynll i>ositive-motion. IV. .57. LynU.
Lf>p<-z. Miguel. II. 370. F^cobedo, M.; IV. 269.
Loiiez. Pancho. IV. 21. Lojtez, F. S.
I/ird. Daniel. II. :*«. Evarts, W.'M.
Lonl. Samuel. II. 682, (hmdwin, I.
liOrd Duiunore's war. I, 315.
I^'rd Sydenham, the boat. III. 64. Hnmilton, John.
Ijoretto. Pa., village of. II. .580, Gallitzin.
Loretto. si.sterhcMxl of. IV. 494. Nerinckx.
liorgnette. the. IV. *16. Mitchell, P. O.
Ix>riUard. Dor-.thea A.. VI. .589. Wolfe. J. D.
l>oring, F.d»ard (5.. IV. 190, Matui, H.
Losa<la. I. .560. CthnUos : 745. Corona : the bandit. II, 167.
Los Adoln>s. battle at. III. .^1. IglcHins, J. M.
Los Altos. l»attle at. I, .5.35. Carrern. R.
Ln« Angeles, projected Polish colony near, IV, 351, Mod-
jeskn : capture of. V, 695, Stockton', R. F.
I»«antiville. 11. 4.57, Filson.
Ixw Dolores islands, discovered. VI, .34, Tarnval.
Ixw Reyes islands, (li.m-overed. III. :W3. Ihering.
Ixw Rey»'«. Lima, founded. V, 36. Pizarro.
Lor RIos. Francisco de. II. 267. Ihiran.
Los Rios. Pedro de. V. 35. Piznrrn.
Lowing. B. J., quoted. III. 309, Hull, W.
Lostaguenas. battle of. I. 304.
Ixthrop. Daniel. IV. .32. Ij^throp, H. M.
Lothroj>. Hev. John. III. 625, Lothrop, John ; IV, 488, Mot-
lei/, John L.
Lotta, I. 76.3, Crnbtrve.
Lotteries. I. .389. Brookt. P. C; established to publish a
book in Brazil. II. .586. (inma. J. B. F.; Massachusetts
land. IV. .592. Orr. H. ; for Union college, &39, Nott, E. ;
Ix)ui.siana. I, 211. Beauregard ; 11. 290, Early, J. A.
I»tus. the, magazine. III. ."^8, Ketchum, A. C.
l/ouera. Seixa.sy. III. 620. Ijaroche. A. de.
l/jughborough". Baron. \1. 418. Wedderbum.
IxMiillier. I»uis. III. .39. Hall, D. A.
l^onls of Bavaria. aMication of. TV. 368, Montez.
IxMiis XllI . grant bv. III. 30O. Huet : IV. 809, Mexnard.
I/iuis XIV., II, 3.5.3, Emparan; 482, Fleury ; 554; 705,
(irandmont.
Louis XVI., n. 16.3. Dexter. T. : 2ft4 : escape of. I. 829,
Biruille : n, 443. Fersen ; incident at the execution of,
485. Flohr; .597. Gardner, C. ; 761. Grellet ; III. .586,
Ijafayefte ; 580 ; plan to take him from Paris, imprison-
ment. .589 ; manifesto of. VI. 879, Vern'-nnes.
I»uisJ(VII., claimant to be. VI, 524, William», F.leazar.
LouLh XVni. restoration of, IV, 497. Nenville; plot, V, 611.
I»uis. Dr., II. 639. Gerhard, W. W.
Lotiisburg, expedition to. first suggestion of, VI, 269,
Vaughan ; capture of, I, 323, Boscateen ; II, 639. Gib-
ton; IV, 721, Pepperrell; VI, 867, Warren, Sir P.; at-
LUMSDEN
tack on, II. 279, Dtright, Joseph ; general thanksgiving
for, 8ai. Eliot, Jared ; fortress restored to France, III,
sua- compensation for expenses, iltid. ; destruction of
fortiflcaUons of. I, 487, Byron ; French victory off, IV,
445, Motte, E. A.
Loui.se, Princess, IV, 29, Lome.
I^iui-se Home, the, I, 737. 738. Corcoran. W. W.
Louise King home, the, Augusta, III, 541, King, L. W.
Louisiana, founded, lU, 339, Iberville ; first French settle-
ment in, IV, .525. Nivelles ; colonization of. III, 6.37, Law,
John ; exploration of. IV, 302, Mercier. C. L. A. ; Span-
ish missions in. 205, Margil ; conspiracy to take from
Spain for England. I, 297. Blount, W. ; V. 315, Romeyn.
N. ; Session of. to France. IV. 301, Marchal : to the United
States, I. 24 ; IV. 199. Marbois; II. 482. FleuHeu: III,
421-422; 74.5, Livingston, R. R. ; IV, 3.59; I, .365; pro-
posed retrocession of, to France (1798), IV, 601. Os-
mond ; debate on the admis,sion of, V. 152 ; admission
of II. 146, Derhiqny ; conspiracy in, I, 297, Blount, W. ;
laws of, in 1804-'.), Ill, 746 : revision of code, ibid. ;
Catholic institutions in, IV, 723. PercM ; party contest
in n. 721 ; electoral contest in. III, 137. 138 ; 330. Hunt,
W. H. ; disputed election in, 507, Kellogg. W. P. ; the
MacVeagh commission, IV. 162, MacVeagh ; swamp-
lands given to, V, 192, Ray, J. ; political compromise in,
VI, 4.55. Wheeler, W. A. ,„ „„ „
Louisiana, the. defeat of the Yorktown by, IV, 467. Mur-
ray, A. ; at Fort Fisher, V, 230, Rhind.
Louisiana, the ram, blown up, VI, 310, Waddell, J. I.
Louis Napoleon, I, 478, Butler. B. F. „„ ^
Louis Philippe, I, 466 ; III, 590, Lafayette ; IV, 589, Or-
leans. . . , _„
Louisville, Ky.. site of. I, 627 : Catholic institutions in, ITT,
6a5, Lavialle ; Baptist orphan home of, V, 573, Smith.
J L. ; university, medical department founded, V, 516,
Short. C. W. ^ ^
Louisville Medical Review, the, ITT, 5, Gross, S. D.
Lourdes. pilgrimage to. II. 219. Dou;d.
Louvain, American college in. V. 619, Spalding, M. J.
L'Ouverture. origin of the name, VI, 145.
I^vat family, the, II. .537, Eraser, S.
Love Lane, N. Y.. II. 299, Eckford.
Lovell, Gen. Solomon, V, 380, Saltonstall. D.
LovewelPs Pond, centennial of the fight at, m, 730, Lin-
coln. E.
Low, Mr., TV, 488, Neilson, L. A.
Lowe, Rev. Charles. IV. 38. Lowe. M. A.
Lowe. Sir Hudson. II. 1.3.3. De Lnncey, W. H.
I^we. William M.. VI, 454. Wheeler, J.
Lowell, James Russell, quoted, IT, 514, 515, Foster; IV,
760 ; his house, illustration, IV, 40.
Lowell, John, II. 707, Grant. Anne.
Lowell, Mary T. S., V, 143. Putnam, M. T. S. L.
Lowell, Miss, II, 707, Grant. Anne.
Lowell, Percival. IV. 42. Lowell, J.
Lowell, R. R.. Ill, 389, Jackson, P. T.
Lowell, Mass.. site of, suggested, VI. 617, Worthen ;
founded, I. R5. Appleton, N. ; IV. 42, Lowell, F. C. ; cot.
ton-mills of. III, 6.38-639, Latorence ; 389, Jackson, P. T.;
IV, 495. Nesmith, J.
I^owell institute, the Boston. IV. 43, Lowell, J.
Lowland Beauty, the. III. 6C7, Lee, H.
Lowrey, James, III, 6. Grow.
iMwrie, Matthew B.. IV. 46. Lovrrie, J. M.
Lowth. Dr. Roljert. II. 466, Fisher, N. ; III, 817, Hunt, L
Lowville. N. Y.. IV. 38. Low. N.
Ix>yal Foresters, the, I, 708, Connolly.
Loyal Haijna, engagement at, I, 329, Bouquet.
Loyall, Virginia, II, 414.
Lovall. William, II. 414.
Loval publication society, the, V, 148, Putnam, O. P.
Ix)yola college. Md.. gift to. V, 859, Ryan, A. J.
Liozier, Abraham W., IV, 48, Lozier, C. 8.
Lozier, Chevalier de. II. 146. Derbigny.
Lualaba river, the. V, 646, Stanley.
Luard. John. IV, 48, Luard, R. O. A.
Lubricants, invention for testing, VI, 110, Thurston,
I.,ubricating-oil, discovery of. TV. .39. Loue, W. W.
Lubricator for machinery, invention of, V, 531, Silver.
Lucas, Alexander, pupil of, VI, 402, Webb, O. J.
Lucas, Frederick. IV. 49. Lucas. T. J.
Lucas, William and Edward. IV, 48, Lucas, D. B.
I .ucius Crassus. pen-name. III, 59.
Luckner, M., II, 379. Eustace.
Lucknow. siege of. III. 349, Inglis, J. E. W.
Lucky Hill, IV, 282, Meade, R. K. ,
Ludlow, Rev. H G.. IV. 50, Ludlow, F. H.
Ludlow, Israel, H. 4.57. Filson.
Ludlow. Lieut., III. 640, Lawrence, J.
Ludlow, Richard, IV. 51. Ludlow, J.
Ludlow. Samuel B.. IV. 543, Noyes, W. C.
Ludlow, Thomas W., II, 683, Goodwin; W. W.
Ludwell, Col. Philip, III. 664. Lee, T.
Lugo, Aionso Luis, V, 148, Quesada, O. J.
Lukens. Isaiah. V. 409, Saxton.
Lum&rraga, Archbi.shop. II. 1.35, Delgadillo.
Luminals. Evariste. pupil of. V. 402, Sartain, E.
Lummis. Dr. W. N., U. .327, Ellet. E. F.
Lumsden, Francis A., m, 513, Kendall, G. W.
LUNALILO
McNKIL
767
LAinnlilo, Williiuii. III. 490, Kniakaiia.
I^uiiatics, (■oiilliK'incnt of alleiftHl, V, rcW, .9i7Jbiirin.
I^iiniiy. M<'iij'»i'i". H. fili>, durrixim, IV. L.
Lundy'H l^iu', battle of, I. 401, Hrotm, J.i 615, Oillni.
Jotrph ; II, !BI. I>ruminund, Sir (!. : IV, ««, Miller.
Jnm.» : V, 4*>, Srutt, W.
Liinentnirir, N. K., (ierntiin riotH at. IV. SM, Monckton, R.
Liirton. R«'V. John. I, 544, Carticriijht, H.
I.U8K, Dianlhe, I. 4(M.
Liiska. Sidney, peu-uatne. III, H4, Harland, H.
IvUtheran olHircli, the, VI. ."M.I, Waltkt'r ; uw of En^liKh in.
Iir, .')7H. Kunzf ; in Pennsylvania, IV, 4,53, MxOiU-niti-rq ;
t\rsX syniMl, 4.V1 ; jjeneral eounoil of, 191, Mann. W. J. ;
inKtitiitions founded, 41.S, Mitrrit, J. U.\ controversy on
pn-desti nation. V. 4-M, Schmidt, F. A. : mimioD^, 11, 314.
K'icile ; III. Ii»3, //.//er ; theolojcy. 575. Krauth.
Luther of the U-inixTanee reform, the, III, 191, Hewit, \.
Liitz, Mr, III, .VX), Krene.
LUtzow, Countefw v.. Ill, IB, Yutierrez de Enlrndn.
Luzerne, Chevalier de la, I, 19 ; II, .VfiJ ; 597, (iurdner, C.
Luzerne. M.. III. 409.
Luzon iKiaml, discovery of, VI, 293, Villaloboi.
Lyall, William. IV, 57, Li/nll. J.
Ly brand, Kli7.a)>e(h, V, 511, Shippen.
Lydia, Princess. Ill, 490, KttUikaitn.
Lyford, Rev. John, VI, .V16, Winsloir. E.
LyioK (Jazette, the, V, 208, Rivington.
Lyrnnn, Azel S., VI, 0K7, Haskell.
Lyman, Judtfe Joseph. Ill, ti90, lA-iley, S. I.
Lynch, Anne Charlotte, I, .tJo, Holla.
Lynch, Jud^e James, IV, .Vl, (Mm, J. M.
Ljnch, Mrs., IV, 21, Lotjez, F. S.
Lynchburg. Va., founder of, IV, 62. Lynch, C; Hunter's
repulse at, II, 714 ; lU, 321, Hunter, U.
Lynch law. II. 117, Deariny ; origin of the term, IV, 68,
Lynch, C.
Lyndhurst, Lord, I. 736, Copley.
Lynn Bard, the. III. 701, Ijewis, Alonzo.
Lynn, Eliza. Ill, 734, Linton.
Lynn, Ethel, pen-name. I, 222, Reera, E. L.
Lynn, Mass., iron at. I, 373, Rridyes, R. ; 8t Stephen's
church at, IV, 4.')2, Afudge, E. R.
Lyon I>fgion, the. I, 341. Boyd, S. H.
Lyonnais. I.ie, VI, .S9. Taremier.
Lyons, Mrs. Jane, III, 24.5, Home.
Lyons. William. I. 27.5. Maine.
Lyra, Nicolu.s de, II, ()27-()2a, Oeraldini.
Lytle. Robt-rt T., IV, C9, Lytle, W. H.
Lyttleton, Sir (J., IV, m, Lyttleton, W. H.
Lytton, Ix)rd, I, 448, Rulwer ; II, 211, Dougherty, D.
Lytton, Miss, III, 55, Uamilton, A.
M., pen-name, r\', 312, Metcalfe, S. L.
Malierley, W., III. 228. Hoe, R.
. Macacheek Pres-S. the. IV. 766, Piatt, A. S.
Macacona, battle of, I, 534, Carratald.
MacAdam, W., IV, 70, Macadam. J. L.
Macadamizing, invention of process, IV, 70, MacAdam.
McAfee, J. J., IV, 227, Marshall. N. N.
Macalester oollege, Minn., founded, IV. 71, Macalester, C.
McArone papers, the, I, 96, Arnold, U.
Macaronis, the Maryland, V, 141.
Macaulay, pen-name, II, 656. h^-othingham, W.
MocaulaV, Ia^tA, II, .*W ; charges olf, against Penn, IV,
714 ; quoted, VI, 489, Whitneu. K.
Macaulay. Zachary, quoted, III, 20«, Hillhouse, J. A.
McBride, Dr. James. II. .S32, Elliott. Stephen.
MaccabteuK of Montreal, the. III, 686. Le Moyne.
McCall, Archibald. IV, 75. McVaU, G. A.
McCardle, Eliza, III, 4.16. 4;«>, Johnson, Andreic.
McCanlle case, the, I, .531. Carpenter. M. H.
McOirte mansion, the, illustration. III, 876.
McCauley, Catherine. III. 2<52. Horan, M. A.
McCav, Spruce. Ill, Xn. ./ackson, Andrew.
McClellan, Dr. P:iy. IV, 7*1, Petem, J. C.
McClellan, (} B., criticism of, II. .327, ElUt, C.
McClellan saddle, the. IV, 84, .McClellan, O. B.
McClelland, .lohn, IV, 86. McClelland, R.
McClenaolian. Rev. W,, HI. 518, Kennedy, S.
McClennaghan, Blair. III. 648. I^aminij, T.
McClung, Judge W., IV, W>, McCltimj, J. A.
M.-Conkey. K<'becca. IV. 397. Monian, I).
Mc(\)nnel. Murray. IV, 91, McCotinel, J. L.
M<!C( >ok . ( }.'orge. I V. i«, McCtntk, D.
M<-{'orkle. William, II, 340, Ely, E. S.
McCoy, Jeft T , VI, 147, Towleg.
McCracken. Cornelia L., IV, 55.5, O^Conor.
McCrae. the. III. :*il, Hugrr, T. B.
McCrea, \<f\. Jaiiii-s, IV, 96, McCrea, Jane.
McH.'rea. John. IV, 97, McCrea, Jane.
McCn'a, William, IV, 96, McCrea, Jane.
MK'iinoch. Lieut. Alexander, IV, 97, McCulloch, B.
■■ • ■ Kvelvn, V. 377, Sfi/iV>ury.
•ti, Peter, IV. 118. Mcdill, P.
Ira <)., IV. 99. Mcftftuiel. H. D.
M. ii.nai.l. Allan, IV, 101, McPonitld. F.
M!icl)..niild, Hugh, IV, 102, Miicl>.»inld. Sir J. A.
MacDoniild, (!en. John. IV, 101, MnclHmald, J. M.
McDonald, Lieut. Col. John, IV, 101, McDonald, F.
McDonald, Randolph. IV. TO. Mar.idtio.
McDnnnld. Konnld. IV, im. Mclkinald, F.
Macl><>nnld. Sergeant, IV. '»**.
Macdonell.C.-l. John, IV. 106, Mardnnrll. M.
Ma<-doiin.-ll. H»'V. (J . IV, 106. Maitlunurll. l>. J.
McDonogh lulHir tich(M>tH. Md.. IV, 1(«, McDunugK.
McDonoghvill)-. I^., IV, 106, McDonugh.
MacdoDitugh. Lieut , II. 235, Drumnutnd. W.
Mucdougall. J<jhn. IV. 108. .Vacdougall, H".
Ma<-dougull. Ronald. IV, |(»7. Macilouwil, A.
McDongall. W. C.. II. 74'<. (irrcne. F. H.
McDowell. KlizalH-th. I, .'43. Kenton, T. H
McDowell, Dr. Ephraim, 111, 5, (iron, S. D.; IV, 111, Me-
iMnrcll. Janieg.
McDowell, J<i«eph, IV, lOB, Mclkncell, C.
McDowell, W, Va,. engagement at. V. 418. Schendc. R. C.
Mace, Benjamin II., IV, 112, J/<if«'. F. P. L.
Mac«*, C'apt. Sauuiel, V, IW.
Mace<lonian. the, captured, II, 121 ; taken to Ireland with
BUppli'-S. I'.ti.
McF^rath, Th.-mas. II. 7S6, 737.
McElroy. John E., IV, 114, McElroy, M. A.
McEnei-y, John. II, 721.
McFarland. Daniel, V. 241. Richanlium. A. D.
McFarland, Rev. D. F.. IV. 114, McFarland, A. R.
McFarland home, the, IV, 114. McFarland, A. R.
Macgeorge, Andrew, IV, 117, Macgeorye, R. J.
McOhie. IV. .18, lAnre. J.
McGill. Andrew, IV, 117, McGill, J.
McOill, Dr. John D.. VI. 390. Walton, B. A.
McGill university. III. a»l. Holmes, A. F.; IV, 117, UcOiU,
J.; course for women in, V. 561, ."^mith. .Sir D. A.
McCSillivrav. Ijtchland. IV. 118, McUillivray, A.
McOregor,"Capf., II. .326. Kllery. F.
MacOregor. David, IV. 120, Macdregor, J.
Mc<lregor, Gregor, IV, 7(<«1, Piar.
McGuire, J. F.. IV. 257, Mathetr, T.
Machado, Barl>osa, II, 674. G/imet, E.
Machault, Capt. de, II. 625, (rViine*.
Mcllenrv. Fort, defence of, I. SW. Armitteo^.
Macie. lilizaU-th, V, .597. Smithaon.
Maciejowice, battle at. III, 573.
Mcintosh, Caroline C. II. 457. Fillmore.
Mclnt<«h. Gen.. VI, 344. Walton, O.
Mcintosh. J. Mor, IV, 124, Mcintosh, L.
Maclver, Marv A., V. .360, Ryan. W. T.
Ma<'k. Alexander, III. .509, Kelpiu*.
Mack. Mrs. R. E.. II. 327. Ellet. E. F.
Mai'k, Rev. Sanders, V, 617. Sower, C.
McKay, Donald, III. 219. Hoodley, J. C.
Maokav, John. I. 602. lhickerin<i. Jonaa.
McKean, Amy E., VI. 61.3, Worcester, J. K.
McKean, Susinnah S.. II, 41»2, FoUtom, S. S.
McKee. Roln-rt J., VI. 687, Harrison.
McKeen. Joseph, II. 181. Dinsmoor.
Mackemie, Rev. Francis. IV, 1.36, Mackie.
MacKenna, Vicufla, III, 315. Hunnena.
Mackenzie, Alexander, IV. 183. Mackenzie, H.
Mackenzie, Daniel. IV. 131. Mackenzie, W. L.
McKenzie, John, III, rj.52, Kinzie.
McKenzie, Rev. J. (;. D., II, 185. Dixon, Alexander.
Mackenzie, Capt. Kenneth, IV, 134. Macketuie, R. S.
Mackenzie, Col. Ro<lerick. VI, ,35, Tarletan.
Mackenzie rebellion, the, II, 474, Fitzgibbon.
Mackenzie river, the, IV, 131, Mackenzie, Sir A.
Mackinaw, bliK-kade of, I, 570, Chamtilin, S.; capture of,
II, 189, Dohhins ; fall of. Ill, 308. Hull, W.; miwion at,
rV, 213, Marquette ; supposed plot to give up, V, 810,
Rogers, R.
Mackintosh, Angus, II. ^37. Eraser, S.
Mackintosh, Sir James, II. 5.37, Eraser. S.-, quoted, Ml.
MacKnight, Lieut. Stephen D.. V, 74. Porter, D.
McLachlan, Charles, IV, 1.38. McIjiicMan, A.
McLandburgh, John, IV. 138. McLandburgh, F.
Mcl.Ane, 1/ouisa, III, 460. Johnston, I.
McLaren. D., V. 233. Rice. Daniel.
Maclay college, Canada. IV. 141. Maclay, A.
McLean, Davi<l, V, 109, Pracott, Ritt>eyt.
Maclean. Sir I^H.'hlan. I, 206. Beard, J. H.
McLean, Neil. IV, 148, McUan, A.
McLean. William. VI. 5;M. Williams. W.
McLean a.sylum, Smierville. IV, 143, McLean, John,
McLean house at Api>ornattox. illustration, 11, 716.
MeLellan, Angus. I, 607, Chisolm.
McLeod, George. II. 4.59. f'ink, A.
McLeod. Marj-. Ill, 123. Hnwlcy. J. R.
McI>K>d, Rev. Neil, IV. 14.5, .VcUod, A.
Macleod. Nommn. III. 4<M. Jortiine.
McLe<xl trial, the. II. 7»W, Gndleu. P.
McLung, Col., II. 475. Fitzpatrick. B.
Maclurlan Ivi-eum. Philadelphia, the. 11. 658, OilUam*.
McMin. Joseph, IV. .3iH. .M,riirrther, D.
McMunlo. Mr.. VI. ISW, Tuler. J.
MacNab, Lieut. Allan, IV. 151. MacSah, A. N.
MacNab. Capt. RoU-rt, IV, 151, .Mac Sab, A. K
McNair, J<.hn, VI, 628. UVioAf. J. M.
McNall. Uriah H.. Ill, 751. I^>ckiniod, B. A. B.
McNeil, Gen. J H.. V. II, Pierce, F.
McNeil, Mrs., IV, 97. McCrea.
768
MACNEVIN
MARGARITA
MacNovln. Banin O'K^'llv. IV, IM, MacNevin, W. J.
McNiel, Capt. HtHitor. IV. IHB, Manley. J.
Maconih, Capt. J. N.. IV, «•!, Nrwbtrrv, J. 8.
Macomb's purchase, IV, 15S; Macomb, A.\ V, 15, Pierre-
Macon! Col. John, IV, 1.V5, Macon, N.\ VI, 1»6, Turner, J.
Maconat)im. V, .\'il, Slontm, F.
Mc-Qii<-<-n. Mr , II, 122, De Coudrea.
Maon-adv, II, .VM, F«rre»t.
MoTftvisfi. .John, I, .ViH, Vaton, R.
Mat-Vicar, Dinuan, II, 7<I7, ^•rf^"^ ^>ine.
Mat^VicAT, Rt'V. John, II, 764, Uriffln, Edmund D.\ III, 411,
Jay, \V.
McVTcker, Marv. I. 31'.».
MacVickar. AuVusta, III. 411, Jay. W.
McWilhe, Col. Atlam. IV, na, McWillie. W.
Ma>iacn.scar. ivndt'zvous for buccaneers. III, 581, Kidd.
Mad Anthony Wavne, VI. ^m.
Mad(l.-n, Mnrv A. V, .Hltt. Sadlier, M. A.
Madvira, island of. III. *«». Uuelva.
Matiiann, iM-n-naiin-, V, 247, Hict/rd, J. B.
Mwlison, .\nibrose, IV, Iti.").
Madison, Capt. Isaac, IV, 10.').
MadLson, John, IV, 105.
MadiHon, Conn., (?ift of school to. VI. 084, Hand.
MadiHon, N. J., convent fonndc<l at. I, 2<lt), Bayley, J. R.
Madistm, Virffinia. ix^n-nanie. V, 143. Putnam, S. A. B.
Madison, Wis., founde<t. II. 'At), Doty, J. D.
Madison's home, illustration, W. U)!».
Ma<Ii««in university, pifts to. I. 089. Colgate : II, 293. Eaton,
a. »'.: III. IW. Hnncall, P.; 514, Kendrick, C; 515, Ken-
drick. A., VI, 49. Taylor. .S. U'.
Mad Jack, 8f>bri<|\iet, IV, 724, Perciral. J.
MadtM-. I'rini-e, supix>s<*d <les«.'endants of. III, 521, Ker.
Madriij, P'crnandez, IV. 17H, Mnitiit.
Matlrid. insurrection in, V. Oil.
Ma^ivzine of American History, the. III, COO, Lamb, M. J.;
founder of, V. tn. .Sttienn. J. A.
Mii^'diilen. Karl of, I, 077. Coflin. I.
MiikT'lalen island, ^runt of. II. 702, (iridley, R.
Ma^jdaleiia, Indi.'ui woman, I, .'ilH, Vancvr.
MaKd.'burjr, 111. .V<;».
Magellan, records of his exp«'dition, I, 02, Ahraro ; original
aix'iiunt of, V. 17, Pifinfittn.
Ma;C<'llan, straits of. attempt to found a colony at, V, 7-37,
Suiircz, Juan : exjii'dition to explore, VI, 580, Woert.
MaKen<lie, Francois, II. 4H4. Flint, A.
Majjicien. I>', I. K19. lirown. .V'wes.
Matric squares. III. flVJ. /y Contf. L.
Ma»?ill,I)r. Alfr.d T . IV. 174. .Mayill. .V. T.
MaKdI. JulietU- A.. VI, tV.)l, Kinzie. J. A.
Maf;n(>siiim burninK-lanip. inventor of a. ^^, 110. Thumton.
Ma^ctic needle, instrument for measuring inclination of,
I, 330. Borda.
Magnetic jiole. the northern. V, .330, Ros.<t, Sir J. C.
Magnetic survey, U. S., III. 2")!. Hihinrd. J. E.
Magnetic telegraph com|>anv. the. IV, 427.
Magnetism, terrestrial, researches, V, 3t>4, Sabine, Sir E.;
4Xy, .Sfoc('.<i/>i/.
Magneto-electric machine, a. V, 409, Saxton.
Magnus. O.. I, 310. Booth. J. C.
Magri, Count Primo. V. 717, Stratton, M. L. B.
Mahn. Adnnral. III. .371, Iirert.
Mahn. Jai-obus. VI. .V^O. Wwrt.
Mahomet Tewtlk. II. 0K9. Gorringe.
Mahon, Lord, on the case of Major Andr^, I, 258, Biddle,
Charlrx J. ; V, 022.
Mail-catcher, invention of a. V, 484. Sharer.
Mailing-machine, invention of a. II, 170, Dick, R.
Mailletx>is, Count de, II, .370. Exlaiufi.
Mall'Service, imprf>vements in the. t, IftV
. Maine, first settlement in. V. (Kl. Pojiham ; patent for land
In. IV, 2(57. .\t(tverick. S.; early si'ttlements in. II, 687,
Oorgen : colony at I'hipjwburg. (HO, Gr'/Vberf, R.; Indian
hotitilities In, IV, 171, Mailorkairando ; colony in Bidde-
ford. VI, 300. V'ineK ; the Fi-»'nch and English in, V, .368,
St. Ctutin : tax for (rhurch support in, IV, 452. Mudqe,
E.; early survey of. III. 235, Holland. S.; prf)ject for
loyalist colony in. .VJO. Knox : sejiaration of. from Ma.s.sa-
chusetts. .'V13. Kimi. W. : rights in, sold to Mns.sachusett«,
II, 08N, (iori/m. F.: Ixtundary, .'■>78 : III, e:«». Ijiwrence,
A.; election of 1S40 in ("Have you heard the news
from Maine r"), 530, Kent, E.: political disturl>ance in,
1,56ft, Chamberlain. J. L.; collegu of agriculture, gifts
to, I. 670, Cohurn, A.
Maine, the U. S. cruiser, illustration, VI, 566.
Maine, Henrj- Sumner, II, 383, Dwight, T. W.
Maine law, the, H. 219. Dow, ?f.
Maipo, canal of. Chili, II, 307, Euzaouirre. Domingo ; bat-
Ufj at, V, 392, San Martin, Joti de ; IV, 603, Omrio,
Manuel.
Mair, James. IV, 177, Mair, C.
Maitland, (Icn., VI, 1 i.\
MaitUui'i, pen-name, I, 181, Bartlett, J.
IteJor SpenoT, sobriquet, V, 630, Si)encer, W. L.
Makeath, Miss, VI, 24<». I'andenhojf.
Makini; of a Man, the, anonymous book, I, 146. BcUeer.
William .1/. . . .
i Entrada. the, in, 854, /rolo.
Malarial poisoning, discovery in, IV, 287, MiarshoS, W.
Malbone, John, IV. 180, Malbone, E. O.
Maiden, Canada, III, 97.
Malebraiiclie, II, 311, Edwards, J.
Malekadhel. the. brig. III. 311, Hull, J. B.
Malespina. Marquis de, II, 630, Gazzaniga.
Malibran, Eugene, IV, 181, Malibran, M. F.
Malintzin. IV. 20(S, Marina.
Mallarino, i)re8ident of Colombia, IV, 545, NuHex, R.
Mallory, Charles. IV, 183, Mallory, S. R.
Malmedy, Col., Ill, ItM, Henderstm, Pleasant.
Malm.sburv, Lf)rd. III. 41.3, Jay, W.
Maloden. M., II. 691. Gott.ichalk.
MiilonJ', Edmonil. III. (188. Lennojr.
Malta, capture of, II. ;i38, Elvliinxtone.
Malte Brun. quoted, II, 374, Enpeleta.
Malvern Hill, battle of, U. 763, Griffin : III. 249, Hooker,
J. ; a)2, Huger, B.; 669 ; IV, 82 ; 2M, Martindale, J. H.
Mamalucos, the, VI. 157, 7'rp;o.
Mama Oello, Empress, lU, 291, Huayna.
Mameluke grip sword, the, IV, 736, Perry, M. C.
Mana.s.<ia8, battle of, III, 459 ; second battle of, C70 ; 892,
JackHon, T. J.; IV. 110 : 16, Longstreet, J.
Manas-sas, the ram, II, 416 ; destruction of, V, 580, Smith,
Melancton.
Man at Home, the. I, 897, Brmrn, C. B.
Manlwurg, diaries de Latour, III, .590, Llifayette.
Maucera, Marquis de, VI, 127, Toledo.
Manchester, Duke of, II, 762, Orevyle.
Manchester, Ma.ss., Ill, 647, Leach, R.
Manchester, N. H., V, 653, Stark, J. and W.
Manchonat island, II, 595, Gardiner.
Manhattan. jH-n-name, V, 442, Scoville.
Manhattan Island, purchase of. IV, 338, ilinuit.
Manida, II. 087. Gorges.
Manila, city of, founded. III, 678, Legaspi : expedition
against, I, 765, Craig, J. H.; capture of, III, 581, Labeza-
res. Guide de.
Manilla 1k)x envelope, invention of the, V, 614, Southiowth,
Emma D. E. N.
Man in Claret, the. j)en-name, II, 694, Gould, E. S.
Manitoba, Indian land-titles in, IV, 127, McKay, J.
Mankind, controversy on the origin of, IV, 432, Morton,
S. G.; unity of the race, theory of, IV, 540, Nott, J. C.
Manley. Dr. James R., II, 341, Embury, E. C.
Mann, Emily, I, 607. Chi.solm.
Manners, Capt., I, 287, Blakeley.
Manners. Mrs., pen-name, V, 240, Richards, C. H.
Manning, Anstis.s. IV, 193, Manning, R.
Maiming. Elizalieth. IV, 193, Manning, R.
Manning, Elizabeth C. Ill, 125.
Manning, Jeffrey, IV, 193, Manning, R.
Manning, Lieut. Lawrence, IV, 193, Manning, R. I.
Manning. William. VI, 266, Vaughan.
Man of Ross, the. III, 198, Higginson, S.
Man of truth, the, VI, 97, Thomson. C.
Manometer, water, invention of a, V, 520, Silliman, J. M.
Mansfield, John M., VI. am. Hall, G. S.
Mansfielii. Margaret. I. 94.
Mansion House, the. Ill, 313, Humphreys, Charles.
Manual training, gift for school of, VI,"7(X>, WiUiamton.
Manufactory scheme, the, I, 29.
Manuscript Found, The, V, 024, Spaulding, S.
Maple lA?af, the. magazine, IV. 78. McCavi.
Mafxxihe, lord of the heavens. III, 307, Huitziton.
Maps, stereotype. III. .il. Hale, N.
Map tyi)e, invention of, II, 195, Doe, C. H.
Maracaibo,^ iiattle of, I, 306 ; taken by pirates, 11, 706,
Gvandmont : Wsieged by buccaneers. III, 344, Jlligen ;
captured. IV. 481, Nau ; pillaged, V, 609, Soubin ; TV,
507. Ojeda.
Mara jo island, colony on, VI, 652, Yves.
Marnnhflo, French colony at. III, 017, Ld Ravardihre.
Marble Faun, the, VI. 88, Thompson, C. O. ; I, 38, Akers.
Marbleliea<l. bequest to clnirches of, V, 211, Reed, W.
Marbury, Rev. Francis. Ill, 331, Hutchinson, Anne.
.Marbury, Katherine, V, 488, Scott, R.
Marcellus, pen-name, I, 24.
March. Major, pen-name, VI, 517, Willcox.
Marchant. Jordan. II. 414.
Marchant, Su.san C, II, 414.
Marchena. Juan Perez de, II. .368, E^scandon.
Man-hesi. Madame, IV, 498, Nevada.
Marck, Prof. John, VI, 254, Van Santvo<*rd, C.
Marco Bozarris, poem, where written. III, 487, JumeL
Marco, Count, IV. 211, Markoe, A. •
Marcos, 'i'ray, I, 490. Cabeza.
Marcy, W. L., Ill, 880.
Mar del Sur, I, 147, Balboa.
Mare. Christianeum. IV. 459. Munk.
Mare island navy-yard. II, 415.
Mare-Mount. " mine host of." IV. 483. Morton, T.
Marengo colony, Ala., the. III, 597, Lallemand.
Mare Novum, IV, 4.59. Munk.
Blargaret, the orphans' friend. III. 11.5. Haughery.
Margaret Oakley, wreck of the. VI. 608, Woodvorth, S. E
Margaretta. capture of the, IV, 550, OfBrien, Jere.
Margarita, Queen. II. 7.59. Gregori.
Margarita, battle at, I, 378, Brian.
MARGARITA
MATAMORAS
759
MancaritA, the Uland of. I, aot ; atUckcd by Spaniah foroMi,
IV, 406, i/on/lo.
II«rg|{nivU, the plant, IV, fllfi, ilarggmf.
MarKravate of Aziliu, tiie. IV, VU, Muntgomery, R.
Maivry. Fierr,'. III. 4rtl. JMiet.
Mam da (Jloria. II. .'^. liabriac ; IV. tm. I'rdro I.
Maria del <kvi<leiir»'. jiM-iidonyni, I, .*«, Hnrnkit. lU. n.
Maria I^mitui Victdria. rrineetw. Ill, 521. Kftit. Duke of.
Maria Lu/, c\><>Ues from the. IV. TT, McCartee, U. B.
Mariaini-s, tril>e of the, I. •!«(, Cnt>rza.
Mariana, trai-t ealle<l, IV. a-W, Mnaon, J.
MarianiKt nuim, the. I, :iH), liourget.
.Marira, Man)ui.s of, II 4!M, Fimtfca, M. J. P. da.
Marionirt. Sleur de. Ill, tiKT, Ije itoyne, P.
Marie AnU.inett*, II, ."JTO, 877, E»taina ; III. 886. Lafau-
ette ; 5K9
Marie-<}ahinte, islan<t of. Ill, SIR, Hufiurn.
Mari6-f!arrison lawsuit, the, II, «lt», (iarriHon, C. K.
Marie I^eezinska. yiut-n. III. 580. Ijnfayrtte.
Marietta, t)hio. f<)iinde<l, II. -17, Cutter, il.; V. 142. Put-
nam, R.; settlement of, WO. Nproat ; flnrt frame hoiute
on the Kite of. IV. 278, JJay, J. ; colleKe founded. II. 548.
French, M.
Marijfuertu. Ill, 9, Gunnonlca.
Marin, Lui.sa. V, 'HKi, Reatltarren.
.Marin. Mero'<le«, V, OlM, Solar.
Marina, III, 4."14, Jirolenral.
Marine governor, for enjfinea, V, 631, Silver.
Mariners' ehildn-n. asylum for, V, 4H6. Shaw, R. O.
Marine Turtle, the. III, wa. Lee. Elzra.
Marion, anonymou-s iioem, II. 733, (frnyaon, W. J.
Marion, benjamin. IV. a)7, Marion, F.
.Marion's K^ave, illustration. IV, aW.
Marion, (iahriel, IV, AC. aW. Marion, F.
Marion of the .Mexican army, the. III. 007. Lane, Joseph.
Marion college, Mo., gift to, II. 'MO. Ely, E. S.; Vf, 491,
Si'lson. I).
Mariposa estate, the. II. M«J. Fremont.
Mariciuita, city of. founded. IV, 546, NuAez-Pedrom.
Maritime law, the French, adopted in South America, 11.
'ifii, O'aliriac.
Mariu.s, f)enname, ^^, AHl. Wtlh, W. C.
Markham, Alln-rt H., IV, 210, Markham, C. R.
Markham, Sir Robert, IV. 210. Markham, J. C.
Markland. II. »B. Erie the Red : VI. 101. Thorflnn.
Markman, Arthur H., IV. .598. (htlM/m, S.
Marl, di.scoverj' of fertilizing qualities of. V, 342, Ruffln, E.
MarllMJrough, Duchess of, I, .Mil, Chatham.
Marlborough free library. II, .'>.Vi. Frost, R. S.
Marmontel, II. 270, Ihireau ; *13, Fairiamb.
Man)ncelli. Signor, III. 102, Hemjtel
Manmi river, e.xploration of, VI, 221, VaiUant.
Mar(M)ns. the. II, tMl, (iiddings.
Maniiu'sos islands, IV, 2M, Melville, H.; discovered, 296,
Mendaiia ; V, 74, Porter, I).
Marquette river, IV. 214, Marqttette.
Marquiegui. (Jen., II, «190. Gorriti.
Marquis of the Koyal Defence, II, 871, EaUUta.
Marr, IJeut. R. A." IV. 206.
Marriage, se-t repudiating. III, 656, l^ee. Anne ; with a sla-
ter-in-law, in Canada. If, 661, Oirouard, Desire ; VI. 600.
H7</f/iri». .S. A. S.
Married for Kim, anonymous book. Ill, 268, Hoppin, A.
Manln, Dr., II. 21'2, Iktuiilim, J.
Mars, nuM>nsof. discovered. III. .T, Hall, A.
Marschalk, Andrt-w. I. Olit, Claitxtrne, J. F. H.
Marsh. R.-v. ,Io«.'ph, IV. iVa. Parker, P. J. M.
Marsliall. Alexander J . IV, 225. Marshall, C.
Marshall, t'ol. C . III. »!74. />•«■. R. E.
Marshall, ('apt. Christopher. IV,'**7, Marshall. T.
Marshall, Hiimphn-v, his defeat by Oarfleld, II, 805 601.
Marshall, .lohn. II. 7i«. Graham, I.; FV. 221, Marshall, T.
.Marshall. Dr. .1. K.. IV. 221. Marshall, (). //.
Marshall. .I.»<eph M . IV. 227. Marshall. H'. R.
Marshall. Thomas. IV. 220. Marshall, E. C.
Marshall t<.lle(fe, Mi.li . II. ;«.}, KUi», J. M.
Marsliall colU-g»-. I'a.. IV. M). Sevin, J. »'.; V, 186, Rauch,
F. A.\ uniU-^l with Franklin. HO, Porter, T. C.
Marahallton. I'a., Is)tanic garden at, IV. JBfl. Marshall, H.
Manhpee. I. .S.11. Bourne. R.
Marahheld, Mn.>i».. VI, 412 ; Webster's home at. illuKtra-
Uon, 411 ; his grave. 413 : Winslow famlly-M>at at, 567.
Marehfleld club. the. III. lOK. Harvey, P.
Mantton, .Matthew R.. IV. 22S. Marstim. J.
Marston. Phdip H.. III. I4.V Haune, P. H.
Martel, (lennmiK-. II. .V>«. t^othinaham. It'.
Martel iiaix-rs. anonymous IsHik. Il, 5,'ifl, Frothingham. W.
Martha s vineyard, grant of, Indian niimion. V>, 275, May-
heir. Thomas.
Martha Wa.>ihington. burning of the. VI, 8. 8ttayne, S. H.
Martin. Abraham. V. l.V. Racine.
Martin, Df>m Claude, III, 714, L' Incarnation.
Blartin, FxJwanl Winslow. pen-name, IV. 74, McOabe, J. D.
Martin. F.nrico, IV. 336. Martinez. E.
Martin, Martha. II, 21.'>.
Martin. Morgan L.. III. 4W, Juneau.
Martin, R.-v. Thomas. IV. 166.
Blartin. Rev. W.. IV. 233. Martin, M. M.
Martin, WUIiam Bend. IV, 23S, Martin, R. N.
Martineau. Harriet, onoted, III, 513, KenOaU, A.
.Martineau, Janiw. 11, M0, O
Ullrji. H.
Martluex, (ien.. III. 4»», Juarez, B. P ; IV. «l. Lopex, F.
H.; statue of. Illustrati<in. 236.
Martlni({tie. »)ni|ueHt of. I. 214. }i,>k,
bum, a.; Dut4-h colonlatH In. :
Saft, Jarttltsen. H ; invadetl l>y l!
ret : proiMMai for gnulual eman
'/ : BTX, Ctk*.
w.r./MW; 111.
1 1 . :*u. GalMt-
. j«j7. Gabartt;
enianci)iaiion in, 522. Fiance; ca|>iured l>>- Uritiah foroea,
V, KNi, i-rem;.tl, Roliert : iitlaud of, II. TM, Ony; buUd-
Ings In, III. Ut, Imfreville \ 475, Joteptunm ', puMic
works In. IV. 2Vi'J, Menier ; l'>ench naval vli-tf>rii« otT.
444. Motte, E. A ; 44,\ Motte, O. T.; r*belll..iui in. III.
270. Houdetot ; IV, ',IH, I-tluae ; VI. MU, yangiraiui ;
IV. 405. Nrsinoiul, L. F.
Martina, I>rof., I, JM.
.Martinsburg, Va., taken by Early, II. 714.
Martlett, jxieudonym. II, 107. Davis, R. B.
Martyn. Rev. Job H., IV, 23H. Marfyn. .V. T.
Martyr of Charity, the. Ill, 571, Kohtmann.
Martyr, Peter. I, 78. ,4Fi(//iier<i.
Marvel. Ik, pen iiaine, IV. 317. Mitchell, D. O.
MarvelJ, Andrew, pen name. IV, 317. Middleton, A.
Margin. Judge W., IV, 1H3, Mallory. .S. R.
Marje's heights, capture of. V. 4.')0. .Serfj/irirfc. J.; I, 464.
Mary Immaculate, arch-confraternity of, I, ;«o, Bourgrl.
Maryland, wiUmy founded, I, 506, c'alvrrt. 1..; grant and
settlement of, 1,54, Baltimore : insurrections in, ibid. ;
the evil genius of, 619, Claibtniie. H'.; early troublea In,
620; rebellion in. III, 349, Ingle ; under the I»ug I'arlia-
ment, I, 237. Bennet, R.; Ilrat chapel in. 61. Altham ;
Puritan colony in, V, 704, Stone, H'.; at the R«>volution,
I, !i37 ; joins the i>onfe«leration. III, 4.*iO, Johnson, T.;
boundarj- of, IV, 239, Mason, C; Catludic instilutiona In,
V, 619, 620, Spalding, M. J.; VI. 4MI. 482. WhilpettL, J.;
prevented from Joining the confederacy. II. IM ; boods
of, gift to. rv, 088. Prahody, G.; historical aocie^
founded. 273. Mayer ; college of me<licine founded. V,
90, Ptitter, y.; attempt to eva«le the emancipation act,
603, SfiK-kt>ridge. H : patriarch of, VI, 116, Tilyhman, M.
Marj'sville. Cal.. II. 448, Field. .S. ,/.
Maryville, Tenn., seminary, founded. I, 69, Anderson, I.
Ma.saya, volcano of, discover»'d. IV. .523. .\'iHo, A.
Masi-arenhas. Fernando de. VI. 290, I'ieira, A.
Maahonda, capture of the. II, 121.
Maat>n, Col. David. V. 572. .S'mif/i. S. M.
Mason, El>enezer. IV. 240. Mason. J. M.
Maaon, Roswell. IV. 240. Mnsan, E. G.
Mas<'>n, (Jen. Samson, V, 493, .M/ir//rt6*i rgrr.
Mason and Dixon line, the, I, 26 ; IV, 2a>. Maaom, C.
Maaon homestead, the. illustration. IV, iMl.
Masonian proprietors, the. IV. 247, .Vason, John.
Masonic, ves.s<-l, claim for the, I, KQ.
Ma.s«>nic excitement, the. VI, 419. Weed, T.
Ma.sonry. VI, 404. HVW>, T. S.
Massa<'niis«-ttensis. |>en-nanie. I, 17 ; V, 469, Sewall, Jona-
than ; III. 691. Ijetiiuird. It.
Mas.sachusettH, i>«*n-name, II, 147, Derby, E. H., HA.
Masaachuaetta, withdrawal of the colonial charter of,
IV, 9SA ; new charter, 854 ; religious Intoleram-** In. VI,
247. Vane; prejudice against. !. 17 ; l«-tt<Ts on the cx>lo-
nteta of. .308, Bollan ; archives of. II. 438, Felt : boundary
dispute, 517, Foirler. (>.: salaries of crown ofllcvra. BtiO,
630 ; Hutchinson h-tters. Tt'M. .V*) : net for remodellinit the
government of, 5,^> : constitution of. IV, 42, Ijoh^iI, J.;
6W, Pnrmtns, T.: alM>lilion of slnv.-ry in. iliid.; n-vision
of the codi>. 19ii. Afann, //. ; s«'lio<il s.\st«'m of, r>'forme<I.
ittid.; land c-eih-tl to, by New York'. 7T>2. Pliel/'S, <>.; II,
688, Gorham, A'.; towiw in western, laid out. V. 145,
Pijiichon. John ; charter d«i'lare<l forfeiiinl. 172, Ran-
dolph, E.: pamphlets bununl by onli-r of the legislature,
300, Rogers. J.; charities of. .<|84, .Sfinttorn, F. B.; rebell-
ion In, 487-188, .SAnv* '• contest betwe«'n the governor and
asaembly, .530. .Shule, S.; revision of the cluirter of. VI,
408 ; first print.Hl account of. .MW. Mo.«/. It' : Bible ao-
clety, the. V, 1.3, Pierre, J.; com|>aiiy. tl»e. IV. 570, Old-
ham. J.: grantj-i-s under charter oi Cimrles I., V. S7D.
Snltonstall ; tnin.sfereni>e of the g<>venim»'nt to Ameri-
ca, VI. 573; fields. V, 618. Statidish : hL-Uorical aocl«Hy.
bequest to. II. 222. Dowse; III. 94. Harris, T. W.; hoa-
pital gift to. M, 179. Tu/ts. <^.: institute of Uvhnologr,
V, 307, Rogers, H'. B.; refonn-school, gift U>, IV, 01,
Lyman, T.
Manaachuaetta Lawyer, pen-name. IV. 42. Ijotrell, I.
Maasaohiiaetta Magazine, the, VI. 83. Thomas, Isaiah.
MaMaohuvM-"" « »..---.-i. M-view. the. 11. »I5 ; IV. 606.
MaaMKTe I rriWe.
MaMei. M
Maaaey, Cai-i . i * . ^■. .-■.■ iher.
MaaaiuoD, Ohio, (arm-acliool near, founded, V, aSB, Aofofc,
Charity R.
MaMOw, FVederi'-- ■ - V «m, Riedewel, F, C. L.
Maaaue, Alm<V I ue, L. H.
Maatorman, « i ;»r{, F. S.
Maalcfv, Mar>-. U '«. A.
Maatodoo, akelrton of a, Vi. 806. Warrm, J. C.
MaU de la Jliel, latitle of. IV. OM. Act.
Matasorda bay. colony on. HI. on.
Malamona, oaptura of, HI, 007. Lane, Jotepk ; VI. 88.
760
MATERIA
MERLIN
Materia mwJica and mineraloRy, first professor of, In U. 8.,
1, 418, Brucr, A. . . , ^
MaUi.'iiiati<«l Monthly, the. V. 348, RunkU, J. D.
MaUa-matk-H, 111. 56. HiiUled, U. H.\ inventions, 607,
Uinf, J. //.; tfathiiiK "'. IV, 702. Feira; B.\ diffleult
golutioiui in. V, Tii. Strmta, T.
Mather, C. quoted. II, '2'X>. JCti ton, N.
Mather. Increjwe, descendants of, V, .^59.
Mather. Roljert J.. V, «,V), Stanton, F. 1\
Mather. Tlionian. IV. \!51, Mather, R. . ,^ ^,,
Mather. Tiinotljy. IV, '^^J. Mather, S.; 236, Mather, H'. VV.
Matlier toiiil). tlie. illustration, IV, ^15.
Matheson, Kev. Janu*s. V, •M'i, Heed, A.
Mathews, C'imrles. I, ."««. Hrouf/ham.
Mathews, \V. S. U., IV. 24H, Mason, li'.
Mathews«>n, Thomas, lV,a.Mi. Mathnrson, E.
Matienzo, Ortiz de, II. i;», Ihtijadilto.
Matla<-U. Ii»-v. 1.. C. V. V», Scott, (>.
Matlazahual, epidendcu, L 4'J3, Cabrera, Q. ; II, 300, Rirt-
quez, M.
Matoaka. V, TO. Pocahontas.
Matouehin. battle at. I. 4H, Alexander, \V.
Matthew Carabv. j>m'udonynioiis novel, I, 5, Abbott, A.
Matthews, Kihvin. Ill, 47.S. Jordan, C. J. M.
MaUhews, (Jeorjfe \V., I, 087, Colfax.
Matthews. K<-v. Lyman, V. Mil, I'orter, E.
Matthews. KolH-rt, IV, -Xi. Matthias.
MaUhieu, II, 4;,M, Famrtt. V. A.
Maturin, Rev. C". R.. IV, 2»a, Maturin. E.
Mauch Chunk and I'arbon Co.. I'a., IV, 620, Packer ; rail-
way, the V. 27(5. Roberts. S. U'.
Mau<l, the Kinnress. V, 2!ti). Rodney.
MaiiTM*-*' Rapiils, battle of, VI, 253, Van Rensselaer, S.\ 560,
\\'in(^ieMir.
Maun-fMi-H, (ien., 11. l.'M, Dessnlinrs ; 264.
Mauritius. deere<- fn'<-inff blacks in (17a'>), V, 462, Sercey ;
bay, discovered. III. 34:1. Ihering.
Maurv. Janu^s. IV, 2(>(>. Maury, A.
MaiirV-. M. V.. II, ti-Vl, ({illiss.
Maury. Richard. IV, 2«14, Maury. J. M.
Maury. Walker, V. 17H. Randolph, J.
Muury. William. IV. M>, Maury, S. M.
Mauvaises Terres, Nebraska, fossils in. U. 383, Eh-'ans, J.
Maverick, Rev. .1., IV, 2(W. Maverick, S.
Maxey. Rice, IV, 2»i7, Maxey. S. B.
Maximilian. Kmix>rorof Mexico, II, 370, Eiscol)edo, M.
May, Dorothy. 1, :i4'.».
May, K<lilh. jien-name, 11. 332, Drinker.
May, (leor^re. III, 34.'). Imlay.
May. lietnuei, IV, 273. May, ./. W.
May, Sophie, pen-name, VI. (575. Clarke.
Maya Inii^^uaKe. Iwioks in, 1. 2:}!, Beltran ; writing, inventor
of. VI, (V)!, Zamna.
Mavapau, empire of, VI. 6,'>4. Zamna.
Mayfleld. Millie. iH»n-name, III, 240, Homes. M. S. S.
Mayflower, the, illustration, I, -W ; company, last sui^vor
of. 57, Allerton; II. 4;i. Cushman, R.; relic of the, V,
270. Rabbins, T.; lamiing from the. Wi, Standish.
Mayflower, the. 8lot>p. I. 451, Burqess, E.
Mayflower, Minnie, iv^n-name. III, 5K5, Ladd, C.
Mayham, Maj., IV, 2iKt. Marion.
Mayhew, Rev. Jonathan, suKpestion of committees of cor-
reajKindence bv. III. CM. lA;e, R. H.
Maynard. Lieut.. II. 301. Eden, C.
Mayo, Col., II, .'>25, Francisco.
Mayo, Maria, IV, 277, Mayo. John.
Mayo, Miss, V. +W. Scott. Winfield.
Mayo, Maj. Thomas. I. 4«7. B]/rd.
Mayo bridge, the, IV. 277, Mayo, John.
Mayor, Francois. I, 31.
Mayor, Rose. I. 81. Agassiz, J. L. R.
May-pole of Merrv Moimt. the, IV, 433, Morton, T.
Maza, Manuel V., V. .320. Rosas.
Mazatlan. caiKure of, V. 51H, Shubrick, \V. B. ; M6, Stanly, F.
Vasrcy, William. V, 104. Rnynal.
Mead, Elinor «., Ill, 2K7. Umrells.
Mead. James H.. VI. 44:1 Western.
Meade. Mariamne. Ill, 3«>2, Huqer, T. B.
Meade. Bishop William, quoted, I, 406.
Meadt^ claim, the, IV, 27!>. Meade. R. W.
Meadow Uridge, enKagement at. III. 302. Hill. A. P.
Meadville, Pa., seminary. III. .306. Hnidekoper, F.
Meant, Rev. D. O.. III. ."iM. Kirk. E. N.
Meaae, Frances E., I, 17«. Barrow.
Meat-biscuit, invention of the. I, 321. Borden, G.
Maajrpackink' industry, the. IV. 219, Marsh, Sylvester.
Mechanic Rovi-rnor. the. III. 4.37.
Mechanicjiville, battle of, IV. 75. McCnll, a.A;«i
Meche<-unnaipia, III. 739, Little T^irtle.
Mecklenburg declaration, the. I. 45, Alexander, Abraham ;
MB, BreiHird : IV, 232, Martin, Jositih ; V, 66, Polk, T.
Med. case of. IV, 27. Ixirinq, E. O.
Medal, Harrison, III, !»« ; awarde<l to Com. Jones, illustra-
tion. 465 : pn«sentation of a. to Wn-shington, VI, 376 ; rul-
ing machine, invention of a, V. 40!(. Saxton
Medberry. Rev. Nicholas. IV, 28.5. Medlterrv, R. B.
Medical association, the flrst. I, 408, Brown, S.
«;"Vl*^"'''^' ^'''^'' ^''"■''' U' *», Doremus, R. O. ; IV.
154, MaeNevin ; first, in America, VI, 806, Watts, S.
Medical instruments, inventor of, II, 747, Oreen, W. A. ;
V, 375, Sajous. See Subokby.
Medici family, researches in the history of, UJ, 661. JiTin-
ney, W. B. „
Medicine, first U. S. journal of. III. 370. Ives, L. ; IV, 826,
Miller, E. ; original method in. III. 256, Hopkins F. V. ;
discovery of aua^stheiius, 3S.5, Jackson, C. T. ; IV, 434,
Morton ; VI. 430, Wells, Horace ; eclectic practice of, 422,
Morrow. T. V. : electricity in the practice of, V, 2i)4-2!«5,
Rockwell, A. D. ; new methods in, 349, Rush ; VI, 42,
Taylor, I. E.; Thomsonian system, 99, Thomson, S.; use
of the spectroscope. 387. Waterman, S. ; first woman
praatitioner. Ill, 316, Hunt, H. K. ; first woman in the
Ecole de. 394, Jacobi. M. P.
Medicine Hat, Chief. IV, 140. MacLaren, R. N.
Medina, roblxr-band of, HI, 690, Leon, Antonio.
Meeker, Nathan C, IV, 611, Ouray.
Megaphone, the. II. 301, Edison.
Meigs, W. M.. IV, 2S9, Meiiis. J.
Meikleham, Septimia R., ill, 434, Jefferson.
Meissonier, M., HI, M'ci. Knifiht. D. R.
Mellen, W. H.. I. 618, Claflin, H. B.
Mello, Col.. IV. 2:«. Marlines.
Melnekoff, Col., Ill, 100, Harrison, J.
Memorial movement, the. I, 451, Burgess, O.
Memory, a remarkable. III, 331, Hutchinson, Aaron.
Memphis, surrender of. II, 94, DariVt. C. H. : battle near.
827, Ellet, C. ; under Sherman's administration, V, 508 ;
naval fight at, VI, 324, Walkc.
Melvill, Maj. T., IV, 29:3, Melville, H.
Melville, Allan, IV. 294, Melville, H.
Melville i>eninsula, exploration of, IV, 66, Lyon, O. F.
Member of the Vermont bar, a, pen-name, VI, 89, Thomp-
son, D. P.
Menard, Bierra. IV. 395. Menard, M. B.
Mencos, Oen. Melchorde. VI, 393, Villagutierrez.
Mciulels.solin, HI. 206, Horsley.
Mtii(lels.soliu glee club, N. Y., I, 3.30, Bowman, F. C. ; IV.
4;K>. Mosenthal.
Mendez, Gen., U, 167.
Mendiiineta, viceroy. IV, 472, Mutis.
Mendi(»la, (ien. Gregorio, V, 604, Solchaga.
Mendo(;a. Diego de, HI. 159, Hein.
Mendon, Mass., declaration of, 1, 45, Alexander, Abraham ;
3C9, Brevard.
Mendoza, Cardinal. II. 627, Geraldini.
Mendoza, Don Cristobal de. HI. 408, Jaureybo, L
Mendoza, Fernando, H. 165. Diaz Melgarejo.
Mendoza. Francisco de, H. 202, Dorantes ; IV, 298, Men-
doza, A. de.
Mendoza, Luis de. IV, 173. Maoellan.
Mendoza, founded, HI, 329, Hurtado, O. ; earthquake at,
IV, 31, L*is Santos.
Menefee, Richard J., HI, 476, Jouett. M. H.
Menendez, Pedro, destruction of a colony by, H, 697,
Gourgues ; HI, 366 ; 629, Laudonniere ; V, 232, Ribaut.
Menken. Alexander I., IV, 299, Menken, Adah L
Jlenno, I. <m, Boehm.
Mennonites, colony of, IV, 668, Pastorius.
Men of Gore, IV. 152. MacNab.
Menomenee Indians, treaty with, VI. 669, Baird, H. 8.
Mcnorah. the, magazine, IV, 704. Peixotto.
Menotom.y (Arlington), Mass., VI. 365, Warren, Joseph.
Mensel. historicarcollections of, HI, 335, Hutten.
Mentz. William, V, 410, Say, T.
Merce<i, military religious order of, VI. 20, Tcdatnantes.
Mercedes. Maria de las. V, 3!I5. Santa Cruz, Maria.
Mercedes, loss of the frigate, IV, .366, Montero.
Mercer, John C. IV. 300. Mercer, A. J.
Mercer, Sila.s, IV, 301, Mercer. Jesse.
Mercersburg theology, the, IV, 500, Nevin, J. W.
Mercer university, guts to. IV, 301. Mercer, Jesse.
Merceur, Duke de. V. 292. Roche, E.
Merchant adventurers, the, of London. V, 648, Standish.
Merchant, George. IV, 301, Merchant, C. S.
Merchants, home for superannuated. II, 8. Cresson, E.
Merchants' Magazine, the, HI, 316, Hunt, F.
Merc-i^, M. J. A., nunil of. VI, 19, Taft, L.
Mercur, Henry. IV, 302. Mercur, U.
Mercurial horizon, invention for, HI, 607, Lane, J. H.
Mercury, the, II, 571, Gaine ; capture of, by the Vestal,
HI. m), Laurens.
Meredith, Margaret, I, 488, Cabell.
Meredith. Owen, pen-name. I. 448. Bulwer.
Meredith. Rees. IV, :i03. Meredith. S.
Meredith, Rev. Thomas, IV. mi. Meredith. Sif W. C.
Mergentheim, castle of. IV. 678. Paul, F. W.
Merian. Matthew, IV, 304. Merian.
Merida. blown up Viy pirates, II, 705, Grandmont.
Meri<lian. Miss., supplies destroyed at, n, 713.
Meridian, the, HI, 448, .Johnson. H. K.
Merimfie, Prosper, quoted, V, 112. Prescott, W. H.
Merino sheep, introduction of, I, 840, Benton, J. O. ; II,
147, Derby, E. H., .Jr. ; lU, 406, Jarvis, W. ; IV, 27«,
Meade. R. W. : V, 125. Prince, W. R.
Merion,.Pa., IV, 614. Owen, G.
Meriwether, Elizabeth A., IV, 804, Meriwether, L.
Merle, H. 597. Gardner, E. J.
Merlin, Countess of, V, 395, Santa Cruz, Maria.
MKRMAID
MEXICO
761
Mwinald rtuh. the. V, lO.
IfMmdf, MoiiHiKnor dt*, II, 790. OrtgorL
Merrick. ThomnK. IV. Vf,. Merrick. P.
M<rri.k. T. B.. III. lio. HtukrU, L. S.
Merrill. JoHhim. II. iiii. I><ni nrr.
Merrill. OrNniims C. IV. iKa. Mnllory.
Merriiimc. Muks . nitt of lll>rnrr to. fv, SIS, \ichoU. J. R.
Merriiimo rivor. wut«'rn<>wiT i>f tlif. I. ifcrr. Hell. Jamet.
MfrriiniU'k. thf, %c»««'l. I, ♦W. Hruwn, Mutes ; *», Buchan-
(III. K; II. 3«». Krirxmm ; dt^triK-tion of the, VI, 88, 8U.
M«TrilC, H.-iirv. IV. .HitM, Mt-rritt. A. L.
Merry. Roln-rt. IV. ."JdU. Merry. A.
Merry. I{olRTt. |hm) name, V, (156. Steam», J. S.
Merryiiinn. Jnhii. VI. .iO.
Merry Mi>iint. IV. ■»:«. Morton : -ISS. Motley.
Merry's Muiwuin and Pwley'B MoKazine. II, 680, Ooodrich.
S. (}.: V. «W0. StvarniK, J.
Menoo, Olivier, pupil of. VT. 641. Yelland.
Kwdag. pupil of. I. .'>K4. vhttte. //.
Meshboha, the, capture of, I, 1-10, Bainbridge, H'.; IV, 106,
Mardououfih.
MeMia de la Oerda. Don Pedro. IV. 472, MutU.
Meaquida, .luana. II. 412. Farrmixit.
MesUyer. I'liarlew. VI. fWO. WillUtms. M. P.
Meta, province of, II. 43.">. Fernandez, J.
Metacomet, IV. 755. Philip.
Metatroinet, the, vessel, II, 18, Crosby, P.; III. 476, Jouett,
./. K.
MetAllic shelving, invention of, V. 207. Reed. H.
Metallic tractors, invention of. IV. 72S. PerkinM. E.
Metal.s, invention of anti-friction. I. 125. Hnltltitt. I.: refln-
iiiK of . III. VAi. HoycH. A. A.; plan to u»e the expansive
force of. V. -M). lifnd. N.
Metaphvsical cliil). Boston. Ill, »4. Howe, J. R.
Mi'tasta^iK. II. IM. Ikiriet, C.
Metcalfe. Dr. J. T.. IV. .S12. Metcalfe. H.
MeteorRraph. the. VI. 4I«, ^^'ehl^ler. N. B.
Meteoiiu-s, VI, 619. Wriiiht. A. U'. ; cabinet of. V, 41M,
Shepard, C. U. : Hanard collection of, .'i73. .Smith. J. L.
Met<>orolopy, III, 172 ; the<»ry of cycl<>s of phenomena, IV.
3W, Mertam ; Hysteni of ol)s«"rvations. 473. Slyer: stations
in South America. II. (ilW. (fould. H. A.\ olwervations in.
I, 2, Atibe ; IV. IM. 10. Iinomiit, E.: instruinent8, inventetl.
It, 228, Draiter. IK ; III. 271, Houyh. G. \V. ; 18. liuyot ;
discoveries in. 187. Ilerrick. E. C. : resean-hes. IV. 2«V5 :
studies in, 2S«. Meitdenhnll. T. C. ; 577, Olmsted, J). ;
prophecies, VI, ."SOD. W'ifiijins. E. S.
Meteors, theor>' of, VI. 192", Ticining. A. C: medal for in-
▼estiifations on, V, 574, .Smith, J. L.; researches on, IV.
807, S'eirton, H. A.
Methfessel, A. (1 . punil of. VI. 121. Tim-n.
Methodism, apostle of. III. Wa. Lee, J. : rise of. in America.
I, 108. Asbury ; VI. 4.)8. HVji/e;/ ; 477. Whilefield : I, 800,
Boehier tinti Boehm ; fouiidre»saof American. II,S41, Em-
bury, P.; mother of American. Ill, 1.V1. Herk. B.: pioneern
of.I,7.M. Couphlan ; IV. 407. Morrell, T.: \l.»^. Walker.
Jeme : 4(0, l» «-W>, r.: 5:«. l»'i7/iVimii, R.; t-i^tahlishmentof.
449. Whdtcoat : first native itinerant, 3JM, Walters. W.:
Calvinistic and .Vrminian. 4;js. Wesley ; 47«. Whitejield :
patriarch of Misstniri. IV. 357. Monroe : estahlishtoi in
Pennsylvania. V. 2i>. Pilmore ; misHioiis in Texas. .155.
Ruter ; in the southwest, II. &41. (iihiuin. T. : in the
Bouth, III, 808. Hull. U<>)>e : in the West In<lies. II, 646.
Uilhert, N. \ name of church adopted. 171. hickins. J. ;
first society and chapel of, in America. V. 718. Straw-
bridge; first conference in America, IH), Rankin, T. :
(Ceneral conference inaii»nirate<l. III. (WW, Ijee, J. : <li-
vislon of. (W.1. Ue. L. M. and Luther ; IV. .VW. (Y Kelly ;
first " pewe«l " chun-h in New York. III. 40. Hall,
FranciM ; first church of. In New Orleans. II. '£S\. ftrake.
B. M. ; wparation of the African branch, V. .S51. Rush,
C. : question of apiK>intment of ^)reKidinK elders. 610.
Soule, J.; a rule of, VI, 40«>. Ueakleif, position on
slavery. IV, 2«i2. Matlison ; division of. Ill, 6fl. Hamline ;
IV. 17, Lnujstrrvt ; cllej;.^. III. 621. Larrabee, W. C. :
institutions. K'i''« lo. 2H<t. Hoyt. O. ; V. 788, Suckley. T.
II. ; missions, I. 483, Butl^. W. ; fiBO, Case, W.; 589.
Chase, .S<iuire ; 739, Cox. M. B. : III, 607, Lane, John ;
VI, 48. TayUtr. C. ; 80, Taylor, William ; 76, Thoburn ;
flOH. Wilep. I. W.
Methodist church south, I, 72. Andretr, J. O : 190. Bn»-
com, //. B. : publishing house. III. >t8, Unrgrore ; V.
."«». Smith, W. A.; CIO, Soule, J.; centennial of, VI, 687,
Hendrir.
MethtMlist Protestant church, the, HI. 420, Jennings, S. A'.;
V L'lJ /.■..,, /. //.: 27!V, Rotterta. R. R : ftH, Snethen.
^ "ly Review, the, II, S52, Emory. J.; TV,
./.
y. , . . .. . , Tarh^. A. A.: reN'lllon. V, 8S2, Kiel.
Melts, wreck ol the steamer. V. 301, Ritrhie. P.
Metric qrstem. device for t<'achin(r. invente<i. I, 846, Brad-
hum W F: in arithmetics. IV, .VI7. .\etrton, H. A.
^' invention of the. IV. 171, .WdWz/.
Ill bank, failure of. V. 461. Srney. O. J.
V i . in Makrazine, the. III, SW, Huntington. J. V.;
IV, 4ti«l. Murphy. J.
Metropolitan museum of art. the. IV. 175, Mngoon ; arifts
to, 218, Murquand, H. O.; 401. Morgan. J. S.; 765, Phce-
nix; V.461, Semey, O. L; 9S», VI, Ui, VanderbUt, C;
9Bfi, Vincent, FYank ; 800. U'o{fe ;
Steams.
Metz, retrtvt from, I. m, Baxaiiu.
Mexican history and pliUolonr. calleetloai. V, WK, tm.
Smith, Biu-kinghitm.
Mexican acbtHjl of mines, founded. VI, 874, KWaemict Car-
dittuu,
Mexican thinker. Ihe. II. 488. Femdndet LixartU.
Mexican war, the. I. 242 : 431 ; II, 415. V«. f\iero. J: 70»:
III. 479; V. 8. IIH lll». Price. S ; 894. Santa-Anna ; 441 :
VI. 53. JM ; cauM-M of. I, 76. Andrews. S. P.; oulbrrak of
the. V. Ml ; losn for. 2M, Riggs. <i. W. ; naval operwilonii
In. II. 2liA : III. 311. Hull. J. H : 701. /^-ey ; IV. TS?. I'riTH.
M. C ; V. 337. Roirau. S. C. : au5. .stiprktim. R. F. : VI. 38.
51, Taylor. W. R ; incident of the. I. iM. Chase ; (Ml-
houn on. .102 : (iailatin on. 11, 57H 579 : the " Maiek Aiiet,"
V, 1^S. Radford ; satire on. Bt|;low Papm, IV, 4a
Mexican WaKliiuKton. the. III. 4n». Juarex, B. P.
MexicaiiM. a ir'xl of the. III. .liC. Huilzittm.
Mexico, dist'overy of. I. 73K. Cordora. F. F. de : VI. KS,
IV/iuw/iKz ; early civilization of. 140. Tolejiehn ; ancient
empire in. 3iiM. r<)/«iii ; traditions of, 03. Tenorh : j-ro-
Shetic tradition, IV, .%9. Montrzuma ; «-arly kinfCK. VI.
«. Tetzotzomoc ; Te|>anei-kin(csin. IV, 270. Miurtla : kinjr-
dom of Texc<K'o. 4!».V4'.iO. .Vitiahualroyntl ; loiit kin^ of.
II. 24. Cuauhttniotzin ; intasion of .Sonora, I. .329. B^'ut-
6>m ; the Spanish in. MO, Caminatzin ; conquest uf, &.'>4,
Castillo: 74M. 749. Cortes: III, 18. (iuzmdn. S. H. de :
186, Herr<-ra y Tordesillas ; 4,14. Jirolencal ; V. 88. pur-
tillo : .368. .Sttavedra Guzman: 387, .Stindoval. G. de :
incident of the conqut>st, IV. 206. Marina ; internal
Improvements In. 968, Montezuma I. and //. : de-
feat of Nar\ae7. by Cortes. 478. Sarx-oez ; treatment
of Imlians in. II. 591, Garces : emanciitation df ulaves
in (l.WO). VI. 2r2. Velatco. L.: La|>ture of treasure from.
IV. 618, Puchrca ; VI, a«J. Vemizaro : seizure of funds
in, IV, 214. Martptez ; revolutions in. II. 106. IHax.
Porjirio : four presi<lents in. at onc<*. 167 ; miodons
to. 1.251, Betanzos: II. i;«. prlgndo: IM, Diaz. /Vrfro ;
III. .577. Kiihn ; IV. 440. Motolinia : V. 1.55. i^iroga. I'.;
reljellion against S|>anish nile in U''l>^'>. III. 197. Hidalfjo.
M.: movements in. when Na|M>leon niktl in Spain, 869,
Ilurrigaray ; dei-laration of imleiH-ndence of. II, 578,
Gainza : in<lep«'ndence of. pn-tlicte«l. .353. Emi-aran ;
war for inde|iendence in. I. 57. AUmde ; III. 10. Guer-
rero : 197, Hidali/o : .3(57. Iturlnde : IV. 392. M»rrl,>s :
.568. Ct'Ikinimi : plan of iRiiala, III. 868 : de<-laralion,
868 ; 690. Leon, Antonio : IV. 2riO. Matamoros : 83,'..
Mina ; V, 195. Rayou ; dtn-larations of independence
(1813), IM. (^uintana: (1821). IV, 5.58, O'lh/nojii : «ar
with S^min (1^27), opertitions of the navv. V. 74. 76,
porter. l>. H.: treaty of Cordova. III. 868 :' Iturhide de-
clariMl emi»eror. 368 ; republic pHK-Iainunl. 8li8 : reuublic
recopnized by the poiw dfeJSi. VI. 2''i.3. Vasiiuez. F. /' :
republic pnK'laiiii«Hl (IKKi. revolutions, feileral system
alMilished. Ke|iaration of "Texas, war with Texas, t'rench
invasion (lK'18i. military diotatorsliip. war with U. S..
president for life. revolLs. n-volulion of .\yutla. ot>n-
spiracles a(;aiiutt the empire. V, 393-394. StintaAnna ;
n'volutlons In. I. 122. Avezzana ; 476. Bustamente. A. ;
493, Cadena : II. 124. l^ef^ollado : 1H9. iMiltliido : n-form
laws. 190 ; *J0. .370. Esroliedo ; 4.38. I' rndudrz. Lizanti ;
IV. 8, Lomttanlini : extfutions in Vera Cruz, II. IfiH;
plan of T«ixU'pe<', l(r7. 108 : public debt of. lOH ; revolts.
168; execution of reU-ls, 168; case of Mr. Ciiiiiiik-. lo :
revolt of the Tejiehiuin Indians. II. 437, A-
Cordova ', the French in. .3011; reptiblic, .37o
Ftien>. J. : 392, Garria-Ctmde : 674, f»oi-.
675-678, OonxaUx, J/.; Ill, UK Guerrero ; I. .;< :.
III. 10, Outiarrex de Lara ; K7. //oro y Tam,,,.. ■ m,
Jarauta : 003, Lafragua ; 185, Hrrrera, J. .1 ili- : first
peaceful chanfre of administration in. ibid.: IV, 290-291,
Mejia : 81*1. Mercado, J. M.: 839. Mtramtm ; 645-«M. /\l-
redes y Arrilag<t : V, 290. RobUs ; VI. 123, Ttalkuicote :
124, Tlaxpanguizipii : 276, I'enegas. F. J.; bandit tribe
in. Indian revolt. iV, 80. Losada. M.: reactliMiary move-
ment in. the empire. 214-215, Marguex. L.; the empire
of Maximilian In, 389, Miramon ; French inTasion ol,
96, Lorenccx ; I, SJOS, B(uaine ; 745, Corona ; II. SOe, fbrrw,
E. F.; VI, 655. Zaragoza : Ihe empire in, IV. «K-<7a
Majrimilian : the Fn>noh empirt> in. III. 721 ; withdrawal
of the French from, its caus<>, II. 717 ; first c<ins(llutiooal
president of, abolition of slaverv in. VI. •>>. VKlorio,
G.: Sfkanish invasion of IStt. I. '
Santa-Anna ; chnm \n DiM a.
coimter <-hartce sMUiat iNax. 168 : '
108 : reliffious toleration under Ihveiuuirv, 1 «
forblddinK the church to hoM Uoded eal^)
JpUsias, J. M.: 693, Ijtrdo : rfliirlous orderK t.
church proiM'rtv conns<>ate<l, alllan'^e of tntcrrenHun,
niptur*> of the lri|>nrtite <-• invention. 47u : law fovtlddlRir
the deriry and public cor|H>rations to hold landed pnip*
erty, em, I^nto : - three- veari" war." 580. Ixtba*'
tidtt : dlMohition of monaatM ordeni. National libranr
and academy of art, V, 165. Ramim, I . mines of,
II, 830. £lMrir: III. ttS. Ibor.
raye : worship of Oortes's bone
the " bases ortrAnicaa,'' IV. a», r i
aiy of, 1, 108 ; II, aS4, fUia. P.; «&£. Emury, W. U., Mi,
762
mp:xico
MINOTS
Oadaden, Jnmea ; V. » : benefactions in. 1, 488. Cnhellero
ex|)tMliti«n to aid lnsiirKent« in. III. .'>1"J._ Kfinper. H.\
American i.ris/.n.rs in. 11, •J«M. Ihtrnin : iniproveinents
lu. 5«r>. (Itilfez. li : III. 10. (Jiifmes; V. 265. Hiva I'ala-
cio : l>ul)lio works in. VI. :»r3. \'tl(Mco. L.\ piiilanthroi.ic
Institutions in. II. «•".>. Fimmwa : attempt t^i divide. V I,
2«» aJM), yi<UiHni\ removal of the re|nibliean caiJital,
2») : proiMWH'd railway in. V, »». HoHfcnmn. W. S.; first
It-leitraph in. II. TiW, Grnnja ; liistorical dofiiments of,
4.V.' Fiiiucnm. F.\ III. SW, IcazlHilceta ; early history of.
S7'i Ixtlilx'HhiU ; V, MO. Siqiienzn ; exploration of, I.
39 '.4//imin ; 74.'), CoroHflf/o : VI. arr. r///x( ; arohseoloKi-
cal expedition to. IV. 36. Lorillnrd, P. ; V. 233. Hice, A. T. ;
VI, 674, Charnny, Msire : U, 39«, Fabert ; scientific
miiwion to. III. 179. HerauUi : antiquities of. 342. lynucio,
Igolino : VI. :*.•», WaMeck ; III. 54H, Kingsboroufih.
Mexit-o city, siejfes of, II, iM. Cufiuhteniotzin ; IV. .508.
Oj.ita. A. (if : statue in. illustration. II. 34. 107. 7(»!t ; epi-
demic in, I. 4l>3. Cabrera, Q.; secret s<X'ieties in. library
of. 53:i. (Uirtl<>»>, J. J. : Columbus monument in. illustra-
tion II. 3(W ; statue of Charli-s IV. in. Illustration. VI,
lilt: inun<lation.s in. IV. ZV>. Martinez, E.\ statue in.
illu.stratlon, 2:10; cathedral of. VI, 138, Toledo, A. S.;
illustration. Ill, .V*>. I/itMiMidn.
Mexico, valley of. iniinilations of the. IV. 298. Mendoza y
Luna ; 490. yetzahualcoyotl ; V. 4UJ. .'iarwieitto de Soto-
mayor ; IV. OIK, I'^jcheca ; canal of Huehuetsca. ibid.;
Bque<tuct of. II. 4.17. Ferndtuiez de Cordova : attempts
to drain. IV. 2;«. Martinez, K.: VI. 273. Velasco, L.;
railwav throujfh. IV. 'SVS, Martinez. K.
Mey, Cornelius J.. III. 2!t.'). Ihulde ; IV. 338, Minuit.
Mever. Dr.. V, 224. liiulinn.
MeVer. JuUu.h. pupil of. VI. 108. Thuisby.
Meverheim. Paul. III. 200. Hill. T.
Ufiy. .Vujrustine <le. III. ft'K. iMval. F. X.
Miami Indians, the, I. 493, Cadillac ; VI. RS, Tetinchoua ;
4.12. Welh, W.
Miami river, battles with Indians on the. III, 103, Hart,
Jonathan : ".K5.
Miami villagf-s. Indian flpht at (179D, V. 309. SI. Clair.
Miantonomo's monument, illustration, IV, 313.
Miantonomoh. the. II, .')20. Fox. G. V.
Michael .\nj;flo of .\merica. the, I. 493. Cabrera, M.
Michael Beer prize, the. II, 3S»7, Ezekiel.
Michaeli-s. I'rof.. I. 31.
Michelena. (Jen.. V. 2Vt0. Rorafuerte.
Miehelet. M . III. 102. Hem/tel.
Michener. Hr. h>.ra. III. Kfi. Hartnian. W. D.
Michigan, iieninsula of. missionary labors in the, I. 100.
H'iriifin : early settlement of. .Wi. Cas.i. L.: emigration
to. II.' 410. Farmer. J.; lumber interest of, 4-1.3, Ferry, W.
M.; orphan a.sylum, the. III, 110. Hareland, L. S.: first
mission to, 43."). Jorrnex ; Catholic institutions in. 677. Le-
fevre; V, 338, Richard, (I.; boundary dispute of, with
Ohio, IV, 24-3, Manon, S. T.; first printing-press in, V,
237, Richard ; university, gift to. 307. Sager ; admission
of women to. (iVl. Steams, S. B.; historical society. 425,
Sch<H)lcraft. H. R.
Miehignn. man-of-war, the. interception of Fenians by.
IV. .V«>. OWcilt.J.
Michitran. britr. sent over Niaeara falls. IV. 669. Patch.
MichiKaii .lournnl of F'ducation. II. 760. Gregory, J. M.
Michlmalonco, Chief. III. 2<.t5. Uuden.
Miihipli'oton island. Indian l)elief of. IV. 594. Orry.
MIchlenber);. Rev. H. K.. II. .3.Vi. Endrens.
Mlchler, .John Wolftrani;, IV. 31.",. Michler, N.
Michoacan. state of. Ill, .VHO. Ixibastida.
MIcklejohn. Rev. Mr.. IV. TVi. Perxon.
MIcmac Imllans. the. IV, 177. Maillard : 294. Membertou ;
InntniaKe an<l legends of. V. 169. Rand. S. T.
Microlite. discovery of a snecies of, V, 4i)4. Shepard, C. U.
Micrometer spider- webs. V. 311, Rogers, W. A.
MIcroscojM'. fmprovfinents to the, I, 1.37, Bailey, J. W.;
3H4. Bromfield. E.: inventor of a. V. 248. Riddell ; the
Inverted. .573. Smith, J. L.; Inventor of an oxhydrojjen,
VI. 12. Siri/t, L.; inventor of appliances for, .355, Ward,
RiehanI H.
Microscope, the, magazine, V, 715, StoweU ; U, 884, Dwight,
Henry E.
MicroTCopy. I. JJOR, Rolles, Kdmn C. : III. 187. Herrick, S.
M. H. : VI. .V>5, Ward, Richard H. ; improvements In,
807. Woodirard, J. ./.
Mlcrota-slmetcr, the, II. S0«. Edioon.
MimtMine. invention of a, V, 224. Reuling.
Mi.ldlebiiry colleKc, gifu to, II, 450, Field, M.; IV, 633,
P.i inter.
Middle Creek, battle of. H. 601.
Middleton. Oen. Charles. IV. 818. Middleton, Sir F. D.
Ml.ldleton. Harriet. V. .V)H. Riitledge, E.
Midill.t.nvn. \V.~»U'van unlversitv.'l, 629, Clark, L.
Midnisrht judtn-s. the. IV. 22.\ Mnrskail, J. M.
Midway, plantation of. III. .301. Hiiger, F.
Mif-r. attack on. 11. 747. Green. T. J.
Mifflin. Daniel. IV. 819. Mifflin, W.
Uignou, sobriquet of Penn. IV, 714.
Mihahuatlan. battle at. II, 166, Diaz, Porftrio.
Milan decn^. the, I. 25.
Milliourne. Capt.. III. 081. 088. Leisler.
Milburne. Jacob, VI. 251. Van Rensselaer, N.
Mildmay, Sir Thomas. VI. .572, Winthrop.
Mileage abuse, the, II, 738.
Milford. Mo., action at, II, 102, Davis, J. C.
Milfort, III. 651, Le Clerc.
Military adventurers, company of, IV. 61, Lyman, P.
Military Countryman, a. signature. III. 154, Heath, W.
Military discipline. b<xjks of, V, 1. Pickering. T.
Military instruction, scheme for, VI. 496, Whittlesey, J. H.
Military Monitor, the. IV. .^54, O'Conor, T.
Military oltiwrs, in civil tmsts, 1.4:^2.
Military schools, founder of. IV. 666. Partridge.
Milk, adulteration of, I, .572, Chandler, C. F.\ condensed,
:J2(), Borden, G.
Milk-.sickness, the, III. 445, Johnson, John Milton.
Milkv Way, theory of the, I, :135. Bowdoin.
Mill.invention of a. I, 301, Boqardns, J.
Mill. John Stuart, quoted, I, .504, Calhoun.
Millard, Nathaniel. IV. ,324. Millard, D.
Millard. Phcel^e. II, 4.52. Fillmore.
Mill-dam troubles. II. 722. Graydon, W.
Milledgeville, Ga.. name of, IV, 824, Milledge, J.
Millennial Star, the. V, 102. Pratt, P. P.
Millennium, the, prophecies, 1, 120, Austin, D. ; theories of,
IV. 25:1.
Miller, Dr. Edward, IV, .5.3.3, North, E.
Miller, Judge Eli.jah, V, 470, Seicard, W. H.
Miller, Frances A., V. 470, Seicard, W. H.
Miller. Joaquin, IV. 325. Miller, Cincinnatus H.
Miller. Melchior. IV, 329, Miller, S.
Miller, Phineas, VI, 488, Whitney, E.
Miller, Dr. Samuel. II, 311, Edvards, J.; quoted, 312.
Millerites. the, IV, 329. Miller, W.
Millet, J. F., III. .320. Hujit. W. M.
Mill Grove, Pa., I, 117, Audubon.
Milliken's Bend, Sherman at, II. 711.
Millions for defence, etc., IV, 223 ; author of, V, 22, Pinck-
Tiey, C. C.
Mills, invention of machinery for, II, 384, Eixins, O.
Mills, Charles C, V, 003. Stephens.
Mills. O. F., Ill, 012. iMnqtni-
Mills, Nathaniel, III, 196, Hicks, J.
Mills. Ruth. I. 404.
Mill Siiring. Ky., battle of. II. 10, Crittenden, G. B.; 601 ;
IV. 92. McCook, R. L.; V, 42:3, Schoepf', VI, 79, 80.
Milne-E<lward8, I, 3.5.
Milnes. Sir Robert S., V. 109, Prescott, Robert.
Milton, Mass., Ill, 832, .3.3.3.
Milton, John. IT. 262, Dunster, H.: Ill, 129.
Milton, Rev. William, VI, 161. Trollope.
Milwaukee, Wis., first white settler in, HI. 488, Juneau ;
Catholic institutions in, 100. Heiss ; 169, Henni ; debt of,
railroatl interests, IV, .342, Mitchell, A. ; riots in, V, 351,
Rush. J. M.
Minardi, Tomaso. II, 7.59, Gregori.
Minas fieraes. gifts to hospital of, IV, 810, MesqiUta, Joai
Francisco de.
I Mind reading. I. 20B, Beard.
' Miner, Mrs., IV. .380, Miller, W.
Mineralogy, II, &i7, Gibhs ; researches in, V. .528, 529 ; 573,
Smith, J. L. : collection, VI, 162, Troost ; UI, 267. Ho-
sack. D. : VI. 449, Wheatleyi discovery of new minerals,
628-029. Wurtz.
Miners, law governing, II, 448, FHeld, S. J.
Minerva, thV", VI. 417," Vi>6s^er, N.
Mines, first worked by Europeans in America. II. 166, Diaz,
M. : gold and silver. II. 400. Fair ; U. S. system of sub-
marine, I, 4, Abbott, H. L. ; hydraulic mining, VI, 61,
Temple, J.
Mines, Rev. John, IV. 3.30. Mines, F. S. ,
Mingoes. war with the. IV. 5, Logan, John.
Miniature-painting. IV. 180. MalBone.
Minisink, massacre at. I. .3.59, Brant.
Ministers' libraries, fund for. III, 806, Huidekoper, F.
Minister's Wife, a, pen-name, I. 220.
Minister's Wooing, the, original of a character in, in, 258,
Hopkins, S.
Minneapolis. Minn., school of fine arts, VI. 306. Volk, S. A.
D. : flour-mills of. VI. 871. Vyashbum, C. C. ; orphans'
home at. 371. Washburn, C. C.
Minnesota. Catholic colonies in, III, 3.55. Ireland, John ;
Catholic institutions in, V, 4.56. l^eidenbush : railroads of,
III, 293, Hubbard, L. F. ; Episcopalian institutions in,
562, Knickerbocker, D. B. : exploring expedition, V, 08,
Pone, John ; Sioux lands in, 168, Ramsey, A. ; cession of
Indian lands in. 235. Rice, H. M. ; territorv formed,
railroad bonds of, Sioux rising in, pioneer of, 522, S«ft-
leii, H. H. ; purcha.ses from the Chippewas, 592, Smith,
W. R. : pioneer of. VI. 092. /> Due.
Minnesota, the, burning of, II, 540, Freeman, F.
Minniesland, I. 118.
Mit\on, Gen., III. 403. Jarauta.
Minor. Francis. IV. .3.37. Minor, V. L.
Minorca, capture of. by the French, IV, 468. Murray, James.
Minofs Ledge light-bouse, I, 46, Alexander, B. S. ; VI, 11,
Swift, W. U.
MINT
MOXTEIL
7o:i
Mint. tht> U. R., nnit gold cninM at, II, ISO, De Saumurt.
Miiithorne fartn. Ihf, V, 171, KnmtaH, H. K.
Minute Phiiu«oph<<r, the. II. 445. Fes»enfleH. T:0.
Mirabeau, 1, 4.^1, Hurke, A. ; author of hta works on fluanoc,
OSW, CUivi^rr.
Miratlit*. I, &V), lUrtrnnd; ivporf<Hl, III. «», L'Auheri-
fii'if ; IV', 41(7. S'-uintinii ; VI. Ml, Tfijtikouitii.
MiriittoivM. Imill<< of. III. tm, Utwt* ; 017, Ui I'uerta.
MiraiKln. IVdnxli', III. iRM, Hiiden.
Miri'P-Hs. Kuk** of. in. ai9. Hjnrn.
Mi-*,-iii(iii/,ii. ilie. 1, .W. Catliciiri, W. S. ; III. 890, Hottf,
W. : of 177H. thf. VI, 447. WhnrUm. Jo»ei>h.
Mis kwal)un-okwa, VI, !CJ, Tunner, J.
Mi.tsioiiary, the, IV, 68H, I'ttsMirtint.
Mbaionary HithM. the. IV. 4^1. Moriie, J.
Miaaioiiary I{<-t;ist<-r. the. III. 7W, Lewis.
Miaaiotiiirv socieiv. American, f^ift to. V, 319, Root, It.
MiSBion RliiKe. hiittl." of, II, *t4. Eirhig, H. H. ; V, 191,
RawliM ; 4iW, :M ; VI, *tt, Wnlthan.
lIiaBion.s, Aiiierioan board of, IV, 38.1, XfilU, S. J. ; MO.
A'of f. .S. ; formation of, 804, Sewell, S. ; Pn)te«tant Ki>Ls-
copal. 5«3. .Vll, (kjilvie ; U85, Paifne, J. ; V, 41«. SrhfrvH-
cheirtky ; 445, Sraburjf ; 013, South(j<ite ; 085, NtfUHtrt.
J. C.
Blissions, to Asia. II, 11.5, Dtfnn. W. ; to Indians, 110,
Deane, James ; 211, Dreuitlettes ; Moravian, III, 1S7,
Hrckeicflder ; S|)unLt)i, I. 590. Chavez. Se«4 also under
names of religious denominations and orders.
MissisHippi bubble. III. Oi7. Imw, John.
Mis.sis.sippi company. IV. ,V12, A'oj/<m ; VI. 000, Zenon.
Mississippi river, the. American ri^htx on, IV. 105 ; closing
of. by Spain, VI, .511. WHkinium ; defences of. II, 110;
(ILscoVery of, 1.5.3, />«• .So/o ; .V.W. (hiray, F. de : III, nw,
Henneynn\ fisSl, />i StiUe \ IV, 213 SI4. Manfuette ; 2>J4,
Membre ; discovery of the sources of. 4'ii, Morrison, W.;
exploration of the upjier, I, 9, Acctiult ; V, 425. School-
craft, H. R.; VI, 89, Thompson, D.; enRagrements on.
II, 94, Davis, C. H. ; delta, survey of. Ill, 314, Hum-
phreys, N. A.; expetlltion to the mouth of, 339, Uter-
ville ; exploration of, 4<5I, Jolliet ; 477, ./outfl ; contro
versy on, ibid.: exploration. V. 19, Pike, Z. M.; Impr<.>v«»-
ment of. II, 287. Etids ; V, 277. Ri>l)ertx, W. J/.; attem]>t
to turn the course of. II. 712, oij«Mieil to the National
forces, 713 ; missions on, IV, .373, Sfontigiiy, F. J.
Mississippi scheme, the, V, 221, Renault.
Missi8slpj)i state, ((rant and settlements in, claims of set-
tlers. IV. 512, S'oyan ; territory of, state constitution, V,
48. Poindexter ; colony of military adventurers in. IV,
01, Lyman, P.; (crant of land in. VI, 2K5. I'euillot ; riots
in, I, l>4. Amex, A.; renudiation by, V, |07, Prentiss, ,S. S.;
decision rejrnrdinK liability of, 43.5. ,Sr<itt, ('.
MiiJKissippi valley, exploration of, Kup|H>He(l Mexican tribe
in, V, 307, .Sit'yritu; claims to. III, 4iXt. 410: taken i>os-
Kssion of, for France, 022 ; French wttlements in, IV,
&3B, Xoaaret ; pro|)osal to divide between Srtain and
EnKland. II. 5.32. .V« : riKhts of United .Siatt-s in. I, 19 :
secured to the United States. III. .377 ; first church and
college in. II, 0^10. tJituton, R. L.\ si-lentific exploration
of. IV. 517. Mcollet.
Mississippi, the, steamer, II, 410. 417 ; burned, V, SrO,
.Smi7/«, M.
Mississippi, the. transport. II. 000. (Slisnon.
Miss Malouy on the f!hines<* questi<in. II. IIM. Lkxii/e, M. M.
Missouri compromise, the. I. 20; 271, Rissell, W. H.\ Oil :
II. 98, />rii-M. J. ; 214. 215 ; VI, 81, Thomas, J. H ; 194. 199 :
Calhoun's view of. I. M\, 501: repeal of. .580; II. 5i3,
Foster, L. S.; Ill, 710 ; effect of repeal, I, 4A1 ; propownl
restoration of. 4.35.
Missouri Pacific railroa<l. the. II. 010, (Harrison, C. K.
Missouri river, head-waters of. III. 7i>0, Letris, M.
Mi.'Mouri state and t4>rritorv, admis.si(m of, I. 241 : debate
on the admission of. V. 2f4. Roberts, ./nnathan : III. 7ilO.
Leu^is, M.; Catholic institutions in. lOO. IMios; 229. Ho-
gan,J.J.; VI, 094, Menard, H.; educational institutions
In, II, 888, Dubourij ; 242, huchrHne : first pul)lic si-hool
in, I. 91, Armstrony, />. //. : old laml-titles In, III. 732.
Linn, L. F.; saline and mineral lands of, I. 241 ; slavery
a>)olishe<l In, II. 1H2. Fbtrtier. T. C; botanical tforden,
V, 485, Shatr, H ; captun< of state troops of. I. 8H«). Hlair,
F. P.: in the civil war. 11.517. FrAmoni ; .587. (iamhte, H.
R.; 111,49; 3S5, yiirA.w>», C. F.; IV. 08; V, 4tt, Pteason-
ton. A.: 09. /'ofte, J.; 524 ; stale university, 813, Rotlins,
J. .V; Mormon war in. 570. .Smith, Joseph.
Mitch.'!. Fr.«<lerlck A., IV, 312, Mdrhel, O. M.
.Miichcll. Mt.. H, :«3.
Mitchell. Charles 8.. IV, 285. Marshall, T.
Mitchell. .lohn, V^, 4B6. Sheppard, M.
Mitchell, L.1U1S, rV,»47. MttcheU, D. O.
Mitchell. Dr. S. L., IV. .3*. Miller. R.
Mitdiell. Samuel 8.. VI, 6M. MttcheU, L. M.
Miidiell. MaJ. W. O., III. 73.
Jliicheirs Hich Peak, his
grave on, illustration. IV. &I3.
lUifrhetl, E.
Mill. King. VI. 03.5. Xiutlalttin.
Millnfovuca, ruins of. II. .592. Harria-Cubas.
Mitniilieiis*.. the. I. 0:18, Claxlon. F S.
Miuu-edeu.s. the. trilM- of. III. .521. A'.r.
Moab. Uedawins of. V. 191. R,itrso„, A. L.
Mobile, I, 8S0, Bienville ; 111, 339, IberviU* ; eogngtmbat
at, biHwe»>n Indians and Kpaniards. II, 153, I>e floto : re-
moval of oo!uny to, IV. .'.«. .V..,/;. , ; .uiitiir.- of (IThi,.
II, S«, OdiMS, // ; •M'cuiii.
meot anlnaL pro|HMie(l i>v
at« aciunst, 718; Oanby m
VI, ri. Thatcher, H. K.; nudlc-al collej;.- at. IV.-M-j, .V..fj.
Joaiiih C.
Mobile bay. removal of torpedoes In. II. IH, Croaltp, p ;
defences of, and haule, 11.417; 8, Craven, T. A. M.\ III.
538, Kimberly ; IV, 457, Mutlany, J. R. M.; 880. Pulmtr,
James C
Mobley's meetlnjc-house. en^raffeinent at, IV. 90. McCture, J.
Mod<M-s, treachery of the. I. ftlK. Canity ; Hiirreiuler of th«,
II. 1»W. Itavis. J. C: war with. tVjO. Oillem.
Moffat. k.'V. .lohn, IV. 351. Moffat. J. I).
MolTatt. \>r. Tbomas. V. 4«I. Senlrr.
MofTette. Mancaret, III, 274. Houston, S.
Mohawks, the. Ill, HB. Hrndnck: II. 481. Fletcher, B.;
war with the I<>ench and Hunms. Ill, 4.35, Jogues ; IL,
09«i. (toupil ; missions to the. .545. Frrmin ; IV. .58. Ijydius,
J : '£<!, Mefiaitolensis ; 401. .Wunro. //.; .'jIB 5«H. ttgilrte.
J.; laiiKua^e. I>ooks in. I. 421. Hruyas ; traiislat Ions into,
II. .Vlit, Frteman, B.: castle, taken. .580. (ianseroort, P.
MohaM'k Dutch lantruaKe. the. IV, 092. Pearson, J.
Mohexans. the. II. 471. Filrh, Jamrs ; war with the Narrft-
transetts, IV. 31.3. Miantomimn ; VI, 2IH, I'ncoM.
Moiiia, Itseiidoiivm. II, IHI, JHnnies.
Moira. Karl of. III. 144. Hayne, /.; V. IHK. Rnirdon.
Mojonera. battl<- at. I. 715, Corona ; IV, 80, Losada, M.
Moiantr. Capt.. V, 1 W).
.Molitieux. map by, III. 297.
Molino del Key, battle of. (Jrant at. II, 709 ; V, 441.
.Moll. John, III, 1»<. Ht-rrman, K. O.
Mollie Matfiiires. the. II. 099, Uowen ; III, 490. Kaertker ;
V. 20. Pinketton.
Molson. Thoma.s. IV. .%54. Mnlson, W.
Moly»)<lat»>s. 11. 038. a,blM, O. H'.
MoiiiiM'sson, Itev. W.. IV. .354. Mompesson, R.
Monan-hy. pr«'fenMK>«'s for. in .\merica. III. 430
Monastic orders, abolishe<l in Honduras, IV. .389, Muraxan,
Monca<la, Manjuis of. IV. .335. Mina.
Monclova, Count of, IV, 482, .VatYirrti ; city of, V, (B. For-
tocarrrro.
Moncrieff, Rev. A.. Ill, 104. Henderson, M.
Moncure, Rev. .lohn, VI. 591. H'otMl, J. M.
Mondelet, Dominicnie, IV, 3.50. Mondelet, C. J. E.
Monell. J,me\A\ D.. IV. 3.50. Monell, C. L.
Money-makers, anonvmoiis novel, ILL, 600, Keenan, //. F.
MonRiave, .M. de, U, '^0. Itumo.
Monjfr«iveio. T. A.. VI. 1.35. Torihio.
Monitor, the. illustration. II, .3»V5, Erirsson ; Inilldintr of the.
III. A.(irisirold,J. A.; VI..570. ll'iH«/oir. ./. F.; fi>rht with
the Merrimac. 11.749. (irrme, S. I>.\ VI. 014, Worden ;
incident on. IV, 507, Sewton, /.; foundering of, I, 158,
Bankhead. J. P.
Monitor's I^'tters, the. III. 006. Ijee, A.
Monitors, i>latt>s for. 1. 0. AMt'dt. H.; revolvinjf turrets and
lift for. invention of, VI, 54.3. Wilmarth, S.
Monk. (ien.. I. 1C>. 90.
Monk liewis. sobri<piel. III. TOO. Ijnris, M. O.
Mouk, L(ml, IV, KM. Macdonald, J S.
Monklnnds. II. 319. Elgin.
Monk's Corner. Iwiftle. III. .300. //i/«Kr. /. ; V, 8S. PtteteH.
.Monmouth, battle of. I, 48. Alexander, 11'.; (M*. Clinton,
//.: II, 174. lUckinson. P.; 70K, (;rant. J. : 781 ; 105. Hen-
derson. T. : .587 : 1«W> : IV. 825. Miller, H. ; V, 100. Ramsay,
S. ; mi : VI. .398. Wayne ; incident of, 09S, Molly ; monu-
ment, in. .Vr7. Kelly. J. E.
Monmouth collejr«'. jjift to. HI. 79. Harding, A. C.
Mon.K-acv. luittle. H. 2'.t<». Enrli/. J. A.; VI. 884, H'allaee, L.
Moii.kI. liev. Fre<leri«-. IV. 357. M^mod, T.
Motioiitrahela. fi(Mitin»r of the. H. 87. />.MiVf*«M. T.
Monroe, .\ndrew. IV. .302. Monroe. Jamrs.
Monroe. James, home at Oak Hill, illiistratJon, IV. 869 : bis
tomb. 301.
Monroe, Siienct', IV. 358. Monroe, J.
MonnN'. Mich See Frkkchtown.
Monn»' d.K-trine. the. I. 20. KB. 4.«1 ; HI. ST? : IV, 880 : V,
472 : VI. 231 ; violate*! in Mexi.-o. II. 717.
Monrovia, site of. choM*n. IV. 730. /Vi-r«, M. C.
Monroy. Alonso de, I, 734, Coi-aOo ; lU, SW. Uttdem ; 800.
Huefntn.
Monn>y, Col., II. S7»>. Eseohedo, M.
Monsieur ToMson. IH. 22. Horkeit, J. H.
Monsiirnori. D«-an of. V. 4ftV .s.f<.n. R.
Monster of Monsters, the. iwmphM. II. &I0. Fhttle, D,
MoBSteiW. moral, etc.. famous saying. I. 451, tfttryss.
MoQtMriMis. the Irilie of. I. .508. Champlain.
MoOUlinie, IV. 447. M.nn.l.ii,,. J
Montallwin. J. I* ' ".
Montana, gold d :. Purple. R. R.
Montcniiii. iiiiiin I'tirittaitlt, U. B.
^' ■ W . pro iimii.'. VI. 421, Weidemeyer.
t of. IV. l«l, .Uor/MIM.
M •.. lMittl.« of. H, SftO, Fri€U, PVix; V, aSl,
Rosus ; VI. ;.'1K. I'rauixa.
Moate de las CYuoes. Itaitle at. H. 194, petollado,
Moot<>florp. Mniies v.. IV. 8(i5. Monlefiore, J.
Monteil, Anuuis, quot«d, IV, 040, ParenU P-
764
MONTE
MORTLAKE
Monte PJnto. battle at. I. 89*. Colocolo.
MonU^pio. the. 1. 4JH. Hucnreli. .,,,,,.-., j
MoiiU-n-v. baUle of. U, !»8. Davis. J.; V 1.VJ. Outtman.J.
A.. !M Smith, C. F.: VI. M; SSW. iroori V. Af.: 616.
Win-th. U'. J.: oapture of. II. 369, Eacubedo ; taken by
(?om. Sliiat, 546. Fn-inont.
Mont«Tev. Odint of, 111.306, Hiihiw.
Mont**, 1. 616. C/fK/u*. _^, ,, .
M«>iitejRUir.>s. Maniiils de. II. 861 ; IV, 208, Mendoza y
Luna \ VI. 'ZTA, VtUisat. L.
Mi>iiU*«l<>oa, Kraiu'isio. IV, 3".«, Morelos.
Montespan, Madiime, 11. tM.
Monteviileo, the Uriiish at, II. W>, Delinirrs: enK»Kement
near 1. 412. Hr<>wi>. W. ; sie^e of. 4T6. HusUimente y
Ouerra: IV. 'ZV>. Mnrtin de Moxiasy \ (1H43), V, 266,
A"iuer<i; IV. «^<7. i'<i2 ; (1SI4). I. 107. Artkjas; (ISll and
1S14>, V. 316, linndvau : (lW3-"5n, 321. Rrtsan ; capture of
(1817» and revolt in. III. <)53. I^-cor \ oc-oupation of, by
the English. IV. 267, Maue : (m)7). V. 362. Saavedra, C;
return of, VI, 4S0, Whitelmke ; observatory, IV, 23r>.
MouU-zunia, CounUs of, IV, 36y, Montezuma ; V, 400, Sar-
mientu Valtndares.
Montezunias, the. palace of. II. .585, Odlvez. B.
Montfonl, Col. Joseph, III. 462, Jones, it. M.
Mont*;oniery, James, 11, hUh, Gates, J.
Montgomery. James K.. II. 419. Farrngut.
MontKomery. Maj , 111. <i54, Ledyard, W.
Montj.'omery. Thomas. IV. 370. Montf/oniery, R.
M<MitKomery. the. Ill, 324, Hunter, \V.
MontKomerv charter, the. II. 129. De Lancey, J.
MontKotnerVs hill skirmish on. IV. 1:M. Mackenzie. W. L.
Monthly Mistraet of Me«lical Science, the. III, 146, Hnys, I.
Monthly Antholojry. the, II, 343, Emerson, H. W. ; 349,
Emerson, IJ'. ; :lt«), Ei'erett : V. 4<k"i. Savage. J.
Monthly Magazine and American Review, the. I. 397.
Monthly Military R»'|H)sitory. the. V, SW. .9mi7/i. C.
Monthly Ke^nster. t'harlestown, I. 532. Carpenter, S. C.
Monthly Kelit'ious Muffazine, IV, 406, Morison, J. H. ; V,
447, .SVdra, K. H.
Monthly K.'view, the. VI, 62S. iVrinht, W.
Moiiticello, On., school founded at. II, 332, Elliott, Stephen;
raid ui)on, VI, 35. Tarlvton : capture of, in the Revolu-
tion, III. 418 ; confiscation of. 701, Lei-y ; view of, Jeffer-
stin's house at. 419.
Montmorency-liaval. Duke of. Ill, .586, Lafayette.
Montoneros. the. II. 2i)6, Dorrego.
Mi>ntjH'lier, Madison's house at, illustration, IV, 169.
Montjiensier, Mdlle. de. II. 5.54.
Montreal. Indian attacks on, I. 662. Ctosse ; attempted
capture of. .52. Allen, Ethan ; charities in, II. 219, Lkiwd ;
Iroquois attack on. 25;i. Du Unit ; threatened by the
Iroquois. .\54 ; attacked in the war of 1812. Ill, 69. Hamp-
ton; benefactions t<>. IV, 117, McGill.J.; founded, 178.
Mnisonneuve ; hospital founded, and island ceded, 185.
186. Mance : capture of, 371 ; pifts to institutions of, 408,
Morrice ; sU-ge of (1760), 468. Murray, James ; purchase
and colonization of, .571. Olier; Catholic institutions in,
V, 124, I'rince, J. C. ; exp«:'<lition against. 430, Schtiyler,
P.; scholarship of mu.sic, 561, Smith, Sir D. A.; gift to,
VI. gill, \'iger. D. H.
Montreal, the steamer, btimins: of. IV. 76.3. Phillips, S. C.
Montreal Literar>- MaRnzine. the, V. 201. Reade.
Montressor. Col. John. V. Xi9. Rnieixm, S.
Montres.sor"s island. III. 167. Henley. T.
Montntse. marquLses of. II, 703. Graham. J.
Jlontserrat. Kiipene de. VI, 297. Villermet.
MonLxerrat. island of. capture of the. I, 174, Barras, L.
MiKKlie. Benjamin, IV. 375, Moodie. J. W. D.
M<MKlie. Mai. James. IV. :iT5, Moodie, J. W. D.
Moody. Caleb. IV. 3rr. Moody. S.
MiXKly, Rev. Samuel, II. .^43. Emerson, R. W.
McHKly. William, IV. 376. Moody, G.
Moon Hfiax. the. III. 751, Lttcke, R. A.
Moor, J<«hua. III. 678, Legge ; VI, 4.55, \Vheelock, E.; his
charity sch(K>l, I, ,359. Brant ; VI, 455, WTieelock, £.: 464,
Whitaker, N.
Moore, BlfKimfleld H.. IV. .^79. Moore, C. J.
Moore, Kllzabeth. VI. 330. Walker, Thomas.
Moore, Sir Francis, IV. 3H2, Moore, John.
Moore. Sir J.. IV. .382, Moore, John.
Moore. Joseph, IV, .379, ^Woor*", C. L.
M<»re, I.indlev M.. IV. 3:9. Moore, E. M.
Moore, Mary E.. 111. 192. Hewitt, M. E.
M<x>n'. KolH-rt. IV, 3m. Moore, W.
Mof>re. Roper. IV. ,3SI. Moore, James.
Moore. Samuel H.. VI. 607. Woo<ltcard, A. A.
Moore. Thomas, II. 246, D^tflT, M. A.; memorial to, I, 605,
Chdds, n. U'. : poem attributed to, IV, 458, MuUer, A.
A.; quoted, VI, 49S. Wirkham, J.
Moore, (lov. Thomas O V, 611.
Moore. Capt. Walter. IV. 46. Loirther.
M<K»re. Judpe William. II. J566, Erskine, F.
Moon-. William, III, 532. Kidd.
Moon-Held. Va., enirapement at. III, 504, Kelly, B. F.
Moore Hall, Pa., IV, .38:1. Moore. W.
Moore House, the, at Yorktown. illustration. I, 745.
McH.re 8 Creek, battle of. I, 557, CcwiceM ; 111,712, Lilling-
ton ; IV. 382. Moore. James.
Moor's Corner, fight at, U, 867, Duq\tet ; 570, Oagnon.
Moos, Prof., m, 560. Knapp. J. H.
Moose, the steamer. II. 472. Fitch, L.
Moot club, the. III. 74;^. Livingston, William.
Morales, Bolivian statesman, II, 114, Daza.
Morali.st. the. V. .38J1. Sands, B.C.
Moravian, the iH-rifKlical. V. 434, Schweinitz, E. A.
Moravians, the, I. 212. Hechler ; settlements, IV, 216, Mar-
schatl; 489. Aeisser ; V. 214, Reichel, W. C; sus-
pected, during the French wars, towns of, founded, IV,
12.5-126, Mack ; missions, I. 300, Boehler ; III, 7, Orube ;
1.57 Heckewelder; IV, .524, Nitschmann, D.; 569, Olden-
dorp ; V, 83, Post ; 145, Pyrloius ; 333. Roth ; 348. Rundt ;
417. Schelxish : 4.55. Seidel ; 466, Seuseman ; 475, Seyffert ;
514, Shober ; 519, Schultz, T. ; iSiii\,Spangenberg ; massaci e
of converts. III. 488, Jungman.
More, Sir Thomas. VI. .388. Waterton.
Moreau. Father. II. 651, Gillespie, E. M.
Moreland. manor of. Pa., IV. 389, More.
Morelia, city of, founded, IV, 298, Mendoza, A. de ; .3ft3,
Morelos.
Morelos, I, 59, .Almonte.
Moreno, F. A.. II, 314, Egano.
Moreton, Clara, pen-name, IV, 379, Moore, C. J.
Morey, I.srael, IV. 393, Morey, S.
Morgan, Rev. Abel, III, 464. Jones. D.
Morgan, Abner. IV, 400, Morgan, J. A.
Morgan. Catherine. II, 184.
Morgan, Daniel, his home, illustration, IV, 897.
Morgan, F'.liza C, III, 1G6, Hendricks, T. A.
Morgan. Esther, III. 464, Jones, D.
Morgan, Evan, IV, 401, Morgan, John.
Morgan, Col. O. N., IV, 399. Morgan, G, W.
Morgan, John. IV. 395. Morgan, C.
Morgan, Dr. John G., III. 63, Hamilton, F. H.
Morgan. John Pierpont. VI, 152, Tracy, C.
Morgan, Nathan, iV, 3{)8, Morgan, E. D.
Morgan, Peyton R., IV, 400, Morgan, J. A.
Morgan^ the privateer, II, 436, Feiiidndez de Castro ; 488,
Fernandez de Piedrahita.
Morgan ap Rhydderch, HI, 464, Jones, D.
Morgan art collection, the. IV. 395, Morgan, C.
Morgan case, the, trial of Mather, II, 764, Griffln, E.
Morgan e'itv. La.. IV. 395, Morgan. C.
Morgan's raid. Ill, 2£i. Hohson, E. H.; 605, Landram.
Morghen. Raphael, II, 73, Danforth. M. I.
Morison, Rev. John, I, 45, Alexander, Archibald.
Moriyania Yenosuke, II, 667, Glynn.
Morley, Samuel, III. 14. Gustafson.
Morlot. A., quoted, II, 96. Dai)j«, E. H.
Mormon, book of. See Book op Mormon.
Mormonism. the Ekimunds act, II, 305, Edmunds.
Mormons, colony of. I, 3^9, Brannan, S.; in Missouri, II,
200, Doniphan ; trial of Joseph Smith, 213, Douglas. S.
A.; question, in Utah, 215 ; their first idea of settling in
Utah, 545, Fremont : III, 13, Gunnison ; revolt of, 455 ;
troubles of, 493, Kane, T. L.; apostle of the, 536, Kim-
ball, H. C. ; proclamation of pardon to, V, 95, Powell, L.
IK.; the Isaiah of, 102-103, Pratt; 252-2.53, Rigdon ;
first miracle of, 575, Smith, Joseph ; VI, 45-46, Taylor,
John ; 486, Whitmer ; removals of, 645 ; doctrine of
polygamy first proclaimed, 645 ; outrages by, 645, 646.
Morna. peii-name. III. .585. Ladd, C.
Morning Star, the, Karen magazine, IV. 240, Mason, F.
Morocco, B'rench attack on, IV, 589, Orleans, F. F.
Moroni, angel named, V, .575, Smith, Joseph.
Morphy, Ernest, IV, 407, Morphy, P.
Morrell, Abram. IV. 407, Morrett, L R.
Morrin college. Canada. IV, 409. Motrin.
Morris, Amherst, IV, 418, Morris, M. P.
Morris, Caspar, IV, 301, Mercer, M.
Morris, Capt. C. M., IV, 172, Maffltt.
Morris, Edmund, IV. 419. Morris. T. A.
Morris, Elizabeth. VI, 468. White, A. W.
Morris, Henry (rage. IV. 418, Morris, M. P.
Morris, HesU-r, \\. 225, Marshall, J. M.
Morris, IsalK-lla. \^, 510, Wilkins, L
Morris. John. IV. 419. Morris, T. A.
Morris, Lewis, IV, 613, Owen, G.
Morris, Gen. Louis M., Ill, 45)7, Kearny, P.
Morris. Louise A., I, 737, Corcoran, W. W.
Morris. Margaret. IV. 5.56. Odell, J.
Morris, Maria, IV, 526, Sixon, J.
Morris, Richard, IV. 414, Morris, L.
Morris, Col. Roger, his house, illustration, III, 487.
Morris, Thomas, IV, 417, Morris, H W.
Morris, William, IH, 624, Lathrop, F.
Morrisania. the Morris house at, illustration* IV, 415.
Morris island, operations on, U, 654, Gillmore ; capture of,
IV, 1*3, Mackenzie, R. S.
Morrison, Hugh, IV, 421, Morrison, J. C.
Morrison, John, IV, 421. Morrison, J. W.
Morrison, Mary A., 111. :»2. Jackson. T. J.
Morristown, N. J., gifts to, I, 666. Cobb, G. T.; Washing-
ton's headquarters at, III, 53, Halsey ; the Minard home
at. IV, 335, Minard.
Morro Castle, bombardment of. VI, 273, Velasco, L. V.
Morse, Dr., Ill, 94, Harri.t, T. M.
Mortimer, John Hamilton. V. 24. Pine.
Mortlake manor. Conn., V, 139, Putnam, L
MORTON
NANCY
765
Morton. F.liza T... V, 151-102. Quiney.
Mortnli, Johu, V, Mti, Otiinry, K. S.
Morton. Samu«>l. IV. *«. Miirlun, R.
Morton. Thomas. IV. 4'M. Morion, V.
Morv»»n. eHtut<' of. V. «1W, Stockton, R.
MoMUidmni. diiwovfry of, V. 573. Smith, J. L.
Moaby, John OarUnd. IV. 4X<, MoMty. M. W.
MoBOhfleH. I.aiiU, Hinlxop ; AX!, Hiick, />.; Ill, 228, Hoffnutu,
R. H.\ IV, 24M, .tf,iji<„i. H'.; II, 664. (iletuum.
Moooow, the n-trvat from. I. 167, hnrlow. J.
Ifoaoow, the ptraU'-Hhip. captiir« of, V. 758), Stringham.
Moseley. Kev. Mr.. II. 116. /Vfirx, Jame».
Moaely. E*lwar<l. II. 30l. A^/^ii, C.
Moses, sol)rii)tiet. VI. 17:2. Talnnaii.
Masher. Mrs., III. ItW, Heude,-.
MosqiULo rteel. the. I. 147, Hiilch ; V. 74. Portrr, P.
Mosquito Indians, British prutectorat« over, I, 481.
Mosses, study of. See Urvuux>t.
MoSBop. (rt'orpe. II. Zii, Dri-w, L.
MosB-tyi)e priH-ess. the, invention of. IV. 437, Moat, J. C.
Mo88y Creek. Tenn., action at, U. 381. Elliott, W. L.
Mother's Mairaziue, the. V'l. 4!Vi, Whittleaey, A. O.
Motherwell. W.. III. 51H, Kcmu-ily, IV.
Motion, primitive atomic. Ill, 41W, Kenly.
Mot<ir8. rotary, patent for. II. 255. I)u Motay ; Keely's, III,
499, AVf/i/ ; a new. VI. 872, Buchniian.
Mott, Ahijrail. IV, 379, M<jorf. E. M.
Mott. Capt. .loan. IV, 440, Mott, (ifrxhom.
Mott, Samuel F., IV, 444, Mott, W. F.
Motte. Jacob. IV, 445, Mntte, I.
Motichv. Duke de. IV, 463. Murat.
Moulton. Sarah, VI. 6<)9, H'ool.
Moulton, W. U.. IV, 446, Moulton. L. C.
Moultrie, Dr. John. IV. 446. Moultrie, U'.
Moultrie. Col., banners given to. II. 332, Elliott, Suaantuih.
Mountl-builders, relic-s of the. II, »5, Lkivi*, E. U.\ works
of the. VI, 4'.)6, Whittlfsey. C.
Mound Citv. the Kun-l>oat. III. 535, Kilty.
Mountain of Wealth, the. VI. 305, Vogu^.
Mt. .\lexander, V, 6;i5, S/xitiiwood.
Mount Arthur. II, 741. fjreely.
Mount Auburn i-emetery. founded. I. 260. Bigelow, J.; first
burial in. 14. Ailnnm, H.; Sumner's tomb at, illustration,
V, 747 ; statue in, illustration, VI, 573.
Mt. Carmel, 111., I, 2i)9, Hf^auchnrnp.
Mt. Chalten, discovery of. IV. SWi. Moreno. F.
Mount Des«Tt island, grant of, I, 247, 218. Bernard ; colony
on. 2.54, Binrd ; lord of, 493, CadilUic ; mountain railway,
IV, 21«, Mar*h, Sylivstt'T ; Jesuit mission, 249. Manai.
Mount Ktna. survey of. IV, 741. Peters, C. H. F.
Mt. Fujiyama, exi)edition to, VI, 1», Todd, D. P.
Mt. George. V, 6.'J5, Spottticood.
Mount Hamilton, Caf. observatory on. Ill, 709.
Mount Holyoke seminary, founder of, IV, 67, Lyon, M.;
gifts to Vl. 541. H'(//ij«foii, A'.
Mount Hoik-, R. I., IV. 756. 757.
Mount Koscluszko. name of. Ill, 578.
Mt. Lotiuillo. IV, 23. Lnquilto.
Mount l>)retto farm, II. 234, Drumgoole.
Mt. Mcitregfv, N. Y., house, i II u.st ration. II. 721.
Mount Morris, Jane Grey school at, II, 535, Franklin, T. L.
Mt. ( >rizaba, eruption of, V, 82. Portoctirrero.
Mount Piiito, battle at, I, 660. Cauitolican.
.Mount Pitt, III, 471, Joju-a, T.
Mt. Kigi, railway on. IV, 219, Marsh, .'iuliwster.
Mt. St. Mary's of the West, seminary. V, 136. Purcell.
Mount Sinai hospital, founder of, V, 542, .Simiton.
Mt. Tepeyac, appearance of the Virgin ou, VI, 226, Vale-
rinno.
Mt. Vernon, name, VI 2H0. Vernon. E.: 874 ; purchase, V,
;«7. Stifle, H. : VI. 382, 385. Washington. J. A.: II. 887, 888.
Mt. Washingtrm, first asc«*nt of. II, 47. Cutler, M.; meteoro-
logical station on. III. 217, Hitchcock. C. U. ; railway, IV,
21ft. .M'lrsh, .Si/lvester ; illustration. 219.
Mt. Wolla-ston, IV, 433, Morton, T.; V, l.V), Quincp, E.
Moura, CiM'tano L. de. pen-name. IV, 20, Lopes.
Mourt. (Jeorge. IV. 42.», Morton. U.
Moustier. Count, <|uote<l. VI, 380.
Mowat. John, IV. 449. Moirat, O.
Mowatt, James. IV, 4.V), Moivatt. A. C.
Mowers, invention of, I, 151, Ball, E.: II, B«. DnboU ; 111,
4S&,Jenckeji, ./.; 802, Utmson, D. L.; VI, 587, Wood, W. A.
Moxo, U. 542, Freites.
Moxon, Rev. George, V. 144, Pynchrm.
Moxos Indians. HI, 713. Limn, M.; IV, 199, Marbau.
Moynette, Anne. I. 117. Auduhttn.
Mrs Limln-r's Raffle, anonymous novel, 1, 477, Bxttler, W. A.
M'Tse, King, IV, 8. I^)ng, C. C.
Mih-ke, pupil of. IV. 436, .Mosler.
Mu<Mirit«s, battle of. IV. 62:4, Paex.
Mudge, I>'wls G . HI. 218. Hitchcock, R. D.
Mudge, Samuel. IV. 4.'')2. Mudge A.
Mudsill Hammond, sobriquet, HI, 67, Hammond, J. H.
Mudwall Jackson, I. 122. Ai-erell. U'. W.
Muhlenb.>rg. Dr. (Sotthilf. HI. 579, Kurtz, J. D.
Muhlenlxrg. Henrv W.. IV, 4.%5, Muhlenl>era. »'. A.
Muhlenb.'rg, Xicholatis. IV, 452. Muhlenberg. H. M.
Muhlenberg college. 1. 381, flro6«/; l\,«A,MvMn^>erg,F.A.
MulrBon, Rev. O., UI, 155, HeathcoU.
Mullierry gri>ve plantation, II, 7SS.
Muldor, Carl de, |Mn name, IV, 88B, ttftUr. Ckartea //.
Mullens, I'rim-illa. I. 42. Atden. John : V, M4, Stamdtak, M.
MtUler, Alfr.<l J . VI, 396. Way.
Mtlller, Henuu-d. V, 1K4, Rapp.
Mdller, Jolmnn, I. 222, Bthutm.
Milller. Johannes, I. .35.
.Muller, John von. HI. 550, Kinloeh. F.
Mulligan, J. W , 111. 204, HiU, trances M.
Mulligan letters, the. I, 277.
Mullins. RoHina K , HI. 692. Ijnirohan.
Multitulxdar l>oiler. the, V, 199, Read, N.
Mumford. Anna, II. 3£1.
Mumford. William, I, 478, Butler, B. F. ; hanfring ot, 11, 100.
Munck, l'>nst de, IV, 074. Ptitli. C.
Mundo Nuevo, El. review. V, 25, PiAryro.
Mundv, Gen. G<Mlfrey B.. V, 301, Rodnry.
Munford, Col. Robert. IV, 4.^9. Mun/ord, W.
Munguia. Bishop, HI. 5Hi). lAilxistuUi.
Munk(l<-«y, M., picture by, lU, 680, Lenox, J.; pupil of. VI,
185, Turner. C. Y.
Muil6n, Domingo, I, 000, Chimaltmin.
MuAoz, viceroy of Mexico, IV. 722, Peralta, O.
Muiison, Dr. (>neas. quoted, HI, M. Hale, iV.
Munson, Henry A., IV, 428, Morne, S. E.
Munsou, Margaret E., V. 391, Sangster, il. E.
Munson, Rev. .Samuel. IV, 00, Lyman, H.
Mur. M., II. 242, l>ucrue.
Murat, Joachim, king of Naples, IV. 402, Murat, S. A.
Muratori, Ludovico, IV. 4H1, .Savnillea.
Murchison, Sir Rtwlerick, II. 241, IM Chaillu.
Murdaugh. John W.. II, 221, Downing, F. M.
Murdoc-h, Beamish. I. 3K. .4Arni.
Murdoi-k, Rev. (JeorKc, IV, 4<M, Murdoch, W.
Murfree. William, IV. 4<H. Mur/ree. H.
Murfreesboro. Tenn., IV, 464, Murfree, //.; battle of, VI,
80. See Bl.so Sto.ne rivek.
Murietta, Joaquin, IV, 325. Miller, Cineinnatus H.
Murillo of Mtxi.-o, the, HI, 338, Ibarra, J.
Murphy, Tim, H, 537, Fraser, S.
Murphy, Thomas T., IV, 465, Murray. B.
Murray, Anthony, of Crieff. IV. '167. Muiray, A.
Murray. Augustus C., VI, .til, W'nldernee.
Murrav. John, nrit"e paid for Ir^ing's booka, HI, 861.
Murray, J. A. H.. HI, 40, Holl, F.
Murray, Rolierl, IV, 470. Murray, L.
Murray. William, IV, 4<58, Murray, John.
Murrell, John A:, V, 687, .Steirnrt, V. A.
Murrey, Humphrey. IV, 4(X, Morrcy.
Murthley castle, Intlian |>aintings at. IV, 325, Miller, A. J.
MiLscipula, anonymous Iiook. V, 122, l^ime, B. Y.
Muscovy comj)any. the. HI, 296. Hutlnon, H.
Museum of foreign literature. HI. 737. Littell, E.
Museum of natural history. New York, xoiiiogical collec-
tion in, IV. 49ft, }>fu-\cied.
Musgrove, Mary, I, 323, Bomtnurnrth.
Musgrove Mill, engagement at, Iv', 100, McDowell, C; V,
492, Shell)]/.
Mushet, Robert. H. 272, Durfee, Z .9.
Mushir, rank of, HI. 221. Hobart. A. C.
Music, teaching of. IV. 247. Mtnton, L.: flrst printed with
movable tyiies. 111.2%). Holden, O.; VI, 82, Thomas, T.;
books, cftntniversy on, HI. 21H. Hooker. E. W'.; prodigy
in, VI, 129. Tom ; tonic sol-fa system, V, 470. Srward. f.
F; festivals. 11.63. /VimrowTi; fund scx-iefy, 127. /Wfi.rtrW,
John: instnunent.s. first dealer in. in .Aui«'rica,I.H2. -J.^/'-r;
Invention of, automatic. II. 582, (iolly : IV, 171, Matlzl ;
VI, 6?2, Buchanan ; institutes, V, 82i». Root. (i. F.; j«Hjr-
nals. establishment of. 470, Seward. T. F. : notation, pro-
p<^iseil system of. HI. 636, Law, A.; iuveulor ot a system
of. V. »(t'6, Stevens. E.
Musical Magazine, the, HI. 112. Hasting*, T.
Musical p.'ri.¥lical. the first, HI. 636, Law, A.
Musical VearBook, VI, .M8, Wilson, O. H.
Music of light, the. VI. 672, Buchanan.
Musket, invention of a breech-loading, II, 483, F^rytuim, P.
Muspratt, Dr. J. S,, II, 42, Cuaknuxn, 6". W.
Mu.s.sel l>av. HI. 371. hrert.
Mussev. John. VI. 6. Sweat. M. J M.
Musta'pha. HI, 3«13. Irving. Wdlium.
Muter, <}e«>rge, V. 492. Shrlhu.
Miixo, citv of, foundeil. HI. 603, Ijauchero.
Myer. Ellw»U>th. V, 218. Rrily. J.
Myers. Dr. Theodore. IV. 474. Myers, .S. A.
Myle«'s garrison, IV, 474, Mylrs, J.
MyiMxylum, the, IV, 47*2, Mutis.
Mvrtle, Minnie, pi>n-nanie, IV. 325. Miller, U. D.
Mystic river, Peipiot fortjt on the, IV, 244, ilosoa, John,
Naoaxoc, King. VI. 14Q. Totepehu.
Nachan. ancient city of. VI. 808. Votdn.
Nahant. the iron clad. Ill, W. Harmony.
NaiU, machines for, I, 341. Boyden, S ; III. 586, XimbaO,
I. : V, 800, Read. .V. ; invention of. I. 670. Cnchran,
James ; pnx^ess for making. IV. 789, tyrkins, Jacob.
Naln, I'a.. foun.led. IV. 126. .Mark.
Nalme. Barones;*. HI. 614. h^nsilotrne.
Namoslne Church, fight at. II. 45. Custer.
Nancy, the brig, capture of, IV, 188, Mantey, J.
766
NANTUCKET
NEPTUNE
Nantucket, foundwl, I. 877. Coffin, T. ; n, 490, Folger, P. ;
purchMe of. III. XK). Hu*»ey.
Napier. Cape. W.. IV. IBI. MucSah.
Naples. Bpoliacioii claims paid by, IV. 786. Pern/, M. C.
Napo rivtr. IV. .V«. (hfllana ; V. .18. Piznrro, G.
Napoleon I.. II. 4;W. Frrrniul ; II. aW : deHJKns to rescue,
from St. Helena, III. tiTd. l^febi-re ; 74.'>. Livingston, K.
H. : offers of. to Ijifavette. III. JWU : pnijtjosal to liberate.
5»r. LnUemund ; IV. .-fiio. Mmrau ; at EU)a, IV, 497, AVu-
ville ; iMMjueRt* bv. V. 2.'>^. Higauil, A.
Napoleon 111.. >flft from. II. 521. fViincw. J. : hLs interven-
tioa in Mexico, IV, aW. Maximilian ; his spnpathy
with the southern confederacy, II, 42J. Faulkner ; IV,
48.1. Murat. \. A. ; V. 117. Prevoit-Paraiinl.
Na|K)le<in. IVini-e. I, 311. Humtparte, Jerome.
Na|X)leon of retn-nt. I. fi<16 : of the stump, the. V. ."51.
Na|)oleonic warn, the, nuval oj)erations. V, ai5, Hichery.
NarlH)n)iiKli Lslanil. IV, 47S, SarlHinnujh.
NarraKan.sett, St. Paul's church at, illustration. IV. ](J2.
Narrajjansett Imlians. the. I, Ji'JO. Cannnicuit: III. .V18,
A'lnf/, />. ; VI, .VK : relations with the EnRlish, war with
the Mohettans. IV, 313, Miantonomo : slauKhter of, IV,
758-757 ; defeat bv the Muheeaus, VI, 809, Uncus ; a
captive of the, V, ?B1H, Rotrlandson.
Narvaez. r<ibl)er-band of. III. 890, I^on, Antonio.
Na.sby. Petroleum V., jx-nnaiue, III, 7.'jO, Locke, D. R.
Nash, Arvin, III. 599. l^imh. Martha J. R. y.
Nashotah s«'iuinary. Wis., founded, I. :13, Adams, TV'.; 30.3,
Breck ; fcxtx. to. HI, at9. Hooker, Herman.
Nashville, Tenn., battle of. II, 715 : III, 'JOS, Huhbord, L. F. ;
IV. 73, Mr Arthur. ./. ; VI, Hi ; Polk's home at, illustra-
tion, V, :A ; site of. .58. Pnlk, M'. ; founded, besieped, 279,
RotH-rtiton. J. and ('. ; Vanderbilt imivernity at, illustra-
tion. VI. 2tl ; ififis to, polytechnic institution founded
In, VI. .3«H. Watkins. S.
Nashville, the. II, 'HW. Ihi Pont : VI, 614, Warden.
Na-son, Klias, II, .VJti, Frankland.
Nassau hall, II, 174, Pickins'in. J. ; illustration, II. 310.
Nus.sau island, disi-overy of, VI, 587, Woert ; ranger-gen-
eral, III. 471, .rones, Thoma.i.
Nassau, N. P., capture of, I, 495, Cojigal y Monscrrate.
Nata. city of, ftiunded, II. 374, Espinosa, (!.
Natchez Indians, the, I, 493, Cadillac; III, 482. Jiichernu,
L.; defeat of, 899. l^e Sueur ; war with, IV, fsa, Loubois ;
wars with the French. IV, 529, Sogaret ; V, 389, St. Come ;
slaughter by, .381, StUvert ; expedition against, ibid.; re-
volt atraiiLst the FYench. 73.3. Stung Serpent.
NatchitiM'hes. fort at. I, 49;i, Cadillac.
Natick cobblt'r. the, VI. .VW, Wilson, H.
National acatlemy of design, founded, IV, 423 ; bequest to,
VI, 3, Suydam, J. A.
National academy of sciences. III, 314, Humphreys, A. A.
National An»erican party, IV, 227. Marshall, H.
National bank, th ', I, W2, 643 : III, 57. 58 ; V. 507.
National wim teries, at .Vrlington, 11, 45. Ctist is ; on the
Little Hig Horn. 44 : 19.^, Donald.ion, J. L.
National debt, the, I. .332, Boutwell ; increase of, in Bu-
chanan's time. V. .V»7.
National hotel f>oisoiung. III. 7, Oroic ; M, Hale, J. P.
National Ijb«>rty iMirty. HI. .3.3. Hale, J. P.
National iniiwum. the. b.'quest to. V. \SS. Rau.
National Philanthrojiist. the. I. 691. Collier, W.
National Oiiart^rly. the. V. 448, Sears, E. I.
National li«*pul)lican party, the, dissolution of, V. 470.
Srirard, W. H.
National Republican.s, the, I, 429, 4.30.
National I'nion Republicans, the, II. 143, TVn^ L.
National university, bill for a. III. 290. Hoyt, J. W.
Native Canatlian. the. V, 242. Richardson, John.
Native of Algiers, a, ix-n-name. IV. 211. Markoe, P.
Notive of America, a. p«-n-name. IV. (U9. Parke, John.
Native of Virginia, a. in-n-name, I, 712, Conway, M. D.
Nafividad, V, at, Pinzon, W Y.
!<'atural and charteretl richt-s, II, 73, Dnnforth, T.
Natural history, New York museum of, gifts to, HI, 4.31,
Jrsup. M. K.
Naturali74^l citizens, rijjhts of, I, 108 ; i.w : abroad, pro-
t.-ction of, 277 ; 408, lirutrn, J. P.; tjapers. frauds in. 742.
Comrll.
Natural science, cabineta of. VI. 351. Ward H. A.: fauna
of Canada das ine<l. V. 827. Ross, A. A/.: New York
lyceum of. in. 413, Jay, J. ; societies of, 83^-.3.38, Hyatt ;
work of, 852 8.')3, I^ Conte ; eM, lyedru, A. P.
Natural 8»'lection, princitile of. first recognized, VI, 431
WelU. W. C: theory of, ,333, Wnllnce, A. R.
Naugatuck, construction of the, V, 675. .Sffeivtin. E. A.
Naughty (llrrs Diarj-, the. anonymous book, Xl, 287, Vic-
t(rr. M. V.
Naumkeae. I. 703. Connnt, /?.: n. 855, Endicott, J.
Naiishon island. I. .335, Hoirdoin, J.
Nautilus, the. II, »U, F^dlon, R.
Nauvfx). Mormons at. V. 253. Riqdon ; J578. Umith, Joseph.
naval academy, U. S , establishes!, I, 155 ; essays leadine
to thf foundinif of a. IV. 28.5.
Naval action, flrst, of the civil war, II. 287, Eagle
Naval aaylum, the. site of. IV, 706, Pemberton, James.
Naval co<le. American. I. 17.
Naval siicnals. invention of a system of, lU, 625, Latimer C
Naval war coUeKe, U. 8., IV, 60, Luce,
Naval warfare, IV, 735 ; practice and principles of, 7S7,
Perry, M. C.
Navall. Edward. VI. .367, Warren, M.
Navarrez. Marshal, I, 448, Bulwer.
Navarro, battle of, II, 208, Dorrego.
Navigation act.s, the. HI. 383. Hutchinson, T.; enforce-
ment of, IV, (i08 : internal, control of. V. 675, Stevens, J.
A.; invention to improve shallow rivers, 673.
Navy, U. S., laws for improvement of, I, 104 ; commis-
sioners for, 141 ; early operations of. III, 254, Hopkins,
E ; reduction of, under Jefferson, 421 : creation of, de-
liartinent. V, 898, Stoddert ; VI, 122, Tin gey ; at the be-
giiuiing of the civil war, 142, Toucey : reorganization of,
170, Truxtun : increase of, in the civil war, negroes en-
listeil in, 427, Wells. O.; in the Revolution, 497, Wickes.
Navy island, II, 783, Gridley, P.; Canadian rebels on, IV,
1.3.5. Mackenzie, W. L.
Navy-yard frauds. I, 574, Chandler, W. E.
Nazareth, Barony of. I, 116. Aubrey, L.
I'azareth. community of. founded, I, 200, Boehler.
Nazareth Hall. III. 685. Lembke.
Nayarit Indians, the. V, 604, Solchaga.
Neal, Anne, I, (iSl, Cleveland, G.
Neal, Rachel, FV, 484. Neal, J.
Neal. Rev. Samuel. VI, 514, Willard, Samuel
Neale, Col. William, V, 752.
Neander, August. I. 886, Coleman, L.\ TIT. 262, Hoppin, J.
M.; his works translated, VI, 138, Torrey.
Neave, Sir Richard, V, 198, Read, G.
Nebraska, bill admitting. III, 439: in the civil war, addition
of territory to. V. 403-404, Saunders ; Catholic institu-
tions in. iV, .505. (yGorman.
Nebula?, discoveries of, V. .366, Safford, T. H. ; I, 167, Bar-
nard, E. E.\ VI, 11, Svnft, L.\ ring, theory of. III, 466,
Jones, G.
Neckar, Madame, quoted, IV, 495, Nesmond, J. B.
Necker. M.. VI, 279, Vergennes.
Neculguenu. capture of, II, 26. Cuientur.
Ned Brace, original of, I, 131, Bacon, E.
Ned Buntlines Own, III, 4a5, Judson, E. Z. C.
Nedham, Marchmont. pen-name, V, 151, Qtiincy, J.
N6e, Louis, IV, .356, Mondesir.
Neebe, Oscar, V, 6.32, Spies.
Needle-gim, invention of an improved, IV, 434, Mortcitz.
Needle-women, bequest to. VI, 95, Thompson, T.
Neff, Mary, II, 274, Dustin, H.
Negrete, Gen.. U, 188 ; IV, 291, Mejia.
Negroes, prediction by Calhoun concerning, I. 503 ; educa-
tion of, 313, Bond, H. L.; 406; 788, Crandall; II. 217,
Douglass, M. C; V, 492. Sheldon, S.: first, to graduate
from Harvard. II. <?5. Greener ; flrst college to admit.
IV, 25, Lord, N.; normal school for, 338, Miner, M.; colo-
nization of in Africa, II. 8, Ciesson, E. : 26. Cuffee ; IV,
738, Perry, M. C; colony of, in New Y'ork. V, 5>&, Smith,
G.; conspiracies of. III, 64, Hamilton, James; in New
York, 266. Horsmanden ; expelled from Georgia legisla-
ture. I. 447, Bullock, R. B.; insurrection of. VI, 187. Tvr.
ner. N.; enlistment of, for the Revolutionary war. 281.
Varmtm, J. M.; flrst proposal to enlist. HI. 19.5, .ffi'cJfc-
man,J. ; employment of. on military works, V. 12, Pierce,
E. L.; flrst proposal to arm. II, 27i, Durfee, W. F.; IV,
7.51, Phelps, J. W.; V, 248, Riddle, A. G.; first order of
U. S. for troops, VI. 206, Ullmrnn ; flrst regiment in the
National service. III, 321. Fvnter, i>. ; II, 444, Fessenden,
J. D.; V, 655, Stearns, G. L.; flrst regiment from a free
state, 486, Shaw, R. G.; enfranchisement of. IV. 761;
right.s of, 1. 101 ; suffrage, 416, Broimlow ; right of suf-
frage of'free. in Tennessee, V, 688. Stephenson ; constitti-
tional amendmenta relating to, freeamen's bureau. III.
438. 4.39 ; rights to ride in street-cars, I, 99, Arthur ;
vote to expel free. II. 450, Field, A'. ; flrst. to hold execu-
tive ofHce. 260, Dunn, O. J.; the only colored justice of
New England, V. 842. Rvjpin. G. L.; flrst senator, 224,
Revels ; first made commander of the Bath. III. 474.
Jordan ; gift Ui normal school for, 687, Le Mot/ne. F. J. ;
church of St. Benedict the Moor. II. 420 : first Catholic
church for, I, 454, Burke, J. E.; first priest, VI, 28, Ttd-
ton ; sculptors. III, 702. Lewis, E.; 654, Ledru, H. P.;
a slavepoet, VI, 449. Whealley, P.
Negro nrtnstrelsy, pioneer of, II, 186, Dixon, G. W.; V,
238, Rice. T. D.
Neill, Dr. Henrv, IV, 487, iVeiH. J.
Neilson, Samuel. IV. 488. NeiUon. J.
Nelson, Lord, gift of a coflin to. I, 523, Cnretc ; quoted. II,
56. Dale, R. ; VI. 296, Villeneuve, Piene.
Nelson, Capt.. V, 570. *
Nelson, Annette. I, .392. Brougham.
Nelson, Annie, I. 410. Broum, G.
Nelson, David. V, .328, Ross, F. A.
Nelson, Joseph, IH, 444, Johnson, W. L.
Nelson. I.,ucv. TV, 825. Page. Carter.
Nelson, W.,in, 284. Horriblower, J.
Nelson, William. III. 41.3. Jay, W.; IV. 493, NeUon, W.
Nelson House, the. illustration, IV, 491.
Nelson river. I, 484, Button.
Nemesis, pen-name, IV, 5.39. Nortcood.
Neo-Lamarckianism, IV, 620, Packard, A. S.
Nephites, record of the, VI, 486, Whitmer.
Neptune, discovery of moon of, I, 313, Boiid, W. C
NEPTUNE
NEW ORLEANS
767
Neptune, •«»»»riquel, II, SSH, Dunltip, Jttmea.
Ni-plune, tin-, fnK&Ri*ni«ntii of. Ill, .Vfi. KrrUrtc.
N»Ti'j-da, oupttirn of tb** piivatef r, V, 73, har^, D.
Nerva, pt'n iiuiiu*. II. .^74, (iiile, N.
NervoiiH HvsU'iii. tlu-, cxiMTiiiH-nlK and <lijic«»verie»i, II. -IKI,
Flint, A.: I, 41tl, tinm-n-.'HquarU ; IV, OUH, Utt ; Uwory
«.f llie, II, !»», Ihnrlrr.
N«*sholia. Ti-nn., chiIoiij- at, VI, Bfc*, WriuM, F.
Nwmilth, (i. W., V, IH, I'ike, A. F.
NeawlPHle, Count, I, ls».
NCBtorianH, niiBxion to. ll,7«8,rtraiif. A.: IV. 790, PtrkitiM. J.
N««t4tr of Aiuericuu acience, the, IV, }Mtt, MitchiU ; V, SHi.
.Silliman, H.
Netnwatwt's, Chief, III, 572, Kwfuelhafjachton.
NvthiTluntiM. kinK of the, II, Ml. tJoUittin.
Ne uihual Coyotl, literary tux-ietv, I, lU, ^cuAa. if.
Nfufville. .Ian de. III. WV8. L«-p. ll'.
Ni'Uter Indians, the, I. 363, Brvbruf.
.\<-utrHlity. rules. II, 721 : viulatiuu, V, 310; armed, 1, 18.
Netitrabi, rijrhtH of. V, 472.
N.-uvillf. Hyde de. IV, 321. Milhert.
Neuwicil. Prince of. IV. aOH. Maximilian, A. P.
Neva hridjre. the. III. 100. Htirriaun, J.
Nevada. niiniuK in. VI. 2. Sutro ; Catholic institutions in,
IV, 6M. O'Conut-n, E.; IIM, Maiun)ue.
Nevada Citv, orphan asylum in. IV. 127, Mackay, J. H'.
NeviK, inland of, cai>tured. III, 33U, lln-nilU.
Nevers, C. O.. pen name, I, 711, Convmuf, C. C.
New Albi«.n. III.. fouude<l. I. 2tl«, Htrklivck.
New American CyclopH?»lia, the, V, 259.
New Amstel. colonv name<l. V, 7:^0 : III. 2M. Hino"o»tta.
New Amsterdam. Dutch church in, illustration, IT, SST ;
improvements in. Ill, .VM, Kif/t ; Indian uprisinK at,
VI, 215. I'nn Dyke, H.; named, 255, law TwilUrr ; poeins
on, V. 661, Stceutlam.
Newark, Cnnada. buniine of, IV, 90, McClure. Q.
Newark. N. J., ft»uude«l. VI. 156. Treat, R.
New Berne, surrender at, IV, 93, ilcCook, R. S. ; occupation
of, I, 46.-1.
Newberry library, the, Chicago. IV. 502, Xeirtterry. W. L.
New Brunswick, N. J., (dft of cimrch in. III. 401, Jane-
way, J. J.; seminary, gitts to. VI. 229. I'an Ruimrhoot-
en ; V, 9B7, S<ige, G. A.; trrant of, I, 48, Alexander, \\'.\
province, created. Ill, 509, Knox ; reforms in, VI, 544,
Wilnint, L. A.
NewbuTR addresses, the, VI, 377.
Newburg letters, the, I, 92, Armstrong, John ; HI, 666.
Newbunr, Washinf^ton's headquart«>r8, illustration, VI, 878.
Newbury, Mass.. fotuided. IV. tt-Vl. Parker, Thunuia.
Newburvport, scicntillc school. VI. 457, Wheeltcriyhl, H'.
New CaltMlonia, colonv of. IV, 670, Pateraon, W.
Newciistle. fort at. M.'aHi. Evans. J.
New Castle. I'a.. gift* to, V, 392, Sankey, I. D.
Newcomb. .S<irah, I, 394, Hrotrn. BiickmituttKr.
New Ciinnecticut, I. (M7. Clearelantl. M.
New Covenant, the. |jerio<lical. III. 740, Livermort, M. A.
New Dorp. S. I , church at. VI. 212. Vanderbilt. W. H.
New KdiiiburKli, town of. IV. 670, Patemon, IT.
Newell. Kale. II. 1!C). Ih,i/gett. K.
Newell. Ursula .S.. II, .m Einermm. J. S.
New Knicland. alle»;ed secession sentiment in. III. 171, Hen-
ru. John : colonies, confederacy of (164:)). II, 6Wrt, Oorgea,
7.; explorations of. 674, Uomez, E.; first birth and first
marriaf?e in, VI, 474, White, Pereijrine ; first Knelish
settlement in, V, 69, Popham ; liLstoric-icenealoKical so-
ciety, (cift to. 466. Sever ; historical MS. of. 121, Priwe,
T.; map of the coast of, 571 ; proje«'ted colony in, admi-
ral of, 571 ; scheme (o take, out of the union. I, 27 ; old-
est church, illustration. IV. .W ; relief, from customs,
741, Prtera. H.; hospital founde<l. VI. 6.W. Zak-rietcaka.
New-Englander. the, uuMcazine, VI, 010, WooUey, T. D.\
201. Tyler. E. R.
New KuKland Historical and Qenealogical Regiiiter, m,
2HG, Hout. A. H.
New Kn»rinnd .loiirnal of Medicine, VI. Sfifl. Warren, J. C.
New KuKland .Magazine, the, !, 4i8. Huckimiham. J. T.
New Knjfland Meridian, the. IV. laV .Unnnjield, J. B.
New KnKland Offering, the. II, 4<IH, Farley. H.
New England I{«'iK'rtory. the. IV. tV4S. l\trk, John.
New England's .^Iemorial, IV. 429, Morton, .V; supplement
to, V, 614, .Southtcitrth, C.
New England Tale, A, anoDymotu book, V. 451, Sedgwick,
Caroline M.
New England We«'kly Review, the. VI, 408. Whittier.
New Englelx'rg. monasterv of. I, 710. Ooiirarf, F.
New Era, the. magazine. III. 701, Lewin,
Newfane, the hermit of. I. 397, Brown, D.
New Flon'nec, I, 521. Canot.
Newfoundlau(l. discovery of. I, 498, Oti6of : 748, Cortertnl ;
American claim t4> fisheries of. 19 : apoatle of, IV. .Vi7,
(t'Donnel, J. L.: ass<K-iation against leTeUem. V, 213,
Reew*. J : capture of St. John (1788). VI, W, Temay ;
Fr»'ti ' — in. IV. 511. Soufritumn ; oolonjr planted
in, II '7, .Sir //. : destruction of FVencn post*
in. \ UK : destruction of the flstaeriea, 945,
Richiry ; tx]»-dition to exp«d the English from, 7W,
Subercajw : famine in. scene of a novel. IV. 43. Lowell.
R. T. S. ; French captures in. 373. Montiany. J. T. ile :
VI, 610, Wiliamett; grant of, HI, 551, A'lrJlr, Sir D.\
ravaged. 888. ihrrvttU ; CatboUc church In, V. Itt, aeal-
Ian • aettlametit uf, VI, am. t nuijhun. Sir W.; auPDIMMl
d(«,w.v.--v •■' !*• '•)' '• • «• rw~-~^
Ne« ' iiimttlain
of y of, HI. 0U&, ;
inV.k^ Air •^- . .^ir ,'
New (irana<la, II, 4M, /-Wlrrmunn ; ancient dialecU of, V,
5.'i4, Simon. P. A : >M)mliardnient of t^nhagena. IV. in,
Mackan ; •■•— ..f. HI. IHB. //rrrrru y iMtilla : IV,
460, Mu,. niea; V. 2«u. Rotilrilo ; dracrat upon,
II, 222. / / ; wirly event* iu. IHI. Hemita. P.
de ; expi'i....'M.i. ai. I. 10, Acxmta. Joat/utn ; V, 14H.
VtMMda, U. J.: llntt governor in. HI. «tv. />eitvi : flmt
newspaper, V, 301, RoUriyuet, M. del s.; gold- mines of,
IV, liM, Manomdviu : rev<ilution in, I. Wi-ZUt ; war in,
73H, Cordova. J. M. \ war for Independence of, II, 4H0,
Flores, J. J ; Mi, Fortoul.
New (loH|Md of Peace, anonymous book. VI, 474. H'Aife, if. (J.
Newhall, Juni<-s R.. HI. 701, Ijeuria. Alonto.
New HamiMliire. the Allen claim in. I. .V>, AlUm. Samurl ;
dispute<l titles to lands In. 55. Allen. S.: IV. 247, Ma*m,
John : first church in, HI, 5«a. Knollyt ; founder of. IV,
216, Ma.Hon. J.; grants, I, 51, Alien. Ethan; VI, 8ISU,
Warner, Seth ; 43,'>. Wentirorth. B.: II. 5MU. (ianseviiort,
P.; gifts to charities of, V, .347. Rum/>,rfl. S.: at the
opening of the Revolution. VI, 43.5. Wrnltntrlh, J.: re-
ligiotis test in, V, 9 ; s«-natorial ivintest in, IM, Pikr, A. F.;
confiicting grants in, VI, :iH>. Walker. Timothy.
New Harmony. Iu<i.. conununitv at. IV, 61.'), uiren. R. and
R. D.: V, 184, Rapp; projt^;t for school in. IV, 147,
Maclure.
New Haven, II. R8. Davenport, J.; foimded. 1. 596. Ch*ev«T ;
attack on, II, 53, Daggett. A'.: colony. 2M. Eaton. T :
East Rock park. IV, 347, Mitrhell. D. O. : Franklin Hall
in, V, 494, Sheixtrd, C. L'.: I, 371. Bieirtter. Jamm ; gifts
to, 371, Bretcster, J. ; uiilitary hospital in. III. 503, Knight,
Jonathan.
New Hebrides, discovery of tlie, I, 715 ; Erromanga, II,
686, Gordon, J. D.
New Helvetia, Cal., VI, 2, Sutter.
New Inlet. N. C, blockade of. I, 560, Cose, A. L.
New Jersey, Catholic institutions founde<l in, I. 746, Corrf-
gan ; 300. Bauley. J. R.; VI. 41W, Wigger ; college of. be-
quest to. I. 48, Alistrd. J. ; declaration of indeiiendeoce
in. III. 618. lyetiming. T; naval enlistments fVom. 300,
Jark-non. J. C. ; proprietary rights in. I, 4H-i, Byllungr : the
Revolutionary war in, HI, 102. Harl. J.; sehool fund of,
VI. 683. Gilchrist ; war debt of. IV. KH, Parker, Joet.
New Jerusalem, Pa., founded. V, 184, Rapp.
New Jerusalem Magazine, the, II, 122, />e Ckarnu ; V,
808, Reed, C.
New Klni^om of Granada, conquest of, II, 101, Ditu de
Pineda.
New IJghfs, the. I. 3.'57. Brainerd. D. ; VI, 47W, White/Ud.
New lyondon, attack on, I. 96. .4rnold. B.: bLshop's palace
at, illustration. V. 446 ; Britisli attack on, and maaaaerB
at, HI, (i54«.'>.\ Ledyard, W.; founded, VI, 574 ; deatroo-
tionof. HI. 214. ttinman.
New Lusitania, V. 615. Soiiza.
Newman, Mark H., HI, 870, h-iton ; IV. 506, AVtrMon.
Samuel P.
Newmarket, Va., V, 406, .Srcirr ; engagement at, V. SSI.
New measures, the, religious movement (IKW). IV, 217,
Uonli, James.
New MeUeray, monasterv of. Iowa, V, 509. .*imvth. C.
New Mexico. Catholic institutions founded in. III. 008.
Ijamy ; disturbances in. 140 : early exploration in, II,
878. flapejn, A. : ex|>e<litions to, VI. 6.'>6, Zarate, G.: ex-
pedition to conq\ier. VI. 60.5, Zuiinia. G. ; invasion of. I,
617, Canity ; niin^-s of, cities in. III, .138. JUimi. F. dr ;
movement for a<lmission of. II. 325. Elkins, S. B. ; pro-
posed conquest of. VI. IVA, Znldiiyir, I'.
New Netherlanils. first white irirl l»<>rn in, V, 183, RapaelJe ;
first governor of, IV. X9<. Minuit : inuimvemeiits in. dis-
sensions. IjoundarieH, fall of. V, 735, 73H, .s7mj/' ■ ■»
of. by the Dut4-h. H. 222, Ikuming. Sir G. ;
UI. 533 .VU : first repn-sentative assembly ill
surrender of. t«i the English. IV, 518, SicitUa. Sir t:
New Netherlands Mercury, iien-name, VI, 250, Van Ren»-
aelaer. J.
New Norfolk. dls«'overv of. I. 84.5, Bering.
New Oninge, II. .ISM. Erertam.
New t )rleans. 1 1 . 27 1 . />ii rr 7/ ; (Mtl le of. 1. 481 . Butler, W. O. ;
111.877: IV. ft« : Pakenham. HI. 47>1. Jonea. T. Ap C:
V. 46.5, Seri'itaa : first i>n<-ket line t4» New York fnim. V.
405, Sen;isf : nid of j.iriU.-s. IH. .591. I^fltir : Ix-qoest In.
II. OnO. ' Itnlish fleet intende«l for. V. 216:
Butlers i.n in. I. 478; capture of iFaiTa-
gut'si. 1\ it», G H. : c«'ntennial ex|MMitlon of.
V, IMI, RiciiaiiiM,,,. E : claims against the government
in. 19B(, Ray, J. : c«>nsptnicv to give up. I. 297. BU>unt,
W. ; expedition to caMure, II. 415^16 : taken. 417 ; ex-
poaiUon. 88S. Eat>.n. J. : first building at. VI. 148, Tour.
u B. ; first twiihem railniad in. V, 800. RoM. J. : firat
Pmbytnian church In, HI. 010. Lamed, S. ; flr«f ^mm
ferry at, II. 14H. Derbigmy ■ f.Hmde»l. I. 2r.ri "
free library, gift to. II. 548. hWu,h. B F: pi'
I^ydraa:lV,\Oli.McDonoqh: Ivivniii aixl hi-. .
ed in. 748, Peten, S. J. ; named. 111. VP, Law, jonn ;
768
NEW ORLEANS
NICOLAO
oldest builditiK in, VI. 15J, Tranrhepain ; nlot to seize, I.
7\»i, Connolly. J. : project for i-aiiulH at, IV, 643, Noyes.
JO; riotM ill. III. -JT. Halm ; II, 5JiW, DoMtif ; school of
medicine, V, (i, I'icton, J. M. H'. ; view of Tulaue uni-
versity, VI, ITU. „ , „
New f^rWns Medical Journal, III, 100, HniTinon. J. H.
Newi)«)rt. K. I.. I, 3(W, Hrenton. W. ; ni.inorittl to Berkeley
at, I, 24*1 ; KreiK-h and Knglish tIeetH at, 11,370, Estaina ;
proiKWied attack on, 751 ; American retreat from, III,
.VC ; be<iue8i U> the {trntr of. II, a, Cranston, H. B. ; rescue
of the French fleet from the hlockadetl harbor, II, .597,
liarUner, C. ; settlement of, I. (KM, Clarke, John: first
house in, II, ««, Kaston. S. \ Coddinpton's house at,
illustration, I, «7n ; f<junded. III, 831, Hutchinson, Anne ;
fnt- library in. 7;*t, Little. S. L. ; treatment of a heretic
in. II. «:h). Gorton : old mill at, illustration, V. \W : Red-
wotxl library in. I. 24»S. lierkeley, G.\ illustration. V, aOO ;
jfift to. III. .Vis. King, C. B.
New Princeton Review, the. V. 5.V>, Sloane, W. M.
New Providence, capture of, I, 250, Biddle, N. ; capture of
forts at. III, '-J.VI. Hopkins, Esfk.
lewsboys. home
VI. «»». Wolfe.
DOKins, I
, III, 4.S1,
Jesup, M. K. ; lodging-house.
New Smyrna, Ha., VI. 1H4. Tumbull. R. J.
New Son'iers«'t.sliire. II, OHM, (iorgex, \V.
New Sjiain, II. 'M. Fuenlenl ; name of, II, 767, Grijalvn.
Newspai>er, first daily, in U. S., II, 258, l>unlnp, John : V,
IK. Foiilson ; first permanent in North America, I, Sl-i,
Campbell, J. ; first religious, V. 502, Smith, Elias ; obli-
gation to divulge names of writers for, V, 481, Shanks ;
foldinK-mnchine for. inventor, V, 501, Smith. D. M.
News|jai>i-i iiddn-s-s^rs. inventor of, VI, 02t). Wriyht. R. M.
New St<K!kbridgc, N. Y., removal of Indians to, V, 402,
Sergeant. J.
New Sweden. Ill, 238, Cnmpaniiis ; capture by the Dutch,
V, 200. Risiny. J. C. ; 730.
New Testament, the, first printed in America, II, 510,
Fowle, 'D.
Newton, Abner, IV. .V)7. Sewton, I.
Newton, Kdwurd. IV. .5<)(>, Newton, G. S.
Newton, Jared, IV. Mi. Newton. R. C.
Newton. Ma.ss.. Eliot memorial at. II. ,S22 ; seminary, gifts
to, I. 008. Cohb. y. R. ; 1. OKI, Colby, G. ; VI, 215, Upton,
J. ; 6<6. U'oods. A. : IV, 175. Mayoon.
Newton Falls. Ohio. II, 237, iMtbois, H. A.
Newtonia, battle of. III. 212, Hindman.
Newtown. Imttle at. V. 741, Sullivan ; I, 659. Clinton, J.
New Ulm. battle of. II, 479, Flandrau. C. E.
New Utrecht, church at, illustration, V, 428 ; pioneer of,
history, .527. Sille.
New Wales, III, 399. James. T.
New York city, in 1705. illustration, I, 301 ; taken by the
English. tAi. Carr ; historical s<K.'iety, 199, Bayard, S.;
jrift U\ 421, Hryan. T. J.; bequest for a public library in,
a<'l, Biyelow. in 1842, 3'.t2. Wro»f//Kim ; Duildings in old,
19S. haiiard. N.: municipal cfirruption in. II, 24<). Ihirey ;
university. 127, th-lafirld, John : olde.st building in. illus-
tration. 129 : university, 442. Ferris. I. ; gift to, 703. Gra-
ham, J. L.: benevolent societies in. 702, Graham, I.; Acad-
emy of ineilicine. the. 52:J, Francis. J. W.; bequest to,
111.207. Hosark. A. E.; taken by the Dutch, II,.S91, Evert-
sen ; n-conmiended purchase 6y the French, 148, Denon-
rille: Catholic institutions in. 431. Fenwick, E. D.: Ill,
.'>71. A'<»/i/rno>i»i ; 230. Hoyuet ; .592, Lafonte ; IV, 88.
MrCloskey ; charter to. II, 200. Donqan ; struggle over
the apiK>intment of collector. 603 ; reform movement in,
III. 1 16. Haremei/er : city hall in. 745, Livinyston. E. ; col-
lege of the city of. .508. Kelli/. R.; troubles in. after the
EoKllsh revolution. ti81, Leisler : custom-house, the, I, 100,
1<>I, Arthur : III, 140. Hayes : names of streets, 7:17, Lis-
iicnard : draft-riots. 721 ; conspiracy in. during the Revo-
nition. first military execution in. 195. Hickey ; hospital,
founders of. 400. Jones. John ; commi.ssion to reduce the
DuU'h at. IV. 267. Maverick. S.; jmblic school system, 141,
Maclay. W. H. : pathological society, the, 742. Peters, J.
C. ; cathitlral, the. 88. MrCloskey : captured by the Dutch.
85. Lofelare ; College of physicians and surgef)ns, 349,
Mitchill : Lyi-eum of natural history. .'M9. Mitchill : train-
inK-school for nurses, 332, Mills. I). (). ; University medi-
cal eolleife. 442 ; gift to Oerman hospital and disjjensary,
0(18. Ottendorfer, A ; historical society, gift to. 765. Ph<e-
nix ; 510. Niblo ; V. 28. laniard : police contest, IV, 260,
Matsell : view of old Dutch church in Clarden street, 259 ;
taken from the Dutch and renamed. 518. Mcotls. Sir R.;
Y. M. C. A. gift of library to. 510. Nibto : the Duke's laws,
617, Nicolls, M.; 518, Nicolls. Sir R.; trvn library given
to, 608. Ottendorfer, O.; colonial documents of, I, .383,
Brodhead, J. R. ; V, 705, Stone, W. L. ; Oramercy park,
844, Ruygles. ^. B.; chain l>er of commerce, 87, Pintard,
L. ; colony of. first church charter. 459. Selyns : riots in,
aH9, Sanford ; archives of the Dutch Rovernors of, 172,
Randolph. E.: anthropological institute. 041. Snuiir E
a. ; alleged bribery of aldermen. 482, Sharp. J. ; children's
home, founded in. 407. Sevilla : first savings-bank in, 28
Pintapd: St. Patricks cathedral, illustration, 22:^; l)e-
nevolent institutions in. founded. 246. K/c/imonf/,.S'./4 A ;
Cjatholic institutions in, 14«1. Uuarter ; gifts of land in. to
charities, 3.55, Rutgers ; St. Paul's church, illustration,
ia> ; bt. ret«r'a cathedral, 154, Quinn ; historical so-
ciety, gift to 91. Potter, P.; Woman's hospital of, 641,
Sims, J. M.; Episcoi)al institutions in, 88, Potter, H.\ the
old Park theatre, illustration, 530 ; genealogical and bio-
graphical society, 088, Stilea, H. R. ; College of physicians,
lirst president, 315, Rotneyn. N.; gifts to charities of, 318.
Roosevelt. 7'.; 319, Roosevelt. J. H.; the Stewart bouse, il-
lustration, 082 : proi)osed university for artist artisans,
091. Stimson. J. W. ; Friendly club, the, .502. Smith, E. h.\
gift to Presbyterian hospital, 7;«, Stuart, R. L. ; the (ireat
Bouwerie. Whitehall, the old Stadt Huys. illustration,
Stuy vesanfs tombstone, illustration. 7:i0; Farragut .statue
in, illustration, VI, 47.5, Wliite. Stanford : founder of tem-
perance and charitable societies. Ill, 687, Hartley. R. M.:
collision l)etweeii police forces, 592, Wood, F. ; recommen-
dation of 8eceRsi<jn. VI. 592, Wood, F.; 7th regiment ar-
mory, illustration, 075 ; Worth monument at, illustration,
016 ; gift to charities of. 699, Shei-red ; Wood mtiseum,
595, n'oo<l, J. R.; gift to St. Lukes hospital, 589, Wolfe,
C. L.; Trinity church, reredos in, illustration. 584; vol-
unteer institute, established. 651, Young, W. H. H.;
Academy of design, illustration, .502 ; infirmary founded
in, 653, Zakrzewska ; frauds in, 191, Tweed ; C. L. Tif-
fany's house, illustration. 113 : evacuation of. the British
flag, 228, Van Arsdale : Vanderbilt houses in, illustra-
tion, 242 ; the obelisk in, 242 ; preservation of records of,
2:**, Van Cortlandt, A.; surrender of (1604), 236, Van
Cortlundt ; new park of, 2:18, Van Cortlandt. J.: gift of
libraries, etc., 242, Vanderbilt, F. W. and C; Eoiscopal
cathedral, 242, Vanderbilt, C; draft riots, 244. Vander-
poel ; memorial building of St. George's church, illus-
tration, 152 ; evacuation of . 378 ; bequest for public libra-
ry, 115; view of the Belvedere, 2(0; view of Trinity
church, .302.
New York state, first white child bom in, II, 595, Gardiner :
public works in, V, 475, Seymour, H. ; political factions
in, VI, 230. 2:12 ; sale of lands in. V, 580. Smith, Melanc-
ton ; public works in, 471 ; bar association, the, 494,
Sht-pard, E. F. ; proposed negro colony in, I, 405 ; rec-
ords of, 3^, Brodhead, J. R.; Central railroad, limita-
tion of fare on, 630, Clark, M. H.; constitution of, III,
744, Livingston, R. R. ; constitution adopted by the con-
vention, 409 : new constitution, 411, Jaj/, W. ; abolition of
slavery in, 413, Jay, W. : classical names in, II, 160, De
Witt, S.; land deeded by Indians in, 136, Dellius ; sur-
vey of central. 163, De Zeng ; taxation in, TV, 85, iMve-
lace ; grant from .James I., 58, Lydius,J. H., land ceded
to Massachusetts, 752, Phelps. O.; II, 668, Gorham, N.;
claim to New Hampshire grants, II. 235, Duane ; claim
to Vermont, VI, 4:15, Wentworth, B.; proposed seizure,
by the French, 28, Talon, J. B. ; first printed description
of, II, 143. Denton, D.
New York Gazetteer, III, 572, Kollock. S.
New Y'ork Medical .Journal, VI, .392, Watson, John.
New York Musical Review, V, 475, Seymour, C. B.
New York Review, III, 122, Hawks, F. L.; 170, Henry, C. S.
New Y'ork Review and Athenaeum Magazine, I, 425.
New Zealand, discovery of, II, 486, Fernandez. J.
Nez Perc<^ Indians, mission among, V, 618, Spalding, H. H.;'
expedition against the. III, 278, Howard, O. O. ; capture
of, IV, 323. Miles, N. A.
Niagara, C. W., burning of, IV, 90, McClure, O.
Niagara falls, canal at, II, 111, Day, H. H.
Niagara river, first accurate measurement, II. 327, Elli-
cott : international bridge. III, 20, Gzowskie ; suspension-
bridge, 498, Keejer. S. ; V, 803, Roebling ; international
park at, II, 247. Diifferin.
Niantic Indians, the, war of. IV, 523, Ninegret.
Niblo's garden, IV, 510, Niblo.
Nicaragua, emjiire, proposed, V, 178, Randolph, E.; revc.
lution in, I. 568, Chumono : difficulty with. III. 237, Hol-
lins ; Greytown harbor, IV, 348, Mitchell. H.; invasions
of, II, 878, Estrada ; 4m, Fernandez, P.; III. 169. Hen-
ningsen ; VI. 3S\. Walker, W.; revolution of 1869, II, 378,
Estrada ; filibustering expeditions to, IV, .572. Oliphant ;
V, 9 ; Kinney colony in, VI, 651, Young, W. H. H.; pro-
posed canal, I, 605, Childs. O. W.\ V, 21, Pirn; arbitra-
tion, 608, S<ito, B.
Nicaragua correspondence, the. Ill, 53, Halpine.
Nicaragua lake, discovery of, IV, 528, NiAo. A.
Nice, proposal concerning. II, 75, Daniel, J. M. .
Nichan Iftabar, order of, V, .573, Smith, J. L.
Nichol, Prof. John, quoted, VI, 577. Winthrop, T.\ HI, 086,
Ijeitch.
Nicholas, Jane H., V, 173, Randolph, T. J.
Nicholls, Capt. Richard, V, 736.
Nicholls, Thomas C, IV, 512, Nicholls, F. T. •
Nichols, Col. Richard. IV. 267. Maverick, S.
Nichols. Dr. T. I... IV, 513, Nichols. M. S. G.
Nichols, WiUard, IV, 513. Nichols, R. S. R.
Nicholson, Frances, V, 461, Sieney, J.
Nicholson, Hannah. 11. 577, Gallatin.
Nicholson, John, IV. .515, Nicholson. James B.
Nicholson, Nathaniel D., IV, 615, Nicholson, J. W. A.
Nicholson letter, the, IV. 514. Nicholson, A. O. P.
Nickajack exix-dition. the. III, ,374.
Nickel, first suggested for small coins, II, 445, Feuch-
twanger ; procluction of, VI, 448, Wharton, J.
Nicola, Col. I^wis. VI, 281, Verplanck. D. C; 377.
NicolSo I., of Paraguay, IV, 493, Nenguiru.
NICOLINI
NULLIFICATION
769
NicoUni. EriM^to. IV. «575. Piifti.
Nicoll. M»r»caivt. II. 4W, Flni^l, K.; IV, 70. Mac Adam.
NIcollH. Manfan-l. IV. .M7. .\Ui>ll», M.
Nicoison n«Vf iiieiit, Ihi*. IV. .MH. SicoUon, S.
Nierker. Erw«t. I. -41. Al(»tt, M.
Nl«^nume, J. R.. V, IIT. /Vice. B.
NleutT AiiisU'l, culuDV of. Bee New AnarcL.
Ntera. Count <>f. 1\'. 5i. Luiih'z tU- XuHnia.
NljrbtiiiifJllf. cai**- of the. IV. 1.3!i, .MrXVon.
NiKlitiiiKHli' of the Twrch. tht*. II. SiNi. J&linard«, /oAn.
Ni»fn>muiit«>. Kl. ix-ii iiniiit'. V. MVt, Kamirez, I.
Nike's lU'jrist.T IV. Mil. Silrx, It.
Nile*, W. O.. IV. .^2I. .V/7»-«. //.
Nlllo. p«^>n tmnie. H. riT. Cue//**, /I. /I.
Nina. the. oaravel. I. tlJC
Nlnde, lt«'v W. W , IV. KW, A7.irf«-. W'. JT.
Nineteenth oentiirv olub. the. IV, 0*7. I'lilmer, C.
Ninety-Six. S. ('.. defence of, II. 23, Cruger,J. //.; incident
of trie n-tivat from, OB, Oifiger ; IV, 800, Mation ; en-
ffaKenient iit. V. .W. /'o/Jt, T.
NInieapua. In<lian town of. IV. M. Luna.
Nipniiu-I( Indiaim, the. III. 381. Hutchinson, E.
Niqiiihao. eni;af;einent at, I, 304.
Nisan Ifticliar. dcforation of. IV, 427.
NUbet. Dr. James, IV. .'iSM. MMtet. K. A.
Nimafi^e-SaKet. (Jen., V, .S7M. Salnave.
Niasonaqiiet, III. 010, Ijunglade.
Nitric oxide, discovery, V, 130, Priestley.
Nitrofifen, determinations of, V, 132, Pugh, Evan; dis-
coverer of, 3.V). h'utlierford, F. S.
Nitrous oxide, disc<iverv of. III, 8K5, Jackson, C. T. ; first
use of, in dentistrj-. VI. 430. Wells, H.
Nivison. Dr. Nels.in. II. 465, Fisher, G. J.
Nixon, Richard. IV. .525. Nixon, J.
Nixon, Ilenrv, IV. .52»5. A'lj-on. J.
Noailles. Due de. III, 586, Uifayette.
Noble. Rev. Somuei, II. 122, De Charms.
Noche triste tree, the, ilhistration, I, 749.
Nocton. capture of the packet, V, 73, Porter, D.
Noddles island, srrant of, IV, 266, Maverick, S.
No Flint Orey. sobriquet. II, 762, Grey.
Nolin river, name of, IV. (Kl. Luun.
Nollet, Abbe. III. .5.50. Kinnrmley.
No Man's Land, i.slnnd. II. tt'Jl. Qosnold.
Nombre de Di<js. founde<l, IV, 519, Nicuesa ; V, 82, Por-
tillo ; colony at, T.^. Sunrez. Jium.
Nonantum, town of, II, 322 ; memorial at, illustration, 322.
None, Noirot de la, VI, 277, IVnffidour.
Non-importation ai^nn-nient, the, I, 281, Blair, James ;
8»1, Botetourt ; V. 447, Senrle. J.; 603, Snyder, C; reso-
lutions, I, 25.5, Biddle. C; IV, 241, Mason, G.
Non-Intercourse act, the, IV, 170.
NoD|>areil of Vlrninia. the. V. .570.
Nootka, discovery of. III. K7, Haro, G. L. de; dispute
concerninjr. VI, 23H, Vancouver.
Nootka Kfuuul. exploration of, IV, 2&I, Meares.
Nopal-plant, the. III. 327. Huon.
Nordenskiuld. H. 137. /V hnxj.
Norfolk. Va., burned, II, 260. Dunmore ; navy-yard, bum-
luK of, VI, 139, Trenchonl. S. /). ; s«'izun' ot press at, IIT,
244. Holt. John ; capture, VI. 201. I'irle, K. L.\ blockade
of I'niUnl States 8hi|>s at. IV. 7(1K. Pendergrast.
Norfolk, the, ship, I, 140, Bainhridqe. W.
Norma, pen-name. I, 386, Brooks, J. G.
Normal schools. Idea of, I, &41, Canter, J. G. ; first, in
Unitetl States, III. 44. Hall, S. R.
Normanby. VLscount. IV. 4-56. Mulgrave, U. P.
Nonxlom. Kinjf. III. 2!». Haldirman.
Noronha Freire, .loAo de. III. 475, Jos^ de .Santa Theresa.
Noros, I>iuis P., IV, 582. \indeniann.
Norridpewock. Me., destruction of. IV, 446, Moulton, J. ;
mission at, V. 1K4-185. Basle.
Norris. Isaac, II, .501, Ford. P.
Norris, Thomas. IV, .5;i2. \orris, T.
Norris, W.. II. 7mi. liriffiths, J. W.
Norris iwrty. the. V. iA. I'lumsted.
North, farthest iM)int n>ache<l. III, 752, Lockwood, J. B.
North, I^.rd. quoted, IV. ;m.
North, William Sl-uU-n, VI, 443, n'eston, .V. C. X.
North America, exploration of the coast of. VI, 888, Ver-
razano ; scientillc exploration of, IV, 732. Prrrein ; I,
546, Cort'er, Jonathan ; 540, Casanate ; .5«W, ('/i<jnif)Inin ;
exploration of the western cf>a»t. III. 616, />i Per^iuse ;
discovery, I, 401. Calntt : discovery of islands. 492. Cabril-
lo ; plan to explore western coast. III, 655, Ledyard, J.
North American club. the. I, 424.
North American Review, I, 577 ; II. 70. Fkina. R. H. : »43,
Emerson. R. H'.; 386. Everett ; 3f<7 : 7t>2. Graham, G. R.:
III. 31, Hale, S. ; IV, 1. L(xlae. H. C: V. 833. Rice. A. T.
Northampton. Mass.. college n>unded at, V, 582, Smith, S.;
free library of. II. 4'.W. F<>rl>es. C. E. \
North Anna river. en^aKements on the. II, 714.
North B«'nd. Ohio. VI. 16. Symmes. J. C.
North Canillna. atro<>ities of Tories In. II, 406, Fanninp.
D. and E.: c<v».st explored, I. 166. Barlotr, A.\ colonies,
II, 667. Glover. H'.; V. 168-168 : VI. MO. Yeanians : con-
tests of .\nglicans and Quakers in. Indian murders. III.
386. Hydtf, K.: discovery of minerals in, II. 51. Dtilmeu.
C. W.\ disturbances in. Ill, SSS, if oicten, W. W.; High- I
vou VI. — 49
landers In, IV, 10|. Macfhtnatd, F. : mines In, I, 6no,
Clingman ; Catholic imaltutioiia in, IV, O&ii, OCunnetl,
J. J ; Revolutionary movements in. III. 2Ha. Howe, R.;
rlc«*cultun' in. I. kT. Archdale ; Ruynlixt uiovemenU In,
duriUK the Revolution, IV, 232 233, Marin,. .l..;oh ; m4.
tiemeni of, II. 234. /Vuinni<>ii</. H'. ; 7"»' . - , /
Washington district of. V. M\. .Srrirr.
North Carolina, the war sldp. IV, 730. iV/ , ,
North Carolina univendty, gifts to, IV, ..j;.. i.rmm -, V.
5.57. Smith, Benjamin.
Northeast«'rn l)oundar>', discovery of map girinz the. V.
•122 ; VI. 418. • — «^ •
Northeast pas^a^re. a, II. 534, Franklin, Sir J.; wemrcb tor.
Ill, 20«(. 207 : 574. Kfltetnie : IV. IMO. Maluspina.
Northern Lijrhts. maeaxine, IV, 51. Ludlotr. F. H.
Northern Uifht. the. tlliliUHt4-rini; ship. IV. 18.5. MrKron.
Northmen, discovery of America by. II. StM. Eric the Red ;
V. 1IK», Ra/n ; in America. VI. 1(W. Thorfinn ; QfiU, i^eno ;'
106. Thorvald ; ship of. illustraiion. 102.
North MiddlelsirouKh a4-a<lemy, V. 102. Pratt, E.
North Fownal. Vt.. aca<lemy at. I, 90, Arthur.
North Star, the, peri<Hlical.'lI, 217. iHiuglas, F.
Northuinb*>rland, Duke of, IV, 725, Percy, U.; Earl of, TIT
00, Harriot.
Northuml)ertand, Pa., V. 121. Priestley.
Northwest, ci>llejfe at. IV. 457, Mullen.
Northwest, reltetlion in the, V. 252, Riel.
Northwest, the, accession of, IL 6»», Gihault.
Northwest, the, magazine, V, 553, Smallry, E. V.
Northwest boundary, dispute over the. V. 5. Pickett. O. K.
Northwestern Journal of Homii-o|>athv, V. 511. .sliipman.
Northwestern I*rc8byU'rian neuiinary," K'ft to, IV, 95, Jfc-
Cormick, C. H.
Northwest passage, a, I, 715 ; search for a, II, 10« ; 888,
Ellis, H. ; 520, Fox. L. ; &34-535, Franklin ; search for,
Kii. Probisher; DoMts. Arthur; 559, h'uentea, B. ; *«,
Gilbert, Sir H. : 674, Gomez, E. : III. 206, Hudson, H. ;
207 ; 603. Ijancaster, Sir J.; IV. 459, Munk ; 686. Phgea ;
V, 830, Ross. Sir James ; 537, Simpson. T. : VI, 877. IV-
randrye ; 2*J, I'errazano; discovery of, IV, 00, McClure,
Sir R.
Northwest territory', cession of Virginia's claim to, IV, 806,
Monroe. J.; V. 3i!0. .St. Clair.
North Wollaston. Mass . Ill, 431, Jewell, M.
Norton, Ichab<xl, IV. M5, Norton.
Norton, Mrs. Perez, I. 9. Acland.
Norton, Seth, V. 2HI. Rohinm^n, E.
Norton, W. E.. III. .53, Halstdl.
Norton, Rev. William. IV, .536, A'orfoii, J.
Norumbega, II, t>13, Gilbert, Sir H. ; site of, III, 886, Hon-
font, E. X.
Norwalk, Conn., engagement at. TV, 663, Parwotu, 8. H.
Norway House, the. I V, 14«l. Mcljeitd. J.
Norway, movement to restore the old language of. In lit-
erattire. III, 402, Janiain. K.
Norwich. Conn., academy. II. 513. Foster. L. S. ; V, 548,
Slater ; dee<l of laud in, VI, 200, Uncos ; monument at,
illustration, 20K.
Norwich, Vt., university, IV, 006. Partridge.
Norw(K»d, lYof. J»is«'ph'G., V, 0."», Sftencer. J. W.
Nossa Senhora do Rozario, city of, founded, IV, 198, Ma-
ranhflo.
Notes, Queries, and Answers, VI. 417. Webster, N. B.
Note-wheel, invention of a. VI. .'j06. Wilder, B. G.
Nothing to Wear, anonymous poem. I, 477, Butler, W. A.
Notre Dame, congregation of, I, 329, BourgeoU; iiliitfira
of, IV, 4l»7. Neumann. J. N.
Nott, Rev. Handel (}., IV, 540. Nott, R. M.
Nott. Dr. Joslah C, II, 665, Glidflon, G. R.
Nott. Samuel. VI, 424, Welch. M. C.
Nottingham. John H.. VI. 214. I'nshur, J. H.
Nova Albion, II. 224. t>rake, .Sir F.
Nova Angli.^ Ijitin ix>em. IV. 301. Morell, W.
Novanglus. pen name, I, 17 ; III. ttOl, Ijeonard, D.
Novanghis letters, the, II. .302. Ettes, B.
Nova Siotia. admis.>iion of. to (he I>oniinion. HI. 881. Hotre,
Joseph ; cai>fur»' «)f. VI. 2K5. Vetch : the French in, HI,
593, Ija GallisMtniire ; capture of Fn-nch i>ost» in, IV.
.Yi6, Monckton. R.; colonization of. .S74. .l/..n/j«: churches
founded in, V. .525. .signone : irrant of. I. 48. AUxander
W. : reform-jwrtv in. VI. ftl7. Young. W. ; union with
the Dominion, V. .•123. Rose. .Sir J. See Acadia.
Nova Scotia, the. )>acket, HI, 812, Humphrey, J.
Novella, < Jen., in..36K.
Novello, Clara. III. 806, Kellogo, C. L.
Novelty, the. steomcarriagp. II, 864.
Nov^-s, .loseph. I. ••-■■ T
Nueva Anilahi* is. i ''i : 588. Orellana.
Niieva Segovia. i«ii . . .lition to. IV. 56. l.ujmin.
Niievtt Vizcaya. II, UK., />i.i.-. Melgarejo ; 111, 888, Ibarra.
Francisco de.
Nujrent. Sir (Jeorge. V. 544. Skinner. C.
Nulliflcation. re«olutli>ns of 1708- "O, 1. 83. 848. 865. 600, BOB;
first adv.H-ate«l, III. 144. Hayne, R Y.: 242. Holmes,/.
E.: .301. Hurler, A : test nnth. 315. ffonf. B F.: flrrt at-
tempt at. .381 : 1 iiKiaed au-
thor of. 746 : IV of. Madt-
84>n on. 170 : 71W. , \.4». Poin-
sett ; Vl, ItM, Tnrnhuii, ;,'. J.; ivo ; ucuaics, 4i0, 411, 41S.
770
NULLIFIER
OLIVER
Nulliner. a. BiKnatiire. Ill, 209. Hilliard. H. W.
Nuinancia, VDyaK** of tlif. IV, .M.'), Audez, t". Al.
NumantiiiuM. soiU'ty of, VI, 271, Vt-ga, V.
NuinlHT H. giiii-lH>at. V, (kiT, tipence. R. T.
Nuriiltiinatic and archtcological society, the, IV, 686, Nor-
ton, F. U.
NuAey., Albert A.. V, fHV). Spencer, W. L.
Nuflez, V.-la, II, ltJ5, Dim de Hneda ; lUO, Decampo.
Nun of Keninari', the, II, 38, Cumck.
Nun of Mfxieo, the. II, 24. Cruz.
Nureml)»Tjf, ancient k'oIh^' at, I, 222, Behaim.
NuHit;, Francis, IV, .MO, \unie, H.
Nui-sing, New Haven sch<x)l of, I, 130. Bacon. R. T.
Null. Kodney, IV. 547, Suit. <!. H'. M.
Nyack, collejre at, II. 2;1H, Ihitxtis, J.
Nye. Bill. |j«'niiunie, IV. .MT, A(/e, K. W.
Nym Criuljle. p«'ii-nanie. VI, 452, Wheeler, A. C.
Nymphe, capture of, II, !S*o, JCcmuuin ; VI, 102. Tfiorn-
borough.
O, sijfnature, II, 312, Kduarrh. J.
Oaiaoa. founded. II, 135, DeUjitdillo ; administration of
Juan-y; in. Ill, 47U ; storniinR ot. IV, .392, Morelox ; capt-
ure of. I. 'Mi. Bnzaine ; siege of, II, 1(56, Diaz, Forjirio.
Oajaca, Manjuis of. I, 749.
oakev, Maria R., VI, 678, Dewing. M. R.
Oak flill. IV. 221, Hi. Marshall.
Oak Hill c«'iiietery, Washington, I. 738, Corcoran. W. W.
Oak liill. Va.. view of Monroe's residence at, IV, 350.
Oak HilK. luittle of. See Wilson's Ckeek.
(»ak Knoll. Danvers. illustration, VI. 494.
Oakland college, Miss., I, 565, Cluiinberlain,J.; gift to, 583,
I'ltaxe. li.
Oakland County Fanner, I. .530. Carpenter, C. K.
Oaklands, (ieneva, II, 127. Delaficld. John.
Oak Lawn. Ijl., V. 71, Porter, Alexander.
Oakleaf, Simon, i)en-name. V, 2.'x5, Riley, H. H.
Oaks, the, S. C. IV, 316, Middleton, E.
Oaths, i>pjK)siUon of Methmlists to. I. lOS, Asbttry.
Oat« lodge, Ixuidon, IV, 122, Uc Henry.
Obando, J. M.. V. 7:». Sucre, A. J.
t)belisk, the. II. 4<J0, Farinan.
Obelisk, Egyptian, its removal to New York. IT. 689, Gor-
rinue : its history. 690 ; copy of. illustration, 689.
Oberholtaer. John, IV. .^49, oherholizer. S. L.
Oberlin college, founded. I. 217 ; gifts to. III. .501. Keep. J.;
VI. .•J2, TapiHin. A.; colored students admitted. III, 501.
OtHTlin Kvangellst. the. II. 462, Finnry.
Object-teaching, introtluction of, V. 492. Sheldon. E. A.
Oblate Fathers, missions of. III. 12, Guigiiex : VI. 17, Taba-
ret ; 18, Tnche. A. A.; college of. IV. 197, Manucy.
O'Brien, Father. III. 88. Hnro, A. N. de.
O'Brien. John. IV. .WO, (TBrien. Jere.
O'Brien, John. V. l!M. Ruymoud. J. T
O'Brien. Morris, IV. .W), O'Rrien. Jeremiah.
O'Brien, Smith. II. 178. Dillon. J. B.
Ocampo, Melchor, II. 124. Degollado.
OcamjKi. Ortiz de, IV, 23. Ia)jxz p Planes.
Ocafta. congress of. I. 307 : college at, II, 135, Delgado.
O'Carroll family, the. I. 5.30. Carroll.
Occident, the. magazine, HI. 676. I^exer.
Occultator. invention of an. III. 206, Hill. T.
Ocean cable, the. direct. II. 291, Eaintman, M. E.
Oceanica. discovery of islands of, V, 148, Queiros.
Ocean island, VI. 21. Talbot. J. G.
Ocean Queen, interview on bf)ard the, ilhistration, V, 505.
Ochre Point. Newjwrt, III, 041. Lawrence, W. B.
Ochus, discovered. H, l.Vi, De Soto.
O'Connor. Agnea. III. 202. Horan. M. A.
O'Connor. Jos«>ph. HI, 448. Johnson, E. M.
O'Connor, W. D.. I. 51, Allen. E A.
Octoroon, the. play of. V, 73.3. Stuart. W.
OrulisU. invention of instniinents for, V, 234, Reulina
Ocumaiv, battle near. I. iJiM.
OddFellowa, foimded in U. R.. VI, 507, Wildev T
Odell. William, IV, M6, OdelL J. ^'
Odometer, the. III. 419.
O'Donnell. Oen.. I. 305.
O'Donnell. Marshal, II. 252. Dnlce
(Montornithes. di.scovery of. IV, 21R, 3far»h. O. C.
(Edipns Tyrannus. music for the, IV, 629. Paine, J K
Oella Hnacco. IV. 186, Manco Capac.
Oello. Mama Chimpu. VI. 180. Tupac Tnca.
OersU-d. Huns Christian, IV. 559. Oersted, A 8
Oexmelin. A. O., V. 419. Sehimmelin.
O Fallon. James. IV. .5.59, cr Fallon, John.
OfTeamve i>artianship, I, KV,
Offley. Mr., IT. 2. Crane. W. M
Offord. Rev. R. M.. TV, 74. Mc.Auley.
Offutt. IVnton. ni. 715. Lincoln.
O Flaherty. P^lnmnd. V. TBS, Stuart, W
fand'//^!//"'"'' ^^'•''^' Paulding; VT, 237, Van Cort-
^den.'Samuel O.. r\', 4.50. Motrntt
Ogden land company, the, VI, 85. Thnmoji, P. E
9^hu' '''"'■' "' '•■'n''»t«-''. V, 448, Seaton.
Ugletborpe, James, charge against, VI, 20, Tnil/er.
Oglethorpe. Sir Theophilus. TV. 564, Oglethorpe, J. E.
O'Hara. James. HI. 254, Hopkins, J. H.
O'Hara. Kane, IV, 5«5, O'Hara, T.
Ohio river, discovery of. III. 621, La Salle : Indian fight
on, 2iM, Hubbell, \V. : French possession of the valley, I,
5«iO, Celoron ; boundary dispute of, with Michigan, IV,
243, Mason. S. T.
Ohio, state, in the civil war, I. 391, Brongh ; discharge of
debt of, IH, 504, Kelley. A.; first white boy bom In,
V, 333. Roth, J. L.; lan<l grants to. I, 4.58, Burnet, J.;
pioneers of, TV, 72, Mc Arthur, D.: 288, Meigs; VI, 16,
Symmes, J. C; .344. H'ahrorfh, J.; R. C. institutions in,
\, T30, Purcell : 184, Rappe ; VI, 76, Thienpont ; Indian
treaties in, IV, 72, Mc Arthur, D.
Ohio, the, vessel, II, 299. Eekford.
Ohio canal, subsidy to, IV. 144. McLean. W.
Ohio company, the, VI. 447, Wharton, S.
Ohio Gong, the. I, .56, Alien. W.
Ohio Idea, the, I, .56, Allen, W.
Ohio land company, the, 1, 166, Barlow, J.
Ohio Wesleyan university, gift to, VI, 588. Williams, S.
O'Horan, (Jen., II. 124. Degollado ; execution of. III, 480,
Jiutrvz, B. P. : IV, 270, Charlotte.
Oil-lands of Asia, IV, 59, Lyman. B. S.
Oil, transportation of, in pipes. Ill, 116, Haupt, H.
Oil-wells, machinery for. I, .528. Corll.
Ojibwavs. language, books in the, 1, 160. Baraga : missions
for, the. II. 8. Cretin : translation of the New Testament
for. III. .397. James. E.
d Joven Pernambucano. pen-name, IV, 609, Ottoni.
Okeecholx'e. battle of, VI. 53.
Okey, Col.. II, 222, Dovning. Sir Q.
Okie, A. H.. I, 721, Cooke, N. F.
Olaguibel. Francisco M., IV, 739, Pesado.
Olalla's Leap, HI, 186, Herrera y Olalla.
Olando, Francisco. IH. 605, Lando.
Olano, lyope, IV, 519, Nicuesa.
Olcott, F. P., I, 291, Blavatitky.
Olcott, Helen, I, <i09, Chaate. R.
Old Abe. war-eagle. II, 487, Flower, F. A.
Old and New. magazine, HI, 32, Hale, E. E.
Old Blizzard, sobriquet, IV, 28, Loring, W. W.
Oldboy. Felix, IV, 336, Mines, J. F.
Old Brick church. Isle of Wight. Va.. illustration, m, 291.
Oldbuck. Jonathan, pen-name. V, 691, Stilwelt.
Oldbug. Jonathan, pen-name, VL, 586, Withington.
Old Bullion, I, 242.
Old Catholics, HI. 009, Langdon. W. C.
Old Colony club. VI, 568. Win.<ilow, E.
Old Denmark, sobriquet, H, 424, Febiger.
Old Dominion, origin of the name. III, 663, Lee, R.
Olden Barneveldt. Ill, 306, Huidekoper, H. J.
Old-field schools. III, 373, Jackson, Andrew ; V, 173, Ran-
dolph, T.J.: VI, 373.
Old Folks at Home, song. H, 514. Foster, 8. C.
Old Fort Wayne, battle of, I, 298. Blunt. J. G.
Oldham. John. II. .581. Gallop ; VI, 566, WiTislow, E.
Old Hickory. HI. 370.
Old Ironsides, III, 210, Holmes. O. W. ; sobriquet, V, 684,
Stewart, C. : the frigate, illustration, V, 684.
Old L.andmarkism, II. 728, Graves, J. R.
Old Man of the Mountain, pen-name, V, 809, Rogers, N. P.
Old Manse, the. of Concord, II, 344. '
Old Master Leavitt, HI, 649, Leavitt, D.
Old Pete, sobriquet, IV, 16, Longstreet, J.
Old Sanmi, I. 591, Chatham.
Oldschoql, Oliver, pen-name, 11, 141, Dennie ; V, 897, Sar-
gent. N.
OW Side party, the. IT. 248. Duffleld. G.
Old Smiihfleld church, illustration, HI, 291.
Old South, pseudonym, I, 120, Austin, B.
Old South churcli, the, I, 67. Amory, T. C; organized, II,
83, Davenport. J. ; historical work, IV, 279, Mead, E. D. ;
communion-service. VI. .569, Winslow, J.
Old Stars, sobriquet, IV. 342. Mitchel. O. M.
Old Stone Hammer, sobriquet, IV, 312, Metcalfe, T.
Oldstyle, Jonathan, i)en-name. TIT. 860.
Oldstvle. Oliver, pen-name. IV. 679, Paulding.
Old Swedes' church, Philadelphia, illustration. VI, 618.
Old Swedes' church. Wilmington, illustration, VI, 208.
Old Temple, the, HI, 566.
Old Un. ]x>n-iiame. IT. 272, Durivaqe.
Old Wheel-horse of Democracy, sobriquet. IV, 385, Medary.
Oldys, Francis, pen-name, I. ,564, Chalmers, O.
Oleana, colony of, I, 445. Bxdl, O. B. .
Oleomargarine, manufacture of, TV, 444, Mott, H. A.
Olibahali river, discovery of, IV, 64, Luna.
Oliff, Mr.. HI. 47.
Olinda. founded. II, 237, Duarte Coelho.
Oliphant. T>adv. HI. 94. Harris, T. L.
Olive Branch, the, tract. II, 51. Dalmey. R. ; 1, 524. Carey, M.
Olive-oil. inventions for making, I. T34, Cooper, E.
Oliver, Andrew, quoted. U, 302, Edes, B.
Oliver, Daniel. IV. .573. 0//rer. A.
Oliver, Dr. J. P.. IV. .575. Oliver, O. A.
Oliver, Col. Robert. H, .389, Everett. E.
Oliver, Rev. T. F.. IV. .514, Oliver, D.
Oliver. Thomas. IV. 578. Oliver, A.
Oliver Optic, pen-oame, 1, 88, Adams, W. T.
OLIVETO
OVKJO
771
OliTeto, C5ount, IV, 4«8. ffararro y Prado.
OliTler, M., II. ■««. Frtler.
OllantaiUuntta. fortn-KH of, IV, &?0, OUanttU.
OlmeooH. th«*. VI. CkM, Xttmnn.
Olmstead. liUlwanl. VI. 44H. Wharton, H.
OliniJUt. fortn-H-s of. III. aiM. Hu<nr, F. K. ; SHO.
(Uney, KIK-ii \V.. III. .VM, A'lr*, A'. H'. O.
OluKtt^s l>atlle of. III, \H. liawley, J. I'. ; lA, HaUowtU,
K. A'.; V. 47fl, Seymour. T.
Olympic theotre, New York, HI, 800, Keene : IV. W8,
iiitchell, W.
Omaha, pift to, catlie<lral. FV. «B. Ogden, W. D.
Omnibus hill, 1. (Vd : (.MayX II, 454.
OnoH. 8<)bri(iUft of Penn, IV, 714.
Oflate, Juan, VI, 878, Velaaco. L. ; 293, ViUatjra.
Onea, anonvnious poem, V, 688, Simnuyiia, W. H.
Oneco, VI, «», Vncns.
Oneida, the, in tho flffht of Iklohlle l>ny, IV, 457, Mnllany,
J. R. M. ; dj-stniction of, VI. Wl. William*, E. P.
Oneida, destnictinn of, 11, fv.'i5, h'runtenac.
Oneida t'irculur. the, IV, ftiS. Noyc», J. H.
Oneida colleRe, III, &55, Kirkland, S.
Oneida community, the, IV, 543, Xoyes, J. H. ; efforts to
overthrow, IV, aW, Mrar/i.
Oneida manual lalior institute, the, n, 574, Gale, O. W.
Oneidaa, missions to the, II; 40H. Forbes, Eli ; 607, Oar-
nier, J. ; IV, 331, Millet, I'. ; invasion of Seneca coun-
try by. II, 008, Uaronhiague ; chief of the, V, 54.% Hke-
nando ; in the Revolution. VI. 450. Wheelock, E. \ re-
moval of. 584, Williams. E.
O'Nell. Arthur. IV, 118, McOiUiiTav.
O'Neil. Copt.. IV, 101, McDonald. F.
ONeill. Marnaret L.. II, 294. Eaton. M. L.
Only Waitinjf, anonvmoius poem, IV, lia. Mace.
Onondaga lake, settlement on. V. 14;j, Puyn.
Onondaga martyr. II. 675, Gonannhutenlut.
OuondaKas. missions to, II, 590, Garakonthie ; 608, Oar-
nier ; destruction of settlements, IV, 122, Machin ; VI,
255, I'nn Schaick.
Ononthio. IV, Oil, Oureohari.
Onslow, Speaker, quoted, II, 457, Fillmore.
Ontario, art schools of. IV 273, May. S. P. ; Catholic In-
stitutions in, 63, Lynch, J. J. ; Catholic leaime, II, 537,
Frastr, C. F.
Ontlveros, founded. III. 854, Iralu.
On to Kiehinond, II. i:fl».
Onwanonsyshon, 111. 445, Johnson. O. H. M.
Onward, magazine, V, S15, Heid. M.
Op<lvke, (iisbert, IV, r>83. (hxiyke.
Oi>efdoscoije. invention of, 11, 195. Dolbear.
Opelousos, l(jss of the. III. (Vl, Hamilton. JamtiM.
0|)equan, battle of, II, 'Xa. Emory, W. U.; V, 489.
Ophir farm. III. 2:«', Holliday. H.
Ophthalmic institute. New York, III, 560, Knapp. J. H.
Ophthalmology, new methods in, VI. 97, Thumson, W.
Ophthalmometer, invention of a, V. 4W0, Shakespeare.
Ophthalmo.scofM's, invention of, V, 261, Rialey ; 323, Rote-
In-uyh ; 4**), Shitkespeare.
Opi<lo. Michael, IV, 8.W, Modjeska.
oi)imius, pen-name, II, 475, Fitzhugh, W. H.
Opium, smufTKlinK of. III, 4S)6, Kearny, L.
Oporto, revolution of, IV, WW. Pfdro I.
Optometer, invention of a. V, 261, Risley.
Orakter Amphibolos. II. .3H4. Et'^ms, O.
Orange, O., Oarfleld's birthplace at, illustration, IT, 6W.
OranKeburg, taken. II. 7.')2.
Orange riots, V, 173, Randolph. T. F.
Oratorio, first, in New York, III, 206. Hill, U. C.
Oratorio stwiety, II. 6.3. Damrosrh.
OrlH-liani. IMncess Maria, IV, 4«3, Murat.
Ort!liard Knr)b. V. 4'.tM.
Orohanls. flrst In Ma-ss. and R. I.. I. 274. Rlackstone.
Orchestrion, invention of an, IV. 171. Maeltl.
Orchestrone. the. II. 5ftJ, Gaily.
Orchids. V. 424. l^-hombHrgk ; M6. fikinner, G. U.
Order No. 2«, I. 47H, Butlrr. H. F.
Order of American knights, the, V, ?9n. Sanderson. J. P.
Ortler of the Southern Cross, the. I, MX. Cletmme.
Ordnance, U. S.. II. .M ; in the civil war. V. 40H. Satnter. S.;
inventions in. I, 240, Bmton. J. G.: III. 595. l^idley: V.
515. Shock : III. 869. Hotchkiss. R. R. : V. 29H-299, RodmaH.
Ordofie*. Oen., IV, 3.%5. .Win»i : 567. O'Hiaains.
Ordofieat y Agular, Ramonde, VI, 808. I'otdn.
Oregon, exploration, II, ."iii. Franch^re ; VI, 227, Valeria-
noa ; ex]>e(litiou to. III, 5<i6, Kelley. H. J. : Americans
expelled from, ibid. : plon»-er8 of, VI, 4N5, Whitman,
M.; 7U0. Thornton ; foundation of Britisli claim to, IV,
884, Meares: the boundary, I, 66. Allrn, W.; 242; 501 ;
II, 77. Dargan. E. S.: 214. 215: 4W. Fish. H.; 578, Gal-
latin ; 642, Giddings, J. R.; 720 ; IIL 86. Harney. W. S.;
IV. 615, Ouvn, R. D.; V, 53 ; VI, 1S8-1W ; 413-414 ; trans-
portation lines. 294, Viliard. I
Or»-gon escort, the. II, 198, Dolpk, J. y.
Oregon university, (firts to, VI, 294, Villord.
O'Reilly, .Miles, pen-name. Ill, 53, Halpiite ; quoted, V,
2«.«, KiMltiera. G. W.
Orullana, i^'rancis, I, 545, Carvajal, G.; U, 105, Diax de Pi-
neda.
OraUMia river, IV, S68, OreUana.
Or»«pparator. inv<>ntion of. V, 2». Richards, R. H.
Oreto, seizure of the. IV. 178, MaOttl.
Orflla. V, 573. .Kmilh. J. L.
Orford. I/.nl. Ill, .Wl 538. Kidd.
Organ pi I M< Honomeier. Invention of. V. 879, Steven*. W. L.
Orihe, (Jen., V. abfl. Rivera ; 881. Rusa* ; VI, 818, Vrquixa :
858, X'arrla. F.
Oribueha, (Sen.. IV. 889. Miramon.
Orinoco, the, discover)' of. I, 6(17 : exploration of. oonncc-
tion with the Amazon. II. 052. Gilli : and Amazoo, craol
of the laud b»'tween, IV, 309, Mr«t,ard ; III, 800. Hurt :
disct>very of. IV, .'>N5. (trilm ; V, 688, l^re ; expkirs-
tion. 163 : VI, 688, //i4m/<oWr
Oriskany. battle of. Ill, IHB. Herkimer.
OrizalKU capture of. Ill, 607. Ixtne. J.-. IV. 898. Moreio*.
Orleans, territory of. II, 146, Iterbigny.
Orleans prlnc»"s, the. II, 476, Ftaget.
Ormach/-a, ULslioo, III, .%H(). UdKtstida.
Omiond. dukes of, I. 4MI. Hutler, P.
Ornnn:. siege of, I, }V>. Hnmn.
Orne. Mary, pen name, IV . \irhnls. M. S. O.
Ornithology, discoveries. IV, .549. Ober ; work in. V. 850,
Ridf/iray ; VI. 546, Witmm. Alexander : 828, Vaillant ;
888, Watrrtiin : American, V, 606, SonniHi,
Orphan homes, IV. 4.V1, .Muhlenberg.
Orphans, college for. II, 661. Girnrd. S.
Orpheus, Jr.. pen-name. VI, 288, Vaughan, Sir W.
Orr. Rev. W., II, rm. Garden.
Orrantia. tJen., IV. 33.%. .Vina.
Orrery, construction of an, V. 263.
Orsainville, Count d", VI. 28, Talon. J. B.
Ortal, fSeronimo. V, 449, Sedeifo.
Ortez, Juan, p<i«'m siiggesteil by, VI. 606, Wilde, R. ft.
Ortega, Kulalio. IV. 269.
Ortega, Cien. Uonzalez, III. 479 ; IV, 389, Uiramum ; SOS.
Ocampit.
Orth, Balthazar, H'. B04. Orth. G. S.
Orthope<ly. hospital in New York. HI, 588, Knight, James',
inventions for. VI, 4.3. Taylor. C. F.
Ortiz, Juan, II. 15.3. Ite .So'o.
Ortiz de la Vega. Francisco. 11, 308. Dorantes.
Osage Indians, mission to, flrst book for, IV, S7S, Mont-
gomery. W. B.
Osawatomle. I. 405. 400.
Osborne. Sir Danvers, V. 99. Foirnall.
Osborne, Sherard. IV. 90. McClurr. Sir R.
Osceola, capture of. II. 616, Gatts, W.
Osgood, Cliarli-s. III. 129.
O8goo<l. James R.. VI. 112. Tiek-nor. W. D.
OsgofMl. John, IV. r>m. Osgood, D.; 600, Osgood, S.
Osiood. Miss, II. 624. Genest.
Osiood, S. S., IV. !\99. Osgood, F. S.
Os Ouarapes, battles of. Vl, 290, I'ieira. J. F.
Oshkosh. gift to Y. M. C. A. of. V. 408, Sawyer,
OsoUo. Oen., IV, .339. Minimon.
Osorio, Juan de, IV. 298. Mendoza. P. de.
Osorio, (Jen. Venepas. Ill, .'>70, Koenig. J. R.
Osorno. founde<l. III. HAK Hvrtado.G.: siege of,800. HueUn.
Osaemenon, site of. pilgrimages to. III. 485. Jogwss.
Otset. (iillis. III, 'im. ffi,itfet.
Onoli. Martinis. II. ,V)l, .VW, Ftdler, S. M.
Ostend manifesto, the. V. 10. 611.
Ostemiann, Count, II, 69, iHina. F.
Ostinelli, I>niis, I. 269. Biscaccianti.
0 Subtil, sobriquet. IV, 481, yatiridade.
O'Sullivan, Mr.. I, 417, Brownson, O. A.
Oswald, Richanl. I. 19.
Oswego, fort at, I, 4.57, Burnet : capture of. II, 884, DnuM-
mond. Sir &.; IV. 8&t ; VI, 641, Yeo, J. L.; defeiice at,
III. 89. Haldimand.
Otalora, Jos* E.. IV, 545, Suit ex, R.
Otey, Isaac, IV. 604. otey. J. H.
Otis, James, eUHjnence of. I, 16.
Otte, James, pen-name. III, 491, Kaler.
Otis, John, rv. 605. (His. James ; VI, 370, Washbume, K. B.
OtJs, Mercy, VI. 3tM, Warren, .\f.
Otis, William K«»iter. IV, 221. Marshall. Emily.
Otomi a[K>stle, the. V. 1T^», Havnrl.
Otsego hall, 1. 725, 730 : illustralion. 797,
Ottawa, illustration, VI, 681 : university, 17, Tabaret.
Ottawa river, eX|>e<lition up the, I, 174, Harrt^. A. J. /»
Ottawa Indians, plan for exterminating. 111. !>Ti, Kondin-
ronk : mission to, IV, 452, Mrak : V. (A, Pimtiac ; 4H4.
Shaut>ena ; lantninge. ImmiIcs in the. I, 100. Baraoa.
Ott«), Dr. Ho<lo, IV. tuifl. Otto. J. C.
Otumba, Mexico, battle at, I, 749 ; aqueduct, VI. 61. TVsi-
l>leque.
Otjithlacooohee, battle of, I. 306. Call. R. K.
Ould, Robert. IV. 3nS, Meredith, S. A.
Ounawaterika. Ill, ft"i7. />-»•, C.
Our Continent, V. **i. .^rtain, K.
Our I.ady t>f Charity of Uie Good Shepherd, 1, 880. fl
Our Lady of ( Juadalune, imasv of, VI. AM, Zumarrttga.
Our Mary. m>brii|iii'f . 11, 898, Kteen, M C.
Our Month!- "v. VI. 88, Thompson, C. L.
Ouro Pn-i. ifVl. Diax, C. A.
Our Youii;, '17. Lareom.
Outoutaga. V ;, ... ,.ti<m.
Orejo, biUtle at, U, 167 ; I, «•, Oadtmm.
772
OVEKBROOK
OwrUnd Monthly, the. III. lOJ. Hurte, f. B.
Overton. K-.lwaPl. IV. ««. /«';','•"'■; ^•
Oriedo. SUiior. I, l^V httrtlttt. ». A.
Owen. Utiniiuh. I. *M.
0«r"n I'n.r Ki.Jianl. II. iMl. Du ChaiUu.
Ow.-uit.-H, the. IV. bl.V O/pe/K K.
Owl th'-. iiiaKnzim-. V. (Vi. PkK»/^. H . A.
Oxv-.-ar>.ir.-t4..l light, the. U. 355. Pu Motay.
OxvKeT .llH.-,very of. V, y»^> I^ri^ley : centennial of.
rll ; .liso..verv of. in the H.in, II, *«, iy"PfJ- " ^ .
0«om-, oonne.-tion of. with pne.unonia II. i» Draper, D.;
Inventor of ap|>anitu8. VI. OIU, H right, A. U .
Paehacamao, IV. IHii. .V.inr.. Cnixir.
Pachaeutl.-. Inen. I ^^ •'>]■«•/''''.'»//''■ ,. „■ tr r • TV iwi
Pat-ine, «U'aiuer, lo«.s of the, I. C'Jl, Collins, E. A.; IV, 5«0,
0'K>-illi.h n. , ^,.
Pa«'iHt-ator. the great. I. OM
Pacifleator of the Occident, II. «7B.r?ontn''Z..V.
Pacific mail steamship company, the, I. . VJ, Cuohe, n. u. ,
II, «tO. (r'firrmou. C. A'. • n iir
Pacific naviKation com|)any. \ 1. 4.1.. ^^'heeUn^^)ht. W.
Pacific <H-.-an. .ii.s.-ove;v of the, I. 147. BuUhk, : seen by
Drake, II, 3-,M. />r<U-e. .sVr /•'. ,• . , ,xt ., r„j
Pacific railways, 1. *11 : route of. predicted. I\ .Si J.ud-
JoiP F //.: propoeed, KW. .Vc/>o". H. ^//n" : projects for.
U',',McU<hI. M.. first suggestion of. 664. Parker, S.; bill
for', V, 813. /foMias. J. .S. , ,. , „ ttt rq ^n .
Paclrtcus, i>e!i-name, II, 042, Oiddings, J. R. ; lu, SH, o'J ,
VI. .*«>.
Packard. Rev. Asa, IV. 018, Packard, F. A.
Packard. S. B . UI. i:iH.
Pa^-kanl, Smnuel. IV, OIU, Packard, F. A.
Packar.l's Monthly. IV. 03). Packard, S. S.
Packet, the Pennsylvania. 11. 2.">H. Dnnlap, .John.
Pack-sjid'lle, invention of a, II, 13, Crorjhan. <!. S. J.
Pacolet river, engagement on the. IV, 109, McDowell, C.
Pact.- de famine, the. IV, I'.Xt. Marhois.
Paddl.-s, system of feathering. V. .544. fikene, A. M.
Paddock. Henry. IV. 31.5. Milchill, M. J.
Paddock. Rev. i^eth B.. IV. tfi\. Paddock, J. A.
Paililla. (Ji-n , executed. 1. ,3i)7.
Pag.-. Abraham. III. 2U. Holt. J. S.
Page hous.-, the. Virginia, illustration, IV, 624.
Pag»-rie, .losephine de la. I. 2<)9. Peauharnais, A. de.
Paget, I^>rd. III. lllH. Harvey. Sir J.
Pah VU' Indians, attack by. III, Oi)4, Lander, F. W.
Paige. Rev. Reed, IV. 0^. Paiiie. L. R.
Pallleterie. Maniuis de la, II. 2.>3. Duinaa.
Paine. p:.l«ard. IV, 627. Paine. H.
Paine, Dr. Horatio. IV. 711. Peningtnn, M. R.
Piiiiie, .lami-s Harvey. IV'. 627. Paine, B.
Paine, RolH-rt Troup, IV, 028, Paine, M.
Pain>-. Thoma-s, II, 431, Fenwick, B. J.; his death. Ill, .571,
KoMmatm.
Paine. Rev. Thomas. IV. 0.30. Paine. R. T.
Paine, William. IV. 41!>. Mnrrin, T. A.
Palnesville. Ohio. IV, t52:. Prune. B.
Paintings. American historical. III. 009. Leutze.
Paisley Magazine, the. .518, Kennedy, W.
Paitilf, the. I, *»2. BohiirnueH, P.
Pakanke, Chief. VI. 303, Vintt.
Palact-. the white. I. .302, Buhoranes. P.
Palacios. Maniuisde, I, 30!1 Boiivnr.
Palaklnklaha, battle of. VI. 616. Worth, W. J.
Palan. Manpiis de. 111. 6,54, I^drn. //. P.
Palatines, thi-, in Ireland. HI. 1.5.5, Heck, B.; settlements of
in North Carolina. II. 700. (iraffenried.
PalaMjntoIogist. the. HI. .398. .fames, J. F.
Palaeontology, III. 41. Hall. J.: studies in, IV. 217. Marah,
D.; 218. .M.ir«/i, O. C.; 286. M^-ek. F. B.: VI, 477, Whit-
eaiv» : 482, Whitfield. R. P.; II. 507. (}ahb.
Palfpozoic rocks, the. IV. 7, Ijoijan, Sir IV, E.
Palenque, fired, HI, 31.5, In/ante. H.: ruins at, V, 257. Rio.
A.; VI, 321), Waldeck ; ancient city on the .site of, 808,
I'otdn.
PaleHtlne, exploration of, V, 284, Rohinaon, E.; IV, 6.5,
Lynch. W. F.; 307, Merrill. S.; 629, Pkiine, J. /I. ; prepa-
ration of, for the millennium, 380, Miller, W.\ Hebrew
colonies in. .572. Oliphant.
PElfrey. Peter. IV. 634. Palfrey, Wanrick.
Palisatla. capture of, I, MO, Case, A. L.
Palla.H. the. HI. 468.
Palma. battle of. II. .320. Elia*.
Palmer. I'ourtland, H, i». Draper, H.
Palmer, Rev. J^lward, IV. 637, Palmer, B. M.
Palmer. 1-Mward H.. HI. 683, Uland, C. O.
Palmer, Henry, IV, «U. Palmer, W. H.
Palmer. Katherine H.. V, 142, Putnam, K. H.
Palmer, Mary A.. II. 23H. Drafter, H.
Palmer. Robert M.. VI. 77. Thomn*, M. L. P.
Palmer. Judge K. N.. VI. 77, Thomas. M. L. P.
Palmei*. Dr. W. C. IV. 640. Palmer. P.
Palmer. Mr., painter. I, 663, dough, <i. L.
Palmer's island. I, 620.
Palmett.. textile fabric from. IV. 1», Ijomnis, S. L.
Palm-k-af fibre, in i>a|ier. II. II. Crocker, A.
P«Uo Alto, Cal., univerulty at, V. M4, Stanford,
PARKERS
Palo Hlncado. battle at. II. 4.39. Ferrand.
Pamlico sound, explored, I, 166, Barlow. A.
Panama. Isthmus of. discovery of, I, 289, BaloACO ; In pos-
8.-8sion of Gonzala Fiazarro (1546), III, 214, HinojoM;
Panama, city of, founded, II, 374, Espinosa, O. ; IV, 807,
Pedrariaa ; site of, V. 35, Pizarro ; conjfress at, I, 807 ;
riots in, 1:19, Bailey ; massacrea, 751, Corvnne ; capture
and plunder of, II, 436, Femdndez de Castro ; 437, Pie-
drahita ; capture of, by pirates, IV, 400, Morgan, Sir H. :
mission, celebrated report on, VI, .56, Tazewell; first
steamship line t<j. III. 6:«5. Ijiip, O.: first idea of a ship-
canal acros.s, I, 508, Champtain: III. e97-fl98, Lesseps;
canar, V, 4.57, Self ridge ; 1. 279 ; neutrality of, 103.
Panama railroad, the, 112, Aspinirall ; 111, 6.36, LatD, O.;
V, mi, Stephens, J. L. ; VI, 140. Tolten, O. M.
Pancarpatft, in-ace of, V, 39.5, Santa Cruz, A.
Pandrita. jjirute brig. II, 760, Gregory, i< . H.
Panel, Monseigneur, II, 261, .^nn,!".
Panharmonicum, invention of the, IV, 171, MaeUl.
Panic of 1837. the, III, 38:1
Panizzi. Sir .\nthony. V, 676, Steitens, H.
Panoplist, the, journal, IV, 424, Moi,<e,J
Panorama of Life and Literature. Ill, <37, Ltttell, E.
Panorama of the Mississippi, a, I, 169. Banvard.
Pansv l)ooks, the, I, 42. Alden, Isabella.
Panther, the, vessel. Ill, i:», Hayes, L L
Pantograph, the, V, 372, Saint Mimtn. .„,,»-„
Paoli, battle of, VI, 398, Wayne ; IV, 683, NoHh, C; II, 768,
('rcy. . .
Papal zouaves, the Canadian. 11. 151 . Deyardtns.
Paper invention of boiler for manufacture of, VI, 548, WiU
.ton G. F.; machine for making, 11, C59, Gilpin, T.; mak-
ing from wo<xl, UI, 499, Keen, M. L. ; manufacture of,
HI, 80, Harding.
Paper bags, machine for making, VI. .590, Wolle, F.
Paix?r-mill, first, in America, V, 2<J2, Rittenhouse.
Paper-money. Ill, 6.30, Law, John ; craze for, IV, 166 ; fa-
mous case, VI, 119, Tillinglinst, T.; issue of, in Mass., I,
29 ; question of issuing of, in Penn. colony, II, !w5) ;
schemes in the colonies, I, 22, Adam^. S. ; III, 333, Hutclir
inson. T.; redemption of, in Mass., 332,
Pappegoya, Armagot, V. 120, Priniz, J.
Pappeiiheim, Madame, IV, 496, Neuendorff.
Papyrus club, the, II, 194, Dodge. N. S.
Paradoxes of a Philistine. VI, 341, Walsh, W. S.
Paraguay, attempt of Buenos Ayres to annex, I, 224, Bel-
grano ; American claims against, 434 ; exploration of,
490, Cabeza ; HI, 085, Leme ; II, 165, Diaz, Melgarejo ;
settlement of, 2ttt, Dorantes ; III, 480. Justiniano ; con-
quest of, II, 367, Escalera ; triple alliance against, 486,
Flores, V.; administration of Francia, 522 ; colonization
of, 515. Foucher ; revolution in. 5-22, Francia ; reign of
terror in, ibid. ; Indian colonies in, 676, Gonzalez de
Santa Cruz ; colonization of, 591, Oaray ; revolutions in,
III, a54, Irala ; slave-hunting in, 408, Jaray ; war with
Brazil, a52, Inhauma ; 714, Lima ; dictator in, improve-
ments, IV, 30, Lojtez ; war against allies, conspiracy m. •
executions, seizure of Americans. 21. lAtpez, F. S.: at-
tempted conquest of. 298, Mendoza, P. de ; suppression
of slavery, V, 362, Saavedra. H. A. de ; factions in, 876,
Salazar de Espinosa ; expedition to, 642, Staden ; sup-
posed conspiracy of foreigners In, VI, 872, Washburn, C.
^.; conquest of, 6f).5, ZuWiia.
Paraguay river, tributaries of the, exploring expedition to,
II, 114, Daza ; 364, Irala ; 591, Garcia, A. and D.; 342,
Igne Chivr^..
Paravicino, Tomfis. II, 85, David, E.
Pardee Hall, Lafayette college, view of, IV. ft44.
Pardon, the prerogative of, I. 286, Blake, E.
Paredes, Luis, I, 517, Campeche.
Parestrello, Felipa, I. 097.
Parens, David. VI, 353, Ward. N. , ,^ .„.
Paris, American chapel in. Ill, 554, Kirk, E. N.; VI, 589,
Wolfe, C. L.: Count of, IV, 589, Orleans, L.A.P.; mania
in, for speculation, HI. (537, Law, John ; rule of the Com-
mune in, VI. .371, Washbume, E. B.; siege of, 1, 404 ; wa-
ter-supply of, 210. Beaumarchais ; treaty of, II, 531. 533.
Paris isfond, S. C, II, 508, Gage, F. D.
Park, Dr. Jame.s. Ill, 42, Hall, J. L. J. P.
Park, Mungo, HI, 751, Locke, R. A.
Park, William. VI, 065. ZuiXiga, G.
Parke, John, II, .548, Freyich, D.
Parke, Lucy, I, 487. Btp-d.
Parker, Amos G, V, .578, Smith, J. E.
Parker, Charles, IV, 0.52, Parker, Joel. ,
Parker, Rev, Daniel. IV, 649, Parker, A. J.
Parker, Edmund. II. (52. Damon, D.; V, 7, Pierce, F.
Parker, fJeorge T., IV, 652, Parker, P. J. M.
Parker, James, III, 248, Holt.
Parker, Capt. John. IV. 654, Parker, T.
Parker, Joseph E., U, 608, Goddard. P. B.
Parker, Mrs. Leroy, I, .573, Chandler, R.
Parker, Rev. Nathan. IV, 087, Peabody.
Parker, Rev. Robert, IV, 6,56, Parker, Thomas.
Parker, Samuel H., H, 188, Ditson, O. ; IV, 654, Parker,
James C. D.
Parker, Theodore, his grave, illustration, IV, 655.
Parker. Judge W.. IV, 653, Parker, S.
Parker's Ferry, S. C, engagement at, FV, 209, Marion.
PA UK MAN
PKNDLKTON
773
Parknuui, Dr. O.. miinl»*r of, VI. <ifl. WrMrr. J. »r.
PlLTka, deslfnilnic <>f. IV. 57H. (Hmttni : VI. «(), i'aux, C.
nuley. Peter, buulu of. III, tOi, KettrU • uen-iuuiif, (MO,
Ooodriek, S. U. r~ . .
Pariey'a pwik and caflon. dlncovi»n?d, V. losS, Pratt, P. P.
Parntfkw. Mary L . IV, OBO, fVcrMe*. it. L.
Farncll. Charl«« S., V. «W5, Steintrt, C.
ran>la. Dr.. I, S2IS. Hotta.
j',.r. Mhm.i hi. tun. Uine, Sir R.
I iiiiifl. II, 306. Oardiner, J. S. J.
I do. II. aOB, £K<>6e(lo.
1 .1.... ....:., IV. 613. Oirrn. O.
I'urti.t)! will case, tli**, II. 3RS. A'lvir/ji. H'. Af.
Harroit caitiion an<l projectiles, the. IV, 800, Parrott, R. P.
Parry Hound. IV. tHll. Parry. Sir »'. E.
Psraon, tiie. (iKhtinK. I. -11.'), Hrtiicnlow.
Pairaoa's cause, the. III. ITS. Henru, P.
Panions c«>lleKe. Iowa, foundtHl. IV, 064, Paracm», L. B.
PafROiui, AllMTt K . V. oaa. Hpiea.
Pamonii, E!i. V. -W8. Shay».
ParsrmH, Kev. Moses. IV. tMM. Ptarnrwi*. T.
Parthenon, the. ix-riiHlical. VI. «0«. UVniirorfA, S.
Parties, ijohtical, VI. i«, avi ; flntt. in the U. 8., VI, 380.
PartiuKton. Mrs., V, .MO, ShiUaber.
PUtridKe. Allien, I. (WW. Colrocurt-iutra.
PMca^roula, bay of. exi>e<Iition U>, II. 413.
PMcaifoula river, the. (Iiscovered. Ill, 330, Iberville.
Pascalhi. Dr. Felix, I. M». Vanfirld.
PUinl, Al»»ert, pupil of. VI. W, Thnminion, A. W.
Paaqualifco. I>)renzo, I, -ll'l, Cnliot.
Pas<|iiiii. Anthony, (len-naine. III, OO : VI, 5!J6, M'i7//anij, J.
PassioiiistH, first, in U. S , IV. Xii, O'Cuitiiur, M.
PaMerue. SiRnor. III. 295. Hutien.
Pasteur, LouLs, IV, «1, Mott. I'.
Pastor Antimio, ix-n-naine, IV, 552, tkrhixi.
Paatorate. the lonjfesi on reconl. I. 38. Aiiuncorth.
PalaKonia. boundary question of. II, Kit, DelisiUe ; III. 856,
Irifjoyen ; claims to. XiH, Ifxiiiez, Iberctmrl ; colony in,
Il.ttiV (lfnm»: Spanish colony in. III, 344, Imecourt ;
exploration of, IV, .Vk), \otu-.
PataKonians. the. VI. :«H. W'allig, S. : II, 374, Enpeletn ;
name Riven to, the jflant storj- of, V, 17. /Vf/<i/fff(i.
Pata|)sco. destruction of the. V. 146. f^uuckenbiuii.
Patapsco iiLstitut^'. V, 174. Ramhtlnh, S. .V.
Pat«iits, first |)etitioner for a. V. 1 1(9. Rt-ad. X. ; law. foun-
dation of the. iii.i : lawsiiit.s. 111. 70. llnrdinq, (/.: appli-
cations for, IV, 46(>, Mann ; in the colonies. III, 425,
Jencken. J.
pjitentl^fflce Oaxette. the. in, 508. Knight. E. II.
Paterson. Cornelia. V^I. aVI, Van Rennaehier, S.
Pathfinder, If>s8 of the balloon, VI, 581, Wiae. J.
Pathfinder, the. S4>bri<|uet. II. ftVS. Fremont.
Pathfinder, the wi-.-kly. II. 671. (Iftdwin.
Patriarch of Dorclx-ster. the. VI. 472, White. J.
Patriarch of the N. K. clerRy. the. IV, 630, Nntt. .<?.
Patriot war. the. I. 12. Aduniti. Charles ; II, \79, Pimick ;
2f>4, Ihtmonchft ; 267. Ihtquet ; ninn«*8ty. 272. Ihirham,
Karl of; 521). Fox. U.S. ; bill fi>rconi|>«>nsatinK loyalists,
II. 319. Ell/in ; panlon for insurifents. VI, :««, ll'dit, li.
Patriot, pilot »)oaf, loss of the, I, 468, tfu>T, T.
Patr.x'le. M. tie T.. II, 375. Enpiivnt.
Patron of Industry, the, IV, 24. ly>rd, E.
PatU-n. W. H., V. 436. Srott. I M.
Patterson, Alexander. II. 5-34. fVajiW/n, John.
Patterson, Kli/alK>th, I. 3in, Honaparte.
Patt«raon, John. IV. 672, Pitterton, Jotepk.
Patteraoo, Oen. Roliert. II. 730.
Pattt Salvatore. IV. 674. Pitti, C.
Pattlson. Rev. R H.. IV. 676. Patti»on, R. E.
Ptttton. Maj. James, V, 4.39. Scott, T. A.
Patton, Prof. J. H.. II. .500. Ford. E. L.
Pat^w, Ludlow. III. 3*4, Hutrhimton, Abhy.
Patxun. battle at. I. .Wi, Cnrrera. R.
Paueiis, Chief, IV, 37. Utvetrell. J.
PaullII.. Pope, III, 183. Hernandez, P.; VI. !Ml, UMa$td.
Paul, John, III. 467. Jones, J. P.
Paul. John, i>.'n name. VI. 408, Webb, C. H.
Paul, Hoaea. IV. K>2 (in-um.
PauldiaK, Miiw.. III. 3i». In'inti. William.
PkuldinK, J. K., oritrinal of a cliaracter of. II, iKT, Duval,
W. P.: his home, illustrution, IV. 6Hr».
Paulding, William. IV. r,7".». PauidinQ. J. K.
Paulet. U.rd <}.. III. 4S2. J>,dd. (/. P.
Paule-Vaudreuil. <\>unt de. VI. 8M. Vaudreuil, J. F.
Paulist Fathers, the. Ill, 157, Hecker, I. T.\ 191, Hemit, S.
A.; VI, 34<5. Wolworlh. C A.
Pauli.st«. the (tralen«». Ill, 4rt3. Jaray.
Paullin. William. VI. .'.81. Wi»e.J.
Paul yiiinn c.ll, .-... I, t<i:,. (nin.
Paulii-^ ' 1. rit at. III. «I7. Ijre, H.
Pareii- ai. Rum. It. P.
Pavori al work of. II. 11«. Dnrnbev.
PHTon. Iwitili- ..f, VI, -.'IS, rniuita ; IV. 850, Mitre,
Pary river. dis<-r»ven- of. IV. 8HS. Pavj/.
Pawnw. th.'. ^liip. II. 766. arimihs, J. W.
Pawn. ■ Oie. VI. 6!»1. i: Archevfq%te.
Pawt II 1 II . 42^. Jrn ckn. J.,M.
Paxton . HoUUe. C. ; V. 518, Shippem, E.
Pazton, I'liilip, HI, (Xi, Hammett.
Payaffuaa Indiana, the. L «a, Oabeta : II. 515. Ffmeher.
PaVlxidv, (Yaucia, IV, AH, Pvalmdy, (i. ; (MB. /VoAwly,
Payne. Anna. II. 48. Cutt. R.
Payne. FZlinha. IV. flKS, Pliune. H. B.
Payne. John. IV, 17l. Madim,,,. h. p.
Payne. Wllliatn, IV. flKi, Piynr. /i.
Pa>*iuui(lu. caplur<- <.f. IV, 2W«. Mmna.
Payson. A. .M., III. .Mtr. f ' '
Payaon. I»iiisa. III. Z' . 1^ p.
Payta. burninK of. I. ,'.' ,A,
Paytable. the. II, .CW. A...-...,,,*,, (>.
Pay ton, Catherine. HI. 4rx», Jonra. Rebecca.
P. I)., (H-nname. HI, ;«itt, Jamr*. T. C.
Pea Patch island, title to. v. 401. Sergeant. J.
Pea RidKe. »«ttle of. |I. 87. I'urtt: S. R.; 111.80; TV. Ml
ilcCulloth. H.; V. 119. Prirr. S.: 5S4.
Peabody academy of sciem-e. III, 835. ltu<ttt ; IV, 4S,
Morae, E. S. ; 619. Pickard. A. S.
Peabody, l>r. Jacob, IV. out. /V<i/mWv. .V.
Peabody, Mrs. Mark, iien imme, VI. 2K7. I'lrfor, 1/. V.
Peabody, Marj- T . IV, 191, J/«iiin. U. T.
PeabiKly, Dr. Nathaniel. IV. r>m. PrntMxiy. E. P.
Peabody, Jud>re < tliver, IV, GMi. Peabody, O. W. B.
Peabody, Polly, V. 1M2. Rantvul.
Peabody. Sarah. V. 273. R,A>erlH. S.
Peace conuuissiou, II. 00, Dana, F. : of the ReTolutioo.
m. 409.
Peace conference of Feb. 8. 1865. I. 280. Blair. F. P.
Peace contpvsH. an American, pruiioeed, 1, 108 ; 150, Bald-
trin, R. S. ; 279.
Peace convention, the. VI. 199.
Peace jubilee. II, 658, Oilmore, P. S.
Peace, let us linve. II. 718.
Peacemaker, the. 1. .395.
Peace, negotiations for. with Oreat Britain. 1. 18.
Peace, policy of Calhoun on. 1. 501.
Peace society, the. III. 685. Ixidd. W.
Peach Tn-e Creek, battle of. V. 5iM.
PeactM-k, an automatic, II. 625, (Irnnrs.
PeatHK-k, vt-ssei. captures by U8i3i, VI, .368, Warringtcn ;
I, 5!>4, ChauitcfT/, J. S.; de«lruction of. III. (MO. Law-
rence, J.: 11.351, Emmun*, U. F.; cruise of. IV, 6BB,
Pihner. J. C.
Peale's Museum. IV. 090. Pcale. C. W.
Pearson. John, IV. (Uri. Prarmoi. Jonathan.
IVarwm. Judf^e J. S.. HI. .'.26. AVrr. J.
Pearson. Judge R. M . II. 333. Kllia.J. W.
I'eat-fonuation. study of. HI. Bi*7. Ijrmruerrux.
Peck. KlizalM-th. IV. t30. P-rkina, T. li.
Peck. JudjfeJ. H.. IV. 112. Mcl>ume.
Peck. John. IV. »K)6. Perk. W. I)
Peck. J«weph. IV. 60.5. IWk. O. W.
Peck, I'aul. IV. 696. Peck, W. H.
Peck. Philander. VI. (KM, Peck, C. C.
Peck. Prof. Tracy. V. fi(M, Smith, C. L.
Peckham. Jrnnea, IV, (M. Lyon, K.
I'eckham vs. Burrows, case of. Ill, 425. Jenckea. T. A.
Pei-ksnut, Chief. V. (MS, Standiah : VI. 444, Weaton.
Petldie institute, gifts to. 1. OHO, Colgate.
Peflestrianism. IV. 539. .Vorfon. T. H.
Pe<lraza. (lomer.. IV. 473. Sltuqvit ; V. 898, Sania-Anma.
Pedro 1. of Brazil, H, 5(57. (ialn-iac.
Peebles. Augustus A.. IV. 699. Peeltlea, il. L.
Peebles's fann. engagement at. II. 715.
Peeping Tom. pen-name. HI. St»<, Kettell.
Peers, MaJ. Valentine. IV, 609. Peera. B. O.
Peiroe, Abraham. IV. 708. /Vir«r, W. S.
Peiret, Pastor. II. .55. DailU.
Pelraon. Oliver, IV, 708. Peiraon. L. J. »'.
Pelxotto, Her M. L. M.. IV, ntt. Peiwtto. D. L. M.
Peking Scientific Magazine, the. IV, 8S4, i/artin, W. A. P
l'ela«lo«. the. I. 302. Hohorquea. P.
IVIegaud, (Jen., VI, 880, IVrmonf.
IVIew islanils. <liscoven- of. VI, 298. Villaioboa.
Pelham. IVneloj^-. VI. .>i«T7, Winalow, J.
pelican, the. HI. 339. Ibrnille.
IVlleport. Mamuis. »>o«.k by. 1. 87V, Briamtt,
Pellew, Ktlward. H. 395. F-rmouth.
Pellico. Silvio. HI. 108. Hen>i>el.
Pell.K-k. Dr.. IV. 379, MiH,rr. E. M.
P.-loH««'. Thetiphlhis J.. V. .573. S'mith. J. L.
IVIton. dllver. IV. »W. /Vfrjw. J. I.; V. 483. Schof.
Pemaquld. IV. IT! V M/findo: I, &54. Caj7iN.
lVma<|uids. the. \ ■■«•/.
PemlM*rton. Jaiii' - I'rmlterton, E
Pemberton. Ralph. l\ . 7i». I'mthrrlon. P.
Pembina, b«unilar>- line near. I, U2. Armstrong, M. K.
Pembosta, 0.unt of. IV, vr:. svuvdle.
Pembroke. Earl of. VI ^
Pembroke, N. H . IV. : ./.
Pemmlran, Invention I I den.O.
V. ■ i>r<.|M-iet<>nilii|' •'! \ 1 i"«>, It'iiiArrr, Timtotkf.
Iiilion, works on. HI. Tio
, nwloiM-, lis., of till-. Ill \¥>. Kino. H.
• ■•MKii.iiT llun<lr' - - - ' TV. aUV. J|r>rpilll, JC
Pendleton. Alex, r.m, W. X.
Pendleton. John
Pendleton, Nathaiiiei. ii. 1 1.-. /^>irii><>ri.
774
PENDLETON
Pendleton. Philip. IV. 7W, PfndMon, E.
pendU-ton, W. if . IV. ao. /»o«
Pi-ntruin. capiur*' of th»'. I. iWJ, Btddlf, Ja"*^-
Pcnjoiin i!*laiidH, <lLHcov«Tie« in. IV. K)0. Aoort.
Pfn hol.l.r. iK'ii-naine. II. 31.'). EynU-Kiun, K.
IVnik.-sx Island m'h<M)l, founded, I. 86. Aowinz.
riiiinirton. Isaao, IV. 710, Peninqton, K.
|'..nmansl.ip, V. (WO. f^P^^^er.P. K.
IVnn Arthur. i>en-nanif. IV, an. Juattneum.
Pfiin', I^-titia. I. 1I«, Aubrey, Ijudy L.
IVnn. Mows, IV, 711, Fenn, J.
IVun, Mr . pen name, I, 7a). Colwell.
PiMin SDrinci'tt. IV, 715, fV'nn, W.
Porin" A.ltnlral William, II. Wit, (f<we, 7". ; TV, 712, Penn, W.
P.-nn', WlllUun, i).'n niiine, II. 3H5, EvnrU, J.
Penn. William, 111. «», Harrison, O. L.
Penn Magazine, the, projefUHl. V, 46.
Penn Monthly, thf. Vl. W. Thompson, R. E.
IVnni.'. Mr»,. II. tilS. (ianvv, P. A. de.
Pi'nniinites, the. II. SM. Franklin, John.
Peiinook. Mrs. Alexan.ler M.. II. 419. Farrnqut.
I\Min"8 house in Philadeli)hla. illustration, IV. 715.
Peniwbury Manor. IV. 711, P<-iiih!//om, E.; 715, Penn, H.
Pennsylvania, surveys in. I. H»9. Anhbwner ; iron industry
in 217. Henner ; alix>lition of slaverj'. 421, Bryan, O. ; Re-
wrve "the, II, 34. i^urtin. A. (I.; new constitution of, 288,
FAJrle, T.\ placed under Fletcher. 481 ; sale of, .V)l, Ford,
P ; question of taxing proprietary esUtes, .529 ; insur-
rection in, 551, fViVd ; iMHiuests to. 6«0, Girard, S.; trou-
bles in the colony of. III. t>2. Hamilton, A.; first church
In 238 Holm, J. C. ; map of the provini-e of, 239, Holme,
t'; debt of, 290, Hoyt, H. M.; Dutch and Swedish claims
to 2S»5 Hwide ; ajfricultural colleKe. gift to, .3.57, Irvin,
j': pur«has«- of -the triangle," .3,58, Irvine, W.; histori-
cal s<K-iety, .399, James, T. C; political dis-sen.sions in
the oilonv. 503. Keith, Sir W.; (irst iron-furnace in,
il>id.; high c<iurt of chancer}- in, ihid.: struggle with
the proprietary in, 748, Lloyd : troubles in, II, 383,
Ecnns, J.; e^S. Gordon, P.: Ill, 503 Keith, Sir W.;
IV, 3, lAHjan, J.; university of. 4. Umm, James: col-
lege, medical department of. 8.5. McClellan, G.; Ijitin
p<¥'n>» on. 179. Mukin ; first town in, Philadelphia pur-
ohase<l, iMjundary controversy, administration assumed
by the crown, restored to Penn. pirates in the waters of.
2i0'211. Markham, H'. ; boundary of. 2:19. Afanon, C;
Catholic institutions in. V. 481, Shanahan ; IV, .553-.5.54,
OC<mnor, M.: VI. 179. Tuigq ; .59.5. Wood, J. F.\ 6.50.
Young, J. M.: purchase of the southwestern part, IV.
632. Morris. I.: struggle with the proprietaries, ihid.; the
state-house 1h>11. i7ii'/.; view of the stale -house. 5:i2 ;
Welsli tract in. (514. Oiren. G.; home for blind men. the.
672, Patterson. M.; academy of fine arts, founded, 090,
Prole. C. M'. : grant of. its name, colonization of, 713;
Inaty with Indians, annexed to New York. 714 : prov-
ln<!e reston-d to I'enn. his proposal to sell. 715 ; disputes
of heirs, lioundary dispute settled. Indian troubles in. 716;
adju.stment of rights in. during the Revohition. 717. Penn,
J.: funding systeni of. 747. Pet tit. C: insurrection in,
or "Pennimile" war. II, .5.'}4. Franklin. John; V. 2;
debt re<luced. .59. Pollock. J. ; Episcoi)al in.stitution8 in,
86. putter. A.; agricultural college. 1.32. Pugh, Evan;
first mills in. 137. Pii.<)ey ; first paper money in, 188.
Rnxrlf ; Welsh colony in. 221t. Hhee», M. J.; first consti-
tution drafte<l for, 2t')3 ; Indian release of lands in. 402,
fiaju~H>nnn : rival legislatures in. C77, Stevens. T.; uni-
versity, scientific department of, ti89 : library building,
Illustration. (190: gift« to university, VI, 202, Tyndale ;
♦49, M'haiton. J ; lK>si»ital, gift to, 447, Wharton, J.;
school system. .5«S. Wolf. it.
Penasylvania Freeman, the. niol)l>ed. VI. 49.3.
Pennsylvania Magazine, the, IV. (Vll. Paine, T.
Penny Magazine, the. III. 31(1. //loif, F.
PennVmite war, the. Ill, 427, Jenkins.J. ; IV, \^,Maclay,W.
Penny sot-ietv, the, II, 702. Graham, t.
Penobs<-ot. defence of the fort at 1 1779), IV, 143. Macljean,
F.; taken by the French. I, 583, Charnise ; expedition
against the t'rench at V. 641, Standish.
Ppnohscot Indians, relations of. with the Elnglisb, IV, 171,
Madocka tcando.
Fenobscot river, naval action in, V, 380, Saltfmstall, D. : I,
080, CoUier. Sir G.
Penrooe, Clement B., IV, 719. Penntse, C. B.
Penrone. Capt. J. W., VI, (MMJ, Penrose, W. H.
Pens, pmcesnes for making, IV, 429, Morion, A.
Pensa<-ola, sunrnder of, I, 514. Camphell, J.; harbor, dls-
c«»vere<l, II. l.M. He .Soto; taken (1781). .585. Gdlvez, B.;
st'>rmtHl by Jackson. III. .'177: captured, 878; restored,
37H: taken from the Spaniards. 687. Le Moyne, Joseph ;
taken »)y the French and retaken (1719), IV, 542, Noyan.
Pt-nsacola. the. IV. 417, Morris. H. W.
Pensions, of revolutionary veU'rans, III, 638, Law, John.
Pentagoet, Me., V, .V.K, .sf. Cnstin.
Pent4)CCMt island, discovery of, VI, .388, Wallis, S.
Penthldvre, Duke of. IV, .590, Orlenns, P. P. J. M.
pBOple'«party. the. V. 419. Srhieffelin, B.
P»Borl», FVench mission at, IV. 2()4. Mareat.
Pepperbox, Peter, pen-name. II, 445, Fessenden, T. G.
I'epiwn'll. Sir Williatn, II. .5.V), Frost, G.
Pijcjuea. Pa , theological seminary at, V, 584, Smith, Robert
PERU
Pequot, pen-name. IV. 900, March. C. W.
Pequots, the, battle with. V. 402. Sassacus : the war, IV.
244, Mason. John ; VI, 209, Underhill, J.; detachment of
the Narragan8«'tts, 532 ; Incident, IV, 570, Oldham, J.
Perama.s. Melchor de, V. 131. Puente.
Perdieron hors«'8. VI. 342. Walters.
Percussion pills. Ill, 15, Guthrie. S.
Percthssion shells, invention of, V, 674, 8tet>ena, R. L.
Percy, (Jatharine, I, 40;i, Brown, S.
Percy, Capt. Charles, VI, 358. Warfield.
Percy, Florence, pen-name, I, 51, Allen, E. A.
Pereda, (lov. Ar\ev\, I, 232, Benavides.
P<ire»re,- Isaac, IV, 72»i. Pereire, J. E.
Perez, Dr. Koque, VI, 2.58, Vurela, H. F.
Perfect Pharisee, the, book entitled, VI, 425, Welde.
Perfectionist-s, the, IV. 176, Mahan, A.; 54:1, Noyes, J. H.
Perine. Mary E., VI, 178, Tucker, M. E.
Periodical, first American, V, 125, Prince, T.
Perkins, Benjamin D.. 11. 445. Fessenden. T. G.; V, 688.
Perkins, Rev. Daniel, V, 208. Reed, John.
Perkins, Judge Hamilton, IV, 728, Perkins, G. H.
Perkins, James, IV, 730, 731, Perkins, T. H.
Perkins, Dr. Joseph, IV, 728, Perkins, E.
Perkins, Roger. IV, 728, Perkins, G. H.
Perkins, Samuel H., IH, 102, Hart, C. H.
Perkins institute, the. Ill, 283, Hoice, S. G. and J. R.
Perkinsism, IV, 728, Perkins, E.
Perley, pen-name, V, 67, Poore.
Pernamouco, discovery of, IV, 658, Pnrmentier, J.; capt-
ure of, HI, 603, Lancaster, Sir J.; Catholic institutions
in. III, 712, Lima ; republican revolution in, 713, Lima,
Jose ; church of the ''Carmo" in, IV, 213. Marques. Per-
digHo ; U, 237, Duarte Coelho ; revolution in, IV, 698-600,
Pedro I. and //.
Perot, Elliston. IV, 732. Perot, T. M.
Perrot, M., II, 5.54.
Perry, the, wreck of. I, 284, Blake, G. 8.
Perry, Anna M., V, 298, Badgers, G. W.
Perry, Edgar k., nseudonjvm, V, 4.5.
Perry, Edmund, IV, 7:14, Perry, C. R.
Perry, George, IV, 7()2, Phillips, M.
Perry, Martha A., IV, 38, Lowe, M. A.
Perry. Matthew C, II, 415.
Perry, Thomas S., Ill, 711, Lieber, F.
Perry treaty, the, II, 4.55.
Perry ville, battle of, I. 442, Buell, D. C; TV, 662, Paraona,
C. C; V. 498; (5.59, Steedman. J. B.; VI, 7, Sweet, B. J.
Persan, Madame Doublet de, V, 6. Pidansat.
Perseverance, the. steamboat, II, 471, Fitch, John.
Perspective protractor, inventor of the, IV, 604. Otis.
Peru, additions of territory to, public works in, Spanish
conquest and an old prophecy of it, royal funeral in, HI,
291, Hunipia Capac ; ancient records of, IV, 588, Orlan-
do ; confederation with Bolivia, V, 395, Santa Cruz, A.;
III, 343, IgvMin ; IV. ,583, Orbegozo ; the apostle of, 1. 163,
Barcena, A. de ; bridges in, III, 628, Latrobe, C. H. ; chari-
ties, founded, II, 23. Cruz, R. de la ; cities founded in,
improvements in, IV, 22, Lopez de Zuiiiga ; tronquest of,
I, .59, Almagro ; 113, Atahualpa ; 602. Chialiqnichiama ;
II, 168, 109, Diaz, R.; 177. Diente. J.; 427, Felipe; 43.5,
Fernandez, D.; IV, 56, Luque; 181, Maldonado ; 186,
Manco Inca ; 366, Montemayor; .385, Mora. D.; V, 85,
30. pizarro ; 347, Rumifiagui ; 392-5193, San Martin ;
VI. 180. Tupac- Amaru; 206, Ulloa, F.; 656, Zarate. A.
and P. O. ; contest of church and state in. III, 1&5,
Herreia. B. ; contributions to the war against, the Dutch
and EnglLsh, 329, Hurtaxlo. G.; Dutch attacks on, civil
war in, phhlic works, II, 437, Fernandez de Cordova ;
decree to abolish Indian slavery, rebellion against the
first viceroy. IV, .540, Nuiiez-Veln; depredations of pirates
in, II, 8.5, David, E.; early revolutions in. Ill, 329. Hur-
tado. A.; earthquakes and floofis in, V, 82. Portocnrrero;
end of Spanish domination in. 739. Sucre. A. J.; explora-
tion of, II, 152 ; feud l)etween the conquerors. V, .3(5,
Pizarro, F.; first missionary to. IV, 366, Montenegro;
founder and first inca of, 18(5. ]Hanro Capnc ; guano de-
posits in. I. 231, Belmont. P. ; important export of. V, 266,
Rivero ; indemnity for Alvarado's claim, I. 62, Alrnrctdo ;
IV, 435, Moscoso ; independence proclaimed ( Jul.y 28.
1820), II, .588, (5ana ; reformsin, V. 892,Srtn Martin. J. de ;
Indian conspiracy in. IV, 197, Manso ; Indian insurrec-
tions in, I, <06, Condorcanqui ; III, 408, Jauregui ; II,
485, Flores, L ; 372, Espartero ; I, 705, Condorcanmti :
insurrection of Gonzalo Pizarro in, II, 613, 6'<Mca; last
inca of, captured, IV, 47, l^yola ; rebellion of the con-
querors, II. 6(51, Oiron ; liberation of, I, 3(V) ; miracles
wrought in, IV. 239, Masias; native historian of, II, 593-.594,
Garcilnso. the Inca ; pillaged, 224. Drake. Sir F. ; public
works in. Dutch attacK on, IV, 298-299. Mendoza ; loans,
1. \TA. Balta ; V, 14, Pierola ; war with Chili, 14, Pierola;
rebellions against the Spanish government in. III, 214,
Hinojosa ; 343. Ulatopa ; rebellion of 1780, II, 370. Fjfco-
bedo.J. ; rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro in. Ill, 749. Loayaza ;
V, H04, Solano ; of Giron. 7.50 ; reforms in. III. 714. Lii\an ;
revolutions in. I, KA.Castilla ; 492. Vdceres. A. A.; II, 297,
Echeniqxie ; 373. Fjtpeio. J.; Ill, 342, Iqlesias. Af . ; 342 -»»:1,
Jguain ; IV, 366-:K57, Mnntero ; 082. Paulhi ; 749. Pezuela,
Joaquin : V. 100, Prado, M. L ; 1:15. Pumacah ua ; 370. Sala
varry ; VI, 808, Vivanco ; slaves freed, II, 300 ; cotton and
PERUVIAN
PIANO
776
wine induattim in. and ininxliirtlon of rhinrae labor, tSO,
£/iaa;KtenUflccxiili>rHii<>n<ir. IV, 8.VI. .M<>ndeMir;meimn
of AnMtrimn vrawU ot, V. 4H, hnunftl : nlimghu-r In, VI.
tJH. rr/i<rr</r ; Huuilah (Overniiif nt of, VH, Ti>lrda, F.;
civil law <ir, yjH, Toledo, O.; in-atnicnt of nativt>iiln, 13.\
Turitno : uuiilcation of, IV, irM, Uaita Capac ; war of
inde|>endeiM« la, I. 7M, Cordova, J. M.: VI, ttt, Vald^t,
Oenmimo ; V. MS, Sema : 7J», 8ucrr. A. J. ; IV, fiOS-MS,
OlaArta ; war of. with Chill, I. 4W, Oilerrrt.
Peruvian ImvtIc. dlH<'ovfrv of, I, mm, Chinchtm; subKtltut^'
for, fm, Cliii/tim, J.: "iPi'iUiHf on, HI, 06fl, l^e. A.; iwe
of. In throat ditvaw. I, IHft, HnrtUtt, J.
m—arua, IV. .313. Slumtiniomo: VI, iWB, Unco*.
P««htiKo. Wl8., IV. .VW. Ondrn, U'. A
PeaiflTUfyca. hiirnlnt; <>f, IV, -WO, JlfuAoc de Collantf.
Frntfleniv, 11, Tfirt, (irimtt*; lU, IflB, i/endncitrn.
PMt banlcH. tli«'. III. SKf. 8H).
PeterborouKh R<-vif w. thf. VI, 475, White, T.
Peter the On«at, II. 457, Fillmorr.
P«ter Martyr. I. 7H, Anyhiera ; quoted, IV, 040, Ptirmt, P. ;
letter of, VI, 281, Vunihaoen.
Peter Pomipine's fiaz«'tte, V, »49, Ruah.
Pet4>r, Wllliatn, IV, 74«1, /Vr»-r. N.
Peteriiburi; Va., public library of, II. fi»4. OholMon. T. S.:
raid to. V. .V*). Shrrida/i; slc^fe of. II. 714; III. «V.M, Z^-n-
l»e; 673; IV, SHI. On/. K. (>. r.; atwatilt on. II, 7a'). (hi/-
fin; III, ai-J. Hill, A. P.; caijture of. II, 685, UiObon, J.;
.16; surrender of. II. »». Edtnird; O.
Petera, Phillis, VI. V*K M'heallry, P.
Peters, Rjilph, IV. 743. PetTii. R.
Peters. Rev Dr. Richard, II, 4:«, Fermuon, E.
Peters. Willlain, IV, 743, Peter$, R.
Petlffru, James L., Ill, 100, Harrison, J. T. ; TV. 234.
Martin, W. /».
Petersen, III. 4!W, JSVin*, E. K.
Petersfleld, estate of, V, 737, Stuyveannt. P. O.
Petersham. I>ord. Ill, HB. Hnrrinriton, Enrlof.
Peterson. I^wrence and Oolof, IV, 744, Petrrton, C. J.
Petit, Uz/.ie, II. 4tS. Cutlrr, L. P.
Pi'titlon, riijht of, I. 2H. Aflaiiijt, John Q.; 886, Botta.
Petra. Arohbishcu of. I. 74(5. Corrinan.
Petrel, capture or the privateer, \ . 137, Purvianet.
Petroleum, of Pennsvlvani.a, first mention of, V. 92,
Pmchnt : studies of." IV, G!r7. Peckham, S. K.
Pettlcimt .\llen. I. .VI, Allen. U'.
IVttlcoat inKurre<!tion. the, IV, 525, yivtile*.
Petticola.s. Mr.. IV. 4>«. .Vf «<;/*.
Pettit, Henry, VI, .V%4. M'iLnon. J. M.
Petaholdt. Julius. II. li»7. Domenech.
Peynier. <iov., IV. :>fl3. fttji^.
Peynier, Marquis <le. III. 527. K'pnyrwfltu
Pexuela, (Jen. Robles, IV. XiK Miramon.
Pharmiu-o|Mj(>ia of the United States, the, V, 619, Sped-
ding, L.
Pharmacv. college of, IV, SCSI, ifamhall. Charlfn : Inven-
tions. \ , 219, Reminqton, J. P.: studies, IV, 177, Maiach.
Pharol. the. journal. III. 735. IahImki.
Phazma, {len-nanie, II. 4.V), Fit-Id. .V. C.
Pheidias. a work of. identifle*!. VI, 322, M'aUUtein.
Phel|>s. Kdward, IV. 7.V.». Plirljui, S. S.
Pheljw. KIruithan. IV, .32!», .Vj7/er, U'.
Pheli>s. John, IV. 7.VJ. Phrhu; S. S.
I'heljw. John J.. IV, 754. /ViWiw. »'. U',
Phel|>s. J(i<l»re John. IV, 7.V), HW/w. A.
H. L.
Pheliw. Jonas H., VI. 60(5. Phfl/m. (I. M.
Phflpsand (torham purchase, the, U, 088, Gorham, N.\ IV,
752. P/iW;w, O.
Ph(inix. le. I. 4(W. Broirn, M<t»^.
Phi Beta Kap|>a society, the, HI, .'i31. Kent, J.
Philadelphia. Academy of fine arts, I. 212, Beck, P.;
Academy of natural sciem-es, II. (\52, (Ulliama ; IV. 147.
.\faclure; V. 4.'M. Schtreinitz. L. />. : VI. 171. Tiym. (/.
IK. ; 270, I'OMJ-, M'. .S. • .V57. M'i7*«n. T. B. : the Ameri-
can miLseum, V, sm, Simiti^re ; blind asylum in, 238,
Richurtlt, B. !»'. ; botanic (jarden in. IV. 147. MacMn-
hon, B.; Catholic Institution.s in. HI, .303. Hnyhen, J.; IV,
497, Seumann ; chemical indust»-i«-s In. HI, 101, Harri-
ton, J.: city trfx)p, the, (5mo, l^i/irr : V. ()03, .Smurilon,
A. K.; Kl>is<-o|)al hospital of, .'M«3. .Smith, (i. H'.; VI, 4.33,
WeM, J.; ex|)«Timents. the. HI, .ViO, Kinnrrtlry • exten-
lion of. II. ri2l, ^Vfi/<-v : F'airtnount vturk, V. 4>'i9, Seltert,
W.: flnancial em»>arnu«suient of, II. .521, fVo/ry ; flmt
day-w:h(M>ls In, IV, 279. Mmdr, a.; first mayor of, 408,
Morrey ; first pun"ha.>*e of the site of. HI. 2U5. Hudde ;
flrat waterworks. (52(5. Ij,ttr»l>r ; g\tXn U>. IV. 122
McHenry, J.; Kifts to b«'nev.ilfn» ln<«»lfiili<>ns In. V
RaUton. K. ; V. 474. .Sryl>, , • ■■-' v H
tiirnrd, S. ; hospital for i *
Wt'/ti; library. found«'<l. II,
IV, 4. Lufftm. Jamef ATtA M k/kh/i : iinr,ir\. i,-iiis n
Mackenzie, H'. ; V, 350, Rush, R ; handsonx'st man In, I,
257, Biddlr ; me<li<*al colle|f«'. V. 512. Shipjten, H'. ; me-
morial chun-h of, HI, 17X, Hrnnm. P. S.; naval h'wpl-
Ul, the, 2ii7. Horiritz ; olwervntorv nt, VI. .331. W.ilkrr,
S. C: old church in. illustration, (lis : oldest church In.
III. 499. Kfrn. .V : old men's home In. VI, 488. Whilnrw.
A.: Penn's house in. illustration. IV, 715; statue, 715;
Presbyterian hospital In. V, 40I. Snundrrit, K. l>. : Vren-
too retreat In, 1 13, Preston, J. ; (juakere, atruKglea ot.
mt.
Olio.
542.
I til,
1.34,
IV. 6«. iVorrii, /.; riota In, OK, Pnrmms. A. V.:\,n,
Pitrtrr, t). R.: 335. R„um/i,rt ; VI. 447 418. H'Aarfoa, « ;
&fiO, Wilson, J. : the Ruinaey MH-iety In, V. !M7. Rumuem,
J.; Kt. Ueurve's church, a), I'llmore ; Mchoot of dtligu,
founder of, IV, 740, Prtrr. .S ; Heniliutr>- of Kt. ^arW
B«»rrdmeo, f<nuide<l, HI, 519, Krnrirk. F. P. : aitc of,
cbown and named. IV. 714 ; 210. Markham, W.; SciriDC
Garden church in. 111. Mcl><>trrll, John ; Union lf«|nML
I, 2flft ; union of u>wn« In. V. 117. IVicr. E. A'.: WajnuT
Institute. VI. 315. Wiiffner, William ; water-works of.
H, 7U». Graff, F.; ZIon church and 81. Micbaela, 111. 878,
Kunze.
Philadelphia, the. cai>ture and r(H-a|)ture of. IV, 107. Mae-
d<3nnu(jh ; wrwked, I, 141 ; denlructiun of, II, 121 ; V.
106, Pretile. K.
Philadelphia and Reading coal and iron company, the. IL
Philadelphia ••ontrlbution ship. the. V. 586. Smith. J.
Philadelphia Rt'jMwltorv. the, II. 518. Odder, W. //.
Philadelphians. the, llf, Urj, Krlpiun.
Philanthropic Index and R<'view. VI. .V»3. Wiltmr, C. T.
Philharmonic H4x;lety, New York, III, 208, HiU, U. C; VI,
86. Thonxas, T.
Phllilenla. pen-name. IV. 430. Mort<m, S. W. A.
Philip, Kine, i>oem on. II, 290, Eaatlntm, J. W.
Philip II . H.te. Err ilia.
Philip HI , HI, .306, Huhne ; SIS, Ihering ; IV, aS9, JVoddl.
Philip IV.. II. 3ta. AVrttuo.
I'hilippe EKalite. IV. 689. Orleans.
Philippi, Imttle at, HI, 6(VJ. Ijander. F. W.
Philippine island.H. conou«-st of. HI, 581, Lnhezare* ; (J78,
Leoaspi ; VI, 216, Lrdaneta ; discovery of, IV, 173, Ma
geflan.
PhilliiseborouKh, manor-houae of, illuiitratioii. IV, 738,
I'hilleo. falvin. I. 768. Crandall.
Philliiw Andover academy, founded, IV, 7B8, Phillips, 8.;
first pretvptor. 602, Pearson, E; glfU to, 763. PhiUips;
688, PcalHHly. (}.
PhilliiM Exeter academy, founded, IV, 782, Phillips, J.;
Bifta to. V. 881, .Salto'nstall, L.; 521, Sibley, J. L; VI,
885. Winklry.
Phillips. Ahitrail. V. 151. Quincy. J.
PhillliM, Cornelia, V, fOi. SiH-urrr, C. P.
Philli|w. Col. (ic,.rt.i., V. i:«, /■»«;/». E. L.
Phillips, Capt. John. H, 452. t\llmore.
Phillips, Sir R. II. 3IM.
Phillips. Rev. Ruhanl. IV. 7.59. PI>ilUits, JameM.
Phillipse, Mary, I\ . 418. M„rri». M. P.
Philliitse, Susanna. V. 2>>2. Roliinmm. B.
Philokalist, ix-n tiame. VI. 499. Wirrthicki.
PhlloloRy. III. 29. Haldeman ; American. V. 8, Pickerina,
J.; work in. HI. 35. Hale, H ; 39. Hcdl, 1. H. awl F.; 111.
Haupt, P., IV, 217, Marsh. (). P.
Phllo Pacifl<-us. pen-name. VI. 61.3. HV>rrr»fer, S.
Philo ParsoiLH. the, mutiny on, I, 8tM. Btall. J. Y.\ capture
of, 4.Vi, Hurlry.
Phil<i|M>lis, |M>n-name. IV. 217, Marnh. Jamrt.
Philosopher WiMxIs. Kol>ri«|Uet. VI. ftU. Wih^k.
Phikwtophical s<H'ietv, HI. 420 ; American. I. 47, Alexander,
James ; of St. Uuiis. HI. Uft. Harris. W. T.
PhilixM^phv of the Plan of Salvation, anonymous book, VI,
.327, HViUrr, J. B.
PholKis. satellite named. HI, 87. Hall. A.
Ph<K-ion, |H'n name. HI. 69 : V. ,596. Smith, W. L.
Pluenix. the. steamlMiat, V, (W4, 673 ; buruing of, VI, 100,
IWx'ett, S. R
Phcvnix, J. P.. IV. 76.5. Phmtix. S. W.
Ph«nnlx. John, pen-name. II, 148. ftertiy, O. H.
Phfenixville Pion^-r. the, VI. 40. Taylor, B.
Phonetic humor. II. .V.M, Fojrcro/t, (I. A.
Phono^rraph. the. H, *M, Edison.
Phonotj-py, HI. 528. Keltrll.
Ph<wphate«. Uist in ndlling. III. 265. Hartford, E S.; In
Cana<la. 819. Hunt, T S.; of S4>ulh Carolina, V, 187.
Ratfnel. S. J.; diaoner)- of. 494, Shri>artt. C. U.
Phosphorescence of llie m-a. I, .335, Hoidoin.
Photo-enjfravinir. IV. 437. Moss. J. C
Photograph, first, taken fn.n» life. H. 227. Draper, J. W.
Phot««(fraphy. improvcmenls in. I. :*»». HiH/ardiis. A.; VI,
688. A'iM-i-ir<MK/ ; ivlestial. II. 228. Ihaiirr,' H.; comiMMlte,
as a test of aiKnaturvs. 688. fVazer. /'.; illuatratioa of
medical works by. 519, Fku, G. H. ; trimmer Invaoted. V,
SHR, RotdnMin. S. W.
Phot<v|ltho(fraphv. in%'entlon of. II. IfC, Dison, Jotepk,
Phot<vmicro|craphv. VI. 007. H'otNiirard, J. J.
Photophone. the. r. 225. Hrll, A. G.
PhrenoloKical measuremeuts, inventor of inatniment for,
V. «7tt, Sferen*. E
PhrraoloffY. ioiimals of. T. TOO. Combe ; II, 517, /''kmler,
O. .S.; Vt •-• V ■■
Physician- ««, Watson, W. H.
PhysicUnv .liege of. I. 161, Bard, 8.
Fhysick, t:4iiiiu.i.i, i» . ..,. i'hysirk. P. S,
Phjralca. nesearctM-s in. V. s»«. Rouland.
Phjniognoiiiy, studl<-A in. v. \33. stmms. J.
Physiology, expert m«i- '- " "•'. /*iir/er.
PhyslotlOtrace. tlie, \ M-min.
Piano, Invention of n . tniOem, IV. 744, Petfr-
tUea ; new mode o( UuiiniiK-. U. 427, Feininf^er ; Ibtsb-
776
PICARD
PNEUMATIC
Oon III. a06. HiU. U. C. ; .Eolian attachment, I. (W6,
Cotfimtn, (). M.: improvement*. C02, Cnickering, Jonaa.
Picard. le., V. 14. Pierre.
PiehanUi, Jos^'. VI, ao. Talamantes.
Pichinchii, battle of. I. ."JIW.
Pk-hot. M. Am<^«l.'-e, V. 111.
I'lckat<>lika. euKajrenjent ut. II, 193. Dodge, H.
Ilcken. KlKMiewr. IV. 767, lUckt-n.
I'ickeiw, Kf»Mt>cu C, I. 131. liacon, J. K.
Fickfiis. SatniU'l, IV, 7(W, Fickeiui, I.
lIckerinK. Marv O . V. 3. I'ickerino, J.
l-ickeriiit:. Titnothy. trial of. VI, 475, White, S.
Hcket-sliovel. invention of a. I. ZU. lienham.
Pico (le la Mirandola of Chili, the, I. 80, Aracena.
Picot, K E.. pupils of, II. 68, D<ina. VK. P.; Ill, M2, Lato-
rie ; V, 37l. Snintin ; VI, 271, Vedder.
Picquet. M. ile la Motte. U. 178. Dillon, A.
PIcquotaine. III. -V.W. iMinarePicquot.
Hctet, Mile.. II. •')77. (inllntin.
PicUin, Col. T., III. 1HI>. Herbert.
Picton, Key. T . V, 6. Pictoii, J. M. ir.
PicU>rial national library, the, V. .5-1"). Simonds.
Pictou, Roman fatholie institutions in. IV, 105, McDonald.
Pictnre-wrilinK. key to. I. IWO. Hnt>isenr.
PieCrnst Palmer, sobririuet, IV. 6:W. Palmer, J. S.
Piedmont, battle of. Ill, 3^1. Hunter. D.
Pie<trahita. II. 4;jr. Fernandez de Piedrahita.
Pleras. Father Miguel. V. .51-3, Hit jar.
Pien-e. llenjamin. V. 7. Pierce, h .
Pierce. Hraaford K.. II. •>.84. (ioodiiear.
IMerce, Franklin, birthplace, illu.stration. V, 8 ; tomb, 10.
Pierpont. Juliet. IV. 4<»'.;, Morgan, J. S.
Pierrej>ont manor, V, I.'i. Piem-pont, W. C.
Piern'|>ont. Sarah. II. ^HKli Edn-anls, J.
Pierrot, President. V. 244. liiche, J. B.
Pierson, Abniham. .statue of, illustration, VI, 93.
Pierson, Charles!"., II. 176. Dickson, T.
Pierson, Elijah. IV, 262. Matthi<ui.
Pierson, .lohn L., VI, 189, Tttthill.
Pierson. Lvdia J.. V, 6< i, Steveiui, T.
IVterson.Eriek. IV, 741, Peterson, C. J.
Pietists, tlie. III. .'HO. Kclpina.
Piijale. M.. III. 270, Houdon.
Pijfeon Hill, Pa.. pro|)osed college at, IV, 476, Nagot.
PijreoDS. artilicial. I. 21.'>, Heriih
Pitreon's Kanche. battle of. V, TkA. Slowjh.
PiK'Iron Kelley, III. W\ Kellei/. W. D.
Pigot, lU'v. Mr.. III. 418. .Jolin.s<m. S.
Pigwacket. battle. IV. »i. Ijiveirell : V, 6.5.3, Stark, W.
Pike, Rev. Richard. V. 18, Pike. F. W. A
Pike's Peak, V. 19. Pike, Z. M. ; III. :»7, James, E.
Pike, the, fi(;htinf; by. I. 593. Chnnnce)/, I.
Pilcomayo river, the. discovered. II. 441, Fei~rer, R.
PilfS, first driven for bridges, V. 468, Sewell, Samuel.
Pilprim Fathers, the. V. 28<1. Knhinson, J. ; I. .349. Brad-
ford; .371. Brewster. II'.; emigration of, VI, 443, Weston,
T.; monument to, illustration, 567.
Pilgrimage, first, from America to Rome. II. 114, Dealy.
Piling, iron, and machinery, V, 288, Rottinson, S. W.
IMIlsburv. Wingate. V, 518. Shnbrick. T. B.
Pilot Knob, a-ssaults on. II. :ii»4, F.winq, T.
Piloty. (^rl von. pupils of. V. 326, Rosenthal, T. E. ; IV,
♦«. MoHter : 4kV Seal, D. D.
Pib, M., Ill 15. Gathers.
Plnchelra, Pablo. V, 22, Pincheira, J. A.
Pinckney. William, quoted. I, 499.
Pindar, Charles. V. 2:1, Pindar, S.
Pindar Cockloft, III. 36.3, Irving, William.
Pindar Puff, VI, 281, rerplanck. G. C.
Pindar's Vale, estate of, V', 2:1, Pindar, S.
Pine, .John. V, 83. Pine. R. E.
IMiie HlufT. atUck on. IV, 212, Marmaduke.
Pinede. Alph<mse, V, 259.
Pine Grove house, Saratoga, illustration. VI, 845.
Pine-tree shillings, the, illustratlop. III, 425.
Pingn*.'. K. M.. V, 2:«5, Rice, N. L.
I'inhome, William, IV, a54, Mompetson.
I'inkard, Mis.s, III, 665, I^e, R. H.
I'inkney, I.sabella, VI, 497. Whyte.
Pink rrK»t. the. intro<luced as a vermifuge. 11. .594, Garden.
Pin machine, invention of a. III, 282, Howe, J. I.
Plnta, the, caravel, I, 697.
PiiiU>, Father, II. 3S»S. Fattert.
V\\\Uk Fernando Mendez. pseudonym. I, S75, Brigga, C. F.
Pione«-r, the. I. .Ml, Carter, R.; IV, 40.
Pioz7,i. Mrs., I. 712, Conway, W. A.
Piio'-coupliiig machine. Inventor of a, 'VI, 622, Wright, E.
Pijie-lines for oil, use of, VI, 8, Sweet, J. E.
Pirates and piracy, capture of sixteen iunks, TV, 700, Pe
rm. R. B. : rteet sent in search of, V. 74. Porter, D. ;
China, 47:}, Srward, G. F. ; in the West Indies, 720.
Strnuiham ; In Falkland islands, 721. Strong. J. H. ;
capture of ships of. 694. Stockton, R. F. ; ravages of, in
South America. II. 85. David. E. ; 62. D<impier ; engage-
ment MUh, off Charleston, HI. 447. Johnson, Rithert ;
l'^.' •?*'• ^'''"''"U' I- • attempt to suppress. 531-.5.32.
Kidti ; Moorish. 681. />./W.t ; expedition to exterminate,
IV, 123, Mcintosh : in Delaware hay. 211. Markham, W.;
In America, I, a», BeUomunt ; III, 631, Kidd.
Piratininga, colony of, V, 615, Sovza.
Piscataways, king of the, I, 6«C). Chilomacon.
Piscator, j)en-nanie, II, 8.32. Elliott, W.
Pisgah, Mt., identification of, IV, 629, Paine, J. A.
Pison, Dr. W., IV, 204, Marggraf.
Pistol, invention of a, I, 694, Colt, S.
Pitag<')rico, (iallo, pen-name, IV, 386, Morales, J. B.
Pitcher. Moll, VI. 695, Molly.
Pitkin's Falls, mills at. V, 32-.33, Pitkin.
Pitman, Isaac, V. :W, Pitman, B.
Pitman, Theoi)hilus T., V. .33. Pitman, M. J.
Pitt, Thomas, Roljcrt, and William, I, m\, Chatham, W.P.
Pitt. William, resolution for erection of a monument to,
IV, 44, Loumdes, R. ; II, 498, Forbes, John.
Pitts, Baruth, V, 34, Pitts. John.
Pittsburg, name of, II, 498, Forbes. John ; Catholic Insti-
tutions in, .576, Gallagher, H. P. ; site of, 2(i7, Duquesne
de Menneville ; gift to, 1, .529, Carnegie ; cathedral, IV,
.5.54. O'Connor, M.
Pittsburgh Landing, battle of. See Shiloh.
Pittston, Me., founded, II, 596, Gardiner, 8.
Pius IX, II, 297, Eccleson.
Pizarro, murder of, V, 157, Rada.
Placenta previa, treatment of. II, 371, EtMeman.
Placentia, N. F., British attack on. UI, 595. La Hontan.
Placentia, Paulding's home, illustration, IV, 680.
Placide, Alexander, V, ;17, Placide. H.
Placido. IV, 197, Manzano ; VI, 222, Vald^s, Oabriel.
Plagiarism, charges of. III, 228, Hoffman, C. F. ; V, 45, 46.
Plagrograph, the. VI. 15, Sylvester, J. J.
Plaidv, M„ pupil of. I, 437, Buck, D.
Plainfield, N. J., gifts to, IV, 181, Male.
Plains of Abraham, name of. V, 157, Racine.
Planck, Prof., I, 1.54, Bancroft, G.
Plan de Ayutla. the, II, 124, Degollado ; I, 62, Alvarez.
Plan de Casa-Mata, III, 368.
Plan de Iguala. UI, 368.
Plan de las tres garantias, the, HI, 368.
Plan de N'avidad, the, IV, 3.39, Miramon.
Plan de Patzicia, the. I, 177.
Plandome, c-state of, IV, 517, NicoUs, M.
Planer and lathe, invention of, VI, 543, Wilmarth, S.
Planetarium, invented, 1, 167, Barlow, T. H.
Planets, an extra-Neptunian, intra-mercurial, VI, 11, Swift,
L.; 125, Todd, D. P.; undiscovered, 392, Watson, J. C.
Planing-niachine. invention of a. II, 731, Gray, S. S.
Planisphere, inventor of a, VI, 119. Tillman.
Plan of Tuxteijec, the, II, 370, Escobedo, M.; Ill, 341, Igle-
sias, J. M.
Planting, machines for. III. 460, Johnston, S.
Plantius, Rev. Peter. Ill, 2ir7.
Placpierniues frauds, the, I, 64.3.
Platen, Count. II, :163, Eric.^'ion.
Plate, La, river, British expedition to, VI, 480, Whitelocke :
discovery and first name of. II. 165, Diaz de Solis ; 691,
Garcia. A.; settlements on the, IV. 436, Mosquera.
Platino-tungstes, II, &iH, Gibbs, O. W.
Platinum, in California. I. 286, Blake, W. P.
Piatt. Erminnie A., V. .56:1, Smith, E. A.
Plattsburg. founder of, V, .39, Piatt, Z. ; battle of, IV, 107.
Macdonough, T.; 151, Mac Nab ; 155, Macomb, A.; V,
116, Prevost, G.; 125, Pring ; 282, Robinson, F. P.
Pleasant Hill, battle of, I, 159, Banks ; VI, 55, Taylor, R.
Pleasant Hours, HI, 696, Leslie, F.
Pleasants, J. J., II, 8, Creswell, Julia.
Plea-sants, Robert. IV, 435. Mcthy. M. W.
Pleiades, occultations of the, IV. 701. Peirce.
Pleometer, inventor of the, IV, 729, Perkitis. Jacob.
Plockhoy, Peter Cornelison, V, 661, Steendam.
Plough. Loom, and Anvil, magazine, V, .545, Skinner, J. S.
Ploughs, invention of a, I, 151. Ball, E. ; IV. 95. McCor-
mick, C. H.; 198. Mapes, J. J.: experiments with. 811,
Metcalf. L. S.; the first, in Massachusetts. III. 3:14. Hutch-
inson, Jesse ; cast-iron, inventor of. VI, 597, Wood, W. A.
Plowden. Sir Edward. V, 126, Printz, J.
Plumbago. II. 187, Dixon. Joseph.
Plumer, FVancis, V, 42, Plximer, W.
Plumeria, trees, V, 43. Plumier.
Pluminer, Jonathan, IT. 162. Dexter, T.
Plummer, Sarah A., VI, 692, I^'mmon,
Plumsted, Nathaniel. V. 43. Plum«ted. C.
Plurality nile. adoption, in congress, I, 1.58. Banks, iV. P.
Plutarch of the Lutheran church, the, V, 699, Stoever.
Plymouth, Mass.. Bradford house at. illustration. I, 849 :
first white person on the rock. VI, 369, Wasliburn, E.;
Pilgrim monument, illustration. .576. •
Plymouth, N. C, attack on, VI, 4.38, Wessells.
Plymouth colony, I. 649. Bradford ; V, 643. Standish ; VI.
44.3, Weston. T.; .566. Winslow, E.', expulsion from, for
heresy, II, 690. Gorton ; first book on. in England. IV,
429, Morton, G. : treaty of. with Indians, 249. Massasoit ;
imion of, with Massachu.setts. VI, 58.3, Wiswall.
Plymouth company, the, II, 687-688, Gorges ; 355, ^Vidt-
cott. J.
Plymouth Friends, the. settlement, V, 188, Rawle.
Plymouth Purchase, the, II. 596, Gardiner, S.
Plymouth, the, sloop-of-war, II, .54.
Pneumatic railway. II, 647. Gilbert, R. H.\ steel associa-
Uon, the. III, 609, KeUy, W.
POCAHONTAS
POST-TRADERS
777
PocahonUta, abduction of. V. OR ; controvfM^, 03 ; rlew of
church havfii;; iiictnoriul of, DO.
Pochlno, V, VO. hHiihontat.
Pocket Teto, III. 881.
Pooocke, I. OHU, ColUt.
POcoroaa. Chief, II. 374, JSapinotn, O.
Poe, Edmr A., iniottvl. III, 7»W. Ltirit. Estelle ; monument
to, I, d05. ChihU, a. W. : IV. ira, MaeUl ; Bubjwl of a
skeU>h by, aw. /^.«/<r». .V. r.
Poe, John am) Imvl.l. V, 44, I'ftr, K. A.
Poelnitx, IJaron. V, in. Hnndall, K. R.
Poems of Two Krlciuls, IV. TUT, Piatt, J. J.
PoemH, |in'lfii<l<>(| tniiiNlatioii of Iiuiian. V, 14fl, Qtt^rarrl.
Poeitfen llouwcry. the, VI, 213. Vamli-rheyden.
Poet, first iiionuiiient to, ami statuo of a. lu America. III.
48, Hulleck.
Poet laureate of the army, the. IV, BTl, Patten, O. W.
Poet laurt^te of KriH-iiiasoury. IV, 417, Marrit. Robert.
PiX't of I>iw Hninpton. the. fV, 329, Milter, W,
Poet of Paisley, the. IV, 7tJ7, Picken.
Poet Kportsiimii. the, IV, 14.5, McLellan.
Poet, the mu.l, I. (KB. Clarke, McDonald.
Poelit-al Kpist !«• to Ueorse Waahlngtou, anonymous book.
V, 135, Puhi/cr.
Poetr)', Harris Collection of American, I, 82, Antfionu, H.
H.: III,!*). Hni-ris, C. F.
Polctiers. capture by the. I, 250, Riddle, James ; capture
of the Wasp and t roiic by. III, 4<io, Jones, J.
Poincy, Louis de, V, 2a3, Ritchefort.
Polncy, I^rouviiliers de, II, aOS, Duparquet ; III, 270, ifou-
detot ; IV. 5»W. ()(/rron.
Poinsettia Pulcherfina. the, V, 49, Pnin»ett.
Point Cou|)/-e. I^., Rift for college at. V. 100. Pnydra*.
Point IVKV island, eiifcafrement at. IV. 17H. Staitland, J.
Point Pleasant, Irnttle of, II, 4H0, Fleming. T. ; III. 701.
Lexris, Aniltew ; V, 491, Shelby, E.i Indian fight at. III,
lOH, Harvie.
Pointe k Pitre, capture of. III. 805, Ungues.
Poison examinations, II, 208, Duremus, R. O.
Poison .Sprinps. enKaKemcnt at, IV, SOH, Muxey.
Poiteau. M., VI, 1SS~1S<.). Tiirpin, P. J. F.
PokanoketM, tlie, IV, 7.V), Phdip.
Poland, eainpaiffn of, apainst the Turks. III. 658 ; revolu-
tions in. 14. Oiirrtwski ; 1S31. IV. SJO, yiemceiricz ; parti-
tion of, V, ISl. Pula.iki ; insurrections, the. III. 578.
Polar sea. the open. III, l-H, Iluyts, I. I. ; first Buegexted,
2«7 ; first seen, IV. 4.V.>, .^fioifc ; sean-h for, «H5, Payer.
Polarimeter, use of the, VI, 619, Wright, A. W.
Polaris expedition, the. III. 38. Hall, C. F.; IV. 688, Kinde-
monn ; {Mirallel in fiction, 43, Lowell, K. T. S.
Poles, colotn- of. VI. 1K2. Turrhin.
Polhemus. Rev. J. T., V, 50, Polhemus, A.
Police, uniforHie<l, II. 638, Gerai-d.
Polipnac, Prince de. II, 274. Dusuau.
Political and Commercial Repistt-r. III. 393, Jackson, W.
Political Focus, the. V. 106. Prentiss, C.
Political (ireenhouse, the, II, 282, Dwight, Theodore ; HI,
256, Hopkins. L.
Political iMirties, first division of, TV, 168-169.
Political Register, the, I, 606, Callender, J. T.
Pollute, pen name. VI. 510, Wilkie.
Polk. Ezekiel. V. 50, Polk, J. K.
Polk Place, illustration, V. 53.
Polk. Samuel. V. 50. polk, J. K.
Polk. W. J.. V. 58, Polk.L. E.
Pollock, Robert. V. 60. Polk, J. K.; 60, Polk, T.
Polo. Admiral. II. 464. Fish, H.
Polyanthus, magazine. I. *i8. Purkinqham, J. T.
Polygamy. dis<Mission on, V, 103. I'rott, O.
Polytechnic institute. Tmv. II. 2iW. Eaton, A.
Pombal. Maniuis de. II. 270. Ihiriis ; 585, Oatna, J. B.da;
V, 877, Saldanhn.
Pomeroy. Oeorjre, ^^. 420. Wells, H.
Pomeroy. Hannah C. VI. 611. Woolaon, C. F.
Pometacom. IV. 249. Mnssasoit.
Pomfret. Earl of. IV. 716. fVnn. T.
Pomfret, Conn.. V. 139. Putnam. I.
Pomona, the nrlvate«'r. IV. 189, Manlru. J.
PomjMidour. Madame de. IV. 2»V4. Maureixis.
Pi>m|>ons Ulancs. the. IV. 26. Manduit du Pteasis.
Pomroy. Daniel F . V. (>1. Pomroy, R. R.
Ponce. Pedro. IV. .'MO, Miranda, F.
I'onct t de Bretiiriiy. 111. 300. Huet.
Pontcliartrain. .Ji'-fome <le. IV. 264, Maur^pas.
iV>nt4*ach, aniiiivmons lMH>k. V. 810, Rogers, R.
Pontejos. Santiago. .Vdmiral. II, 8S, David, E.
Pontgrave, M., IV. 374. Monts.
Fontiac's conspiracy. I. 512. CamttbeU, P.: V. 64. Pontiae.
Pontoon-bridgc«. improvements In, I, 2*4, Renham.
l\K.le, John, V, 66. Pmle, W. F.
PfMir, aid t<. the, I. 344. Rrace, C. L.; 488, CahalUro y Octo;
327, Roudinnt ; II, 2, Crniufon. R. B.
P'Kir man's counsellor, the. I. 888, Clark.
Poor Richanl's .Mmanac. II. 588.
Poore. John. V. <i7. I'lntre, B. P.
Popayan. Colombia, conquest of. I. 232. Rrnalnttar.
Poiie. Alexander, addrens U\ III. VJo. V'i<i;>;>. F : IV. 565.
Oglethorpe : (|uotation from the Dunciad. V, 164, Ralph.
Pope, Ool. Curran. Ill, 470, Jouett, O. P.
Pope, Hannah, V. i:». Putnam, I.
Po|«-. John. II. 7»W1, th-ijfin ; V. i.W. Putnam, I.
Popham. Admiral. VI. 4hi». Wi,ilrl,H-k-r.
Popkin, Lieut-Col. John. V. 7i>, />>;>A.-in, J. H.
Poplar-Worm, tlie, IV. ftVi, pumsh. J.
Po|KH-a(ai>etl, (uufUKion of. MI. K»'i. Kirkham, R. W.
Po|x.l-Vuh, the, VI, 808, Vutdn ; 63.^ Xxmenr:
PopotIa, n<K-he-triMte \r\-v at, illuHtralion, I, 749.
Popular Science Mouthlv, VI, 643, \uumana.
Popular Si-ience Mewa. tthe, I\', 518, tiichol*. J. R.
Popular sovereignty, I, 385, Hrnjamin, J. P. ; 4*4, Butts, I.;
II, 173. JUckinson, l> S.; 214 : III. 716, 717.
Popularity .Sumner. soliri(|uet, V. 745.
Porcelain, discovery of an earth like. II. D04, (iardm.
Porcupine, Peter, im-ii name, I. 600, Cobttett, W.
Porj>ois.-. wre«k ut the, II. .SS4. fYankUm, Sir J.
Port-au-Prince, siege of. II. 841. Emeriim.
Port bill, of 1781. IV. :W.
Port DesengaAo. IV. 180. Mnlasttina.
Port des Fran<;al«. III. 616. Iai Perotise.
Porte CraytMi. pen-name. V. 725. Strother.
Porter. Alexander. V. 78. Portrr, D.
Porter, Charles E., V, 78, Porter, L. A. E.
Porter. David, II, 413.
Porter, Klizat>eth, V. l."», Putnam, I.
Porter, R»»v. John, V, 77, Pxirter, E.
Porter, RoU-rt, V, 71. Porter, Andrew.
Porter, Rolx-rt aiul Thomas, V, 70, Porter, N.
Porter. Sanmel. V, 73. J'xirter, I).
Porter. Su.sannah. I. 610. Cletfland.
I'orter's RiK'ks. Conn., engagement at. V. 408. ftassocus.
Port-folio, the. mnpuzine. i. 257: II. 141. Hennie ; 111, 44.
Hall, .S. //. J. an<l T. M. : IV, 2.V0. Mathetrs, W.
Port Oallant. colony at, II. 373, fjiprleta.
Port ODiHon. battle of. II. 712 ; IV. 1.'j7. McPhermn, J. B.
Port Hope. Canada. founde<l. V. ,589, Smith. Sidney.
Port Hudson, siege of. I. l.W, Ranks; 206. Rirye. H. W.\ II.
417 : 713 ; III, 427. Jenkins. T. A.; V. .V«, Smith, M.
Port Inde|)endence. I. 017. Cleavelaud. M.
PortUind. Duke of. II. 360. Enk-ine, F.
Portland. Me., fort on the site of. II. .\V4 : gifts to nocieties
of, M, 070, Baxter : graves of Bum^ws and BIythe in,
illustration. I. 471 ; IV. 10-11. Umgfelloxr, H. W.
Portland. N. V.. community at. IV. 572. (Miphant.
Portland. Ore., founder of,"VI, 688, Gilpin.
Portland. Lsluixl of. Pennsylvania castle on, IV, 716, fVnn, J.
Portland Magazine, the, V. Oft'). Stephens, A. S.
Port I>H>n. Fla.. I. r*V,. Call. R. K.
Port Nelson. Hmlson bay. See Fort BorRBON.
Portraits, collection of historic. V. 488, Shtirjtless : collec-
tion of. by the physionofrace, 372, St. Memtn.
Port Republic, III. 302. Jackson, T. J.
Port Royal. Acadia. I. .'>83. Chamisf; founded. TV. 874,
Monts; colony at. V' 93, Pouirincourt : Jesuit mimion-
ariesat, sieges ot, TSSj^Svberciute ; detitruction of, I, t»,
266 ; negroes at. 549,
Argall ; cni)ture of, VI, 885, I'etch.
Port R4iyal. S. C.. capture of, II, 2as,
»»nrA. M.; liattle of. 0.'>.S, fiillis. J. /'.; ex|>e4lition. capt-
ure of Fort Pulaski. 054, Uillmore ; liberated slaves of,
IV, 13»1, McKim, J. M.
Porto Calvo. battle of. II. 104. Dias, H.
Porto Rico. British attack on, I, 746. Correa, A.', CSirib In-
vasions hito. III. 40H, Jaureytnt I. and //.: colonv In, TV,
196, Manso ; con«ju«wt of, cities founde<l In, V, 61-48,
Ponce de Leon; n-volt of Caritwi. OOO, .Sotvmayor. C; I.
80, Agiievnaba H. ; defence of. I. .V>6. Castro, R. ; dls-
eoveiy of, 68T; early history of, HI, 605. Ijando; flnrt
missionary In. IV. 8U7. Montesinos. A. ; pirates at, V, 74.
Porter, D.: rebellion in. I, 86. Aaiirunaha ; resistance to
the Spaniards In. IV. 28, Loquillo ; 8|ianish conquest of.
V, 87*. aaiaxar, D. de.
Portsmouth, Wentworth house. VI. 485, Wetittrorik, J.
Portsmouth, R. I.. foun<le<l. III. 831. Hutchinson, Anne;
botanical garden at, V. 206. Rrdtrm>d.
Portugal. British exi>«ililion to aid (17621. III. 657. I^ee, C:
conslitutional struggle in. II. 5'Jli, /Vnnriwo. F. dr J/.;
ex-king of. Ill, 178, llrnsler; first American minister to.
818, Humfihreys. !>.; French invasion of, emigration of
the royal family, IV. 6H8. Pr<lro I.: n-tum of the king.
i6iW. ; abdication of the throne, ii!iur|>aii<>n of Ihini Mi-
gtiel. end of it, tt>i>i. ; revolution in ( IKil i. III. 851. Inham-
hupe; royal family of. 40«l. Jurris, W.
Posey. Oen. John. I, 4.5. AlrT'inder. Archibald.
Postage, cheap. II. 45.V : III ' -ft ; rtnluctlon of, \,
106; 198, Rates, B.; HI. -'^ ' '>.: postal canls.
905, HM. John; V, 644, >' : 6». .*iiHm>nrr. L.
Postaire-stampH. mann' , • " ^rdus, J.
PostaTdlnM-torv. th«- 1 /' T.
Postal ser«-i<-e. the. II /. : a private,
V, 635. .V ' ' iiiai. 111. iti, /i<iiiiii(<m, A.
Post, Alfi. I .l,rr. C //.
Post. He li I ,r..„.DeW.
Post, Joel, \. "... / ' I '•.
Poitel, Karl. V. 1 1- ^...I'-ld.
Ptistmaster-<len<i.il. iii ^! mode a member of the cahtnet.
L l^-i. /.•'I'll/. »« /■ : omc..of. IV. 144. •' '
Podt ii.il.r^ .'liargeof hrlher\- in conn^
U.lk.i.n-: I ratids of, IIL 150, Haxen. i .
knap, it. W.
778
POTATOES
PRINTING-PRESS
Potatoes, introduced into Europe, V, 102 ; into Normandy,
II, 9, Creifdrur.
Potoniao (.•oinpanv, the. III. "Iftl, Johnson, T. ; IV, 166.
rotomac rlvtT. navigation of tiie. IV, KMl. 167; VI, 801,
Watmin. E.; a(|iie4iuot, ttie, IM, Tumbull, IV.; bloolcade
of the, IttI, Trimble, I. K.
Pottawatomie niawuu-re, the, I, 405.
Pottnwattainies. inis.sion to tlie, II, 151, De Smet ; 246, Due-
rink: '>H\, (tdllitzin, K
P<Kter, Rev. Kbenezer, III, 103, Hart, L.
potter, IU>rati<), caslcet K'ven t<i, VI, 480, \\'hitthouse.
potter, John. V, Kl>, Potter, James.
Potter, Joes«'i>h, V. m. Putter, A.
potter, Mary, IV. 12.
PottJi. .lohn. V. Stt. Potts, Jonathan.
Potts. Pij)s8is.si«ay, pen-name, V, 233, Rice, R.
PotLstown, Pa., founder of. V, 1)2. Potts, Jonathan.
PouKhl{ee|»sie. Caslvet. tlie, IV, 31, Lossing; gifts to chari-
ties of . VI, aw:i, Vassar.
Pound (Jap. Ky.. exjiedition to. V, 616, Sowards.
Powder, invention for malcinf;, IV, 576, Oliver, P. A.; com-
presHe<l granulated, II, 203, Doremna, R. O.; mainmotb
or iH-blile and jjerforated calte, V, 299, Rodman.
Powdt-r River. i)attle of, II, 15, Crook.
Poweil, William. IV. 5<.Kt. Osceola.
Power. Anna Marsh. VI. 4H5. Whitman, S. H.
Power, t'eeil. [ten -name, I, 52, Allen, Grant.
Power, Ho|)e. I. rWT).
Power. Jolin Carroll. III. 727, Lincoln, A.
Power, Niehola.s. VI. 4^\ Whitman, S. H.
Power, Pntriclf. V, 96, Power, L. G.
PowerlcHini invention of a. III. 389. Jackson, P. T.
Power-pn-sses. invention of, I, 722, Cooley, A. A.
Powers. Ahijrail. II. 4.56.
Powers. I>f L., V, ,">.»). Sillowafj.
Pownall. Mrs.. II. 175, Dickson, J. A.
Poya.-*, Peter. VI, 2H3. V'eseu.
Poydras. M. de. poem by. II, .'ifiS, Galvez, B.
Pozos. Diilws, Count, II, .^^0, /•V/a.v, Francisco.
Prairie Grove, battle at. III. 212. Hiudman, T. if.
Prairies, oriein of. VI, 28, Tammany.
Prat. Jean. IV. .VS'f . Orelie.
Pratt, Rev. J. C, II. 7.tJ. Grentorex, E.
Pratt.sville. N. V.. V. 104, Pratt, Z.
Pray, Benjamin .S . IV. 42:1. Morse, H. D.
Pray, Maria, VI. 5-..'0, WilUams. M. P.
Prayer lj<K)k. revision of the. I. 7til. Coxe, A. C.
I»i-eachers. CouKreKational, will in favor of, I, 229, Belling-
ham.
Preachinar. trials for. I. 706. Craig, L. and E.
Preble. Henry. V, Ufi. Preble. Harriet.
Preciado, Franciseo, VI. 207, Ulloa.
Precursor, the. j)erio<lioal. II, 122, De Charms.
Prentis.s, Rev. Caleb. V. 106, Prentiss, C.
Pniitiss. .lolui. V. 106. Prentiss. G. A.
Presbyterian lawyer, the. III, 742, Livingston, W.
Presbyterian magazine, the. VI. 2.52. Van Rensselaer, C.
Presljyterian Review, the. V. .5»>t>, Smith, H R
Presbj-terianism west of the Mississiiipi. II, 643, Giddings
\ resbytenans.(livi.sii)nof.I. 217; -ax. Reman; united synod
of. »40. Hoyd. A. H. H.: charities, gifts to, 3&4, Brown, J
A.; division of syno<l of, II, 651, Gille.ipie ; hospital, \ew
York, Rift to. III. 689. Lenox, J.: first church of, in New
fcnKland, I\ , 120, MucGregqor ; first clergjman of. in the
colonit-s, 1.36, Mackie : intolerance toward, 179. Makemie ■
di.Hmis8ion for heterfMio.\y, 327, Miller, John : eenerai
fe.leral council of 466, .Murphy, T.; gift to mis.sions of,
vm. Peck, k. J.; the declaration and testimony. V, 289
/l-..'"^?%'*'-= '" ^*** '^''"■'^' '"^- K'xiners; division in
Llli*'l-.)/' ^'■^- T'^nnent, G.; first church founded in U. S.,
KO H,/*on, H. P. C; 603, Woodhull. J. ; niission.s of
ki W^r *"'iii' ^iJ'7'" = '^^' f^a^tt, J.: II. 169, Dibble ;
irJA V„. II- V.'^-. .r'T/'^*^' ''■ '^'' ='™- Moore, D.;
^'1?'. ;^.B «• ",/ "^"'A^vl V.66. Poor. /).; 112, Preifon
C. P.; 618, Spftldir- " " ~
III ana r " " •• "• ^^ Day,
III. 608. lAtng. G. : IV. .357, Monfort.
Prescott, J.«eph N.. V. 6:«. .Spf.fford.
Presi-ott. Mis.M-8. II. .561. Fuller, S M
I resoott. I>r. Samuel. V. 224. Revere P
S;^'!!- \V.-.'.i' 'l'"^"-'!- 1- I-'*. Rani^ofi, G.
Pi^tt VJ.Iham (illustrationsi, statue of. V, 109 ; birth-
place, 112: hemlquarters. R. I , I 189 i "um
in,&»!^HuskJ, ^"'^*' America, the, reputed author of,
Pre^nt, the. periodlcaJ. I, 578. Channing, W. H.
Presidency, discussion of the term of the. III, 875, Houa-
ttm7i ; mcxle of election to the, I, 21.
President, the, and the Little Belt, V. 297 ; Dacres's searcli
for, n. 52. iMcres ; III, 811, Hull.
President, loss of the. I. 722, Cookman, George O.; V, 97.
Power, Tyrone.
Presidents, of the U. S.. see Er.EcrioNs, Presidential :
re-eSection of, I, 0.53 ; day of inauguration of the, VI.
879 ; removals from office by. III, 380 ; veto power of,
882 ; attempt to curtail the appointing power, 383 ; pow-
ers of the VI, 412.
President's house, building for, IV, 211, Markoe, A.
Presque isle, II. 327, Elticott.
Pres.s, Uie. freedom of, II, 631.
I'ress intelligence company, the national, V, 481, Shanka.
Preston, Amos, V, IVi.IYeston, Ann.
Preston, Capt., trial of, for the Boston massacre, 1, 16.
Preston, Henrietta. Ill, 4.54, Johnston, A. *'.
Preston. John, V, 114. Preston, W.
Preston. Prof. J. T. L., V, 113, Preston, M. J.
Preston, Letitia, II, 487. Floyd, J.
Pre.ston, Margaret, III, 70, Hampton.
Preston, Paul, pen-name, V, 6, Picton, T.
Preston, Sarah, IV, 111, McDowell, Jumet.
Preston. William, V. 113. Preston, J.
Prevo.st, Abb6, VI, 618, Wouverman.
Prevost. Gen. A. M., V, 116, Prevost, C. M.
Pre vast, Paul H. M.. V, 116. Prevost, C. M.
Prevost, Tlieodosia, I, 466.
Price, Edwin H., II, 82, Davenport, F. L. O.
Price, Lizzie, II, 425, Fechter.
Price, Philip, V, 117, Price, E. K.
Price, Stephen, V, ,536, Simpson, Edmund,
Price, William. V, 117, Price, D. E.
Pride's Purge, II, 672, 6'ojfe.
Priessnitz, Dr. Vmcent. v. 508. Shew.
Priest, Nancy A. W., VI, 318, Wakefield, N. A. W. P.
I'riesthood of the Bow, the, II. :K). Cushing, F. H.
Priestley, Caroline, V, 241, Richardson, H. H.
Prieto, Tomas, II, 643. Gil.
Prim, Gen., II, 197, Domenech.
Prime, James and Mark, V, 121, Prime ; 123. Prime, R.
Prime, Nathaniel, V, 123. Prime, R.
Prime meridian conference, the, V, 357, Rutherfurd, L. M.;
298. Rodgers, C. R. T.
Primogeniture, abolition of law of. III. 418 ; V. 358, Rut-
ledge, E.; II, .5!r), Gardiner, J.; instance of its observ-
ance in America, 595, Gardiner ; proijerty law of, 312,
Edwards, J. W.
Prince Edward Island, III, 119, Haviland, T. H.', name of,
521, Kent, Duke of; R. C. institutions in, Mclntyre, P.;
Scottish colony on, V, 4.58, Selkirk, Earl ; union of, with
the Dominion, III, 147, Haythome.
Prince, Elizabeth O., V, 589, Smith, E. O.
Prince, John, V, 124, Prince, T.
Prince John, sobriquet, VI, 234, Van Buren, J.
Prince of Parthia. the, drama, II, 669, Godfrey, T.
Prince of Schaghticoke. the. III, .561. Knickerbocker, H.
I'rince of Two Sicilies, the. IV. 402. Murat.
Prince of Wales strait, the. IV, 90, McClure, Sir R.
Prince Regent inlet, explored, IV, 661, Parrti. Sir W. E.
Prince society, the. II, 115, Dean, J. W.; VI. 487, Whitr
more ; V, 125, Prince, T.
Princess Royal, the. capture of, V, 146, Quackenbush.
Princess, wreck of the. III, 534, Kieft.
Princeton. N. J., settlement of. V, 693, Stockton, R. ; attack
on, IV, 2ai, Mease, J.
Princeton, battle of, I, 744 ; IV, 301, Mercer, H.; HI, 275,
Houston, W. C ; Stockton house, illustration, V, 694.
Princeton college, site of, VI. 28, Tammany ; predecessor
of, 62, Tennent, W.; IV. 9.5, McCosh ; gift to, I, 223,
Belcher. Jonathan : 313, Bonner ; .327, Boudinot ; 678,
Cgosuell. I. ; college and .seminary, gifts to. II. 744, Green,
J. C; college, gift to. III. .54, Hnlsted. N..N.; 223, Hodae,
C; 689, Lenox, J.: TV, 213, Marquand. H. G.; V, 602,
Snowden, J. R.; 733, Stuart, R. L.: VI, 584, Wither-
sjioon ; after the Revolution. V, 585, Smith. S. S.; view
of Nassau Hall. II. 310 : IV, 676, Patton, F. L.
Princeton seminary, V. 315, Romeyn, J. B. : endowment of,
VI, 2,52, Van Rensselaer, C: gift to, I, 674, Codman : IV,
305, Merrick. J. L.; .524, Nisbet, C; V, 733, Stuart, R.L.;
VI, 456, Wheelork. J.
Princeton, the, cabinet officers killed on, m, 321, Hunter,
L. B.; II, .364 : V. 6ft5. Stockton. R. F.; VI, 199, Tyler, J.
G.; I. .501 ; VI. 214. Upshur, A. R.
Prmceton. Va.. engagement at. IV, 227. Marshall, H.
Prmcipio company, the. V. 197, Read, John.
Pringle, Mary F.. IV. .'M6. Mitchell, D. O.
Prmgle. Robert, V, 126, Pringle, J. J.
Printers, bequest for a.sylum for, I. 413, Browne, C. F.
Printer's chase, inventor of a, V, 698, Stoddard, W. O.
Printing, collection of works on, IV, 462. Munsell; in
China, II, 115. Dean. W.: improvements in, 500, Ford, E.
L.: inventions for. 4<>2. Firm, J. L.
Printing-machine, inventor of a, VI. 694. Mayall.
Printing-press, first, in America. II. 113. Daye ; IV. 297.
Mendoza ; first, south of New England, in New York. \
850 : inventions of. 1.5. Adams. I.; 32. Adams, Seth ; 447,
Bullock, W. A.; 511, Campbell, Andrew ; U, 686, Gordon,
PRINTZ
QUAKEIIS
T79
a. p. : III. «». Hot, R. and R. M. ; VI. 15^ 7V«^irel/, /). ;
II. .V«, liallu.
PriuU. Oov., of New Swwlen. Ill, 2U6, HtuUte.
Priaoner*s frieud, I, )iU8, ifcfui, A. ; iiiaKuliw, V. 805.
Hpear.C.
Priaoneni, in the civil war, V, 841. RichardtiiH, A. D.;
ord«ir of JefTfntoii I)aviH coruvniinff. Ill, 321. lluntrr,
I).; l)la«v*l uiuUt tin-. ir>7. Hrrkmnn ; i>lot of Conf^ler-
atf. Vl. ',', Swfft, H. J.\ tn-atiiH*iit of. in th«« war of tie-
<?e8Kion. Ill, HU. Harriman ; trfatnuMit of, m the civil
war, IV, ors. firm/, A. C.\ I. 277 ; treatment of war. II,
«J, KXI ; treatment of. In the Revolution, IV, .317, Midtllf-
ton. A.; Kevoliitlonary. Ill, 25H, Hopkiiu, S.; ireatntent
of AmerioAn, VI, 171, Tryini, W.
Pri*jn-refiirnj, V. a>. I'ilMturu, A.; 82.\ Spear, C; 73SO,
.Sumner. (J.; VI. 270, Idiij. H.; WW. lf'i>«i>«. E. C.
PriHon Hhip, the Jersey, III. IW. Uirnter, Juat^.
Prison 8V8tem«. VI. 124, TiHiiuevillif.
Prisions and hospitals, worlc in, II, iwj, Dix. D. L.; 202, />>-
•cmiijt: disi'ipline In, 1K3, Dix, I). L.; architecture of,
III, 1 lU, Hiivihind, J. ; chariiable work in. II. 279. Dwight,
L.; III. 2tJI. Hopper ; Rovernment. II. 411. Fariiham, K.
W.; Impn>vement«. IV. 390. Mvrrau-Christophe ; II. 801,
ftWj/. '/"•; Wtl. (iill>ert, L.\ 250, Dugdale.
Pritflmrd. IJeut.-Col.. II, 101.
Pritohard. Sarah .1., VI. a.\5, H'ard, A. L.
PrivattM?rin>f, al>olition of. II. SSI.
Privateen*. 1. 432 ; in the Revolutionary war, 11. 147. Derby,
E. H.\ «30. Gerry : III. 7U. Huriiden ; In the war of the
re»)ellion. II. 99 : III. 4'^ Kautz, A. V.
WijA' essay fund. a. I. 325. Botta, A. C. L.
PiolMibilities. t)ld, I. 2. Abbe.
PnK'tor. Francis. V. 127. Proctor. T.
Projrress, the, II. .VW, Forney, J. W.
I'roitressive l-Ylend.s, the, II. 171. Dickinton. Anna E.
lYohihition movement. II, 219. Dow, N.; I, 271, Black. J.
I'r.ij.Mtiles, invention of, V, ,51.5. Shock.
I*roje<'tion. orthoifraphic. V, KW. Sillimnn, J. M.
I*ro|(,'|ler. invention of a, IV, (593, Peiue, J. I.
I'miH-Mers. screw. II. ;jru.
PriiptTty. law of descent of, In Louisiana, II, 2T0, Durell.
rroph.He, (Juerrler, II, (BJ3, Geffrnrd.
Prophet of the .Shawnees, the .III, 876.
Prophetic convention, V, 85, Pitzer.
Pn>si>ect Hill, V. 140.
Protection, I, 50). 501 ; III, .381 ; VI. 080 ; HI, 144, Hame,
Roftert Y.
Protestant Episi'opal church, name of. VT. 543, Witmer,
\V. H.: founded. III. 5«0. Uilxigh. I. P.: lieauest to. V, 21.
Pitmore ; first bishop of, VI, 47(J, Wliile, W.: cenlennini,
fln«t conRecrate<| in U. S., prejudice aKninst. V, 129 ;
transmission of the episcopate of the t'hurch of Eng-
land, restoration of the oblation and Invocation to the
communion office. 44.V44*). Senbtui/ ; in New York, VI,
281. I'exei/, U"; in Virginia, the. Iv. »«. Meode, li'.:
first official representation of, In England. II. 131 ; ffift
to charities of. III. .571. Kohne : VI. .5K9. Wolfe, J. I) ;
590, Vi'nl/e ; 688, Hoffman ; ritualiyfic conflict in. V. 172.
Randolph, A. Af.; act of succession secunnl. IV, 743.
Petera. R.; reunion of (1865). V. 88. I^dter. H.\ trial in.
V^I, 208, Tyny, S. H.\ projuised chancre of name, V, 475,
Seymour, G. F.; choral service, VI. 307. Vyarren. S. R.:
the ''proposed book," V, .592. Smith, W.; missions. VI,
.520, H'i7//Vi»M, C. M.
Pr:)testant sisterhood, IV. 4.5.5. Muhlenberg, W. A.
Pron-^tants of .\sia. the. II, 708, Grant, A.
Proverbial snyintrs. III. 282. Howe. il.
Providence. R. I.. In<lian di^d of. IV, 812, Minntonomo ;
founde«l. VI. .532; ^ift of park to. M3. M'illiaimi, R.;
Baptist institutions in. school system of. IV. 192. Man-
vin(i. ,IameM : Bmwn university at. illustration. I. 395 ;
Friends' institutions in. »iO. AInni: III. A-H\, Jenkins, A.
A.: I. 396. Brown, M. and O.; V.'906. Redw>Hid : jrifts to
charities in. I. 396 : IV. .59. Lyman. D. H'.; I. 478. Butler,
Cyr>i»: library of. founde<l. III. 2.59. Hopkins, S.\ mob
in. IV. .586, O-Rrilly, B.
Providence, cruise of the. III, 468 ; captures by, VI, 436,
n-hi,.,,ie. A.
Province Hou-te. the. Illustration. V. 100.
ProviHist. I>avid and John. V. 128. Prowiogt, S.
IVov.vwt. S.. b.M>k-plftte of. illustration, V. 130.
Pnident. M . II. i(Yi, Fnirlnmh.
Prunns Alleehaniensis. discovered, IV, 43, Lowrie, J. R.
Pnis.sia. U. S treaty with. II. 533.
Pryor. J. ».. III. 474. Jordan, T.
Prvor. Marcnn-t. IV. \H. I/izirr. r. S.
lV,,r;,l...l, l)i... III. :■■<. I,,,H,n: Pn.i<„.t
l•-^ . I1..1.1. irv v,-|. ', I. I >,. /,■ .. ' • ,n. J. R.
l'i.T."la.-l>l.-s. lir-i i„ Ain.-nr.i, IV. -I-. Mnmh. O. C.
I'utilii- lands, fanioim resolution on, II. 4'.t6, Foote, .^. A.;
subdivision of. III, 96. Harriiton, H'. H. : sale of, on
cn-dlt. 543. King, R.: to settlers. I. 144, Baker, D. J.
Publieoln. p(>n-name. I. 24
Public-scho<il system, first misrsTstlon of. II, 221. Downey ;
s<wietv. of New York. III. 700, L'reridgr.
Pufilishers' \V.>.-kly and Annual, HI, 708, Leypoldt.
Piililius. p»'n-nnine. III. 59.
INieitra. tuittle at. II, GGl, Oiron ; PuckMbinwft, VI, 67,
Tecumtek.
PiM>bIa, mpturp of. II. rtm. Eacohtdo : eatliedral at, TV.
IV7, Mnnv> : College *>t Kan Ildefooao in, 4S7, Motn ;
fouudinK of, 440, MotuUnta : IniprovMiMOta in, U, SOB,
Furro, F. F. ; defence of, VI, au, JBbniousa ; OMdlcal
•cademy, I, 532. (Mrpiu; oftpUired, TOl, Oomum/ari ;
wmlnary and cathmiraJ of. 2»4i. Bienpica ; alegM oT, IL
166. 167, Dtax, Pttrjirio : 111. K7, Hnro y Tamariz', V,
8W, .Sanfa-.^nna : surrender of. I, air2. Bazoine.
Pueblo, Col., old f<»rt at. V. .VJK. .Sim;M>m. G. S.
I'ueblo Indians, the. I. 490. fahrut : II, 80, Viuhina, F. U
IHielleH. l'e<ln). H. 165. Dios de Pinetla.
!*Uerto Bello. capture of. VI. 2M». X'emnn. E.
Puerto Cabello. capture of. IV. «fcB. fhirz ; btimlnic of. by
pirat««. III, 441, Johnmin. lUiniel ; III. 343, lUigen; it,
TO6, Orandmont ; 1.806. Bolirnr ; 8m 806.
Puerto del Princi|)e. I>attle at. Ill, 844, niif/m.
Pueato del Maniuez. Itattle of, V, 816, Rondeau.
PuRet, Peter R.. V. 24.5. Richings. P.
PuKet 8oun<l company claims. Ill, 486, Johnmm, A. 8.
inijfh. W. W.. V. 132. Pugh, E. L.
Vu\o\, Abel de. IV 487. Schlig.
Pukeesheno, Chief, H. 835, ElUkufotawa.
Pulaski. Count. II. 43:1. Fergumm, P.
I*ulaskl, Joseph, V, 138, Pulatki, K.
Pulaski's le^on, his monument, illustration, V, 183 ;
sword of, I, 70, Andrrmm, R. C
Pullman, III.. V. 134. Pullman. G. M.
Pulpit Incendiary, the. anonymous bo<ik. VI, 858, Want, N.
Pulque, di-scovery of. VI. 64. TejxiucaJtzin ; \l,(sib, XuekttL
Pulte, Dr. Hermann. V, 1.V), iStlte. J. H. *
Pump, invention of a, IV. X£i\ 1, 77, Andrtvm; n, US,
Douglas, B.
PumpuiK^nKines. Invention of, I. 740, Corlisa ; VI, 617,
Worthingion, H. R.
Pun&, island of. III. 291. Huayna.
Punchanl. John. V. 136. Punrhard. O.
I'wrcell. Edwanl. V. l.'in. PurceU, J. B.
Purchas. S.. HI. 2M. Hakluyt ; quotation from. Ill, WJ.
Htuison, //.
Purdue university, founded. VI. 697. Purdue.
iniren. battle of.ll. .301 ; fortress of. III. 9, Guanoalca ; I.
560. Caujmliam ; siejfe of. II, 25, Cudet^uaUi.
PuriUns. the. I. 319: .371. Brewster, W.: in Enfcland, VI,
353, Word, A'.: niiifration of, in 16M2, II, 527; perMicu-
tlon of, V, 286. Robinson, J.
Puritan, the. sloop. I. 451. Buraett. E.
Puritanism, controversy on, IV, 675, Oliver, P. ; feeling
concernlnjf. In tin- colonies. 1. 80.
Puritan Reconler. I. 7V2. Cintke, P.; IV. 89, McClure, A. }V.
Purr>-. Col. Peter. HI. 447. ./ohnson, Robert.
Purrysbury, S. C. HI. 447. Johnson, Rottert.
Puniaran, batUe of, HI. S68 ; IV, 230, Matamoro* ; SBt
Morelos.
Pur\is. William, V. 137. Purvis, R.
Pushkin. Alexander. HI. 707, /^iri>, W. D.
Putapichion. Chief. III. 10. (tuenucaliruln.
Putnam. All)i>renee W.. V. 279. RobertMin, J.
Putnam and his Wolf, noti^l tract. IV. 217. Marsh, John.
Putnam. Fn<lerlck W.. HI, .335, Hyatt ; IV, 619, Packard,
Alpheus S.
Putnam, Rev. Oeoree. 11.333. Etlia, O. E.; V.77, Por1er,K.
Putnam, Harvey, v. 143. Putmim, J. O.
Putnam, Lsrael. his birthplace, illustration, V, 141 ; contro-
versy over. II. IO!i. IkiwHon, H. B.
Putnain. John. V.. I.3'.t. Ptitnam, I.
Putnam. John Bishop. V. 143. I^tnam, O. H.
Putnam. Joseph. V, 1.39, I'xilnam. 1.
Putnam. Mary. Ill, .3!»4. Jarohi, M. P.
Putnam. Mar>- K.. HI. .505. Kflloitg, Edward.
Putnam. Rev. Richanl. V, 143, Putnam. S. A. B.
l^itnam. Samuel R.. V, 148. I'utnam. M. T. S. L.
Putnam. Thomas. V. 1.39, Putnam. I.
Putnam's F'olly. V. 142. I'utnam, O.
Putnam's Matr'nzine. V. 142. Putnam, O. P.; 11.971, Godwin.
Puyrredon. IV. 23, Ixtjiez y Planes.
Pvle, Col , HI. 667. lA-e, //.; 689, Unoir.
I'yioclet. F., ii»-n name. III. 708. Ijeyj>oldt.
pyramid exi>lomlion, VI. 141, TToftrn, V. A. L.
Pyratreon. Col., IV. 403. Morgan, M.
Pyrometer, invention of a. I. 801. Bogardua, J. i reflecUac
"inventor of a. V. 4lW-tI0. Saxton.
Pyroxyllne, HI. 336, Hyatt, J. H'.
Mirant. a. II, \ca ; Invention of a, 668. Godfrey, T.
iker City. the. steamer. H, 521, Fradey.
»ker jnn'is. VI 3Ht. Wa-thmfiton. W.
tkerMiM' -^obrkniel. IV. lOD. J/rnoM<ell. J.
Iterinn VI. .538. Williams, R.
ikera, I, 7. R.: controversy, the Plea of the
Innocent. I 'I. r-",>. Jmninqs. S. ; Cliri' r- •' •
60a. Keith.G. : am>«t of. ih (>.rk. IV.
in defence of. 713 : trial of Penn and >!•
of the <I... • - V. 1.38. Pusey: Hi
IV, 734. / : the Free or Fik'!
P. ; VI. l: ./ ; gittn for nnftii
44.5, Wrtheriii ; 111 s C., HI. 8S7. Hyde. t. : 1
506, fytrster: VI. 601. Jones; II. 761. Gr. :
document of. IV. 614. (>»nrw. G. ; opprdlion i
Mifflin ; opposition to the Revolutioa, UI, ivi, /iroj.
780
QUAKER
orieln of the nnme. II. M9, Fox. O. ; party of, ln,Ph"*-
ilelphla. IV. .Wa. S<>rri». I. : persecution of, II, ^,
nJir: ano, En,iic»tl. J. : ill, 134. Hmrthnnie \ liW. Hxj-
ghmm. J. : IV, 700, Fvmf,erton P. ; V. WO, •S""'""''';'' -
Sir r\ M8. .Sr««. K. : 511, Shtppenx kine of the, IV
T0«, /Vm/«'r^»n. /.; ri»tht to remain covere.i in eourt. HI,
552 Kinney John : niH»' to ineite thi-in to arm. II. »«,
KiYimi, J. ; "Kent to VirKinia from Pennsylvania, I V, 711,
P^ninijton, K. ; wparution of the Unitarian, 111, IW,
Hick*, E. : Bet at liberty by James II., IV, 714.
Jnaker Soldier, the. I, AVj, Hiddle. V.
Jiialluh Itatt.M). Sumatra. V. 51H. Shubnck, I.
5uaiHH.|>.H-a. Chief. II. 'W, Escaliinte, J.
Wppu and QuDaiiuis Indians. IV, 185, Mambri.
Jiiarles, Francis. III. 47.i. Jotuuli/n.
Juarry Col. Kolx-rt. IV. .W.'. Moore. John.
Quarterly, first .\meriean. VI. 3J0, WaUh, R.
Juaason. J.«.-|>h, IV. :177. .\WW. N.
iuebec- citv. Arnolds exi)ediHon to, I. 94 ; attack on, 402,
«ro(cn. John : founde«l. .VW. Champlain : attacked by
Kirk, ."Wig; fortress a', 077, fofflii. John; marine
library of m-ojcraphii""! society, II, .VW. Fortin ; bom-
barded by rhi|>s. .Y)4 ; capture of. III. .'■>54. Kirkf. Sir
D • siege of. I)V Wolfe. tilO. Liinfilade ; early rellRious
institutions In, tt«, I^ivnl. F. X.\ the Ursulines in, 714,
i; Incarnation ; Arnolds slepe of, IV. 142. MacUan,
Sir A.: attempt to form a university in, 310, Menm-ia ;
fall of (17.V.lt. 3M; monument to Montcalm and Wolfe,
illustration, .'164 : Montgomery's assault on. 371 : Morrin
college in. 4i»'J. Morrin : siege by the French (17(>f>), 4()H,
i; 7(W. Fhiint\ episcopal imlace at. V, (53,
Murray. JamvK
Pintbrmnd : opiM»sit
to an Irish church in. 5i"),
Signal/ ; conflagration in, 625, Sionay ; capture of U75«),
ofncial report. VI. 150. Townsend ; .589, Wolfe. J.
Quebi-c. province of, schools founded in, 11, 208, Doaquet,
Peter H.
Sue<'hi Indians, mis-sion to, IV'. 74H. Peyri.
uechua language, the. I. '-M7, Hermudez. J. M.
Oueen Anne fi war. destruction of Norridgewock, IV', 446,
Moulton, J. See French and Indian wars.
Queen Charlotte island, discovery of, V'l, 3S8, Wallis, S.
QuM'n Rsther, IV, .374. Montour. E.
Que<>n of the air. the. III. .VKi, Kinq. S. A.
Queen of the I'laza, the. IV. afW. Menken.
Queen's college. N. J.. V'. X<i. Riitiierx.
Queen's Head hotel, the. in New York. II, 129.
Queen's Rangers, the, churcli burned by. 111, 77, Harden-
bergh ; V. 310. Rogers, R.
Queen's Royal Ixirderers. the. II, 098. Gnwan, O. R.
Queen-ston," battle of, Bnx-k's monument at, I, 381 ; 611,
Chrintie, J.: V. 440, Scott. W'infield ; 489, Sheaffe ; VI,
851, Van Rensselaer, S.\ 25:i, I'aii Rensselaer, S.
Quep«i!an. II. 31, Vunequeo.
Qiieretaro. siege of, II, 370. Escobedo, M.; TV, 215, Mar-
i/uez, L.: 20'.».
Querist, pseuilonym. I, 292, Blennerhassett.
Quesada. Antonio. II. 4.3.5. Fernandez, J.; Ill, 485, Juels.
Qu«'snay. M., II. 2»53. Du Pont de Nemours.
Quetzafcoatl. s<»ns of. HI. .'J71. Ixtlilxochitl 11.
Queve<lo Reilivivus. VI. ()26. Wright, R. W.
Quezaltenango. institute of, I, 178, Barrios.
Qiiich<i, kingdom of. I. V£i. Axopil. Axicoat ; 123, Axopil ;
conquest of the. 602, Chignavitcelut.
Quidah Merchant, the. III. .Wl-6.32. Kidd.
Quids, the. I. 762. Coxe, T.; V, 152 ; VI, 280.
Quietism. III..'iOi). Kelpius.
Juiet Man. .\. |>en-name, VI, 71, Thayer, A. W.
iuilca. battle ..f. II. .VW, Gana.
Jutlilx't. Philip. |H'n name. V, 62, Pond, G. E.
iuillero. battle of, II. :i2. Curanteo.
Juimby Bridge, S. C, engagement at. IV, 209, Marion.
^uinatzin. King. I. 9. Acanianictli ; VI, .57, Techotlalatzin.
•uinoe, Peter, |x'n-name, V, Vlfi, Story, J.
lulncey. John. I. 'HV,. Rt-all. S. iV.
>uincy, A<Ianis houses at. illustrations, I, 15, 26.
Juincy, Anna C. VI. 888, Waterston.
Juincy. Klizabeth. I, II, Adams. Abigail.
•ulney, Mi-ss, V, 469, .S»ir<i//, Jonathan.
.luinine, first usetl in yellow fever, UI, 869, Iturrioaray ;
use of, VI. 625, Wright. J. J. B.
Quiiiipiac. II, 83. Davenport, J.\ settlement at, II, 294,
Eaton. T.
hiifton«>s. (len.. III. 299. Huelen.
juintard. Isaac. V, 1,54, Quintard. C. T.
Jui|N)s. the. IV. .588. Orlando ; VI, as, Valdurezo.
Juires. the. II. 373. f>)>ejo. A.
Juiros. Pedro de. IV. 29.5, Mendalia.
)uir.M». P. F. de. V. 148, (^eiros.
>iiis|)ehuancha. H. 3til.
5uis.jiiiz, Peruvian chief. IH. 291, Huascar.
Juito, city, expe<iition to conquer, I 6"2, Alvamdo, P.;
convent in, 216, Bedon ; eongnest of. 282, Benalcazar.
Quito, the Lily of, miracles, FV, 205. Marianua.
Quito, pr«)vinee. conquered, II, 168, 169, Diaz, R. ; 190
/Ax-fn/i^Hj. Rmtrigo.
Qult^>. reign ..f the'Shyris In. VI. 272, Vvlasco. Juan.
^'it* ^i™'"" "'• I- "<•'»• (oronado ; sin>posed country of,
I\ . 297 Mendoza ; kingdom of. VI. 273. Velasco. L.
Quod, John, peu-name, lU, 304, Irving, J. T
RAMSAY
Raab, Oeorge. pupil of, V, 514. Shirlaw.
Raab. (Jeheimerath. II. 3.39, Eluyar.
Rabbinical Quarterly Review, the. III, 712, Lilienthal.
Raccourci cut otT, tlie. III, \V&,.Hibert.
Racine, prediction by. III, 686, Le Maine.
Racine college, U, 120, De Koven ; establishment of, V, 788,
Strong. M. M.
Raclawjce, liattle of, lU, 573.
Ratlecke. Robert,, pupil of, VI, 4fi2, Whiting. O. E.
Ratinor, old Welsh church at. illustration, II, 881.
Rafael. Rafael, VI. CrfC, Haskt-ll.
Rafn, Prof., II, 408. Fiske, D. W.
Rag-cutting machine, invention of a, I, 208, Beach, M. Y.
Ragone. Count Claudio, V. 129.
Rohl, Col., II, .543, Frelinghuysen, F.
Railroads, organization of a pool, reform in management,
bridges and tunnels. II. 4.59, Fink. A.: stocks, 05>4, Gould,
J. : relative cost of o|x?rating, HI. 235 ; Holley. A. L. ;
organization, IV, 402, Morgan, J. P. ; management, V,
807, Sage, R.; 439, Scott. T. A.; investigation concerning
bonds, I, 277 ; legislation, U, 'Z!, Cultoni ; taxation or
bonds, 513, Foster, L. S.: VI. 133, Toombs : procurement
of subsidies, 13, Swinton, W.; case of Dubuque bonds,
475, White, S. V. C. ; system of standard time. 679,
2>oM)d ; suits of, 115 ; riots, HI, .307, Huidekoper, H. S. ;
commissioners. N. Y., V, 668. Sterne ; building c f. I. 282,
Blair, J. I. ; v. 270. Roberts, S. W. and W. M. ; 597.
Smith, Z. F. ; <i99. Stone, A. : inventions for. I, 422,
Bryant, G. ; UI, 025, Latimer, C. ; early, in United
States, V, 204, Redfield. W. C. : first suggestion of the
Boston and Albany. VI, 309, Washburn. E. ; first, in
Canada. IV, 118, McGill. P. : Canadian Pacific, II. 480,
Fleming, S. ; original bill, 708, Grant. J. A. ; contract
for. c-harges against the ministry, 098, Govan, J. R. ;
scandal, III, 320. Huntington, L. S.; Canada Southern,
Nickel Plate. West Shore— war of rates. VI, 242 ; Chica-
go, Milwaukee, and St. Paul, 492, Wliittemore, D. J. ;
Detroit, Mackinaw, and Marquette, IV. 150, McMillan,
James ; Erie. HI. .544. King. J. G.: IV, 24, lA)rd, E.: 218,
Marsh, L. R.; Alabama and Chattanooga, board of arbi-
tration. VI. 429. ll>//.«. />. A. : Harlem. Hu(ls<jn River,
New York Central, and Erie. 240-241 ; Hamilton and St.
Joseph. IV, 489, Neilson, W. H. ; Kansas and Northern
Pacific. VI. 294, Villard ; Northern Pacific, V, 277, Rol>-
erts. T. P. ; Lehigh Valley. IV', 620. Packer ; across
Mexico, VI, 24, Talcdt, A.; Mas.sachusetts Western. II,
117, Dearborn. H. A. S.; Memphis and El Pa.so. 548, Fre-
mont ; proposal for one in New York instead of a canal,
V, 673; first long one in United States, first charters
granted, circular, in Hoboken, first locomotive run on a
railroad in America, 674, Stei^ens, John ; New York and
Erie, III, 4,34, Jewett. H. J.; New York Central. V. 1.30,
Pruyn; Opelousas, IV, .395, Morgan. C; Pacific. II. 11,
Crocker, C. ; V, 644, Stanford ; first suggestion of a
Pacific, VI, 488. Whitne)/. Asa ; government mortgage
on the Pacific, 370, Washbume, E. ».; Northern Pacific,
621, Wright. C. B.; Texas Pacific, V, 275. Roberts, M. O.;
Penn-sylvania, VI, 99, Thomson, J. E. ; first, in United'
States. IV, 731. Perkins, T. H. : Red River Valley, 532,
Norquay ; in Russia, VI, 464, Whistler. O. W. : first, in
South America. U. 30.5. Edwardx. A.; South American,
VI, 457, Whceluright. W.: the Three Americas. HI. 102,
Helper ; trans-Andean. IV, '287, Meiqgs : in Utah. VI.
646, Young, B. ; Western, HI. 324-325, Huntington, C.
P. ; West Shore. V, 72, Porter, H. ; VI. .568, Winsloiv. E.
F. ; rack railroads, improvement in, V. 673 ; proposed, on
the 40th parallel, VI. 683. Gilpin ; inventor of plan for ele-
vate<l, y. .398, Sargent, H. ; cars, in»provements in, 1-34,
Pullman, G. M.; "chair, invention of a, 223, Renwick, E.
S. ; first guide in Uniteti States, n, 182, Disturnell ;
manual, IV, 10, Long, S. H. ; signals, invention of rail-
circuit for, V, 07. Pope, F. L.
Raimondi. Antonio, IV, 645, Pardo.
Raimondi, Marc A., V'l, .320, Waldeck.
Rainbow, the, cruises of, I, 690, Collier, O. ; captures by,
IV. 189, Manley, J.
Rainsborow. Gen. W.. V, 712, Stoughton, L
Rainsford island, discovery on, VI. 106, Thorvald.
Raisin river, engagement on the, III, 97 ; massacre on the,
VI, 561, Winchester. J.
Rake, inventor of a, VI, 12, Swift, L.
Rale, Sebastian, V, 184. Rasle.
Ralegh's birthplace, illustration, V. 163.
Raleigh, gift of land for, HI. 606, Lane, Joel.
Raleigh, the, fighting by, I, 180, Barry, J.
Itjileigh Iett4*r, the, I, 6i3. ,
Raleigh tavern, tlie. I, 324, Botetourt.
Ramalho, Jofto. V, 615. Soma.
liamapo Pass. Burr's headcpiarters at, illustration. I, 4fl6.
Rambaut. Rev. Thomas. VI. 697, Rambaut, M. L. B.
Ramberg. Arthur George von, pupil of, V, 514, Shirlaw.
Rambouillet, b<jranic gardens at. IV, 314, Michaux.
Ramirez, Alonso, V. .520. Siguenza.
Ramirez, Gen. Juan. IV, 29L Melgar : V.ISS, Pumacahua.
Rammelsberg. Dr.. II. 6.38. Oibl>s. O. W.
Rammohun Roy, V. 182. Rantoul.
Ram6n. Garcia. II. 25. Cudeguala.
Rams, use of, II, :«7. Ellet, C.
Ramsay, Baron, II, 57, Dalhousie.
RAMSAY
RELAND
781
lUmmy. rhurlott*-. III. WH. Ijmnnx.
Ramnay. Mar>-. IV. iKKi, OnraM, h'.
RamMeo II.. Htatin* of. VI. ."in. Whinloir, W. C..
Kiinisi-y. I)r l)a\l<l. III. Tait.-/,inr,»/n. H.
Riiiiisfy. KraiuMH A., V. 1(SH, Hnmin-y^ J. Q. M.
K»imH.-y. \V.. 111. VA. M>hntt,m, U'.
Kjinisey. Rfv. W., V. 11)7, Head, H.
Kuiii8<Kir'H .Mills. fnifiw(<-iii<-nt at. IV. ."KJ. iloort, John.
Kiiiiiiislo. (fianibattiNta, III. •I.'*), Jt-m.
itatioaKiia valley. Iiatth' in the, 1. 5.%. Cnm-ra, J. U. ; U
Ml. Frrirr, H : IV, 64W, (V Hiyytna, H.\ UUi, Umtrio.
Riiii.k. (i W.. IV. nea, (niam, T.
Kiiriil. I{<'iiianiin. V. 74.5.
Haii.lall. Phiiieaa, V. 170, Randall, A. W.
Itiiii.iall, Thomas, V. 17U, Randall. R. R.
Itantlall's island, nctlon ai. III. 107. Hftiley, T.
Ran(l.'ir«.-r. Ailterto. jiupil of. VI. 4U»), H'/ii7<i<-v, U. W.
li^in.lolt.-, Thniniis. V. iN. RaiuMiih. W.
Kjiiiilolph. Ariana. V. 176. Raiulolph, J.
Itaii.lOph, Averv. V. 174. Ritndoliih. W.
liaiul.ilph. KlizaWth. IV. aK:.', Meade, R. K.
Katiilolph. Henry. V, 174. Raiidolfth, W.
Kanilolph. .'^ir John, view of his house, V, 174.
Randolph. Jane. Ill 41.5. Jtfferatm, T.
Randolph. John, III. 47 ; V. 174. Randolph, W.; rpply to,
I. 4.')I. Hurgex ; quutt*d, III, 26, Hayner, P. ; 7», Har-
din. H.
Randolph. Martha, III, 48S, Jefferson, M.
Randolph. Mary, I. .SH6, Broalai, J.
Rand..l|)h. Ru-hard. V, 174, Raudalph.W. ; 178, Randolph, J.
Randolph. Robert L., V, 171, Randolph. A. M.
Riindolph, destruction of the, I. avj. Riddle. N.
Randolph-Maeon wMlege, U, U«, Disoatcau ; III, 680, Leigh,
H. n.: IV. 571. ()lin,S.
Ranker, the, III, 4«8.
Ransom. Alexander. V, 4m. .'Jhattuck. A. D.
Ransom. Col.. V, 47«, .Seymour. T. H.
Ranti>wles. en^aKement at, VI, 384, VVaahington, W.
Ranv. S, II. .516. Fouville.
RuousKft-Boiilbon. CV)unt de, VI, S96. 897, Villeraye.
RaiMielje. ,Ian Joria. V. 183. Rapaelje, S.
Rapj). fYe<leriok. IV. 615. (hren, R.
Rantan canal. V. 6iM. .Stockton, R. F.
Rasher Family, anonymous book, VI, 287. Victor, M. V.
Rasle, Sebastian, tragedy founded on the story of, II, 123,
lieeTini/.
Rat, the.III. 572. Kondiaronk.
Ralaz7.i. Ma<lame. II, 7.5. rkiniel. J. M.
I^it<-lilTe, ('apt. John. V, .570 : ftiO. .Suelman.
Ratib Fa.-ha, IV. SS. Luring, H'. W.
Rattan, inventions for usini;, III. 1&4, Heyicood, L.\ use of,
VI. .118. Wnkefitid, C.
Rauct>urt. Oliver de, M, .508, Wilhant.
Raumer. Krietlrich von. V. 622.
Ranpp. Carl, pupil of, V, .'»», Rogenthol, T. E.
Raveii.scraijr, Montr»'al, I. .50. Allan, .s'lr //.
Ravensworth. estate of, II. 475. Fitzhuqh. W. H.
Rawle. Frnncis William. V. 190. Raule, H.
RawliuKS. Henrv. V. 190, RairlingH, At.
Rawlins. James I).. V. 190, Rawl'int, J. A.
Rawson. IVletiah. II. 730, Grau. O. E.
Ray. Henry, arn-st of. V. 91. I^dter. P.
Rayetayah. Chief. IV, .\56, Oconoatota.
Raymond. Charles M., I. .548. Cary. A. L.
Raymond, H. J., discussions of, with Greeley, IT, 788, 788.
Raymond, .Miss., enKajTenient at, II, 718 ; IV, 107, Mc-
Fheraon. J. B.
Ravnal. Ab»>6, III. 712, Ligon, R.
Rayneval. M . III. 400. 410 : VI. 267.
Rayneval. (Jeranl de. VI. 279. Vvrgennet.
Ra/Jimowskv, Count O. de. II. 637, Oibb».
Razilly. Isaac de. I. .5KJ, Chamiai.
Rea, Samuel J., IV. 205. Margurrittea.
Rea<l. Col. Clement. V. 200, Retui, T.
Read. Deborah. II. .527. .528.
Read, Emily, V. 21.J. Rrrtta, M. C. L.
Read. Luman. II. 477, Flagg, O. W.
Read, W.. III. .m5. Inring.
RMUte, Elizabeth. VI. .574.
Reade, Thonia-s, Vf, 57.5. Winthrop, J.
Readjuster party, the, IV. 177. Mohime.
Readymoney Spencer, 8obri<piet, V. (529. Spencer, E.
R<>al Advantaf^ ... of confonninic to the Church of
Knjfland. anonymous Ivxik. VI. 426, Weilet, N.
Ream, Vinnie. III. 2>«, //oxiV, P. R.
Iteam's Station, enKncrements at, HI, 73 ; 11. 714.
Reaj)ers. invention of the Buckeye. I, 1.51. Hall. E.; inren-
tion of ste«>l. II. .{77. Futtrly ;' first pra<-tical, inveotioD
of. IV. 9.5. McCrmirk. C. H. See also IlARvnTBBa.
Reason the onlv orai-le. HI. -'Wl. Hutchinson, Aaron.
R»>lM"llion. Bacons. I. i:<i, Horon. S.
Ret>ellion, Sbavs's. I. .•tt.5, Howtloin.
Rebellion tree,' I he, II, 7o. />,i.i.i. R H.
Rebino, aUUue by. II. 72.5 : illustration. 721.
Recamler, Madame, I, 590, ciitileaubriand; n, 954, Dm
Motay.
R»»cife. siim'nder of the Dutch at. IV, 487, yeoreirot.
Reclprooanti*. theory of, VI. 15, Sylvester, J. J.
Reciprocity treaty, 1, 884, Bot^fortL See TaxATiBS.
Reoollet fathem. Um>. II. Mfi. Fnmlenof : HL la^ .
pin ; In giieliea. oas. />ii«i. F X.: miMtoM oT, «l^
La '• ■ ' Vm, Uclrr.f. IV. IHB, Mamttr4 \ Ml,
A. ;ry: V. 41. Iir„y, : 366, Saaard ; VI. 17.
Til. IIS with the. ).-.ii(m IV. !lt4. 3f^<-AW.
RectMiMiii ' >i ; 278 ; 400
Brown. R B.-.tti.
CariH-iii. Im ■ r»-pnrt
on, ll, 4ti. ir.vo IK/. (1. 11 /• . , 1 , . , I'
enmientM. 740 ; III, 70. Hampton ; ^v..
testn of canKTeHH and the pre«ident on i,
OU. 785; V. 472, 477: &4U. .Sffjn f on. E M . ir-T. .sni,-„,
T. ; 786-787. Stuart. A. H. H; the Wade-Dkvis maniftarto.
VI, 811, Wade. B. F.
Record of the Year, mneaxine. IV, 881, Moore. F.
Re<Teations of Christophfr North, the, II. 260, Ounlop, W.
Rector, Henrj- M.. VI. 141. Totten. J.
Red Bank, N. J., battle at. II. 8i)l. Itonop.
Red Book. III. 517. Krnnedy. J. P. : II. 28. Cntse, P. fi.
Red Croes B<K*iety. the. I, 187, Burton ; II, 884. Etans.
T. H'.; yi.Xif. Malker.
Redden. I.aura C., iien-nanie. V. 448. Searing.
Redel. Beatrice. HI. IMK. Herrman, A.
Redemptorist. flrst. in U. S., IV. 497, Seumnnn. J. A*.
Re<len. Countess von. V. 251. Rieitrsel. F. C. L.
Re<len. Karl. i>en-name. I. 711. Convrrsr. V. C.
Reiltleld. William. IV. OM. inr. J. H'.
Red river, Canada, attempted settlement on. HI. 8C, Hnl-
kett, /. : V, 448. Srikirk. Earl : founiler of seltlenient on,
I, 47, Alexander. T.: IV, 106. MactionelL M.; insurrec-
tion in, I. 888. Blake, E.; V, 252, Riel ; VI, 18. TacM, A.
A.; Ml, Wolaeley.
Red river. La., expedition. I, 159. Banks; V,SOO. Smith,
T. K.; dam built on the. I. 188. Badrv. J.; blockaded, U.
417 ; raft, the f^reat. V. 517, .Shreve, H. M.
RtHl Rose tavern. I. 116. Aubrey. L.
Re<lw(M><l. anonymous l><H>k. V. 451, Sedgmdc, C. M.
RedwixHl library. New|>ort. I. 846.
Reed, Charl<-s. fll. 860. Hopkinson. T.
Reed, John, VI. 112, Ticknor, W. D.
Reed. Joseph. H. 483. Ferguson, E.
R»fd. Mary J. HI. 200. Hildehum, M. J.
Ree<l. R«'l>ecca. V. iiU), Riinh, .lac(A>.
Ree<l. Rev. Solomon. V. 207. Recti. J<jhn.
Ree<l. Rev. Sylvanus, VI. 8Sr7. Reed.
He^I. Rev. W . V. 207. Reed, D.
Reed college. VI. t>97. Reed.
Rees, J., II. .'i05, »»rre»f. E.
Reeve, John. I. 473. Burton.
Reeve*. Cl)arlottc, V, 279. Robertson. C. R.
Reeves, Sims. IV. 079. Paul. I. F.
Reformed churt'h. use of the Dutch lan^niaKe in. HI. bOft,
Laidlie. .4 . ; inde|>endence of the. II. .542. hWlinghuysen, T.
J.; VI. 249. laii Mietiirenhuyurn : rtnU rieixynian of. In
America. IV. Sl-S. Mirha-liioi ; first clasKis and ordina-
tion. VI.. T. Tansemachrr: schism in. II.. 5.5.1. h'^-<>rligh ; the
Coetusaud the Conferentie. HI. 708. l^yill ; COeCusand
Confert-ntie itarties in. IV. 312. .Mrwr. //.: paiiira in.
father of. HI, 747. LiriiKiitton. J. H : Indian mlsslonii,
rights of. under the Kn»;llsh. IV. 2M> '.^T. Jl/...
law.su'it on the use of Knt;lish in prt'achini;. V.
first KnKli!«I> l>ook. ibut.: right of. un<ier i >
rule. VI. 251. \'nu Rrnswloer, .W; miMiions, II. v ■ / 'v,
E.; IV, 58. l.yiliuM. J.; 77, ilcCarter, I). «.; V HI -. . i
der: VI. 86. Talmage. J. V. S'.; 277. Verbrri. ; r. ,..,.!«
of. V, 459, Selyns ; atmivvnary at Schenectady, VI. 254.
Van Santt'oord. S.
Reformed EpiiicojMil church, the. I. .598. Chmep, C. E.; II,
31. Cummms. O. /».: VI. 479. Whitrhouse, H. J.
Reforme<l I*re«byterian church. i»ialntody of. IV. 14&. ife-
Uod, J. y.
RefriK«'ration. meth<Kl of artiflcial. II. 25.5. />u Motag.
Refug»'«>s. theas.s4K-iated. II, 132. M*\, /'iiiiriiiii;. E.
Regicides, the. HI. l.tO. Ix-rtr : story of one, II, 187, Dis-
u;ll : 672, Goffe : VI, 44«. nhallry, E.
ReglomontaniLs, I. 222. B>haim.
Register. S^M-lev. iM-nname. VI. 287. r»Wor, M. V.
Ri-gla. the count of. H. 9*. i'ultzhotfll.
Regnier. Fran<.-ois J.weph. VI. 319. Marti, O.
Regidating act. the. I. «»8. (halliam.
R«'g»dator fliwks. impnivement to. HI. 751. lAtckr, J.
Regulators, the. H. 4«M. f'iiFiFii»i<;. K : defeat of. by Oo»
Tryon. HI, ."tat. Husbands; 253, Hooper, W.; II, 4U6
Fonitinq.
Regules. N.. n. no. Escohedo.
R.li..lH.tli. Mass . TV. 474. Mitbs. J
\ :.<■■.. W ■ in.S,
n'. C.
lt.l(l. .\I1I1C. I, l>.
Keid. Christian. ) •
R<-i.l. Lieut. John
R.-id. John W . V
R»'ilv. B»'njamln '
Reiud.-.r. th- 1 7
Rein. »'.
RrtKM '''■
Relei.. .14. Un
Reiand, Hadrian. V. a&. Robinmm. K.
4fA, Fisher. F. O.
I. S. C.
T. L.
J.
782
RELIGION
RHODE
intriKliu.- .<..^..-..= ..."..., - ...„.~^
tion. '£i : 111 ItiiKsia. '.a. Adamn. \i'.
RfllKioos Majray.iiif, the. VI, ftiO, Wiiintoir, //.
Kt-liKiDiiH Itt'tn-at Kouii(lp<l U> a Keligiuiu Army, anony-
mous lH>.)k. VI. 8.V1 Hiird, A'.
Ri'lly, Jame«. IV. AiK). Mnritiy, John.
Kfiiiarkson WasliiiiKton Collejft*, anonymous boolf, XI. 452.
W'hetitoii. A'. .S.
Rfmenilirancer, the, I, .W, Alni<nt.
H»'mi>ri<>. Kray, II. -Vilt. EnrujUf.
Rj'ininK'ton. Kliplial -t. V, •iW. h'rminf/tnii, P.
I{iMiiiti>rtoti. .Saiiiiii-I. V, '.JIU. Hfi.iiiHiton. I'
KrmovaLs from nftWf by tlie im-sidfiit, I. 4;*>.
KeiiaUsaniv l^misianaise, tht", rvview, VI, yiRJ, Vignaud.
KfM^', th«' ifoo'l. II. •HHi. (ioupil.
KenpiT, I)r.. II. .'>^.', h'rcnviii.
UeniiU", Sir John, VI, 170. Trittch.
K<-nss«'hu-r iK>lyt«'ohiiic iiistitiitf. VI, 2.")2.
Kfiis.>««'lafrswiok, estate of, VI,2.V1. I'un Kemtselaer ; con-
rtifl ill. V. 471 : jiiris(li<-tion over, 735, Stuyvcsant.
Kenteria. Uev. N., II. .Sm, Krauzo.
K«*i>«'atiii); enrt>ine. invention of a, IV, 413, MotTis, H". H.
KeiMirt on the innnioipnlities, the, II. 264.
Kupri.-uil. the brij?, captures by, and loss of, VI, 497-4'J8
H'lrA-.'.,. /..
Republie, an interiintional. VI. ItO, ThomjtHon. E.
Republiea I.iteraria, h», t'hilian maKO'-ine, VI, ;J32, Walker-
ilartiiK i.
R«>piililiean. pennanie, V. 23, Pinckiiey. C.
Rejiubliean Methodi.st church, tlie, IV, 5C«, O'Kclly ; V, 188,
A'dfeiuMTo/f.
Republican [Mirty. resolutions said to have originated, II,
7(K>. (rVdiK/rr, .1. I'.: formation of, I,27ti : ,542, Carter. R.\
III, 277. liniraril.J. M.; 71t) ; divi.sion in the. I. 742, Cor-
ru'U : 7(17, Conklimi ; V, 74S ; named. VI, 386. Waterman,
R. W.\ *«i. Wentuorth. J.\ oripin, 409, White, D. N.
Republican-I>emfKTati<" liarty, the, I. 21, 2M, AUams. J. O. ;
II. 577, 578 : III. 37y. 413, 420 ; IV. ItiO.
RepuLs.' Iwy, name<l, IV, 31fi, Mitlillrlini. ('.
Re<iuiescam, anon vinous i)oeni. Ill, 288, llvwland, M. W.
Kerejrtibo. Ill, IKl Hermstaviit.
R«-saca. nroiMiwd attack on, and battle at, IV, l.'iS.
R«-sjica «Ie la Palma, battle of. IV, V-Tri, Mali. C. A.\ V, 53.
Rew'ction, o|H>ration for, II, 747, (irecn, U. .4.
Resolute, the, presented to the British government. I. 223.
H,hher, K.; Ill, 1, G'niuie//, .S.; UK5. Hartstene \ 1, 484,
liutton.
Resolutions, famous four. Ill, 41(5.
Resiiiration, invention of a method of artificial. IV, 99,
MclMinifl. E. D.; discoveries on. 2-"-l(t. Mart in, II. y.
lU-staurada coiniwny, the, VI, 2<.h;. I'illmii/e.
Restell. Madame, conviction of. IV. i;i"), McKeon.
Rt-storatioiiists. II. 115. Dean. P.
R.>strep«). I)r Felix, V, 223, Re.strepo. J. 3/.
Resumption a»-t, I, \U\ Hainbridiie. If. : 11,722.
Retaliation, the, capture of. I, 140, Hainl>rirl<ie. W.
Retina, the, discovery concerning, IV, 315, AJichel, W M
Retort. Jack, II. .W). hyaiikliu. H:
Reunion. Manpiis de la. VI. 27(5. I'eiieqa.i.
Reunion, decr«*e freeing blacks in. V, 402, .Sercey.
Reuj«-<;reit7.. Friiic-e <if. 111. 4K(i, Jiiyler.
Reveng*'. wre<'k of Die, IV, 7:«.
Revenue, s|)ecial commissioner of the, VI, 429, Wells D 4
Revenue marine service, the. Ill, .5:^7. AVm6o«, 6' / "
It»'villa (JigtMlo. Count of. III. 1(1, (iiiemen.
RevLsta de la Habana, the. IV, 297, Meutlive.
Revivalists, expulsion of, from Connecticut. Ill, C.37, Lou-
Jonnthan. '
R»*vivals, II, ftl. Dtn-enport. James : III, .ViO, Knann J ■
IV. 172. Haffitt : 376. M<H,fly. I). L.; VI. 478, Whifefield:
Oie great. I 4.-), Alejcander. .Archibald : influence of, 375,
Brufhatn : falling work, IV, 213, Marmieii. 7".; controversy
on.5fiO. A''-.;;'";/- »'•; 602. Par.,ouH.J.: of \m\. 120, Mc-
C. : of 1832. V. 247. Ricord, E.
Revoil, Pierre Henri, V. 22.5. Revoil. R H
Revolt ()f Tarfanw. anonymous jKiein. III. l.\5, Hea^-useqe
Rev.ilutionary s<^)ldiers. |K-nsions t... HI, 0.38. Uttr. John
Revolutionary war, the, HI, .56. .57. Hamilton, A.: events
£!"%-,! V*5*"- "' ,?,■ *t"«'''-- J-- 'f^'-'-^e. iMuine.J.: .529^
Ml , 5,0. Oaqe : III. 173, 174 : 259. Hopkins. S.: ,S;j2. 383 •
Bton. P- IV. 107. 108, Macdowiall : .574. Oliver. A.; writs
of assistance 006 ; stamp-act congress, m, Otis. J •
B . Vm ('i',"'!"'''''- ^j ■-'"*♦-*'"• f^odney; m. .Stockton,
K^ M. l.V. Townj^nd. C.-. »ya. Waddell. H.: 8&5. War-
rrn, J't^l'h : h<wpital service. 805. Warren. John ; .376 ;
o.th~/b 7?K"',-,r*V'^ pre<Iicted. V. 100, Ponmall ]
^l.J^^'^ ""'• h ^^:,'' '*'' : »3r : II. 118. I>e Rerdt ; V
-»» -eci. Revere: fe..ling In New York in 1770. IV 414
o"!T'^ ^- ^"'"'•'rent-e on reconciliation (1776). V, 458"
^i!t.«£**'# ^J first martyr of. 008. .Snyder, C. ; first
Ukj ocean. II, ii,. Derby, R. ; Lord North's measures,
IV, 684, North. F.: betrayal of plans of the patriots, VI,
66:1, Zubly ; scarcity of lead, working of a mine, V,
271, Roberdeau. D.: clock- weights taken in exchange
for iron. 2(53, Rittenhouse ; the Gates party, IV, &,
Lovell, James : sentiment in France. III. 580, Lafayette:
French officers in. .586, 587; V. 142, Putnam, K.; the
Conway calml, 587 ; alliance of France, VI. 279, Ver-
yennes : forei>?n officers in, III, 573 ; V, 669 ; III, 033, Lau-
zun : neutrality of Denmark, IV, 211. Markoe, A.: Span-
ish action in, II, 584, Galvez, R.: the Hessians. IV, (Jta,
Pansch ; German troops in, V. 251. Riedesel ; in Virginia,
II, 200, Dunmore ; III, 418 ; IV, 703, Phillips, William :
in the south. 44. Lowndes. R.: "the British legion." op-
erations in South Carolina, VI. 35. Tarleton ; V, 752 ; III,
4.5J. Johnson. W. ; IV, 207-209, Mari.rn : battles in the
south. HI. 0<57. Lee, H.: V, 50, Polk, T. and W.: olot to
arm the slaves, IV. 2^12-233, Martin, Josiah ; loyalists in
Carolina, 90. McClure, J.: attack by British and Indians
on southern colonies. 555, Oconostota : first sea fight,
.550, O'Brien, Jeremiah ; designs of boats and magazines,
511, Nichola : the navy in, II, 482 ; III. 468 ; 610. Ut P,-
ronse : IV. 189, Mauley, J.; 514, Nicholson, J. and D.: V,
no, Pretxilaye: 301, Rodney: .380, Saltonstall, />.; VI,
22, Talbot. G.: 170, Trxutun : 174, Tucker, Samuel : 266.
Vaudreuil, Louis ; 497, Wickes ; .527. Williamt, J. F. ;
Indian combats. V. 491-492, Shelby, E. and /.; 372. St.
Luc : plan for an Indian raid. 730, Stuart, John : expe-
dition against the Iroquois, 741, Sullivan. J.: apiK>iDt-
ment of generals. HI, 658 ; scheme for a conference be-
tween Lee and Burgoyne, 659 ; movements near the
Hudson, 6.59 ; Lee"s insubordination. 659 : his treason,
600 ; organization of the army, VI, 376 ; dis.satisfaction
in congress, U, 030, Gerry ; concentration of Americau
forces, .589 ; news of peace. 589 ; massacre at New Lon-
don, III. 0.55. Ledyard, W. ; discontent of the army, VI,
377 ; 398-.39i», Wayne ; mutiny, 399 ; operations on Long
Lsland, 25, Tallmadge : invasion of Canada, HI, 587 ; IV,
371 ; aid of France, HI, 588 : projected expedition to De-
troit, IV, 124, Mcintosh. L.: recruits, VI, 163, Tj-umbull,
Jonathan ; British extortion in New York, V, 278, Robert-
son, J.: supplies, I, 210, Heaumarchais : HI, 14. Gurney.
F. : subscription for relief of the army, 648. Learning, T. ;
funds for, IV, 711, Penn ; 74,3. Peters, R.: V. 94, Poire/.
.S'. : funds for, IV, 416. Mon-is, R. ; .59. Pollock. O. :
379. Salomon. H. ; attempt to obtain a foreign loan. 447,
Searle, J.: quartermaster's department. 2; privateers.
271, Roberdeau, Z). ; engineering work in, 111, 57.3, Kosci-
itszko : V, 313, RojHrtn.'! ; arms and ordnance used in. IV.
.5!»2, Orr. H.: V, 127. Proctor. T.: treatment of prisoners.
II. 32, Cunningham, W.: IV, S^, Loring, Jo.thuu : 317,
Middleton. A.: V. 27, Pintard. L.; VI. 22, Talbot. S.; 87,
Thomas, ?'. ; hostages held at St. Augustine, V, 166. Ram-
say : hospital service, IV. 401, Morgan, J.: V, 92. Potts,
Jonathan: 512, Shippen, W.: 719, Stringer: VI, 68,
Tliacher, J.; 119, Tilton: parole violated by a prayer, IV,
76, McCalla, D. ; exceptions to offered amnesty," HI, 71,
Hancock: ^5, Harnett: close of the war, VI, 376-.378 ;
mi.ssions to European courts. II, 116, Deane, &'.; lU. 666,
Lee, A.: 6:30, Ivonrens : aid of France, 631 ; peace neg<J-
tiations, VI. 266-207, Vaughan : treaty of peace, IV. 008,
Osvald, R. : amnesty act. II, 406,. Fanning, D. : Journal
of Occurrences, III. 600. Lamb,-R.: last major-general of
the. 1.54, Heath, W.: last soldier of the, U, 731, Gray, J.:
English view on, VI, 173, Tucker, J.: peace party in
England, V, 294. Rockingham : message from "V^Tiig
leaders in England, 151. Quincy, J. ; only woman attainted
of treason, IV, 418, Morris, M. P.: heroines, 1, 736, Cor-
bin : II, 79, Durrah ; 623, Geiger : III. 103, Hart, N.: 163,
Hendee.: IV, 445, Motte ; VI, 84, Thomas, Jane ; 656,
Zane ; 695, Molly.
Revolvers, invention of, I, 694, Colt, S.
Revolving ahnanac. inventor of a, V, 79, Porter, R.
Revolving rifle, invention of a, V, 79. Porter, R.
Revolving turrets, inventor of. VI. 120, Timby.
Revons, E. C, pen-name, I, 717, Converse, C. C.
Rewey. E. M.. I, 717, Coofc, M.
Reybaud, Charles, V. 612, Souloiique.
Reyes. Garcia. II, 301, Erauzo.
Reynier, Joseph, III, 402, Jansen, R.
Reynolds, Aaron, IV. 073. Patterson. R.
Reynolds. Capt. George, V. 228, Reynolds, W. M.
Reynolds, James M., II, 003, Glass.
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, I, 9, Acland, Lady Harriet; quoted,
VI, 4;W, West, B.
Rez&nof, M„ I, 89, Arguello. C.
R. O. Cobiirn, loss of the, lU, 224. Hodge, J. T.
Rhea, John. I, 197, Bayard. J.: UI. 378. •
Rhea, Judge J.. V. 1.32, Pugh, E. L.
Rhemlx-rger. I. 503. Chadwick, O. W.
Rhinel)eck. the Mt. Rutson home, V, 788, Suckley, T. H.
Rhoads. John, V, 230. Rhoads. S.
Rhode Island, name of. I. 2a5. Block : settlement of. 672,
Coddington ; Niantic Indians of. grants of land by them,
IV, 523, Ninegret: founder of, VI, .531, Williams, R.;
charter of, 247, Vane ; covenant of settlers, V. 438,
Scott, R.: revolutionary operations in, 740, .Sullivan,
John : suffrage in, under the old charter. Dorr's rebel-
lion, II, 205, Dorr, T. W. ; IV, 154, McNeill ; boundary
dispute, II, 617, Fowler, O.
RHODE
ROCKINGHAM
783
Rhode laland colleKo. I. MM.
KtiodeM. KAlliarint' A.. VI, 86R. Ware, K. A.
Kh(Ml<ti, Siillv. I. MI, Anthtmy, H. H.
Wuxlin. M.. lll.tHa. Ijiirmm. L.
Khvn. K.-Ui-ia. III. *JT. Hynrmnn.
Rilx-ra. DieKo. II. «;<. (iomrz, E.\ V, T37, Suarti, Juitn.
Kicuiit. Sir ruiil. II. .V>4, (Jurciliuo.
Ricoi. Ill, (W4, lAMiihtte.
Riw, l^-wis L., V, 0*«, Spnulding, S.
Riw, Mary A., Ill, 7*), Livtrrmorr, M. A.
RI«-eoiiltiire, iiitnHluced into California. I, fl7, Archdale ;
IV. »M, Lynch, T.
Rich MoiiiiUiin, hattle of, V, 324.
Rii-hiiril, H«-iir.v, III. 41.1, Jay, »»'.
Rioliiirds, (ie»)rjf»', II. .'>.Vi, Frutt. O.
RiohanlH. (J«-<ir(;<' M . IV. l.Vi. Mttcomh. A.
RichartU. .ImlKf Miitihiau. V. SBW, Richard*, J. W.
RjohanJH, Rowland. 111. 101, Hiirrimtn.S.
RiL-hanLs, .Samuel, V, i«K. 'OSi. Kicharda, J. and U. T.
Rii-har<t.s, NVillard, VI, W5.
Richards. William. II. 23H. Duhom'.
RichanK William C, II, iSW. Duhiute.
Richardson, Ahby Sa^', V, 241, Richardson, A. D.
Richardson. KlH'nez«'r, V, (KH, Snyder. C.
Richards4in, Henry I) , V, 241, Richardmni, II. H.
Richardson, Dr. T. (J., III. 5. Unuis. S. D.
RichelMjurtr. Count de. IV, 542. Soyan.
Richelieu, Cardinal. II. SM. Enamhuc.
Richelieu. [)en-name. V. anH. Ritbiiuton, H'. E.
Richmond, Hathaway. V, 246, Richmond, D.
Richmond, site of, I, 4M6, Ryrd, II'.: foun<led, 487; survey
of, IV, 277, Mayo, It'.; ififts of land in, V, a^5. Ruthtr-
foorxi ; n'Uioval of state capital to, III.4IH ; Amold'scapt-
ure of, 41H ; Lafajettea retreat fn)m. .WH : sieife of. 0»K> ;
I>ee'8 defencts of; 678 ; evacuated hy Confi-derates. II.
710; Catholic institutions founded in. 636. (tiltfunut. ./. :
humane a.s.sociation of, VI. .MM. Wood, J. M.; hospital
and traininif-school ruunde<l in. IV. 121. McCiuire.
Richmond college, II. 1, Crane, »'.; V, S61, Ryland, R.
Richmond Hill, I. 466.
Richmond Hill theatre. I. 302. Brougham.
Richmond junta, the. IV. r>\2, NichoUui, P. S.
Richmond theatre, burning of the, IV, 78, McCaw ; V, 37,
Placide ; 5Hlt, Smith, Meriwether.
Richter. I. 437, Buck, D.; 664, Uletuon ; IV, 848, MaMm,
W. ; V, 707, Storer, F. //.
Richter, Ernst F. E., V, 508. Shenrood, W. H.
Richter, Henry. V, 401, Sartain. J.
Ricketts, C^apt. JaniesB , HI, .VV3. Kirby, Edmund.
Ricketts. Mary Walton. VI. 237. Van Cortlandt, Philip.
Rickey, Randall H., V. 276, Rot^rtn. A. S.
Rlckoner. pen-name. V, 716, Strachan.
Ricia, Count of, II 4.'i7, Fimes.
Riddle. Miss, V, 4.52, Sedley, U'. H.
RidRefleld, enKapement at. I, 95 ; VI, 611, Woonter.
RidKeway. Jacob. V. 350, Rwih. P. A.
Uiedesel. John W., V, 251, Riedeiiel, F. A.
Riedesel, Madame, IV, 97, McCrea.
Riethmueller. C. J., Ill, 60, Hamilton, A.
Rietz. I. 4:17. Buck. D.
Ride, invention of a breech-londinp. I. 463 : V. 483, Shorpa ;
the Ward Burton, VI, XA, Ward, W. U.; 561, Wineket-
ter, (>. F.
Rifle clulw. I, 5M, Chamberlain, D. H.
Rifle contexts, II, 640. Oibsun. J. M.; VI, 664, Wingate.
Rljfby, Alexander, VJ, 301, Vine*.
RiKjpj. Alfred. V, 254. Rigyii. S. R.
RiKKH, Dr., I. mi. Cotton, a. Q.
RijCKS, Ellaha. IV, 08K. Peabody. G.
Riirht arm of British ix.wcr. II. «SIH. (iowan. O. R.
RiKht of search. British claim to. I. 433 ; VI, 413.
Ripuelme, Alonso, II, IW, Diaz. Mtlgarejo.
Riley. Marv L.. V .57\». Smith. M. I.. R.
Rimac, wreck of the. IV. 366. Montero.
Rimac river, the, V, .36, Pizarro.
Rimmer. Dr. W.. HI. ;«, Hale. E. D.
Rimouski, i^illege of, foundeil. HI. 610. Langevin, J.
Rincon, (Jen., V. .3SM. Santa-Anna.
Rindge, .loseph. V. 27. Pinney.
Rintocold. enjfajfement at. HI. 251. Hooker, J.
RinRw.Hxl. Ralph, orijdnal of. II, 277. Duval, W. P.
Rio-Bonibn. convent in, I. 216. Bedon.
Rio de la I'lata. dis«>overv of, I, 492, Cabot.
Rio de las Vncaa, the. II, 373. Etpejo, A.
Rio. Garcia, HI. 367. Iturl>ide.
Rio Qrande, the. 1, 490, Cahtza ; expedition to the, IT, W,
Dana. N. J. T.
Rio de Janeiro, claim to the cite nf. III. 686, Lemo* ; found-
ed. IV, 297, Men de Saa : \, 362, Sti. E. de : expedition
af^nst, II. 494. Fonrielle : made capital of the Portu-
ipieae monarchy. IV. 698, Pedro I. ; naval a<'ademy, news-
papers of, H, 440. Ferreira de Aranjo: steamship lim*
to. 481, Fletcher, J. C. ; gift* to hospital of. IV, 310, Me»-
quita, J. F. de.
RloB. Col., execution of. U, 168.
Riots, in Mississippi, I, 64. Ame», A. ; in Panama, 1S9,
Bailey : Astor I'lac-*-. II, ."505, Forrett. E.: in London. MB,
(femtaine ; draft, in New York. 636, Gibboiu, A. H. ;
V,477.
Ripley, Elizabeth. I. .12. Adams. W.
Ripley. Jt-ronie, V. 2f<»*. Rijilru. U.
Ripley, .SvJvunuH. V. ZH. fiiplry. E. W.
Riph-y. WillUmi V.Hintf. II. aft. Iknr, J. C. R.
Rip Van Winkle, drama of. III. 4KV
Ri<|Uotau iHaniptoni. Va.. H. 131, Dtlawarr.
RiM-he, AuifiiKt, VI, 17, Tabor.
Risley. I><>anila, V, 142. I'utnam. (i.
Risley family, the, I. tO*. Carlisle. R. R.
Ritchie, Judjp' T., V, 261, Ritchie. J. W.
Ritchie. Tiiomas. Jr.. V. 39, Pleasants, J. H.
Ritchie. W K.. IV, 450. Moirult.
RittenlKMMe. Hetaer. VI. 3K7, Walen, Jf. B.
Ritter. Carl. II. 6.V1, (iilman. I). C.
Ritualists. conteMtM of the. II. IM. De Kofm;
op(Mixi(ion to. V. 475. Sruntour. (I. F.
Ritzema. Johannea. III. .08, Uydt; VI. S87. Van Cori-
landt. I'hili/i.
Rivas. II. .512. Freitet; liattle of, VI, 406. M>66er. C. W.
Rivera. Alonso de. HI. 199, Higuaihue; 8M, Huthn.
River and- HarlM'r bill, veto and naaaaffe of a. I. 104.
River Rjiisin institute, HI, 116, Hnveland, L. H.
Riverside Majcdxine, the, V, 44S. Scudder. H. E.
Riverside Park, site of. V. 85, Pttst. A. C.
Riverside Pn-ss, the, HI. 272. Houghton. H. O.
Rivien', William, pupil t»f. V. 639. Spread.
Rivit^reH.'rard, V. 612. Soidouque.
Roads, inventions for inakintr. 1 1. 28, Culyer.
Roanoke, Va.. colony at. destroyed. II, 77, Ihtre. V.
Roanoke island, i-olonies on. II. '761, (irenvUle. R.; III. OOfl.
Lane, Sir R.: V. 162-163; expedition to. II. U\. Frrrrro;
capture of, 1, 463 : II. 673. (ioldtJMtrowjh. L. M. ; attack on.
V, 387. Rouan. S. C; batUe of, HI, M6, KimUill. E. A.:
IV. 4«57, Murrau. A.
Rolmrds. I^-wis. III. 874.
Robbins, Anhiltald. V. 2r6. Riley. J.
Rohbins, Rev. Philemon. V. 270, R,M»ins, C.
Rolibins. Sophia L.. Ill, 738, Little. .S. L.
Robert. Daniel, V, 271, R<tt>ert, C. R.
Rcibert. M.. HI. 1.5. (iuthers.
Rf»bert E. Ia^. capture of the. IV, 674, Pattermm, T. H.
Ro»)ert F. St«ickton, the, II, 361.
Rol)ert c<illejre, Constantinople. III. 65. Hamlin, C.
Roberts. Cornelia H.. V. 275. Rotietts. R. E.
Roberts. E. J.. HI. H». Harrington. E. B.
Rol)erts, Rev. John. V. 275. Robtrtn. R. E.
Roberts. Robert. VI, 85, Thomas. John.
Roberts, Thomas P . V. 276. Roberts. W. M.
Robertson, Arnes, I. 327. Boxtciaiult.
Robertw^n. Alexander. VI, 684, Hall. .4.
Roliertson, Donald, I. 626. Clark. U. R. : IV. 165.
Robertson, Jean and William. HI. 172. Henry, P.
Robertson, J. P. and W. P., II, 522. Francia.
Robertson, W. J., I. 11. ^d<i»>i, (V. M.
Robertsons, c<iins i-alled. V. 278, Robertson. J.
Robespierre of the West Indies, the, HI, 805. Hugun.
Robin, AbWi. VI. 97. Thomson. C.
Robin, Charles. II. 484. Flint. A.
Robinson. Beverly, I, 52, y|//en, Ethan , houae of. Uloadrar
tion, I, ».
Robinson, Charles, V. 286. Robinson. Q. D.
Robinson, Imofteiie, IV, 407. Murrell, t. R.
Robin9«in. Isaac, V. iMi. Robinson, J.
R«>binKon. John. HI. 7t«. Uiris. Estelle.
Robinson, Rev. John, quoted, V, 643, Standisk.
Robins<in, John P . V. 259.
Robin-Min, John and Anthony, V. 884. Robinmm, C.
Robinson. Judith. I. 361. Braxton.
R(>binsi>n. Marius. II. 611.
Robin.son, Richanl. V. 287. Rofiinson, it.
Robinson, Richard P . HI. 288. Hoxie, J.
Robinson. Susanna, IV, 758. miipse. F.
Robinson. Thomas. V. 806. Rogers. F. W.
Robinson, William, HI, 80. Hale, A'.; V^ 887. Robinmm, &
Robinson. Rev. W.. V, 885, Robinson, E.
Etobinson. Sir W., V. 544, Skinner, C.
Robinson (Yiisoe. V. 408. Selkirk, A.
Robiouni, Nicolas. IV, 491. Senguiru.
Robleria, fli(ht at. HI. 10. (iuenucalquin.
Rob Roy, y. 732. .Stuart, R.
Rocafuerte, I>n-sidenl, his tomb, illustration. V, 801.
Rocha. Gov., II. «J2. />",4iiii<,»: IV. "W9. Miramon.
Rochefoucauld Liancourt. Duke. HI. .SI3, f/umpAreya. D.
Rochester. N. V.. V. 2'.« 291. f,'. ■ ' ' ><5«.rTatoi7 at,
VI, 11. .svi/r. /. ; ln-^iuests to < t I am. Bnoka,
L.; state i-onvenfion at. 1. 74.' athollo iaMl-
tuUons in, IV, 159, Mc\fuaid , K..^'v>...r,'N the, II, an.
Fox, Jf.
RocheMter. NIcholaii. V, 8S8, Roeheater, It.
Rochester, Sallv. II. W. fhrd. S. H
Rochester Fellow, a. p«'n name. V. 448, Srudder. S. II.
Rochester, ITniven.it v of. established. II. 159, />rire|f. C.
founder--
613, CAi
V, 1H5. ■
,;. F.: II
Rock-drill
Rocket, 1 1
Rocking bun
Harris. Ira ; I. 69. Anderson, M. B.
IS to. 68B. Cnioate : IV. 175, Maaoon :
F : Bin. SibLew, H. ; 096. Stoddard,
r..i... IJ
Wood, D. »'.
.'►4.
^ .'•, . 1, ,.«:>, Wentteotik, J.
784
ROCKINGHAM
RUSSELLS
RtickinKhnm memorial, the. VI. 407.
Ri>ck Ulan«l treaty, the. HI. TiHi, AVoAru*.
Ri>ok me to Slt-ep. aiitlioi-shii) of. I, 61, Allen, h. A.
Rock of ChickaiiinuKn. llie, V. 4VW.
ItiK-k of New Kiik'laiiil Demoeraey. \ I, COl. Woodhury, L.
Rock SpririjT seminary. lil.. IV, 00(1, Pick. J. M.
Itocky Kao- Ui.ljre. tJa., I)attle. III. »J. Hurker, C. O.
Rocky (Jiip, Va.. tlRht at. I. lai, /Uvre//.
R.H-ky Mount. .S. O.. lojj fortress at, V,.7.53.
R<K'kv mountain reirion. exploration of, II, Ma, Fremont ;
hitchesi |)eak of, IV. 10. Umg, S. H.; first whiU' anau to
crm«, 131. Markenzie. .Sir A. ; scientific exploration in the,
218. Mitrsh. O. ('.: discovery of. VI. 277, Verandriie. ; in-
sctIIxhI stone found. t)7H, l>e Varennes ; first white women
U) cross the. 4S5. Whitinim, M.
Rocky Point, ainhiiscade at. III, IC"), Hendrick.
RiMleiil)ur»r. KlizutH'th. HI. IHM. Herrmnn, E. O.
Rodfccers, Capt. (J. W.. IV. 734. Perry, «. A.
RkIriTS. Dr. J. Kearney, I, 36.
Rxlman (nins, V, -JSKJ. Rodman.
R Mln.-y. Thomas. III. 601, Lee, Charles.
R ..Inev. William. V. 299, Rodnei/, C; 300, Rodney, D.
Rotcerenes. s«'Ct of the. V. 30H. Rogers, J.
Ro/ers. Charle<<. I, 4>*, Alexander, H-'.
Ro(fers. F/lward. VI, 210. Underwood, J. R.
Rogers. Gamaliel. II, .'>I6. Foirle, I).
Rogers. Helen K . II. .Vl'i. F'lirnejis, H. K.
Rogers, John. IV. 740. Peters; V, 306, Rogers, H.\ 309,
Rogers. S.: VI. 618, WUletts, D.
Rogers. Capt. Moshs. V. .')79. Smith, Junius.
Rogers, Norman. HI. 216. Homes, M. S. S.
Rogem, Patrick K., V. 306. Rogers, J. B.
Rogers. W. K. III. 134.
Rogers. Wfxid.'s. II. 6.3. Dampier.
Rog,.rs-s Rangers, V, 140; 309, Rogers, Robert; 652,
Stark. J.
Rogers's slide. lAke George, V. 309. Rogers, Robert.
Ri)gue Indians, the. HI, 6;)r, Lane, Joseph.
Rohlfs. Charles, II, 742, Green, A. K.
Rokeby, Baron. V'. 2Sr. Rohin'ion. M.
Roland. Dr.. pen-name, IV, 497, Neumlle.
Roldan. IV, 567. Ojeda.
Rolfe, John. V. 9J. Porahontas.
Rolfe. .Sarah \V.. V. 34.5. Rumford.
R life, Thomas, V, 9<.t, Pocakontas. ,
R )lim de .Moura. .\ntoiiio. HI. 713, Lima, 3f.
R)lliad. the. III. iVi. Hopkitu^. L.
Rollins. Daniel M.. V. 312. Rollinft, A. W.
R illins. Kdward Ashton, V. 313, Rollins, E. C.
Rollins, Ichabod, V, 312. Rollins, E. H.
Rotnain. Benjamin, II, 27.'>, Dutcfier, A. P.
Romain. Jules. VI. 32^), Waldeck.
Romaine, RohL-rt, VI. 47.1. White, T.
Romalho. Joilo. II. rm, Garcia. D.
Roman Catholics, first priest ordained in U. S.. I. 13.3,
Ratlin ; first work printed in the west, 134 ; II, 6S0. Gal-
litzin ; first diocese in the U. S.. I, .53S, Carroll, J.; int^ol-
erance toward, .VJ7, .ViS ; controversy on d<x;trine3 of. IV,
470, Murray, \.; diK-trines. notsd debate on, V. 2:16,
Rire, .V. L. ; university, V, 620, ,'^p:ilding, J. L.
Romani. Signor. HI, 211, Hinckley, I.
R(nne, American college in, I, Ifti : defence of. 123, Avez-
zana : iti» capture by the French, II, 561, Fuller, .S. M.;
American Episcopal church in. III, 6(X1, Lingion, W. C;
American chapel in, IV, 62, Lipnan, T. B.; VI, 589.
Wolfe. C. L.; gift for art-sehool at. IV, 689, Peabody, G.
Romer. Jonathan, pen-name, IV, 277, Mayo, W. S.
Romero. Rev. FrancLsco, IV. 645, Paredejt, J. G.
Romeyn, Claas Janse, V. 315. Romei/n, T.
Romeyn, Dirck. II. .5.53. Fneligh : III, .579. Kuypers, O. A.
Romney. capture of. HI. .5i)4. Kelley, B. F.
Rjmney, I>»rd. HI, .531-.532. Kidd.
R mayrie, Patrick and Maurice. I. 017. Cleburne.
Ron<|iiillo. Admiral. V. 631. Spielhergen.
Roiui, Signoriiia. II. 118, />3 Beqnis.
Rooke, Dr.. HI. 41»it. Enma Kaleleonalani.
Roorboch. origin of the term. Ill, 7:«, Linn, W.
Rooaa, Isaac, V, 317, Roosa, Daniel.
Rooflevelt, Isaac V, 317, Roosevelt, N. J.
RoooeTelt hospital, founded, V, 319, Roosevelt, J. U.
Root, Prof. Oren. V. 319, Root, Elihu.
Ropes, William, H, 3.5.5. Endicott, C. M.
Ropes. Prof. W. L., V, 6(K), Smyth, E. C.
Roquetilla, Ignacio AlarcAn de, I, 10, Acttalmetzli.
Rosa, Cari, IV, 617. Parepa.
Roaa. pen-name. Ill, 424, Jeffrey.
Rosale8,Cil., IV. SO. Txtsada, M.
Rosales, Diego, VI. 128, Toledo, F. A.
Rosario de Cucuts, I, 306.
Rosclus, the African, I. 44. Aldridpe.
Roscoe. William. IV, 45, Lowndes, W. J.
Ro«f, Daniel, V, .322, Rose, O. M.
Rose, Dr. H,. II. 6.38, Gibbs, O. W.
Rose. John. V. .322. Rose. C.
Rose. Vi.;tor M . IV. 98. McOdlorh, B.
Rose, William K , V, .322, Rose, E. L.
Rose frigate, affair of the. III. 247. Hood, S
Roseau, Marie jn-n name. HI, 2L10, Hildehum. M. J.
Rosebud, battle of the, II, 15, Crook ; UI, 177, Henry, O V
Rn«e-hud, the. children's magazine. II, 656, Oilman, C. H.
Roscnfeld, Sydney, V, 696, Stockton, F. R.
Rose of Heaven, the, VI, 654, Zuniiui.
Rim' of Sharon, the, annual, IV, 276, Mayo, 8. C. E.
Roset. Hipi>onax. ijen-name, IV. 6H1, Poxton, Joseph R.
Rosetta stone, the, IV, 430, Morton, H.; decipherment of,
V, 474. Seyffarth.
Rosewell. Page house at. illustration, IV. 624.
Rosicrucian. pen-name, II, 5.56, Frothinyham, W.
Rosier, Ferdinand, I, 117, Awtubon.
Rosillo, battle at, III, 16, Gutierrez de Lara.
Roslvn, Earl of, V, :168, St. Clair.
Roslyn, Bryant's home at, illustration. I, 428.
Rosmiui, A.. II, 89. Davidson, T.
Ross, Rev. George, V, 198, Read, G.; 328, Ross, G.
Ross, Gertrude, V. 198. Read, G.
Ross. Sarah. VI, 450. Wheatley, S.
Ross, William R., V, 3.30. Ro.is, John.
Ros.sane. William, trial of. VI, 6. Swaytie, N. H.
Ross Ca-stle, Staten island, IV, 66, Lyon, C.
Ross Church, Mr.. IV, 216. Marryat, F.
Rossi, Count, V, fiOti. Sontng.
Rosslyn. Earl, VI, 419, Wedderbum.
Roszel, George. 1, 172, Bams.
Rotary ascending-railway, invention of. V. 6.31, Silver.
Rotarj- -engine, inventor of a, VI, 614, Work.
Rotary force-pump, invention of a. I. .546, CaiT/, A. W.
Rotch, Benjamin. 11. 419, Farrar, E. W.
Rotch. Thomas, V. .3.3:J. Rotch. C. R.
Rotenhan. Baroness von. V. 251, Riedesel, F. C. L.
Roth, Rudolf. VI. 490, Whitney, W. D.
Rotteiiburg. Baron de. II, 260, Dunn, A. R.
Rotten cabbage reliellion, the. II, 70. Dana, R. H.
Rouge, the, party in Canada, HI. 032. Lavrier.
Rough Hewer, the, pen-name, VI, 639, Yates, Robert.
Round Hill school. I. 679, Cogsirell. J. G.
Round Lake association, gift to the. VI, 440, West, G.
Rouse. M., HI, 129.
Rousseau, Eugene, rv. 407, Morphy.
Rousseau. J. J., 11. 112, Day. T.
Routh. Richard. V. 336. Routh, Sir J. R. J.
Rouville. De la Fos.se de. IV, 264, Mauduit du Plesgis.
Roux-Lavergne. II, .•)5, Lkiin.
Rouzaud, Auguste, IV, .522, Nilsson.
Rovale river, the. discovery of, UI. 366, Met.
Rovira, VI. 1.35. Torices.
Rowell. Samuel, VI. 90, Thompson, E.
Rowlands. John, V, 64.5, Stanley. H. M.
Rowlandson, Rev. .loseph. V. 338, Rowlandson, M.
Rowley. Conn., founded, V. .305, Rogers, E.
Rowson. William, V, 839, Rowson, S.
Roxbury, Mass., founded, V, 144, Pynchon ; the Warren
house at, illustration. VI. 365.
Roy, pen-name, VI. .5.39, Willis, N. P.
Royal grant, the, HI, 4.52.
Royal institution, the. founding of, gifts to, V, 346.
Royalston, Mass.. name of, V, 840, Roynll, /.
Royal Yacht, destruction of the, 11, 288, Eagle ; capture
of, 476. Jouett. J. E.
Royville, Chevalier de. IH. 800, Huet.
Roze, Marie. IV, 781, Perkins, J. E.
Rubber, method of vulcanizing, VI, 694, Mayall : manu-
factures, suits concerning, II, 111, Day, H. H. ; vul-
canized. 684. Goodyear.
Rubini, IV, 207, Mario.
Rubio, Romero. II, 167.
Ruck. Abigail, VI. 415, Wentworth, B.
Rucker. Miss. V. .500, Sheridan.
Rudersdorfr; Erminia, pupil of, VI, 108, Thursby.
Rudolph. Lucretia, II. 599, 605, Garfield.
Rudolphi. Prof.. I, .34.
Rufane. Gen., II. 200. Donkin.
Rugby. Tenn.. Ill, 305, Hughes, T.
Ruggles. Philo. V, 343, Rugqles, S. B.
Ruggles, Timothy, IV, 128, McKean, T.
RuhmkorfT coil, the, claim to the discovery of, IV, 683,
Page. C. G.
Ruiz, Father Agustln, II. 378, Espejo. A.
Ruiz, Bartolome, I. 616. Cinque ; V. a5. Pizarro.
Rumford. Count. V, 121. Prime ; 124, Prince, J.
Riuuiantzeff. Count, 111. 574. Kotzebue.
Rum. Romanism, and Rebellion, I, 449, Burchard.
Riunsey, Charles, V. 347. Rumsey, B.
Runnels. Harrison R . HI, 275, Houston, S.
Running, feats of, VI. («59, Baker, W.
Rupert.. Leonanl. IV, 684, Poxton, Joseph R. ,
Rural Carolinian, the. Ill, 396, Jacques.
Rural Magazine, the. VI, 525, Williams, S.
Rush. John, V, ^9, Ru.<ih.
Rushbr<Mike, Barham. Ill, 661, Lee. Charles.
Ruskin, .Fohn. quoted, IV. 504. Mewman, H. R.
Rus.sell, Kari. III. 721.
Russell. Frances. I. 209, Beauchamp.
Rassell, James. V. .3.52. Riis.<<ell, A.
Russell. Rev. Jonathan, IV. 606.
Rus.sell. Dr William, VI. 49. Taylor. S. P.
Rus.sell. W. H.. HI. 226. Hoey.
Rus.sell. Gen. W. H.. V, 651, Stanton, S. T.
Russell's Magazine, HI, 145, Hayne, P. H.
RUSSELLVILLE
ST. PIERRE
785
Ru«eHvlIle. pnijairoment at, VI. BKV Harrimn.
Kuaala. claim of in /Vtn<-rii-a, I. '.MA, Brrinn ; doKifrn.i on
Oalirornia, I, m. An/urll„ ; n-latiuiiM of. wMh l'. S.. II.
09, A<na, F. ; i>ri/.«' k;ivffi l>v tli«« emjj«Tor i»f. HI. />f»i(-
ton, (J. T. ; rtiilway in. III. Iiki. Uarritoii, J. ; fxpulHioii
of a traveller from. (i.V>, Lritytmt, J. ; navy, propotial tu
build a, •SU. Hutit/jhrfffH, s.
Ruwia coiiipanv, tlu'. III. -Jim. HudMin. //. : iHC.
Ruaaian America, niiminislralion of, VI, 61K, W'mngeU.
RuMian Action. iiuHierii, III. 'J>*\.
Rimo-Turl(ish war, the. IV, lid. MncOnhan ; export of
irraii] from U. S. diiriiit?. V, 1W», Hriid, J. M.
liuHt. AllH-rt. liiK asaatilt unoii CJreelev. II, T9ii.
Kiist. (len. (liM>r}re, I, il.'i. Beditujrr, H.
Rustic Bard, the, |)eii-name. II, IHl, IHiutnumr.
Kilter, Kev. Culviii W.. V, OW, Snrinr/er, Hfbecca R.
Uutei-sville. Texas, college ut. V. .IVS, Kuter.
KiitKcrs, Alice, III, 7S7. I.i.tpennrd.
KiitKenj, Anthonv. Ill, 7:^7, Liaitrnard.
KutKcrs, Henry, II, 17, Crimli!/, W. H.
Kut^ertt collcKe, I. 70J, ('mullet ; II, 542, Frelinqhuf/»en,
J. ; illuHtratlon, 61tl ; III, 77. Hardvnberyh ; jfifts U», I,
«78, Cttgmnfll, J.; IV. tl-)l. Parker, Jamv* ; V. LSI, Pruyn,
R. H. : 3Ki, Hiiti/frH ; VI. 4Kt, Van Banachuoten.
Riitgeni institiiU*. II. Hi, Ftfrris. I.
kiiticcru medii-al school, the. II, 523, Francis. J. IV.
Kulherford. Dimiel. V. .VM, Rutherford, F. S.
Hiitherford. Walter. V. XU\. Rntherfurd, J.
Rutledjje, anonymous novel. III. U3, Harris, M. C.
Ruxton, Admiral. III. 1. (irinnell, S.
Ryan. O-arroU. pen-nanie. V, .300, Ryan, IV. T.
Ryan. Mary A. M , V. m). Ryan, VV. T.
Ryan. Michael. IV. t*M\. .Xeirsttam.
Rycker. Ahraham. V. i'll. Riktnr, J.
Rverson, Joseoh. V. iJtJI. Rufrson, A. E.
Uynerson, William D., V, 5,VJ, Slough.
Sa, Martin de, V. .<««. Sn. S. C. de.
Sabanade Matanza. battle at. IV, 187. Uanicaotex.
Sabine, Nehemiah. V. «W. Snliin, K. R.
Sabine, William. V. -.VVi, S<ihiu, E. R.
Sabine Cross-Roads, battle at, I, 159, Banks ; V^, 85, Tay-
lor, R.
Sable island, colony left on, V. 293, Roche.
Sabre-attachinent, inventor of a, V, 727, Stuart, J. E. B.
Sabre brieaile, the. IV. :«H, Minty.
•Sachem, the. yacht. I. 4.')1. BurgeM, E.
Sachem's plain, tomb o!i. illustration. IV, 31.3.
Sachem's WtMxl, III. '^W, I/illhouite, J. A.
Sackett's Harbor, eii}?aKement at, I, 123 ; VI, 610, Wool-
aey, M. T.
SacKville, Vi-scount. II. ft29. Ocrmaine.
Sackvllle, Baron, VI. 411, Wvnt, L. S. S.
Sacramento, first settlement at, VI, 2, Sutter.
Sacramento, loss of the colony of, by Portugal, 11, 542,
Freire rfe Aiulrndo.
Sacramento, pas.s of the. eniraarement at, II, 200, Doniphan.
Sacred HearC academies of the. III. 7K. Hardvy.
Sacs, war of, with the Ottawas, V, 4'i4, Shiiuttena ; and
Foxes, the, in the Black Hawk war. III, 523, Keokuk ;
battle with, HI. 70. Uumtramrk.
Sacsahuana, fortress of, VI. IMO. Thjmic Jnca ; battle of,
III, 214, Hinojom ; VI, 224. I'aldiriu.
Sacy, Silvestn> ile, V, 377. .SaliHlniry.
Saddle-tree, invention of a. V. 257 Ringgold, 8.
Sailler, Ann. Ill 107. Hirvard.
Sadlier, James, V, 8tJ5, SadliT, M. A.
Saillier. Mrs., letters of. II. 3:W. Elton, R.
Safety-barKes, V, 2tM, Rrdtield. W. C.
Safety fund, a national, HI. :*V), Kellogg, Edward.
Sage, Charles, V, .'W7, Siuje. H. W.
Sajce, David, V, 307, Snije, II. IV.
SaKet. Nbwajce. IV, 29, Utrquet.
Sajf Harbor. American victory at, IV, 888, Meiga, R. J.
Sa^naw, Mich., founde<l. IV. 100. Morgan, J. A.
Saginaw, wreck of the, VI. 21. Tollxtt. J. G.
SaKoyewatha, V. 205, Ri'd -.Jacket.
Saha^un, Bernardino <le. H, 8(X. Efcandnn.
Sahara. Dissert of, project to HckmI the, lU, 097, Lemtepa.
Said BarKhaMh, V. :>\\i, Shufeldt.
Sailing vessels, fastest time of, IV, 71, Macaleater, C.
Saillard. IJan»n, IV. 2(HI.
Sailors, imi>r<>ssnient of AmetHcan, I, 140. Bninbridge, W.;
HI. 422 ; VI, 122. Tingey; " B-'thel movement " for, HI, 61.
Hnllett, B. ; missions for, V, 'Ml, Richardaon, Edward ;
III, 42H, Jfnhi. IV.
Sailors Cn«ek. battle of. !I. 45. Cualer ; 809, Edwards, O.;
;»2, Eirell, /•. .S.; 7Itl ; V. .VW. Sheridan.
Sailor's Magazine, the. II, 7.VJ. (ireenleaf, J.
Sailors" Snutf Harbor. founde«l, V, 171. ItandaU, R. R.
Saint, a Pemvian. V. .320. Rom.
St. Agnes schiM>l. foun<le<l. H. IHO, Doane, W. C.
St. Agnes's hospital, Philmlelphia, bequest to, IV, 4n, JVe6-
inger, A.
St. Alban's, Vt., confp<lerate robberv- in, I, 754, CouraoL
Saint Ambrose, island of. dist-ovenMi. II, 436. Fernandez, J.
St. Anthony, tlrst factories at. IV, SSIH, Morgan, a. A.
St. Asaph's Spring. Ky., IV, 2. Lttttun B.
St. Auguatine, order for seizing, III. 878.
VOL. VI. — 60
S». Augustine's Manor. III. 1«H. tirrrman, A.
St. Bene«licl the Mix.r. church of. I. 4.V4, Burke. J. K.
."^t. BtMioit. hiwjiital at, II. 002. Uiruuitrd, J. J.; iMtrntiurof.
HI. .V«. />! Brurrr.
St. Bernardine. onler of. founded, I, 62, AU\im, B. iT.
St. Bremion'n country, I, 867.
St. Charles. Canada, engagement at, I. 411, BroMm, T.8. :
IV. 4y3. \ela,jn, 14'.
St. Charles t>>llege, found>-<l. II. 297. Kccleaon.
St. Charles river, liattle at the. 111. 6K7, Ije Moyne, Jamm.
St. Christopher, island of. its laws. II. I7tl, IMUm, A.\ ML
Enamhuc : siirnMideretl to the Kngliah. ttlV. Oemnmi U>
the French. HI. 24H, Hood, S.; oatit«aU of Franeh and
English in. itnt. Irart.
St. Clair, .Mr., HI. 17K, Henaon, J.
at. Cloud, fxjnvetit at. II. H, Cretin.
St. Croix. N. S., destruction of. I. W. AranU.
St. Croix river, tjuestlon of the true, VI, 568, Windom^
John.
St. Denis, engagement at, IV. 498. Nelson, W.
St. Denis, Sieur de, HI, 4M1. Jucherau, L.
St. Kuatoclie, colonized. Ill, 889. /car< ; fight at, 11, 8B1,
Oirouard, J. J.
St. Rustatius. plunder of, I, 19.
St. Felix, island <if. discovere*!, II, 486, Femandes, J.
St. Foy, eugaKement near. HI, 701. Levi*.
St. Francis, Indian village of, destroyed, V, 809, Rooera,
Robert. ^^
St. Francis, Sisters of the ortler of, IV, 497, yeumatm.
St. George, cross of, II, .355, Endicutt, J.
St. (iermain. Count. V, 069.
St. Helena, island of, discovered, IV, MS, Sova ; gift of
library to, V, 12, Pierce, E. L.
St. Helens, Lord. UI, 412.
St. Hyacinthe, college of, HI, OBS, Leaieur.
St. Hyacinthe, R. C. institutions in. V, 124. Prince, J. C.
St. James college, gift to. II. 251, Duke ; HI, 2K7, HowtaiuL,
R. S.: VI, 41tt, Whitlitujham.
St. Jertmie, Canada, founded. IV. 872. Montigny.
St. John. N. B., museum at. II. 633, Ueaner.
St. John. Oliver. VI. 4S3. U'Aifii.j;, S.
St. Johnland, L. I., industrial settlement at. IV, 4S&, Jf«A-
Unberg, W. A.; VI. .V<9, n'olfe. J D and C. L.
St. John of Ood, asylum of, I .330, Bounirt.
St. Johns, N. F., ca'the<Iral of. II. 47\t. Filming. M.
St. John's college. Annat>oli.s. I. 5;J9. Carroll. J.
St. John's i-oilege. Fonlham. IV, HN. .McCtoakey ; HL, MM ;
scholarshifM foiinde<l at. II. 114. Jtealj/.
St. John's |>ark, HI, 737. U.ii>enard.
St. John's river. Fla . ex[)edltion up the, II. 54.
St. Joseph island, mission on. IV. 314. Michel.
St. Joseph's c»>llege. Pa., IV, 497, Keumann, J. JV.
St. Just. L. L. de. I, 7. Abbott. J. J. C.
St. Lawrence river, the. first steamer on. IV, 85.3. Molaon.
St Louis, founded. I. tilO, Chouteau ; name of, HI, 6»tJ, Ija-
clMe ; claims ti^ land in. IV. 710, prmeren ; at theoutbrvak
of the civil war. liS ; attempt to take the arsenal at. VI,
7, Sireeny : R C. iastitutions founde<l in. IH, BSO, X«i»-
rick : V, ."SI, Roaati : school of design, HI, 164, UauUr-
son, M. F.; park of, V, 4KV .S'loir, //.
St. Ix>ui.s, S. A., colony of. II. .373. F>i>eleta.
Saint Ixiuis du Sud. Duke of, VI, liON. .Salomon.
St. I^uis university, gift tr>, IV. V>9, (t'Fallou.
St. Lucia, colony of. I. 19. .-trmxlrttnfi, Jamet.
St. Lui'ia, islaixi of, H. 7«12,Y/rrv : mavsacre In. SOS. Dupttr-
quet : capture of, 7tiH. (irant, J.; Knglish colony In, and
French, 2ti3. Duponiu't ; HI, 27U, Huudetot ; retitored to
the Dutch, .3ii5, Ihujuea.
St. Luke's hospital. New York, IV, 45.">, Muhlenberg, W.
A.: gift to. I, 11,3, A.itor, »'. B.
Salnt-Maime, M , IV. 472. .Vmw, J. B.
St. Marc. Hayti. defen«>e of, II. 1.51, De»anlinea.
Ste. Marguerite, island of. I. 202, Bazaine.
St. Marks. Fla., capture of. exe«nitions of Arbuthnot and
Ambrister. HI. X/s ; restored to Spam. 378.
St. Martha, New Oranada, founded, I. 191. Baatida*.
St. Martin, Alexis, I, 210. Beaumont, It'.
Saint Martin, island of, restored to the Dutch (inS), IH,
805, Huguea. *
St. Mary's college. Ky.. I. 4«7. Byrne. W.
St. Mary's coUtve. Md , II, 230, Dubour,, : founded, I,flW.
Calvert, L.: IV, 476, .V<i<^)/ : gift to. I. 421. Bruti.
St. Mary's college, Montreal. IV, 22U. .W<i./in, F.
St. Mary's college. S. C. founded aud burned, IV, BBS,
O'Connell, J. J.
St. Mary's college at the Bam-ns. M.. . V, 381. Roaati.
St. Mary's hall, foundetl. II. i-~ '. »'.
St. Mary's niission. foiinde<l. ! net.
St. Melnrail's priory. Ind. n
St. Michael's seminary. l*a . IV, .va itcmnor, M.
St Nicholaa, nia«raxi>M'. II. 194. Ikxige, M. if . : V. SSB,
Smith, RoaweU; B96, .Stockton. F. R
St. Nicholas club, the, IH. 7Ui). />-tv-ri</<;e.
St. Ours. Pierre de. V, 37:1. .s'r (hir>. J. B.
St. Paul, Minn., callwdral of, II, H, Cretin ; gift to, V, MBi
Rice. H. M.
St. I'aul's iH>llege, L. I , IV. 456. Muhlenberg. WT. A.
St. Paul's »chiv>l. Concord. I, 681. Coif. //. A.
St. Pierre, island of, III, OW, Lnroche, A. de.
786
ST. ROSE
St. Ro« of Lima, canonliaUon of, U. 436, Fermfndez de
8»lnte,"propoMd Canadian, UI. 035. Laval, F. X.; 714,
Ulncamtition. m , oo a h
St. Saviour, Mt. Desert island, destruction of. I, 88, ArgaU.
St Kiinoii, Miirquis de, II, 5."), Dain. „ . , .
St. Stanislmw, iiovitiaU! of. Mo.. V. 149. Quickenhorne.
St SU-l>hen'8 college, Animndale, I. KM. Bard, J.; IV, HM.
'McV,ck<ii\J.:y.47r,,Seyinour,<f.F.
St Taniiiiaiiv Magazine, the. V, 389. Sanaa, K. C.
St T»'resa, Vl. 12H. ToUilo, O. „ „ .
Saint Thomas. alleK.><l visit of, to Brazil, V, 896. Saraiva.
St. Thomas hall. Flushing, III, Vi-i,Hairks F. ^- ^ „
St Thomas home, the. New Yorit, II, 487, Floiner,R. P.
St. Thomas island, attempt to expel the Danish from, v,
4()1, Sarmiento.
Saint- Venant. J. B.. VI. 275. Venant.
St Viateur. clerks of. I. :»). Bour^et.
St. Vincent, Fjirl of. Ill, 4W, Jt-ri-M. Sir J. „ »,
St. Vincent de Paul of the Laberals, the, sobriquet, V, JJ3.
RochifiiucauUl.
Saint Vincent river, battle at. Ill, 4ft'>. Jarric
St. Xavier collefre. Ohio, III. 207, Hill, W. H.
Saltayenkwuraffhton, III, 44.'>, Johnson, J. S.
Salamanca, Iwttle of, IV, (*«, Pakenham.
Salanueva, Antonio, III. 478, Juarez.
Salas. Dr. Manuel. IV, 50. Lucio.
Salazar. Otjn. VI. 272, Kem/jnu7/a. . , ^ „ .
Salcedo brothers, rebellion of. II. 436, Fernandez de Castro.
Salem, first settler of. IV, 634. Palfrei/, Warwick ; first
house in 1, 703, Coiuint, R. : trade of, II, 147, Derby, K.
H ; :i55. Endicutt, J.; Ill, 124, 127, Hatothorne ; Rift to,
IV 257. Mdlheip, '/.; Academy of sciences and collec-
tions in, 42:1, Horse, K. S. : Peabody museum at, 089,
Pfabody, O. : Pre.scott's birthplace at, illustration, V,
112 ; witchcraft, see Witchcraft delusion.
Salem, N. C, IV. 2)0. Marschall.
Salem. N. J., colony at. II. 4.32, Fenwick, J.
Salem, Va.. fisrhtin^at, I, 121, Averell.
Salerianum. the. III, 109, Henni.
Salicylic acid, use of, I, 312, Boyland.
Salinas, battle of, II, 109, Diaz, R.; Ill, 214, Hinojo.ta ; IV,
68;}. Paullu.
Salina.s. Marquis of. III. 329, Hurtndo, O.; VI, 272, Velasco.
Salines of the Neches, battles at. III, 454, Johnston, A. S.
Sallet, Friwlrich von, I, 2!r). Bloede.
Salm," 4*rinco von, II. 5M0. Oallitzin.
Salmadena island. III, 427, Jenkins, T. A.
Salmagundi. III. WO ; IV, 679, 680, Paulding.
Salmon Falls, destruction of, II, 554 ; massacre at. III. 189,
Hertel.
Saltillo, capture of. II. 369. Escobedo.
Salt Lif'ks. capture at. I, 315. .
Salto de Alvarado. El. I, 61, Alvarado, P. de.
Saltpetre, II, 44.'>, Feuchtwnnqer.
Saltsprines, of Onondaga, discovered. III, 687, Le Moync,S.
Salt-lax, the. 1,241.
Salvado del Huerto, IV, 107, Manzo.
Salvador, revolutions in. II. 244-245. DueHas.
Salvatierra, Count de, V, 400, Sarmiento de Sotomayor ;
IV. 6.11. Palafox.
Salvatierra, founded, V, 400, Sarmiento de Sotomayor.
Salvor, capture of the steamer, V, 430, Scott, 6. H.
Samana bay company, V. .384, Samuels.
Samococes. tribe of the. II. 515. Foucher.
Sampson, Elizabeth O., Ill, 290, Hoyt. E. O.
San Ajfu.stin del Palmar, battle of, IV. 250, Matamoros.
San Antonio, battle at. VI, 681, Garibaldi.
San Antonio, Cal., mission of, V. 543, Sitjar ; III. 489. Ju-
niper n.
San Antonio, the sloon. Ill, .531-^532, Kidd.
San Antonio de (Jihraltar. rillaKed, III, 343-344, lUigen ;
taken by pirates, IV. 315. Michel. J. L.
San BartolomA, town of, IV, 567. Ojedo.
San B»?rnardino. Cal.. I. 615. Cifucntes.
San Bias, cjipture of. I, 139. Bailey.
San Buenaventura, eneairement at, I, 61, Atrjarado, J. B.
Sanchez de IIoz. VI. 22.3, V'aldivin, P. de.
Sand-I>ars, makih^ channels through. I, 77. Andrews.
Sandemanians, the. III. 397, James, H. ; tenets of, V, 386,
Sandemnn.
Sanders. Sarah. III. 360.
Sanders, Thomas. V. 886. Sanders, E. E.
Sanderson. James H.. V. 88«S, Sanderson, J.
Sandford, C, W.. III. 239. Holman, J. O.
Sandford, J. F. A.. V. 4.V>, Scott. D.
Sand Hills, enpaffement at. III. 80. Harney. W. S.
San Dieffo. captun- of, II, 266 ; V. 695. Stockton, R. F.
Sandiford. John. V. 387. Sandiford. R.
Sandoval, Dii'RO, II. 164. Diaz de Pineda.
Sandoval, Don, II, 435. Fernandez, D.; II, 615, Foucher.
Sands, Comfort. V, 389, Sands, R. C.
Sands, Oen.. I. 306.
Sandusky, Ohio, Indian conference at, III, 788.
Sandwich, college of. VI. 340. Walsh. J.
Sandwich, the, French letter of marque. III. .309, Hull. I.
Samlwlch Islands, di.scovery of the. I. 715 ; mis-sions to. II,
160, Ihbhle ; IV, 5a, 00, Lyman ; first missionaries to, V,
C86, Sprague.
SANTIAGO
Sandy Creek, engaf^ment at, VI, 610, Woolsey, M. T. ; I.
(i5. Appling.
Sandy llook. pen-name. III. 462, Jones, Alexander:
San Felij)e. colony at. V, 7:37. Sunrez, JucCn.
San Fernando. Tex., founded. I, 10. .,4cufla, J.
Sanford. Margaret, III, 331. Hutchinson, T.
San Francisco, colony near, I, 161, Baranoff : founde.d.
III. 489. Junipero ; first house in, II, 28, Culwei- ; first
American alcalde, etc.. of. 620. Geary : lawlessness in, I,
686, Coleman. W. T.; prophecy reKardiug, III. 19. Gwin,
W. M.\ gifts for charitable institutions in. 70i». Lick:
VI. 2, Sutro; hospital, founded. III. 80, Hardy, B. F.;
imrK.in, IV, 111, McDoicell, L: proposed Kinp monument,
ill, .547, King, T. S.; Key monument, illu.stration. 529.
San Francisco, loss of the. II, 702. Graham, J. L.: IV. 302.
Merchant, C. S.; V. .531, Silver; VI, 310, Wuddell, J. 1.;
3S5. Wa-Hhington J. M.
San Francisco bay, exploration of, I. 123. Ayala.
San Francis<*o medical school, I. 724, Cooper, E. S.
San Francisco theological seminary, gift to, V, 733, Stu-
art. R. L.
Sangara, Juan de. V. 301. Rodney.
San Giovanni, pupil of, VI, 108, Thursby.
Sangster. (ieorge. V. 391. Sanyster, M. E.
Sanguinaria. Ill, 1-32. Hayes, A. A.
San Ignacio, Cal., mission of. V. .542, Sistiaga.
Sanitary aid societies and fair, III, 740, Livermore, M. A.:
VI, 433. Welsh, J.
Sanitary commission, the. I. 231, Bellous, H. W.; IV, 501,
Nev-bci-ry, J. S. ; 578. Olmsted.
Sanitation, improvements in, V, 214, Reid, D. B.
San Jacinto, battle of, II, 369, Escobedo : III, 274, Hous-
ton, S.: IV, 3:i9, Miramon ; V. 393, Santa- Anna.
San Jacinto, loss of the. IV. 281. Meade, R. W.
San Jos6. Father Bernardino de, VI. 205, Uhland.
San Jos6. noted mill near. III, 709, Lick.
San Juan, founded. Ill, 329, Hurtadu, G.
San Juan, island of, II, 404. Fish. H.; 730; occupation
of, V, .5, Pickett, G. E.\ 111, 86, Harney, W. S.; 317.
Hunt. L. C.
San Juan del Obispo, city of, IV, 215. Marrnquin. F.
San Juan de Nicai-agua. destruction of. I. 322. Borland.
San Juan de Ulua. fortress of. designed. I, 83, Antonelli :
invested, 174. Barragan : 161. Baranda : engagement
at. HI. 120, Hawk-ins, Sir J. ; castle of, II. 414. 415 ; V, 441 :
surrendered by the Spaniards. VI, 288, Victoria. G.;
naval battle at, II, 223, Drake, Sir F. ; bay, of, fight in, II,
359, Enriguez.
San Juan Nepomuceno, the, at Trafalgar, 1. 614, Cliurruca.
Sankey, David, V, 892, Sankey, I. D.
San Lorenzo, battle at, II, 167.
San Lorenzo el Real, treaty of, II, 327, ElUcott.
San Lucar, I. 698.
San Luis de Loyola. Argentine. IV. 47. Loyola.
San Martin, statue of. illustration. V. 392.
San Mateo, battle of. V. 232. Ricnurte.
San Miguel, Cal., mission of, V. .543, Sitjar.
San Miguel, gulf of, I, 147, Balboa.
San Miguel de Guandape, I, 123, Ayllon.
San Pablo, battle at. HI, 341, Iqlesia.% M.
San Pablo. Fray Juan de, VI, .580, Wilis.
San Pasqual. California, engagement at, HI, 497, Keamjf,
Stephen Watts.
Sansac, Count de, VI, 142, Touchimbej-t.
San Salvador, island of, I. 697.
San S<'bastian, town of, IV. 567. Ojeda.
Sanskrit, first .\nierican editor of, HI, 40, Hall, F.
Santa Ana, capture of, I, 177.
Santa-Anna, Angel, V. .394, Santa-Anna, A. L.
Santa-Anna, capture of the, I, 500, Cavendish.
Santa Barbara, founded, II, 28. Culwer.
Santa Catalina, island of, IV. 400, Morgan, Sir H.
Santa Cruz, Gen.. IV. .508. Olafteta.
Santa Cruz, island of. colony in. IV. 296, Mendaiia.
Santa Cruz de Haltelolco, college of. IV, 297, Mendoza.
Santa Cruz del Seybo, II. 376, Esouivel.
Santa F6, N. M., insurrection in, V. 119. Price. S.
Santa Fft de Bogota, capture of. I. .304 ; obser>'atory nt>
IIL 569. Koehler, A. D.\ founded, V, 148, Quesada ; VL
226, Valanzuelu, P. F.
Santa F6 de Vera Cruz. Paraguay, U, 591, Garay.
Santa Maria, the, vessel, illustration, I. 697.
Santa Maria de la Mar Dulce, V, 29. Pinzon, V. Y.
Santa Marta, siege of, 1, 804 ; plunder of, II, 437, Fertidndet
de Piedrahita,
Santander, I, 305. •
Santareni, I, 6.3. Amenqo.
Santee Sioux Indians, the. HI. 401. Janney, A. M.
Santiago. Count of. VI. 272. Velasco, L.
Santiago de Anna, founder'. IV. 400, Munoz de Collantes.
SantiaKO de Call, founded. IV, 400. Mufioz de Collantes.
Santiago de Chile, foundi-d. HI. 2*»,5. Huden ; building of.
800. Huepon ; founder of. VI, 223. Valdivia, P. de : at-
tacked, L 734. Copatlo ; gift to, V, 392. San Martin, J. de ;
earthquake at. VI. 295. Villaroel ; academy of science,
and journals of. III. 623. Lastarria.
Santiago de Cuba, college at. VI. 223. Valdes y Sierra.
Santiago de Jerez, founded. H. 166. Diaz, Melgarejn.
Santiago de Tlaltalolco, II, 168 ; college of, 4», Focher.
SANTIAGO
8CIPI0
787
Santiago del ERt«>ro, IV, 88, Ijitpet dr Xuflioa.
BanUateban del I'lierto, Ctmnt of. I. ££!. Hrnnvittrn.
Santo DonilnKo, trt-nty with, I. KW; i-arlv fxploraiion of,
IL 8S8H, (irralilini ; I6fi, Vinz. M.: Invasii.n of. a+> Ihi-
COMP ; 874. KapinoiKi, (i ; iHiofiuit^rs of. XT!), Knjuvt-nt ;
battl«5 of luKvantHTM in. III. 'M4. Illiyrn ; coiKitierfil hv
France, intiurreciion In, attackeil by Spaniards, n-foriii,
decline of prim|)erity. II. -tJSJ, Frrruntl ; oanipaiKn of
ITU.% In, III, 6J», Im ToHche Trevillr ; attatk«"«l bv the
KhkIIhIi and 8panLsh. lO'.M-'-l. 032, Ijaurmt : ex|M-<lltion
toexpel the French, ItWI, V, SHT. Snndnrtil Siliti ; French
expedition to r»'c<in<jiier. III. 52T, Krn-rriienu ; rebelllonH
In, I, 1(0, hnrrumuet'a : II, -IIM, Fimrirlle ; .WH. (fan-
darn ; reU-llion in, III, -lOft, Jarric : h'H. K^ratrj/. C. A.
de: the revolution in, I. ((II, Chrintoithr \ III, .V«, .VM.
Jjocniix ; 0.51. Jjrclerc, V. A'.; French victt.ry. ne^rro ris-
inff, (V>2 ; barltarilies of the insurrection in, 0««. l^mj)*-
rrur ; revolutlun in, IV, lint, Mttrlmit ; Indian slavery in.
807, Montemnon, A.; nejfro insurrections in, .1B7. Mo'iitf»
quiou ; 527, Noaille* ; Enirlish invasion of, 47, Lipyauti' ;
troubles in, 17H. Unistrnl. I). M.\ French colonies in, ,V>1.
Dgeron ; the revolution in, V, .W, Polverrl ; 4<12. Street/ ;
einanciiiation proclamation. III. Bfil). Ijfhorgne ; V. oir?,
Sonthoiuur ; !50, I'olvirfl ; annexation of. to Spain. -IW.
Serrniut ; insurrection in. ilfi. Ruchumhcau, Donatiru ;
reyolt aKainst Hayti (1K1.3I, movement for annexation to
U. 8., submi.ssion to .Spain, end of Spanish rule. :f.».v;fii«,
Santana ; the co<.'hincal industry in, >x>tanieal ^ranlen.
Ill, 327, Hnon ; concerted treaty with KuKland (17!H^'H),
VI, 145 ; decree of enfranchi8»'nient, 14.5 ; Kubjufcation of
the Spanish part. 145 ; revolution, 144-145, ToiUMaint ;
expedition sent to, by Naiioleon I., 204, I'atry ; British
protectorate in. 4«(), 'WhifeUtcke ; Spanish government
in. 003, ZiKizit ; pr<.i|M>8ed annexation of, I, 134, Baez ;
II, 7I<.» ; III, 2^e, //oi/v, .S". a.\ V, 74«.
Santo Domingo, city of, slaughter at, I, 521, Caonabo ; be-
8iege<l, II. 4;il(. Ferrand.
Santonate of Htnta. introduced. II. 199. /)onaW«on, IK. H.
8&0 Paulo, gifts to the city of. Ill, 2(K), HUbeniiaz.
BSo Vicente island, colony on, V, 015, liouza.
Saplo. Signor, III. !:«. //«//«, C.
Sappho, the rival of. III, 708, />»rw», EntelU.
Baragan or Antonio island, colony in, VI, 293, Villaloftoa.
Sarandi, battle of, V, 200. Rivera.
Saratoga, battle of, I, 95 ; 887, Hronlu, John ; 4M. Bur-
goyne; 11,615, Gates, H.; IV, 896 ; V, 66, Poor, E.: iM,
RiedfM'l; VI, 511, WilkinMin; monument at. Illustra-
tion, II, 615 : Morgan's residence, illustration, IV 897.
Saratoga, the, in the battle of Plattsburg, IV, 107, Mac-
donouyh.
Saratoga Springs, founder of, hotels at, V, 142, Putnam, O.
Saroognomy. I, 430, huchannn, J. H.
Sargent, Daniel. V. :«H. Sarfjent, H.
Sargent, John. VI. 31W. Wuitx, S.
Sargent. Judith. IV. Mm. Murry. J. S.
Sargent, William and Epes, V, 897, Sargent, P. D.
Sartain's Union Magazine, V, 401, Sartain, J.
Sartoris, Algernon. II Ti^.
Sass, Job, pen-name, II, 521. Foxcroft, O. A.
Sossacus. the. II, 1U5, Davis, J. L.\ nght of, with the Albe-
marle. V. 302, Ror. F. A.
Satourlona, Chief, IV, .W, Olotoraca ; V, 85, Pofaooi*.
Satterlee, MaJ. W., V, 403. S<itterlee. R. S.
Saturday Magazine, the. III. 737, Littell, E.
Saturday Night club. the. I. 220. Bell, C.
Saturiba, Indian chief. II, 697. Hourtixwa.
Saturn, discovery of the eighth satellite of, I, 313, Bond,
W. C: rings of. IV, 701, Ptirce.
Saude, Francisco de. III. S81. Lnbetarett.
Saugus, Maw., iron-ore at. III. 425, Jtmcken. J.
Sault Sainte Marie, settlement of. III, 4&H, Johnston, J.;
founde<l, IV. 213. Marquette.
Saumur, P^rance. sch(M)| at. II. 55, DailU.
Saunders, Courtland, V. 404, Saunders, E. D.
Saunders, James, V, 405, Saunders, R. M.
Saunders, Richard, pen-name, II, 528.
Saunders. William. V. 405. Saunders, R. M.
Saur, Chrlstophe. V. 616, Sower.
Sausamon, John. IV, 756.
Saut du Recollet. the. V. 860. Sagard.
SauvA. M., II. 146. lirrhigny.
Sauvolle. I, 259. Bienville ; HI, V», Tbermlle.
Savage, MaJ. Thomas. V, 405, Savage. J.
Savage's Station, battle at. III. 669 ; IV. 82.
Savannah, founded. IV, 565, Oglethorpe ; Moravian colonv
at, V, 881, Spungentterq ; siege of, in the Revolutionary*
war, I. 852. Bethisy ; 511, Canifthell. .Sir A : II. 715 ; .37?.
EstMug; 111,888, Hotre. R.; 801, Hnner. /.: V. 41. Pli'
viUe: 184. Pulaski; 057. Stedingk : VI. 624. Wrinht. Sir
J.; 472, White. J : IV. 2HK : incident of the slegi' of.
«B, Lynch. I. dr : capture of. in 1H64. V. MM. .Vi5 : orphan
house at VI. 47K, Whitefirld ; Pulaski's monument at.
Illustration, V, 1.33.
Savannah, the, privateer. II. 99 ; VI. 698. Rogers.
8avh)g-fund society, the first, IV. 744. Peters, R.
Savings-banks, inventor of a system for use In, V, 887.
Sprague, C. E.
Saw-mill machinery, invention of. I. ATI, CotJtran, J. W.;
III, 485, Jenckes, J.
Saws. Improvements In. II. IRi. Di*stnn.
Sawtelle, Cullen, V, 406, SatetetU, C Q.
Saw tooth, the adjustable, and ohlsal-Ut, V. OH.
I'lj;. A'. W.
Sawj er, Addison. V. 408, Saumrr, H.
Sawyer, (i. P.. III. l.Vl. Heard.
Sawyer. Jiweph, V, MM. Suiryer, S.
Saxe. Marshal. II. 177. hirsknu.
Saxe Holm. |)en-nanie. III, 3M0, Jackson, H. M. F.
Say. William. V. 410. .Say. T.
Saybrook plantation, II, 431, Fenu-ick, O.; fort at, an.
Gardiner : Indian attack on, V, 402, Sasaac^u ', VL SBl
K<i»i Tiritter : 574.
Saybnsjk platform, the, V, 15, Piemitont, J.; 380, Balkm
Htall, a.
Sayreu. Caleb Smith, V, 412, Sayret. E. 8.
.Sayri Tujiac, IV, 47, Ijnuolu.
Scales, improvements hi. VI, 4.'>4. Wheeler, 8.', InveDtlan
of platform. II. 4«>, Fairlxiuks. T.
Scamiiion lagoon. V, 413, .Srunimon. C. M.
S<-andinavian literature. <N>llection, IV, 217, Martk, O. P.
ScanlaiKl. l>r. S. E . III. 601, i>oriarrf, A.
Scarisirough. the C<nintes8 of, HI, 4flH.
Scarlet fever, theory conivrning. II. 23«, fhihois. H. A.
Scarstlale. Ix>rdship and Manor of. HI. 1.S5, Heathoote..
Scary creek, engagement on, IV. Hi, Lowe. J. W.
S<.-atterg<xMl. Joseph. V. 414, Scatlergood. T.
S» haeffer. Rev. Fre«lerick S.. V. 415. Schaeffer. C. W.
S^-haghticoke, Knickerbocker house at, flluiitration, UI.
.V51 ; prince «if. 561.
Schapenhaiii. Vice-Admlral, VI. 288, Veriehoor.
.Scharf. Thomas O., V. 416, Scharf, J. T.
Schaumberg -Lippe, Count. I. 45.3, Burgoyne.
SchelTer. Ary, pupils of, I, Itt!, BarthoUii; TV, 727, Per
kin*. C. C.
Scheie de Vere, VI, 278, r«*, M.
Schelling. I. M.
Schenck, Roelof Martense. V. 417. Schrnrk. J. F.
Schen»*ctady, founded, VI, 239, t'aii Curler ; burning of.
and massacre at, II. 551 : HI, 8.39, ItterviUe ; 577, Kryn ;
CH7. Ije Mnyne. James; VI, 87, Tas*emacKer.
Schenkl. John P., V. 701, .SVone, E. W.
SchiefTelin, Jacob, V, 4\%,Schieffelin, B.
Schiernding. Baron von. II, 650, Frey.
Schiller, wreck of the. II, 180, Dimock, S.
Schillich family, the, V. 490. SheeleigK.
Schilling. Uustav, IV. 490. Seuendorff.
S«-himi>er, Prof. Karl, I. .34; U, .356, Engelmann, O
Schiriner. M., II. 019, Gay, E.; HI. VH. Hart. J. M.
Schlagintweit, liermanu and Adolf, V, 420, Schlagint-
weit. R.
Schlelermacher. Friedrich, VI. 538. Willich.
Schlett«-rer, Hans M.. pupil of. V, 864, Ritter, F. L.
S<'hlo8sberger, Augusta, V. 260.
Schlosser, IVof., I. l.W.
Schmeltau, Augustine, 11. 580. Onllittin.
Sclimettau, Count v., II, .180, 0<Utitxin.
Schmidt. Dr.. HI. 161, Helmuth.
Schmitt. Jacob, pupil of, VI, 121, TYmm.
S«'hneider. Fre<lerick. I. HO. .4nj>rAtifr.
S<'hoenbrunn. Museum of. III. 396. Jacguin.
Schomburgk. Morris R.. V, 42+-t25. Schomtmrgk, R H.
Schoinlmrgk. Otto. V. 425, Schomhurgk. R. H.
S<-hoolcraft. James. V, 425. Sch<»,lcraft. L.
Schools, of "Artset metiers." the. France. V, 8SS, Roehe-
foucauld ; bill on income of common, II, 245, Duer, W.
A.; monitorial, 516. Finrle, W. B.; foreign-born tcacbera
in, V, 471.
Schoiiten. Cornells. IH. 684. /> ifai're.
Schouten island. V. 427. Schouteti.
Schroe<lter. Adolf. IV. 407. Morrell. I. R.
.Sthulte. Otto H., IV. 91. MacColl, M. J.
Schumacher. H. A.. I. 79. Anghiera.
Schuyler. Alida, HI. 741, Uvingston, R. ; VI, 851. Van »ma-
selaer, S.
Schuvler. A rent. V. 430. Schuyler, P.
Schuyler. Brandt. I. 291 , Blercker, A. E.
Schuvler, Cornelia. HI. 748, Uvingston, Walter.
S<huyler. Elifa»)eth. III. 57. 60.
S<>hirvler, Oertmde. I. 670. Cochran. John.
S<-huyler. John. V, 431, ."4 Aiiu/rr. P. J.
S<'huyler. Madame. H. 707. Grnnl. Anne.
\-i •-,! \'nn Rensselaer, S.
ler. Peter.
n, V, 4.3S.
..umeot at, illustration, U, 815.
S,huyler. ^I--
.S<-hiiyler, I"
Schuyler li'
S<-huyler\ili. .
Sm- SARAT<Kli
S<hwab. Mi<ha<|. V. 68S, Ato.
Siiem-e. a mart vr of. II, W, Dnrfia, N.
.s«-ience, popular kntun-s on, V, .^9M, SiSO: and reliKloa.bar
mon V of , V, 509^ 510. .Sh ields, C. W. ; populartiatioa of, VL
04S, VoiimaiM, E. I..
Sdenoe, periodical, V. 443. .'irudder. s H.
Soleooea, Natlooal academy, gift. V| .398. Watmm, J. a
SelentUlc apparatus. Invention of, IV. fO. Lvmnn, C. 8.
Soientiflo expedition, flnrt Amerlcnn, VI. 5A HVaikrap, J.
Scio. massacTP In. I. 000. Cnltoimretses.
Scioto land com|>anv. the. I. 186, Barlow, J,
Scipio. pen-name, 111, SS.
788
SrlTUATE
SctUiato. harbor of refuge at, IV, 55, Lunt, G.
HcoMlnK trial, a, V. SW. Royall, A.
Boolithus liiiHaris, the. III, 2U. Hnldeman.
Hoollay, William. VI, 2tW. Vuughan, C.
Sculve, John. VI, HI. Szkolny.
Hoolt, Oari>liiie W.. VI. (kS5. Hnrruton ; 680.
H(M>tt, C%>rii»-lia, V, 44-,', Seott, H. L.
Koott, Rev. JaiiH'S, V, 4ai, .St(>«, O-
HouU, John W!, VI. mi, Hanuion, C. S.
Bc(>U, I>iwiK Allair.'. V. -137. Siolt, J. M.
Bnott, ThoTna.-*. munlfr of, V, 252. Kiel.
Scott, Sir Waltt-r. I, 37. AiniiUe ; V, IM. Rne. J.
gcuU, WiiiHeld, hi.s grave, illustration. V, 441 ; Brown s
statue of, 442.
Scourge of the SpaiiiardH. the, IV, 481. Aou.
Soranton, Fa , name and growth of. V. 442, Scranton.
Serf w-auger, llie. Ill, 176, Henry, H'.
Screwdriver, automatic. V, 4H4, .S'/inrer.
Sorew-propellors. Invention of. II, 017, Galling ; V, 408,
Sawyer. S. ; V. (17.1.
Scribe, Kugi^ne. II. »W0. (iorostiza.
ScrilH-r, Peter, letters, II. iM. Ihivbu. C. H.
Scribner. Arthur H.. V. 44:1. Scribiier, C.
Scribner, John Blair. V. 443. Scribner, C.
Bcribners Magazine. V. 44;i. Scribner, C.
8t!ribner"s Monthly. III. 32, Hale, K. E. ; 2:J5, Holland, J.O.;
V, 443, Scribner ; 5t«), Smith, Rosuell.
Scr(M>by Manor, I. »4H. Hrndford, IV. ; 371, Brewster. W.
Sculpture, pioneers of American. II, 161, Dexter, H. : in-
vention IV)r use in. III, UW. Hart, J. T.; new processes
ill, 2(58. llonmer. H. ; V. 98, Poweis. H.
Scythes, inventor of metho<l for making. l\\ 592, Orr, R.
Seahury, Kev. (.'harles. V. 446, Seiibury. S.
S<«biiry. house of Bishop, illustration. V. 44»!.
Seal of "the U. S. thinl, illustration. VI, 480.
S«*alchraig, .Vlexander. V. 4.')7. Selkirk.
Seaman's ai<l six-iety. Ill, 35, Hale, S. J.
8«'amen. See Saii-ok.h.
Seamen's friend s<»cieties. Ill, 0.10, Jj'avitt.
Sea miner, the, invention of. III. 320. Hunt, K. B.
Search, right of. on the high seas. I. 5,52.
Searing, Kdvvard W.. V. 447, Searing, L. C.
Searle. Cyril. II. «>«. Eytinge.
Searli'. January, pen-name, VI. 096, Phillips.
Se«rle, Nathaniel. VI. 4.')0. H'heuton, H.
Sears, Ri<-hard, V. 448. Searx, I.
S.'ars. Timelier. V. 448. .Sears, R.
Sea-serpent, the, VI. 632.
Seaton. Lord. I, 082. CoUtorne.
Sealon. Henr>-. V. 448. Seaton. W. W.
Sea-urchins, the Pourtalesia. V. 93. Pourtalis.
Sea Venture, the. wreck of, II, 616, Gates, Sir T. ; V, 571 ;
710. .Strachei/.
Seiiver. .James E.. IFI, 424. Jeniixnn, M.
S.-awell. .lames M., V. 48i). Shnfler. J. M.
Sehald islands, the. III, 371, Ineit ; discovery of, VI, 5S7,
Woert.
B«»cc«5mb, Richartl. V. 449. Srcromh. Joseph.
Secession, threatened (1789). V. aW, Rntledge, J.; III. 381 ;
early advoca<'v of. opjKisition to. V. 611 : medal struck
In 1832. III. 412 : CJeorgIa •' platform of 1850." 42(i. Jen-
kius, C. J. : alleged Intended, of New England, I, 27 ;
ordinance framed in 18->1. IV. 59;^. Orr, J. L.: S. C.
convention of 1K52. 283, Mean^. J. H.; movement for
..(1851-'2), V, 230. Rhett, R. B.: In 1860-'1, 1, 2?2. Black,
J. S. ; 41.5. Broirnlnw : 4;i4 ; Buchanan on. +15 : right
of, 500 ; first advocated In congress, V, 1.52 : of Vir-
5inia. Ill, 608, Ue, R. E. : (iit9, IMcher, ./.: 705. Lenis,
. F.: 717. 718 : of the southern states. II. 99 : VI. 13:}.
Toombs : VI. 037. Yancey : constitutional status caused
by, II. 186. Dixon. James : plot to seize Washington,
etc.. 429; moh-violence. III. 437 ; Lincoln's inaugural
on. 717-718 ; Virginia anti-coercion resolution. V. 280,
Rotiertson, W. ; peace convention, VI, 199. See Wab,
THE CIVIL.
Socesaionl.sta, confidential mission to, U, 38, Cashing.
S«^eker. Thomas. I. 730. Cooper. M.
S4fker. Dr . IV. 275. Mnyheir. J.
S»><.-on<l Advent, the. IV. .330, Miller, W.
Seon-t aenice. U. 8., I, 14.5, Baker, L. C.
Se<ldon. Thomas and John. V. 449. Seddnn, J. A.
Sedgwick. Charles. V. 4.52. Sedqirick. E. D.
Se<|gwick. H. and D., II, 447, Mwrf. D. D.
S«'dirwick house, the. at Stockton, illustration. V, 458.
S^-illlion act. the, I. 23. See Alie.s and sedition acts.
Seelye. Lillie E., II. 31.5. EQqleston, E.
S«-«-mOller, Anne M., II. 1. Crnne.
fo'i'r, the. magazine. V. 108, Pratt, O.
Seevfr, Mr. II. 247, Duff, M. A.
S«'gar, William. V. .571.
'ieguln. Elizabeth. IV, 046. Parepa.
S.-lgnplay. M.. II. 252. Du Lhut.
8elsmoIog>-. researches in, IV, 296, Afendenhall, T. C; VI.
.575. lYinthrnp. J.
Selxas. flershom. IV. 349. Mi f chill : 654. Parker, T.
S.'linsgrove. Pa., missionary institute at. III, 579, Kurtz, B.
Sellen. W.. III. 39. Hall. D.
Selma. Ala., capture of. IV. 9. Limn, Eli.
SeljTw, Dominie, IV, 2.55, Mather, C.
SHANLY
Selyns Henricus, quoted, VI, 249, Van Nieuwenhwjsen.
Seml-Colonclub, the, V, 714. , „, „„ ^ . , ,
Seminary of Our Lady of Angels. IV, 63, Lynch, J. J.
Semlnoles, the, ware with, I. 268 ; 495) ; II, 568. Gadsden,
.tames ; 572. Gaines, E. P.; Ill, 378; IV, 599, Osceola ; V,
440. Scott. Winjicld : VI, M.
Semple. I^etitia. VI, 199, Tyler, R.
Senat, Father, I, 99, Artaguette ; VI, 298, Vincenne*.
Senate, the U. S., representation in, I, 215, Bedford, G.;
case of self election to, 191. Bateman ; president of. III.
609, Langdon, J.; constitution of, IV, 16(-168 ; assault in
the, V, 747, 749 ; 1, 38!), Brooks, P. S. ; panic session of,
VI, 29 : resignations, I, 700, Conkling ; V, 38, Piatt, T. C.
Seneca Falls, first Woman's Rights convention at, V, 6.50,
Stanton, E. C. • , . ,
Senecas, the, last missionary to, II. 608. Gamier : chief of,
V, 205, Red-Jacket ; mission to, VI, 620, Wright, A.
Senex, pen-name, VI, 57, Tazeuell : 221, Vaill.
Seney, Rev. Robert, V, 461, Seney, G. L
Sensitometer, invention of a. 111, 271, Hough, Q. W.
Sentmanat, Gen., I, 67, Ampndia.
Sepoy rebellion, the. 1. 664, Clyde.
Septuagint, first English version of the. VI, 97, Thomson, C.
Sequas.son, VI, 2<>8, Uncas.
Serai)is, fight with the Bon Homme Richard. Ul, 468.
Serena. Chili, destruction of, lU, 800, Huepon.
Sergeant, John, IV, 711, Penington, J.
Sergeant, Margaretta, IV, 280.
S<irigny, Sleur de, III. 687, Le Moyne, Joseph.
Serlngapatam, capture of. III, 91, Hai-ris, G.
Serpents, investigation of the venom of. IV, 844, Mitchell,
S. W. ; antidote for bites of, 472, Mutts.
Serrano, RtKlriguez, IV, 173, Magellan.
Serre, Henri. II. 577, Gallatin.
Serval. M.. 11. 241, Du Chaillu.
Sease, IV, 3.50, Mocii'io.
Setauket, L.I., founded. 11. 488, F7oj/rf,«. ,„,.„
Seton Hall college, founded, I, 200, Bayley, J. R.; IV. 1.59,
McQnaid.
Seven days' battle, the. III. 669 ; IV, 82.
Seven pillars, the. II, 294. Eaton, T.
Seven Pines, battle of. V. 161, Rains, G. J. See Fair Oaks.
Seventy-fours in disguise, lU, 313, Humphreys, J.
Seven Years' war, the, 1, 591, Chatham ; U, 726, Grasse ;
VI, 303, Viomhiil.
Sever, James Warren. V, 466, Sever. A. E. P.
Severn. Md., engagement at (16.56), V, 704, Stone, W.
Sevier, Valentine, V, 460, Sevier, J.
SeviguA. Madame de. subject of drama by, 1, 109, AsgiU.
Sevilla Nueva, founded, 11. :176, Esquivel.
Seville, cathedral library of, I, 699, Columbus, F. ; CoUego
of Conception at, IV, .551, Ocampo, G. de.
Sewall, Rev. C. C, V, 469, Sewall, Samuel.
Sewall, Jonathan, V, 473, Sewell.
Sewall, K. B.. V, 470, Sewall, R.,K.
Sewall, Miss. IV, 10, Longfellow, S.
Sewall's Point, engagement at, II, 287, Eagle.
Sewanee, Tenn., univereity at, V, bT.PoOc, L.; 155, Quin-
tnrd.
Seward, Asahel, VI. 534, Williams, W.
Seward, Olive R., V. 472.
Seward, Dr. S. S., V, 470, Seward. W. H.
Steward, William H., his home, illustration, V, 472.
Sewerage, systems of, VI, 3.59, Waring.
Sewing-machines, invention of, III, 602, T.nmson, D. L. ;
279. Howe. E.; V, .542, Singer ; VI, 454, Wheeler, N.; 546,
Wilson, A. B.; largest factory of, 546, Wilson, A. B.; in-
vention of improvements. HI. 273, House, J. A.
Sexby, Edward, pen-name. V, 151, Quincy, J.
Seyfried, I. X., IV, 204, Maretzek.
Seymour, Edward, V, 443, Scribner.
Seymour, Horatio, his home, illustration, V, 477.
Seymour, Jonathan, III, 87, Harper.
Seymour, Ozias, V, 478. Seymour, O. f>.
Seymour, Richard, V, 478, Seymour, M.
Seymour, Rev. Storrs O., V, 478, Seymour, M. H. >
Shahona, Chief, V, 403, Sauganash.
Shackamaxon. IV. 714.
Shackelford, W. F.. II, 180, Dinnies.
Shadford, George. V, 180, Rankin, T.
Shadow, the, sobriquet. II, 177, Diente.
Shadrach, rescue of. III, 34, Hale. J. P.
Shady Side, anonymous book, Ul, 294, HubbeU, M. S.
Shafter, James. V, 480, Shaffer, O. L.
Shafting, invention of coupling for, V, 458, Sellers, C.
Shakers, the, VI, 492, ir/i if ^afc«'r, J. •
Shakespeare, E<imund, V, 480, Shakespeare, E. O.
Shaking Quakers, the. 111, 6.56, Lee, Ann.
Shakspeare-Bacon controversy, the, I, 180, Bacon, D. ;
III, 24:1, Holmes, N. ; IV, 5M, 0'C<mnor, W. D.
Shakspeare, William, map referred to by, HI, 297 ; theory
as to plays of, IV, 400, Morgan, J. A.; supposed sugges-
tion of "The Tempest," II, 616, Gateji, Sir T. ; V, 571 ;
dedication of poems by, 6!;i, Southampton.
Sbakspereana, collection of, I, 188, Barton, T. P.
Shanghai, marking of channels in the harbor of, I, 4,
Abbot, Joel : rebels in. 111, 11. Ov^t.
Shanks, John T., VI. 8. Sireet. B. J.
Shanly, Francis, V, 481, Shanly, W.
SHANNON
SILVER-TOXUIKI)
780
Rhannon, th<*, defeat of the CbMapMikp by, HI, <M0, Law-
rrnrr. J : 1. 3«», Hroke.
Shapely, Caiit , M, 509. Fumte*, B.
Sharp. Dr.. Vl. atl. WntMin. E.
Sharj', John. |>sciiili)riym. V, 00, Potter. J. S.
Sharp, Ri>lHTf, III. KW. Harrimtn,J. A.
KluiriH', (Jov.. VI, !}7.'>.
Sliiiriwbiirt;, l)attlc> of. III, 902, Jackton, T. J. ; 870. Bee
ASTIKTAM.
SharswixMl. JaincA. V, 4H3, Shnrtwood, O.
Shalluok. (!.>..rif<-. I. •Wl. Cuit, H. A.
Bhaw. FraiitiM, v. -Wfl, Shntr, S.
Shaw, FraiuiB (J , IV, «, />»«-<•«. J. S.
Khaw, Kir John. U. SVl, fhuiue, H'.
Shaw, J.Mwphine, III, iW, Hoey : IV, 43, Lowell, J. S.
Shaw, Jdshiia, V, -Kil, Hartain, J.
Shaw, Maj., VI, 878.
Shaw, Mrs., ac-trt'ss. ni, M, UnmhUn. T. .«?.
Khaw, R*'v. OakfS. V, 4XT, Skair, Ijemuet.
Shaw. Th<>nia.s and Mary S . Ill, 84«, Homes, if. S. S.
Shaw, Wilham, V, iTTa, Robert. C. R.
Sliawk, AlH-l, I, .<JK'), Rrooka. C. S.
Bhawintit (|{<iMt<>ni. Hcttleinent of. III, 44S, Jokiuon, Itaac ;
VI, 107, Trumhiilt. J. K.
Shawiitv Pr<iph«-t, the, II, ."»S, EUokwatnirn.
Shawmvs, Ihf, in the lt«'volution, I. fit.'fi, (5.T ; wars with,
II. (HO, OibMin. J.; Ill, 96, »7 ; 350, IikjUm. M.: 701, l^iris.
Andrew ; IV, 2, Lnuan, H. ; h. I^M/an, John ; 'isw. Stenunl.
U. H.\ V, 491. .S'Arftij/. £.; VI. 5d, TVcunuwA ; :«3. W<ilk-
inthe-Wattr ; 678, Corrmtnlk.
Shawome^ R. I.. II. 690, Gorton.
Shaw 8oh(«)l of botany, 11, STM, Engehnann, O.
Shaw university, V, 563, Smitti. E. E.
Shavs's rehelli.m. V. 4K7. 4HH. Shays ; VI, 379.
Sheixffe. William. V. 4H9. Shenffe, Sir R. H.
Kheehan. James W.. II. 216. DoiK/las. S. .4.
Siieffleld. Lortl, 1. 30 : II. Hi, Cttxhnuin, R.; quoted, HI. 410.
Shekelton, Dr.. U, :i3H. Elliot, (i. T.
Shelbiirne, I»rd. II. 5aa ; III. 409. 412. Jay ; 588, Lafayette ;
V. 120, Priextletf ; VI. a66-2tr7. V'miyhan.
Shelby. N. Y.. Indian relics in. II, 39. Gushing. F. H.
Shelbv, Va.. site of. V. 9H. Powhatan.
Shelilon. Catherine J . IV. 92. MrCook, J.
Sheldon. Electra M., V. 6H5. Stewart. E. M S.
Sheldr)n. Ismio E., V. 492. Sheldon, S.
Sheldon. Dr. John, pupil of. V, tH, Pott, W.
Shelley, P. B . 111. 34.'.. Imlay.
Shelley family, the. III. 47.
Shelly, pupil of. V. 277, Roltertson. Alexander.
Shelter island, estate on. IV. .MS. \icollg, W.
Shelton, K«'v. Philo. V. 4tW, Shelton. W.
Shelton, Sarah. III. 17."V. Henry. P.
Shenandouh, army of the, V. 4i»9.
Shenandiuih. the steamer. VI, 810, Waddell. J. S.
Shenandoah Valley, fiKhting in the, I, 1&8, Bankt, N. P. ;
V, 4S>9, Slirridan.
Shenijee, 111. 424, Jemison. M.
Shepard. Alexander. Ill, ZiX Holland, S.
Shepard. Rev. Thomas, II. 328 : IV. 314, Milchrll. J.
ShepartI, William, fXMi-name. VI. 811, li'tdth, H'. «.
Shejtard ritles. the. II. 441. Frrrero.
Shepherd. Rezin D.. VI. 144. Touro.
She|>ley, Joseph, V. 45*6, Shepley, J.
Rheppard. Nathan. V. 496. Shepixird. M.
Sheppard's railroad, V, 496, ShrpiHird, F.
Sherf.lan, Richard Brinsley, II, 247. Dufferin.
Sheridan'K riile. illustration. V. 499.
Sherlock, in-n-name, V, 614. Southwick.
Sherman. Charles. V, .VW, .Sherman. J.
Sherman, Urant, Lincoln, and Porter, illu5(trf>tlon, V, .VKl.
Sherman. John, V, 501, Sherman, Rogr^ ; 502, Sherman,
n'dltam T.
Sherman, Samuel. V. Mi. Sh'^man. W. T.
Sherman, 8. S., III. 617, Lapham, W. B.
Sherman. Gen. W. T., quoted, II, 65, Dana, C. A.\ III. 74,
Hancock : his Memoirs, L 687, CoUman, W. T. ; Mrs.
Sherman. II, tJ.V>, (iillegpie ; drawing ''y, Vl, 874.
Sherwood, John. V, .VW. .Shertnood, M. E.
SherwtXHl, Kate B., subject of a ytoem by. ITl. 674, Kountz.
SherwiXKl. Katherine. IV, 111, McDotrell. K. S.
Sherwood. Ri-v. Lyman H., V, HV., Shertntttd. H'. H.
Sherwood, Kosina R.. V. .VIH. Shrrw<»>d. M. K.
Sherwotxl. Samuel. VI. 387. Wat^-rman. T. O.
Sheshequin. Pa.. IV. 374. Montour. E.
Sheweir. KlizalH-th. VI. 431>. Went, B.
Shields. John. V, .V»9, Shietdn. M.
Shikellamv, Chief IV, 4, hnjiin, Jofin ; VI, 5, .^iirntane.
Shiloh, Iwttleof. 1, iW. H,oiirr,/ord: 11.421, Feiiriug. B. P.;
711 ; III, l.V>, 4V) : IV. -'12. .Mnrmadtikr ; V, .330, Rowley ;
.V)3 : VI. 7, .Virvf n// ; IVi'i. Wallace. H'. //. L
Shindler. Rev. Rolwrt D., V, 510, SMndler, Mary.
Shine, Elizabeth. II. 413.
Shinffle machine, invention of a. I. 728, Cooley, A. A.
Shinnecock ItidinuH, the, II. 2ft. Cxiffee.
Ship buJid.Ts. home for, VI. 401, Wrhtt, W. H.
Shij) island. II, 416 : III. 330, Iberville ; enKSgement near,
V, ."IHO. Smith. Melanclon.
Shipo. William. V, 511. Shivn, R.
8bippen, Ann Home, III, 745, Livingtton, H. B.
Bhlppon, I>r. Jowph O . V, 51.3. Hhlpifm. E.
Shippeo. lUfKarrt. 1. 05 . V. 5i3. .•Aii>M-n, K.
Shippen. Richard. V, .'.n sv. ..,.-,. H
Khiplien, Rev Roliert. \ ;.. n. E.
Ship|M-n. William. V. :.: E.
ShippinK, subiddkM fur, i. -. . .iiacrican. In W<
in, MO, Knox.
Sliipplnic and OommerciaJ UaA. tb«>, IV. MO. O" Brian, H.
Shipping laws, I, KH.
Shipradway, (wUeiit of a, I, ."STH. f'hanniny. II' F.
Shi|>-raisin>c machine, inventeil, I. 2>«. Hlodgrl. S.
8hi|M, invention for. I. 419, Brunei. M I : itreiiaration for
Iron. II. Wa. Uitbornr : capture of BriilMh. III. »*, //«»/>-
kins, E. and J. B : building of, II, £«, Erkford ; 7M,
Urifflths, J. W . Ill, 31.3. Jlumphreys. J: V, SIM 900.
Roach, J.; inventor of Hteerioff-apparatuM for, IV, ftlfl,
Sicolstm, S.; mK**)! fitnire-heaichi for. V. V>\. Rtuh, W.;
auparatuK to measure velocity of. 400. Saxlon ; meUiod
of navijnUinK in shallow water. 416. .Schnnk. J.: cuahioa
for wire riKging for. .M.'i. .Shock : air|M>rtH and bolt-ex-
tractor, VI, 556. M'l/xou, T. D.; tdgnalM. iuveulion of, II.
602. Uisbortie.
Shoemaker. Samuel. V. ISO. Rawle, W.
Sh(M>tinK- matches. II. .Vi. Itakin.
ShootinK-stars, ol>ser«-atious of. IV, 18, Loomis, E.', 877
(Umsted, I). Sf*^ Mktboruixxiy.
Short-hand, system of, invented. II, 5«7.
Shortridge, Rev. E. W., II. 4^3. Foltz, C. S.
Shrew8bur\-, l>onl. 111. .%31-,V12, Kidd ; VI, 22. Talbot, T.
ShurtletT. Dr. Benjandn. V. 519. Shurtleff. S. B.
ShurtlefT. RolH-rt. iweudonvm. V. 382, fiampaon. D.
Shurtleff .-oIlcKe. f.Hmdinp of. IV. 006. Peck. J. U.; gift*
to. II. aw. tyhrardx. C; V. 519. .Shurtleff, X. B.
Shyri.s. the. VI. 272, Velasco. Juan.
Siam. kin(; of. alx>lition of slaver}- In, III, OOS. Leonowens',
tn-aty with. W>. Harris. T.
.'Siamese twin.H, the. I. .^75, Chang.
.Sibbald. Sir An<ln'W. VI. .VSl. Wilson, H'.
Sibbald. Janu-s. VI. .Vil, H'i7«>»i, H'.
Sil)l)s. Richard. II. 8:1. Iktrenporl. J.
SilN'ria, exploration in. III. 516. Kennan ; 655. Ledyard, J.
Sibley, Maj. Caleb C. VI. 245, I'aa Dorn.
Sibley, Mrs. H. W., Ill, 87. Harjter.
Sibley, John, V, .520, Sit>ley. G. C.
SdKM'oces. tribe of the. II, 515, Foucher.
Sibylline I^eavt-s. anonymous l>ook. IV. 751. Phelps. J. W.
Sicard. A\M>. I. 212. «./.(Viii ; II. .579. Gallafulel. T. H.
Sicily, rebtdlion in. IV. 443, Molt, ('.; conquest of, VL, 081,
(larilHildi.
Siddons, Cecilia. I. 700, Combe.
SIddons. Sarah. 111. 3ilo : 510. Kemhle. C.
Sidney, pen-name, V, 356. Ruther/oord. J. C; VI. (BQ,
Yates. A.
Sidney. Aljcemon. TV, 712. 7IS.
Sidney, Algernon, pen-name, II, TtIB, (Irangsr, O.; V, MB,
Roane. ,S.
Sidney. Margaret, pen name, IV, 38. Lotkrop, H. 11.
Siejfhen. I*rince. I. .328, Bougainville.
Sit'Kvolk, Paul, IV. 258. Maihetrs. A.
Sierra I>*one, settlement in. I. 1.32. Bacnn, S.
Sierra .Madre. pn>i<>ct«>d republic of, VI. 890. Vidaurrt.
Sierra Morena, colonies in. IV. .569. (Vavide.
Sieste, Conielis, pupil of. VI. 247. Von Eltett.
Si(;ma. |)en-name. V, 31W, Sargent. /-. .V.
SiKiials, system of, by mirrf>rs. IV, 78. McCauley. C. .4. H.'.
system of marine. 216. Marruat. fyederick : army and
weather, 473. Mi/er ; marine, V, 305, Roger; H. J. ; meth-
od of, VI, 180, tultle, H P.
Sljoial shells. Improvement in. VI. 141. Totten. C. A. L.
Signal telegraph, invention of a. V. 216.
Sigoigne. A.I.Me. 11. 201. Ihmtielly, E. C.
Sijfourney, Charles. V. .525. .Siijouf^ey, L. H.
Sdentinri'us, Pauliis, IV. 755. Philes.
Silent senator, the, V, 734. .Sturgeon.
8ilk-<nilture. intnKluction of. IV. 885. Miner. C: V. IflSi,
Pnnce. W. R.; into South Cantlina. III. 446, Johnsom,
Sir X. : manuffccture of. I. .5W. Cheney. H'. ; 667, 0066,
J H : first, in V S., V. 361. Ryle.
Silk stockini; company, the. I. 4W. Cndtralader. J.
Silk st<K>kinKS. the. iV. .525. .Viron. J
Silk-wonn, the. first introduce<l into America, II. 135, Del-
gadillo : into VirKinla. 17«, Digges. E.: the new, V, 681,
Stetrardson.
Siller>-. foimded. 111. 682. /> Jeune ; V. 3*7, Sillery ; battle
i>f. tV, 468. Murray, .lame*.
Silliman. Judire E»>enewr. V. 5«7. .Silliman, O. 8.
Silliman. (;old S . III. 471. Jones, T.
Sdveh», Manuel. IV, 301, Merino.
Silver, invention for freelui;. III, 570, Koeikig, O. A.
Silver c<iitini-- !M '■"'
Silver curr. •u'emlnif. I. «0, Bland, R. P.; qae»>
tion of. \'l "I.
Silver-irra.\ 1 '••■■ - T.
Silver lake- ■<«
Silver-lead ' 1 10. Wheatley.
v^i'---— t, ..-....;.:. /rldt.
lie, the, I. -At. Adam*. S.: III. Vtt
I ie«l orator of New Hampshire, the, U, 067, O0M,
;/.
790
BiMMS
SMITH
HiniiDfl, W. O.. his home, illustration, V, 5S4.
Simonldes. III. MI, A'iiic/, J.
8imon<)B«'ki iiulfiiinity, the. III. 272, Hoxue, E. H.
Himons. Oeii. Juiim-s. VI. 4im. Wi(jfM.
Btmonson. Dr. A. S., V. .'>:«!. Simuimon. J. S.
Kimon the Wajfouer. i>seu<loiiyin, II. 'HI, Downet/.
Simpson, George, V, Ml). Simimm. S.
Simpson, Hannah, n, 7U0.
fUmpson, John, IV. 690, Ormsby. S.
8imp«on'a Nest, mountain called. V. KW, Simpson, G. S.
81ms, Thomas, returned fugitive. II, 1.55, Devens.
Rinelalr, Catherine N.. II, TM, Forrest.
Sinclair, Rev. Elijah, V, 542, Sinclair, C. B.
Riticlair, John, II, 5(M, F,n-rvst.
Kin^rinK Sibyl, ijennanie. VI, 2»7, Victor, M. V.
SinKlebon. An>relica, VI, 234, Van Buren, A.
8lo»ix, the, uprisinK of. Ill, r«). Little Crow ; II, 4J : 470,
Flandrau. C. E.; V. U-H. Sibley, H. //.; .VIS, .SV«j.k/ Bull.
Sipo-Sipe, battle of, V, 316, Rondeau ; IV, 740, Pezuela,
Joaquin.
Siphon, invention, II, 335. Elhwnrth, E. W.
Siphon tap, invention of the, I, 88, Arenta.
Riripo. IV, 187, Manfii've.
Sir Thomas Rowe's Welcome. Island. II. ."520. Fox, L.
KLtterhoo<l of the Holy Child Jesus. II. 189, Doane, W. C.
8l8terhoo<ls, establishment of. VI, 4ft'>, Whittingham.
SisU'rs of Charity, the. Order of, founded, V, 4C3, Seton,
E. A.: Cao. S/mldinq, C.
Sisters of Mercy, convents of, I, 487, Byrne, A.; IH, 262,
Horan. M. A.
Sisters of Peace, the. II, 38, Oiimck.
Sisters of t he Holy Names. VI, 281. Verot.
Sisters of the Visitation, III. !•. (tubert.
Sisters of the West, the, VI, 287, Victor, M. V.; 358, War-
field.
Sitpreaves. Sophia C III. 512, Kemper. J.
Silkovius. Bishop. IV. .")VM, .\it.iiiiman)i. D.
Six Nations, siiix-riiitendent of the affairs of the. Ill, 452.
Skalholt Sapn. the. V, ItiO, Kafn.
Skelton, Bathurst. III. 42:1. Jeffer.ion, M.
Skelton, Mrs. Martha, III, 41<!. 42:i.
Skelton, Rev. Mr., VI, .Wl. Williams, Roger.
SkenandiMih, jx-n-nanie. IV, 403. Morgan, L. H.
Skene. Sir Andrew. V, ."VJH. Skene, P.
Skene Islands and hay. V. .^44. Skene, A. M.
SkenesborouKh. N. Y.. founded, V, Mi. Skene, P. ; captured,
I, 52, Allex, Ethan.
Sketch-Br>ok. Ir\inK"s. IV. 11.
Sketch Club, the. periodical, II, tJX), Fosdick: III, 340,
Ingham, C. C.
Sketchley, John. TV. 431, Morton, John.
Sketwarroes, II, f),s7, (lorges.
Skin, the. absorj^tive power of, TV, 471, Mxissey, R. D.
Skinner, Rev. IVnjainin R., V. .M.^. Skinner, E.
Skinner, Catherine, V. 282. Rohin-wn. W. H.
Skinner. Coiirtland. IV, 544, Nugrttt. Sir G.
Skinner, Maria. IV. .%44, Nufient, Sir G.
SkolnuR. John. VI. 10. Szkolny.
Skraelliiijjs. the. VI. 102. Thcrrfinn : 106. Thnrvald.
Skulls, collections of. IV. 4-32,J/or^on. S. G.; V, 96, Powell,
W. B. ; estimate of vital force by, 96.
Skye, Island of. IV. ini. McDonald, F.
8-1. pen name. Ill, 91. Harris, G. W.
Slashes, the. I)irthnlace of Henry Clay, illustration, I, 640.
Slate, invention of a. III. .336. Hyatt, 'j. W.
Slater, John, V, 547. Slater, S.
Slate-roof hou.se, the. Philadelphia, illustration, IV, 71.5.
Slatersvillc. R. I.. V. .'>47, Slater.
Slave prisons, I. 269. Hirney. W.
Slavery, in the British colonies, IT, .TOS. Edwards. R.: abo-
lition of. in the Fn»nch West Indies. IV, 293, Melvil ; V
433, Schoelcher ; in South America. III. 403, Jara>i ; abo-
lition of. in Chili. .346. Infante : abolition of, in Peru I
&M, Costilla : in the West Indies. 106, Arthur. G.; plan
. for (gradual abolition of. in Martinique, II, 5<i7, Gaharet :
In Santo Doniinuo, I. 7:». Cordot-a, P. de : abolition of.
In Santo Dominco, V, 607. Sonthonax: abolition of. in
Jamaica. suppres.sion of the slave-trade, IV, 164, Mad-
dtm ; in Culw. history of. V. 36.5. Saco ; results of aboli-
tion of. in Bnrbadoes. III. 212. Hincks. F.: in the Bar-
banr states. 11. 39.5. Exnumth ; treatment of the question
of, in the U. S., I, 27 : in the event of war, 28, Ailams. J.
a-, ISO. Baron. L.; 182. Barn,. W. T. S.; II, 217, Douglas,
F.; I. 219. 242. 4.32. 4.33. 4.31. .501. rriYi. .503 ; HI. 178. Hen^-ion.
J.; 83, Hale. J. P.; BRitation in Cincinnati and Washing-
ton, I. 186, Bailey. G.: 217; armiments in favor of. II,
4<4, F^tzhugh. G.: III. 67. 68, Hammond. J. H.\ IV, 2.5.
f^rrd. J. C. and .V.: controversy on. VI, 221, Vail. S M ;
extension of. 194, 231 ; Webster's attitude. 414 ; leeislation
on, I. 114. Atherton. C. G.: III. 323. Huutei: R. M. T.;
flrst important Rpe«'ch afcainst, in consress, H, 175, Dick-
•on. John : comoroniLse measures on, 214 : ndniKsion of
California, rendition of fu>ritives, 4.54. 4.55; excluded
from the northwest l»y the ordinance of 1787, 47. Cidler,
M.; 72, D<ine. .V.: in the territories, question of, VI, 80 ;
party of. in Illinois. I. tW7, Coles. E. : II. 487, Flower, G ;
In thn District of Columbia, publications on, I, 4.30 ;
ueorifia "platform of 1850." Ill, 426, .Jenkins, C. J. : con-
testa. I. 403, Brown, B. G. ; 404-^07 ; bills for abolishing.
96, ylrnoW, /. N.; plans for gradual emancipation, 807;
persecution of opponents of, 268 ; 272. Blackburn, W. J.;
641-644 ; abolition of, II, 28.5. Dyer, C. V.; measure for
gradual abolition in Virginia, fugitive law. 421, Faulk-
ner ; abolition of, in Mis-souri, 482, Fletcher. T. C; me-
morial to congress for alK)lit!on of (1790), .'<.33 : constltu-
tional right to abolish. III, 174 ; al)olition of. in Rliodo
Island, 2.58, Hopkins, S. ; importation of slaves prohibited
there, 250. Hopkins ; abolition of. in New York, 1!K5, Hicks,
E.\ 411, Jay, P. A.; 413, Jay, W. ; abolition in District
of Columbia, 710 ; rej)eal of Missouri compromise,
716 ; emancipation proclamation, 719. 720 ; abolition, in
New Jersey recommended, 743, Livingston, William ;
the,Lemmon case, I, 09, Arthur; apprentice law used,
HVi,'Bond. H. L.; imuri.sonment of free negroes In S. C,
III. 220, Hoar, S. : Virginia law on freeing slaves, 416 ;
proposed prohibition of (1785). 542, King. R. ; plan for the
extinction of, 543 : ca.se of the child " Med," IV, 27, Lm-
ing. E. G. ; important decision regarding, V, 435. Scott.
I>red ; the compromLse measures, 9 ; policy of the Pierce
administration, 10 ; in the territories, 54 ; prediction con-
cerning, by Lincoln, III. 716 ; Lincoln's second inaugural
on, 72;J-724 ; mob violence against abolitionists. II. .514,
Foster, S. S. and A. K.: IV, 54, Lundy, B. ; unpopularity of
the anti-slavery movement at Harvard, II, 491, Follen ;
opposition to, I, 72, Andrew, J. A.; 76, Andrews, S. P.;
2.54, Bewley, A.; 586 ; 639. Clay, C. M.; H. 64, Dana ; 610.
611, Garrison ; TTL, 411, Jay. P. A. and W.: ease of Gil-
bert Norton, 411, 412; controversies, 412; IV, 190-191,
Mann, H.; opposition to, in the south. 111, McDowell.
James ; the higher law, V, 471 ; plan for emancipation
(1825), 705, Stone, W. L.; opposition to, 746-748 ; VI, 29 ;
311, Wade, B. F.; confiscation act of congress (1861), HI,
719 ; Fremont's proclamation, 719 ; resolution to effect
gradual abolition. 710 : Hunter's proclamation, 719 ; Lin-
coln's emancipation proclamation, 719, 720 ; constitu-
.tional amendment, 720
Slaves, decisions regarding, I. 99, Arthur; 129, Backus, F.
T.: right of, to trial by jury, 241 : cases involving the
rights of, 1.50, Baldwin, R. S. ; introtluction of, into Loui.si-
ana, i^^9, Bienville ; emancipation of, in Venezuela, 804 ;
sentiments of. II, 97. Davis, H. W.; order declaring them
free, issued and annulled. III. 321, Hunter, D.; counting
of, as population, IV, 166, KW : emancipation of, by their
owners, 319, Mifflin, W.; law admitting, in Virginia, 820 ;
fugitive. 6.55 ; attempt to forbid importation to Delaware,
V, 209. Rodney. C; of Indian tribes. 38.5. Sanboi~n ; fugi-
tive. 451. Sedgwick, T.; test case of a, 469. Sewall, Jona-
than ; first damages for aiding fugitive. 5,50, Stoane, R.
R.; conspiracy for a rising of, 687. Steicart, V. A.; de-
cisions regarding fugitive, VI, 30 ; the Pierce-Butler sale
of, 09, Thomson. M. : emancipation of, in New York, 130,
Tompkins ; law freeing the, in French colonies, 264, Vau-
blanc ; insurrection of, 28.3-284, Vesey, D.; attempt of, to
escape, 328. Walker, Jonathan ; compensated emancipa-
tion, 4(!6, White, A. S.; I, 225, Bell, C. H.; U, 3, Cravett.,
T. A. M.
Slave-trade, the. capture of ships. I. .521, Canot ; decision
in regard to the. 616, Cinque ; III, 120, Hawkins, Sir J.;
first, in New England, IV, 703, Pierce, W.; right to seize
ships, V. 694, Sfockion, R. F.; the suppre.s.sion of, VI,
413 ; V, 710, Story. J.; right to stop suspected ships, 746.
Sledge-journey, longest, on record, V, 433, Schirtitka.
Sleeping-cars, invention of, V, 134, Pullman, G. M. ; VI. 315.
Wagner. Webster.
Sleepy Hollow. IV. 7.58. Philipse.
Slender, Robert. II, .549. Freneau.
Slenker, Isaac, V, 540, Slenker, E. D.
Slick. Samuel, pen-name. III, 86, Haliburton.
Slicking clubs, V, 063. Stephens.
Slidell, Alexander, IV, 132, Mackenzie, A. S.
Slim Buttes, engagement at, II, 1.5, Crook.
Slingmever. Ernest, pupil of, V, 639, Sjrread.
Sloane. Emily, VI, 242. Vanderbilt, W. H.
Slocumb. Joseph, V, .5.52. Slocumb. E.
Skxltz, Michael Angelo, III, 270, Houdon.
Slop. Dr. Giuseppe. IV. 337. Minto.
Slosson, Annie T., VI, 167, Trumbull. O.
S. M. correspondence, the, VI, 649, Young, J. R.
Small, Dr. W., Ill, 41.5. Jefferson, T.
Smalley, John. IV, IfM, Maltbij, L
Small-pox. inoculation for, I, 842, Boyhton, Z. ; treatment
of, IV, 57, Luzenberq.
Smallwood, Col. W., IV. 870, Montgomery, Joseph.
Smarskite, V, 573, Smith. J. L.
Smartweed, Parmenus, pen-name, VI, 8, Sweet, H. de L.
Smedes, Lyell. V. 5.54. Smedes, S. D. •
Smelting, improvements in. III. 343. Hes. M. W.
Smith. Adam, quoted, II. 217, Douglass, W.
Smith, Albert, V, .579, Smith. M. L. R.
Smith, Rev. Augustine. II. .580. Gallitzin.
Smith. AiLstin, V. .582. Smith. S.
Smith. Bell, pen-name. IV. 766. Piaff, L. K.
Smith, Benjamin, V. .564. Smith. G.
Smith, Caroline A.. 11, 160, De Wint.
Smith. Rev. Cornelius B., IV, 127, MacJ:ay-Smith ; V, 58^
Smith. Pem/.
Smith, Rev. Daniel, V, .560, Smith, T. M.
Smith, Gen. David, V, 578, Smith, Junius.
SMITU
SOUTH CAROLINA
791
Smith. Ellfts. V. r>M». Smith, mdney.
Smith. KlLsha. III. av.. //..lAm*. L.
Siiiith, KluttU'th I' , VI. MU, lyilUon, F.
Saiilli. Kliiathuu. V. .')7ti. Sniilh, J. L.
Smith. Judici' Fuvtit.', V. .'.tit. Smith, M. P. W.
Smith. (k-«>rK<\ V. '>'••. Smith. T. K.
Smith. R»'v. Hrnrv, V. .Vrtt, Smith, C. M.
Smith. Ht'nry \\\'\U-». II. dKt. />u»«int, //. T.
Smith. II. Kuriiam. III. >», Hiile, O. S.
Smith, Ilvriiiii, V. .^Tll. .S'iiii7/i, Jom-ph.
Smith. Jiiin)>s ami Marlantia. V. SaO, WArff. if. R
Smith. K«'v. Dr. J. B , IV. IJtt. MvUrvtidu.
Smith, J. Hadli'y. V, 579. Smith, L. I).
Smith, John, V. 387. Smith. S<imuel.
Smith, John R.. V. sm. Kothermel.
Smith, Jost'ph, inei(U*nt at trial of. 11.213, Douglas, S. A.
Smith, Ijiura S.. III. ."JCW. Huyhex, C.
Smith, I^enox. III. a«. Hullf-y. A. L.
Smith. Rev. Mauawv^h. V. .V«, Smith, S. E.
Smith, Mar^art't. VI, r>2. 5.V
Smith. Martha. 111. l.Vi. Htathcote.
Smith. Marv Ann<*, cafw of. IV, 'X2, Mattison.
Smith, Dr. Matson, V, .577. .Smith, J. M.
Smith, ('apt. Matthew, III, 170, Henry, J. J.
Smith, Owin, HI. 731. Linton.
Smith. Petfr and Matthf w. 111. 285. Hoe, R.
Smith, Rfv. Ralph, VI. .V», n'lUiamt. Roger.
Smith, Col. Robert, V, 5h:J, Smith, P. F.
Smith. Samuel. V. .'>74. Smith. J. B.
Smith. Dr. Samuel Blair. V. .Vtt. Smith, C. F.
Smith, Samuel IIarris«>n, II. 57.'>, (ialeii. Joseph.
Smith. Samuel Jenks, V. .'>H8, Smith, Sarah.
Smith. Sime<in H.. V. 6C3, .Smith, Erminnie A.
Smith. Sol, IV. .51, Lwllow, N. M.
Smith, Sydney, I, 379, Bristed ; V, 474, Seybert ; quoted, II,
424. Fiitron.
Smith, Sir T., Ill, 296, Hudson, H.
Smith, Thomas. V. .578, Smith, Josiah ; 691, Smith, W.
Smith. Rev. Willinm. I. 11. Adams, Abigail.
Smith, W. H.. pseudonym. V, 452, Sedley, W. H.
Smith, Dr. W. P., III. -ifu, Hoxack: D.
Smith Cliarilies, the. V, .582. Smith. O.
Smith collepe and preparatory school, V, 683, Smith, S.;
V, 4.53. Se<li/e. L. C.
Smithell's Hall. III. 129.
Smhhfleld. Va.. St. Luke's church at, illustration, V, 99.
Smithson. Sir Hut;h. V, 597. .Smithsoii, J.
Smithsonian institution, the. III. 179, Henry, J.; fflft to.
III. 8<), Hare. R.: bill to orRunize, IV, 615. Oieen, R. />.;
lejtacy for. V, av). Runh. R.; illuRtration, V, 688: medi-
cal library and lectures of, VI, 132, Toner.
Smithsonite. V. .598. Smithson.
Smollett. Tobias, corresjvindence with. V. .5«7, Smith, R.;
8upi>ose<l oriffinal of a character of, V, 692. Stitho : de-
scriU's the CarlnKcna exp<'dition. VI. 2K), Vemun, E.
Smoulius. Rev. Adrian. IV. 313. Michaeliua.
Smucker. Satnuel .M.. V. 422. Schmucker, S. M.
SmuKKlin»r. I. 229. BfUomnnt. See Writs or absistance.
Smyrna, first pa|»'r in. I. 370. Breu-er, J.
Smyth. Mrs. V. (}. P.. II. 289. Earle, J.
Smyth, Piazzi, V, 15, Pierreuont, W. C; VI, 141, TUten,
C. A. L.
Smjthe. Dr. J. D. F.. VI, 430, Weedon.
Smythe. Thomas. II. .57. Ihile. Sir T.
Snai;->>oat. invention of a, V. 517. .Shrei'e, H. M.
Snake Creek (iap. IV. 1.58 ; battle at, VI, 7, Sweeny.
Snell. Sarah. I, 422. Bryant. \V. C.
SnellinK. Dr. Fre<leri<-k (}., IV. 743. Peters, J. C.
Snethen. Bnrak. V. tun. Snethen, P.
Snodjrrnss. Rev. Bi-njamin, V, 608, Snodgrass, H'. D.
Snorre. VI. 102. Th-irfinn.
Snow, Krastus. V. lor^i. Pratt. O.
Snow. Prine<'. V. J'lO-,'. .Snntr, C. H.
Snow campaign, the. III. 68. Hammond. L. R.
Snuwden. Nathaniel F. R.. V, tWfcJ. Snowden, J. R.
Snowden. Rev. Nathaniel R.. V. 602, Snoioden, J. R.
Snow Hill. M.I.. IV, 179. Mukemie.
Snowhill. Pa., m-ttlement at. I. 223. Beimtrl.
Snow island, enjrajrement at, II, :iii. Ihiyle, .^ir J.
Snow-plouK'i. inventor i>f a, IV, 248. Mamm. M. U'.
Snuff fxixes. collection of, I. .50. Allan, ,f. ; Jackw)n'ji. 4.59,
Burnett, U'. B. ; II. 2m. Di/ckman ; III. 46, Hall, H'. P.
Snyder, Anthony, V. 603. .Suf/der. S.
S<x>al>aya. Imttle of III. 342. lyuain ; V, 876, Salaverry.
Socialists, the. V. 6.'tt, .S';ji>8.
Social Palac«'. the, I. 380, Bristol. A. C.
Social Scienv^* Review, the. V. 668, steme.
SocWK' St. Je^u Baptiste. 11. .522. Franch^rr.
Society for constitutional information. I. 544, Cartwright,
John.
Soi-iety for diffusion of physiological knowledge, V, SS7,
Rosa, A. M.
Society for jxilitical inqnirlen. the. V. IW. Rairle. W.
Society for promoting Cliristian knowledge. I. SiK. W'^V-
Society for pro{iagating the gosiH"!, Moravian. 11, 37V. Ett-
trein.
Society of death, the. I. 177.
Society of etbienl etiltnn'. fotmde«1. I. 33. Adler, F.
Society of friends of tlie blacks, UI. 405. Jc.iric.
Society of naturaUata of N< .< : ■'. fricockea.
Society of 8t. Oeoive, Im-<iu ..r.
Society of the Cap Nord. 11 i -'J. Mewnard.
Society of the holy family. 1, .vc:, i /..lun,,,!,.,!
Sooonuaco, III, atiH; annexation of, to Mexlcv, 000, Lmm,
Antonio.
Socorini Indians, the. I. 490, fat^za.
Soda, machine for hyix;NUl|ihlti- of. VI. 4K7, H'AidiMir*.
Sodium nitrate of TarniMtca. the. V, 2U}, it'it-rro.
SoftaheU Democrata. v'l. 115.
SoirtoOanadienDea. the, VI, 18, TadU, J. C.
Strfander, Dr., I. 715.
Solano, Franciscn. VI. 275, I'ttlwo.
Solar oompaaa. the. 1. 471. Burt. It'. A.
Solar corona, the. Ill, H3, HaikncMs, H'.; author of theorr
of. V. 127, Proctor. R. A.
Soldier of the Andes, the. II. 874, Espinoaa, J.
Soldier pArsuu, the. I, 497. C'atdu-rll, James.
Soldiers, colony of veterans. VI. 651. Young, IV. //. H. H.i
gitU to wives of. V. 267, Riven, J. ('.
SoIdlerM' and sailors' home, gilt lu, VI. 347. WartL, U.
Soldier's Rest. the. Morgan's home. IV. SMB.
Soledade, Euzeblsda. IV. •XA, Matto», E.
Solemn league and covenant, proclamation conoemlnK, II,
670, dupe ; the, VI, 247, \'aiie.
Solera. Jlaniuis of. I. 2:i2. Brnavides.
Sole sewing-machine, iialent on a, V. 408, Sawyer, S.
Solferino. battle of. HI. 497. Kramy, P.
Solid south, the. the phra.se tlrst used. IV, 486. Mosbg.
Solitas, first prelate Ut receive. I. 232. Brnavente.
Solms, Countess de, U, 75. iJaniel.J. M.
Solomon ishinds, the, discovery of, IV, 2tt5, ilendaAa ; 408,
Nettville, J. iV.
Sonibrerete. mines of. III. S38,II>arra, F. de.
Sombrero, island of. III. 480. Julien, A. A.
Somerby. Anthony. V. 605, Somerby. H. O.
Somers, Sir (Jeorge. V, 671.
Somers. R<«<alie. stage-name. V. 666. Stejihens, H. it.
Somers. the brig, mutiny on, IV, 132. Mackenzie, Alexan-
der S.; V, 746; Uma of. V, 459, Semmes. Raphael; 618.
Shultrick, Thomas B.
Somerset, Ky.. engagement at. II. 6.M. Gillmore.
Somerset. N. J., engagement ut. II. 174. Dickinson, P.
Somerset case. the. IV. 27. Loniuj. E. U.
Somerville. Mary. IV. 440. .Wc.rj/oii. M. S
Somondoco. emerald-mines of. VI. 228, i'ala>trwe/a, P. F-
Sonntag, W . \.., V. 0«16. Sonntag, O.
Sonora, republic proclaim<Hl in, I. 329. Boullxm ; propoaal
to colonize. HI. 20, (iwin ; V. 612. Soute. /'.; VI. 8»7. VU-
leraye ; ex|)editi<m to conquer. 331. W'alkrr. W.
Sons of Llljerty, the. I. 197, Bayard, J.; 411. Broim, T. S.;
588. Chase, S.; 111.273. Houston, J.: .349. InglU, C; IV.
432. Morton, V. /*.: V. 110 : 437. .Scott. J. M.
Sons of the Revolution. 111. 'JT.'i, Houghton, U. W. W.
Sorcery'. II. Sfi, iHivila, S.
Sf)rel destrtiotion of sftars at. I. 4. Abbot, Joel.
Sorghum-sugar. I. 691. Collier. P.
St»ro«is. II. 14. Clotty, J. C; VI. .5«M, H'ilbour, C. B.
Soea. I»i>e de. II. .374. Espino*<i, O.
Sotheran. Henry. V, 6t»7, Sotheran, C.
Sothonac. (Jen.. HI. Vi*\ I^lMirgne.
Soudan, services of Canadians in. II, 141, Denimm, F. C.
Soule, (Jeorge. V, 612. Soule, R.
SoulA. Rev. H. B.. V. 610, Soule, C. A.
SouK^. NelvM. V. Oil.
Sound dues, tn-aty concerning, I, 215, Bedinner. H.
Sounding-machine, a ttet'p-sea. I. 801. Boqardus, J.
Sound wave, theory of. IV. 444. Mott, H. A.
Sourie. Jacques. I. r24. Ateredo. I.
Sousa. Alfonso and Thom/-. II. 671. Ooes : IV. 644, Ihime».
South America. allege<l discovery of. In the Nth centunr.
IV. 481. yarailles : explorations in. L H9. Aria^. F (1. : 4aB.
Caldas, F.: 549. Casal : 739. 0<rr«/ : II. 9. ' - '•«.
165 ; 878, Estrada : 426. Federmann : 440. /
Foucher ; trea'ment of Indians of. ibid.: .'>!■ ' :
III. 812. Iherinn: 5<M. k'tller.C. A.; 560. Knapp. M.;
6»f. iMcrrda : 5K3, lAtcordaire : IV. 477. Sarboromffk ;
619. Siehuhr ; .523 .521. .Viilo : 889. AVk/o/ : .541. Nova :
VI. 1.5. Si/lrie ; 'Ki, IVr/w/i'M^r : flnit S|>anish goremor
of. IV, 697. I'edrarias; Fn-nch c<ilony in southern. U,
878. Eapelrta ; grant in. HI. »io. 11". t ; inrlv mans of.
II. *15. Falkner : flora of. M«. / ' ! I i}9. iQorn :
scientific exploration of. IV. .".
Iii.ln,/ ; 7.U. hrrrolrt ; VI. 088 :
f. - ~ f>rinriri ; great l-
\', I ; history of tin-
r.v M. I. .3IO. Bolirnr : \^
803 307. ludivar ; V. 739. Siutt. .1 J. ;
J. de ; 895. Santa Cruz. A.: VI. I.'IV T"
Tagle; Indian dialecU of. HI. I»>. Hernu: origin of
races of. 19<V
Southampton insun^-tlon. the. M. 1H7. Tiumer, H.
Southanl. Mialnm. V, 618. .Si,uthont
Southlior' i»>raryof. II :
South Cut i/atlonof. NI
atlni'k ' : k in4lUKtr> ii nJOa^Sir JC;
• ■ betw»"en propri- ' i7. Jo*i»-
'lert : proprietary » .hurch
I ..-land eateWtihert in. i - ' : KraaU
F.;iA.Or-
(itaoorery at
ofworksoa,
f. 606. aoUti
■)>enieot» la.
Sam Martin,
irrs ; iflK, Torre-
ra.
792
SOUTH CAROLINA
SQUIBB
In, 316, MiddMon, E.; expedition aRalnst St. Augustine
(170S), ftrst iMiiHr iiiuiifv, Indian ex|)e(liti<mH, 3«I, Moorv,
James; the Kevolutioiiary war in. 'JtrT-anU. Marion ; V,
a67-35H; prowwition of neutrality, ittT, Kiitled<je \ funds
for defence of, IV, 187. ManitjauU ; KUlue of, 1, 401,
Brown. H. A'.; estates in, *J:}, Hnnuihion, T.\ nuUiflca-
tlon ortliiiance passed and repealed in. III, 144, Hayne,
R K ; V, .'liM, Smith, \V. : VI, 411 ; contested elections in,
I 4fB, Butler. SI. C.\ 564, Chamt>erlain. D. H.\ III, 70,
Hamptun ; 137, l»t : Ixtundary of, *-J74, Houston, J. ; 27.%
Houatoun ; council of sjifety in, 301, Huyer. J. ; ordl-
ntmee of secession, .350, Inijlis. J. A.; "neutral ground'
In V, •H.X h'icluirdsun, R. ; alleged fraudulent issue of
bonds, 4.31), Scott, R. A'.; first coiion-factory in, 4«it. .SVie-
cut ; literary and pliil<)S<iphical society of, 4bl) ; discov-
ery of phosphates m. 494, Shepard, C. U.
South (;un>lina. the frigate, II, 654, Gillon.
South Carolina c. .liege, V, 580, Smith, Robert.
Southern historical society, the, IV, 266, Maury, D. H.
Southern Magazine, the. I, 512, Campbell, B.
Southern Matrtm. a, signature, II, 887.
Southern Presbyterian Review, the, IV, 637, Palmer, B. M.
Southern Quarterly Review, the, II, 119, De Bow ; VI, 465,
Whituker, I). K.
Southern Review, the. Ill, 678. Legari : U. 332. Elliott, S.
Southern Rights convention (1(B1), IV, 503, On; J. L.
Southern stales, plan for military occupation of the. I. ."Wl,
Casey ; expulsion of senators from the, 625, Clark, D. ;
election troubles iu. III. i:K 139. 140. 142, \*i.
Southey, Roliert. quoted. I. :i«8. Brooks, M. O.: 423 ; cited,
II, 282, Duiijht. Timothy ; .%40, Freeman, James ; quoted,
707, Urant. Anne ; IV. 493, 494, Nenguiru.
South (}«'or;;ia, island of. III, 620, Laroche, A. de.
South Mantrhester. ('onn., I. 598, Cheney, W.
South Mountain. Iwttle of, I, 46:1 ; III, 134 : 250 ; IV, 83.
Southold. L. I . III. 193, Hewlett, R.
South I'ole, land at the, IV. 498, Neuville, P. B.
South Side railroad. ex|iedition against. III. 73.
Southwark. I'a.. ri<its in, V, 40. Pleasonton, A. J.
South west*'rn republic, conspiracy to found a, VI, 511,
Wilkinson.
Southwick. Alfred. V. 014, Southteick. S.
Southworth. Kdward. V, 614. Southirorth, C.
Southworlh. Frederick H.. V. 014. Southtrorfh, E. D. E. N.
Sovereignty, doctrine of the divine, II. 309, Edwards, J.
Sower, C. house of, illustration, V, 610.
Soyer. I, ."Wl. r/i^is*-. //.
Spaeth. R«-v. Aclolj>h. III. 57.'). Krauth.
Spaight. Oipt. William. V. 617, SfHiii/ht, R. D.
Spain, French intentions toward, m America, 1, 18 ; treaties
with, 26. 108 : negotiations with, 33.'), Bowdoin, J. ; Ameri-
can claims again.st. 431 ; and Portugal, their pos.sessions
in America, coimcil to define, II. 674, Gomez, E.; pro-
poeed commercial treaty with, 512. Foster, John IVat-
0on ; war against. 224, Drake, Sir F. ; Carlist war in,
offer of the crown of, 373, Rspartero ; triljute to, from
the New World, .374. Espinosa, O. ; expected subsidy from,
m, 409 ; threatened war with, 422 ; writers of, on Ameri-
can Indians, .369, Uurri ; attempts of, on the Mississippi
valley, IV. 118, Mcdillivrny ; revolutionary movement
in (1814). .33.'>. Minn : 405. Morillo : constitution of 1812,
680, O'datxni ; relations of U. S. with, ."Vfi, Onis ; release
of claim on Louisiana, V, 23, Pinckney. C. : changes of
government in. 464, Serrano ; on the Missis-sippi, 492,
Shellty : treaty with, as to Mi.s.sissippi valley, 516, Short,
W.\ archives at Samancjus. the. 6:i3, Spire : dis.solution
of the cortes (IN23i, VI, 2.59, Varela, F.\ intrigues of, to
divide the U. S.. 511. Wilkinson.
Spaniards, the treatment of Indians by, V. 464, Servien ;
004, Solano.
Spanish America. Bettlements in. II. KM. Enrinuez ; for-
eigners exchide<l from, missionary hidden in a hogshead,
book describing, its effec't in England, 569, Gage, T.; im-
provements in. V. lfl.'>. Ramirez. A.
Spanish conspiracy, the, IV, 225, Marshall, J. M.; 226,
Marshall, H.
Spanish fort, capture of, II, 621, Oeddes, J. L. ; 641, Gibson,
R. />. ; III. 293. Huf>lHird, L. F.
Spanish historj-. V. 110-111.
SJMnish language, the, first American Journal in, II, 706,
Orunja.
Spanish rule in America, lost historj' of the, IV, 312,
Meyer. B
Rparhawk. Col. Nathaniel, TV, 722, Pepperrell.
Sparhawk, Dr. Thomas. V, 021. Sparhawk, F. C.
Rparkman. .lames I) . V. 621, Sparkman, J. T.
Rparrr>w, Thomas. III. 1-34.
Spnrmwgrnss p.i|>ers. the. I. 762, Cozzens.
8|iatuln. painlJMK with the. I. 230. Bellows, A F.
Spaulding. Kdwanl. V. 623. Spnuldino. E. G.
Speaker of the house, contest for. I. 158, Banks. N. P.
Speak (Jentlv. controversy over the authorship of the
poem. I. 192. Boles. P.
Specie circular, the. II. .394. Firing, T.: Ill, 883.
Specie T>ayment. siis{)ensioD and resumption of. II. 722 :
III, 139.-1 to : V. V>7. . 1 .
Spectra, researches on. FV. 430, Morton. H.
Bmctrtwcope, invention of an automatic, VI, 646, Yovma.
Charles A. "
Spectrum, the solar, V, 838, Rowland ; VI, 646. Young,
Charles A.
Spectrum analysis, II, 227. Draper. J. W. ; 228. Draper, H.;
V, 35tt-a57, Rutherfurd, L. M.; 338, Rtrwland, U. A.
Speech, method of recording, I, 225, Bell, A. G.
Speech, visible. I, 22, Bell. A. M.
Spelling reform, II, 768, Grimke. T. S.
Spelter, invention of process for, VI, 445, WetherUl.
Spence, Dr.. III. 550, Kinnersley.
Spence, Harriet. IV. 43. Lowell, C; V, 627, Spence, R. T.
Spence, Keith, V, 027, Spence, R. T.
Spencer, Adelia C, II, 'n??. Graves, A. C.
Spencer, Caleb, V, 630. Spencer, P. R.
S|)encer, F>lward. I. WX Bayard, T. F.; 675, Chan/rau.
Six'iicer, Elizabeth, I, .^51. Cass. L.
Spencer, George Trevor, V, 629, Spencer. A. G.
SiJencer, Henry C, V. 630, Spencer, S. A.
Spencer, Herbert, sale of his works in America, VI, 643,
Youmans, E. L.
Spencer, James M., V. 629, Spencer. C. P.
Spencer. Capt. Spier. VI, 123, Tipton, J.
Spencer, William, Thomas, and Jared, V, 627, Spencer,
Asa.
Spencer, W'illiam Robert, V. 629, Spencer, A. O.
Spencer Grange, III, 685, Le Moine.
Spener, Philip Jacob, III. 609, Kelpius.
Spenser, Edmund, V, 103.
Spice islands, expedition to, III. .581. Labezares.
Spiders, discovery concerning. VI, .500. Wilder, B. G.
Spiegel iron, manufacture of, II. 1.5.5, Detmold.
Spies, during the Revolution. IV, 377, Moody, James ;
treatment of, V, 141.
Spikes, machines for making, I, 450, Burden ; VI, 437,
Wemivag ; 622, Wright. E.
Spilberg, Admiral George, commands the Dutch fleet la
the Pacific. II, .361 ; I\" 299, Mendoza.
Spinal disea.se, method of treating. III, 657, Lee, B.
Spingler institute, the. I. 0. Abbott, G. D.
Spinner, John Peter, V, tXH. Spinner, F. E.
Spinning-machines, invention of, II, 72. Dan forth, C; for
flax, rm; first, in U. S.. IV, 592, Orr, H.; ring, for wool,
V. 515. Shoemaker, G. W.
Spire, Georges de, II, 420, Federmann.
Spirit-level, invention of a. III, 751, Locke, J.
Spirit Tappings, II. .520, Fox. M.
Spirit-rations, abolition of. in the navj', III, 34, Hale, J. P.
Spiritualism, II. 93, Davis, A. J.; 304. Edmonds, J. W. ; HI,
245, Home; V, 274, Roberts, J. M.
SpiritualLsts, community of. III, 94, Harris, T. L. ; 572,
Oliphant, L.
Spitfire, the. I, 419, Bruce, H.
Spithead. mutiny at, III, 280, Howe, R.
Spix. Prof.. I, 34.
Spofford, Richard S., V. 634, Spofford, H. P.
SiX)hr, Louis. I, 44.5, Bull, O. B.; Ill, 200, Hill, U. C; 2C6,
Horsley; IV, 435, Mosenthal. '
Spoils system, the, I. 27; Calhoun on. I,' 500; n, 631 ; Jef-
ferson's letter on. II, 081, Goodrich, E.; origin of, and of
the phrase, HI, :iHO.
Sponge-gold, method of manufacture of. III, C02, Lamm.
Spontini, M., II, 372, Esmenai-d.
Spooling-machine. invention of a, III, 564, Knowles, L. J.
Spooner. Judge Philip L.. V, 034, Spooner, J. C.
Spot resolutions, the, V, .53.
Spotted fever, epidemics of, IV, 3,36. Miner, T. ; .583, North, E.
Spottsylvania, I. 70, Anderson. R. H. : battle of, I, 106,
Barlow, F. C; n,713, 714; III, 73; 722; V,4C8; "bloody
angle " at, II, 308, Edwards, O.
Sprague, Benjamin, V, 638. Sprague, W. B.
Sprague, Samuel, V, 687. Sprage, C.
Sprigg, Sophie, IV, .301, Mercer, J. F.
Spring, elliptic, for loads, inventor of, V, 623, Spaulding, E.
Spring, Marcus. IV, 6.37, Palmer, Edward.
Spring balance, invention of tlie, II, 1 17, Dearborn, B.
Springer, Charles, V, 640, Springer, R. R.
Springer, Nathaniel. I. 2.50, Berry, N. S.
Springett. Sir W. IV, 713.
Springettsburv Manor. rV, 716, Penn, Springett.
Springfield. 111., II, 3.59, Enos, P. P.: capital removed to,
III, 716: Lincoln's home at, illustration, 717; his tomb, 728.
Springfield, Iowa, I, 406.
Springfield, Ma-ss., trading-house at. III, 295, Hudde ; set-
tlement of, sack of. IV. 40;i, Morgan, M.; attack on the
arsenal at. V, 488, Shays ; founded and named, 144, Pyn-
chon ; 2.50th anniversary of, 145 ; burning of, 145. Pyn-
chon, John ; view of the Old Fort. 145 ; Thompson riots
in. .5.32, Simmons, O. F.\ library, IV, .305, MerHam.
Springfield, N. J., defence of, I, 497, Caldwell, James ; II,
7.51 752.
Spring Green, R. I., II. 525. Pranris, J. B.
Spring Hill college, Ala., V, 82, Portier.
Spring hooks, inventor of, V, 561, Smith, D. M.
Spurzheim. I. 700. Combe.
Spy, the, original of a character in, 11, 18, Crosby, E.
Spy in Washington, the, pen-name, H, 105, Davis, M. L.
Squanto. V, 382. Samoset.
Squatter Sovereignty, I. 434 ; 484, Butts ; IH, 716. 717 ; cele-
brated debate, 716-717
Squibb, Dr. Edward R., V, 573, Smith, J. L.
SQUIBOB
8TKVKNS
798
Bqulboh papers, the, II. 1W. I)rrby, a. H.
tSIOce, (h-li. Wllliuili. VI, .VMV
Htaokpule. JiMcph !.., IV. 4W, Motley.
8Udacuil#, I. .VM. Cnrlirr, J.
SUtfford, Lady. I. &3H, Currotl, C; 56M. Caton, R.
SUJnville, Choixeul. I. HOi, Houginnrtllr.
BUked PUUaH, V, Uti, P,tpe, John ; Indian tight on the, IV,
ICtt, Mil,-: ff. A.
BUloop. John. VI. aw. I'nnnder.
SUlleart. M.. III. 15. <iuther».
Stalwart Kcptil)li<aris. the. V. 881, RobeHm>n, W. H.
Htainatx, C<unilU>, II. <UU. (Jotlnchalk.
Klamfonl. Indian nitLssacrt* , III. 381. Hutrhinton, Anne.
Stamp a«-l, tiic, I. ID; proUitt aifainHt. 'M : npiitmitlon to,
ttM, ColiU-n. C; IV. 44. lAitrndes, H.: II. .Vi!> ; author of.
76I,«rcjiri7/r, (i.; excitement al>oiit. Ill, 178, Henry, P.;
JM7, Inyermill, Jaretl : seizure of HtaniiieJ (>aper in Vir-
ginia, OOl, /v^r. H. H.\ first court to itrder unstamped
paper, IV. 12S. MrKfan, T.\ enfortvment of, 574. Oliver.
A.; VI, l.'it). Toirnafnd, V.\ resistance to the landinK of
paper in North Carolina. ■'»9, W'uddell. H.\ use of bircb-
tNtrk instead of iMxper.MU, W'inda; renionstraoce against,
6»4, Wythe, U.
Stamp-act conp-ess, the, IV, 128, McKean, T.; V, »44, Rug-
gleA, T.
S anip-taxiti. repeal of. I, 1(B.
Stanl>ery, Henry, II. 70«. Ornnger. R. S.
Staubery, Jonas, V, Ol-S, Stanltery, H.
Ktamlard oil company, the, V. ltd. Priitt, C.
Standing Order, the, in Connecticut, I, 415, Broienell.
Standish, Alexander. V. 044. Stamiiith, M.
StaiidLsh, Barlwra, V, RU. Stiintiiith, M.
Standish, Sir John, V, iVli, .StnntliHh, M.
Standish, Lora, V. 644. Stan'lish. M.
Standish, Mvles, II, 513, Foster, L. S.; monument to, illua-
tration, V. (V44.
Standish, Rose. V, 644, Sandiiih. M.
Rtanho|>e, R. si>encer. III. 62J. lAxthrop, F.
Stanhope, thin! earl of, II. 50.1, 56t.
Klanislus, Foniatowski, Kinj;. V, 133, Pulaski.
Stanley, Abraham. III. 65(1, /y«-e. Ann.
SUnley, Dean A. R. ouot»-<l, IV, 44<). Motley.
Stanley, Charles H., I V, 44. Uiinenthnl.
Stanley, I^dy Charlotte. I, 452, Hunjoync.
Stanley, Charlotte. V. 33".>. Hownon. S.
Stanley, John Wriirht. Ill, 121. Haickins, B.
Stanly, John. V, 640, Stanly. E.
Stansl)erry. \V.. attack on. III. 274, ffnuston, S.
Stansburj- Caroline M.. III. 556, Kirklnnd, C. M.
Stanton, U'u is .M.. V. 649. Stanton, K. M.
Stanton, Thomas. V. 64'.», Stanton, H. B.
StaiiwfHKl, Harriet. I, 276.
Sta|>hyloraplr>-. instrument for. III, 267, Ho*ack, A. E.
Starch, invention of process for making, I. 5, Af>hot, S.
,Star-<'liarting machine, invention of. III. 271. Hough, H. W.
Stark, (len. John, ransom paid for, V, 676, Stevens, P.
Stark, Molly, V, 653. Stark, J.
Starke, Gen. (leorge. III. 429, Jennrss.
Starkstown. N. H., V, 652, .S7(irfc. J.
Starkweather, (Jeorge A.. V, 053, Stnrkireather, J. C.
SUirkweath.-r, Jane V... Ill, 751, I^ickf. J. E.
Starling medical college, gift t»). V, 742, Sullivnnt.
Star of the West, the, IV, 768, Pickens, F. H'. ; capture of.
VI. 245, I'an Ikirn.
Star route trials, the. II. 208, Dorsey, S. «'. ; III, 848. In-
gersoU, R. (f. : 400, James, T. L.
Stars, relative brightness Of, \\ 4, Pickering, E. C; tem-
porary, VI. 190, Tutwiler.
Star Sisters, the. sobriquet, VI. 413. M'estem.
Sfar-Spanglcd Banner, onler of the, I, 165, Barker, J. W.
Star Spangled Banner, writing of the. III. 529, Key, F. S.
Star siH-ctroscoiie, the, V. 357, Hulhi-rfurtl.
State In S<-huvlkill. the. club. IV. 409. Morris, ,9.
Staten island, Stapleton library, founded, VI, 57*, Winter;
Billopp house on, illustration, I. 20:).
Staten Land, di.scoverv of. III. (jHI. />• Mnire.
State-rights d<M.-trine. Calhoun's, I. 212 ; celebrated debate
upon. Ill, 141, Hayne, R. Y.: Virginia resolutions on,
175; IV, 16S ; early d<M-larations of. 169. 170; decisions
rcgardliiL'. VI. 29, *» ; |iarty of, V, 179, RandolpJt.
S , Whik's, VI. 195.
> iLcntv. I, 865 ; II. «). et seq.
h: . .iigress. the first. III. 518. KentMtdy, J. C. O.
Statistics. Iiur.-au of. VI. 429. Wrllg, /). A.
StattMondcr islands, the. discovered. III. 34-3, Ihering.
Statue, fli-st iuarl>li'. ntade in America, II, lOl, l)e.rter, //.
StaunU>n, Mr , IV. 407, Morphy.
Steam, inventions for the use of, I. UW'. Blanchard, T;
first cmpli.vid to move machinery. Ill, 225, i/oe, A'.; in
IV. 5<5I, (*<idrn. F. B.
t'le. IV. 5(>.». Sewtterry, O.
\ I.2H). I'andfrhdt.
iiiv.iition of. illustralirm. II. 471, Fitch. John ;
-\- on. 471. Filrh,J.: 50:), .V.l, Fulton, AV; nd-
-iration, WW : lUf .f liv.nt.rs of, .v«. N',1 ; con-
llictiiu'.'iiitnsto the ..! Mho<w
built under Fulton. :• »*'.:
IV. IB, /.'.»«■'''•'•'•', H IS on
the Seine, III, 745 ; vertical piuidic-wiuvbi um sugg«ac«d.
V, Sir, RoomMtt : patent for. SI7-«IA ; flrat, oa lftail»
Hippi, Sir, RoommMf; 517, Shrrre, H. U.', TtOUM on bla
claim. 8IH. Rnriir^-^l' \ ■ (nveulor, 847, Rumsey, J.; ton-
lirovementH In KulUjn, 517, Shrrre, H U ;
hrst ntti-mpih ina.tm ij(kr> (*Mmri". III.A4.
Hamilton. Jol,„ . •>.^. iiiioiiN. II - '. "- ■ ' f
the Athtntic by. 11. lui. /*»/. It ;
improvenieiilM in. V. IW. Rrad. ^
673, 674, Slrrrn*. R. L ; nianura< tun i». .wi, Mor-
gan, C; ins|)e<-tl<>n laws. III. 16. duthrir, A
Htfam boilers, use of zine Ui. III. 113 Ihimir^U : ImprcMW-
nient, i:i2, llayn,. .4 A.: Invent !•' ' ' U-r, ftfll Mil.
Knotrlm ; inventions for, VI. 72. /
Steatn-«'arriag«'. Invention of a. V, ,' '.
Steam-cylinders for (Irving yaniH. I. i-i. if -rhr titer. S.
Steam drilling ai>|>aratus. invention of, IV. UH. .Vrwt/tm, J.
Steam -engin<>!i, invention of attorhmenu aud lmpru«»-
ment to, 1, 57. AlU-n. Z.; 58. Allimm. H.; 14U. Baldtnn,
M. »'.; 607, Chisholm ; 740, CorUsM ; U, »|». Emery. C.
E. ; III, 700, U I'an ; V, 486. Scott, /. if . ; 678 ; 674.
Stevens, tV. L. ; osi-illating. 77. Andretrs : Invention of
the cut-off. 341. Boyleu. .s'. ; high pretoiure. SM, Evans,
<>.: first built in l'nite<l SUtes, III. 'JM. Homtdowrr. J ;
inventor of a, V. 40H. .Vuirvrr. S. ; manufat^^ure of. |iat4*nt
suit. VI. 109. Thurston, R. L.; inventor of a Kovemor,
110. Thurston, R. H.i packing. 172. Tuck.
Steam-ferry, the finrt. V. 678.
Steam fire-engine, first in United Staten. II. 758. Orrm-
wood, M.; invente<l. III. 0s». Lamed ; 6S8. Latta, A. H.
Steam-generator, i>atent on a, V. 4<H, Sawyer, S.
Steam h>'ating, improvements for. V. 515. shock.
Steam land-carriagi-. first, in America. 11, 3M4, Evan*, O.
Steam-launch, the first, ill, li;). Hnsirrll.
Steam marine battering ram, invention of a, V, 617,
.S/ue«r, //. M.
Steam-pumiM, invention of. III. 5C5, Knotctea ; VI, 001,
Wofxl. I). V.
Steamship lines to California, III. 686. Ijntr. O.
Steamshiiia, opposition to, IV. «*) ; first, in the narr 7K,
Perry, M. C; forc-ed draught for. V. 675. Stevms. E. A
Steamship voyage, first, to New Orleans and Havana, If,
2»ll, Eckfortl ; first across the Atlantic. VI. 008, RtMfers.
St4'am t«)w-lMmt. invention of a, V, 741, Sullivan, J. L.
SU-arns, Isaac. V, 655, Stranxs, A.
Steams. Luther, V, 6V5. Slrams, O. L.
Stearn.s. Rev. Samuel, V. 056. Steams, S. //.
Stebbins. R . III. 192. Hewitt. M. E.
Stt-dnian. Mmund B., III. Ml. AViinev, E. C.
Stedman. K. C I. 185. Bartlett, H'. A.
Stedman, James, V. 658, .strdman. E. C.
Ste<'l, nninufacture of, I. tW. Chisltolm ; of rails, 11. Mt
Ihutley, C. H. ; and cop|>er- works, 271. Ihir/rr, H*. F.;
272, Dur/fe. Z. S.: first, rails ma«le m U. S.. 271, Ihirfee,
\V. F ; 272. Ihirfec. Z. S. : air-l>oihng prrw-tiw of mak-
ing. III. 5<»9. Kctlu. H".: manufacture of. IV. 648, Parle,
James ; VI. .548. Wilson, (i. F; IV. 6a2, Ptarse.
Steele. ArchiiwIil.V. 660, .Steele. John.
Steele. Klizat>eth. V. OOli. .Steele, John.
Steele, Farther B.. V. 6«10. ,strele. J. I>.
Steele, Francis B.. V. fifin. .Strrtr, James.
Steele, Margaret C . I. 7iC. Conklin. M. C.
Stegge. ("apt. Thomas, I. 480. Hyi-d. W.
Stein. p<irtrait-i)alnt.-r. I.6KS. tWr. T.
Steiner. R»'v. J. C . V. 420, SchUittrr.
Steinheil. H.-rr, IV, 420,
Stencils, methrMi of making. FV. 311. Metettlf, it. J.
Stenography, invention of a system of. II. 46B, Fiskrr,
Jonathan ; IV. 462, Munson, J. E.; court, VI, 800, Vn-
drrhill, E. F.
Stenotype. Invention of the. VI, S5S, Zaehoa.
Stenton, estate of. IV, 3, lAtgan. J.
Stei>han, Rev. Martin, V, 421. Schmidt, F. A.\ VI, SO,
Walther.
Stephen, William. V. 668. Stephen. Sir O.
Stephen Hart, capture of the. I. 000. OolcoeorsMtS.
Stephens. Fdwanl. V. MV,. Stephen*, A. 8.
Stei»hens. execjitl<in »<f. I. 4<17
Slephiiis. .I.irii.s. IV. .V«». (I'Mnhonp.
.Sti-pli-iiH. William. IV, 84S. Mitchell. D. B.
Stepli.'11-..ii. II. :VA.
Stephenson, (i W., II. 580. f7anno>i.
Slept. M-. Col K. J.. III. 846. Ingalis. R.; VI. 645.
Stereometry, intnuluctlon of. IV. 578. (Hirrim. C. B. de.
Stereoscon«\ rever^ble. invention iT ' ■ ••«-ii«. 11'. L.
Stereotyping. lnir<nluctl.>n of. I. i Inrentloo.
of.6H4. C.ldrn. C. ; plates, by lb' , s-rw, V, 88,
Piti iniKwing machine tor. \ I. f». .virerf, J. IC
Steri ■ v.. 111.24. Il.irnke.
Ktet.- . B.. IV. !»<5. Mrdherry. R. B.
Steub.li. liar. 11. his proiwrty, IV, At, Korth, W. ; htm
house. illustrati.Mi. V. <rft>.
StenlH>n cimntv. s.ttl.-tii-nf In. TV. ft&4. OTitnor, T.
SieulH-nvill. ' l.m,Bratty,K.
Stt'vens. .\! ' O.
Stevens, I-
Stevens. M ■ '' t.
Sternia,)!.
BterewsPr -^fph.
Thomas, > . <'.
794
STEVENS
SULLIVANS
Stevem floating battery, the. IV. W, McCMlan, O. B. ;
V. 675, Steven», R. L. and K. A.
SteveiM inHtitute of leohnology, jfifU to, IV. 480, Morton,
H : illustration. V. 075.
Stfvensoii, C'harU's, I, tVSS. Claxton. K. '
Stewart. A. T., vi»'w of houw. V. Crta ; mausoleum, 083.
Stewart, Douglas, pwuilonyni. V, OOH, SiAhern.
Stt-wart. Diignld. quott^l. II. ait.
St«»wart. Lieut. Jaiii.-s. III. aOS. Hill, D. H.
Si'Mvart. Sir W. Uniiiinioud, IV. 3i"j. Miller. A. J.
St«'wart'8 Litvrarv (Quarterly. V. (iS.'), Stewart, G.
Stiles. Jotin and tsauc, V, (X7, Utita, E.
Stillman'H run. VI. .ri.
Stilwell, Stephen. V. 690. Stihcell, S. M.
Stfin.son. A. I.... I, 11, Adanm. Alviii
Stirling. Karl of, I. 47. Alixander, \V.; 48, Alexander, ir.
Stirluig castle, records and regalia from. 1, 331, Bourne, N.
Stirrui), jH-n-nanie. I, .'J(18. Brent, H. J.
Stitchingniacliine, invention of a, 375, Briggs, J. W.
StutH.. William, V, «1«. Stulm, R.
SUickbridge. Ma.ss.. Sedgwick house at. illustration, V.
Vii ; Indian grant of, 40:2 ; manual-labor school at, 362,
Senieant, J.
Stock'er. Anthony. \1, 447. Wharton. T.
Stookhardt. Julius A., IV, 702, I'eirce, C. H. ; V, 707.
.SYorer. F. H.
Stockton. Andrew Hunter. V. 693, Stockton, A. A.
Stockton, John. V, 6U3, Stockton, R.
Stockton. Julia. V. 340, Rush.
Stockton. Mi.s8. III. :W1. Hunter, A.
Stockt«>n, Miss. IV. 4<51. Munro. H.
SttK-kton. Ki.hard. II. 1.V). Field. R. S.
Stockton. Kotiert. V. 208, Reed. Joxeph.
Stockton, Susannah. V. 27, Pintard. L.
Stockton. William. S.. II. :W1, Evans. E. H.
StockUin. Utah, founde<l. I, 70S. Connor. P. E.
StfH?kt4in residence, the, illu.stration. V. CM.
Stoddert. H<'njamin. II. .^.)I. Eu>-n. B. S.
SUxlilerf, Maj. James. V, (iW. Stoddert, B.
Stotldert. (.'apt. Thomas. V. 0!)8. Stoddert, B.
Stoe<'k. Rev. Philip. I. 40.3. Brown, J.
StoeiK'l. Robert. III. IRl, Heron.
Stone, testing tlie strength of, II, 391, Eirhank ; inTention
of artidcial. VI. (151. y„uny. VV. H. H. H.
Stxme. Harriett M.. IV. :12, Utthrop, H. M.
Stoni'. John. V, 703, .Stone, S.
Stone, Malvina and Uriah, I, 99. Arthur.
Stone, N<iah. V. 0!Kt. Stone. A. L.
Stone, Dr. North. III. iSM. Hubhell. M. .S.
Stone. W. L.. Bryants attack on, lU, 079, Leggett, W. ;
IV. .597. (Mwrn. L.
Stone. Zedekiah, V. 701. Stone, D.
Stone Arabia, ambu.s<'ade at, I. 402. Broim, John.
St. )ne breaker, invention of a. I. 2Ki, Blake, E. W.
Stoiieites, the, V. 700. Stone. B. IV.
Stone River, battle of. II, ,5!K». (hireschi ; V. 84, Post, P. S.;
324. 498. S<'e Mi'Rfreesboro.
Stonewall, t he ram, IV, 625, Page. T. J. ; surrender of, VI,
4.36. liV)-f/«'n.
Stonewall goldmine, the. VI, 387, Waterman, R. W.
Stonewall .lackson. III. .391.
Stonewall of the West, the, I, 048. Cleburne.
Stonington, C'oim., bombardment of. III, Johnson, Rossi-
ter : 3(W. hhoni.
Stono, »»attle of. HI, 301, Huger. I.
Stony Un-ek, engagement at. Ill, 108, Hanfei/, Sir J.
Stony Point, battle at, II. 424, Febiijer ; 482, Fleury ; VI,
.398. Wayne.
Sto.JiH'. Pastor. III. 408. .Jay.
Stop-motion to the drawing-frame, invented, 1, 191, Batch-
elder, s.
Sforer. Mis.s, III. 171. Henry. John.
Storey farm. the. I. .V29. Carnegie.
Storm King, the, soliriquet. II. '.375, £<ip?/.
Storms. crt>s8ing of the Atlantic by. II. 228. Draper, D :
theories f )f , .375, Enpy : scheme to produce, 375.
Storrs, Henry R.. IV. ,%43, \oyes, W.C.
Storrs, Rev. .John. V. 709. .S7ott». R. S.
Story. I)r. ElLsha. V. 710, .Story, J.
Story, FYancls V.. II. 734.
Story. .Sarah. IV. 252. Mather. R.
Story. Sidney A., Jr.. pn-name, V, 19. Pike, M. H. O.
St4)ry. W aldo and Julian. V. 712, Story, W. W
Slot. the. 8.ibrl(iuet. V. 7:«. Stuart. James.
htoughton. K. W.. H. 409. Fiske. John.
.Stonrton. Lord. I. ,538. Carroll. J.
Stout. Capt.. IV. .V5.3. \orth. C.
Stover, Daniel. HI, 439, 440. Johnson, Mari'-
Stoves cylinder designed. I. 49. Alger, C. ; invention of
cooking. 114 Atk-,nson, E.: 151. Ball, E.: open. II, 628;
"^V^*"" ?" ''liat-"** eoal. IV. 540. Nott, E; the Olmsted
mnw.. p" 7.K^^= ^'t:- Vr''A '' ««^*roD, V, C17, Sower, C.
Stowe, Rev. Charles E.. V, 71.5.
'*'?y':;-'J }]• ';^K\u&U of characters of. HI. 178, Henson,
a,i • , "^ 'Jopkn.sS-. St^ U.vcLR Tom"« C.^btn.
K.^!,'lv \' I ''".'^■; ','.'; ■^'"- """ : IV. 603, Osu>ald, R.
t^tran-on I. fjirl of. VI. '^17, Uanc.
0 i;^ f VT'""^'r' Sfhriqnet. VI, 468, Whipple, H. D.
Strait of Juau do Fuca, VI, 227, Valerianos
Strait of Le Maire, HI. »W1, Le Maire ; forts on, IV, 629,
Nodal ; discovery of, V, 725, Struensee.
Straits of Magellan, exix-diiion to. colony founded, HI.
844, Imecourt : error in reference to. 585. Ladrilleros ;
discovery of, IV. 173. Magellan ; expedition to fortify,
fort and colony at, V. 400, .Sarmiento, Oumboa.
Strange Friend, the. original of. I, 758. Cox, H. H.
Strasburg, Comit6 de Secours de, I. 187, Barton.
Strategos, game of. VI. 141, Totten. C. A. L.
Stratford, the seven graces of. I. 52, Allen, Heman.
Stratford house, V. 606. Somerville ; illustration, HI, 604.
Stratton. Catherine. Ill, 584. Ladd, C.
Straumey island. VI. 101, Thorfinn.
Straws,-pen-name, II. 4,50, Field, J. M.
Street, Randall S., V. 718, Street. A. B.
Street-cars, register for, IV, 220, Marshall, E. C. ; motor
for, III, mi, Lamm.
Streeter, Sebastian, II, 334, Ellis, S.
Street-sweeper, invention of a, HI, 402. Jones, Alexander.
Stretching-frames, IV, 234, Martin, T. M.; V, 484, Shat-
tuck. A. D.
Strickland, Agnes, IV, 370, Moodie, S.
Strickland, Catherine. VI. 1.53, Traill.
Strickland. Susanna. IV. .37.5-370, Moodie.
Strohmeyer, Prof.. I, 394, Brown, Buckrninster.
Strong, Adonijah, V, 722, Strong, S.
Strong. Alfred L., V. 721. Strong, G. C.
Strong, Alvah, V. 720. Strong, A. H.
Strong. Benjamin, V. 724. Strong. O. S.
Strong. George W., V, 724, Strong, G. T.
Strong. Henry W., V, 723. Strong, L. C.
Strong, Hezekiah W.^ V, 723, Strong, M. M.
Strong, Joanna. II, 489. Floyd, W.
Strong. John, V, 720, Strong, C.
Strong, John E., V. 723. Strong, W. E.
Strong, Julius L.. HI, 124. Hawley, J. R.
Strong, Martin. V, 722, Strong, T. R.
Strong, Philip, V. 720, Strong. A. H.
Strong, Rev. Samuel T., V, 724, Strong. S. H.
Strong, Supply, V, 722. Strong, Jedediah.
Strong, Thomas, V, 721. Strong. James.
Strong, Judge T. S., V. 724, Strong. S. B.
Strozzi, Marfchal de, II, 090, Gourgues.
Strutt, Jedediah. V, 547, Slaler.
Stryker, Rev. Peter, V. 247. Record, E.
Stuart, Alexander, V, 732, Stuart, R.
Stuart, Lady Arabella, V, 103
Stuart, Archibald, V, 720, Stuart, A. H. H.
Stuart, A. H. H., quoted, II. 455.
Stuart, Carlos U., Vl, 391. Watson, Henni Good.
Stuart, Charles Edward, adventure of, IV, 101, McDonald,
Flora.
Stuart, Col. Christopher, IV, 672, Patterson, Joseph.
Stuart. Dr., III. 4.50. Johnson, T.
Stuart. Elizabeth. IV. 672. Patterson, Joseph.
Stuart, Kiidoch, V, 732, Stuart, fi. L.
Stuart, Mar\% maid of honor of, III, 741, Livingston, R.
Stuart, Mary. IV. 1,52, MacNab.
Stuart, Rev. Roljert. V. r31, Stuart, J. T.
Stuart, William. I. 319.
Stuarts, the, HI. 503, Keith, Sir W.
Study Hill, I. 274. Blackxtone.
Sturges. Josiah R., VI. 214. Upshur, M. J. S.
Stuyvesant, Mi.ss, II, 4&3, Fish, N.
Stylus, the, projected magazine, V. 45.
Suaso. Juana, V, 538. Simpson. G. S.
Submarine battery. HI. 320, Hunt, E. B.
Submarine electric cable, the first, VI, 172. Tuck.
Substance of an Exercise in Scurrility Hall, the, anony-
mous publication. HI, 317, Hunt, L
Sudbury, Mass., Indian battle at, VI, 312, Wadsworth,
Benjamin.
Sue Murphy case. the. II. .544. Frelinghuysen, F. T.
Suez canal, the. HI, 097, Lesseps : VI, 172. Tuck.
Suffield, added to Connecticut. IV, 61. Lyman, P.
Suffolk, battle at, IV, 090, Peck. J. J.
StifTolk county, N. Y.. charities in. VI. 589, Wolfe, J. D.
Suffolk resolves, the. VI, 304, Warren, Joseph.
Suffrage, negro. Calhoun on, I. 503.
SufTren, Bailli de, V, 245, Richery.
Sugar, proc<'.sses for making, I, 69t, Collier, P.; HI, 681,
Labaf. J. B.; IV, 198, Mapes, J. J.; V, 229, Reynoso ; for
cube. VI. 487, Whitmore.
Sugar-beet, culture of the. I. 180. Barry, J. S.
Sugar-cane, the OtahaTti, I, 80, Arungo y ParreHo ; culture
of, V, 870, Sainte-Croix, Ljuis : scientific examination
of, .528. .529. •
Sugar-house prison, the. V, 428, Schureman ; 651, Staples,
J. J.: VI. .321. Waldo, D.
Suipacha, battle at, IV, 520, Xieto, V.
Suis.se, M.. HI, 388, Jackson. J. A.
Sullivan, Gen. John, his mission to congress. I, 17 ; his ex-
pedition, passage of Otseeo lake, V, 71, Porter, Andrew.
Sullivan. Lucas, V, 742, Sullivant.
Sullivan. Owen. V. 740. StUliwtn. John.
Sullivan, Robert B.. VI. .545. Wilson, Adam.
Sullivan. William. IV. 76.3, Phillips, Willard.
Sullivan's island, S. C, palmetto fort on, III, 659 ; IV, 44C,
Moultrie.
SULLY
TAIJ.KY
790
8«ll5-, I^wrt»nrp. V. T'lS, Sully. T.
Siil|ihjnj<l.-H, thf, |in.|>.rtics of. V. SKO. Remtm.
Kiilpliiirii- uc-iil, iiuiii\ifa<-tiin' iif, ML mi U.immiH, J.
SulniliaiM, tln', II. .ITil. FliKjrl : at ^' l ; IV, ITS.
itiif/uhr ; Moiitn-al j'oiivi'Vf*! Ill, >iruiv ; IHU.
i/oiirr ; |>r<>iM>sul l<> tak«'"tli<< pi' , iii Canada:
(liffli'ultU'M of, with the biHhop. Ill, <A.'i, Linliyuf : inbt
tiiiiim of, I, tlir. Ciiiutini ; »iti|i|>n-M'ii(jn <if, in Fraiuf, IV.
WB-aW, Mareihal ; iiiiMioiiii of. V, 5. Piciiurt : VI. l(tt.
jfVimw ; M*niinary of. Maryland. IV. -rTtl, .Vnj^jf : wnil
nary and church of, I'arta, 671. Olier ; VI. 528, »'iUiani»,
John Jtmrfth.
Sumatra, attack on town In, II. 221. Dotcnr» ; pirat4-N'
towns of. VI, 188, Turner, T.\ niitwion in, IV, 00, Ly-
miin, H.
Suiiieriun dialect. «liscovcry of the. III. 11«, Hauut, P.
Huniniertleld. Cliarle«, |Meudonyni, I. 9H, Arrinyion.
SuniniePK. KiKulie, Ktatceiiante, IV, liW, Miirhle, A. W.
Sumner, Clmrles, cliallengt; after attack on, VI, 811, Wade,
ttftyjinnin F.
Sunnier, C'liarlea Pinckney, V. 744, Sumner, C.
Sumner, Juil^e Increase. V. 730. Sumner, C. A.
Sumner. .loh, V, 744, Sumner, C.
Sumner, Snnuiel B., V. 750, .Sumner, C. A.
Sumner, William. V, 744, Sumner, C; 751, Sumner, I.
Sumter. Kort. bombardment of, I, 71, Anderson, Rithert.
See Fort Si'mtkr.
Sumter, the, prlvaU-er, II, 415 ; 8, Craven, T. A. M. ; V.
4«M. Semmeg, R.
Sun, the, worship of, IV, 18t5. JIfanro Capac ; researches
on. III. 611, Lanytey; spots on, Ut). Harriot ; invention
for usin»; the rays in heating rooms, IV, 423, Morxe, Ed-
vyirii Syhfster.
Punal, Ktatue by, illustrntion, I, fX».
Sun-and-planet horsc-jK)wer, a, I, 301, Boqardu*, J.
Siuioook, N. H., Krant of, IV, 87, Ijovewll.
SuH'lny Afternoon. ma»rn/ine, II, C63, Gladden.
Sunday laws. III, 401, Jonex. //. O.
Sunday Magazine, the. Ill, (iOfl, Lenlie, F.
Sunday-schmd, first in New KiiKJand. III,. VIA, Kelley, U. J.\
first, in U. S., V, M7, .S7<i/er ; IV, tM!», Parke, Josejih : In
America. V. lf<i. Rnntmil; publications and institutes.
VI. aw. I'iiicent, J. H. ; lessons for, lU, 482, Judd, O. ; V,
231, Rice, E. H'.
Sun motor, II, 3<K. EricMon.
Sunnyside, illustration. III, 362.
Sun of Joy, III, J.M, lluatcar.
Sun .stone, the, I, 5I(fl, Chavero.
Sunswick, II. 127, Itelnjield. John.
Supporters of the Bill of Ritfhts, society. III. 0fi6. l^e, A.
Supreme court, U. S., organization ot, VI, 380 ; jurisdic-
tion of the FtHleral, 408.
Surgery, new o|x'rations in. I, .'>a9. Ctimoehan ; II. 10,
Crosby, /).; 211, Doujhiy. W. //.; Ill, 5, Uross, S. /).:
738, Little, J. L.; IV. 379, Mtntre, E. M.\ 471, MtiHMey.
R. D.; 642. Pancoast, J.; 657. Pnrker, W.; V, 85, Post ;
247. Ricord, P.: .Ml, Sims. J. M.; 513. Skene, .4. J. ('.:
681. Smith, yothnn : .VJi». .Smyth. A. W.; OX, S/trir ; 7rtl,
Stone, H'. ; V^I, 96, Thomson. H'. ; iwe of hi>t water in.
2fi0, lariV*, T. R.: dimcidt operations in, II, .380, Ere,
P. F.: 6M. (iouUy: IV. .\5, Lunyren, S. S.; 57, Luien-
berg ; 8B. McClelUui. (J. an<l J. H. B.\ 111. MrPMrtll. E :
227. iliirsholl, H'.; 2W5. .Mnitry. F. F; 705, Phusirk; V,
W, Potter, H. A.\ .388, Stinds, H. tt.: .VK). Smith, .V. ; VI.
23.\ IVin Rtiren; 314. HVu/Jier, J : 80«5. MVircen, J. ('.;
5116. Wood. J. R.; 607. Atpoir ; orlhoi>'dic. V. 411. Stiyre.
L. A.: invention of in.struments for, 411, Stiiire, I.. A.;
II, 472, Fitch. Simon ; 524. Fraiiri*. S. H'.: III. h.dross,
S. D: 63, Hamilton. F. II.; 192, Hewitt. C. .V.; 21.^,
Hitrhcfxk, A.: 271. Houqh. J. S.: 296. Hudson, E. 11;
.VW, Kimi. I).; VA KinUxh. R. A.; 0O2. l^immm. P. L.;
IV. 82, lothrop. ('. //, : 200. March. ^.; 2:«). Martin,
H. A.; 442. 44.3: 458, Munde ; 4'.10, Svlmm. P. T; 498,
S'rlson, C E.; .WS, .\eirman. W. H ; 510, Meirton. R. S.;
0L->, Otis. F. .V. ; 6:1'.. Pidlen ; V, 6H&, Stewart, F. C. ; VI.
473. UViiYf, O. A.; KK.
Surian. M.. lM)lanist, V. 48. Ptumier.
Surinam, st-ientiflv exploration of, IV, 8W. Merian ; V,
669. Stedman, ./. (/.
SunianiJ-s, chiKsiflcation of, I, 384, Botrditch, iV. /.
Suiratt, .lohn H.. III. 33, Hale, C.
Surrey. Earl of. III. iVH. Ix-e. R.
Surrinpe. A(rii»-<. II. .'>20. FranklanA.
Sunilii 1" r.U.iM, Foiiseca Lima.
Surv. l.-tic. in America, I, .321, Borden, 8. ; geo-
lo;:i >\jnnv.
Sur\. lion of Instniments. I. 821, Borden, S.;
ni>^ si, Paridsoit ; 90. Ikiri*. J. W.
SurM ii- de, iweudonym, I, 811, Bonaparte,
JllS) jill
Stisan Wood, sobriquet, VI, 606. Woods, C. R.
Susini. Augustine. HI. 211. Hinckley, I.
Siisc|uehaniia colony, II. 285, l>yer. E.
Sus<|uehnnna ci>m|Minv. the. II. 273. Purkee.
Sii'^ttfbnnim piircbaw. the, VI. 106, Trumbull, B.
• 1 Puke of. IV. 29. l^>rne.
kmI i>a|MTs. the. III. 91. Harris, O. W.
ill. Cal.. ilhistration. VI, 8.
^uwarruw, Clen. A. V., V, 442, Scott, W.
I Stttxara Verdi. T . VI, -zm. I'erdi.
Swaanendnei. I. 296. Hlommuert ; II. 157. /V Vrim.
Swallow, Pn>f. (tfM.rk'e (V, V <-»> v.-..^,. ,/ w
Swamp-angel, the, \ . 461, .'^'
Swam|>-fux, the, iu>brii|ui-i •
Swamp unlvemity, IV. :i2l, .\;
Swan, Ju<lge ( iuNtavus, VI, 4. .Simin, J. K. ; 6. Swagnt, S. H.
Swan. KoU-rt. VI, 4, .sv<i.i. W. P.
Swansea. R. I , IV. 474. Mulri. J ; IndUn attaek on, VA.
Swarthmore college, IV, 174. Mayill. E. //. : 660, I'nrriak^
E. : V, .'*!, Sm,th. C. L. : gift to, VI, 449, Wharton, J
Swartout, <"ol, .\bruhnm, VI. ft, Sirartout, H.
Hwart<Hit. Fraiic«i«, VI. .%. Su-*irtout. S.
Swayne. FruncJM atui Jcmhua. VI. 5. Stmjfne, N. H.
Swearing Jack Waller, sobriquet, VI, 3:J7. Walirr, J.
Sweat, l>*renzo I), .M . VI, 6, Swat, M. J. M.
Swedes, i-olony of, VI, 82. Thomas. W. W. : on th« I>fr|»-
ware. V. rjn. I^ints, J. ; VI, 9i7. L'uander ; clalma to
land in Pennsylvania. III. 2!t%. Hudde.
Swe<lish misKiun, HI. 2:iH, Hohn. J. C.
Swe<lish Nightingale, the. HI, 731. I.ind.
Swedish Wt.st India com|iany, the. 111, 214. Hinottotmx ;
IV, 338. Minuit.
Sweeny, (li-orge Wythe, VI, 084, Wythe, O.
Sweet. James. VI, 7, Strert. A. E.
Sw«'<>tser. Andrew J. and Henry. VI, 8, Swtetser, M. F.
Sweet William, sobritiuet, II. 229. Ihrtiper, W. U.
Swift, Lucretia. V, tWO, Sixddinn, R. P.
Swift, McKae, VI. 11, .Sin//, J. U.
Swift. Mary A., VI. 12. Swift. Z.
Swift. Thomas ami F<«rer, VI, 10. Swift. J. O.
Swimming, feats of. I, .34.3, Boyton.
Swinburne, A. C , II, T^.
Swinburne, Kmily K., VI, .319, Ward, E. K.
Swing-bridges, invention for. VI, 502, WtgM.
Swinging round the circle. III, 4.39.
Swissnelm, Jatnes. VI, 1.3, Swisshelm, J. O.
Switch-stand, inventor of a, VI, 492. Whittemore, D. J.
Syconian lake, the. HI, 4<.I2, J<insen ran llprndam.
Sydney, FxIwanI William, iwnname, VI. 1,.V Tucker, ff. B.
Sydney. Prince Edward island. founde<l. II, l.V), Itrs Batrra,
Sydney, the. of the An>erii-an navy, II. 4. Crxioen, T. //. if.
Sykes. W. W , IV, .3, Ionian, O.
Sylvester. Francis. VI. 3:10.
Sylvester, (Jyles. IV. .M8. .\icnlls. W.
SymlK>is. ge<>graphlcal. system of, VI, ISi, Toner.
Syme, Sarah, I. 4«>. CoMI. S. J.
Symmes, Ameri-.-iis V.. VI, 10, Symmes, J. C.
Symmes. Anna, III, 90, 98.
Symmes's h'>le. VI, 10. .Symmes. J. C.
Symphony stx-ielv. H. 08, fiamrosch.
Symiswium, tlie.H. ,344. .31.V
Svng, Philiit. III. .ViO, Kinnrrsley.
SVnunis*', Princ«' of. V. 3<M '
3<M, Rnemer.
Syracus** university, librnn' for, V, 215. Reid, J. 3t.; gtfia
to. 22t>, Reminyton, P.; ml .Steele, J. P.
Syria, mission to. H, 300. Ford. J. E.
I Szcsekociny, t>attle at. Ill, 673.
T. A., gent., pen-nnme. I, 110. Aithe, T.
Taharo. Duke of, H. 022. (irfTrartl.
Tabasco, capture of the, V. 667, .SIrrett I. S.
Table Rock. engngiMuent near, HI, 607, Lane, Joseph.
Ta»»or. Azor. II. 114, /»t<in.
Tabor, Iowa, I. 4«« ; colleg««, gift to. III, 219. Hitckeoek,
.Samuel A.
Tachnach<l<»anis. Cldef. VI. 6. Swatnne.
Tacks, machine for making, I. S8R. Hlnnehnrd, T.
Tac-oma. founded, schools In, VI, 021. Wriyht, C. B.
Tacnnic system of ns-ks. the, II, 351, Emmons, E.; IV, Wt,
Marcnu.
Tactuuvmbo. battle of. III. 186. Herrera, S.
Tanibava, Mex., H, 868, Escandon ; battle of, II. 194. Aa-
fj€tllado.
Tadousac, V. 6.3-61, Pontymv^.
Tatquantmn, II. 087, flomrs.
Taggart, James, VI, 19. Taggnrt, S.
Tahgab inte. IV, 5. l./><jftn. John.
Ttth kah Im kuty, enkniOMitent at. V, 718. .'fully, A.
Taine, Henri. ijuot.Hl. VI. .301, Wnnter, S.
TainU'r. Sumner. I. 225. Hell. A. (1.
Tall. A. F . II. 498. Forlte*. F^lwin.
TakawombiMlt. Paniel. II. 328
Talavera. IVnianlino d*-. IV. 508, Ojeda. A. d«.
Talavern, Fernando <le. I. tVffT.
Tnlb<H. fhnrh'H. VI. A'. Toilet. T.
Talbot, >Inr|..n. V. 2;«>. Richanis, K. H.
TalNH, Sir W.. III. KA. I.^le>^.
Tal(>a. Chili. cap?nn-<l. II .Ml. Freire, R. ; college sod
llhrnr*- found'.' " V •'■■' *''ir>a.J. I.
Tales oCiilniilx. U.R.C.
TaWof Ihx INir '. P
Xali* " ■ • "^^Imes, Isaac K.
Talf
T»b An//. M.
Taiini.u... k,a.a
Talladega
TallahasH. (.
T*Uey,Thoi ,.„■., ... .^.. ....~
796
TALLEYRAND
TENOCHTITLAN
Talleyrand. I. 28, 406 ; 858, aifton. W. ; 726 : II. 61. Dnl-
tim, T.\ his treatment of American commissionerH, Ml.
TallmatlKe, <>.. Indian town at, I, 12ft. Bacon, D.
Tall Syt-Ainore of the Wabash, the, sobriquet, VI. 807,
l'(torlu-ex. I). H"
Talluschat«»icK. liattle at. III. 376.
Talrnajp'. K»*v. (Juyn, VI. 27. Tutmafje, T. I>. VV.
TalmaKe, Rev. J K., VI. 27. Talmaye, T. I>. U'.
Talon, Liicien, VI. 2S. Tolon, P.
Talvi, jx-n iinine, V, a«S, Hobiimon. Therese.
Tiinmi^iia, Cliief, V. 51(t, Shingark.
Tamari«is, iiiis-sion to the, II, 9M, Mirioii.
TamiiiiliiMLs. invasion of, I. 122. Avezziina ; 174, Barradaa.
Tamidine. invention of, V'l, 448, Weston. E.
Tauiil laiifniaRe. cliotionary of the, VI, 570 Winslow, M.
TainoH. the, II, 373. Ksfu-jo. A.
Tampii-o. l>atUe at, 1, 174, Barradaa ; V, 393, Santa- Anna ;
007. Sterett, I. S.
Tanite. invention of. IV. 647, Paret, T. D.
Tannehill, (ien. John, VI, 31, Taiinehill, H'.; 405, UV6-
feer, C. W.
Tanner. James. VI, 32. Tanner. John.
Taniiinf;. inveutions for. V. ltJ3, Pratt, Z. ; Rufwlan proc-
ess iiitnxluced. III. 4:«, Jewell, M. ; invention of proc-
ess, IV, IIW, MajH-K, J. ./.
Tappan, Ai>rahani and Benjamin, VI. 32, Tappan, D.
Tappim. enjfajfeinent near. I, 201, Baylor, (i.; slaughter of
a rejtiineiit at. II, 7ti2. drey.
Tiirahiimaro Indians, Rul)ju>ration of. VI, 128, Toledo, F. A.
Tar-cl»a-chee, death of, II, ,'56. Ikile, S.
Tareote. entragement at, IV. 208.
Tariff of Abominations, the. III. .381 ; \^. 195 : 400.
Tariff question, the. VI. UW ; compromi.se. I, .VX). .V)l : re-
vision. KM : C'lavs bill, (V12 : reduction of. II. .58. Dallas,
a. M. ; the Bond case, (M7, Gilchrist. R. H. ; of 1842.
iw : struKKle and compromi.se over. III. .381 ; in 1844.
II. .59. [Milliis, (/. M. ; \ . ^i-TA : question of protective,
first raise<l. .'IVi, Ruthrrfoord : division of parties on. VI,
*»411 ; the Mills bill, 6'.>4, Mills, R. Q.; works on the,
IV. 210, Ma-ton. P. If.
Tarleton, Col. Banastre, anecdote of. III. 462, Jones. M.
M.; his dragoons, story of , II. 525, Francisco ; his quar-
ter. I. 44.3. Biiford. A.
Tarqui, liattle of. V, T30. Sucre. A. J.
Tartars of America, the. IV. 'V>t. Monagaa, J.
Taschereau, Thomas .Jacques. VI. :%. Taschereaii, K. A.
Ta.sco. painfinp* in the church of, I. 492, Cabrera, M.
Tasmania, II. .VV4, Franklin. Sir J.
Tassy. (iarciii de, pupil of. V, 377, Salisbury.
ToKtanenv. III. tWl. I^e Clerc.
Taste, sense of. III. 2i>2, Hilqard. T. C.
Tax, fltrht, emancipaU', V, 19 Pike, F. A.
Ta.xation. of colonies, first protest against. I, 29; first sug-
(t.stion of. III. ,VM. Keith.
Taxiilermv. art of. ni, 26.3. Homaday.
Tayatzin, IV. 270. Ma.rtla.
Tavloe, Col. Ojrie. II. 4.V).
Tayloe. Rebecca, III, W15, />«•. F. L.
Taylor. Bayard, original «>f a story by, I, 758, Cox, H. H. ;
his house, illustration. VI, 41.
Tavlor. Catherine, IV, 711. Penn.
Taylor. Crce<I, II, (W4, Gholson, W. Y.
Tavlor. Frances. IV, 165.
Tavlor, Col. Fn»deric. VI, 41.
Taylor. Hancock. VI. ,52.
Tavlor. Harriet. II, 338. FJmore. F. H.
Tavlor, Rev. .lames, VI. 49. Taylor, S. P.
Taylor. JanetU-. III. 468.
Tavlor. Jeremy. II. 262. Punster, H.
Tavlor. Marion, I. 487, Byrd.
Taylor. Man- C. II, 392. Eiren, M. C.
Taylor. Dr. Ralph. VI. 4;M. H'elton.
Taylor, Col. Richard, VI. 51, Taylor, Z.
Taylor. Rol>ert and Joseph, VI, 40, Taylor, B.
Tavlor. Sarah. VI, 54.
Taylor, R«'v. Timothy A.. VI, 48. Tavlor. O. A.
Taylor. Tom. Ill, im, lA-slie, C. R.; V, 530, SiUbee, J. S.
Taylor. Zacharj-. IV. KK.
TayupeH. tril»e of the. II, Ml. Freire de Andrado.
Tazewell Hall. Va.. illustration, V, 174.
Tna. burned at Clreenwick. N. J.. Ill, 285, Hotnell. R.; de-
•troywl at Boston, see Boston tea party ; Jai>anese,
Introduce*!. III. 22. Hal>erslinm, A. W.; first culture of.
In Brazil. I. 124. Azmeilo. A. A.
Teach. Kdwnrd, II, .301. Erlen. C.
Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. Ill, 218. Hitchcock. R. D.
Teaz.'r. captun- of the gun-boat. IV, 76, McCann ; V, 679.
.S'Nivrui. T. H.
Techotlalla, cacique. VI. 128, Tiioc.
Tecoac, battle of. II. 107.
Tecpanlcnlzin. III. 290, Hnrhuetemircatl.
Tecimis.-h. his interview with Harrison, U, 335, Elldcwa-
tnwn : HI. IKl ; his death, 97./
Te<-nmseh, loss of th". II, .3. Craven, T. A.M : 417
Tegethoflfv Vlce-Admiral. IV. 269.
Teg.-thoff. voyage of the. IV. 68.-., Payer.
Tehimnteijfc. compiest of. I, 123. Aiayacatl; capture of.
III, •>■•<). lA'on. Antonio.
Tehuautepec, Isthmus of, I, 109, Barnard, J. G.
Telxeyra, Domingos de. II. .542, Freire de Andrado.
Telam^ language, the. V. M^i, Sitjar.
Telegram, first u.se of the word. V, f>63. Smith, E. P.
Telegraph, the, II, 227. Draper, J. IV.: preliminary di»>
coveries. III. 172 ; velocity of the electric Huid, first ob-
servations, IV. 18. Utoinis, E.; invention of. Ill, 886,
Jackson, C. T. ; IV. 425 ; Morse's first apparatus, illus-
tration. 42(5 ; attempt to bury the wires. 426 ; first mes-
sage. 426 ; submarine. 427 ; appropriation for testing, VI,
8;«, Wallace, D. ; 220, Vail, A.; invention of instruments,
I. 612, Chubhuck ; improvements in, II. 303, Edison ; 682,
dally; III. 513, Kendall, A.; 677, Lefferts. M.; V, 108,
Prescott, O.B.; 306, Rogers. If. J.; multiplex, II, 729,
Gray, ~E. ; Calhoun on the. I. 801 : machine for laying
wires. 741. Cornell; the printing. HI, 273, House, R. E.;
system of, topographical, 568, Knox, T. W.; invention
of avisual. 607. £<^«ne. ./. H.; s.vstem for fac-simile. teleg-
raphy, V. 602, .S"/io(c. W. D.; combination printer, VI, 696,
Phelps; duplex. 699, Sfpoms; submarine.to Japan, 1.234,
Belknap, O. E.; 69.5. Colt ; the American union, II, 694,
Gould, J.; proposed Siberian, III, 516. Kennan; 568,
Knox, T. W.; V, 522. Sibley, H.; union of lines, 621. 522;
management of, 642, Staler ; the Atlantic, See Atlan-
tic TELEORAPH ; proposed, from San Francisco to Sand-
wich islands, II. 449. Field, C. W.
Telephone, the. I, 225, Bell. A. O. ; inventions for, 247,
Berliner ; portable electro-magnetic. 678 ; II. 195, Dol-
bear ; 304, Edison ; 729, Gray, E. : invention of a re-
ceiver. V, 4. Pickering, E. C. ; invention of. charge
against government officials concerning. 308. Rogers. J.
H. ; transmission of messages simultaneously with tele-
grams, 323, Ro.iehrngh ; inventor of a, for the deaf. 623,
Spauldinq, E. ; invention, 481, Shaver ; suit of the Bell,
VI. 699, Roberts.
Telescopes, improvements in, I. 624. Clark, Alvan ; II,
473, Fitz ; early manufacture of . Ill, 231, Holcombe ; the
largest in the world. III, 709. Lick.
Telfair. Thomas, VI. 60, Telfair, E.
Tellkampf, Theodore. VI. 60. Tellkampf, J. L.
Tellurian glolie. the. IV, 162. MacVicar.
Tellurides, of California, I, 286, Blake, W. P.
Telugus. the. 11. 112. Day, S. S.
Temixrance. cause of, I, 142, Baird, R.; 4.55, Burleigh;
first society in the world, 624, Clark, B. J.; woman's, of
New York, 82, Anthony. S. B.: II. 17. Crosby, H.; 134,
Delavan ; first society in Massachusetts. 162. Dexter, S.;
the Dunkiu act, 2,58 ; American society, ;W7, Edwards,
J.; 692, Gongh ; 111, 14, Gmtafson ; 120, Hawkins, J. H.
W.; 143. Hayes. L. W. W.; Luther of, 191. Hewit, N.;
first tract on. 312. Humphrey, H.; 3.55. Ireland, John ;
early lectures on, .559. Kittredge, J. ; early work in, 650,
lAiavitt; women's crusade in Ohio, 702, Lewis, D.; early
movements. IV. 217. Marsh, John : 257, Mathew, T.; 465,
Murphy, ^. ; suit about restriction in Cattaraugus, V,
42. Plumb, J.; work for, 241, Richardson. Edward ; pro-
hibitory law for New York, 476 ; first hotel, 583, Smith,
G. ; the Scott act, 4m. Scott, R. W. ; advocates of, 630,
Spencer, P. R. ; 686, Stewart. G. T. ; gifts to, VI, 90.
Thompson. E.; women's union, 514, Willard, F. E.; first
society in U. S., 677, Cowen; work of, 684, Haddock. See
also Prohibition and Maine law.
Temi>est. Shakespeare's. II, 616. Gates, Sir T.
Temple. Charlotte. V, 323. Rose. Sir J.
Temple, Charlotte, story of. V. ;i.39. Rowson, S.
Temple, Elizal)eth B.. Vl. 576. Wintlirop, T. L.
Temple, Joseph E., V, 228, Reynolds, J. F.
Temple, Mr.. II. .5.30.
Temple. Sir Purbeck. IV, 490, Nelson, J.
Temple. Sir Thomas, IV 4SI0, Nelson, J.
Templet odonttigraph, v. 288, Robinson, S. W.
Ten Broeck, Catherme, III, 747. Livingston, J.
Ten-cent Jimm.v, 11, 104, Davis, J.
Tender Recollections of Irene Macgillicuddy, anonymous
book, IV. .572, Oliphaut.
Tendilla, Count of, IV\ 297. Mendoza,
Tenella. pen-name. I, 6.35. Clarke, M. B.
Tenement-houses, inspection of. III. 91. Harris, E. ; im-
proved. V. .500. Smith. J. C; model. 567. Smith, H. B.
Teneriffe, discovery of mummies in, V, 144, PHysegur.
Ten governors, the. 111. .54, Halstead, S.
Ten Hills, farm of, II, 147, Derby, E. H, Jr.
Tennessee, pioneers of. II. 12. Crockett ; TV. 115. McFer-
rin. James ; V, .50. Polk ; 161. Rains. J. ; 279. Robertson, J. ;
4&\ Sevier ; VI. 400, Weakley ; Indian warfare in. 471,
White, J.; early days of. Ill, 374, 375; constitution
formed, name proposed by Jack.son, 375 ; " yistocratic
coterie" in. 4iiR ; new constitution of. III. *i<. Johnson,
Andrew ; separation of. from N. C, its admission. V. 467,
Sevier, ./. ; old and new constitution of. 666. Stephenson ;
the civil war in. III. 4.37 ; evacuation of central. 1. 441,
Buell, D. C; bill to remand, to military control. III. 646,
I^a. J. M ; R. C. institutions founde<l in, II, 426, Feehan ;
IV, XSi. Miles. R. P.
Tennes.see. the ram. I, 428, Buchanan, F.: 11,417,418; sur-
render of, 418.
Tennessee platform, the, I. 39.3, Brotm, A. V.
Tennyson. Alfred, quoted. IV. 161. Marready.
Teno<'htitlan. founded. I, 9. Acnmapictli ; inundation of,
and rebuilding, IV, 368, Montezuma L
TENT
TIGKIl
797
Toat. Invention of a military, V, a«l, Sihiry, II. It.
Toiith-«luy fX(it«'iiit<iiC, tl»e, IV, 830, MMvr, W.
Tenth Mus«<. the, 11. H, Crux.
TeiUh Must', iht* , lately spruuK up in America, I, l&i. Brad-
Hirer t, A.
Tunimvof ofTlw act. th**, II. 718 ; III. »«). -WO.
Teomaxlh. the. I1I.:«W, Huematzin; »7I, Utiilcueehahun ;
oriffiiiul of, VI. :Wrt. yuUin.
Twuiilfchomi. IV. ttiyr, Oiouhaton.
T»'jj«'tlaxUK-, the. lU. 1H3. Hrruandez, I'.
Tepie, ciijiture of, IV, SOD. Mrrcadu, J. M.
TepoUollmi colleiife. III. 86. W<irc<, A. A', dr.
Teresa of the New World, the, HI, 714. L'lmsirnation.
Terracotta work, discovery of clay suited to, V, 689,
Spring, K. A.; copinK, VI. 50Bj, Wight.
Terray. Abb^. II, -MX.
T^rre Haiit**, ({ifts to charitiea of. V. .ts, Roar, C; Rose
I>olvU>chuic iiislitut^, illustration, .<i22.
Terrible Tractoratiou, auonyuiuus |)oem, U, 445, Featen-
den, T. a.
Terror, the, II, M5, Frunklin, Sir J.
Terrv. David S.. II, 4W. F,eld. S. J.; V, 482. Sharon.
Tertius in Nubibus, |)eu-uaiue, V, 131, (^itcy, J.
Testa, Oounteas, II. 413.
TMt-oath, the. I, 470, Biuteed.
Tertory, AbM, I. 89, Arillaga.
Tetzotzomoc, Kin);'. I, 9. Acalhun.
Tewksbury alnudiouse, 1,478, Butler, B. F.; V, 8ftl, San-
born, F. H.
Texan revolution, incident of the, II, 10, Crittenden, O. B.
Texan*, .Y)7, shot in Mexico. II. 4(tt. Fannin.
Texas, colonization in, I. 121, Austin, S. F.; SS5. Cattro ;
French colony in, II, 703, (frahiim, <i. ; French and Span-
ish in, UaO, lA^on, Alonnode ; Spanish colonies in, VI, OOS,
Zuiliga, H. ; declaration of independence of. »V)7. Zn-
viila : organization of indeiiendent Kovernnient in. the
General Consultation, invasion of, by Mexicans, their
defeat, first iin-sident. second invasion threalenetl. an-
nexation of. III. 274. Howiton. S.\ war for independence
In. IV. 97. McCuUi}ch ; operations at sea. 3Hi). Mmire, E.
W.; V. 3i»3. Santa- Anna ; VI, 155, Travis, W. b.: I, 4.58,
Burnet, D. G. ; independent Kovemment <if. III. 598,
Lamar, M. B. ; U. 8. ooMijjation of. I. 155 ; annexation
of 4:11 ; 501, S08 ; II, 214, 578 ; Clay on, I, 043 : prou-st
arainst, II, 610. Gates, S. M. ; annexation of. Mi, Gid-
dings, J. R. ; III, 33. Hate, J. P. ; debate on it. V, 8. 52 ;
VI, 198, 2:« ; opp<«ition in Europe to it. III. 548. King,
W. A. ; petition against it. VI. M8. Wihim, If.; secession
of, III. 2(5. Hountnn, S. ; building of the state-house of. II.
420, Fanoell, J. V.; missions in. IV. 205, Margil ; R. C.
institutions in, 197, Manucy ; 5.57, iktin : church j)ro|>er-
ty in, VI, 121. Timon : first railway in. III. M7. Kinilxdl,
R. B.; boundary of. V. ■)2, 5:1 ; VI, 53 ; communistic col-
ony in, IV, .531, S'ormand : asylum for political exiles In.
Ill, 404, Jamac ; 507, iMllemand ; V. 2.">2. Riijauti, A.
Texcoco. Ill, 307, Huitzilihuitzin ; kinjfs of, 3ri. Ixtlilxo-
chitl : IV, 495. Setzahualcoyotl ; a centre of civilization,
490. NetzahuahoyiUl.
Texeira, I. 10 ; III. 344. Imhoffer.
Texmalaca, battle at, IV. 392. Morelns.
T(firliitoiitie. Ir(M|uois name. V. 621, Sixingenberg.
TliaoluT. Kev. Thomas Cushiiijr, VI. 70, Thacher, 8. C.
Thackeray.^ \V. M., the Virginians, III, 517, Kennedy, J. P.;
quote<l, V, 406, .Savaqe, J.
ThallH'rjf. III. 228, Hodman. R. II.
Thallene. discovery of, IV. 430. Morton, H.
Thames, battle of the. III. 97 ; IV, «W5. Payne, /).; V. 127,
Prnctur. 11. A.; 4H4. Shaubrna : VI. 58. fecumaeh ; offer
of the Wvandot-s. 3H. Walk-in-theWater.
ThanenujUfchta. V, 318. Rundt.
Thanks)fivinjf Day. of 1771, IV, 705, Peniberton ; made na-
tional. III. :«. Hale. S.J.
Tharin. William C.VI. 70, Tharin, R. S. S.
That (tirl of Mine, anonymous novel, II, 313, Egan.M. F.
That Husband of Mine, anonymous book, U, 140, Dmiaon,
Mary A.
Thaxter, Levi L.. VI. 71, Thaxter, C.
Tliayenilancf^ea. I. ;i>9. Brant.
Thayer. Rev. Ebenezer. VI. 73, Thayer, .V.
Thayer. John E.. VI. 73, Thayer, S.
Thayer. Mrs. J. E.. II. TOO. Granger. F.
Thayer. SylvaniLs. .statue of. illustration, VI, 78.
Thayer expetlition, the. VI. 7\, Thai/rr, S.
Tbeitrea, contest at Ix:>ndon, I. ;il7 : Booth. J B.: cIomhI by
OOOgrcM. II. «1S, Douyloji. I) : coloni^d. Ill, 46. Hallam :
Maasachu-xetts law ajfainst enttTtainnicnts m, II, 590.
Gar' I 111 old New York, illustration, V, 580 ; the
Asi.. ., II,5(K5. Forrest, K. \ IV. I)H». Mocreody.
The llr .iiymouH novel. III. m). //frberf.
Theiaa buycoit<-rs. tine, V, 021, Sparkman.
Theoloeioal Review, the, V, 500. Smith. H. B.
Theology, the New Haven, VI, 47, Taylor, N. W. ; lOS,
Tyler, B.
Tbeotophlcal society, the. V. ISI. Rawsnn, A. L.; I, 754,
C(me» ; 291, Blavataky : bequeta to. II, 144, l)e Palm.
Theresa de Bourbon. I'riiMt'ss. IV. 009. I'edro II.
Thermometers, deepwa. Inventors of, V, 4<IB, Saxton ;
410, Sajcton, R. ; inventor of phvsiolof^ical. 464. Seifuin, E.
Thennophot«, the, inventloo of, V, SOU, Sloane, T. O C.
TberoMMtatic apiiaratun. a. V, iKs. .tnttw. W. D.
Ttartls. oapturv of ib**. 11. 625. Gmnn.
ThibotWMui ooUefcv. IV. 7«S. /Vr. /ir.
Thicketur fort. eoffasMDeiit at. V. «ri. Shelby.
Thiel coflesv, Pat., tV. 808. Pii-tittint
Thierry, m:, V. in.
Third tavalry division, tho. II. 44.
Third presldenUal term, r<-«o(utkNi oo. V, 610, Springer,
Will tain M.
Thirteen. cununltt<H< of, I, SB*.
Thirty years, the. (iuatemalao r^fftme, I, 177.
ThoLsy. PatnH.-le de. III. •/ri». Houdetol.
Thorn, John H , U. Wli. Gdn, II.
Thomas, Caroline. |>Heudoiivni. II. SCD, Dorr, J. C. R.
Thomas, Evan. VI. K,, Tltomas, L.
Thomas, (ien. (S. H., statue of. iilustrallon. VI, 81.
Thomas. Isaiah. (|uoU><l. HI, 'i\\. Il„it, John.
Thomas, Col. John. VI. lil. Tttomas, Jane.
Thomas. Capt. John. VI, 412
Thomas, Rev. Nehemiah, VI. 608. IKiMtdioorfA, 8.
Thomas. Richard Svmmes, VI. Hi, Thoma*. J. B.
Thomas, W. HI, 279, Howr. E.
ThompHon. Denjamin. V, 345. Rum/ord.
Thompson, Benjamin, V. aon, Sabine, Lorento.
Thompson, Dr.. I. 670, Cochrtm. John.
Thompson. Capt. E<lmund F., VI. m. Thompaon, C. O.
Thomp««>n. (Jeonje. IV. ;00 ; V. 173. Rand'tpk, T. J.
Thompson, Hubert O.. VI. 8«. Thomp»on, C. O.
Thompson. Judt;e Isaac, VI. 92. Thompson, J.
Thompson. Rev. James. IV. ZU
Thomitson. Mr.. V. 86, Putter, A.
Thompson, Maria. II. 81. iHivrtmi.
Thompson. Martha. IV. 7ii7. Pemberton, J. C.
Thom|>son, Sarah Dio<lati. II. 905, Gardiner.
Thompson. Thotnas. VI. 90. Thompmn, E.
Thompson, W. C.. VI. 95, Thum}t»>n, J. L.
Thompson, Dr. William, book attributed to, V, 6B8, fltrf
man. C.
Thompson. Sir Wyville. I. 34. .4gnM*ix, A.
Thonison, .\rchibalil. VI. 1«. Tftomaon, A.
Thomson. Charles, H, 632, Grrrf/, K.
Thomson. Jantes. IV. ,565. (kjU-thm-jte.
Thomson. Stevens. IV. 241. ilajuni, G.
Thomsons Lsland, M&ss.. V. 013. Standish.
Thoracentesis, ojteration of. I. .334, Bowditck, H. I.
Thi>reau. John, VI. 100, Thoreau, H. D.
Thortlnnsbudir. VI. 102, Thorjittn.
Thorn, Frost. II. 82. Iktvenporl, L.
Thorn, the, British sloop, VI, 174, TVrirr. .'tamweL
Thome. P.. pen-imme, V, 57V. Smith, M. P. IK.
Thornton, James. VI. KM. Thornton. M.
i Thornton, Jan;es B . VI. 103. Thornton. E. B.
Thornton. Presley. VI. 103. Thornton, A.
Thor«)WK<»o<l, Thoma-H. II. 321. Fliot, J.
Thorpe, Edmund C . VI. 106. 77.«r/w. R. II.
Thorpe, Kamlia, |)en-name. I. 228, Bellaiity, E. W.
Thorpe, Miss, I. 445. Bull, t). B.
Thorwaldsen. H. 5. (Yaw/ord, T.; lU. «80i LauniU.
Thothmes HI.. II. t!90. Garringe.
Thousand i.slands, the. purchase of, IV, 155, Uacomb, A.
thrale. Mrs.. 11. .tW, F.lphinstone.
Three-fifths rule. the. IV. 168.
Three-mile-|K>int i-ontroversy, the, I, 727.
Three-million bill. the. I. 502.
Three Rivers, founde<l. I. .509. Champlain ; twllle of. II,
.537, Fraaer, S.; HI. 3.'.8. Irt-ine, W.; VI, 808. ITayiM.
Threrwlts, E. (J, H. 633. Griqer
Throckmorton family, the. IV. 431, Morton, O. P.
Thn>(rmorton. ElizaU>th. V, n«.
Thunefeldt. Count»'ss of. II. 144. De Ai/m.
Thuret. (iustave. II. 409, Farlotr.
Thunn and Taxte, PrioceNi of, IV, 678. Paul, F. W.
Thunnan, Rev. Pletuiaot, VI, 108, Thurman, A. O.
Thumiann. Jules, IV, 201, Marcou.
Thurston. Franklin. VI, lOlt, Thumlnn, L. M.
Thtmraiiger, M . pu|>il of, V, 820, Roarnthal. M.
Tiahuanacu. city of. IV. 178. Mmta (.'ante.
Ticker, the. invention of. V, 67, l'>ijte. F. L.
Ticket-cancellinif lM>xes. inventor of. V. 731, Porter, H.
Ticknor. Benai.ih. VI. ill. Tickimr, C. B.
Ticknor. IVnjamin. VI. 112. Tirknor, 11". P.
Tickn<ir. Benjamin H.. VI. 112, Ticknor, »'. D.
Ticknor. Howanl M.. VI. 112. Tirkitor. W. />.
Ticknor. Thomas B.. VI. 112, Tickftor, »»'. II.
Ticknor & Fields. lMH>k store of. illustraiion, VI, 118.
Tii-onderofra. caiMure <if. I. 51, Allm, Ethan ; iM ; mcapi-
ure, B5 : In the Revolution. 4at, Brotm. John ; 4litt. Bwr-
aoyne ; baUk> of, V, 372, St. Luc ; evacuation of, VI, 080,
Fermoy.
Tld«<s, machine for prwli<'tlnif, invention . ■ : ; ; / >rrrl ;
plan for iisinK the fonv of the. V. a»'. .uslni-
ment fi»r rei'orilinjr the heiirht of, V. 4"'i
Tienuin, settienieut of the affair of mammcre al, VI, OBK,
Yung H'ing.
Tierra Austral del Espiritu 8anto, V. 148. QmcAhos.
Tiffany. C. L.. house oT. ilhistration. VI. 118.
Tiffany. Sylvasfter. VI. 118, lYfrnv. A. R.
Tiirer, the. ezplorinff shin, I, M, Block.
Ttgv of Alios, the, soMquM, II, 167 ; IV. 80, Lotoda, M.
796
TlOEft
TREASURY
Tiger of Honduras, the, sobriquet, III. 9, (htardiola.
Tiicrefls, the, caiJturf* of. I. 570, Cltamplin, S.
TiUleii. Klam, VI. 114, TiUIen, H. J.
Til.lfii. M()W8 Y., VI, 115.
'lildfii, Nuthani.'!, VI. JH. Tilden. S. J.
TilKhiiiuii. Kioharcl. VI. 11(1. Tilyhinati., J.
Till.-y. Thomas MorKaii, VI, 117. Tilleu, S. L.
TilU-y If Pfley. V. 41. Pleville.
TilKKl<.iitia. tlie, IV. l.'l«. Marsh, O. C. .
Tilly, Comle de, I. 264. Utn(/ham, IV.
T.muiiu.-i, Sarah J., I. 7W, Crafts, W. F.
Tiinl>er-l>en(liiiK machine, a, II, 760, Griffiths. J. W.
TimUT-culture laws, III. 'iW. Hitchcock, F. »'.
Timberlake, Mrs. J. B., 111. !») ; II. 294, Eaton, M. L. O.
Tiiiit>«T Rid^re meetiiijr-house. I, 45. Alexander, ArchilMld.
Time-locks, invention of. V. 35)7. ^Sargent, J.
Time-piece and Literary Comimniuu. the. II, 549, Frenean.
Time service. Ill, till, iMuyley.
Time-store, a, VI, 30(j, Warren, Josiah.
Timoleon, pen-name. IV, 59.H. (hrr, I.
Timon. pen-name, II, 170, Didier, E. L.
TimriHl, William, VI, 121, Timrttd, H.
Tinker, Nehemiah. I. 4.'W. huckinyham. J. T.
Tinker. Tlie<xlore, pen-name, VI, OOit, Vyoodirorth.
Tinsley. Peter, I. 040. CI 'U, H.
Tinto. Dick, pen-name. U. «J8t). Goodrich, F. B.
Tipj)ecajioe. battle of. II. l>2, Daciesn ; 335, Ellskicntatea ;
III. ".to ; 1*7.
TipiH-canoe. sobriquet, VI, 196.
TipiM-canoe and Tyler too, the song, V, 327, Rons, A. C.
TipiMKt, Sultan. 1. 744.
Tipton. Joshua, VI, 123, Tipton. J.
TittHjinb, Timothy, pen-name. 111, 235, Holland, J. G.
Titi, Prince, V, KM, Jial/th.
Titian, the .\merican, I, 58, Allston, l\'aJihiTigton.
Titterwell. Timothy, pen-name. 111. 52«. Kettell.
Tittle, Sarah. 1. WJ, Bolton.
Titulm. IV. 0.-)i). I'arris, S.
Titus. Thomas. Ill, 2W<, Hosmer, T.
Tixjanaque, Chief, VI, 005, Ziiiliga, B.
Tlaltelolco. city of, captured. IV, 885. MoquihttLr.
Tla-scala, republic of, I, 749 ; a god of. 111, 307. Huitziton ;
opiMisition in. to Cortes. 4^54. J icotvncal.
Tlaxc^ltec Indians, the. VI. 27:1. Velusco, L.
Tiogue Nahuague. IV, 496, Netzahualcoyotl.
Tolmcco, made a medium of circulation, V. 6.36, Spotmrood ;
introduced into Europe, 102: II. 671, Goes; destruction
of a fleet, 391, Ecertsen ; trade of Virginia, 111, 188,
Herrman. A.
Tobago, 11, i:i2, De Lancey, S.; I. 288, BUmchelande ; U,
667, Gobaret.
Toboltet, II, 295, Eaton, S.
Tobosos, the, U, 398, Faljert.
Tocaima, city of. IV, 194. Manosalva*.
Todd. Elizabeth P.. II, 308. Edwards, N. W.
Toild, John. m. 727. Lincoln, M. T.
To<ld, Lawrie, pen-name, VI, 100, Thorburn, G.
TiKld. Mary. III. 720, 727.
To<iil, Sarah, I. 112. Astor.
Tod<lK Tavern, light at, V. 498.
Tofino. Vicente, VI, 260. Vargas y Ponce.
Toho|>eka, battle of. HI. 274, Houston, S.: 370.
Token, the. annual, 11. 080, lioodrich, S. G.
Tokio, school system of, IV, 467, Murray, D.i university.
42:}. Morse, E. S. •"
Toledo. Chief. 111. 311. Humbert.
Toleration party, the, II, 313, Edwards, P. ; III, 485, Jud-
son, A. T.
Tolman, Maria. V. 239. Richards, M. T.
Tololotlan, battle at, IV, 214, Mdrauez.
Tolsa, Manuel, II, 044. Gil.
Tolstoi. Count Leo, III. 287, Howells.
Tolt.-cs, the. Ill, 299, Hnehuetemixcatl : 300, Huematzin ;
divine hook of, 3tX), Huematzin ; burning of books of
300; 307. Huitzilihuitl ; kings of, 371, Ixtlilcuechahua ;
dim-overy of ruins of cities, TV, 26, Lorillard, P.; hi.story
of. V, 149, Ouetznlcohuatl ; VI. 64, Tepancaltziu ; superi-
ority of, ftYi. Xolotl ; literary works. 654. Zamora, C.
Tolu. balsam of, plant yielding, IV, 472, Mutis.
Tohica, capture of. IV. .3:«. Miramon.
Tomlinson. Antoinette, II. 109. Dibble.
Tomlin.s<jn. Maria M . II, 169. Dibble.
Tomometer. the. VI. 1 19. Tillman.
Tompkins. Jonathan (}.. VI. 1.3ft, Tompkins, D. D.
Tompkins R«iuaiv demonstration, il, 274, Duryee, A
Tom's river, battle at, VI, i;B, Torbert.
Tom Thumb, Oen.. V, 717. Strattnn, C. S.
Tonbachire. colony on the. III. .366, Isles.
Tong for ships, invention of a, IV. 528. Xindemann.
Tongue. Klizatjeth, VI. .575. Winthrop, J.
Tongue river battje. I. 709, Cmnor. f.E. : H, 16, Crook ; 44.
Toniatuh. Chief, VI. 0(«, ;{i,ilij/a. B
Tonica Indians, the, II, '.13, Darion, A.
Tonoiny hill, fort on. IV, :m, Miantonomo.
Tonti, Lorenzo, VI, 1.32. Tonty.
Tont/.. engagement at the. II, 1.5. Crook
Topham family, the. VI, 31. Tappan, D.
X/w.'.''.'^^1'^''v"-..'^*' "»^'*»*'temixcatl ; VI, Ci, Tcpan-
caitziu , txtt, Xochitl.
Torata, battle of, II, 872. Espartero; VI, 222, TobUa,
Geronimo ; viscount of. 223.
Torgan, siege of, I, 248, Bernard. S.
Tones, raid.s of, during the Revolution, II. 138 ; proposed
comi)eii.sation to, I, 19 : indemnity to. 11. 532, 533 ; con-
hscaiion of proijerty of. 1:12 ; IV, 209 ; V, 282 ; claims of,
on the BritLsh government, 111. 509. Knox ; raids of, and
captures, II, 3!». Cushing. N.; 132, 43:1; V, 243; IV, 90,
McClure, J. : defeat of. at Moore's creek ; I, 657, Cas-
icell ; IV, 882. Moore, James : at Ranisour's Mills, 883,
MtKtre, John ; mobbed. III, 317, Hunt, I.; clause in the
treaty concerning, VI, 267 ; destruction of a newspaper
press. V, 208. Rivington ; verses by, IV, 556, Odell ; V.
647, Stunsbury, J.
Torkillus, Kev. Reorus, VI. 207. Unander.
Toniado. sobriquet, VI, 4<K), Wayne, A.
Toronto, Benedict Arnold's grant of land near, I, 96 ; lit-
erary club of, II, 260, Dunlop, W.; R. C. institutions
founded in, 338, Elmsley ; in the Mackenzie rebellion,
474. Fitzgibbon ; gifts to, III, 278, Howard. J. G. ; found-
ing of hospital, fv, 102, Macdonald, John ; newspaper
in. mobbed. 134, Mackenzie, W. L.; lormer name of,
VM: McMasterHall at, 149, McMaster, W.; religious in-
stitutions in, gifts to, 149, McMaster, W.; expedition
against, V, \9,Pike. Z. M.; Newsboys' home in, VI, 647,
U ilaon,, Daniel ; University of, II, 29. Cumberland.
Torpedo-boats, electric, V. 542, Sims, W. S.
Tor{)edoes, invention of, I, 474, Bushnell, D.: II, .563: III,
2«5. Howell, J. A.; 644, Lay, J. L.; invention of a device
to secure ships against, V, 4.57. Selfridge.
Torptdo-gun. VI. 6&4, Zalinski : illustration, 6,54.
Torpedo mines, invention for arranging, IV, 265.
Torre, Duke de la, V, 464, Serrano.
Torrey. James, VI, 1.38. Torrey, C. T.
Torrey, Capt. William, VI, 1:«. Torrey, J.
Tortugas, the. I, 489, Cabell, E. C: 111, 584. Lacroix ; buc-
caneers of the, 679, lycgrand ; IV, 7&3, Perrot, P.
To the High and Honorable Parliament, Humble Petitions,
etc., anonvmotis hook. VI, 35.3, Ward, N.
Totowa, N. "J., IV, 312, Meyer, H.
Toucey, Rev. Thomas. VI, 142, Toucey, I.
Toulmin. Alfred, IV, 399, Morgan, M.
Toulon, siege of, 11, 250, Dugommier ; 841, Emerian.
Tounens, Cnarles de, IV, .587, Oriiie.
Tourinho. See Campo Tourinho.
Touruefort, J. P. de, II, 177, Diereville ; IV, 732, Perrin,
E. P.: V. 43. Plumier.
TourteUotte, Col. F. \V., II, 319, Eldridge. H. K.
Toussaint, C. Henri. II, 733. GreatoreV, E.'
Toussaint, Isaac and Placide, VI. 146, Tou^aint.
Town-clock, first, in New York. II, 129, De Lancey.
Towne, Rebecca. IV, 546, K^crse, R.
Towns, John, VI, 147, Toions, G. W. B.
Townsend, David, VI. 147, Tovmsend, E. D.
Townsend, Freelove. Ill, 471, Jones, T.
Townsend, Gideon, VI, 149, Townsend, M. A.
Townsend, John R., VI, 149, Townsend, T. S.
Townsend, Rev. Stephen. VI, 148, Townsend. G. A.
Townsend, William, VI. 149, Toumsend, P.
Townshend, Charles, II. 334, Ellis, W.
Towiishend acts, the, action on, UI, 664, Lee, R. H. ; dis-
cussion of. 666. Lee, A .
Toxteth Park, IV, 251, Mather, R.
Tractarian movement, the. HI, 370, Ives, L. S.
Tract society, the, gifts to. VI, 32, Tappan, A.
Tracy, Charles, memorial building to, Vl. 1.52.
Tracy, Dr. Elisha, VI, 187, Turner. Philip-
Tracy, Rev. ^. M., II. 40, Cutler, H. M. T.
Tracy, Uriah, quoted, II, 578.
Trade and plantations, board of, I, 290, Blathwayt.
Trade-dollar, the, HI, 730, Lindcrman.
Trafalgar, battle of, VI, 296, Villeneuve, Pierre ; incident
of, I. 014, Churruca.
Trail, the, invention of, V, 674, Stevens, R. L.
Traill, Catherine Parr, IV, 376, Moodie, S.
Traill, Lieut. T., VI, 158, Traill, C. P. S.
Train. Enoch, VI. 487, Whitney, A. D. T.
Tramontane, order of. V. 6.35, Spotstcood.
Trance, a remarkable, VI, 02-68, Tennent, W.
Transcendental club, the, II, 344, 345 ; V. 259.
Tran.scendentalism, II, 344 ; VI, 100, Thoreau ; poetic at-
tack on, IV, 40.
Transit of Venus, the. See Venus, transit of.
Transylvania, Prince of, V, 570.
Transylvania land company, the. HI, 164. Henderson, R^
""ransylvania university. 111,
Rice, David.
444, Johnson, Af./,'.; V, 233,
Trapnell. Rev. Joseph, VI. 495, Whittingham.
TrappLsts, the. II, 476, Ftaget ; convents of, IV, 28. Tjomn ;
5(>5, ( r Gorman ; V, 599, Smyth, C; at Oethsetnane, Ky.,
619, .Spalding, M. J.
Traveller, the, pen-name, V, 712. Story, L
Treason, proposed trials for, U, 717.
Treasonable offences. 1, 464.
Treason resolutions, 11, 730, Gray, G.
Treasure, recovery of lost, IV, 764, Phips.
Treasury department, the, II, 577, .578 ; III, 58 ; IV. 308,
Meredith. Samxiel ; VL 232 ; burning of the building,
VI, 588, Wolcott.
TREAT
TYLKR
790
TroAt, MaUhiiw, VI. 1%7. T»eat. S. H.
Treat. Th«<Kl«re>. Vt. 137, Treat, S. H.
TreAtieiirof Alxla ('Iiii|m>IIc, III, Stsi : of nrownnvlllf. rv,
TW, Ptrkinn, Stmnn ; of CttMo, 171, J/<i<<<Mil-(iu<ind<> ;
of Cordova, III. *W. (Ifctaiv<) void in S|i«iii, ."#W : of
Florida, IV, 27\». Mmdr. li. U'. ; of (Ihrnt, II. ii?K ; In-
demnity for violatiouH of. .%7H ; .V<7, (iiimhirr \ III. »TT ;
V, J571, HolM-rilrnu, I. : of Oumlaliiiie Hitlaliio. iniKlillra-
tions of pntvisiixiM of. II. .Vi8. (iatliuirn, Jdmrn \ V, 441 ;
of Jo«ephinton und Ilo|M-well. Ill, 1*^1. Hntcknui, H.; of
Lircay, II, 573, tinimu ; of New Kx^'liota, V, \M0. Ridar ;
of PariH. I, lU. 30: 11. liT, Delajifld. John : IV. »K«. ()a-
icald, K.: of Piquisa. II, SHO, Onmarra, A.\ of Port Vin-
wnt, V, 142, I'uinam, H. ; of KyHwick, IV, 171. Mn-
dockawando ; of Kan Ilitefons<\ III, 8^). Huiu ; V, 23.
Pinckneu. T. ; thf S<'l«-I(lt. V, 35li). Snnfurd, H. S. ; the
Seward-Lyonit, 472 : the Vivanei> Pareja, KM), Frado,M.:
of Washintcton. the, II. 720 ; V, 822. Kom, Sir J. ; of
Watofra, III, IBl. Hendenum, R. ; the Welwter-Ashbur-
ton. V. 441 ; 1, 110. Ashburlon: Jay's, III. 420; com-
mercial, with Germany, VI. 451, ir/i*^«/o», //.; with
China, V. 209, Reed. U'. B. ; with Japan. IV, 7»7, Perr,,,
M. C. : V, J) ; with Tri|>oli. lOS, Frehle, K. ; with Zanzi-
bar, 27a. Robert*, E. ^^.\ with Mii.scat, Sian), and CVH-'hin-
China, 273 ; reciproi'ity, with Canada. U ; reci|>r<x-ity.
with Me.xieo, 814. Romero ; sefiirinif riffht of way on
Panama, .W : with South American republit-s. 4IH,
Si-henck, R. C. ; Indian. 072, SteveuM. I. I. ; Fort Har-
mar (17HU), 36U, at. Clair ; with Indiana of the upper
laketi, 425. Schoolcraft, //. R. : with the Six Nations. 2 ;
1906. Red-Jacket ; 635, Spottwood ; with Shawn<-<>s and
DeLawares, 114, Preston, W. ; with the Sioux and Chii>-
pewaa, 108. Ramaei/, A. ; with Miamis and Pottawat-
lamies, 192. Ray, J. B. ; with the Ojibwavs. 2;«. Rice,
H. M. ; with the Cherokees. 219, Ridye ; "4(J7. Sevier, J.
Trentv-makinif |)ower. the, I, 499.
Treddles. Tuujinaa, p«eu<lonvm, I, 427, Brymner.
Tree of jM-ace, the. III. .^CI. knickerfx)cker. J.
Tremont Temple. burnioK of. VI, 95. Thompson, T.
Trenohard. (JeorKe. VI. LVI. Trenchard, E.
Trendelenburjf. Adolph, II, «55, Oilman, D. C.
Trent, the, an-tie exploring-ship, I, 428, Buchan ; 11. 535,
Franklin, Sir J.
Trent affair, the. IV, 243, Mason. J. M.; V, 549. Slidell;
748 : VI. .VW, H'ilkes, C. ; principle involve«l in, V. 4T2
Trenton, battle of, II, 543, Frelinghuysen, F. ; V, 198,
Read. T.
TnapaBsy. capture of the. I. 1H0. Barry, J.
Treaae, Tbomas*, V, 2<i2. Ritteuh(iH.se.
Treuen Sch western. Die, society of. III. 491, Kalisch.
Trevillion Station, enKOgement'at, II, 48, Custer ; 714 ; III,
09. Hampton ; V. 499.
Trevino. (/en.. II. 107 ; III. 4«0, Juarez, B. P.
Trevithick. II. 3M, Evans. ().
Trevore i.slaiid. V, 643. Stnndisk.
Trez«*vant. I»uis. III. 4M. Johnson. W.
Triunfculation. system of. II, 88. Davidson. G.
Trieo, Catalina, V, 183. Rapaelje.
TriKKe. (Jen., Ill, 044, l^ye.
Trijfueros. (;. M.. II, 888. Erauzo.
Trimble, C.iPt. James, VI, 160, Trimble, A.
Trinidad, island of. IV. 688, Orellana ; discovered. 623,
Siilo. P. A.; Ill, 16, Outierrez de Utra : V, 449, Sedelio.
Trinidad, voyajceof the, IV. 173, Maqellan.
Trinitaria, La., secret society of, il, 136, Delmonte ; 237,
Duarte.
Trinity church. New York, title to property of, I, SOI,
Bogardus. E.; charter for building;. II, 481. Fletcher, B.:
Ill, \!A. Heathcote ; IV, 309, Merritt ; or»fan of. III. 44,
Hall, T.; heirs of the farm. VI. iVl. Van Rensselaer, H. :
884, Vesey, W. ; Ijiwrencc monument, in the churi-h-
yard. illustration. III. 010; ilhislrations, IV, 5&1 ; VI,
213. 802 ; the ren'd.«. illustration. .'vS4.
lYinity college, Hartford. I. 415, Bmtmell ; removal of,
III, 878, Jackson, Abaer ; V, 14.5, Pynchon. T. R. : VI,
142, Totten. S.: gifts to. IV. 402. .Morgttn. J. S.: V. 751,
Sumner, (i.; VI, 450-151, Wheaton, S. S. : Ulustration,
V, .%5.
Trinity island, taken poanemion of, n, 510, Potter, Henry.
Triompho. Baron do, IV, 499, Seves.
Trip for miiiinK buckets, invention of a, II. 4. Craven, H. .*>.
Tripoli, pirates of. and war with. I. 140. Bainfrridge, W.;
violation of treaty by. II. 121 ; war with, I, 179, Barron,
S.; II. 120, Occatur: 295, Eaton. U'.; IH. WO. Latrrence,
J. ; V, 73, Porter. D. : 105. Preble. E ; 290-297. Rodgm ;
805. Somers, R.; 627. Speiice, R. T; 007. .Sterrtt, A. : «M,
fttetiHirt, C; VI, 161, Tripi»e ; peace concluded. III. »48,
Lear.
Trifrtan d'Acunha. shipwreck at, V. 480, Schley. W. .S.
Trotter, Ann, I. i:V), Bailey-
Trotter. I.i.>ut. Col James. VI. 162, Trotter, O.
Trouin, DiiKuav, III, 54JO, La Jonnuiire.
Trrup, Lieut. R<:)bert, II. 183. Pe Ijancev. C.
TrowbridRe, Judge Edmund, X\, 664, Parsons, T.; V, 143,
Putnam, J.
Trowbridge. Dr. J. F . II. 728. Oray, Asa.
Troy, Iron-works at. I. 450. Burden ; polytechnic lnstitut<
at, VI. 252, Van Rensselaer, S. ; the Vanderheyden houw
at. illustration. 848 ; Wool moniuneot at, illuHratloo, 000.
Tnie Patriot, A. nennamr, VI. 861. Wnrr^n, Joseph.
True Reformed Dutch church, Uie. II, ikU, Fitmli^
Trujillo, founde<l, IV. 886. Uom, It.
TruJIllo, Torriialo. m. 367. Ituriode.
Trumbull. Knith. III. .*i25. Hunttnyton. Jedidiah.
Trumbull. Harriet. V. .'»2», .sill, man, B.
Trumbull. J<ihn. hi* iMlutlng of ConiwalllM's MirrriMlrr, II.
LW. l>rusiH>nt». It'.; quuU-d. aift. bjiimin, J.; IV. 748.
Peters. S.: V. 4O0,Sewall, Jonathan.
Trumbull. Juliana. VI, 600, W,M>dl>ridge, IW
Trumbull. Mary. VI, 586. Willia»ta. W.
Trumbull, the, and the Wyatl. IV, 6I.V MrhoUon, J.
Trumpeter, auU>uuiton. Invention of, IV, 171. MatLL
Tnisla. H.. |)eu-name. IV. 7.V2, Phehm. E. S.
Truxton, Cornelia, IV, 476, Sancride, J. U.
Truxtun, the. I. 419. Wrucr. H.
Tr>al. the ship. II. 727. f/raves. T.
Tr>on county. N. V., I. 479, Butter, J.
Tr>ou Hull. In. 471. Jones. T.
Tryoninliokaraven. Chief. IV. 587. Sorion. J.
Tsi-hernikoff. wreck of the. Ill, 86, Haro, U. L. de.
Tsomus (Victoria). H, 218, liouglas. .sir J.
Tucapel. I>attle of the. 1. 560. Caupolican ; 004, Colocolo;
III. 295. Huden : 633. Ijoutaro.
Tuckahoe. Randolph of, V, 173, Randolph, T. U.; 174. Am-
dolph, H'.
Tucker, Kllen L.. II, 344.
Tucker, Prof. (Seorge, III, 428, Jefferson, T.
Tucker, (i. F., IV, 361, Monroe, J.
Tucker, St. George, IV, 91, McClurg. J.
Tuckey. Janet, m, 088, Uland. C. O.
Tucuman, congresa of, V, .301, Rodriguez, il. D.
Tudor. Frederic, VI. 178, Twiin:
Tufts. PeU-r. VI. 1T8, Tufts. C.
Ttlfte, Simon, I, 387. Brooks. John.
Tuft« college, gift to. I, 173, Bamum. P. T : VI, 17H. Tttft*.
Tug Fork of the Big .San.ly, name<l, V, 114. Preston, W.
Tuke, MiSK. III. 40, Hallam, L.
Tula, kingdom of. III. 371, Utlilcuerhahua : rebellton in.
ruin of the city, 299, Huehuetemiscall ; convent of. VI.
654, Zamora, ('.
Tulane uniyersity, II, 640, 041, Gibson, R. L.; Ul, ilA,
Johnston. W. P.; illustration. VI, 179.
Tungstall Station, action at. V, 499.
Tungsten, di.soovery of, II, 830, Eluyar.
Tuning forks. II, 106. Dolbear.
Tunis, yiolation of treaty by. II, 121.
Tunja, l>attle at. I. .305.
Tunnellingiiiachine. invention of a. II. 4, Oaora, H. 8.
Tui>ac- .Amaru, II. 4W. Floves. I.
Tupinamlm Indians, the. V.OIO. .<ioiua. T. de ; 648. Staden.
Tupper. Tri-strom. VI. IHl, Tupper, H. A.
Turbint-s, improvemeul in, I, »11, Boyden, U. A.; VI, 180,
Timby.
Turgot, botanixt, II, 196. Dombey; auoted, 581.
Turgot's Memoirs, anonymous publicatioo on, VI. 887.
Turk, the. sobri<iuet, VI, 254, Ian .Satlee.
Turk, William, 111. 741, Liviugstou. J. \V.
Turkey island, Va . V. 174. Randolith. H".
Turkeys, first mention of. II. 628. f/ernldini.
Turkish compa.ssionate fund, the. I. 186. Bartlett. W. L. A.
Turmeric, comiiounds of, HI, 384, Jackson, C. L.
Tumbull. Col. George. V. 752.
Turner. Dr. Kdwani. II, 220. Draper, J. H'.
Turner. Horsj-fall. I. 093. Ct>llyrr, R.
Turner, Nathaniel, IH, 312. Humfrey.
Turner. Robert. V. 2(52. Rittenhouse.
Turner. W G.. statue by. IV, 736, I'rrry, O. H.
Turreted monster, the, V, 75.
Tuscahachee«^ Chief, IV, 125, Mcintosh, W.
Tusi-akKMia Monitor, the, V, 506, Smith. W. R.
Tuscarawas, peace of, I, 320, Bouquet : flKhltnfr wttb, 178.
Barnwell ; II. 70l», Graffenried \ III. 643. Lawmm, J.;
887. Hytle. E.
Tuacarora John, sobriquet. 1. 178. BamteeU, J.
Tiiacarora. the. I. 221. Belknnp, G. E.
Toskeeee college, Ala., HI, 7SS, Lipscomb, A. A ; VI, STI,
IVaJiiingtoi, . B. T.
Tustinug»-«'-ThhKX>o, VI. !». Teeumaeh.
Tuthill, Rev. Cornelius, II. SM, Dvighl, H. E.
Tuthill. Cornelius, VI. !«». Tuthill. L. C.
TutuI Xin. I. 0i)2. Chiah km : II. 613. Oojpar.
Tuxedo Park. IV, 30, lAtrillard, /'.
Tuxlep.H-. plan of. H, 167. 168
Twain. .Mark. |>en name, I. 648, Clemen*, 8. L.
Tweed charter. iIk', VI. ii.V
Tweeddale, M n • V. 388, Rote, Sir J.
Tweed imit«. tie ' 'onor.
Twelve BeiKnem *<0. Huet : 810, Mesmard.
Twickenham. skiriiii>li ut. VI 447. M'haHon, T.
TwigKH. (Jen. John. VI. llil. T*riffi}s. D E.
Twilight club. the. VI. 504. nUngate, C. F.
Twias. Dr.. I. (WW. t;U>tM-ti. T.
Two-third ndi-. the. V. 4tfi. .<Jrniii/feri. R. M.
TvU-«' Islnii.l. n :■<■■>''. Ih* /Vmf ; 654. Gittmttm.
II. SSH, English, K.
'.', T)tdinas, R.
I , ■..,!■ . "'i.Tyer. 9.
Tyler, PrcaiUcut Juitn, bouw of. Cli.'Stratloo, VI. l».
800
TYNDAL
VALENCIENNES
Tviuial. Martrnrpt, VI. 573.
Tymlale's hill. V'l. att. Tvndale.
Tyndall, Prof John. II, »48 ; VI. SKK, TyndaUs.
Tyn»^. Col.. IV. aiH.
Tyn(c. James. VI. 2»e. Tyng.
Type, inij)rovementn in. machine for caRtfnfr, I. 418. Bruce,
O ; invention for makinic, 708, Conner, J.; inventor of
wooden. VI. -4*, Wells, />.
Typ«-<listrilnitor. invention of a. III, S06, Kellorju, O.
TyiH'-foiintlry. the Johnson. IV, 129. Mnckelltir.
Ty|»' s«'ttiuK machines, I, 43, Alden, Timothy ; IV, 462,
.l/uiiJ«"i, J. E.
Tvpe-writers. application of steam to. V, 173. Randolph,
T. F. : invention of , 4J0, Remington, P. ; 484, Shaver;
.'»1.'). Sholix. C. L.
Typhoid pneumonia, treatment of. 11. 63.1, Gibbes. R. W.
Typoprnpli. inventor of the, VI. 372. Washburn, C. A.
Tyrannicide, the. war-ship, II, 469, Fiske, J.
Tvson. Dr. H.. VI. 3)1. Ti/non. J.
Tzompan, VI, o7, Techotlalatzin.
V Bet. pen-name. VI, 636, Wright, R. M.
Uhl, Jacob, IV. 608, Ottendorfer.
Ulster. Pa., village on the site of, TV. .^4, Montour, E.
Umachiri. asRault on. V, 185, Pumacahua.
Umsted. F. G. Q . I-2a5. BInke, L. D.
Unn<lilla. <lestriicti.»n of. I, 4H0, Butler, W.
Uncle HHek. pen-name, V. 4K>. Shaw, H. W.
Uncle Frank, pen-name, VI, 009, Woodworth.
Uncle Si. sobrKpiet. Ill, 17H. Henson, J.
Uncle Tom"s Ciibin. ori^nals of characters in. I, ."586 ; 67.5,
Coffin. L.\ III. I7S. fiennon, J: reply to, 184, Herndon,
M. E.; V. 180, Rankin, J.; the southern, IV, 804, Meri-
wether, L.
Undercliff. IV. 412. Morrin, O. P.
UnderKround railroad, the. I. G7.5. Co fin. L.: IT. 285. Dyer,
C. \'.: 637. (iiblMns, Joseph; V, 659, Steel; 089, Still;
VI. 172. Tubman.
Underwo<Kl. Orison. VI. 209. Underwood, A. B.
Underw(XKl. W. T.. VI. 2lO. Underwood. J. R.
Unimok volcano, discoverv of. III. 86. Haro, O. L. de.
Union, the Federal, sjieeches on, VI, 4<W. 410, 411.
Union City, capture of. I. 443. Bxtford, N. B.
Union college. II. 312. Edwards. J.. Jr. ; foundinj? of. V,
43.J. Schuvler. P. J. ; IV, 539, Nott, E.; semi-centennial,
Kifts to, 540 : II. i:«. Pelavan ; IV, 664, Parsons, L.; VI,
449. Wheat ley; .')M9, Wolfe. C. L.
Union de Adob»»s. battle at. II. 167.
Unionist."*, expulsion of. from the South. II. 517, Fowler. J. S.
Union Ijeaioie club. II. 6:«, Oibbs, O. W. ; V, 734, Star-
ffe.i, .lonathaii.
Union Magazine, the. Ill, .Vi6. Kirkland, C. M.
Union makes strenffth, incident, II. .5.53, Froeligh.
Union Theological seminary, founding of, IV, 246, Mason,
J. M ; 677. Patton. W.; Ill, 218. Hitchcock. R. P.; gifts
to, 114. Hatfield ; IV, 213, Marquand, F.; 398. Morgan,
Edirin I).
Unitarian Essayist, the, magazine. Ill, 306, Huidekoper,
Harm Jan.
Unitarianism, controversy on, I. 154. Bancroft, A ; 216-
217, Beecher ; .577 ; II. 5W-.589. Gannett, E. S.: 649, Giles,
H. : IV, 424, Morse, J. ; tVM, Parker, T. ; documents on,
V, 13, Pi>ice, J. : VI. 47, Taylor, N. W. ; name first
avowed in the United States. II, 540, Freeman, James;
first preached in America. 618. Gay, E.
Unitarian party, the. in the Argentine Republic, V, .321,
Romi.<i ; forces of. 896. Santander.
Unitarians. seiMiration of. conservative school of, VI. .3.57,
Ware. H. ; schwils of, II, .565. Fumeas ; IV, 537, Norton,
A.: first church in New York, V. .502, Slierman. J.; re-
lief society, IV, 658, Parkman, F.; missions of, II, 57.
Dall. C. H. A.
Unitas Fratnun. the. See Moravi.vvr.
United Hrethren of Christ, sect of. IV. 600, Otterbein
t nite<l colonies of New England, VI, 506, TVtn«/o«' E
United Irishmen, the, II, 319, Emmet, T. A.; 473, Fitzqer-
ad,Ix,rd E. : IV, 92, McCook, D. : 1.54. MacNevin.
United .States, the, war of . for independence, see Revoi.it-
TioNARV WAR ; proposal to make a monarchy of, VI,
877 : organimtion of the government, .378. 880 ; the con-
federation. 378 ; adoption of the constitution, .379 ; sug-
gestion for form of government, IV, 511, Nichola ; gen-
eral survey of, 701, Peirce. See War of 1812 and War,
THK CIVIU
Unlt.^1 States, the frigate, n. 120, Decatur ; 121 : appro-
priation fur finishing. III. .375.
Unit<-<l States, the. ves.sel. Ill, 133. Hayes. J. T.
L nit«-d States bank. the. II. 236. Dnane, W...T. See Banks.
I nifed Stat.".; Catholic Magazine, the, IV, 466, Murphy. J.
Liiite or Die device, the, II, .528, Franklin ; UI, 248, Holt ;
illii.stration. II. .528. > . i i
Univ.-rsalism. pioneer of. IV. 469. Mnrray, J.
I nivi-rsalLst Magazine, founded. I, 1.52, Ballon, H.
U niversidists. first foreign mi.ssionary, V. 610, Sonl^, C A •
t\Tst WMPinn ordained as minister, III, 71, Hanaford-
gift to societies of. VI. 2.5. ro/rof/ "yiru ,
University college, founded. I, 470. Biirrrniqhs ,<?
fm'"!?.'.''' "f/'''''f"';"''»"h«u.rvatory built for, illustration,
III, .tfj ; gift to, IV, 332, MilU, D. O.
University of Cincinnati, the. L 701, Comegyx.
University of Georgia, founded, I, 148, Baldwin, A.; HH,
308, Hiill, Hope.
University of the Immaculate Conception, Texas, IV, 557,
Odin, John Mary.
University of Lima, endowment, I. 232, Benavides.
University of Ixiuisiana. III. 318. Hunt, T. / i
University of Mexico, founded. VI, 277, Vera Cru'j.
University of Michigan, laboratory of, II, 213, Douglas, S.
H.; opened to women, .551, Frieze.
University of New York, gift to, IV, 18, Loomis, A. L.
University of North Carolina, II, 90, Davie, W. R.
University of Notre Dame, Ind., V. 6(f7, Sirrin.
University of the Pacific, the, V, 717. Stratton, C. C.
University of Pennsylvania, the. II. 130. De Lancet/, W. H.;
528 ; law department of, V, 483, Sharmrood ; gifts to, VI,
4m, Welsh, J.; 488. Whitney. A.; Tm. Wood, G. B.
University of St. Mary's of the Lake, 111., founded, V, 146,
(garter, William.
University of San Pedro de Nolasoo, Peru, II, 437, Femdn-
dez de Cordova.
University of the South, the, IV, 604, Otey ; re-established,
V, 155. Quintard, Charles T.
University of Vermont, gifts to, IV, 217, Marsh, O. P. ; 648,
Park. Trenor W.
University of Virginia, bequests to, I. 888, Brooks, Lewis ;
III. 422. Jefferson.
Unrest, the, first American yacht, I. 2K, Block.
Upham, Hannah. VI. 212, Upham, T.
Upham, John, VI, 212, Upham, T.
Upham, Nathaniel. VI, 212, Upham. T.
Upham, W^. P.. II. 666. Glover, John.
Upjohn. Richard M.. V, 87, Potter, E. T.
Upland. Pa., founding of. III, 499, Keen. G.; mills at, V.
137. Piisey.
Upsal botanic garden. IV, 147, MacMahon, B.
Uitlaneta, Martin. VI, 217. Urdaneta, F.
Uie. Andrew, II, :m.
Urethrometer, inventor of the, IV, 605, Otis, F. N.
Urica, battle of, I, :i33, Bovcs.
Urim and Thummim, V, 575, Smith, .Toseph.
Urof^kiimeria. genus of, named. V. .545, Sicinner, G. U.
Urquiza. Oen.. IV. 23, Lopez y Planes.
Urre, Felipe de. IV, 29, Losada ; 400, MuAoz de Collantes.
Ursulines, the, I, .591, Chatfield ; in Quebec and Montreal,
III, 616, La Peltn'e : 714. L' Incarnation ; destruction of
convent in Charlestown, IV, 61, Lyman. T: in Texas,
.5.57, Odin ; convent of, in New Orleans, VI, 154, Tranche-
pain.
Uruaga, Gen., IV. .3-39, Miramon.
Uruguay, cession of. I, 107, Artigas ; independence of, IL
206, Dorrego; insurrections in, 480. Flares. V.; coloniza-
tion of, 515, Foucher ; Indian colonies in, 676, Gonzalez de
Santa Cruz ; made independent of Spain, III. 186 ; revo-
lutions In, 186 ; Portuguese occupation, annexation to
Brazil, independence, 180, Herrera. N.: 6.34, Lavalleja;
65.3. Lecor; Jesuit domination in. IV, 33.5, Mimeure ; in-
dependence of. 698, Pedro I.; Portuguese invasion, inde-
pendence, rebellion in, names of towns in. V, 266, Rivera;
war in, 316. Rondeau ; invasion of, 321, Rosas ; VI, 218,
Urquiza ; 681. Garibaldi.
Uruguayana, surrender of Paraguayan army at, IV, 089,
Pedro II.
Uruguay river, explored, IT. .591, Garcia. D.
L-rville, Dumont d\ III. 616. La Perouse.
Ushant. naval battle near, ni, 280, Howe, R.
Usher, Noble L.. II. 225, Drake, S.
Usseling, John, IV. 331, Azores ; VI, 517, Willekens.
Utah expedillon, 11. 29, Gumming, Alfred.
Utah territory, established, violence in. VI, 645. 646 ; re-
volt in. III. 455 : R. C. institutions in, V, 41.3, Scanlan.
UtatlAn, city of, destroyed. I. 603. Chignavitcelut.
Utes. the Uncompahgre, IV. 610, Ouray.
Utica, treaty made on the site of, I, 385, Brooks, D.; Steu-
ben house near, illustration. V, 070.
Uzqulza, President, IV, 625, Page, T. J.
Vnca. Cabeza de. I. 745.
Vaccai. II, .365. Errant.
Vaccination, introduced into America, I, 111, Aspinwall.
W.; V, 446, Seaman, V.; VI, 29.5, Villars; 886, Water-
/loiMe ; in Spani.sh colonies. III, 153, Balmes ; 869, Iturri-
garay ; public, 231, Holbrook, Amos ; animal, IV, 290,
Martin, H. A.
Vail, Alfred, IV, 426.
Vail, Dr. Arnold, VI. 221, Vail. W. B. •
Vail, John C, VI. 221, Vail, W. B.
Vail, Rol)ert, VI, 221, Vail. W. B.
Valcoulon, Savary de, II, 577, Gallatin.
Valcour bay, battle of, VI, 886, Waterbury, D.
Valcour island, battle near, I, 94.
Valdea, Alejandro, II, 5H4, Galvez, M.
Valdivia, capture of, I, 495, Cnlafquin ; 694, Colocolo ; H,
20. Ctcillamachu ; .361 ; HI, 299, Huelen.
Valence, .lames. II, 015.
Valence, Mary, II, 015, Gates, H.
Valencia, battle of. IV, 340, Miranda, F.
Valencia. Gen., V, 3!»4, Santa-Anna.
Valenciennes, Prof., I, £5.
VALERO
VKUMONT
801
Valero, Mnr<]iiiii of, VI, 6fl5, Zuniga. ft.
Valliidoliil, SiMiin, (.(MM
ValUuloliil, Yiiculan. Itiirnini; of, II, mi. Olamtqn.
Vallmdulid (ic MiclioHcan, Mt*xico, cliariil*^ fotindtHl in. II.
90^ Ktnilonn. ./loiii Jim^ : III, I'.C, Hiil(il(/<i y rimlilln,
M. ; IV, iJHH, Mrnilotn, A. lU ; battle at, 8W, Morrlua ;
iininp ', chani^tNl, :iSM.
Valliin<l.„hani iaM>. ilif, UI, M9, Leavitt, H. H.; 731-ltS,
T«3. Linroln.
Vall<i, M . Ill, 3H4. ./firJtjion. M.
Valle««, Hon-iK"*', II, IIH, /V //ar.
Valley Forjre. 8upix>rt of the arm.v at. III. "iW. Inrin. M.\
IV, *7», Meade, «. : VI. 8BH, H'rij/nc ; cliartre conceminic
the distrenex at, IV, S10, Mifflin. T. : the army at, V, 09,
Aior, £. ; 060 ; Washinffton at, 9i. I'^tttn, Isaac.
Valley of Death, the. IV, iT, I^n-iiiy. F. W.
Valliere«. battle of. IV, 4.51, Moune, H.
Valparaiso, bomlianlnieiil of. IV, frW, SuHet, C. J/.; V,
25>r ; founder of, WW, .SfKuvr/ni, J. dr.
Valve-cock or jfallowB-Kcrew. the. III, HI. Hare, R.
Valvenle, Cristolwil de, IV, 22, Loiwz (te Zuiliga.
Valverde. enKaifement at, V. !cil. SihU-y. H. H.
Vanadio-tuiiKKtutes. discoverer of. II, 6»*, Oibbg, O. W.
Van Alen, James I., VI. 2*).
Van Beest. AllK-rt, I, Xtl, Bixuifurd, W.\ II, 048, Oifford,
Robert Swtiin.
Van Berckel, III. R*). lyiuren* : 606, />«•. W.
Van BlareulMTKhe. |>aiiitinp< by. V, 2U2. R<ichambeau.
Van Bnitfh, Catherine, III. 741." Liriiujutim, P.
Van Uuren, Abraham and Beekmau, VI, 280, 8S4, Fan
Hitren. W. H.
Van Buren, Ark., capture of. III. IM). Herron.
Van Biiren. John. II. .Vfi, Forrest. E.
Van C"orde«. Simon. VI, .V«i. M'oert.
Van C'orlear, Anthony and Jai-obus, VI. 239.
Van C'ortlandt, Ann, VI, 2r>2, Win Remtseliurr, P. S.
Van C'orthindt. .\nne. II, 129. J>e Ltincey.
Van C'ortlandt. Catherine. IV, T58. PtiHittse.
Van Cortlaudt, Frederick and James, VI, 238, Finn Cort-
landt. J.
Van Cort landt, Johannes and OlofT, VI, 237, Fan Corf-
Utndt. P.
Van Cortlan<lt. Maria, M, 2S0. 251. Van Rensselaer, Jere-
miVMand Kill inn.
Von Cortlandt manor-honse. illustration, VI. 238.
Van Cr>rtlftndt |>ark. VI. 238, \'nn Cortlandt, J.
Vancouver island, colony of, II, 212, Doxiglas, Sir J. ; VI.
238. Fa/irrtuivr.
Vandalia. HI.. III. 710.
Vandeiilx>sch. Rev. L., 11. M. DailU.
Vanderbilt, Cornelius J.. VI. 212.
Van der Bill, Jan Aertsen. VI. 240, I'andrrftiVf.
Vanderbilt. W. K., VI. 242.
Vanderbilt houses, the. illustration. W, 242.
Vanderbilt university, VI, .5<K), Winchell ; illustnaion. 211 ;
Kifts to. 241, 242.
Van der Donck, Adrian, VI. 2M. Van Rensselaer.
Van der I^unitz, Prof.. IV. .IM, Mofulterycr.
Van der Linden. Dr. P., Ill, 3K>. lylexias.
Vanderp<H'l, Dr. K«lwanl, VI. 243. I'anderjutel. .4. P.
Van Dinoklujcer, Lubbt-rtus, VI, 2.V>, Van Ttriller.
Van Dorth. Johan. IV. (521. PadHlia.
Vandyke Bn)wn, j>seudonyni, Brtinnan, \>'. P. ; I, 717,
(\xik: .\tiirr.
Van l-:Kniond. IV. 134. Mnckemie. W. L.
Van (iraaf. bui'cnneer. VI. 21)7. Fi-i.
Vanhise. Chiirl.-s K., Ill, S.W. Irvinff, R. D.
Van Hulst. William. IV, 338. Minuit.
Vanikoro. island of. III. 616, />« I't'-rouse.
Vanilv Fair, jH'riixlic«l, IV, .V). Ludtotr, F. H.
Van kuvck. \Am\n. II. 1«J. Dohth, J. H.
Van Ij»?t, John. II, 44(). Ferrelo.
Van Lerins, M.. pupils of. 111,64, Hamilton, J. M.; IV,
986, Meeks ; 331. .»/t7/»7. F. IK
Van I.,oo. Carl, picture bv. M, 305. raudrein'l. Louis.
Van Marcke. pupil of. Vf. filll. />iAv;/.
Van Mt'celi-nbiir).;, IV. 2S<1. MegafHtlensis.
Van Met.Tcn. I11.2i>7.
Vaim. Cliarles, chief. V. 349, Ridqe.
Van Ne.s.s, Curnelia. V, 81'.>. A'ooiwtWf. J. J.
Van NN-st. Peter. VI. 219. Van Si*t.
Varmuccini, Sicnor. pupil of. V. .M). Root, F. IF.
V'.in <,>iiifkciiharne. Father. III. •^.'•■<. Hnrrk-en.
lu-r. .Anne. IV. .'il'". " ■•'
I'T, Catherine. V, r. (\ V
i.r. C.irnelia R.. II '■ /■'
lizal.<'th. VI
.irriet. VI. J >;S.
1 lines T.. VI . i»
iiT. .Ian Baptist. \ I. ■■:*<, 1 "■' ' a.
i-r.Ju.lp-. I. S . Vl.ivi. V,i,. I 't.
I.I.T. S.-huvler. VI. arvl. I'.i». /.■■ ■ '•■
\.iri |{.iiv^.'iiu-r manor-bouse, tlie. VI. 2:j<i, i "i, /,. .i.»"i.irr.
A'.; illiisi ration. 850.
Vruis.iiit. l!<v Nl.'holns. IV. 862. Mattisnn.
TV. 224.
\ I. 2Vi. Fan Srhairk. (i.
I nt Areul, V, 71\ 730, itujforwnf :
\ I, 'J.'.!!, r<(/i i;- iinnri,\fr.
VOL. VI. — fil
Van Vec-ht^-n. Abraham. V, 1*1. /Vuyn. // //
Van V.N.rhls. Marv A.. VI. 140. r<.irn*rn«f. M A.
Van \V. U .I..l,..i,i...« VI •irA\ Van Kmsarlarr.
Va|H I III, 734, /^;j|/incf«fr, 7. .I.
Van I la.
Van-ui-L., i. .. \ 1. 277. Frrandrire.
VarnMt, itialiel de. V. JVa. I'lUirro, H.
VatiKh, JannetJ*'. III. ihk, HrrrmaH, A.
Vartey. Jr»hn. V. 401. .s..r/,..„ ./
Varuna. Ii»«« of tlie. I. :> ' .S.
Vanconcellos. Lniz de. \ .«>.
VaMall. Col John. IV. i.. i, -.... ..,>ic, H. IF.
Voiwar. James, VI. 803. Foaaur. M.
Vaamr. Thomas. VI. 80a. 8M, Fojanr. M.uadJ. E.
Vaa«ar. William. VI. 264. Fomir. T. K.
Va«Mr college, idfts t«. II. 110. Iteane, J //.; Ill, OS. Jet^-
ett, M. P.: V. 1U3. Raymond. J. //.; ilhiNtralion. VI, «7.
Tafflitr. J. M.: Rift to. Un, Thomjtson, £.; fuuodinc ot,
and Rifto to, 2«3-2m. Fauiir.
VauKhan, Eleanor. VI. 322. Waldron. R.
Vauffhan, <Je«irjfe. VI, »», lViMf//ian. IF.
Vaufchan, John C.. I. 411. Hrmrn. Thomas,
VauKhan. SanuHd. VI, 'jnn, Vouyhan, H.
Vauirhan, C\>l. W.. IV. 721. IVjiitrrrrll.
Vautfhan. William. VI. 206 ; 808, Vauyhan, B. and J. A.
Vaujfuvon. Due de In. I. 18.
Vaux. Ann, IV, 710. Penn. IF.
Vanx. (te<jr^. VI. 270. Fdiij-. H'. S.
Vauxhall trarden. I, V.»^ Bamrd. S.
Vaytrats. the. iiassa^^ of. III. 207.
Veach. W.. III. 522. AVn^on.
Vector notation, system of. II. 039, fJihbs, J. W.
Vejfas de Kaldias. Itattle of. V. 121. Prieto.
Ve(fetarianism. II. 703. OraKam, S.
VeiKl. Xavier. II. 052, Oilli.
Vela, NuAez. Ill, 214, Hinojom ; TV, 906, Montemator ;
041. Palomino.
Velalcazar. Seluistian. II. 164, Diax de Pineda ; IflB, Dku,
R.: V. 14H. {fuesndo. (i. J.
Velnsc<i. Luis tie. V, 4W>. .'<egura.
Velasquez, iiennanie. Ill, T^X. Little, H. D.
Velha. Brazil, church in. founder of. IV. 648. PnrtM{fuami.
Veloi-ity. invention for detennining. I, 840. Benton, J. O.
Venables. tlen.. II. .VHt, (iatir. r.
Venadito. Count of. IV. .335. Hina.
Venator, iweudonvni. II. 332. Elliott, W.
I Vendeans. the. III. tW3. I^iizun.
' Venezuela. dlM-oven-*! and named. IV. 867. Cljeda : mi*-
sionaries in. 7:*t. Cordova, F. de ; 739. Cordova, P. de ;
Krant of. II. 425. fW/crni«nn : colony in. III. 835. Hutten ;
Cf)nqu»>st of the Caracas i"ounir>'. IV, 29. Ijosada ; ex-
pedition to conquer. V. »W3. .»<;#irr ; fn^nt of. exp<*dittoiM
to. colonization, revocation of charter, VI. 433, Welser:
war for independence. I, 8(«3-.3(»7. MWimr : II. 548.
Freites; III, 386. Iritttrrrn ; IV, »4«). Mirtinda. F; XA,
Monaitas. J. T.; MX,, Morillo ; 022-^23. /^J/•^ ; TOO, Piar ;
(1810), V. 231. RUhis, J. F; 232, Riraurte ; WW. SimbUlte ;
73H. .Sucre ; VI, 217. L'rdanrta ; s^i-e^skMi from OnlombU.
IV. 028. Paex : resolutions in. II. 2i»7. EchrawUa : 88R,
Esctilona; III. 8. Oual ; 19, Ouxmdn ■ Blanco ; SJW,
Itxirra. A.; IV. 206. Marino; 868, Mimtet^erde ; K9,
Ptiul, J. J.- VI, 850, Vargas; emandpatKtn, IV, aOft.
Uonaoas, J. i).
Venii-e. Ill, 280. Hoirells.
Ventilation, invention of fan-wheel for, IV, 811, Met-
calf, M. J.
Venus, traitsit of. observed. I. .305. Brown, Joseph ; III.
83. Harkness, IV. ; IV, .VB. .Vr»rcomfc ; 7«1, Prirrr ;
741. Peters, C. F. II. ; VI. 125, Todd, D. P. ; ot liWi
V, 263.
Vera CYius, foun<led. I. 748. CoHes ; attacked, 7« : II, 867.
hjtnilante, J. ; taken by buccaneers, 706. Orandmonl ;
in. 031. lAitirrnI ; cni>turf of (108S>, 888, Van Ham :
0«H. Lee, R. E. : sie^'es of (18» and UflO). IV, 880. Mini-
man ; taken by the French (1888). 680. Orletnts, F. F. :
V. 804. ,San/<i-.4Mn« : Klegt-s of. in the Mexican war.
IV. 737. Perru, M. C: V, .SIM. 441 ; die becaunnbuf, 11,
lOS ; removal of. VI. f'" '•• ■ O
135, Torberi.
Vera Cniz. loss of the ■•■
Vernirua. burning of. ^
Verajnia. Duke ile. I. (■'.«.. •
Vera Pax. I. 7^>. An;\d». /*
Ven-n. Nathaniel. V. !*•. /'■
Vt-n-ndrj-e. Sieur <le In. ^ '
ViTcara'. peace of. IV. .'
ViTir<'nn«'s, Count. f<<>li>
V.Titn-s Ijisn. the >•■■" '
VerM. Juilith, I
Vermont. N'v oil
Vermont, tir- • -
the R.V. I
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• : 11. 804 ; SSS, 538.
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\ rntvurlh, B,\ claim of New Yurlf
802
VERMONT
WADE
Vermont Episcopal Institute. III. 2Ki. Hopkins, J. H.
Vtrmont hisUjrioaJ society, the. V, (570. AYf-wiw. H.
Vermont rule for computin)? interest, the, II, aW, Doton.
Vermont univernity, cabinet at, VI, WJ, Thvmpnon, Z. ;
Illustration, VI, 130.
Vennonts AufH-al, author of, I, 35.3, Bradley, S. R.
Vernier, Kmile, I. 7l>0. Coman.
Vernon, (JeorRe, VI, AjO, Vejiton, J. M. F.
Vernou, James, Vt. ano, Vernon, K.
Vorplanck, Philip, VI, «J7, Van Cortlandt, Plulip.
Verolanok lioiwe at Fishkill, the, illiLstration, VI, SftU.
Verplank, Jolwmton, III. 544, King, C.
Vern-yilt. Father, II, 151, De Smet.
Verus, pen-name, IV, 582, Unis.
Very, Lieut. S. M., VI, 4M. M'hceler, O. B.
Very, WashinKt4)n, VI, 28:1, Very, J.
Very, . ^-
Vestal, the, capture by. III, 217, Ho<hI, S
Vestil)ule ear, the, V, «75, Sterenn, E. A.
Ve-stris, Muilame, 1, 3«2, Browjham ; III, 500, Keene ; IV,
8.>S, ihitltetVH. C. J.
VeU-h. Kev. William, VI, 284, Vetch, S.
Veteran Observer, a, pen-name, IV', 195, Mansfield, Edward
Deerinq.
Veto (Jovernor, the, sobriquet, VI, .571, Winston.
Veto i><)wer, the president s, I, 4.*) ; III, 382 ; proposed ab-
ro^riition of the. I, .501. 3<« ; a p:overu(jr's, first exercised
in Ma-s-sachusetts, III, 7»l, Lincoln, L.
Viator, j>enname, V, 581, Smith. .V. R.
Vibration, study of. III. 4951, Keely.
Vice-admiralty court of America, the, V, 641, Sitry.
Vice-president, authority of, in the senate, II, 454.
Vick. Rev. N.wit, III. 244, Holt. Joseph ; (507, Lane, John.
Vickers. Sarah L., IV, .549. ()t>erhoUzer.
Vicksbure. siege of. II. 319. Eldridye. H. N. ; 327, Ellet,
C. R. ; 417, 711, 712, 713 ; III, 722 ; IV, .5, Loyan, J. A.;
1.57, 158 ; attempts to open passages around, 1.57, A/c-
Pherson, J. B. ; mcident of the passage of, 039, Palmer,
J. S. ; uaval operations, V, 75 ; incident of tlie siege of,
241, RichardMon, A. D.; 503-504 ; riot in, I, 64, Ames, A.;
public si'hools of. Ill, 'iM, Holland, J. G. ; suit for land
in, 244, Holt, Joseph'; name of. (i07, Latie, John.
Victor. Metta, 1, 178, Barrett, F. F.
Victoria. Queen, III. .521, Kent, Edward Augustus, Duke
of ; Indian title of, VI, 2:19, Van Curler.
Victoria, treaty of, I. .30!}. Bolivar ; capitulation, :J04.
Victoria bridge, the. III, 499, Keefer. T. C.
Victoria X'yanza, the, V, 6415, Stanley.
Victoria regis, the, tliseovere<l, V, 424, Schomburgk.
Vidaurre. J. A., V, 71, Portales.
Videau, Mary, IV, 209, Marion.
Vieira. Fernandez. II, 164, Dias, H.
Viel, P'ather Nicholas, V, 366, Sagard.
Vienna, engagement at, V, 418, Schenck, R. C.
VitHjues. island of, battle near. III. 408. Jaureybo I.
Vie.i.\ Moustache, pen-name. II, 685, Gordon, C.
Viger. David B., IV, 40<>, Morin, A. N.
Vigilantes, the, in California, I, 359, Brannan, S.; 680, C87,
Coleman, W. T.
Vignaud, pretended discovery by, I, 569, Champlain.
Vigo, Francis. II. 6:i4, (iibault.
Viliac Umac, IV. 682, Paullu ; V, 37, Pizarro, Juan.
Villumanrique, Marquis of. IV, 451, Moya de Contreras ;
V, 37, Pizarro, Jose Alfonso ; VI, 205, Ubilla, Andres ;
i?73, Velasco, Luis de ; 661. t«5, Zuiiiga.
Villanueva. battle of. I, .5:i5. Carrera, R.
Villa Palina, Count of, II, ;i54. Encalada.
Villa Rica. Brazil, founded. II. IW, Diaz, C. A.
Villarin. Count of, VI. 223. Valdes, Geronimo.
Villarrica, siege of, II, 26, Cuillumachu ; 32, Cunequeo ;
III. 199, Higuaihui.
Villarrica delEspiritu Santo, founded, n, 166, Diaz, Melga-
rejo.
Villars, pr»»diction bv. Ill, 686, Le Maine.
Villasis. Father. in.":M5, Infante, H.
Villa Velha, action at. III, &7-668, Lee, C.
Ville de Havre, loss of the. IV, 697, Peckham, R. W.
Ville de Paris, the. war-ship. II, 72«5. Grasse.
Villegaa. (Jeronimo, II, 165, Diaz de Pineda.
Vill.^le. Count. II. 5(u, Gabriac.
Villemarie (Montreal). IV, 185, Mance.
Villeininot. Matlame. I, 445, Bull, O. B.
Villena, Marquis de, IV, 688, Palafox ; V, 400, Sarmiento de
Si>tomayor.
Villeneuve, Daniel, III, 610, Langlade.
Villiers. Coulon de. III, 487, Jumonville.
Villiers, Harriet. I. .591. Chatham.
Villuma. Manjuis of. IV. 749, Pezuela, Joaquin.
Viinont. Father, IV, 516, \icolet.
Vinivnnes. Ind., founded, VI. 298, Vincennes ; In the Revo-
lution, II, 6:M, GilKiuU : capture of, I, 627 ; III, 6.3, Ham-
ilton, H. ; council at. 96 ; seminary and cathedral at, I,
421, Brut^ : university and library, IV, 648. Parke B •
college and cathe<lral in, difficulties in the diocese of. III.
BM, Ijo Hailandi^re.
Vin.vnt,.Jame8 R.. VI, 800. Vincent, M. A.
Vincent. M. de. III. 406, Jarric.
Vincvnt, Rev. Thomas. IV. 713.
Vin.lex. i>en-name. II. 0.Y), Oibhnns W.
Vinegar Hill, battle of, I, 390, Brophy.
Vineyard, the largest, in the world, V, 044, Stanford ; in
Illinois, III, 201, Hilgard, T. E.
Vinland. U, 863, Eric, Eric the Red ; V, 29, Pinzon, M. A.;
VI, 101, Thorjinn ; 106, Thorvuld ; name given to, 204,
Tyrker.
Vinton, Lucinda, III. 599. Lamb. M. J.
Vinton. Madeleine, VI, 803, Vinton, S. F.
Viola, pen-name, II, 222, Downing, F. M.\ VI, 109, Thurs-
ton, L. M.
Viola Pierolana, the, V, 14, Pierola.
Violins, manufacture of, I, 14, Adams, F. W.; 11, 024, G'e-
miinder.
Virgil, I, 354, Bradstreet, A.
Virginia, name of, I, 106, Barlotc, A.; V, 162; under the
Ixing Parliament, Zii, Bennet, R. ; 247, Berkeley; rebellion
in, I, 131, Bacon, A'.; 247, Berkeley; mountains of , 406;
grants in, 488, Cabell ; troubles of, with Maryland, 620 ;
grant of lands in, II, 28, Culpeper, T. ; IV, 225, Marshall, J.
M. ; the Fairfax domain in. II, 402 ; view of the house, 402 ;
second charter of, company for colonizing, sufferings of
colonists, 616, Gates, Sir T.; patentees of, 087, Gorges ;
colonization of, 691, Gosnold ; V, .570, 571, 626, Spelman ;
the Revolution in. III, 173, 174 ; printing-pres.ses forbid-
den in the colony, 277, Howard, F.; Arnold's invasion
of, 588 ; colony sent to, 607, Lane, Sir R. ; royalists in-
vited to, loyalty to the Stuarts, proposal to make Charles
II. king of, its arms, reward of its loyalty, 663, Lee, R. ;
proposal to repudiate debts of, 665, Lee, R. H. ; B. C. in-
stitutions in, IV, 118, McGill ; VI. 481, Whitfield, J.; 4.58-
459, Whelan, R. V.; revision of the constitution of, IV,
224 ; declaration of rights and constitution of, 241, Ma-
son, G.; liberal legislation in, 241-242, supposed discov-
ery of gold in, 505, Newport ; large land-owners of, 624,
Page, Mann; volunteer navy of, 700, Pegram, R. B.;
Southampton negro insurrection, V, 173, Randolph, T. J.;
finances of, 173 ; acts of toleration and uniformity in,
175, Randolph, P. ; anti-coercion resolution of, 280, Rob-
ertson, W. ; representative government in. 389, Sandys,
Sir E. ; first water-mill, etc.. in, Sandys, G. ; bill of rights,
supposed author of. 580. Smith, Meriwether ; colony con-
test on church patronage in, 6.36, Spotswood ; secession
of, II, 415, 418 : III, 608, Lee, R. E.; reconstructioh of. V,
726-727, Stuart, A. H. H.; negro revolt in, \a, 187, Tur-
ner, N. ; controversies on the debt of, 498, Wickham, W.
C. ; boundary dispute, 497, Whyte ; first president of,
504, Wingtield, E. M.; colonial constitution of, charter
annulled, Indian rising in, 629, Wyatt. F.; representa-
tive government introduced, 640, Yeardley.
Virginia, capture of the, I, 172, Barney ; IV, 514-615, Nich-
olson, Jam.es.
Virginia Antiquary, I, 289, Bland, R.
Virginia City, Nev., mines under, IV, 127, Mackay, J. W.
Virginia conipany, MS. records of, I, 41^, Byrd, W.;
charter of, V, 613, Southampton.
Virginia Evangelical Magazine, y, 234, Rice, J. H.
Virginia Medical Monthly, the, II, 806, Edwards, L. B.
Virginia plan of Federal government, the, I, 4iS0, Butler,
P.; IV, 107.
Virginia Protestant Episcopal seminary, the, VI, 548, Wil-
mer, W. H.
Virginia rebel, the, 1, 131, Bacon, N.
Virginia university. III, 422.
Virginius, the, filibustering steamer, execution of the crew
of, II. 557, Fi-y, Joseph ; seizure of, 721 ; V, 149, Qu «a-
da, M.
Visaroso, Gov., VI, 218, Urquiza.
Viscarra, Gen.. Ill, 299, Huelen.
Vision of Rubeta, the, anonymous book. IV, 597, Osborn, L.
Visitation N\ins, the, HI, .597, Lalor; IV, 23, Loras; 465,
Neale, L. ; V, 82, Portier. See Sisters op thk Visita-
tion.
Visual synchronism. V. 308. Rogers, J. H.
Vives, Dionisio. II, 24. Cuba.
Vivian, II, :»1, Ecans, O.
Vivonne, Mar6chal de, II. 625, Gennea.
Vogel, 111, :363. Irving, W.
VolapUk, V, 6:37. Spraque, C. E.
Volcanoes, theory of. III, 319. Hunt, T. S.
Volozan, Denis A., pupil of. IV. 643. Paradise, J.
Voltaic arc, discovery concerning, V, .528.
Voltaic pile, the, improved forms of. Ill, 81, Hare, R.
Voltaire, II. .531 : quoted, IV, 56, Lussan.
Volunteers of Ireland, the, V, 188, Rawdon.
Von BQlow, Hans, pupil of, IV, 693. Pease, A. H.
Von Schultz. IV. 102, Macdonald. Sir J. A.
Vuillaume, Baptiste. II, 624, Geniinder.
Vulcan, the planet, VI, 392, Watson, J. 0.
Wabash college, Ind., II. 3.33. Ellis, J. M.; gifts to, II, 261.
Dunn, Williamson ; Ul, 638, Lawrence, A. ; IV, 694, Peck,
EduHn J.
Waboojeg, Ojibway chief. V. 425, Schoolcraft, H. R.
Wachoria. IV, 216, Marschall.
Wachtel, Themlore, IV, 496. Neuendorff.
Wachusett, capture by the, I, 692, Collins. N.
Waddel. Janetta, I. 45, Alexander, Archibald.
Waddell. William. VI. 310, Waddell, M.
Waddington case, the, VI. 4,30, Wells, J.
Wade, David E., VI, 811, Wcule, M. S.
WADK
WAR
803
W«(l«>, .ToiiAthan an<l Janii*H. VI. 310, Wade, B. F.
Wiul.-. May A . VI. W5. Th.iminnm, W. T.
Wiulswurth. I>aiii<'l. V, 5"J5, Sii/mirnrj/.
WadMworth, (i<Mi. IVlfff. IV. lit, ljitn<ifrU<tw,H.
Wadiiwurtli. C'upt. Suiiiud. VI, 312. WiKiHimrth, B.
WatM-'hUT, liuroii AUKUSt v<iii, VI, 3ai. WnUlertet.
Wa«Tiiur.l, III. 381». hart.
Wiitrcr. wreck of the, I. -iKT. liyrmi.
\V»Kler. I'rof., I. 31.
Wagner, Alexander, iiupils »jf, IV, 4K3, Seal, David D.\ VI,
aB, VhU:
Wapner, Fertlinand. pujiil of, VI, 301. Vinton. F. P.
Wagner. Kicluird, niipii of, V, 514, ^iV/uip ; his music in
Ainerieu. VI. m, Thoiiuu, T.
Wagner. Kiulolph. I. 35.
Wrthiihs plantaiion, Hght at, II. 90, Tkivie, W. R.
WahiiiisoiiiUMHik, t'liief, V, !«. I'^itrhatan.
Wuiiitidarice, Chief, IV, ."iai, S'ineyret.
Waiiiwri^'ht, John Howard, V. 234. Hice, O. E.
Wainwrijrht. Marie, VI. 31(1. Wainirriyht, J. M.
Wait, F. S.. V. r)2, Se<i(jinrk\ A. <i.
Wuite, Riehard. VI. 317. Wnite, M. R.
Waite. Thomas, VI, 817. MViiVe, //. M.
Wakarnsha war. the, V, 4M1. ShuniKin.
Wakeri.l.l. Arlington C, VI. 31H, WukefieM. X. A. W. P.
Waketlrld. Ma-ss., gift to, VI, 318. Wakefield, C.
Wake Fi.n'st eollege, VI, 316, Wait, S.
WallK-ek. Johan von, VI, aK3, Verschoor.
Walhridge. Henry S.. VI. 31«. Walf>ridae, H.
Waleiitt. statue by. IV. 73»1. Perry. O. U.
Walden Pond. VI. 101. Thoreuu.
Waldenses of the I-Jist, the, II, 708, Grant, A.
Waldo. Jonathan. VI, :iH. Waldo, S.
Waldron. R»-8olvetl, III, IHK, Herrman, A.
Wahlteiiffel, M.. III. 112. HaMnler, S.
Wales, Nathaniel. VI. :t»3. Wales, S.
Wales. P.wt of, IV. 013. Owen, U.
Walkem. Charl.-s, VI, .324. Walkem. O. A.
Walker, Rev. Edward Ashley, VI, 3«>, Walker, K. K. C.
Walker. Lucretia. IV. 425,
Walker mountains, VI. 329. Walker. T.
Walker river and jmuss, VI. .tW. Walker. J. R.
Walking doll, inventor of a. VI, (514. Work.
Walking purcha.se. the, VI. 5K, Teedyuscitng.
Walk-in-tlie-Water, the. Ixmt, I, 5M<5.
Wall, (larrett I)., V. 722. Strong, W.
Wallace, James, IV, 7.'M, Perry, S. A.
Wallace, .1. W.. HI. l.Vi Heard.
Wallace. Sir W.. V. 277. Koliertnon. Archibald.
Walldorf, (Jermany. asylum at. I, 112, Astor.
Waller, Henry. IV. W, MrClinw. J. A.
Walley, Rev. Thoiuas. VI. .338. Walley. J
Wallingford, Conn., eonimunity of Perfectionists at, IV,
.Ul, Noyen, J. //.
Wall pajii-r, invention of printing-machine, VI, 684, Mayall.
Wain. Jes.se. VI, .tW. Wain. R.
Wain, Ni«-hola.s. VI. 339. Wain, R.
Wain. Roliert, V. ;iS(5, Sandernon, ./.
Walnut CJrove. illustration, VI. 447.
Waliwle. Horace. I. 452. Hurqayne ; 458. Burnet : U, 586,
I-Vankland ; quoted, I, »lt, Hraddock; V, 699, Stiiy-
bert, J.
WaliM)le. Sir Robert. I. 240 : II, 014, Galea.
Walnis. the. HI. 'MK Hoaset.
Wa!>»h. RolM-rt M.. VI. 310. WaUh, W. S.
Walter. Harry. HI. .305, Iriring.
Walter, Lvnde M.. VI. 341. llVi//er. W
Walters, flenrv, VI. :M2. Walters. W. T.
Waltham. cotton-mill at, HI. 389. Jturkson, P. T.
Walton. Octavia, III, 7itt», U Vert.
Walworth, Uenjainin. VI, .345.
Walworth, Mai. Douglas. VI, 3*4, Walworth, J. R. H.
Walworth, William. VI. :U">.
Walworth house, the, illustration, VI. .'M5.
Wampanoags, the. IV, 219, Massasoit ; 7.'ifl.
Wamsiitta, IV. 249. MaMtasnit ; 7.'>5. Pliiliit.
Wanderer, the. slave-yacht, 11.412, Farnun^ ; III, 888, JacJIr-
»(»ii. //. A*.
Wandering artist, the, II. 289, Earle, A.
Wandering regiment, the. II. 431. Fenton, W. M.
Wanton, William, VI. :Ut). Wanton, J.
War and Washington, song. V. 4tH(. .Seirall, J. M.
Warburt4.n. F.liot, VI, 317, H'dr^nr^.n. «.
War <-hariot. the. revive<l, II. .^'>8. English. G. B.
Ward. Artemas. Xa^-'h de«<Tiption of, HI. (J58.
Wanl. Artemus. |»seudi>nym. I. 412. Brtnrne, C. F.
Wanl. R.-V. ,1 .hn. VI. .Y)3". Ward. .V.
Ward, John and .)/unes. VI. :«>, Ward, J. H. H.
Ward. John and Thomas, VI. iW. Ward. R.
Wanl, Maria. V, 177. h'<i)id«t,,h. P.; 178, Randolph, J.
Ward. Rolx-rt Plumer. VI. 349. Jl'ai-rf, Sir H. U.
Ward, R«'V. Samuel. VI, X>\. Ward. N.
Ward. Svlvest.r. VI. 1.3. Sword*.
Ward. Wllliaiii. VI, »18. Ward, C. L.
War de|uirt rm-nt, system of the, I, 499 ; JackaoD's oolUaioo
with, HI. .-177.
Wiu-dlaw, Capt., VI, 174. Ttick-er. .Snm.
Wanllev, James, III. (V»6, Lre. Ann.
Ware, Catherine A., VI, 358, Warfteld.
Ware. CharlM A . VI. 8&h. Ware. K. A.
Ware. Koliert, VI. 357. Ware, U.
Ware. Caiit. Rolx-rt, VI, »&«. Ware, S.
Ware r«. Hylt4>ri. caiw of. IV. 223.
Warehoiim- Kystem. the |Hibllc. V. as ; originator of, III
*n. Hunter. R. M T.; llrKt ii.l\ .»«Iin1, IN, Wft.
Wartleld. Klliiha. VI, 358, H i.
Warham. lO-v John, IV. '£■:
Wariaghejaghe. HI. 451. J../. r.
War nuilerial. iieUun- of. II I .>i. M M
Wame. William. 11. i:«. l>, i
Warner, Dr. lieniamin. VI. . . ■ ./, .SrfA.
Warner. Henry W . VI. 3»!ii, U tirorf. Su.min.
Warner. Hulliert H., VI. 11, Swift. L.
Warner, relM*llion incite<l by. III. 270. Jloiutetot.
Warner ol)servat<iry, the, Vl. II. Swift. L.
War news, transmission of. V. KA. Smattey. O. W.
War of 1812. the. I. (HI : «72. Cock-bunt, (f.; II, -nt. /Vwm.
mond.SirG.; 413; IV, 170; 3B0 ; V. I2ii |27. Pn-rt
A.; 440, Scott, Winlield ; 492, Shelby ; VI. afil. Von ,
selaer, S. ; op|KiHition to, 405-107; call for tnjoi» m. u.
Massachusetts, V, 720, .stmnt/, (.'. ; loan for. IV, H',7.
Patton, R.; supitlies for. 7n\. Piatt, J. //.; VI, 1.1).
Tompkins ; condition of the army in. (tNO. luird ; hu»-
pital service in, 120, Tilton. Jaines : blockade of the
Thames, V. 48U. .VAnir. J.; British exiie<li(ion to Louis-
iana, IV, 129, McKeex-er, I.; Indians In. VI. 68, TVrwin-
seh ; V, 188, Pnslnnatahaw ; Indian maKsat-re, VI. 48S.
Wills, W.; oi>erationH in the northwest, IV. 73, ilc-
Arthur, I).; VI. 5«KI. Winche.tter ; surnMider of Detroit,
III, 308, 3(W. Hull. W.: Perry's victor>-. 3119 ; burning of
Washington, V, 332. Rovi : Imrning of Newark, ana np-
taliatiou for it. IV. !I0. .yfrflun; G : Jackson In. III. 87!^-
877 ; invasion of Canada. IV, 151. Mar.\ah ; V, 78. t\>rter,
P. B. ; 599, Smyth, Alexander : naval o|>erati<inH of. I. 140,
141 ; III. 310. 311 : 405. Jones, Jacob ; V, 735, Perry, ft. H ;
73 74. Porter, It, ; 215 21(5. Reid, .S. C. : tin* shot of,
297 ; naval operations. (581, Stewart, C. ; operations oo
I.Ake ttntario. VI. (510, Wtntlsey, M. T.: (Ml. Yeo. J. L.;
the Wasp and the P'rolic. HI. 4(15. Jones, J. ; the Enterprise
and the Boxer, IV. 75. McCall, K. R ; first success of. oo
the lakes. 11.330, Elliott, J. I).; tn-aty i-oncerning I.Ake
Ontario. VI. 253. I'an Rensselaer, S.: services of pirates
in, (542, VuM ; public debt, offer of nunliation by Alexan-
der of Russia, treaty of (ilient, II. 578; tint American
officer kill*-*! in, V." 7(5. Porter, T. H. : first prisooan
taken in. IV. 203. Marcy. W. L.; Buchanan on. t, 40.
War. the Civil, in U. S.. III. 49. 50 ; 718 723 ; iiredioted. 11,
178, IHdier; V. 1(5. Pierre/xoit, E. ; VI. 17.^. Tucker, .V.
B.; peace convention. V. 449. .SWrfon : <|Uesti<>iisat L-wue,
VI, 30 ; beginning of, H. 415 ; (512, Garrison ; first blisxl
ahe<l in the. VI. 390, Watstnt, B. F. : government pn'i>-
erty wizihI l)efore, I, 408. Brown. J. E.: first great Itattle
of,"lV, 110; cami>aigns of noiihem Virginia. 110; the
canii>aiKn in West Virginia. 79, ml ; reorganization of llie
Army of the Potomac. NO ; the (wninsuliu' cam|iaigii. 80,
81. «J: the retreat. 82. 83 ; the Antieiani cam|kaign. 88;
first important northern victory. II. 711 ; progress of . in
the west. 711-713; plan of o|)erations for 18IM, 713;
Oranfs campaign in Virginia. 713. 714 ; operations in
the Canilinas. Tennesse«\ Maryland, aiul \ irginia. 715.
"1(5 : surrender of I^-e, 71(5 ; its terms. 717 : li^sHes of
l«IM-"5. 717; Kurr»'nder of Johnston. 717: HI. 4*9; in
Tennessee. HI. 437. 4.V>. 4.V5 ; V. 321. .ViS. .VM : o|N>ning of.
V, 008; the .\tlanta cam|>aign. 5tM. 505 ; the surreiitler,
sob ; disapproval of the terms grante<l to Johnston, flflft,
506 ; troo|>s for. the Sherman brigade. .VC : o|i.'rations in
Tenne«8e<>. 498 ; in Virjfinia. 498, 4!«t : in Missouri. IV. 212,
Marmaduke ; V. (5ti. Pi/h-.J.: on the Rap|ialiannock. (59 ;
in Missouri and Arkansas. 119. I'rice. S.: oiwrations in
the west. VI. 79. 8i> : the Atlanta campaign. N». M : re-
enforcements at 1H02. V. 472. 47(5 ; of 18(«. 477 : critid-m
on the conduct of. 47(5 ; defem-e of the Cinnl>«'rlan<l, HI.
6(58. lA-e. .S. /'.: camiMiign in Virginia, ov.t (574; Mobile
taken. 717; chwe of tlie cam|xtign in (i«"orKia, 717 ; end
of. 717 ; Conftiierate misiak«'H. J(50 : din-<-lion of. V. 648.
519. Stanton ; dLsappnival of the terms of Johnston's
8urren<ler. (519. .'Stanton. E. -M. ; musterinjf out '-f •»•«
army. VI. .300. Vincent. T .W. ; jM-acf (Himniission. ^
Roman ; (M ; opi-rations of guenllju«, IV. 434. 4-V.
by ; raids. 402, Mon/an. J. //. ; VI. 4%S. 454. »•'•-•
M2. WilMm. ./. H. ; V. 727. Stuart. J. E. «. : '
of the navy in the. II. 5a». f«J-. G. V. ; naviii
IV. 4(57. Muntiy. A. ; 515. \irhol.ion. J. W ...
Preble, G. H. ; 14<i. <i^uarkenhu.%h : 147, (^een : IM
rnim. G. M : I'.m. Read. .1 ; 2!»7.2y8. R.^laem : 837. /.
S. C. ; 353. Russell, J. H : 74 7t5 ; VI. Ak, 39 ; 51. 7- ,
W. R.: 3.V). Ward, J. //.: tnvilment of prisoners. 1\ .-v-.,
Sorthrtto. I. H : VI, SRV Vance. Z. B.: .'iflS. W twl-^r ;
p^ , . _' ., . _. 11 ,.-. I ... II III vc. Iv ., f
«if ' ■
4:
Vallaiii
priH-laii.
liberty <•! ii
804
WAR
810 Undenrnod. J. C. : railroad and telegraph «''''l<*'
V 439 St-ott. T. A. : Nutioiiul forces iu. II, kx, 1" ry,
j' «:' hospital service. I, 1H7. liitrton \ 11. 1H3. Dix.
I) L.\ 6.')!. (iilte^pir, K. M.\ V. 61. Fomroy ; 97, Powers,
R H. ; IHD. Kuiikin, D. S.: VI. aU, \anderpoel\\, 567,
Smith, H. //.: 13. swi.s»h,lm: »••'• 7,'l?»'*"': /V' i A-1'
Tubman; 172, Tucker, H. //.: a53. H ard, A/. L. ; AM,
Whftlock; J. N.: •««, Whitman, H .; ttiH, Wormeley,
K F; tt». Wriyht,M.: (!77. />/m<' ; correspondence on,
Vi 13, Sirinton, \V. ; fee.iiiK concerning:, in England, I.
am" ; relations w ith forciffn (govern nients. III. 721 ; peace
neirotiat ions. 724 ; projiosul to unite against the French
in Mexico. 724 : danijer of ff)reiKn Interference, V, 748 ;
HvniiMthv of Russia, VI, 41 : coniinissionei-s to Europe,
4"l9. HVff/, T.; newspajier records of. 149. Tvwnsend, T.
S : bill to exclude names of battles of. V, 749.
War of the Reform, the, II, ItMJ, Diaz, Porfirio ; 869, Eaco-
ttedo.
War of the Revolution. See Revoli'tionary war.
Warren.- Henri-, pujiil of. V. «;«», Spread.
Warren, Dr. John. IV. 66.5. Farxons, U.
Warren. Dr. Joseph. 111. 147. Htiyirard, L.
Warren. I.,avinia. V. 717. Sliotton, C. S.
Warn'n. Mercy, oriKinal of a character of. Ill, 691, Leonard,
I).: \\\W:,'(>tix,J.
Warren. Peter. VI. 3t)4. TV'arren, Joseph.
Warren, RatchfTe. I. 620.
Wurren. Richard. VI. .StW. Warren, I. P.
Warren. Samuel R., VI. 367, Warren, S. P.
Warren, Sarah, III. 41.'>.
Warren. Pa., surveyed. II, 327, Ellicott.
Warren, R I . IV. 'U'.K Mtinsaiuut.
Warren, the. sloop. III. 311. Hull, J. B.
Warren a.>vs<K"iation, the. IV, 192. Manning. J.
Warren homestead, the. illustration, VI, 36.5.
Warren rus.>«'t, the. VI. 'MM. IV'orren. Joseph.
Warrensburph. N. Y.. III. 4.M. Johnjum, Sir W.
Warren Tavern, battle at. VI. :fits. Wayne.
Warrinjfton. pen-name. V. 2S9. Kohinson, W. S.
Warrior jmrson. the. VI. 1(»7. Thurston, C. M.
Warshijw, revolution in manufacture of, II, 361. See
Ships.
War to the ileath. pnx'lamation of. I, -303, Bolivar.
War-tnunpet. VI. .V. Teedi/u.scuu(i.
Warwick. l':arl of. II. 431. Feiitrirk. O.
Warwick. R. I., founded. II. 6iM), (iovton.
Warwickite. discovery of. V. 4iM. Shtimrd, C. U.
Washburn. .lohn and S«'th. VI. ■W9. Washburn, £.'.
Wa.shburn. Ji>s«'ph. VI. 3()9, M'nshhurn, E.
Washburn. Reuel. VI, :iri. UV(.s7i6u)n. C. C.
Washburne ol>servatorv. III. '£il, Holden, E. S.
Washinjfton. Andrew. Vl. 373.
WashihKtoii. .Vuffustine, VI, 373.
Wasliin^ton. Bailev. VI. .384, Washington, W.
Washington, ("ol.. 1. 406.
Wa.shinpton. Kliza. V, 6'j6. Spotsirood. A.
WashinKton, Kliza»)eth, III, .03, I^iris, F.
Washinj^m. (ieorpe, his birthplace, illustration, VI, .373 ;
drawing of the locality. 374 : church at Poliick. 376 ; his
headquarters at Newbiirjj. ;-J78 ; his tomb. 381 ; his home,
3X1 ; statue of, :179 ; monument to, .382; narrow escape
of, II, 4*1. Ferguson. F.; the hatchet story, VI. 421,
Weems ; Marj- Phillipse. IV, 418, Morris, M. P.; publica-
tion of strictures on, 60:i. Osuald. E.; V. ,588. Smith. S.;
conspiracy to alvluct. III. 195. Hickey ; headquarters of.
on the Harlem, illustration. 487 ; proposal to make him
a kiuK. VI. 281. Verplanck, D. C; his farewell to his offl-
wrs. HI, .566 ; scene of the farewell, illustration, II, 129 ;
]M>rtrails of, V, 729 ; VI, 382 : collection of portraits,
n»edal8, etc., VI, 669, Baker, W. S.; first child named
after. V. 1.53. Quincy, E. S.; ixietical epistle to, VI, 446,
Wharton, V. H.; ai^knowleugment of verses by, 449,
Wheatley. F.; his birthday first celebrated, 382 ; made
a lejral holiday. IV. (i08, Otis, E. //.; his monument, com-
pletion of, II, 107, Dawes ; IV, 332-33:1 ; illustration, 333 ;
VI, ;182.
Wa.shinKton, Henry .\., Ill, 423, Jefferson, T.
Washington, John, VI, 37-3.
WashiuKton, John Augu.stine, VI, .384. Washington, B.
Washington. lAwrence, II, 4<>2 ; VI. .^3.
Washington, William Augustine, VI, 385, Washington,
(feorgf f'orbin.
Wjwhington, William d'H., VI. 885. Wojthington, L. W.
Washington. Conn., school at. VI. 684. Ounn.
Washington. D. C. surveyed. II. 327, Ellicott, A.: plan for,
III. 6«8. L' Enfant : early church in, 6.<12. Laurie, James :
taken by the British. I. 6^^. Cockbum. G. ; II. ,575, Gales, J. ;
Sm, Elfins, SirG.; 111,377: burned and sacked, V, 3.32,
Ross : 54.5. Skinner. J. S.; VI. 122. Tinge y ; fortification
of, IV. 196. Mansfield, J. K. F.; threatened in 1861, VI.
823. Wright. H. G.; Earlv's advance against, II, 714;
church at, HI. 51.3. Kendall, A.: scientific sficieties of,
IV, 183. Mattery ; view of Smithsonian institution, V, 598 ;
colore*! normal schof.1 in. IV, .H:«l. Miner, M.; National
library at. V. K^. Sjwfford, A. R.; gifts to charities of,
VI. 218, Van .\ess, M. B.; deaf-nmte asylum, gift to. IU.
518, Kendall. A.: capitol at. illustration, VI, 341, Walter
T. 17.; doors of the capitol at, V, 309, Roqers, Randolph ;
designed for the capitol at, IV, 637, Palmer, E. D. ; de-
WEATllER
signs of columns in the capitol at. with illustration, III;
627 ; Cabin John bridge near, V, 267, Rives, A. L.; statue
of Gen. Scott at, illustration, V, 442.
Washington, Pa., founded, HI, 229, Hoge, J. ; library at,
II, (587, Le Moyne, F. J.
Washington, wreck of the brig. VI, 158, Trenchard, S. D.
Washington and I>ee university, I, 4.5, Alexander, Archi-
bald ; HI, 673 ; gift to, IV, 95, McConnick, V. H. ; statue
of Lee at. illustration. VI, 226.
Washington college. I. 409. Brown. Matthew.
Washington college. Conn. See Trinity college.
Wasliiiigtoii college. Md.. V. .592. Smith, W.
Washington college, N. C founded, II. 188. Doak.
Washington college. Pa., II, 191. Dod, T. ; .329, Elliott. D.
Washington college, Tacoma. gifts to. VI. 621, Wright, C. B.
Washington college, Tenn., founded, V, 467, Seiner, J.
Wasliingtonii Vita, curious lx>ok, U, 66.3, 664, Glass.
Washington navy-yard. II, .54.
Washington observatory, the, I, 1.55 ; H, 653, Oilliss ; IV,
502, Xewcomb, S.
Washington territory. Episcopal institutions founded in,
IV, 621, Paddock. J. A.
W^ashington Theological repertory, the, VI, 543, Wil-
7/ier, W. H.
Washington Union, the, II, 503. Forney, J. W.
Washington university, St. Louis, gifts to, U, 3.56. Engel-
nuinn, G. : IV. 559, O'FaUon ; V, 485, SImw. H. ; VI.
294, Villard.
Washita, battle of the, II, 44
Washoe process, the. Ill, 26, Hague, A.
Wasp and Frolic, battle and capture of the, IU, 465,
Jones, Jacob.
Wasp, the new, capture of the Reindeer and other vessels
by, loss of, I, 287, Blakeley.
Waste products, utilization of, IV. 647, Paret, T. D.
Watauga, fort at, V. 279, Robertson, J.
W'atauga colony, V, 466-467, Sevier.
Watchdog of the Treasury, the, VI, 370, Washburne, E. B.
Watches, invention of, II, 625. Gennes.
Watchful Fox, the. III. 52:i. Keokuk.
Watchmaker's lathe, iiatent on a, V, 408, Sawyer, S.
AVaterbury, library founded in, I. :i84, Branson, S.
Water-engineering, inventions, II, 406-407, Fanning, J. T.\
700, Graff, F.
Water-faucet, invention of a, VI, 622, Wright, E.
Water-gas, invention of process for. IV, 39, Ixnve, T. S. C.
Water-gauge for steam-boilers, invention of a, V, 72, Por-
ter. Horace.
Waterloo, incident of the battle of, H, \9&,DeLancey, W. H.
Waterman, Catherine H.. II. 371, Esling. C. U.
Waterman. David, VI, 3S7, Waterman, T. O.
Waterman. Plannah. I, 94. ,
Water-metres, invention of. UI, 442, Johnson, F. O.
Water-power, storage reservoir for, I, .57, Allen, Z.
Waters, Edwin F., I, 619, Clement, C. E.
Waters, Col. Philemon, II. 420. Farrotu.
Water-supply for New York and Brooklyn, project for, U,
407, Fanning ; mode of testing. III, i:i2, Hayes, A. A. ;
system for purifying. Ill, 3:^6. Hi/ntt. J. W.
Watertown. Mass., settlement of, V, 379, Saltonstall ; IV,
759, Phillips, G.
Watertown, N. Y., IV, .38, Low. N.
Water-wheel, invention of a. III. 425. Jenckes, J.
Water Witch, the, IU, 414, Jeffers ; attack on, demand for
reparation. IV, 20, Lopez.
Watkin-son, William, VI, .389, Watkinson, D.
W'atling"s island. I. 697.
W'atson, Caroline, V. 130, Prud'homme.
Watson, Jolm, VI, :M0, Watson, Et>enezer.
Watson, John F., II, 1.34, Delaplaine. J.
W^atson. Dr. Joseph. II, 579, Gallaudet, T. H.
Watt, James. I. 7'^. Cooper. T.
Watteau, pupil of. VI, ;it, Tnssin.
Watts, George F., IV, 459. Munn.
Watts. Helen R., V. i52. Russell, A.
Watts. Margaret C. VI. ;*)6. Watts, S.
Watts. ]Mary. Ill, 453. Johnson, Sir J.
Watts. Robert, VI, .39.5. Watts, J.
Watt.v and Meg, anonymous pioem, VI, 545. Wilson, Alex-
ander.
Wauhatchie, battle of, II. 713 ; VI, 202, Tyndale.
Waverley Magazine, the. U. 219, Dow, M. A.
Waverley novels, the, I, 37, Ainslie ; attributed to Mrs.
Grant. II, 707.
Wawatam. Ill, 170, Henry, A.
Waxhaw Creek, engagement at, I, 44S, Buford, A.; VI. a5,
Tarleton. «
Waxhaw settlement, the, IU, 373, Jackson, Andrew.
Wav. Rebecca. VI. 40. Taylor, B.
Wayles. John. III. 416. 423.
Waymouth. George. III. 297.
Wayne, Anthony, his house, illustration, VI, 899.
Wayne. Capt. Isaac. IV, .323, Miles, S. ; VI, 398, Wayne, A.
Waynesboro, battle of, II, 44 ; 290, Early, J. A.; il5 ; V,
.500. Sheridan.
Wayside, the. Ill, 128 ; IV, 32, Ijothrop, H. M.
We. Us. and Co., play. I. 167. Barnard. C.
Weather bureau, work of the. IV, 473, Myer ; at Cincin
nati, I. 2, Abbe.
WEATHER
WIIBKLPCK
800
Wefttber IndicaUons, ori((lnator of • theory of, V. «T7B.
Stevens, E.
Weather rvixirts, ttnt RiiKiroKtion of, II, SOS, Dorr, E. P.;
875, Eiij)u : III. 570, Kmrnia, J. li.
Weathersfonl, III. 370.
WfatJuT sit'iuil."*, ><vNt4>ni of, IV, 200, MendenhuU, T. C:
III, 151, Hiurn. U: H.
Webb. 1%.I., III. .'HO, Huntington, E.
Webb, iHjuif, VI, 4(M. »VW>. W. //.
Webb. Lu.y W.. HI, I.M. 143.
Webb, KJcbanl, VI. 4<«, W,bh, S. R.
Webb, (lest rutt ion of the nun, II. .'IM. Emmons, G. F.
Webber. Kr. Auifiisiine. VI. Wi. Wrhttrr. C. H'.
Weber, Allin'eht. VI. 4i»\ Whilnri/. »'. P.
Weber. AujcuKt. pujill of. VI. at. Tuit, J. R.
WeU-r, Dr. M. I.. VI. 4iK\ Weber, U. C. E.
WeU'r. Otto, pupil of, VI, 073, Hutlrr.
Welwter, Dr. Alexaiuler. VI, 41.5, W'rhntrr, J.
WebHter, Rev. Alexaiuler H., V. BtW. Stephrnt.
WebHU-r, C'liiirles R., VI, 41H, MVh.i/er, R.
WebHter, Daniel, iiuotetl, II, .*«•. Kvrrett, E.; Ill, 411, Jau,
John ; VI, .V.«3, H'<H»rf. (J. ; view of bis home, 411 ; hu
(frave. 413 ; statue of. 414.
Webtiter. Kniily, II. .3:jtJ, Ellsirorth, U". W.
Webster, Grant, II. 510. Foster, Hannah.
Webhter, JanieH. of Canada, II, 4:12, Ferguson, A.
Webster. Jaineti. of Pennsylvania, II, 525, FruncUco.
Welwter. John, VI, 417. Webstrr, N.
Webster, John W., trial of, I, «57, Clifford, J. H.; V, 487,
Shaw, L.
Webster, Rev. Josiah. VI, 416, M'cbster, ./. D.
WelwU'r. .Marv A., V, .3H4, Stmhorn, K. li.
Welwter, M. M., jx-n-nanie, IV, 4;i5, Moaby, M. W.
Webster, Nmih. anec<lote uf. III, 272, Hinu/htun, H. O.
Web.sUT, Dr. W. H. B.. II. 510. Fooler. Henry.
Wedderburn, David. U, MO ; III, $&, Hutchinson, T.
Wedderburn, Sir Peter, III, 3«, Halkett.
Weed, Tliurlow. quoted. I, 432.
Weehawken, 111,59.
Weehawken, the, capture bv. V, 35>7.
Weeping pn)phet, the, sobrupiet, V, 4«W, Setrall. Joseph.
WeiRhts and lueatiures, system of, invented, VI, 141, Tot-
ten. C. A. L.
Welnlich, Joseph, IV. 406, Nenendorff.
Weir. «. V. and W. B.. VI. 422. Heir, J. A.
Wefcier, J. Conrad. IV, 4.'>1. Muhlenben/.
WeiUniann, Carl F., pupils of, II, 004, Gleason ; V, 508,
Shertcoo<t, Vi'. H.
Welby. Cieorge B.. VI. 423. Uelhy, A. R. C.
Wek-h, Sylvester. V. 276. RolH-rtx, .S. H'.
Weldon. Judtfe J. W., VI. 425, Weldon, C. W.
Weldon railroad.- flght on the, U, 714 ; III, 203. Hill, Am-
brose P.
Welford. Charles. V, 443. Scrihner.
Welland eanal, the. eharRes of fraud. III, 812, Hincks, F.
Welles, Alfre<l. IV. 402. Morqan. J. S.
Wellesley. Marchioness. I. SJK Carntll, C: S-W. Catnn. R.
Wellesley eollejfe. II. 5.'B». Freeman. A. E.; illustration,
atW ; endowments, etc., of. III, 205, Horsford, E. A'.
Wellinjrton, Ambrosi*. V, 312, Rollins. A. U'.
WelluKflon. Duke of, II, 133, /V Utmey, W. H.\ quoted,
IV. «.•«. Pokenham.
Wellinjrton channel, explored, IV, 001, Parry, Sir W. E.
Wells. Klizah,-th, I. 31.
Wells, ,1. Madison, II, 47S, Flanders, B. F.
Wells. Jos«'ph B., VI. .S71, ir<ij.;ifcurn. C. C.
Wells, Mary P., V, ,57«. ,^mith. M. P. U'.
Wells college, eift to, IV, 39H, Moraan, E. B.; founded. VI.
43<1. Wells. H.
Welsh, Maj. Nicholas. IV. .3S3, ^foore. John.
Welsh colony In Pennsylvania, a. IV. :««. Monian. A. and E.
Welsh lansruatce, fii-st book in. print<'«l in America. V, l&i,
Pufih, Ellis.
Wemvss. Maj. .Iam»'}«, V, 752.
Wendell, (ierritt. VI. 4.M, Wendell. J. L.
Wendell. Oliver. III. 2K>, Holmes. A.
Wendt. Dr. Kdnumd C . IV. 74.1, Peters, J. C.
Wentworth. Charles W.. VI. 4:«. Wentintrth. J.
Wentworth, KlH'n<*zer, VI, 4-'t5. Wenitrorth, J.
Wentworth. James. II. 277. Putlon. H. W.
Wentworth. Mark H , VI. 4.V.. Wentworth, J.
Wentworth, Martha. VI, 4:i'>. 4W. Wentirorth. B. and J.
Wentworth. Col. Michael. VI. Vir>. Wentirorth, B.
Wentworth. Paul. VI. 4;«5, Wenticorth, J.
Wes.'l. HI, .5Wt.
Wesley Dr.. II. 647. Cillirrt. W. B.
Wesley, John, repiv to. II. 3H0. Ernns, C.
Wesley, John ant Charles, I, 108, Asbury ; FV, 8<B, Oglt-
thnrpe.
Wesl. •• •, Oa., gift to. V, 461, Seney, O. I.
Wi-s! list church. or»raiii/.c.l, V, 438, Sroff, O.;
III. ; missions. V, .'iOI. Ai'//'''"""". •'■
Weslcvun uiiu.rsitv. ifift.s to. I. 618, Clafiin, L. : II. 831,
Drew. n. : 4(W, f^sk, W. : III, 200. Hoyt, O. ; 482, Judd.
O.; IV, .571. (Hin. S.; V, 4«11, ."ie.iey. U. 1.
Wea8aKuas<-t. II, 688, Ooif/es ; colonv at, V, 108. Pratt,
Phiuehas : (U-S. .S7fi»i«/iWi : VI, 444, U'rston.
Wewels. DIrck. II. 136. Delluis.
West, John, III, 107, Harvey, Sir J.
VTtmt, William. 11. IM. Dlx. J. A
Wert. Judjre /ebuloti. VI. 441. West. ,S.
Wert Bnv I .'V m... r. ... v ;«;. Soffe. H. W.
Wertbr<H ^'
WertlM^.. HViWnyn. «.
Wertcol.-, i , ... .„,,,.,.,«.
Wertcott. Tliomiwn. II. 4;2, htirh, John.
Werterlo, R«'V. Isaac, VI. +42, Wrtterlo, K.
Wert«?rn. Helen. VI, 412. We»tern. P.
Wert«ni inland loi-k naviKaiion <Nim|ianr, IL, IflS, De Zena
W«rt«rn land pirate, the. V, frfC, Stewart. V. A.
WedlATn lands, relief to purchaM-m of. I. 458. Burnet J
WesU-m Monthly .Magazine. Ill, 44, Htdl, James ; IV. 781.
Peiklns, J. H.
Wertern Ouart«>rly Bei>orter, II. 670, Oodmnn.
Wt!rt«ni Itewr^e, the. I, W7, Cleavrlawl. M.: II. 500, Oar-
field; IV, iM. M.tchel. s M.. 752, Phelps, (>.: Indian
title* to. Q0S. I'arsons. .S. //. : uae of the fund from. V.
478. Semmrur, SI.
Wertern Reserve hiNtnrical iioelet\-. VI. 40«. Whittletm, C.
Wertem Review, II. 4HJ. Fttnl. T.: III. 151. HaxeweU.
We«tem states, exploration of. II. 4.57. Fdson
Western union telegraph company, formed, V. 532. Siblry,
Hiram.
Wert«r^elt. trial of, IV, 135, itcKeon.
West Fairlee, Vt., nettled, IV. .521. Mlrs. \.
Weatfleld. the. destruction of. V. 222, Renshate.
Wert India company. I. 2W2. Blenac ; III. 6M. lyitt. J<Jtn :
VI. 250, Van Rensaelatr ; 256, Taa TwiUer ; IL 157. De
Vries.
West Indies, the, French conqui-rt* In, I, ."CiH, Bt'iiille ; II.
178. Dillon. A.: 507. (ialtaret ; plan for gradual emanei-
joation in Martinique. {*u. (inbarrf. war o|terationi« in.
224, Drake. Sir F. ; Knglish ex|>edition to. Jamaii a
taken. 5««>. Gaye, T.; ismtesls of Franc*- and Kngland In,
III, ."lift, Huyues : the gtiillotine in. .'ilfi : 4.S«t. Jrrris, ,Sir
J.: «S50. Ultorr/ue ; 576, A';o/ih : 620. Im Touche TW vdU :
Frvnch fleet in, IV. . "140. Mimiessy : treatment of natives
in, .585, (trdoilez y Cerollos ; naval wurfan- in. V. 300.
301, Rodney: contest of Franiv and Kmrlantl In, 015.
Soure»tre: captures of French privnte.-n* in. OKI. .s7rio-
art. C: expi-<lilion against, in KiVi. VI. Wd\. Winslow. E.;
<-aptun*a by {lirntes. IV, :«i:i. Montaul>auil. Montlnirs;
800. Morijan. Sir H. : enrly liLstorj- of. f.l.H. OvirtJo y
Valdez : French archives of. V. Vu! Rafttitid.
Westminster abbey, first niemt^riol iu, to an Aroericiui
JHH-t. IV. 15.
Weston, Rev. D. C, VI, 44.3. Weston. M. C. N.
Weston. Nathan. VI. (570, Cony.
Weston, Warren, I, ,581, Chapman. M. W.
Westover man.sion. illustration, I. 4^6.
Westover manuscriplM, the, I, 487, Byrd ; V. C30, jjpo/*-
w<Hid, Alexander.
Westphalia. King of, I. 310.
West Point, lnteiule<i surn-nder of. I. 06 ; AmokPR head-
quarters at. illustration. tt5 : altemp(e«L tn-ason at, VI.
2»iO, I'arick. R ; battle of, IV. 75.3.. /•AeJ/«, T. S : chain
at. VI, 4.V1. Wheeler, .S. : cadets' monument at. illurtra'
ti<m. 861 : grave t»f (ten. Scott at, V, 441 ; KtJSoiuiJco'a
monument at. lllustratlim. III. 573.
West Point academy, VI, 7.3, Thayer. .V. : slalue at. 73 ; ini-
tjrovi-ments in the curriculum. Ill, 668. Lee, R. E.
Westrny, Juliana. VI. .508. WiHid, J.
West R'<K,-k (Providen«v Hilli. story of, II, 072, Goffe.
Westtown scIkkiI, II, tVl5, GiUnniM'. J.
West Virginia, the war in. I. 7.'kS. Cox. J. IK; IV. 70-80.
West Wind, statue of. II. m\ G^ml I. Thomas R.
Wethenill. Sir Frederick, VI. 444. Welhrrall. O. A.
Wetherell. Kli/alM-ih. [M-nname. VI. a>10. Warner, Utisau.
Wetherill. ChrLsl.ailur. VI. 444, WrtheriU, .s".
WethersflcKl. tMnfen-iu-e at. I, 174. Barrtts, L.i wtllement
of, II, 14.3. Ikniun. R.\ Indian massacre- at, IV. «44. Ma-
mm, John ; gift to a«-ademv of. V, 322. Rose, C.
Wetmore. Roliert. VI, 44.5, »V/»,io.r, /'. ,W.
Wevmouth, attcm|){ to found a colonv at, IV. 801, MortU,
U'.: V, 613, staudish : gift t«i, VI, 170, TV'*. V-
Wevnrecht. Herr. IV. (Vr>. Piyer.
Whallev. F.<lward. II. M /fci iv «;«>rf , J.
Wlmrt<;n. Rev C H . V. 1.15. I'ulsi/er.
Whart4)n, Kliui, origiiuU of a citaracter in flctioo, I. 440,
Buekminsler. ./.
Wharton. Richanl. IV. 3M.
Whatelv. Thomas, letters to. II, a», 830.
Whately. William. II. .5J'.i. .510.
Wheatland Buchanan's home at. Illustration, I. tH.
Wheallev, Fn-<lerick. VI. tVl, Whrtilley, .S'.
Wheatoli. Abbv. VI. 451. Whrafon. R.
Wheaton. Rev. Roltert. VI. fill. Whralon. H.
Wheat ring. a. IV. 190. MarlMns.
Wh««atMtone. Mr . IV. 42i!
Whe.'l.-r. Canda<-e. VI. 4.V,'. Wheeler, /).
Wheeler, Kven-lt P . IV. 722. Peoprrrell
Wheeler. A.lmiral .Sir Franoia, VI. 458, Wheeler. J. //.; II.
.567. Gaharrt.
Wheel-horse of the senat**, the, sotiriqiiet, V. 843. Ruotfe*.
Bentamin.
Wheeling, station on the ait« of, VI; ttft,
founded in. 450. Whelan.
Wbevlock, R<*v. Ralph. VI. 455. WheeUtek, K.
806
WHEELOCK
WILLIAMSBURG
Whwlook, Ruth. TV, 071, Patten, W.
WhtM'Is. inveiitiun for futting. V, 400. Saxton.
WlicelwriK'ht. (f. W.. VI. 4:>7. \Vheelirriyht, J. T.
Whi-.lwrijtlit. Williaiii. II, 305. Edtcarda, A.
Whi.ldoii. Jiu-<)l). V. KM.
WLijc I'onjfrfKs, thf, II. «26, (lentrj/.
WhiK party, the. I. '.T. 4.«t : III. 3H1 ; VI. 112. 414 ; end of,
V, 11. (MM ; t'onKfifiRf and Cotton. 747 ; 574, Smith, J. B.\
apiilicatioii of ihe name, VI, 1U5 ; causes of their victory
in IH40. 1II..JX3.
Whi|i-nittcliinf, inventions of a. III. ."590. L/imb, I. W.
Wliii>|>int;-|>ost, the. I. 4!ii. Bryant. M'. C.
Whiiii)in)fj>oKt, the.8obrii|uet. III.743. Lirinf/Won. William.
Whipi)le. K. P.. quoted. V. 4<>5. .Sanuje, J.; iW7, Sjjrugue, V.
Whipjilf, (leorge. II. 748. (Ireene. F. H.
Wliipple. Hannah. I. »46. Brackttt, J.
Wliij>|>le. John. II. 747. (ireeiie.
Whipple. Jow'ph. VI. 4(12. y\hii)i>le, W.
Whipple. Matthew. VI. 4tK). Whipple, E. P.
Whipple. W. f.. III. 237, Hollins.
WhLskey frauds, II. 722.
Whiskey msurrection. the. II. 577, Gallatin ; HI, 58 ; 667,
Lff. //.; (iSl. Leip,r. T. : V. :J29, Boxs. James.
Whistler at the plough. pen-nan»e, V^, 0X>, Somerville.
Whitrtker, Dean, II. .V<2, (iallomiy, J.
Whiinker. Kev. Nathaniel. IV, 552, Occum.
Wliitaker. Rev. W.. VI. 4«H. Whitnktr, A.
Whit. her. R.-v. B. W., VI. 4«5, Whitcher, F. M
White. Calvin. VI. 474. U7i»7e. K. (f.
White. Canvass. V. 27(5. Bxbertx. \V. M.
White. KlH-nezer. VI. Hi'.), White. D. N.
White. K<luiii, VI. 337. Waller, F.; pupil of, V, 403, Sutter-
lee. Walter.
White. H. Kirke. I. 433.
White. Dr. .lames P.. II. 483. Flint, Austin.
White. Dr. J. C. VI. 4!)7. Whyte.
AVhite. Dr. John D.. II. .384. FraiLS. T. W.
White, Johannali. I. li(8. Bayard. J.
White, Judge James. VI. 409. White, E. D.
White. .Judge James H.. VI. 470, White, F. J.
White. Judge .J.>hn, VI. 4(37. White, Alexander.
White, CaiJt. Joseph. VI. 412.
White. Josiah. V. 37(). KolH-rtn. S. W.
White. I^-onard. VI. 4(J8. White, A. W.
White. Maria. IV. 40. 42. Lowell.
White. Mary. IV. 417. Morrin. ^f.^, \J. 470, White, W
White, >Ielin«la. VI. Mi, Williamn, J.
White. Nathaniel. V. 010. Soule, C. A.
White. Philip. I. 109. Aiujill.
White. Rel)ecca. V. 3. Pickering, T.
White. Richard M.. VI. 474. IV'hite. R. G.
White. Susanna. VI. 474. White. Peregrine: .566. Winslov; E.
White. Tliornas. IV, 417, Morrix. M.: VI. 470. White, W
White JJanner Quarterly, the. III. TM, Lippard.
While IJasis iMirty, the. III. 441. .h,hnson. Chapman.
V, hite Cr<«s society, II. 122. l>e Casta.
w-l'!'«*J"-yr*- ^''''*'^- "'■ •''■-• Ko'/uethagachton.
Whitefleld. Capt.. IV. 470. Xakahama.
White|leld, f}e<3rge. quoted, VI, (c>, Tennent, W.
\\ hitehall. Berkeley's farm. I. 210.
White Hall, country .s«"at. II. .Vfll. Ganseroart, L.
V, hitelinll. N. v.. founded. V. .544. Skeiie P
White Haven farm. II. 1 13. Ihnt. F. F '
White Hou.«*e. the, on the Paniunkey, HI, 674, Lee, M. R C
and M . //. F.
^\l'iI.Vi'/V"*^-,.V't;-}^'''''h""^""-I- '«-^; appropriation for
fi riiishiiig. HI. .rs : system of precedence at, 421.
>Jh te jIouH.'. \a.. IV. HI : V. 01.5, Stanley. I). S.
« hite 1.4'agiie. the ly.iiisiana. IV. 7.55. Phelps, W W
White man H friend, the. IV. 01(1. Oi/rni/
•'''*• MaiNh. proposed attack on Wkshington at, II, 79.
itarrnn, i,ijdia. , , ,
'''vi!':5I^u^5'•,y.^7 '"• ^'' ''""'' ^- *•= ''^'^'«««he m,
Wliite murder trial, the. II. KW. Dexter F.
W I te Plains. Iwittle of. HI. in. /in.ihfi
Whjteside. William. VI. 481. White.Hi,le P.
W hite .Stone Hill engagement at. V. 74;l. Sully. A.
w 1.1 nei.i. Kev. H.. his house, illustration, VI. 481
S»'! ">f. Atine B.. II. .54.5. Fremont. '
Wh t ng. John. VI, 4K3. Whitiua, S
Whing. Col. .lohn. VI. 4K2. Whitina. H
W ng. Rev John. HI. 14.5. Uaynes. Joseph.
W h ng. Rev. .Samuel. VI. 483. Whiting. A'
W h ng Me., grant of, I. .50. Allan, J. "
>\ h l.^-k. U HI. 411. Jay. John.
W h man. .John. VI. 4K». Whitman. J
v. man. John W.. VI. 485. Whitman. S. H.
Wh man. Rev. l^-vl. VI. 4H1. Ulutnum^E
>^hitney, Seth D., VI. 487, Whitney, AD. T.
Whitney, Stephen. IV, 764, Phoenix.
Whitney, W. W., II, 572, Gaines, Myra C.
Whittaker, James A., III. 407, Jones, J. M.
Whittemore, B. F., V, 161, Rainey.
Whittemore, Samuel, VI, 492, Whittemore, A.
Whittier, J. G., a teacher of. III, 30, Hall, Arethusa ; hfa
friendship with W. L. {jarrison, II, 610 ; his " Ein Festei
Burg." Ill, 334, Hutchinson, Jesse ; his "Pennsylvania
Pilgrim," 509, Keluius ; IV, (569, Pastorius ; subject of
i)<)ems by, V, 182. Rantoul ; VI. .328, Walker, Jonathan ;
neroine of an incident recorded by, V, 192, Rawson, Re-
hecca.
Whittle, Prof.. I, 684, Golden, C.
Whittlesey, Charles, II. 472. Fitch. John.
Whittlesey, Rev. Samuel, VI. 495, Whittlesey, A. G.
Whyte. Chancellor. I. 640, Clay, H.
Whvte, Thorn, pseudonym, U, 329, Elliott, C. W.
Wichern. Dr.. III. 2m. Holls.
Wickersham. Thomas. VI. 497, Wickersham,, J. P.
Wickliflfe. Robert, I. 481. Butler, W. O.
Wide-Awake clubs. V, 19i>, Read. J. M.
Widgery, William, VI. 4*U. Whitman, E.
Widmann, Prof., III. 530, Keyser.
Widow Benton's settlement. Tennessee, I, ^1.
Widows, society for relief of. Ill, 228, Hoffman, S. ; rights
of, in Indiana, VI. .523. Williams, J. D.
Wieprecht, Prof., pupils of, IV, 629, Paine, J. K. ; 603, Pease,
Alfred H.
W' ightman, Edward, VI, .502, Wightman, V.
Wignell, Thomas, IV, 309, Merry.
Wilberforce, Bishop S., III. 413. Jay, W.
Wilberforce, William, U, 305, Edwards, B.
Will)erforce universitj-, II, .548, French, M.
Wilbraham academy, gift to, I, 818, Claflin, L.
Wilbur. Rev. Homer, IV, 40.
W'ilcocks, John. IV. 649. Parke, John.
Wilcox, Anna M., I. 489. Cahell, E. C.
Wilcox. Robert M.. VI, .504. Wilcox, E. W.
Wild-cat banks, and banking law, II, 427, Fetch : 474.
Fitzgerald, Thomas ; III. .38:).
Wildcat camp, and stampede. V, 423, Schoepf.
Wilde, Richard. VI. .505, Wilde, R. H.
Wilde. Sir W\. III. 193, Hewson. A.
Wilder. John. III. .52:5, Kenyon,W. A.
Wilderness, battles of the, II, 308, Edrcards, O. ; 713 ; III,
140. Hay.% E. ; 722 ; V. 450. .Sedgwick, J.; 498.
Wilderness, the (Ohio). II. 599. Garfield.
Wildfire. Nimrod, original of, II. 277, LHival, W. P.
Wildwoixl, Will, pen-name, V. 62, PoTid, F. E. ; III. 180,
Herbert.
Wildwood's Magazine. V. 62. Pond, F. E.
Wilkes. John, I, 213, Beckford ; II, 596, Gardiner, J.; m.
cm, Lee, A. . .
W'ilkes, Warren, quoted. I, 404.
Wilkes exploring expedition, the. III, 298, Hudson, W. L.;
V. 4, Pickerinq. C; VI, Wilkes.
AVilkeson. John. VI. .509. Wilkeson. S.
Wilkie. Sir David. III. :163. h-ving, W.
Wilkins. Martin, VI, 510. Wilk-ins, I.
Wilkinson, Gen. James. III. 746 ; his duel with Gates, II. 615.
Wilkinson, Judge, trial of. V. 107. Prentiss, S. S.
W'ilkinson, Thomas, IV, 700, Pemberton. John.
Willard. Ashbel P.. IV. 431. Morton, Q. P.
Willard. Dr. John. VI. 51.3. Willard, E.
Willard, Oliver A.. VI. 514. Willard. F. E.
Willard. Richard. VI. 514, Willard. S.
Willard Parker hospital, the, IV, &57, Parker, W.
Willey, Samuel, VI. 518. Willey, B. G.
W'illiam and Mary college. I, 77. Andros ; foimded. 881,
Blair, James: III. 418: IV. 1(>4. Madison, J. ; V, 174,
Randolph, W.: 6:i5. Spotswood ; gift to, 636, SiMts^cood :
illustration, VI. 200.
William IV., IV. .556. Odell. J. ; arrest of. in Newfound-
land, 5.57, O'Donnel ; attempt to capture, IV, 561, Og-
drn. Matthias.
William Henry. Chief. II. 624, Gelelemend.
William of Orange. III. 876.
William of Tuckahoe. V, 173. Randolph. T. M.
Williams, Col. Abraham. VI. 347. Ward, Artemas.
Williams. Capt. A. J., VI. 389. Walmough.
Williams. Mrs. Barney. II. 485. Florence, W. J.
W'illiams?, Rev. David. VI. .523, Williams, J. W.
Williams. Emma. I. .392, Brougham.
Williams, Frederick O., V. a5.3, Rigdon.
Williams, Isaac. VI, 521, M'illiams. Elkanah.
Williams. Col. John, VI. 620. Wright. B.
Williams, Rev. John. VI. .5.30. Williams, W. R.
Williams. Joseph. VI. .521. Williams. Edwiv.
Williams. Josiah P.. VI. 529. William.% M. B.
Williams, Nathaniel. IV. .35. I^vell. John.
Williams. Robert, VI, 523, Williams, John; 634, WUl-
iams, W.
Williams. Dr. Thomas, V, 462. Sergeant, E.; VI, 525, Will-
iams, S. W.
Williams. William. VI. .347. Ward. Artemas ; 4.39, West, B.
Williamsburg, battle of. HI, 249, Hooker, J. : IV, 16, Long-
street, J.: 81; V. 70<5. Stoneman: removal of the pow
der from, II. 260. Dunmore : V. 176. Randolph, P. and
J. ; concentration of Washington's forces at. III, 588-
WILLIAMS COLLEGE
WOMEN
807
am : Wythv houHe at, iUustratioii, VI, OM ; ooDT«otion.
Uw. I. an. Hnuctan.
Williaiiw ei.ll«-Kf, II. flU); III. »7. Hopkiut. it.-, ohnervft-
tory of. i-)7. Hiiitkiut, A.: »riftj» to. (WK. lAiirrr„rr. .^. ; IV,
aUH. Muiijiiit. K. l>\ foiitiitfr of. VI, M5». WilUamt,
Ki'hrdim ; «•» t*>. VI. .VVV ICiriA/t-i/.
WilliaiiiNori. Cien. Andrew, III. l«. //<ij/n«>. /.
Williairi-son, .). S. and J. I'.. V, a.V». Huma, S. R.
Wllliams..ii, Mttttliijw. VI. .VI7. iri7//.iiHi.i>ii. /. //.
WillianiNon. Passu lort'. can*' of. Ill, 4SW. A"«i;ir, J. if.
WilliaiiiHtadt. manor of, IV. 710. /V/ni, »'.
Willing, AiiiiH. Portrait. I. aV4, Hinyhitm, 11'.
Willliiff. Capt.. II. .vq, (iiilvtz, H.
WillitiK, t"liarl.-.K. IV. 410. ,»/..>•»•«>. R.
WilliijK, Kli/alM-th. V. IM, l\i\cvl, K. W.
WilliiiK, Mary, I, 4M7, Hyrd.
Willis, lleiirv. I. 4(»U. Hrcii-n. O.
Willi«. I^xiisa. II, 2r«. Diriyht, L.
Willis, N. P., liLs duel with MaiT>-at, FV, 816, his marriaKe,
III, 1. (Irinnell. J.
Willis, Sara P., IV, aw. P,trt<m. S. P. W.
Willis, Kev. William. VI. .V«. iri7/M. .1.
Williston. Rev. Pavsoii. VI, .VII. iriV/utf on. S.
WillouKhby. Lord. V, .V«t. .Shi(7/i, Jo/i»«.
Willshire. W.. V. S.V., A>i7«'//. J.
Willson. Hiram. VI, .M-'. iri7/«)n. F.
Wilmer, Kev. J. J., VI. rm. U'itmer, H'. //.
Wilmintfton, Del., Koxix'^'d*^!* works near, II, 285; old
church at, illustration, VI, •*«.
WilminKton, N. C. taken by Scbofleld, II, 715.
Wilniot. Daniel. III. 0. (iroir.
Wilmot. John M.. VI. .M4. M'ilmot, L. A.
Wilmol proviso, the, I, 'i\i : 377. Hrinkerhnff ; .VW : fttt :
III. 65. Hnmlin, H. ; IV, 86, McClelland, R. ; V, M, M ;
VI, .V14, Mi/mor, A
WiLson, Alexander, VI. .552. H'ltoon. J. //. ; 554, M'ilson, J. L.
Wilson, niuford, VI. .V>.1. iri7«un, J. H.
Wilson. Rev. 1)., I, aw, Hlirten.
Wilson, Harri.son. VI. 552. Wilson, J. H.
Wilson. James, V, -IHS, S/nirsw(>ud ; 5118, Sherwood, M. E.;
VI, :im, \\',iMhin</ti)ii. H.
Wils<jn. J. Arbuthnot, pen-name, I, 58, Allen, Grant.
Wil.son, John. I. 42.5.
WiLson, lYof. John, quoted. II, 70, Dnnn, R. H. ; IV, 188,
McKean, T.: V, 7»), Stiinrt, Jamen ; VI. 1H2, Turell.
Wil»K>n, Rev. Jc)s.>ph R., VI. 558, Wilson, W.
Wils»in. L. M.. II. 3Hi>, Krunt, A. J.
Wilson. Matthew, III, 727. Lincoln, A.
Wilson. Rev. Norval. VI. .54rt. Wila,m, A. W.
Wilson. .Sir Thomas. VI. .\VJ. WilMon, J.
Wilson. W. H., III. 7116. Utria. Ida.
Wilson. Willianj. V. 4!H. Shelton. F. W.
WiLson. Dr. William. VI. XA, Wilittm. J.
WiLson college. Pa., II, 312, Edirardu, T. ; gitt to, II, 627,
(it'orf/f, ,S. C.
Wilson library, Dartmouth, ilhistratinn. VI. 4.56.
Wilson's crei'k. Mo., battle at, IV, 68 ; «8, ilcVulloch, B. ;
V. 119. Price. S.
Winans, William Lewis. VI. .V)fl. Winnntt, J. D. K.
Winchester. Karls of . V. l.V». Ouincy.
Winchi-ster. (Jen. James, III. 97.
Winchester. Jonas. II. 7S4.
Winchester. Va.. founder of. VI. .5!M. Wood. J.: hattlefl of,
II. 714 : III. \M : mw../'(rA-.<oii. T. ./. : IV. :«4. .l/i7;oi/ : in-
formation reKardinn Confe<lerate forces. VI, 026. Wriyht,
R. St.: in<ident of the Imttle of, IV. 4.5N. Slidli<i<tn.
Wintlmill. the. euKa^'cment at. II. 6iW. (imron, O. R.
WindmilLs. im]>rovemfnt in. V. am. Rend, \.
WindDw-blinds, machine for makinK, V, 667, Smith, H. B.
Win<low-tax n-volt. the, 11. .5.51. Fries.
Winds un*l <'urrenls. invcstitrations on, IV, 866.
.Windship, Dr. Amos, VI. .562. Windxhifi. G. B.
Wijidsor Iy«»cks. Conn.. Iiridjre at. III. («}. lAiurie, J.
Windward islands, the, ilis<'overy of. I. «M>7.
Wine. mantifa<-ture of. IV, 17. l^mijirorth.
Win^ate, John and Joshua, VI, .564", Wingate, P.
Winn. Richard. IV. iM), McCture. J.
Winneba>r<M-s. III. 2S»2, Huhlnird, G. S.
Winni|>«'(f. collejre at. I. 427. Hn/ce.
Wins»'r. Francis.!.. VI. .VW, Winner, If. ,1.
W'inslow, .lohn anil Kenelm. VI. .567. H'l'iiWoir, E.
W'indton, .Iiidjfe Anfhonv. II. 525, Franciitco.
Winston. Miss. V. 4IH. .s^nton.
Winter. Col.. II. .T<). KM-oltedo. \f.
Winterixitham. Ann S., V, <ifi5 Slephenn, A. S.
Winthrop. Adam. VI. .572. Wiulhrop. J.
Winthrop. Krn'n-ls liavanl. VI. 577. Winlhrop, T.
Winthrop, .1 H . I. XVi. Hoirdoin.
r.c. Fot.
v.: !fil. Eliot. J.
Winthrop. John. quote<l. II.
his Journal <liscovere<l. V. : '
Winthrf>p. Ju<lith. V, 7:17. .S7. n
Winthrop. Lucy. II. 222. /)r..'
Winthrop. Mrs. Rol>ert C., II, 7i»., (...««.;.»■, F.
Winthrop, .Stephen. VI. ,57.5. Winthmii. J.
Winthrop. Thomas C , VI, .57H. Winthrop, F.
Winton. F-arlsof. V. 4«V>. .Seton. W.
Winton. N. C. destruction of. V. 146. (^tnckenhwth.
Win». inventor of process for making, IV, 521, Mile*, N.;
uae of, in bridgn, V, 903, Roettling.
alttuttrr ; gu-
' . a« currf orjr.
Wlif fence, machim* for maklbff. IV. 406. Stmmith, J.
Wire trrip fairtenlnK luacbiuc. V. »«, lUMmmm, S. W.
Wirt, JajiiMT. VI. .5T«, Wirt, W.
Wirt. William.'orijcinal of a cbarartvr of. M. 87. Taxeu-rll ;
tJie blin<l preacher, I, 45, Alrxtindrr. Arcktbatd ; VI. tW,
Wfuldel.
Wins. Henrjf, trial of, VI. »4. Wultaet, L.
WiHoorMiu, founder of. Ill, 611. Ijitngtade ; anrieat ptoote
of. 616. Uipluim, I. A.; boiaay and f««lo|nr oTen:
first whit* man In. IV. 516, NicoUt ; tcnltonr oT, V. ft4«,
Slouohler, W. H.; colonies In. VI. tH^ im. Von dm
Bn»k : K. C. institution-
bernatorial cont«-st in. in
WiHc«>nKin hisuramv comr
V, .5<i5. Smith. Gutrije ; 1\ ..
Wfaicon-sin universitv ami a. a iir«i. 111.890.
Hoyt. J. W.: oli«.-hntorv .ii \ > hfmm, C. C.
Wis.'. (ieorKc Stuart. VI. .'^i. Wtur, H. Akxandcr.
, Wls»'. Henrv A.. quole<l. I, 407.
I Wis.'. Jonathan B.. I. 7<ilt. Cohrell.
Wi-..-. .Joseph, VI, ,5»«». I»i*r. John.
W 1-.-. < )Uidiah J.. VI, .580. Wiju-, H. Alexander.
U i>,-iil,ur>jh. Catherine. III. 4:i2.
Wissahlckon. the. III. 7St. LipjMini.
Wlatar, Dr. Casiiar. IV, tK5ii, hirri*h,J.
Wistaria, the. VI. .VCJ. Wi»lnr. ('.
WIster, Mrs. Annis L., II. .Vi5. FunietM.
Wister, Dr. Ca-sjiar. VI, ,5K1. Winter. A. L.
Witchcraft delusion, the Salem, executions. I. 889. Bet-
linyham : 470. Burrouyha. G. : 408. Valef : 5."B. f VirriVr ;
II, 80, IkiMon ; III. 115, Hothome, J. ; 184. 185. «oic-
thonte ; IV. 546. .\ur»e ; proposal to indemnifr chlldrvn
of sufferers by, 28. Ijitriny, I. ; 2M ; 2rk5 : tHMnrav founded
on. 258, ifiitheir». Cornelius ; XTT. Motxly, JoAua ; ASt.
yarn's. K. : 548. fioyes, S. : HumKwetl wiionna haii|tMU h«>-
frinniuK of. the victims. 650. Ajrr««. S. ; 764. PiUpu : V.
1«). Putnam, I. : 4t\K. .S4irell. .Vimucf ; 710, Stougkton, 11*.
Withers. Cora. VI. .VW. Wilhoist.
WithersisM)n. Francs. V. I«l. Romsny. /).
Witherspoon. R.'v. James. VI, .'>K1. Withrrtpoon. John.
Wittgenstein Berleberg. Countetts of. IV. 2fl8. Jloxtmiiian.
Alexander P.
Wituwamat. Chief, V. 64.1. Standiah ; XJ, 444, HVafon.
Wix.im. Kmma. IV. 408. Mertida.
Wizard of the north, the. I. 60. Anderson, J. H.
WjKlenethe, estate .»f. V, ■'K(8. .Sargent. H. W.
Woffonl. (Jen.. IV. .3ir7. .Verrill. L.
WOhler. lYof. Fre<lerick, II, S56, Engcthardt ; 671. Ooem-
mann.
Wolcott, Dr. Alexander. VI. 587, Wolcott, O.
Woleotl. I^ura. II. 6.17. GiUm.
Wolcott. Man-. I, 470, Burr<nu;hs. G.
Wolfe, Capt. l)avid. VI. .5K5», Uol/e, J. D.
Wolfe, IJent.-Col. Kdwanl. VI. .'rf**. Wnl/e. J.
Wolfe and Montcalm monument, illustration. IV, M4.
Wolfe exploring' exiM'dition, the. VI. .5jtit. Wftl/e, C. L,
Wolff. AllHTt. III. .'A). Keyser; VI. 312, Waltrra.
Wolf hunt, Putnam's, V. 140.
Wollstonecraft. Mary, III. .'MS, Imlny.
Wolsev. Cardinal. I, ."{71. Breirstrr. W.
Wolsieffer. M.. Ill, 112, Hosnler. .S'.
Women, rijchts of, I, N2, Anthony. S. i?. ; 274. Placltrrll. A.
I.. B.: 2K5. Bloke. L. /».; 2S>0. Blotmier : 455. Burleiah, C:
first lectures in KnKland on. II. 4«. Cutler. H. H. "T.-.tM;
515. fyiMter, A. K.; .568. Gofje. F. IHfOO, Gage. M. J.; III.
2K3. Howe. J. W.: firopoMtl constitutional aniendni.>nt
Kivintr silffra^' to. 4MJ. Julian. G. W.; 7I0. I.ii-rmiorr,
M. A.; candiilate for the pn-sidencv. 7.51. lyoilir-H^I. It. A.
B.: IV. 3»7. .W.nor. I'. /.. : first national ^^•■' ■ >!.
Mott. J. and L. : first piibli.' advocacv of suii ■ I.
Seal. J. : V, *H. A'..*.-, K L. : .578. .s»,m7/i, ./
cer, .S'. .4.; first omvention. suffrav ■•
fon, E. ('. : a.lvix-ates of rights of. ftv i
.S. B.;70:i, .s7o..r. L.; VI. I.l. .Su-is*hrli,
agitation for riphls of. 425. Weld. A. F <
the movement. (i22. »rri>»/.f. F.: l»'»ral rigl '
Sii'hoU. Clorinda 11 : «Mft. (Hrm. R l> : !■
Kan bill on pro|i«'rty richts of. V. 13. /' !■
ertv riirhts of marri.'ii. 213. Rm-e. I :
education of. VI. .M.l. n;,!,,nl. F : ••
feaHor in a c< • '
first public I.
VI. .W. U.ir- k-
milTrntr." for. II, l'-
citntio : a pirate. .'V '■•
make lit>-i;itiii<- .1
missioi . r,
to U.I1
World- '
nala,441. J/. '
761 : earlv | ■
vrell; a.lmitt.
S.; praotl.N' • ■
tlceof niediri '..
In iroveniiiit : i-
/
la. • - ,•■•:..,■..-
i mcul of, VI. iU3, WUljour, C. U.
806
WOMEN
YELLOW FEVER
Women In the wilderness, society of the. Ill, 509, Kelpius.
ijC, III. 57U, Kyun.
W«j<xi! Aaron. VI. .W7. W'ooii, W. A
\Vo<xi, ppK-ess for pn-Hervin^,
W<»<k1. Florence. VI. .WI. VV'itod, C. M.
WiKKl, Jt'thro. VI. .W7. Wood. W. A.
\Vo.xl, John, VI. 5U1. Wood. C. M.
Wootl. Joseph, V, SiKt, Ruyer», N.
W<hh1. Mrs. Joseph, II, 41, Cwthman \ M. 803, Hi/6ur.
.4nit« Ti>i>iMin.
Woo<l, Marv. III. 458. Johnston, P.
Wood, Samuel. VI. .59S. lIVKxi. H'/H/am.
W(K»<I. K>'v. Samuel. VI, 4<W, WV/>«^er, V.
Woml. Silas. V. )W4. Spooner. A.J.
W.kkI. Thomas S., VI. .MW. W'<«> /. .S'. C.
WiHKlhridKe, Dudley, VI, jlW. W'oi>d<;r«d(/e, B.; 601, H ood-
hrK/./f. U'. „ „
W.HxIhridKe, Enoch D., VI. 600. Woodhrtdge, F. L.
W.KxIhridKe, Jalileel, VI. 59». Woodbridye, T.
W.NxlhridKe, Mary, VI, 6;J1. Wyllya, (i.
W.xHibridKe. William. I. 41. Alcott. W. A.
W.xKlhurv, John. VI. 001, VVoodhury. L.
Woodcut-s. illustration by. III. *«. Hows. J. A.
Wood-en«ravinK'. new school of. III, 4«6. Jiiemilinu.
Wooden-U'K'Keil Commissary, the, sobriquet, VI, 3ao. Wat-
ton. Sir H.
WiKKlhull. Nathaniel, his death, II, 13.% De Lancey, C.
Wtxxlhull, Richard M., VI, <).ti. Woodhiill, M.
W(xk1 lake. Indian fljrht at, V, bii, Sibley, H. H.
Woixllanils. S. C, illiistration, V, .534.
W.xxlman. Cvrus, VI. 371, Wnshhurn, C. C.
W.xxlman, Jeremiah II., Ill, 3:1, Hate, J. P.
W.x)dman, Spare that Tree, incident connected with the
sontr. IV. 41-.', Morris. (I. P.
Wooilrow, R»'V. James. VI. .'wS, Wihnn. W.
W(xxls, t^ekiel S., VI. 6KV Wtmds. W. B.
WixhIs, Harriett*; N., I, 14S. Baker.
W.xxis. Samuel, VI. OtJl. WomU. L.
WcxHlside, OxtiM-rstown, I. 20,'j. Bioll. S. W.
WcxxlstiHik, battle of, II, 43, Cuxter.
WixxlsKx'k, Canada, institute, IV. 149. ^f(•^fnster. W.
Wo<Klstock, Conn.. IV, 79. McCletInn ; 84, McClellan. S.
W.xKlward. John. I. 7:V). Cooprr, P.
Wool. American. II. 147. Dirbi/. E. H., Jr.; machines for
manufacture of, <W7. (iodiliird, C. L.
W.xjjfolk. Austin. IV. ."il, L'titdy. B.
Wix)lsey. Klizabeth, VI. 577. Winthrop, T.
WooL^M-v. Mary, II. 2»i, Uwiyhi. Timothy; III, 288. i/ow-
/<i)i</.".V. W.
Woulscv. William W.. VI. (510. WooLfpy. T. D.
W.)<)lson. Charles J . VI, «ll. Woolson, C. F.
Woolson. Moses. VI. Oil, Woolmn. A. L. G.
Wix>lworth, Rev. .\aron, V, 709, Storrs, R. S.
W.x.rali. I. 154, Banrro/t. E.
Worcester. .Ifsse, VI. tJl".J, U'<)rre.<i<(?r, J. E.
Worcester, Rev. William, VI, (>13, Worcexter, N.
Won I'ster lil)rarv, K'ft to. II. 744, Green, J.
Wordsworth. William, II. 344.
Word to Mr. IVters. A.anonvmoiis book, VI, 3iJ3, Ward, N.
Work, Alaiison, VI. (ill. Wtjrk. H. V.
WorkinRKirls. summer re.sort for. III. 87. Harper.
Workinjcmcn's party, a, I, 417, Brownaoii, O. A. See Labor
PARTY.
Worlintrham. Lord. II, 690. Gonford.
Wormeley. James, V. 17il. Randolph. ./.
Wormel.-v. Ralpli. Ill, (Vil, Ije. Charles.
WormeleV. A.lmiral R. R.. VI, 615, Wormeley, M. E.
Worrell. I'hielx'. IV. iiVK Palmer. P.
Worship, means of securing attendance at. 1. 20S. Beatty, C.
Worth, (lorham and Lawrence, VI. Olti. Worth, IV. J.
Worthen. Ilzra. VI, 617, Worthen, W. E.
Worthiukfton, Mary, VI, 114, Tiffin.
WorthinKtoii, Ohio, founded, III. .534. Kilhourne, James ;
medical schixil at. IV. 422, Morrow. T. V.
Wosi<'nholme's Ultima Vale. cape. II. 520. Fox, L.
Wothersixx.n. Dr. A. S.. IV, 743, Peters, J. C.
Woton. Emma J., II. 1:J6. De Long.
Wravrg. Lieut., V. 4Hti, Show. S.
Wranis'ell Laud, II, i:J7, De Lona ; discovery of, III, 504,
Ketl.tt.
Wn-ckluK, I. 237, Brnnrt. O.
Wn-nsliall. John. II, 72.5. Grant, J. D.
Wright; Amos, VI. t)26. Wright. R. M.
WriKht, Rev. Austin H., VI,"094, Mitchell. L. M.
Wright. Capt. p:tlward. VI. 62(5, Wright, R. W.
Wright. Frances, IV, 615, Owen, R. D.
Wright, n. (J., I, 40, Alrott.
Wright. Cant. John. VI. 6.'0, Wright. B.
Wright, Judge John C. VI, 3:il. Walker, T.
Wright. J.whuatf.. VI. 628. WriglU, W. H.
Wright. Norris. I, .SrjS, Bowie. J.
Wright. Patience. VI. (525. Wright. J.
Wri:;lit. Piiul. |x-n-name, IV, .379. Moore, D. A.
Wright. Paulina, II. 106. Davis, P.
Wright. Philemon. VI. (il9. Wright. A.
Wright, R«'v. Richard, I, \m. Asbury.
Wright. R4)lx'rt. VI, (521. Wright, Sir J.
Wright, Stephen. VI, «J2(J, Wriaht. R. W.
Write of assistance, I, 10 ; IV, 606 ; use of, 68a-68l. POx-
tun, Charlea.
Wuerst, Richard, pupil of, IV, 693, Pease. A. H.
WUrU-mherg, Duke of, IV. (i7H. Paul. F. W.
W(lrt<'ml)erg, Princess Catharine of, I, 310.
Wurtz. Adolphe, II, 75.5. Greene. W. H.
Wurzel, |)en-name, V, 320, Root. G. F.
Wyandots, mission to. II. 460. Finley, J. B.: and Dela-
wares. e.xix-dition against, II, .5, Crawford, W.
Wyatt, Rev. Haut. VI, 629, Wyatt, Sir F.
Wyatt, Thomas, V, 45.
Wyckoflf, Rev. Conielius C, VI, 629, Wyckoff, W. H.
Wylie, Rol>ert, pupil of, V; 5. Picknell.
Wylie, Dr. S. B., II. ;i57, Enyles.
Wyllis, Col. Samuel. III. ;J26. Huntington, E.
Wyllis. Hezekiah, VI, 2:1, Talcott, J.; 631, WyUya, G.
Wynkooi). (Jerardus, VI. fiVi. Wynkoop, U.
Wynn, Sir John, VI, 6:«, Wynne.
Wynter, John, I, 290, Blathwayt.
Wyoming, Peimamite war at. massacre, the, HI, 437, Jen-
kins, J.; I, 479, Butler, J.; 483, Butler, Z.; IV, 374, Mon
tour, E.
Wyoming valley, disturbances in, II, 534, FVanklin, J.;
V. 2.
Wyse, Lieut. Bonaparte, V, 203, Riclua, E. A. E.
Xaquixaguana, battle of, II, 693, Garcilaso ; V, 36, Pi-
zarro. G.
Xariff a, pen-name, VI, 149, Townsend, M. A.
Xavier, Paul, pseudonym, IV, 497, Neuville.
Xavier family, the, V, 4(56, Sevier, J.
Xequigel river, the, battle at, VI, 58, Tecum-Uman.
Xeres, Francisco de. See Jerez, F. de. III, 430.
Xibalbay, founder of the empire of, VI, 308, Votdn ; 654,
Zamna.
Xicalanco, founded, V. 149, Qnetzalcohuatl.
Xicalancos. the, VI, 6.54, Zamna.
Xicotencal. See Jicotexcal, III, 4.33.
Ximenes, Cardinal. I. 549. Casas, B.
Xocoyotzin, IV, .3(58. Montezuma //.
X. Y. Z. correspondence, the, I, 22 ; in, 58.
Yachts, first A merican. I. 295. Block ; manufacture of. V.
.5.56, Smith. A. C. ; races, I, 238, Bennett, J. G., Jr. : V,
3H4, .Sumuel.i: 4:W. Schuyler. G. L. ; 674, Stevens, J. C. ;
prize cup. illustration. IV, 631.
Yaguachi, battle of, V, 7:i9. Sucre. A. J.
Y'akima expedition, the. II. 607, Garnett, R. S.
Yale, David, VI. (5.36. Yale, E.
Y'ale college, I, 622, Clap. T. ; &30, Clark. S. ; founded, V,
15, Pierrepont. ./. ; first president or rector, 17, Pierson.
A.; one of the founders of. ;i.53. Russell, N. ; 380, Salton-
stnll, G.; changes at, II, 281, Dwight. Timothy ; histori-
cal paintings at, V. 528 : m neral collections of. II. 637,
Gibhs; V, ,528; .529, Silliman.' B. ; the "young Yale"
movement, IV, 754. Phelps. W. W. ; the Scroll and Key
society, V, 78. Porter, J. A. : new buildings of, the cur-
riculum, 79. Porter. N. ; withdrawal of students from,
V^I. 525, Williams, W. ; scholarships at, I, 246 ; gifts to,
.377, Brinley, G. ; II, 254, Dummer. J. ; 271, Diir/ee, B.
M. C. ; 410, Farnam. H. ; 513, Fo.iter, L. S. ; III, 783,
Linslri, Jared : 742, Livingston, P.: TV. 248. Mason, L.;
688, Peabody, G. ; V, .367, Sage, H. W. ; 379. Salter, R. ;
491, Sheffield,, r. E.; 530. .Silliman. A. E.; 718, Street, A
R. ; VI, mi.Whitney. E.; 610. Woo/.sej/. T. D.; 561, Win-
chester. O. F. ; 6.36, Yule, E. ; illustration, 636 ; statue at.
illustration. M.
Yale College iu 1883, anonymous pamphlet. II, 296, Eaton,
Daniel C.
Yale Literary Magazine, the, II. .385, Evarts. W. M.
Yale observatory', founded. VI, 561, Winchester, O. F.
Y'ale scientiflfc school, the, IV, 5.38, Norton, J. P.; V, 491,
Sheffield. J. E. ; 529. Silliman, B.
Yale theologi(»al school, gift to, I, 4.39, Buckingham ; TV,
213; Marquand. F; V, 319, Root, D.; VI, 561, Winches-
ter, O. F. ; 565, Winkley.
Yancev, Benjamin C. VI, 6.37, Yancey. W. L.
Y'andell, Dr. Lunsford P., V, 516. Short. C. W.
Yang-t.se-Kiang. exjjedition on the, I, 17.5. Barrett, E.
Y'anhuitlan. siege of. III. 690. Leon. Antonio.
Yankee, a, pen-name, IV, 344, Mitchell, J. K.; VI, 474,
White, Richard G.
Yankee, the, steamer, II. .590. Fo.r, G. V.
Y'aiikee Farmer, pen-name. IV. 42. Lowell, J.
Yankee Hill, sobriquet. III. 207. Hill, G. H.
Yarmouth, the. I. 2,56. Biddle. N.
Yates. Dr. C. C. VI. 513. Willard, E.
Yates, Henry, VI, 6.38, Yates, J. B.
Yazoo City, engagement at, IV. 129, McKee. ,
Yazoo fraud, the. V, 179, Randolph.
YazcK) fund bill, the. IV. 2.58, Mathews. G.
Yazoo Pass, ojjening of the. VI. 371, Washburn, C. C.
Yazoos. slaughter by, V, 381, Salvert.
YVntes institute, founded. VI. 640, Yeates. C.
Y'ellow fever, theory of, I. 200. Bnyley. R.; treatment for,
669. Cobhett. W.; contagion theor\', II. 207, Dorsey.J. S.;
epidemic at New Haven, III, 291, Hubbard, B.; pro-
nounced not contagioiLs, 511, Kemp. W. M.; epidemic
of. in New York, 745. Living.>iton. E.; in Philadelphia
(1793), l\'. .52, Ludwick ; suppased epidemics of, among
Indians, 249, Masaasoit ; first arguments for its non-con-
YELLOW JACKETS
ZWERGER
800
Uurlous nnfnn ■"" " ■■ " • v. i in |<<>iiiidAna,
.VJ^, .\ii-rlli n : .. HUbjt^tflf
novels all) I uri. 'iit on, a« to
iiii ootitaKiouH iiiiiiin-. iii.,, i-tis,,iiii: t ; 7(U,
Ph)/»ick ; (rifts to iiuff«T«TH bv. VI. > 'i, K. ;
epidfiulc of ITM, V. IW. I{,ail. J.: tr. .. l.lw«l-
injr, sWft, Rednutn ; i'X|K'riiii««ntH, SW. h'i< luini. I. h' ; illii-
covery ooncfriilnjc. '■^. Hnlilrll ; ciiitlfiiiic of ]7\Ki, "rijfi-
nal prac-tk-f in, IIIm-I Huit, 3IU, A*iu/t ; 4(U. Sert/rant.J. P.;
theory of. -WO, sin-rut.
Yellow Jaokftii. the, VI, I*J, Ti/iton. J.
YellowMont* ctnintrv. explornlion, V, (MO, Uteventon, J.:
fxpedition to, II, &Vi, (Jiltbon, J. ; V, M5, Stanlry, David
S.; Park, the. III. 131. Ilumlen. F. I'.
Yellow Tavern. enKagenieut at, V, TZ!, Stuart, J. E. B. ;
408. Shrriditn.
Yernanaees, defeat of the. II, i, Crnvfn, C
YicuaraMsn, capture of. II. -134. Fernaudea, C.
Yonkers. Kite of. IV, 758, Ftiilipae ; I'bilipoe hotiae at, illuit-
tratioti. IV. 7W.
Yorick. imn naine. VI, 8M. H'nrd. J. W.
York, Duke of. IV, :>18, AVr<»//», .Sir K.; cefslon to. V. TM.
York (Toroiitoi. capture of. II. 117. lM-nrt)orn, H. ; attack
on (1M13I. V. Am. Sheiifff. Set- Toronto.
York bav, naval lijflil in. I. M(3. Chuuncey, I.
Yorke. tiir J.ww-ph. I, 1« ; III. 000.
York rirtes, the. I. 3HI. Hnx-k.
Yorkshire. N. Y.. IV. .MM. Mcolls. Sir R.
York's tall son. sol>ri<piet, V. HI. Forter.
S'orktown. surn-nder of Coniwallis at. I, 744 ; aoene of.
illimtration. 745 : sie^e of. II. 7-^6. (irOMe : III. 560 : 631,
Ltturetui, J. ; IV, 41W, AV/wn. T. : V. 2S«. Rochumheau ;
iNiintingB of. Riven bv I»uis XVI.. asw ; sieKc of. V. C«K» ;
Vl, a**! I'iomeuil ; surrender at. VI. »77 : 3".W : the .\rniv
of the Potomac at. Ill, 71H : its siejj.' of. IV. Hi) : Nelson
house at. illustration. IV. 4U1 ; dedication of monument.
I. lOS : illustration. III. .'MO.
YoikU»wn, the. I. iK. Hfll, C. H.
Yotiemit4*. lake and valley, first described. Ill, 547, Kitig,
T. .S. ; dlstvjvery of, VI,"32H, Walki-r. J. R.
You'd scarce exix^ct, etc., author of, II, 3!>0, Everett, I).
S'oomans. Arthur. VI. M:\. Ynumana, Ijetitia C.
YounK, Mrs. Charles. VI. 2H«i, IVzin.
YounK, Edward, I, .VW. Calvrrt, E. U.: II. 539, Frerdley.
Younjr. Henry. VI. 3«. M'altnn.
YounK. Ira. Vl. tUtS. Yoiiiuj, C. A.
YounK. John. VI, (M3.
Younjf, John B.. VI. 113. Tiffany, C. L.
Younjf. .lonathan. VI. Wit. I'oiim/. J. M.
Younp, Samuel M.. VI. .SI7. W'ni'te, M. R.
YouuK. Sir William, VI, t'>48. Young, Sir J.
YounK Hotspur, 8obri<piet. Ill, 34H, IngerHoll, R. I.
YounfT Ireland party, the. IV, 116, McGve ; 283, Meagher ;
311, Mitcht-I. J.
Younfc Men's ('hristian association, of New York, beffin-
ninpr of, I. 32, Adanu, H' ; of Philadelphia, pift to. VI.
505, H'lnWef/.
YouHK Men's Mapazine. the. III. 711. Light, O. IV.
YounfC Un, pen-uanie, II, 272, Burnham, (J. P.
Yucatan, di-u-overy of, I. T'
F <i
ITS. IV/.i
plonui"!
intr th>
II. I)V
IHHXom, V. \ \\
f'hrlrtblntltl •-.
'/uri, /• : t-x
f'«r cooaut>r
• 'onquni of,
I'l'iiin^l Indt^M-Dd-
III. «M : <iffrr of. to
!l <*« Ixtmtn : VI,
I.'H, Imill: Sll|.|>.>^.l I ..... ,^
mixcatt ; origin "t the ini
Yucatan univer»itv. fi»unil< ■
Yiicav. prino- of. III. 3aii. H%irt-i,i... ,i
Yumliel. lutttle of tlie. II. '», Vuittamachu ; I
ten ; 1. 4U.%. Ciiln/quin.
Yuntcuy. Imttle of. III. Mi. Iguain ; V, *6. .VinM irv:. A.
Yupan<|ul. II. 5(0, UarcduMi ; IV, 576. Ijllantai ; VI. IM.
TiiiMic Inra.
Yvon. Adolph. pupils of. IV. aat). Siemrjfer, J. //.; V. 49.
Schu»»ele ; OMU. Stttlman, H'. J.
Zacatecas. college founde<l at, IV, SOS, Uargtt.
/jichar. J.>hn. Vl. 82. Tuitiur. //. S.
ZaKUato. town of. II. ."173. Khih-io. A.
'/jiirt' (C'onRoi river, the. II. VIM, Iktuville.
Zaldua, Dr.. IV, M.\ .SuHrz, R.
Zambrana. Dr.. IV. 727. Frret de Zamtrratta.
Zainora. (.iutierrez. III. 47U.
Zamudio, I. 147. HaltHxt.
ZaiMita. Felij)e. IV, 727. P^ex. S.
Zajiotei- Indians, mission to. II, 433. Feria.
Zarate. Ortiz de. II. ItW. Dim. Slrlyarrjo.
Zebaco. islands of. II, .374. fjtinnomt, (i.
ZentCfT Peter. I, 47. Alrxaudrr. Jnnir».
Zenith t('leMco|ie. the. invention i>f. IV. .^9. Lyman, C. S.
Zeno. Antonio and Carlo. VI. (i.')0. Xeno, A'.
Z«'UKlo<lon. dist'overy of a. I. 439, Buckley, S. B.
Zichmin. Chief. VI. »i.MI. 7.rn»
Ziinmermann. A. M. and R.. II. 472. Fitch. J. L.
Zinc- white, invention of i)r<K'«-sia's for. VI. 445, M'ethrriU.
Zion <-hurch. founde«l. VI. 2»;2. i'titTirk.
Zion-Pnrnas.sus s«-h"s>l. IV. IM. McCurkle.
Zo>ruato. town of. II. JfiW. Fultrrt.
Zollicoffer. Capt (JeorK»*. VI. Hfi2. Zollicoffrr. F. K.
Z«»llverein. an American. VI. l.'d. Toicttthetui, R. !♦'.
ZoflloK>'. tllscoverii'H, investigations, and colU-otlona. 11.
a»4. i'/nrriru : fliW. (ia'^ian ; III. 2«. Haldrman : lUB.
Hartt, C. F: .VW. Kirllnnd : TXi. Lintlry. Jnmet H.\ IV.
835, Pnlimit ; V. 93. Piiurtalit ; 091, Sttmiiaon ; VI. »«.
Verrill.
ZorTMUter. pseudonym. II. 3.VI. Fmparan.
Zorriila. Bishop. III. 340, Infante.
Zuccarini. Prof.. I. 34.
Zukertort. M.. IV. i:«. Mackenzie. O. H.
ZufliKa. U'onorde. II. .302, F.rcilla.
ZuiliKa. \*>v>'T. de. III. 320. Hurtndo, A.
Zunis. the studt- of. II. 39, Cuahing, F. H-\ S^, EiptJo,A.;
countrj" of. 388. Fiitierl.
Zwtsrger, Prof., IV, 3M, Momhergtr.
Ifl
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